The Project Gutenberg eBook of A new, practical and easy method of learning the Portuguese language

This ebook is for the use of anyone anywhere in the United States and most other parts of the world at no cost and with almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included with this ebook or online at www.gutenberg.org. If you are not located in the United States, you will have to check the laws of the country where you are located before using this eBook.

Title: A new, practical and easy method of learning the Portuguese language

Author: F. Ahn

Release date: October 11, 2024 [eBook #74563]

Language: English

Original publication: London: Franz Thimm

Credits: The Online Distributed Proofreading Team at https://www.pgdp.net (This file was produced from images generously made available by The Internet Archive)

*** START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK A NEW, PRACTICAL AND EASY METHOD OF LEARNING THE PORTUGUESE LANGUAGE ***

A NEW
PRACTICAL
AND EASY METHOD
OF LEARNING THE
PORTUGUESE LANGUAGE.

AFTER THE SYSTEM
OF

F. AHN,

DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY AND PROFESSOR
AT THE COLLEGE OF NEUSS.

LONDON:
FRANZ THIMM,
FOREIGN PUBLISHER,
3 BROOK STREET,
GROSVENOR SQUARE. W.

1857.


PREFACE.

Learn a foreign language as you learned your mother-tongue.” It is the way that nature herself follows, it is the same which the mother points out in speaking to her child, repeating to it a hundred times the same words, combining them imperceptibly and succeeding in this way in making it speak the same language she speaks. To learn in this manner is no longer a study, it is an amusement. This is in a few words the Method which Prof. Ahn has so successfully adopted in his continental Grammars.

The Editor of this Grammar has followed the rational System, which has already procured for Prof. Ahn a European reputation, and he has adopted it for the Study of the Portuguese Language. He is greatly indebted to the excellent Grammars by Bösche, Müller, etc., which he has used for the ground work of this Grammar and it is hoped that its simplicity and utility will procure for it that favour, which the German, French, Italian, Spanish, Swedish, Danish, Dutch and Latin Grammars of Prof. Ahn have already found in the Colleges and Schools of England.

The Editor.

The Copyright for England, France
and Germany is secured.


INDEX.

FIRST COURSE.
Page
The Pronunciation  1
 
PART I.
Declension of the definite Article  7
Declension of the indefinite Article  8
Contractions of the Article with the Prepositions    9
On the Gender 10
Masculine 10
Feminine Substantive 11
Formation of the Plural 14
Declension of Substantives 18
The Adjective 20
The Plural of Adjectives 21
The Comparison of Adjectives 23
Irregular Comparisons 24
Declension of the Adjective 24
The Numbers 26
1. The Cardinal Numbers 26
2. The Ordinal Numbers 27
3. Fractional Numbers 27
4. Proportional Numbers 28
5. Collective Numbers 28
Pronouns 30
1. Personal Pronouns 30
2. Conjunctive Pronouns 31
3. Mixed Pronouns 31
4. Possessive Pronouns 33
5. Demonstrative Pronouns 34
6. Relative Pronouns 35
7. Interrogative Pronouns 36
8. Indefinite Pronouns 37
 
PART II.
Collection of Words 41
Easy Dialogues 47
 
SECOND COURSE.
Verbs 58
The Auxiliary Verbs 58
The Regular Verbs 69
Active Verbs 69
The Passive Verbs 79
The Neuter Verbs 79
The Reflective Verbs 80
Irregular Verbs 84
Impersonal Verbs 107
Adverbs 108
1. Adverbs of Time 108
2. Adverbs of Place 108
3. Adverbs of Number and Comparison 108
4. Adverbs of Manner and Kind 109
5. Adverbs of Affirmation and Negation 109
Prepositions 111
Conjunctions 113
Interjections 114
Reading Lessons 115
Idiomatic Expressions  
with Verbs, Adverbs, Prepositions etc. 121

FIRST COURSE.


[Pg 1]

The Pronunciation.

1. The Alphabet.

The Portuguese Alphabet is composed of the 25 following letters:

    pronounced       pronounced
a ah n ennay
b bay o o
c say p pay
d day q kay
e ai r erray
f effay s essay
g jay t tay
h aghah u oo
i ee v vay
j dshod x shees
k kah y ypsilon
l ellay z zea
m emmay    

There are six vowels: a, e, i, o, u and y, the rest are consonants.

2. The Accent.

The Portuguese language has several accents:

[Pg 2]

3. The Vowels.

A 1. is pronounced like the a in the English word path, when it has the acute accent ´:

2. is it pronounced short and clear like the a in father:

capitão, the captain (first a),

or if found before the double consonants: cc, ll, mm, nn, pp, ss, tt, as:

3. it has a soft and aspirated sound at the end of words if not accentuated: vergonha, the shame. If the hyphen ~ til stands over the a it takes a nasal sound:

E has three sounds:

1. open but short like ai in the English word hail, when with the acute accent ´ as:

or in:

or in those verbs ending in er:

2. long, when with the circumflex ^ over it, as:

3. It is almost mute at the end of words without the accent, as:

I is pronounced like e in the English word me, and it is only the accent that determines the pronunciation, as:

O has three sounds:

1. clear and strong in:

2. soft and long in:

3. quite short, almost like oo in:

U is pronounced like the oo in the word wood, but the pronunciation depends much upon the length of the syllables, f. i. in túmulo, the grave, the first u is long, the second is short. If provided with the til ~ and before m and n it takes the nasal sound.

If it follows after g and q, it is either aspirated, or it is quite mute, as:

In qual, it is slightly sounded to distinguish it from the Noun cal, the chalk.

Y is pronounced like the vowel I.

4. The Consonants.

B is pronounced like the English B.

C before a, o, u, l and r is pronounced like k, as:

D is pronounced like the English.

Fdo.do.

G before a, o and a consonant is pronounced like the English g, as:

g before e and i sounds like the j in the English word joy, as: general.

gua almost sounds like the English wa, as:  guarda, pr. gwarda.

H is only softly aspirated in few words, as:

J is pronounced like the English j.

K only occurs in foreign words and is pronounced like the English K.

L is pronounced like the English L.

M at the beginning of words, or between two vowels when it belongs to the second syllable, is pronounced like the English m, as:

It takes a nasal sound at the end of words, or when it follows after a, e, i, o or u which cannot well be described, as:

N is pronounced like the English n, but has the same peculiarities as m.

P is pronounced as in English.

Q sounds like k, as: quero (kayro), I will.

R is pronounced as in English.

S is pronounced as in English; between two vowels it sounds like z.

T is pronounced like the English.

Vdo.do.

X has three sounds.

1. It sounds generally like sh, as:

2. After e it is pronounced like ks, as:

3. Between two vowels it is pronounced like gz, as:

The x must be pronounced so softly that it is scarcely audible.

Z sounds like the English, as:

5. Double Consonants.

The Portuguese language has the following double consonants: [Pg 5]

Ch 1. is pronounced like the English ch, as:

  2. it is pronounced like k in words derived from Latin or Greek, as:

Lh is pronounced like the ll in the English word “billiards” or in the French words “fille, bouilli”,as:

Nh is pronounced like the French gn in “espagne, peigner”, as:

Ph is pronounced like f, as: philosophia.

Rh and Th are pronounced like r and t.

6. The Diphthongs.

The Portuguese language has two kinds of diphthongs:   the pure, those which are distinctly pronounced, and the nasal diphthongs, pronounced with a nasal sound.

Pure Diphthongs.

Nasal Diphthongs.


[Pg 7]

PART I.

1.

o, the (masc.) irmão, brother
a, the (fem.) irmãa, sister
pai, father e, and
mãi, mother he, is
bom(m.), boa (f.), good      

Exercises.

O pai. A mãi. O irmão. A irmãa. O pai he bom, e a mãi he boa. O bom pai, a boa mãi. O bom irmão, a boa irmãa. O irmão he bom, a irmãa he boa.

2.

The sister is good. The father and the good brother. The good mother and the little sister. The great brother. My brother is little. My little brother. My mother and my good sister. My father and my mother. My good mother and my little sister.

3.
Declension of the definite Article.

 Masculine.
Singular. Plural.
Nom. o, the os
Gen. do, of the dos
Dat. ao, to the aos
Acc. o, the os
Abl. do, from the.   dos. [Pg 8]
 
 Feminine.
Singular. Plural.
Nom. a, the as
Gen. da, of the das
Dat. á, to the ás
Acc. a, the as
Abl. da, from the. das.

Declension of the indefinite Article.

Masculine. Feminine.
Nom. um, a uma
Gen. de um, of a de uma
Dat. á um, to a á uma
Acc. um, a uma
Abl. de um, from a   de uma.

4.
Vocabulary.

Exercises.

O pai he alto. A mãi he pequena. A moça he bonita. O cavallo do pai. A agulha da irmãa. A faca do irmão. O leão, o tigre e o leopardo são animaes ferozes. No estado miseravel em que elle está. Ella está na rua. Os garfos estão nas gavetas. Tenho lido isso nos livros do C. Passeio pelo campo. Elle entrou pela porta. Um boi. Uma vaca. [Pg 9]

5.
Vocabulary.

The news is good. The horse is a very noble animal. The dogs bark. The roses are more beautiful than the tulips. The summers are hot and the winters severe. The birds sing. The eagle and the hawk are birds of prey. Ignorance is the mother of error, of superstition, and of prejudice. I left my hat in the carriage. The aunt is in bed. She had her child in her arms. He gave the letter into the hands of the secretary. He jumped out of (pela) the window. I see a man and a woman. A garden and a house.

Contractions of the Article with the Prepositions.

The Portuguese contract the Article and Preposition in the following way:

from de o is formed do   from em o is formed no
- de a - - da - em a - - na
- de os - - dos - em os - - nos
- de as - - das - em as - - nas
- a o - - ao - por o - - pelo
- a a - - á - por a - - pela
- a os - - aos - por os - - pelos
- a as - - ás - por as - - pelas. [Pg 10]

6.
On the Gender.

Masculine

The names of all masculine persons, animals, and the occupations of men.

Vocabulary.

O Imperador Paulo foi morto. El-Rei chegou hontem. Os jesuitas forão expulsados. O homem não ama senão a si mesmo. Carlos foi grande e Frederico ambicioso. O ferreiro he diligente e o alfaiate preguiçoso. O boi he muito gordo. O leão he muito feroz. O gallo he mais forte do que a gallinha.

7.
Vocabulary.

duque, duke
proclamado, proclaimed
principe herdeiro, hereditary prince
morreo, died
marcineiro, the joiner
carpinteiro, the carpenter
trabalhão, they work
Luiz, Lewis
Henrique, Henry
poderoso, powerful
touro, the bull
matado, killed
vigilante, watchful
bello, formoso, beautiful
sanguinario  bloodthirsty
sanguinoso
sanguinolento
marido  husband
esposo
doente, ill
tio, uncle
sahio (sahir), went out
avô, grandfather
primo, cousin
filho, son
dão, they take
passeio, walk. [Pg 11]

The Duke of Bragança was proclaimed king. The hereditary prince died. The joiner and the carpenter work. Lewis was brave, and Henry powerful. The bull was killed. The watchful dog. The beautiful horse. The tiger is very bloodthirsty. The husband of this woman is very ill. The uncle went out. The grandfather, the father, the cousin and the son took a walk.

8.
Feminine Substantive.

The names of all feminine persons, animals and the occupations of women are feminine.

Vocabulary.

A Imperatriz e a Rainha estavão na igreja. A duqueza está no banho. A alfaiata concerta um vestido. A mãi e a filha, a tia e a prima, a avó e a neta estão no jardim. A rapariga não he feia. A mulher he muito obsequiosa. A vaca dá leite. A gallinha está chocando.

9.
Vocabulary.

abbadessa, abbess
fallou, spoke
freira nun
religiosa
sór
mosteiro convent
convento
princeza, princess
estar para, was on the point
partir, to depart
condeça, the countess
casa, house
costureira, needlewoman
pespontar, hems
lenço de pescoço, neckhandkerchief
esposa, the wife [Pg 12]
negociante, merchant
muitas vezes, frequently
caprichoso, capricious
criada, the servant
varre, sweeps
cozinha, kitchen
cabra, goat
animal domestico, domestic animal
gata, cat
está brincando, plays
com, with
cachorra, young dog
minha, my, fem.
prima, cousin, fem.
irmãa, sister
theatro, theatre
leoa, lioness
juba, the mane
esta, this
egoa, mare
mais bello, more beautiful
cavallo capado, the stallion
Maria, Mary
não he tão, is not so
come, as
Marianna, Maryanne
Inglaterra, England
sabio, wise
soberana, sovereign
cozinheira, cook
mercado, market
diligente, diligent.

The abbess spoke with the nuns of the convent. The princess was on the point of departing. The countess was not at home. The needlewoman hems my pockethandkerchief. The wife of the merchant. The women are often very capricious. The servant sweeps the kitchen. The goat is a domestic animal. The cat plays with the young female dog. My cousin (fem.) and my sister were at the theatre. The lioness has no mane. This mare is more beautiful than that stallion. Mary is not so diligent as Maryanne. Elisabeth of England was a wise sovereign. The cook went to market.

In Portuguese some of the names of animals are occasionally masculine and feminine; to denote the gender the words macho, male, or femea, female, are used, as:

Those Substantives ending in a and ãa are feminine.


10.
Exercises.

Esta casa[1] tem uma boa[2] apparencia[3]. A rosa[4] he muito bella. A boca[5], a orelha[6], a cabeça[7], a testa[8] e a barba[9] são partes[10] do corpo[11] humano[12]. A janella[13] está aberta[14]. [Pg 13] Esta agulha[15] he fina de mais[16]. Esta tinta não presta para nada. Quero aparar[17] uma penna[18]. Tenho[19] que escrever[20] uma carta[21]. Faça-me o favor[22] de-me emprestar[23] una folha de papel[24]. A garrafa[25] está na mesa[26]. Esta cerejeira[27] carrega[28] muito. Esta uva[29] está madura[30]. Esta vinha[31] está em optima[32] exposição[33].

11.

The butter[34] is fresh[35]. With your permission[36]. The cup[37] is not washed[38]. I have the honour[39]. The beer[40] is excellent[41]. The oyster[42] is fresh. Bring me[43] a wafer[44]. —We have a beautiful[45] morning[46]. The door[47] is locked[48]. Spring[49] is the most agreeable[50] time of the year[51]. The harvest[52] will be[53] abundant[54].


12.
Exceptions.

The following Substantives ending in a are masculine:

o aroma, the aroma o drama the drama
o axioma, the principle   o mappa, the map
o chá, the tea o idioma, the idiom
o clima, the climate o planeta, the planet
o cometa, the comet o poema, the poem
o dia, the day o thema, the theme.
o diadema, the diadem    

Those Nouns ending in e, are generally masculine, except: [Pg 14]

1. those ending in ade, as: verdade, truth, etc.,
2. those ending in ie or ice, as: a velhice, the age,
3. those ending in accented é, as: a cheminé, a chimney.

Nouns ending in i, y, o, u as well as those ending in l, m, r, s and z are with few exceptions all masculine.

Those ending in ão, are both masculine and feminine.

13.
Formation of the Plural.

Nouns ending in a, e, i, y, o, u and ãa form their plural by adding an s to the singular. As:

Examples.

As rosas são mais bellas que as tulipas. Os rios correm[55] por terras despovoadas[56]. As arvores são muito frondosas[57]. As villas são ornadas[58] de duas igrejas. Eu não vi os pentes[59]. Os habitantes[60] destas comarcas[61] são Indios[62]. Elles tem maçãas. Novos reis, novas leis. Deixei os bahús nos coches. Os ribeiros[63], algumas lagôas[64] e mesmo certos rios ficão em secco[65].

14.

These houses please me more than those edifices[66]. The villages[67] and towns in this district[68] are not very numerous[69]. The oxen[70], cows, goats, sheep[71] and cats[72] are domestic animals. There are[73] many wild boars[74], deer[75] and hares[76] in these forests[77]. The cranes[78] and storks[79] are birds of passage[80]. The huts[81] are made[82] of the trunks of trees[83].

15.

Substantives ending in ão, form their plural in ões, as:

a condição, condition, as condições. [Pg 15]

Exceptions are:

The following only add an s in the Plural:

aldeão, the peasant irmão, the brother
anão, the dwarf mão, the hand
ancião, the age orfão, the orphan
a benção, the blessing   orgão, the organ
christão, Christ pagão, the heathen
cortezão, the courtier rabão, the radish
grão, the corn villão, the villain.

16.

Examples.

Elle abrio[84] communições entre as cidades e os sertões[85]. Os serões[86] são cumpridos. O districto he proprio[87] para todas as producções agricolas[88]. As terras são plantadas[89] e semeadas[90] de feijões[91] e melões[92]. Os Allemães fizerão[93] muitas invenções[94] uteis[95]. Os capitães não querem obedecer[96] ao general. Aqui[97] estão tres pães[98]. Os Cortezãos lisonjão[99] ao principe[100]. Os primeiros orgãos forão construidos[101] por um Allemão em 1312. Eis aqui[102] os dous[103] villãos. As casas são ornadas de balcões[104] de ferro. Aos orphãos mandase[105] aprender[106] um officio[107].

17.

The passions[108] of women are often very violent[109]. The navigation[110] extended[111], at the beginning[112], only along the coast. Many revolutions[113] have broken out[114] in Europe in recent times[115]. The conditions[116] were rejected[117]. These places[118] [Pg 16] are situated in the interior of the country[119]. The hunters[120] took[121] the dogs to the chase[122]. The Catalonians inhabit an important[123] province of Spain[124]. The notaries[125] protest[126] the bills of exchange[127]. His brothers were not at home[128]. The first Christians were much persecuted[129]. The heathens are still very numerous[130]. The radishes are very dear.

18.

Examples.

conter, contain muitas vezes, frequently
sal, salt o funil, the funnel
mandar, to order ao pé, with
furriel, lieutenant barril, the barrel
amizade, friendship   mandou, had (let)
encontrar, to meet pôr, erect
primavera, spring pharol, lighthouse.
terrestre, earthly    

As aguas contem differentes saes. Os animaes domesticos. Os generaes mandavão aos furrieis. Os coroneis estavão no conselho de guerra. Os varios sinaes de sua amizade. Não se encontra muitos caracoes nesta primavera. Os males terrestres são muitas vezes quasi insupportaveis. Os papeis estão na mesa. Os funis estão ao pé dos barris. O imperador mandou pôr pharoes.

19.

The poignards[131] are ground[132]. These fishing rods[133] are good for nothing[134]. The goldsmith brought the rings[135]. The painter[136] has many brushes. Three consuls governed[137] France in 1803. The barrels[138] [Pg 17] are full[139]. The officers[140] were very much dissatisfied[141]. There are[142] different chalks[143]. I like[144] pies[145].—They will discover[146] your tricks[147].

20.

Examples.

As margens[148] verdejão[149] com a relva[150] dos prados[151]. Elle fez[152] muitas viagens. Elle possue[153] muitos bens de raiz[154] na cidade e fóra della[155]. Todos os homens são mortaes[156]. Os sons dos instrumentos musicos. Os jejuns[157] não engordão[158]. O ceo[159] se cobre[160] de nuvens[161]. Os moradores[162] commercião[163] em[164] madeiras de construcção[165]. Comprei[166] duas colheres de prata. As Imperatrizes de Russia e d’Austria chegárão[167]. Atire[168] a esse bando[169] de perdizes. Os Deoses se ajuntão[170] no Olympo. Quasi[171] todos os freguezes[172] são Indios. Ha quatro calices na igreja. Os piratas[173] infestavão os mares.

21.

I hear[174] sounds[175]. The sun[176] hides[177] itself behind[178] thick[179] clouds[180]. We have four ducks[181]. The passages[182] are locked[183]. [Pg 18] The pictures[184] of Saints in this church are very numerous. Our baggage[185] is still in the vessel. I offer[186] you my congratulations[187]. The air (pl.) is always[188] pure[189] in this Country. I have eaten[190] four[191] quails[192]. He showed[193] me the scars[194] of his wounds[195]. In a battalion[196] there are eight ensigns. The goldsmiths came together. The chalices of the flowers. I was many times[197] in your house. The belligerent[198] powers.

22.
Declension of Substantives.
Singular.
Masculine. Feminine.
Nom. o homem, the man a mulher, the woman
Gen. do homem, of the man da mulher, of the woman
Dat. ao homem, to the man á mulher, to the woman
Acc. o homem, the man a mulher, the woman
Abl. do homem, from the man. da mulher, from the woman.
 
Plural.
Nom. os homens, the men as mulheres, the women
Gen. dos homens, of the men das mulheres, of the women
Dat. aos homens, to the men ás mulheres, to the women
Acc. os homens, the men as mulheres the women
Abl. dos homens, from the men. das mulheres, from the women.
 
Nom. Deos, God Deoses, Gods
Gen. de Deos, of God de Deoses, of Gods
Dat. a Deos, to God a Deoses, to Gods
Acc. (a) Deos, God (a) Deoses, Gods
Abl. de Deos, from God. de Deoses, from Gods.

23.

Examples.

O pai não está em casa. O chapéo do irmão. O general offereceo batalha ao inimigo. A mai ama a seu filho. A irmãa está no jardim. As luvas da mãi. O conde nada deixou ao seu mordomo. Adulando um lisongeiro ao Imperador Sigismundo, de sorte que o igualava a Deos, o Imperador deo ao lisongeiro uma grande bofetada. As ruas são calçadas. Os Portuguezes fizerão cruel guerra aos Indios. A mulher comprou o livro do livreiro. O rancor dos Francezes contra os Inglezes.

24.

Exercises.

The father loves[199] his daughter[200]. Mary loves her friend[201] (fem.). The eyes of Caroline equal[202] two[203] stars[204]. He gave the money to the woman, and paid the tailor[205] at the same time[206]. Two streams[207] of the province are designated[208] by this name[209]. Various estates[210] are touched[211] by this river. These offers[212] have been made to the Colonists[213]. He delivered[214] the letter[215] to the secretary[216]. The Madeira is the most important[217] tributary[218] of the Amazon river[219]. The name of the Islands. The town is situated[220] on the left bank[221] of the river. The harbour[222] of Rio de Janeiro is the most beautiful ornament[223] of the city.

25.

On the Augmentatives
and Diminutives.

[Pg 20] The Portuguese language has the peculiarity of the Italian and Spanish languages in making Substantives and Adjectives, by the addition of a syllable augmentative or diminutive.

26.
The Adjective.

The Adjectives in Portuguese agree with the Substantives in gender and number.

1. Adjectives ending in e, l and z, remain unchanged in the feminine, as:

2. Adjectives ending in o change the feminine into a, as:

o bonito, the pretty, a bonita.

3. Those ending in ú, m and r, add an a in the feminine, as:

[Pg 21] 4. Adjectives ending in ão change to ãa in the feminine, as:

27.
The Plurals of Adjectives

are formed in the same manner as the plural of Nouns, as:

Singular. Plural.
Masc.   Fem. Masc. Fem.
forte, strong, forte fortes, fortes
gordo, fat, gorda gordos, gordas
crú, raw, crua crús, cruas
são, healthy, sãa sãos, sãas
igual, equal, igual iguaes, iguaes
amavel, amiable, amavel amaveis, amaveis
civil, civil, civil civis, civis
algum, any one, alguma alguns, algumas
protector, protected, protectora   protectores, protectoras
capaz, capable, capaz capazes, capazes.

Observations.

1. The following add s to the plural:

2. The following change il into eis in the plural, as:

3. Simplez, single, forms its plural in simplez and simplices. [Pg 22]

28.
Examples.

A rua principal. As ruas principaes são calçadas. A igreja nova. A nova igreja. O homem velho[224]. A mulher velha. Os Indios atemorisados[225]. As mulheres Indias. A bella e grande cidade. O sobrinho[226] moribundo[227]. A victoria gloriosa. Este homem he mui villão e aquella mulher mui villãa. As mulheres são amaveis, os homens mui crueis. Um moço nú e uma criança nua. O homem he affavel e a mulher he tambem affavel. O genio contraditor e a observação contraditora. A filha he gorda e o filho he gordo. Os homens estão sãos e as mulheres sãas. O povo tranquillo e soffredor[228]. A sombria raiva[229] do Philippe. Os velhos bandos hespanhões[230]. Algumas[231] embarcações[232] que tinhão servido de piquetes[233]. Uma satisfacção inexplicavel. A igreja he uma das mais bellas do reino[234]. As aguas mineraes. O termino he fertil. O filho unico. A religão christãa. Um cavalheiro[235] christão[236]. A igreja de Santo Antonio he dedicada ao santo do seu nome. A margem[237] direita. A guarda[238] nacional. O sobredito[239] districto. As grandes plantações[240] de cannas[241]. A pequena[242] aldèa[243]. Santos he uma cidade maritima a mercantil. As autoridades militares e civis. O rio aurifero.

29.
Exercises.

The rich[244] man and the poor[245] woman. The pretty house. The large church[246]. The fertile fields[247]. The shoemaker is very industrious. The leafy[248] trees[249]. The wounded[250] soldier[251]. The beautiful bridges[252]. The numerous[253] products. The old uncle[254] and the fat aunt[255]. The horses are very handsome. The day is very bright[256]. The climate is very agreeable[257]. The winter[258] in Siberia[259] [Pg 23] is very rigorous[260]. The geographical[261] and historical[262] Institute[263]. The tall man and the little woman. The above named[264] royal decree[265]. The generous[266] feelings[267]. The enormous[268] forests[269]. Some[270] sombre and broad[271] rivers. The only[272] ornament. The warlike[273] Indians. The preceding[274] article[275]. The sea is very rough[276]. The following[277] day. The following days. He is silent[278] and grave[279]. The deep[280] love[281].

30.
The Comparison of Adjectives.

The Comparative is formed by placing mais (more) or menos (less) before the Positive, as:

Obs. “Than” following the Comparative is rendered by que, como, or: tãocomo, as—as; não tãocomo, not so—as; before the particle que the word do is often prefixed, as:

The Superlative is formed

1. by placing the article before the Comparative, as:

2. by adding to the Positive issimo (masc.) and issima (fem.), as:

Exceptions are:

31.
Irregular Comparisons.
Positive. Comparative. Superlative.
bom, good, melhor, better, optimo, the best
máo, bad, peior, worse, pessimo, the worst
grande, great,   maior, greater,   maximo, the greatest
pequeno, little, menor, less, minimo, the least.

Obs. The Positive and Comparative can be strengthened by placing before it:

32.
Declension of the Adjective.
Masculine.
Singular. Plural.
Nom. o homem diligente   os homens diligentes  
Gen. do homem diligente the dos homens diligentes the
Dat. ao homem diligente  industrious  aos homens diligentes  industrious
Acc. o homem diligente man. os homens diligentes men.
Abl. do homem diligente     dos homens diligentes    
 
Feminine.
Singular. Plural.
Nom. a mulher gorda   as mulheres gordas  
Gen. da mulher gorda the das mulheres gordas the
Dat. á mulher gorda corpulent ás mulheres gordas corpulent
Acc. a mulher gorda woman. as mulheres gordas women.
Abl. da mulher gorda   das mulheres gordas  

[Pg 25]

33.
Examples.

A Asia he mais grande que a Europa. A Africa he menos povoado[282] que a Europa. A rosa he mais bella que a viola. A viola[283] he menos bella que a rosa. Pedro he mais feliz do que João. O filho não he tão liberal como seu pai. A historia he tão util como agradavel. O dia he mais agradavel que a noite[284]. O seu amante he mais bello, mais moço[285] e mais rico que ella. Eu acho-o agora menos lindo[286] do que quando o comprei[287]. O meu livro he tão barato[288] como o vosso. Elle he muito mais grande. Ella he pouco mais grande. Caesar he muito mais estimado[289] que Pompeo. Pompeo foi muito menos feliz que Caesar. Elle he o mais douto[290] dos homens. Elle he o menos douto dos homens. Ella he a mais bella das mulheres. Ella he muito amavel. Estas cadeiras[291] são feitas[292] de optima madeira[293]. Esta mulher he boa, o marido he melhor e o filho he o optimo. Elle he o felicissimo dos mortaes. O clima he saluberrimo. He homem valentissimo. O filho he rico, o pai he riquissimo. O neto[294] he máo, o primo[295] he ainda peior e o tio he o pessimo. Na margem do rio ha optimos pastos[296].

34.
Exercises.

Mariana is more industrious[297] than her sister[298]. Europe is not so large as America. The wife is handsomer than her husband[299]. This horse is very beautiful, more beautiful than yours. The most fertile fields. His cousin is very rich, his uncle is still richer, and his father is the richest. The man is very bad[300], the woman is worse, and the son is the worst. This wine is good, but that one is better. She is much taller than her friend[301]. The tulip[302] is not so beautiful as the rose. The son is little, but the daughter is very little indeed (pequenissimo). Our house is not so large as yours. Amelia is smaller than her brother. The best ship[303]. [Pg 26] The worst man. The bravest knight. The simplest[304] man in the world[305]. This[306] man is very wise, and that[307] one is the wisest of all. The climate of Siberia is very cold. The summer[308] is in that country hotter and the winter[309] more rigid[310]. A great part[311] and the greater part. The turf[312] is very green[313], but the trees[314] are still greener. I do not write so well as he. This man speaks[315] as well as Cicero[316]. The English[317] horses are better than the French. Arabia has the best horses. It is commendable[318] to recommend virtue[319], but it is better to practise[320] it.

35.
The Numbers
(Vos Numeral).

1. The Cardinal Numbers
(Numerales cardinaes).
um, fem. uma 1 vinte e um 21
dois, dous, fem. duas 2 vinte e dois 22
tres 3 vinte e tres 23
quatro 4 vinte e quatro 24
cinco 5 vinte e cinco 25
seis 6 vinte e seis 26
sete 7 vinte e sete 27
oito 8 vinte e oito 28
nove 9 vinte e nove 29
dez 10 trinta 30
onze 11 trinta e um 31
doze 12 quarenta 40
treze 13 quarenta e um 41
quatorze 14 cincoenta 50
quinze 15 sessenta 60
dezeseis 16 setenta 70
dezesete 17 oitenta 80
dezoito 18 noventa 90
dez e nove 19 cem, cento 100
vinte 20 cento e um 101
 
duzentos, fem. -as 200 novecentos 900
duzentos e um 201 mil 1000
trezentos, -as 300 mil e cento 1,100
quatrocentos, -as 400 mil e duzentos 1,200
quinhentos 500 dois mil 2,000
seiscentos 600 cem mil 100,000
setecentos 700 milhão a million
oitocentos 800 bilhão a billion.

[Pg 27] Obs. Before a Noun “cem” is used, before a number “cento”, as: cem soldados, hundred soldiers; cento e um, a hundred and one. The Portuguese use the Cardinal Numbers to express the date, as: chegou a quatro de Maio, he arrived on the fourth of May.

36.

2. The Ordinal Numbers.
primeiro  the  1ˢᵗ decimo oitavo  the  18ᵗʰ
segundo the 2ⁿͩ decimo nono the 19ᵗʰ
terceiro the 3ʳͩ vigesimo the 20ᵗʰ
quarto the 4ᵗʰ vigesimo-primeiro the 21ˢᵗ
quinto the 5ᵗʰ vigesimo-segundo the 22ⁿͩ
sexto the 6ᵗʰ trigesimo the 30ᵗʰ
setimo the 7ᵗʰ quadragesimo,    
      quarentesimo the 40ᵗʰ
oitavo the 8ᵗʰ quinquagesimo the 50ᵗʰ
nono the 9ᵗʰ sexagesimo the 60ᵗʰ
decimo the 10ᵗʰ septuagesimo the 70ᵗʰ
undecimo, onzeno the 11ᵗʰ octogesimo the 80ᵗʰ
duodecimo the 12ᵗʰ nonagesimo the 90ᵗʰ
decimo terceiro the 13ᵗʰ centesimo the 100ᵗʰ
decimo quarto the 14ᵗʰ millesimo the 1,000ᵗʰ
decimo quinto the 15ᵗʰ ultimo the last.
decimo sexto the 16ᵗʰ      
decimo setimo the 17ᵗʰ      

37.

3. Fractional Numbers.
a metade, half um oitavo, an eighth
o terço, the third uma oitava, an eighth part
a terça parte, the third part tres oitavos, three eighths
o quarto the fourth part uma novena, a ninth
a quarta parte uma nona parte, a ninth part [Pg 28]
o quinto, the fifth uma decima parte, a tenth part
a quinta parte, the fifth part um e meio, one and a half
a sexta parte, the sixth part dous e meia, two and a half
a setima parte, the seventh part   tres e meia, three and a half.

38.

4. Proportional Numbers.
simples, simple tres vezes, thrice
duplice double sextuplo, sixfold
duplicado septuplo, sevenfold
triple triple octuplo, eightfold
triplice nonuplo, ninefold
quadruplo, fourfold   decuplo, tenfold
quintuplo, fivefold centuplo, a hundredfold
uma vez, once a primeira vez, the first time.
duas vezes, twice    

39.

5. Collective Numbers.
um par, a pair uma sessenta, sixty
ambos, ambas, both uma centena, a hundred
um terno, a number of 3 uma vintena, twenty
um quaterno, a number of 4 um milhar, a thousand
uma dezena, a number of 10 quintal, a hundred weight
uma duzia, a dozen uma quarta do arratel, a quarter of a pound.
uma quinzena, fifteen    
 
todo, toda, tudo, all, every one; plur. todos, todas.
muito, many; tanto, so many. pouco, few.

40.
Examples.

Elle viveo[321] noventa annos[322]. [Pg 29] Ella tem vinto e cinco annos de idade[323]. O exercito[324] he composto[325] de noventa mil e seiscentos homens. Dous mil cincocentos e trinta e quatro homens forão mortos[326] neste encontro[327]. Cem homens ficarão[328] prisioneiros[329]. Ha nesta povoação[330] mil e setecentas almas[331]. Ha mil quinhentas casas na nossa freguezia[332]. A sua carta[333] he datada[334] de vinte e dous de Abril de mil oitocentos e cincoenta e sete. Nosso tio ha de chegar[335] a treze do mez que vem. O comprimento[336] desta rua tem o dobro do da outra. Eu fiz duas vezes a volta[337] da villa a cavallo. Um terremoto[338] destruio[339] a metade da cidade. Este theatro foi queimado[340] tres vezes. Se cultivar a sua herdade[341], ella se elevará[342] em valor ao centuplo.

41.
Exercises.

The company[343] consists of one hundred men and the regiment[344] has six thousand men. There were collected[345] two hundred men and nearly[346] seventy women. He was the first who arrived[347]. The second was thy brother. The third man I have not seen. The French army consists of 600,000 men. Within[348] eight days. He had one sister and two cousins[349] with him. This house would be worth a hundred times more. Once I have told him, but twice he has forgotten it. The first time that I had the knife ground[350]. A thousand men were killed in this battle[351]. The first day of the year[352]. To-day is the first, the second, the third, the fourth of the month[353]. Twenty eggs[354]. He arrived on the fifth of July. The nineteenth century[355]. The year has 365 days. He has three sons[356] and five daughters[357]. [Pg 30]

42.
Pronouns.

1. Personal Pronouns.
Singular.
  1ˢᵗ Person. 2ⁿͩ  Person. 3ʳͩ  Person.
  Masc. Fem.
N. eu, I tu, thou elle, he ella, she
G. de mim, of me   de ti, of thee   d’elle, of him   d’ella, of her
D. a mim, to me a ti, to thee a elle, lhe, to him a ella, to her
Acc. me, me te, a ti, thee elle, him ella, a ella, her
Abl. de mim from de ti from d’elle from d’ella, from
por mim   me por ti   thee por elle   him por ella,   her.
 
Plural.
N. nós, we vós, you elles, they ellas, they
G. de nos, of us de vos, of you d’elles, of them d’ellas, of them
D. a nos, to us a vós, to you a elles, lhes, to them a ellas, to them
Acc. nos, a nos, us a vos, vos, you elles, a elles, them ellas, them
Abl. de nos from de vós, from you  d’elles from them  d’ellas, from
por nos   us             them

Obs. If the Pronouns mim, ti, si, nós, vós, are accompanied by the Preposition com, they are contracted thus:

com mim   into   commigo, with me
com ti comtigo, with thee
com si comsigo, with him
com nós comnosco, with us
com vós comvosco, with you.

Me is generally translated by me, as:

The reflective Pronounsi”.

Nom. si, one’s self
Gen. de si, of one’s self
Dat. a si, to one’s self
Acc. si, a si, one’s self
Abl. de si, por si, from one’s self.

[Pg 31] It is generally united to the Pronoun: mesmo or mesma, as: de si mesmo, of one’s self:

o homem não ama senão a si mesmo,
the man loves only himself.

The Portuguese also join mesmo, to the personal Pronouns, as:

eu mesmo, I myself nós mesmos, we ourselves
tu mesmo, thou thyself vós mesmos, you yourselves
elle mesmo, he himself elles mesmos, they themselves
ella mesma, she herself ellas mesmas,
o homem mesmo, the man himself.   a virtude mesma, virtue itself.

43.

2. Conjunctive Pronouns.

The following are always used in connexion with Verbs:

me, me   —   nos, us
te, thee vos, you
se, it lhes, them
lhe, him, her.  
isto me agrada   —   it pleases me
he-me necessario I want it (have it necessary)
deos te ve God sees thee
ella se louva she praises herself
eu lhe direi I shall tell him or her
eu lhes prometti I have promised them.

44.

3. Mixed Pronouns.

are composed of personal and conjunctive Pronouns, by changing the letter e of the conjunctive Pronoun into o and a, as: [Pg 32]

instead  of me o   —    say: mo
me a ma
lhe o lho
lhe a lha
me os mos
me as mas
lhe os lhos
lhe as lhas
te o to
te a ta
te os tos
te as tas.
dai-mo, give me (livro, the book)
dai-mo, give me (cão, the dog)
dai-ma, give me (penna, the pen).
 
entrego-to, I give it thee (livro)
darei-ta, I shall give it thee (casa)
entrego-tos, I give them to thee (chapéos, pl.)
darei-tas, I shall give them to thee (peras, pl.).
se o,   changes   into  selo
se a, sela
se os, selos
se as, selas
nos o, nolo
nos a, nola
nos os, nolos
nos as, nolas
vos o, volo
vos a, vola
vos os, volos
vos as, volas.

Examples.

para dar-lho, for the purpose of giving it to him
dai-mo, give it me
eu to darei, I shall give it to thee
entrego-to, I hand it over to thee
dize-lho, they told it him or her
entrega-lhos, give them (she) to him
elle nolo disse, he told it us
eu volos mandarei, I shall send them to you. [Pg 33]

45.

4. Possessive Pronouns.
Masculine. Feminine.
Singular. Plural. Singular. Plural.
meu, mine meus minha, mine minhas
teu, thine teus tua, thine tuas
seu, his seus sua, hers suas
nosso, ours nossos nossa, ours nossas
vosso, yours vossos. vossa, yours vossas.  

The Pronouns are declined with the definite article, as:

Masculine.
  Singular. Plural.
  my book. my books.
N. o meu livro os meus livros
G. do meu livro dos meus livros
D. ao meu livro aos meus livros
Acc. meu livro meus livros
Abl. do (pelo) meu livro.   dos (pelos) meus livros.
Feminine.
  Singular. Plural.
  my house. my houses.
N. a minha casa as minhas casas
G. da minha casa das minhas casas
D. á minha casa ás minhas casas
Acc. minha casa minhas casas
Abl. da (pela) minha casa. das (pelas) minhas casas.

Examples.

The Portuguese say:

[Pg 34]

46.

5. Demonstrative Pronouns.

Este, denotes a person or thing in our immediate neighbourhood.

Esse, denotes a person or thing a little more distant from us.

Aquelle, one still farther distant.

Singular.
  Masculine. Feminine. Neuter.
N. este, this esta isto
G. d’este, of this d’esta d’isto
D. a este, to this a esta a isto
Acc. este, this esta isto
Abl. d’este, from this. d’esta. d’isto.
Plural.
N. estes, these estas wanting.
G. d’estes, of these d’estas
D. a estes, to these a estas
Acc. estes, these estas
Abl. d’estes, from these. d’estas.
Singular.
N. esse, this one essa isso
G. d’esse, of this one d’éssa d’isso
D. a esse, to this one a essa a isso
Acc. esse, this one éssa isso
Abl. d’esse, from this one.   d’essa. d’isso.
Plural.
N. esses, these essas wanting.
G. d’esses, of these d’essas
D. a esses, to these a essas
Acc. esses, these essas
Abl. d’esses, from these. d’essas.
Singular.
N. aquelle, that aquella aquillo
G. d’aquelle, of that d’aquella d’aquillo
D. áquelle, to that áquella áquillo
Acc. aquelle, that aquella aquillo
Abl. d’aquelle, from that. d’aquella. d’aquillo. [Pg 35]
Singular.
N. aquelles, those aquellas wanting.
G. d’aquelles, of those d’aquellas
D. áquelles, to those áquellas
Acc. aquelles, those aquellas
Abl. d’aquelles, from those. d’aquellas.

47.

6. Relative Pronouns.

a) Qual, which, declined with the article o and a:
o qual, a qual; plural: os quaes, as quaes.

b) Que, which, is used of persons and things, as:
o livro que, the book which
a arvore que, the tree which
os livros que, the books which
o mestre que ensina, the teacher who instructs
a mulher que tenho, the woman whom I have
o homem que eu amo, the man whom I love.

It is declined:
N. que, who, which, what
G. de que, of whom
D. á que, to whom
Acc. que, whom
Abl. de que, from whom.

c) Quem, is only used of persons.

Singular and Plural.
N. quem, who
G. de quem, of whom
D. á quem, to whom
Acc. quem, whom
Abl. de quem, from whom. [Pg 36]

d) Cujo, cuja, whose.

Singular.
  Masculine. Feminine.
N.  
G. de cujo, of whose   de cuja
D. a cujo, to whose a cuja
Acc. cujo, whose cuja
Abl. de cujo, whose. de cuja.

Examples.

48.

7. Interrogative Pronouns.

Quem, qual, que, who, which, what?

Singular and Plural.
  Masc. and Fem. Masc. and Fem.
N. quem, who? que   what?
which?
G. de quem, of whom? de que
D. á quem, to whom? á que
Acc. quem, whom? que
Abl. de quem, whom? de que
 
Singular Plural.
Masculine and Feminine.
N. qual, which? quaes   which?
G. de qual, of which? de quaes
D. á qual, to which? á quaes
Acc. qual, which? quaes
Abl. de qual, from which?   de quaes

[Pg 37] Examples.

Quem he? Who is it?
Quem vos disse isso? Who told that to you?
Que quereis? What do you want?
Com que se sustenta? What does he live upon?
Que estais fazendo? What are you doing?
De que se faz isto? What is this made of?
Que livro he este? What book is this?
Que negocios tendes? What business have you?
Que casa he? What sort of a house is it?
De qual fallais vós? Of whom do you speak?
Qual delles? Which of them?
Quem or qual dos dous? Which of the two?

49.

8. Indefinite Pronouns.
um, una, a, one todos, todas, all
uns, umas, some tudo, everything
algum, alguma, somebody tal such
alguns, algumas, some tales
nenhum, nenhuma, no one qualquer who ever
nenhuns, nenhumas, none quaesquer some one
cada, each quemquer, any one
cada um, cada uma, everyone alguem, some one
outro, outra, other ninguem, no one
outros, outras, others outrem, another, some one else
se, one, some one   muitos, muitas, many.
todo, toda, all, everyone    
certo, certa, a certain one
um e outro the one and the other
uma e outra
um ou outro the one or the other
uns ou outros
uma ou outra
umas ou outras
nenhum nem outro neither the one nor the other.
nenhuns nem outros
nenhuma nem outra
nenhumas nem outras [Pg 38]

50.
Examples.

Eu sou pobre[358] e tu es rico. Eu amo[359] e tu amas tambem, elle ama, elles amão. Ella nunca[360] traz[361] dinheiro comsigo. Isto me agrada[362]. Ella se louva[363]. Eu lhe direi[364]. Cortailhe[365] as azas[366]. Comprei o cavallo e montei-o[367]. Louvavel[368] he aconselhar[369] a virtude, mas melhor he pratica-la[370]. Assenta no que lhe digo. A sua perda[371]. Este vento[372] he favoravel[373]. Louva-se lhe a generosidade[374]. Esta flor[375] não he do meu jardim, he do teu. O que lhe digo he verdade. O ceo cujo soccorro nunca falta. Carlos foi grande, Frederico ambicioso, este valente[376], aquelle poderoso[377]. Aquelles que desprezão[378] a sciencia[379] não conhecem[380] o valor d’ella. A providencia não abençoa[381] o trabalho[382] d’aquelles que desprezão os seus melhores amigos. Aquelles taes que não amão a virtude, não a conhecem. O homem que eu amo. O meu livro está na mesa. De todas as obras de engenho, nenhuma ha que não tenha o seu defeito[383]. A pessoa cuja reputação[384] vós admirais[385]. Um tal velhaco[386] deve[387] ser castigado[388]. Aprendem-se[389] com mais facilidade[390] as cousas que se comprehendem, do que as que se não comprehendem.

51.

Esta batalha[391] decidirá[392] a sorte[393] da campanha[394]. Este homem he sabio[395], aquelle he valente. Esta arvore he nova[396], essa velha, aquella foi desarraigada[397]. Este cavallo he arabe, est’outro he andaluz, aquell’outro he inglez. O culto[398] dos idolos[399], o qual he tão antigo como absurdo. As molestias[400] contra as quaes a medicina he impotente. Qual he o caracter distinctivo dos templos gothicos? O estado cujo governo, cujos habitantes, cuja religião, cujas [Pg 39] instituições nos parecem[401] preferiveis[402]. O marido, cuja mulher, cujas filhas são virtuosas, deve reputar-se feliz. O amigo de cuja casa venho. Quem descobrio a America? Quem fôrão os primeiros habitantes da Grecia? Que homem he esse que vejo na estrada. Nenhum homem he izento[403] de paixões[404]. Elle em generosidade não cede a ninguem. Um morreo na India, o outro em França. Não faze a outrem o que não quizeras te fizessem a ti. Em taes circumstancias. A conclusão foi tal qual eu a esperava. Elle fallou[405] contra mim. Quaes são os requisitos de um bom pintor?

52.
Exercises.

I have a dress[406]. He has stockings[407]. She has shoes[408]. We have money[409]. You have houses. They have chairs[410]. He received the money from thee. This horse is handsomer than that one. This is white[411] and that is blue[412]. The wife of my uncle. The house of my sister. The woman whose husband was killed[413]. The man whose wife is so similar[414] to your sister. What are the requisites[415] to be a great minister[416]? Who has told you this? Of whom did you learn this news? What animals are there on this island[417]? The man who wishes to be esteemed[418] must esteem himself. All men must[419] die[420]. Every man and every woman received a present[421].

53.
Exercises.

I see nobody. Nobody answers me. The one lives in Holland[422] and the other in Germany[423]. The one is an honest man[424] and the other is a scoundrel[425]. Neither[5] the one nor[426] the other. This man is a Spaniard[427], the other an Englishman[428], and that one a German[429]. [Pg 40] Everyone of these Indians. This is good[430] and that is bad[431]. This man loves only himself[432]. Many authors maintain[433]. In certain seasons[434] and in certain times[435]. A certain man said. A certain person. Such a man. The terror[436] was such that everyone fled[437]. Any one of the conspirators[438].


[Pg 41]

PART II.

Collection of Words.

1. The Universe.

Deos, God o arco iris, the rainbow
o creador, the creator o trovão, the thunder
o mundo, the world o calor, the heat
o firmamento, the sky um relampago, a lightning
um astro, a star o fogo, the fire
o sol, the sun o frio, the cold
um raio de sol, a sunbeam a geada, the frost
a lua, the moon o gelo, the ice
o luar, the moonlight   a luz, the light
uma nuvem, a cloud a neve, the snow
uma estrella, a star o obscuridade, the darkness
o céo, os céos, the heaven uma trovoada, a storm
o nascer do sol, sunrise a chuva, the rain
o pôr do sol, sunset o tempo, the weather
um cometa, a comet o vento, the wind.

2. The Seasons. 

Primavera, spring Fevereiro, February
estio, verão, summer Março, March
outono, autumn Abril, April
inverno, winter Maio, May
Janeiro, January Junho, June [Pg 42]
Julho, July hora e meia, an hour and a half
Agosto, August um quarto d’hora, a quarter of an hour
Septembro, September um minuto, a minute
Outubro, October um segundo, a second
Novembro, November o despontar do dia, the daybreak
Dezembro, December a madrugada, the morning
Segunda feìra, Monday a manhã, the forenoon
Terça feìra, Tuesday meio-dia, noon
Quarta feìra, Wednesday a tarde, the afternoon
Quinta feìra, Thursday o pôr do sol, sunset
Sexta feìra, Friday a entrada, the evening
Sabbado, Saturday a noite, the night
Domingo, Sunday meia noite, midnight
um seculo, a century hoje, to-day
um anno, a year hontem, yesterday
o anno passado, the last year antes d’hontem, the day before yesterday
o anno que vem, the next year   á manhã, to-morrow
um moz, a month o fim, the end, close.
uma semana, a week uma hora, an hour
um dia, a day meia hora, half an hour

3. Water.

Uma bahia, a bay uma torrente, a torrent
agua corrente, running water as ondas, the billows
agua enxarcada, stagnant water um barco de vapor, a steamer
agua morta, standing water   um brigue, a brig
agua doce, sweet water uma fragata, a frigate
agua do mar, sea water um navio mercante, a merchant ship
um lago, a pond um navio de guerra, a man of war
um rio, a river uma ancora, an anchor
um lago, uma lagoa, a lake a rabadilha, the stern
um charco, a pool a proa, the head
a maré, the tide um remo, an oar
maré alta, high water a cana do leme, the helm
maré baixa, low water um masto, a mast
o mar, the sea a bandeira, the flag
mar perigoso, a rough sea a tolda, the deck
as ondas, the waves um regato, a brook
um nascente, a spring uma véla, a sail
    o velame, the sails. [Pg 43]

4. Individuals and Relations.

Um homem, a man uma irmã, a sister
uma mulher, a woman um tio, an uncle
as mulheres women uma tia, an aunt
uma mulher casada, a wife um sobrinho, a nephew
um menino, a child uma sobrinha, a niece
um moço, a boy um primo, a cousin
uma rapariga, a girl uma família, a family
um mancebo, a young man os parentes, the parents
uma moça, a young maid o marido, the husband
um velho, an old man a esposa, the wife
uma velha, an old woman o noivo, the bridegroom
o avô, the grandfather a noiva, the bride
a avó, the grandmother   o sogro, the father-in-law
o pai, the father a sogra, the mother-in-law
a mai, the mother o genro, the son-in-law
o filho, the son a nóra, the daughter-in-law
a filha, the daughter um cunhado, a brother-in-law
um irmão, a brother uma cunhada, a sister-in-law.

5. The Human Body.

A pelle, the skin um joelho, a knee
a barba, the beard uma perna, a leg
a boca, the mouth uma face, a cheek
um braço, an arm a língua, the tongue
um cabello, a hair um beiço, a lip
o coração, the heart uma mão, a hand
o pescoço, the neck o nariz, the nose
um dente, a tooth um olho, an eye
um dedo, a finger uma orelha, an ear
a espalda, the back um pé, a foot
uma espadoa, a shoulder o pulso, the fist
o estomago the stomach   a cabeça, the head.
a face, the face   [Pg 44]

6. The House and Furniture.

Uma casa, a house um castiçal, a candlestick
um palacio a palace uma vella de sebo, a candle
uma quinta, a country house   uma cheminé, a chimney
uma livraria, a library uma comoda, a chest of drawers
um quarto, a room um espelho de sala, a looking-glass
um quarto de dormir, a bedroom um candieiro, a lamp
a escada, the staircase uma cama a bed
uma janella, a window uma cortina, a curtain
o tecto de estuque, the ceiling uma papeleira, a writing-desk
o solho, the floor um sofa, a sofa
uma porta, a door uma mesa, a table
uma fechadura, a lock um quadro, a picture
a chave, the key um tapete, a carpet
uma sala baixa, a parlour as gavetas, drawers
uma sala da jantar a dining room uma toalha de mesa, a table cloth
uma sala, a drawingroom uma colher, a spoon
uma campaïnha, the bell uma colherinha, a tea spoon
uma mobilia, furniture um garfo, a fork
uma cadeira, a chair uma faca, a knife.

7. Trees, Shrubs etc.

Os cereaes, corn uma figueira, a fig-tree
a aveia, oats uma faia, a beech
o feno, hay uma hera, ivy
o trigo candeal, wheat um olmo, an elm
a herva, grass um chopo, a poplar
a batata, potatoe um pinheiro, a pine
o arroz, rice um abeto, a fir
uma bétula, a birch um salgueiro, a willow
uma ceregeira, a cherry tree   um til, a lime-tree.
uma azinheira, an oak    

8. Fruits and Flowers.

Um damasco, an apricot um limão, a lemon
uma cereja, a cherry um figo, a fig
uma castanha, a chestnut um morango, a strawberry [Pg 45]
uma groselha, a currant o lirio dos valles, the lily of the valley
groselha de bagos grossos, a gooseberry   o cravo, the pink
uma noz, a nut a papoula, the poppy
uma pera, a pear a primavera, the primrose
uma maçã, an apple a rosa, the rose
o lirio the lily a tulipa, the tulip
a margarita, the daisy a violeta, the violet.

9. Dress.

Uma camiza, a shirt um brinco, an ear-ring
umas ceroulas, drawers pulseiras, bracelets
uma camizola, an underwaistcoat   uma meia, a stocking
uns calções, breeches um sapato, a shoe
um colete, a waistcoat uma luva, a glove
uma casaca, a coat uma bolsa, a purse
um capote, a cloak um annel, a ring
um chapéo, a hat pós, powder
uma bota, a boot sabão, soap
uma anagoa, a pellicoat uma toalha de mãos, a towel
um vestido, a gown um pente, a comb
uma touca, a bonnet uma escova, a brush
um veo, a veil uma escova de dentes, a toothbrush.
um collar, a necklace    

10. Town and Country.

Uma cidade, a town uma rua, a street
uma aldea, a village um bosquesinho, a thicket
os arrabaldes, the suburbs um campo, a field
um candieiro de gaz, a gas lamp uma cavalhariça, a stable
a calçada, the pavement   uma floresta a forest
uma praça, a square uma selva
uma ponte, a bridge uma sebe, a hedge
um passeio, a walk um jardim, a garden
um farol, a lamp um almargeal, a meadow
    um vergel, an orchard. [Pg 46]

11. Animals.

Um cervo, a stag um burro, an ass
um crocodillo, a crocodile uma ovelha, a sheep
um elephante  , an elephant um borrego, a lamb
um coelho, a rabbit um gato, a cat
uma lebre, a hare um cão, a dog
um lião, a lion um cavallo, a horse
um leopardo, a leopard um macho, a mule
um lobo, a wolf uma vaca, a cow
um urso, a bear um bezerro, a calf
uma panthera, a panther um boi, an ox
um rato, a rat um leitão, a pig
uma raposa, a fox o gado, cattle
um mono, a monkey gado vacum, herds
um tigre, a tiger godo meudo, flocks.

12. Birds, Fishes and Insects.

Um pata, a duck uma perca, a perch
um gallo, a cock um salmão, a salmon
uma gallinha, a hen um linguado, a sole
um ganso, a goose uma truta, a trout
um pombo, a pigeon um rodavalho, a turbot
uma aguia, an eagle uma abelha, a bee
uma calhandra, a lark uma aranha, a spider
uma cegonha, a stork um sapo, a toad
um corvo, a raven uma borboleta, a butterfly
um cisne, a swan uma serpente, a serpent
uma andorinha, a swallow um escaravelho, a beetle
um roussinol, a nightingale   uma formiga, an ant
uma enguia, an eel uma rã, a frog
uma carpa, a carp uma vespa, a wasp
um harenque, a herring uma mosca, a fly
uma lagosta, a lobster um bicho, a worm
uma ostra, an oyster uma vibora, a viper.
uma sarda, a mackerel uma cobra, an adder.

[Pg 47]

Easy Dialogues.

1. Eating and Drinking.

Are you hungry? Vm. tem fome?
I have a good appetite. Tenho boa vontade de comer.
I am very hungry. Tenho bastante fome.
Eat something. Coma alguma cousa.
What will you eat? Que ha de Vm. comer?
What do you wish to eat? Que é o que tem vontade de comer?
You do not eat. O senhor naõ come.
I beg your pardon, I eat very heartily. Com perdaõ de Vm., eu como muito bem.
I have eaten very heartily. Tenho comido bastante.
I have dined with a good appetite. Jantei de boa vontade.
Eat another piece. Coma ainda mais alguma cousa.
I can eat no more. Naõ comerei mais nada.
Are you thirsty? Tem Vm. sêde?
Are you not thirsty? Naõ tem Vm. sêde?
I am very thirsty. Tenho bastante sêde.
I am dying of thirst. Estou morrendo de sêde.
Let us drink. Toça a beber.
Give me something to drink. De-me de beber.
Will you drink a glass of wine? Quer Vm. beber um copo de vinho?
Drink a glass of beer. Tome um copo de cerveja.
Drink another glass of wine. Beba mais esse copo de vinho.
Sir, I drink to your health. Bebo a sua saude.
I have the honour to drink your health. Tenho a honra de beber á sua saúde. [Pg 48]

2. Going and Coming.

Where are you going? Onde vai Vm.?
I am going home. Vou para casa.
I was going to your house. Hia á sua casa.
From whence do you come? Donde vem Vm.?
I come from my brother’s. Venho de casa de meu irmão.
I am coming from church. Venho da igreja.
I have just left the school. Saio da escola.
Will you go with me? Quer Vm. vir commigo?
Whither do you wish to go? Onde quer Vm. hir?
We will take a walk. Hiremos passeiar.
We will take a walk. Hiremos fazer um passeio.
With all my heart; most willingly. Quero, pois naõ. Com muito gosto.
Which way shall we go? Per onde iremos?
Any way you like. Para aquella que quizer.
Let us go into the park. Vamos a tapada.
Let us take your brother in our way. Vamos ter de caminho com seu irmão.
As you please. Como queira.
Is Mr. B. at home? O senhor B. está em casa?
He is gone out. Está fóra.
He is not at home. Naõ está em casa.
Can you tell us where he is gone? Pode Vm. dizer-me para onde foi?
I cannot tell you precisely. Naõ saberei dizer-lhe ao certo.
I think he is gone to see his sister. Creio que foi ver a irmã.
Do you know when he will come back? Sabe Vm. quando ha de voltar?
No, he said nothing of it when he went out. Naõ: partio sem m’odizer.
Then we must go without him. Entaõ ir-nos hemos sem elle.

3. Questions and Answers.

Come nearer; I have something to tell you. Venha ca, tenho que lhe dizer uma cousa.
I have a word to say to you. Tenho que lhe dizer duas palavras.
Listen to me. Escute-me.
I want to speak to you. Tenho desejo de lhe fallar.
What is it you want? Que ha de novo para o seu serviço?
I am speaking to you. É com Vm. que fallo. [Pg 49]
I am not speaking to you. Naõ é com Vm. que eu fallo.
What do you say? Que diz Vm.?
What did you say? Que disse Vm.?
I say nothing. Naõ disse nada.
Do you hear? Entende?
Do you hear what I say? Entende Vm. o que digo?
Do you understand me? Entende-me Vm.?
Will you be so kind as to repeat...? Quer Vm. repetil’o?
I understand you well. Eu bem o entendo.
Why do you not answer me? Por que me naõ responde?
Do you not speak Portuguese? Vm. naõ falla portuguez?
Very little, Sir. Muito pouco, senhor.
I understand it a little, but I do not speak it. Entendo-o um pouco, porèm naõ fallo.
Speak louder. Falle mais alto.
Do not speak so loud. Naõ falle taõ alto.
Do not make so much noise. Naõ faça tanta bulha.
Hold your tongue. Calle-se.
Did you not tell me that...? Naõ me disse Vm. que?
Who told you that? Quem lhe disse isto?
They told me so. Disseraõ-me.
Somebody has told it me. Disse-m’o certa pessoa.
I have heard it. Ouvi dizer.
What do you wish to say? Que quer Vm. dizer?
What is that good for? Para que é bom isto?
What do you call that? Como chama Vm. a isto?
Do you know Mr. G.? Conhece Vm. o senhor G.?
I know him by sight. Conheço-o de vista.
I know him by name. Conheço-o de nome.

4. The Age.

How old are you? Que idade tem Vm.?
How old is your brother? Que idade tem o senhor seu irmão.
I am twelve years old. Tenho doze annos.
I am ten years and six months old. Tenho dés annos e meio.
Next month I shall be sixteen years old. Hei de fazer desaseis annos no mez que vem.
I was thirteen years old last week. Fiz treze annos a semana passada. [Pg 50]
You do not look so old. Vm. naõ me parecia ter tanta idade.
You look older. Vm. parecia ter mais idade.
I thought you were older. Cuidava que era mais velho.
I did not think you were so old. Naõ cuidava que tivese tanta idade.
How old may your uncle be? Que idade tem seu tio?
He may be sixty years old. Poderá ter sessenta annos.
He is about sixty years old. Tem obra de sessenta annos.
He is more than fifty years old. Tem mais de cincoenta annos.
He is a man of fifty and upwards. É um homem de cincoenta e tantos annos.
He may be sixty or there abouts. Poderá ter cousa de sessenta annos.
He is above eighty. Tem mais de oitenta annos.
That is a great age. É uma idade assás adiantada.
Is he so old? É taõ idoso como isto?
He begins to grow old. Começa a fazer-se velho.

5. The Time.

What o’clock is it? Que horas saõ?
Pray tell me what time it is? Tenha a bondade de dizer-me que horas saõ.
It is one o’clock. É uma hora.
It is past one. É uma hora passada.
It has struck one. É uma hora ja dada.
It is a quarter past one. É uma hora e um quarto.
It is half past one. É hora e meia.
It wants ten minutes to two. Saõ duas horas menos dés minutos.
It is not yet two o’clock. Ainda naõ deraõ duas horas.
It is only twelve o’clock. Naõ é mais que meio-dia.
It is almost three o’clock. Saõ perto de tres horas.
It is on the stroke of three. Saõ tres horas em ponto.
It is going to strike three. Está a dar tres horas.
It is ten minutes past three. Saõ tres horas e dés minutos.
The clock is going to strike. O relogio está para dar horas.
There is the clock striking. O relogio está dando horas.
It is not late. Naõ é tarde.
It is later than I thought. É mais tarde do que eu cuidava.
I did not think it was so late. Naõ cuidava que fosse taõ tarde. [Pg 51]

6. The Weather.

What kind of weather is it? Que especie de tempo faz?
It is bad weather. Faz máo tempo.
It is cloudy. Faz um tempo escuro.
It is dreadful weather. Faz um tempo horrivel.
It is fine weather. Faz bom tempo.
We are going to have a fine day. Havemos de ter um optimo dia.
It is dewy. Ha muito orvalho.
It is foggy. Faz nevoa.
It is rainy weather. Faz um tempo chuvoso.
It threatens to rain. O tempo está embrulhado.
The sky becomes very cloudy. O céo se esconde.
The sky is getting very dark. O céo se escurece.
The sun is coming out. O sol começa a apparecer.
The weather is clearing up again. O tempo principia a concertar-se.
It is very warm. Faz bastante calma.
It is sultry. Faz uma calma que abafa.
It is very mild. Faz um tempo bem brando.
It is cold. Faz frio.
It is excessively cold. Faz um frio terrivel.
It is raw weather. Faz um tempo frio e juntamente humido.
It rains. Chove.
It has been raining. Choveo.
It is going to rain. Está para chover.
I feel some drops of rain. Sinto alguns choviscos.
There are some drops of rain falling. Caem algumas gotas d’agua.
It hails. Cae pedra.
It snows; it is snowing. Neva. Está chovendo neve.
It has been snowing. Cahio bastante neve.
It snows in large flakes. Cahe neve em frocos.
It freezes. Géla. [Pg 52]
It has frozen. Cahio geada.
It begins to thaw. O tempo começa a abrandar-se.
It thaws. Ha degêlo.
It is very windy. Faz bastante vento.
The wind is very high. Faz uma grande ventania.
There is no air stirring. Naõ ha viraçaõ.
It lightens. Está fazendo relampagos.
It has lightened all night. Toda esta noite fez relampagos.
It thunders. Troveja.
The thunder roars. Está trovejando.
The thunderbolt has fallen. Cahio um raio.
It is stormy weather. O tempo ameaça trovoada.
We shall have a thunderstorm. Havemos de ter alguma trovoada.
The sky begins to clear up. O céo começa a limpar-se.
The weather is very unsettled. O tempo está bem inconstante.
It is very muddy. Faz bastante lama.
It is very dusty. Ha muita poeira.
It is very slippery. Escorrega muito.
It is bad walking. Faz máo tempo para se sahir.
It is day-light. Faz dia.
It is dark. Faz escuro.
It is night. Faz noite.
It is moonlight. Faz luar.
Do you think it will be fine weather? Cuida Vm. que teremos bom tempo?
I do not think that it will rain. Creio que não ha de chover.
I am afraid it will rain. Tenho medo que chova.
I fear so. Eu assim o creio.

7. Salutation.

Good morning, Sir. Bons dias senhor.
I wish you good morning. Tenha Vm. bons dias.
How do you do? Como está Vm.?
How are you?
Do you continue in good health? Está sempre de saúde?
Pretty good; and how are you? Muito bem, e Vm.?
Are you well? Vm. está bem disposto?
Very well, and you? Muito bem, e Vm.? [Pg 53]
I am perfectly well. Acho-me as mil maravilhas.
And how is it with you? E Vm. como vai de saúde?
As usual. Como do costume.
Pretty well, thank God. Assas bem, graças a Deus.
I am very happy to see you well. Estou encantado de o ver em perfeita saúde.

8. The Visit.

There is a knock. Batem a porta.
Somebody knocks. Alguem está batendo a porta.
Go and see who it is. Vai ver quem é.
Go and open the door. Vai abrir a porta.
It is Mrs. B. É a senhora B.
I wish you good morning. Tenha Vm. muito bons dias.
I am happy to see you. Estou encantado de a ver.
I have not seen you this age. Ha um seculo que naõ a hei visto.
It is a novelty to see you. É milagre vel’a.
Pray, sit down. Queira assentar-se.
Sit down if you please. Tenha a bondade de assentar-se.
Take a seat. Queira ter o incommodo de assentar-se.
Give a chair to the lady. Dê uma cadeira á senhora.
Will you stay and take some dinner with us? Quer Vm. ficar para jantar comnosco.
I cannot stay. Naõ posso demorar-me.
I only came in to see how you are. Entrei sómente para saber da sua saúde.
I must go. Naõ me posso demorar mais.
You are in a great hurry. Vm. tem muita pressa.
Why are you in such a hurry? Que pressa é esta?
I have a great many things to do. Tenho muito que fazer.
Surely you can stay a little longer. Vm. bem pode demorar-se mais uma instante.
I will stay longer another time. Em outra vez ficarei mais tempo.
I thank you for your visit. Receba os meus agradecimentos pela visita.
I hope to see you soon again. Espero de o ver bem cédo. [Pg 54]

9. Breakfast.

Have you breakfasted? Vm. já almoçou?
Not yet. Ainda naõ.
You have come just in time. Chega em boa occasiaõ.
You will breakfast with us. Almoçará comnosco.
Breakfast is ready. O almoço está prompto.
Do you drink tea or coffee? Toma Vm. chá, ou café?
Would you prefer chocolate? Gosta talvez mais de chocolate?
I prefer coffee. Prefiro o café.
What can I offer you? Que lhe poderei offerecer?
Here are rolls and toast. Ahi tem paõ e fatias.
What do you like best? De qual gosta mais?
I shall take a roll. Comerei um destes pãezinhos.
How do you like the coffee? Como acha Vm. o café?
Is the coffee strong enough? Acha Vm. o café com bastante força?
It is excellent. Acho-o excellente.
Is there enough sugar in it? Tem assucar sufficiente?
If there is not, do not make any ceremony. Se não tem o que é mister, não faça ceremonias.
Act as if you were at home. Faça como se estivesse em sua casa.

10. Before Dinner.

At what time do we dine to-day? Á que horas jantamos hoje?
We shall dine at four o’clock. Devemos jantar ás quatro.
We shall not dine before five o’clock. Nem antes das cinco o faremos.
Shall we have anybody to dinner to-day? Teremos hoje alguem de fóra?
Do you expect company? Espera Vm. gente?
I expect Mr. B. Espero pelo senhor B.
Mr. D. has promised to come O senhor por D. prometteo de vir,
if the weather permits. se o tempo permitisse.
Have you given orders for dinner? Deo Vm. já os ordens para o jantar?
What have you ordered for dinner? Que encommendou Vm. para o jantar? [Pg 55]
Have you sent for fish? Mandou Vm. vir peixe?
I could not get any fish. Naõ pude haver peixe.
I fear we shall have Quer me parecer,
a very indifferent dinner. que havemos de ter um máo jantar.
We must do as we can. Faremos como podermos.

11. The Dinner.

To what shall I help you? Que quer que lhe sirva?
Will you take a little soup? Quer uma pouca de sopa?
I thank you. I will trouble you for a little beef. Obrigado, aceitarei um pouco de vaca.
It looks so very nice. Tem mui boa apparencia.
Which part do you like best? De que parte gosta mais?
I hope you like this piece. Espero que este bocado é a seu gosto.
Gentlemen, you have dishes near you. Senhores, Vm. tem dous pratos diante de si.
Help yourselves. Sirvaõ-se.
Take without ceremony what you Sirvaó-se sem ceremonia daquillo de que
like best. mais gostarem.
Would you like a little of this roastmeat? Quer um pouco deste assado?
Will you have some fat? Gosta de gordura?
Give me some of this lean, if you please. Dê-me do que naõ tem gordura, por quem é.
How do you like the roastmeat? Que tal acha o ássado?
It is excellent, delicious. Excellente.
What will you take with your meat? Que quer Vm. comer com a carne?
Shall I help you to some vegetables? Posso servir-lhe alguma hortaliça?
Will you take peas or cauliflower? Quer Vm. ervilhas ou couves flores?
It is quite indifferent to me. Gosto tanto d’um, como d’outro.
I shall send you a piece of this fowl. Vou servir-lhe desta ave.
No, thank you, I can eat no more. Muito obrigado, tenho comido sufficiente.
You are a poor eater. Vm. come mui pouco.
You eat nothing. Vm. naõ come nada.
I beg your pardon, I do honour to your dinner. Pelo contrario como sufficiente.
You may take away. Podem tirar a mesa. [Pg 56]

12. Tea.

Have you carried in the tea-things? Trouxeste tudo quanto é mister para o chá?
Everything is on the table. Está tudo na mesa.
Does the water boil? A agua está a ferver?
Tea is ready. O chá está prompto.
They are waiting for you. Estamos á sua espera.
Here I am. Eis-me prompto.
We have not cups enough. As chicaras naõ saõ sufficientes.
We want two more cups and saucers. É mister mais duas.
Bring another tea-spoon and a saucer. Falta tambem uma colher e um pires.
You have not brought in the sugar-tongs. Esqueces-te de trazer a tenaz do assucar.
Do you take cream? Toma Vm leite?
The tea is so strong. O chá está muito forte.
I shall thank you for a little more milk. Pedir-lhe hei mais um pouco de leite.
Here are cakes and muffins. Ahi tem bolos, e bolachas.
Do you prefer some bread and butter? Tal vez queira antes fatias de paõ com manteiga?
I shall take a slice of bread and butter. Aceitarei uma fatia de paõ com manteiga.
Pass the plate this way. Passe para cá o prato.
Ring the bell, if you please. Toque a campainha.
Will you kindly ring the bell? Tenha a bondade de tocar a campainha?
We want some more water. E nos mister mais agua.
Bring it as quickly as possible. Traze-as o mais de pressa possivel.
Take the plate with you. Leva ao mesmo tempo este prato. [Pg 57]
Is your tea sweet enough? O seu chá tem o assucar sufficiente?
Have I put sugar enough in your tea? Naõ sei se deitei bastante assucar no seu chá?
It is excellent. Está muy bem temperado.
I do not like it quite so sweet. Naõ gosto delle muito doce.
Your tea is very good. O seu chá é muito bom.
Where do you buy it? Onde o compra?
I buy it at... Compro-o em casa de...
Have you already done? Vm. naõ quer mais chá?
You will take another cup. Vm. ha de tomar mais uma chicara.
I shall pour you out half a cup. Vou dar-lhe uma meia chicara.
You will not refuse me. Espero qui naõ a ha de engeitar.
I have already drunk three cups, Já tomei tres chicaras
and I never drink more. e nunca tomo mais.

[Pg 58]

SECOND COURSE.


Verbs.

The Auxiliary Verbs.

1.
Ter
and Haver, to have.

Infinitive Mood.
Present. ter   or   haver, to have.
Past. ter tido ter havido, to have had.
Gerund. tendo havendo, having.
Participles. tido, tida havido, havida, had.
Indicative Mood.
Present.
eu tenho   or   hei, I have
tu tens has, thou hast
elle or ella tem ha, he or she has
nós temos havemos or hemos, we have
vós tendes haveis, you have
elles or ellas tem hão, they have.
 
Imperfect.
tinha or havia, I had
tinhas havias, thou hadst
tinha havia, he had
tinhamos haviamos, we had
tinheis havieis, you had
tinhão havião, they had. [Pg 59]
 
Past definite.
tive or houve, I have had
tiveste houveste, thou hast had
teve houve, he has had
tivemos houvemos we have had
tivestes houvestes, you have had
tiverão houverão, they have had.
 
Past indefinite.
tenho tido or tenho havido, I have had.
tens tido tens havido,
tem tido tem havido,
temos tido temos havido,
tendes tido tendes havido,
tem tido tem havido,
 
Past anterior.
tivera or houvera, I had had
tiveras houveras, thou hadst had
tivera houvera, he had had
tiveramos houveramos, we had had
tivereis houvereis, you had had
tiverão houverão, they had had.
 
Pluperfect.
tinha tido or tinha havido, I had had
tinhas tido tinhas havido, thou hadst had
tinha tido tinha havido, he had had
tinhamos tido tinhamos havido, we had had
tinheis tido tinheis havido, you had had
tinhão tido tinhão havido, they had had.
 
Future.
terei or haverei, I shall have
terás haverás, thou shalt have
terá haverá, he shall have
teremos haveremos, we shall have
tereis havereis, you shall have
terão haverão, they shall have. [Pg 60]
 
Compound Future anterior.
hei de ter or hei de haver, I shall
(must, will)
have.
has de ter has de haver,
ha de ter ha de haver,
havemos de ter havemos de haver,
haveis de ter haveis de haver,
hão de ter hão de haver,
 
Future past.
terei tido or terei havido, I shall have had
terás tido terás havido, thou shalt have had
terá tido terá havido, he shall have had
teremos tido teremos havido, we shall have had
tereis tido tereis havido, you shall have had
terão tido terão havido, they shall have had.
 
Conditional.
teria or haveria, I should have
terias haverias, thou shouldst have
teria haveria, he should have
teriamos haveriamos, we should have
terieis haverieis, you should have
terião haverião, they should have.
 
Conditional past.
teria tido or teria havido, I should  
have had.
terias tido terias havido,
teria tido teria havido,
teriamos tido teriamos havido,
terieis tido terieis havido,
terião tido terião havido,
 
Subjunctive Mood.
Present.
que tenha   or   haja, that I may have
tenhas hajas, that thou mayest have
tenha haja, that he may have
tenhamos hajamos, that we may have
tenhais hajais, that you may have
tenhão hajão, that they may have. [Pg 61]
 
Imperfect.
que tivéra   or   houvéra, that I might have
tivéras houvéras, that thou mightst have
tivéra houvéra, that he might have
tivéramos houvéramos, that we might have
tivéreis houvéreis, that you might have
tivérão houvérão, that they might have.
 
Past definite.
que tivesse   or   houvesse, that I may have had
tivesses houvesses, that thou mayest have had
tivesse houvesse, that he may have had
tivessemos houvessemos, that we may have had
tivesseis houvesseis, that you may have had
tivessem houvessem, that they may have had.
 
Past indefinite.
que tenha tido   or   tenha havido, that I may have had
tenhas tido tenhas havido, that thou mayest have had
tenha tido tenha havido, that he may have had
tenhamos tido tenhamos havido, that we may have had
tenhais tido tenhais havido, that you may have had
tenhão tido tenhão havido, that they may have had.
 
Pluperfect.
que tivesse tido   or   tivesse havido, that I might have had
tivesses tido tivesses havido, that thou mightst have had
tivesse tido tivesse havido, that he might have had
tivessemos tido tivessemos havido, that we might have had
tivesseis tido tivesseis havido, that you might have had
tivessem tido tivessem havido, that they might have had.
 
Simple Future.
quando eu tiver   or   eu houver, when I shall have
tu tiveres tu houveres, when thou shalt have
elle tiver elle houver, when he shall have
nos tivermos nos houvermos, when we shall have
vos tiverdes vos houverdes, when you shall have
elles tiverem elles houverem, when they shall have. [Pg 62]
 
Compound Future.
que haja de ter   or   haja de haver, that I shall have
hajas de ter hajas de haver, that thou shalt have
haja de ter haja de haver, that he shall have
hajamos de ter hajamos de haver, that we shall have
hajais de ter hajais de haver, that you shall have
hajão de ter hajão de haver, that they shall have.
 
Future past.
quando
(se)
eu tiver tido   or   tiver havido, when I shall have had
tu tiveres tido tiveres havido, when thou shalt have had
elle tiver tido tiver havido, when he shall have had
nos tivermos tido tivermos havido, when we shall have had
vos tiverdes tido tiverdes havido, when you shall have had
elles tiverem tido tiverem havido, when they shall have had.
Imperative.
First Person: wanting.
tem tu   or   hajas tu, have thou
tenha elle haja elle (ella), let him (her) have
tenhamos nós hajamos nós, let us have
tende vós havei vós, have ye
tenhão elles hajão elles (ellas), let them have.

Obs. All Verbs composed of ter, are conjugated like it, as: conter, deter, manter, obter, reter etc.

2.

Examples.

Tenho pão[439]. Tens carne[440]. Elle tem vinho[441]. Tinhamos ameixas[442]. Eu tive morangos[443]. Elle teve uma laranja[444]. Tivemos framboezas[445]. Elles tiverão figos[446]. Hei de ter groselhas[447]. Meu irmão[448] ha de ter nozes[449]. Minhas irmãas[450] hão de ter nesperas[451]. Eu teria vacca[452]. Meu amigo[453] teria vitella[454]. Tereis assado[455]. [Pg 63] Elles terião presunto[456]. Tenha elle pastel[457]. Tenhão elles ovos[458]. Tenhamos bolo[459]. Tende vós salada[460]. Que eu tivesse pimenta[461]. Que tu tivesses vinagre[462]. Que elle tivesse azeite[463]. Que nós tivessemos mostarda[464]. Que vós tivesseis assucar[465]. Que elles tivessem especiarias[466].

3.

Exercises.

I have beer[467]. Thou hast fruit[468]. He has apples[469]. We have a pear[470]. You have peaches[471]. They have cherries[472]. I had grapes[473]. Thou hadst almonds[474]. He had mulberries[475]. We had an apricot[476]. You had cheese[477]. They had milk[478]. I shall have hazelnuts[479]. My brother will have butter[480]. We shall have chestnuts[481]. You will have a lemon[482]. Our gardener[483] will have celery[484]. I would have cake. Thou wouldst have salad. He would have onions[485]. Our game keeper[486] would have venison[487]. We would have sour cherries[488]. You would have raisins[489]. Our cooks[490] would have olives[491]. That our friends[492] have a rosetree[493]. That we have a myrtle[494]. That you have an apricot-tree[495]. That our sisters have a bouquet[496]. That I had cream[497]. That thou hadst salt[498]. That he had coffee[499]. That we had tea[500]. That she had chocolate[501]. Have courage[502]. He may have a book[503]. Let us have patience[504]. Have a watermelon[505]. Let them have a melon[506].

4.

Examples.[Pg 64]

Tenho por ventura[507] uma faca[508]? Tens tu um garfo[509]? Tendes vós guardanapos[510]? Tem elles uma toalha[511]? Tinha eu um prato[512]? Tem ella um copo[513]? Temos nós copos? Tendes vós ouro[514]? Tem elles prata[515]? Tinha eu uma colher[516]? Tinhamos nós uma garrafa[517]? Tinhão elles ferro[518]? Tive eu aço[519]? Tivestes vós chumbo[520]? Terei eu papel[521]? Terás tu pennas[522]? Vosso amigo terá o seu canivete[523]? Teremos nós livros? Tereis vós tinta[524]? Suas irmãas, terão uma casa[525]? Teria eu uma flor[526]? Tereis vós um jardim[527]?

5.

Exercises.

Have I by accident a chamber[528]? Hast thou a castle[529]? Has he a tree[530]? Have we money[531]? Are you (have you) thirsty[532]? Have thy friends a sword? Had I an opportunity[533]? Hadst thou a razor[534]? Had you a horse[535]? Had you permission[536]? Would I have a tankard[537]? Would she have a cat[538]? Would we have a goat[539]? Would you have a cow[540]? Would they have an ox[541]? Would I have had a mule[542]? Wouldst thou have had a dog[543]?

6.
Conjugation of the Verbs “ser” and “estar”, to be.

Infinitive Mood.
Present. ser   or   estar, to be.
Past. ter sido ter estado, to have been.
Gerund. sendo estando, being.
Participles. sido, sida estado, estada, been.
Indicative Mood.
Present.
eu sou   or   estou, I am
tu es estás, thou art
elle (ella) he está, he (she) is
nós somos estamos, we are
vós sois estais, you are
elles (ellas) são estão, they are. [Pg 65]
 
Imperfect.
era   or   estava, I was
eras estavas, thou wast
era estava, he was
eramos estavamos, we were
ereis estaveis, you were
erão estavão, they were.
 
Past definite.
fui   or   estive, I have been
foste estiveste, thou hast been
foi esteve, he has been
fomos estivemos, we have been
fostes estivestes, you have been
forão estiverão, they have been.
 
Past indefinite.
tenho sido   or   tenho estado, I have been
tens sido tens estado, thou hast been
tem sido tem estado, he has been
temos sido temos estado, we have been
tendes sido tendes estado, you have been
tem sido tem estado, they have been.
 
Past anterior.
fora   or   estivera, I had been
foras estiveras, thou hadst been
fora estivera, he had been
foramos estiveramos, we had been
foreis estivereis, you had been
forão estiverão, they had been.
 
Pluperfect.
tinha sido   or   tinha estado, I had been
tinhas sido tinhas estado, thou hadst been
tinha sido tinha estado, he had been
tinhamos sido tinhamos estado, we had been
tinheis sido tinheis estado, you had been
tinhão sido tinhão estado, they had been. [Pg 66]
 
Future.
serei   or   estarei, I shall be
serás estarás, thou shalt be
será estará, he shall be
seremos estaremos, we shall be
sereis estareis, you shall be
serão estarão, they shall be.
 
Future anterior.
hei de ser   or   hei de estar, I shall be
has de ser has de estar, thou shalt be
ha de ser ha de estar, he shall be
havemos de ser havemos de estar, we shall be
haveis de ser haveis de estar, you shall be
hão de ser hão de estar, they shall be.
 
Future past.
terei sido   or   terei estado, I shall have been
terás sido terás estado, thou shalt have been
terá sido terá estado, he shall have been
teremos sido teremos estado, we shall have been
tereis sido tereis estado, you shall have been
terão sido terão estado, they shall have been.
 
Conditional.
seria   or   estaria, I should be
serias estarias, thou shouldst be
seria estaria, he should be
seriamos estariamos, we should be
serieis estarieis, you should be
serião estarião, they should be.
 
Conditional past.
teria sido   or   teria estado, I should have been
terias sido terias estado, thou shouldst have been
teria sido teria estado, he should have been
teriamos sido teriamos estado, we should have been
terieis sido terieis estado, you should have been
terião sido terião estado, they should have been. [Pg 67]
Subjunctive Mood.
Present.
que seja   or   esteja, that I may be
sejas estejas, that thou mayest be
seja esteja, that he may be
sejamos estejamos, that we may be
sejais estejais, that you may be
sejão estejão, that they may be.
 
Imperfect.
que fora   or   estivera, that I might be
foras estiveras, that thou mightst be
fora estivera, that he might be
foramos estiveramos, that we might be
foreis estivereis, that you might be
forão estiverão, that they might be.
 
Past definite.
que fosse   or   estivesse, that I may have been
fosses estivesses, that thou mayest have been
fosse estivesse, that he may have been
fossemos estivessemos, that we may have been
fosseis estivesseis, that you may have been
fossem estivessem, that they may have been.
 
Past indefinite.
que tenha sido   or   tenha estado, that I may have been
tenhas sido tenhas estado, that thou mayest have been
tenha sido tenha estado, that he may have been
tenhamos sido tenhamos estado, that we may have been
tenhais sido tenhais estado, that you may have been
tenhão sido tenhão estado, that they may have been.
 
Pluperfect.
que tivesse sido   or   tivesse estado, that I might have been
tivesses sido tivesses estado, that thou mightst have been
tivesse sido tivesse estado, that he might have been
tivessemos sido tivessemos estado, that we might have been
tivesseis sido tivesseis estado, that you might have been
tivessem sido tivessem estado, that they might have been. [Pg 68]
 
Simple Future.
que for   or   estiver, that I shall be
fores estiveres, that thou shalt be
for estiver, that he shall be
formos estivermos, that we shall be
fordes estiverdes, that you shall be
forem estiverem, that they shall be.
 
Compound Future.
que haja de ser   or   haja de estar, that I shall be.
hajas de ser hajas de estar,
haja de ser haja de estar,
hajamos de ser hajamos de estar,
hajais de ser hajais de estar,
hajão de ser hajão de estar
 
Future past.
quando tiver sido   or   tiver estado, when I shall have been
tiveres sido tiveres estado, when thou shalt have been
tiver sido tiver estado, when he shall have been
tivermos sido tivermos estado, when we shall have been
tiverdes sido tiverdes estado, when you shall have been
tiverem sido tiverem estado, when they shall have been.
 
Imperative.
sê tu   or   está tu, be thou
seja elle esteja elle, let him be
sejamos nós estejamos nós, let us be
sede vós estai vós, be ye
sejão elles estejão elles, let them be.

[Pg 69]

7.
The Regular Verbs.

Active Verbs.

FIRST CONJUGATION.

Amar,  to love.

Infinitive Mood.
Present. amar, to love.
Perfect. ter amado, to have loved.
Gerund. amando, loving.
Participles. amado, amada, loved.
Indicative Mood.
Present.
amo, I love
amas, thou lovest
ama, he loves
amamos, we love
amais, you love
amão, they love.
 
Imperfect.
amava, I loved
amavas, thou lovest
amava, he loved
amávamos, we loved
amaveis, you loved
amavão, they loved.
 
Past definite.
amei, I have loved
amaste, thou hast loved
amou, he has loved
amámos, we have loved
amastes, you have loved
amárão, they have loved.
 
Past indefinite.
tenho amado, I have loved
tens amado, thou hast loved
tem amado, he has loved
temos amado, we have loved
tendes amado, you have loved
tem amado, they have loved.
 
Past anterior.
amára, I had loved
amáras, thou hadst loved
amára, he had loved
amáramos, we had loved
amáreis, you had loved
amárão, they had loved. [Pg 70]
 
Pluperfect.
tinha amado, I had loved
tinhas amado, thou hadst loved
tinha amado, he had loved
tinhamos amado, we had loved
tinheis amado, you have loved
tinhão amado, they have loved.
 
Future.
amarei, I shall love
amarás, thou shalt love
amará, he shall love
amaremos, we shall love
amareis, you shall love
amarão, they shall love.
 
Future anterior.
hei de amar, I shall love
has de amar, thou shalt love
ha de amar, he shall love
havemos de amar, we shall love
haveis de amar, you shall love
hão de amar, they shall love.
 
Future past.
terei amado, I shall have loved
terás amado, thou shalt have loved
terá amado, he shall have loved
teremos amado, we shall have loved
tereis amado, you shall have loved
terão amado, they shall have loved.
 
Conditional.
amaria, I should love
amarias, thou shouldst love
amaria, he should love
amariamos, we should love
amarieis, you should love
amarião, they should love.
 
Conditional past.
teria amado, I should have loved
terias amado, thou shouldst have loved
teria amado, he should have loved
teriamos amado, we should have loved
terieis amado, you should have loved
terião amado, they should have loved.
 
Subjunctive Mood.
Present.
que ame, that I may love
ames, that thou mayest love
ame, that he may love
amemos, that we may love
ameis, that you may love
amem, that they may love. [Pg 71]
 
Imperfect.
que amára, that I might love
amáras, that thou mightst love
amára, that he might love
amáramos, that we might love
amáreis, that you might love
amárão, that they might love.
 
Past definite.
que amasse, that I may have loved
amasses, that thou mayest have loved
amasse, that he may have loved
amassemos, that we may have loved
amasseis, that you may have loved
amassem, that they may have loved.
 
Past indefinite.
que tenha amado, that I may have loved
tenhas amado, that thou mayest have loved
tenha amado, that he may have loved
tenhamos amado, that we may have loved
tenhais amado, that you may have loved
tenhão amado, that they may have loved.
 
Pluperfect.
que tivesse amado, that I might have loved
tivesses amado, that thou mightst have loved
tivesse amado, that he might have loved
tivessemos amado, that we might have loved
tivesseis amado, that you might have loved
tivessem amado, that they might have loved.
 
Future.
que amar, when I shall love
amares, when thou shalt love
amar, when he shall love
amarmos, when we shall love
amardes, when you shall love
amarem, when they shall love. [Pg 72]
 
Compound Future.
que haja de amar, that I shall love
hajas de amar, that thou shalt love
haja de amar, that he shall love
hajamos de amar, that we shall love
hajais de amar, that you shall love
hajão de amar, that they shall love.
 
Future past.
que tiver amado, when I shall have loved
tiveres amado, when thou shalt have loved
tiver amado, when he shall have loved
tivermos amado, when we shall have loved
tiverdes amado, when you shall have loved
tiverem amado, when they shall have loved.
 
Imperative.
ama tu, love thou
ame elle, let him love
amemos nós, let us love
amai vós, love ye
amem elles, let them love.

8.
SECOND CONJUGATION.
Receber, to receive.

Infinitive Mood.
Present. receber, to receive.
Past. ter recebido, to have received.
Gerund. recebendo, receiving.
Participles. recebido, -a, received.
Indicative Mood.
Present.
eu recebo, I receive
tu recebes, thou receivest
elle recebe, he receives
nós recebemos, we receive
vós recebeis, you receive
elles recebem, they receive.
 
Imperfect.
recebia, I received
recebias, thou receivedst
recebia, he received
recebiamos, we received
recebieis, you received
recebião, they received. [Pg 73]
 
Past definite.
recebi, I have received
recebeste, thou hast received
recebeo, he has received
recebémos, we have received
recebestes, you have received
receberão, they have received.
 
Past indefinite.
tenho recebido, I have received
tens recebido, thou hast received
tem recebido, he has received
temos recebido, we have received
tendes recebido, you have rec.
tem recebido, they have received.
 
Past anterior.
recebera, I had received
receberas, thou hadst received
recebera, he had received
receberamos, we had received
recebereis, you had received
receberão, they had received.
 
Pluperfect.
tinha recebido, I had received
tinhas recebido, thou hadst rec.
tinha recebido, he had received
tinhamos recebido, we had rec.
tinheis recebido, you had rec.
tinhão recebido, they had rec.
 
Future.
receberei, I shall receive
receberás, thou shalt receive
receberá, he shall receive
receberemos, we shall receive
recebereis, you shall receive
receberão, they shall receive.
 
Future anterior.
hei de receber, I shall receive
has de receber, thou shall rec.
ha de receber, he shall rec.
havemos de receber, we shall rec.
haveis de receber, you shall rec.
hão de receber, they shall rec.
 
Future past.
terei recebido, I shall have rec.
terás recebido, thou shalt have rec.
terá recebido, he shall have rec.
teremos recebido, we shall have rec.
tereis recebido, you shall have rec.
terão recebido, they shall have rec.
Conditional.
receberia, I should receive
receberias, thou shouldst receive
receberia, he should receive
receberiamos, we should receive
receberieis, you should receive
receberião, they should receive. [Pg 74]
 
Conditional past.
teria recebido, I should have received
terias recebido, thou shouldst have received
teria recebido, he should have received
teriamos recebido, we should have received
terieis recebido, you should have received
terião recebido, they should have received.
 
Subjunctive Mood.
Present.
que receba, that I may receive
recebas, that thou mayest receive
receba, that he may receive
recebamos, that we may receive
recebais, that you may receive
recebão, that they may receive.
 
Imperfect.
que recebéra, that I might receive
recebéras, that thou mightst receive
recebéra, that he might receive
recebéremos, that we might receive
recebéreis, that you might receive
recebérão, that they might receive.
 
Past definite.
que recebesse, that I may have received
recebesses, that thou mayest have received
recebesse, that he may have received
recebessemos, that we may have received
recebesseis, that you may have received
recebessem, that they may have received.
 
Past indefinite.
que tenha recebido, that I may have received
tenhas recebido, that thou mayest have received
tenha recebido, that he may have received
tenhamos recebido, that we may have received
tenhais recebido, that you may have received
tenhão recebido, that they may have received. [Pg 75]
 
Pluperfect.
que tivesse recebido, that I might have received
tivesses recebido, that thou mightst have received
tivesse recebido, that he might have received
tivessemos recebido, that we might have received
tivesseis recebido, that you might have received
tivessem recebido, that they might have received.
 
Future.
quando receber, when I shall receive
receberes, when thou shalt receive
receber, when he shall receive
recebermos, when we shall receive
receberdes, when you shall receive
receberem, when they shall receive.
 
Compound Future.
que haja de receber, that I shall receive
hajas de receber, that thou shalt receive
haja de receber, that he shall receive
hajamos de receber, that we shall receive
hajais de receber, that you shall receive
hajão de receber, that they shall receive.
 
Future past.
quando tiver recebido, when I shall have received
tiveres recebido, when thou shalt have received
tiver recebido, when he shall have received
tivermos recebido, when we shall have received
tiverdes recebido, when you shall have received
tiverem recebido, when they shall have received.
 
Imperative Mood.
recebe tu, receive thou
receba elle, let him receive
recebamos nós, let us receive
recebei vós, receive ye
recebão, let them receive. [Pg 76]

9.
THIRD CONJUGATION.
Partir, to divide.

Infinitive Mood.
Present. partir, to divide.
Past. ter partido, to have divided.
Gerund. partindo, dividing.
Participles. partido, partida, divided.
Indicative Mood.
Present.
parto, I divide
partes, thou dividest
parte, he divides
partimos, we divide
partis, you divide
partem, they divide.
 
Imperfect.
partia, I divided
partias, thou dividedst
partia, he divided
partiamos, we divided
partieis, you divided
partião, they divided.
 
Past definite.
parti, I have divided
partiste, thou hast divided
partio, he has divided
partimos, we have divided
partistes, you have divided
partirão, they have divided.
 
Past indefinite.
tenho partido, I have divided
tens partido, thou hast divided
tem partido, he has divided
temos partido, we have divided
tendes partido, you have divided
tem partido, they have divided.
 
Past anterior.
partira, I had divided
partiras, thou hadst divided
partira, he had divided
partiramos, we had divided
partireis, you had divided
partirão, they had divided.
 
Pluperfect.
tinha partido, I had divided
tinhas partido, thou hadst divided
tinha partido, he had divided
tinhamos partido, we had divided
tinheis partido, you had divided
tinhão partido, they had divided. [Pg 77]
 
Future.
partirei, I shall divide
partirás, thou shalt divide
partirá, he shall divide
partiremos, we shall divide
partireis, you shall divide
partirão, they shall divide.
 
Future anterior.
hei de partir, I shall divide
has de partir, thou shalt divide
ha de partir, he shall divide
havemos de partir, we shall divide
haveis de partir, you shall divide
hão de partir, they shall divide.
 
Future past.
terei partido, I shall have divided
terás partido, thou shalt have divided
terá partido, he shall have divided
teremos partido, we shall have divided
tereis partido, you shall have divided
terão partido, they shall have divided.
 
Conditional.
partiria, I should divide
partirias, thou shouldst divide
partiria, he should divide
partiriamos, we should divide
partirieis, you should divide
partirião, they should divide.
 
Conditional past.
teria partido, I should have divided
terias partido, thou shouldst have divided
teria partido, he should have divided
teriamos partido, we should have divided
terieis partido, you should have divided
terião partido, they should have divided.
 
Subjunctive Mood.
Present.
que parta, that I may divide
partas, that thou mayest divide
parta, that he may divide
partamos, that we may divide
partais, that you may divide
partão, that they may divide. [Pg 78]
 
Imperfect.
que partira, that I might divide
partiras, that thou mightst divide
partira, that he might divide
partiramos, that we might divide
partireis, that you might divide
partirão, that they might divide.
 
Past definite.
que partisse, that I may have divided
partisses, that thou mayest have divided
partisse, that he may have divided
partissemos, that we may have divided
partisseis, that you may have divided
partissem, that they may have divided.
 
Past lndefinite.
que tenha partido, that I may have divided
tenhas partido, that thou mayest have divided
tenha partido, that he may have divided
tenhamos partido, that we may have divided
tenhais partido, that you may have divided
tenhão partido, that they may have divided.
 
Pluperfect.
que tivesse partido, that I might have divided
tivesses partido, that thou mightst have divided
tivesse partido, that he might have divided
tivessemos partido, that we might have divided
tivesseis partido, that you might have divided
tivessem partido, that they might have divided.
 
Future.
quando partir, when I shall divide
partires, when thou shalt divide
partir, when he shall divide
partirmos, when we shall divide
partirdes, when you shall divide
partirem, when they shall divide. [Pg 79]
 
Compound Future.
que haja de partir, that I shall divide
hajas de partir, that thou shalt divide
haja de partir, that he shall divide
hajamos de partir, that we shall divide
hajais de partir, that you shall divide
hajão de partir, that they shall divide.
 
Future past.
quando tiver partido, when I shall have divided
tiveres partido, when thou shalt have divided
tiver partido, when he shall have divided
tivermos partido, when we shall have divided
tiverdes partido, when you shall have divided
tiverem partido, when they shall have divided.
 
Imperative Mood.
  parte tu, divide thou
parta elle, let him divide
partamos nós, let us divide
parti vós, divide ye
partão elles, let them divide.

10.
The Passive Verbs.

The Passive Verb is conjugated in all its tenses by the Auxiliary Verb “ser” to be, to become, to which is added the Participle of the Passive Verb, as:

sou amado I am loved
tu es amado thou art loved
serei amado I shall be loved
eu seria amado I should be loved.

11.
The Neuter Verbs.

are conjugated with the Auxiliary Verb “ter” to have, as: [Pg 80]

tenho dormido I have slept
tenho cahido I have fallen
eu tenho chegado   I have arrived.

They are otherwise conjugated like the Active Verbs: amar, receber, partir.

12.
The Reflective Verbs.

are conjugated with “ter” and the Pronouns

me, me
te, thee
se, it
nos, we
vos, you.

Lembrar-se, to remember.

Infinitive Mood.
Present. lembrar-se, to remember.
Past. ter-se lembrado, to have remembered.
Gerund. lembrando-se, remembering.
Participle. lembrado, lembrada, remembered.
Indicative Mood.
Present.
eu me lembro, I remember
tu te lembras, thou rememberst
elle se rembra, he remembers
nós nos lembramos, we remember
vós vos lembrais, you remember
elles se lembrão, they remember.
 
Imperfect.
eu me lembrava, I remembered
tu te lembravas, thou rememberedst
elle se lembrava, he remembered
nós nos lembravamos, we remembered
vós vos lembraveis, you remembered
elles se lembravão, they remembered.
 
Past definite.
eu me lembrei, I have remembered
tu te lembraste, thou hast remembered
elle se lembrou, he has remembered
nós nos lembramos, we have remembered
vós vos lembrastes, you have remembered
elles se lembrárão, they have remembered. [Pg 81]
 
Past indefinite.
eu me tenho lembrado, I have remembered
tu te tens lembrado, thou hast remembered
elle se tem lembrado, he has remembered
nós nos temos lembrado, we have remembered
vós vos tendes lembrado, you have remembered
elles se tem lembrado, they have remembered.
 
Past anterior.
eu me lembrára, I had remembered
tu te lembráras, thou hadst remembered
elle se lembrára, he had remembered
nós nos lembráramos, we had remembered
vós vos lembráreis, you had remembered
elles se lembrárão, they had remembered.
 
Pluperfect.
eu me tinha lembrado, I had remembered
tu te tinhas lembrado, thou hadst remembered
elle se tinha lembrado, he had remembered
nós nos tinhamos lembrado, we had remembered
vós vos tinheis lembrado, you had remembered
elles se tinhão lembrado, they had remembered.
 
Future.
eu me lembrarei, I shall remember
tu te lembrarás, thou shalt remember
elle se lembrará, he shall remember
nós nos lembraremos, we shall remember
vós vos lembrareis, you shall remember
elles se lembrarão, they shall remember.
 
Future anterior.
eu me hei de lembrar, I shall remember
tu te has de lembrar, thou shalt remember
elle se ha de lembrar, he shall remember
nós nos havemos de lembrar, we shall remember
vós vos haveis de lembrar, you shall remember
elles se hão de lembrar, they shall remember. [Pg 82]
 
Future past.
eu me terei lembrado, I shall have remembered
tu te terás lembrado, thou shalt have remembered
elle se terá lembrado, he shall have remembered
nós nos teremos lembrado, we shall have remembered
vós vos tereis lembrado, you shall have remembered
elles se terão lembrado, they shall have remembered.
 
Conditional.
eu me lembraria, I should remember
tu te lembrarias, thou shouldst remember
elle se lembraria, he should remember
nós nos lembrariamos, we should remember
vós vos lembrarieis, you should remember
elles se lembrarião, they should remember.
 
Conditional past.
eu me teria lembrado, I should have remembered
tu te terias lembrado, thou shouldst have remembered
elle se teria lembrado, he should have remembered
nós nos teriamos lembrado, we should have remembered
vós vos terieis lembrado, you should have remembered
elles se terião lembrado, they should have remembered.
 
Subjunctive Mood.
Present.
que eu me lembre, that I may remember
tu te lembres, that thou mayest remember
elle se lembre, that he may remember
nós nos lembremos, that we may remember
vós vos lembreis, that you may remember
elles se lembrem, that they may remember.
 
Imperfect.
que eu me lembrasse, that I might remember
tu te lembrasses, that thou mightst remember
elle se lembrasse, that he might remember
nós nos lembrassemos, that we might remember
vós vos lembrasseis, that you might remember
elles se lembrassem, that they might remember. [Pg 83]
 
Past indefinite.
que eu me tenha lembrado that I may have remembered.
tu te tenhas lembrado
elle se tenha lembrado
nós nos tenhamos lembrado
vós vos tenhais lembrado
elles se tenhão lembrado
 
Pluperfect.
que eu me tivesse lembrado that I might have remembered.
tu te tivesses lembrado
elle se tivesse lembrado
nós nos tivessemos lembrado  
vós vos tivesseis lembrado
elles se tivessem lembrado
 
Future.
quando eu me lembrar when I shall remember.
tu te lembrares
elle se lembrar
nós nos lembrarmos
vós vos lembrardes
elles se lembrarem
 
Compound Future.
que eu me haja de lembrar that I shall remember.
tu te hajas de lembrar
elle se haja de lembrar
nós nos hajamos de lembrar
vós vos hajeis de lembrar
elles se hajão de lembrar
 
Future past.
quando eu me tiver lembrado when I shall have remembered.
tu te tiveres lembrado
elle se tiver lembrado
nós nos tivermos lembrado
vós vos tiverdes lembrado
elles se tiverem lembrado [Pg 84]
 
Imperative Mood.
  lembra-te tu, remember thou
lembre-se elle, let him remember
lembremos-nos nós, let us remember
lembrai-vos vós, remember ye
lembrem-se elles, let them remember.

Observ. In all the simple tenses of the Indicative Mood, is it unimportant whether the Pronouns me, te, se, nos, vos stand before or after the Verb, and one may therefore say either: eu me lembro, or eu lembro-me, eu me lembrava and eu lembrava-me, but in the compound tenses as well as in the Subjunctive and Imperative Mood they must stand before the Verb, as: eu me tenho lembrado, que eu me lembre, que eu me lembrasse.

13.
Irregular Verbs.

FIRST CONJUGATION.

1. Dar, to give.[544]

Indicative Mood.
Present.
eu dou, I give
tu dás, thou givest
elle dá, he gives
nós damos, we give
vós dais, you give
elles dão, they give.
 
Past definite.
eu dei, I have given
tu déste, thou hast given
elle deo, he has given
nós demos, we have given
vós déstes, you have given
elles dérão, they have given.
 
Past anterior.
eu dera, I had given
tu deras, thou hadst given
elle dera, he had given
nós deramos, we had given
vós dereis, you had given
elles derão, they had given. [Pg 85]
 
Subjunctive Mood.
Present.
que eu dê, that I may give
tu dês, that thou mayest give
elle dê, that he may give
nós dêmos, that we may give
vós deis, that you may give
elles dem, that they may give.
 
Imperfect.
que eu dera, that I might give
tu deras, that thou mightst give
elle dera, that he might give
nós deramos, that we might give
vós dereis, that you might give
elles derão, that they might give.
 
Past.
que eu désse, that I may have given
tu désses, that thou mayest have given
elle désse, that he may have given
nós dessemos, that we may have given
vós desseis, that you may have given
elles dessem, that they may have given.
 
Future.
quando eu der, when I shall give
tu deres, when thou shalt give
elle der, when he shall give
nós dermos, when we shall give
vós derdes, when you shall give
elles derem, when they shall give.

2. The Verbs ending in “car”

have no other irregularity than that they change the c every time into qu, if an e follows in the conjugation, as:

ficar, to remain,
fiquei (not ficei), I have remained,
que eu figue (not fice), that I may remain;

this irregularity is only maintained for the purpose of keeping the same pronunciation for the Verb throughout, which would otherwise not be the case. [Pg 86]

3. The Verbs ending in “gar”

change the g, if followed by an e, into gu, for the sake of Pronunciation.

4. The Verbs ending in “iar”

take an e before i in all persons of the Indicative Mood, as:

premiar, to reward,
premeio, premeias, premeia, premeiamos etc.

14.
SECOND CONJUGATION.

5. Dizer, to say.

Indicative Mood.
Present.
eu digo, I say
tu dizes, thou sayest
elle diz, he says
nós dizemos, we say
vós dizeis, you say
elles dizem, they say.
 
Past definite.
eu disse, I have said
tu disseste, thou hast said
elle disse, he has said
nós dissemos, we have said
vós dissestes, you have said
elles disserão, they have said.
 
Past anterior.
eu dissera, I had said
tu disseras, thou hadst said
elle dissera, he had said
nós disseramos, we had said
vós disserais, you had said
elles disserão, they had said.
 
Future.
eu direi, I shall say
tu dirás, thou shalt say
elle dirá, he shall say
nós diremos, we shall say
vós direis, you shall say
elles dirão, they shall say.
 
Conditional.
eu diria, I would say
tu dirias, thou wouldst say
elle diria, he would say
nós diriamos, we would say
vós dirieis, you would say
elles dirião, they would say. [Pg 87]
 
Subjunctive Mood.
Present.
que eu diga, that I may say
tu digas, that thou mayest say
elle diga, that he may say
nós digamos, that we may say
vós digais, that you may say
elles digão, that they may say.
 
Imperfect.
que eu dissera, that I might say
tu disseras, that thou mightst say
elle dissera, that he might say
nós disseramos, that we might say
vós disserais, that you might say
elles disserão, that they might say.
 
Past.
que eu dissesse, that I may have said
tu dissesses, that thou mayest have said
elle dissesse, that he may have said
nós dissessemos, that we may have said
vós dissesseis, that you may have said
elles dissessem, that they may have said.
 
Future.
quando eu disser, when I shall say
tu disseres, when thou shalt say
elle disser, when he shall say
nós dissermos, when we shall say
vós disserdes, when you shall say
elles disserem, when they shall say.
 
Imperative Mood.
  dize-tu, say thou
diga-elle, let him say
digamos-nós, let us say
dizei-vós, say ye
digão-elles, let them say.

Participle: dito, dita, said.

All Verbs composed of dizer are conjugated in the same manner, as: contradizer, desdizer, etc. [Pg 88]

6.Fazer, to do, to make.

Indicative Mood.
Present.
eu faço, I do
tu fazes, thou doest
elle faz, he does
nós fazemos, we do
vós fazeis, you do
elles fazem, they do.
 
Past definite.
eu fiz, I have done
tu fizeste, thou hast done
elle fez, he has done
nós fizemos, we have done
vós fizestes, you have done
elles fizerão, they have done.
 
Pluperfect.
eu fizera, I had done
tu fizeras, thou hadst done
elle fizera, he had done
nós fizeramos, we had done
vós fizereis, you had done
elles fizerão, they had done.
 
Future.
eu farei, I shall do
tu farás, thou shalt do
elle fará, he shall do
nós faremos, we shall do
vós fareis, you shall do
elles farão, they shall do.
 
Conditional.
eu faria, I would do
tu farias, thou wouldst do
elle faria, he would do
nós fariamos, we would do
vós farieis, you would do
elles farião, they would do.
 
Subjunctive Mood.
Present.
que eu faça, that I may do
tu faças, that thou mayest do
elle faça, that he may do
nós façamos, that we may do
vós façais, that you may do
elles fação, that they may do.
 
Imperfect.
que eu fizera, that I might do
tu fizeras, that thou mightst do
elle fizera, that he might do
nós fizeramos, that we might do
vós fizerais, that you might do
elles fizerão, that they might do. [Pg 89]
 
Perfect.
que eu fizesse, that I may have done
tu fizesses, that thou mayest have done
elle fizesse, that he may have done
nós fizéssemos, that we may have done
vós fizesseis, that you may have done
elles fizessem, that they may have done.
 
Future.
quando eu fizer, when I shall do
tu fizeres, when thou shalt do
elle fizer, when he shall do
nós fizermos, when we shall do
vós fizerdes, when you shall do
elles fizerem, when they shall do.
 
Imperative Mood.
  faze-tu, do thou
faça elle, let him do
façamos-nós, let us do
fazei-vós, do ye
fação elles, let them do.

Participle: feito, feita, done.

7. Poder,  to be able to,  can.

Indicative Mood.
Present.
eu posso, I can
tu podes, thou canst
elle póde, he can
nós podemos, we can
vós podeis, you can
elles podem, they can.
 
Perfect.
eu pude, I have been able
tu pudeste, thou hast been able
elle pode, he has been able
nós pudemos, we have been able
vós pudestes, you have been able
elles puderão, they have been able.
 
Pluperfect.
eu pudera, I had been able
tu puderas, thou hadst been able
elle pudera, he had been able
nós puderamos, we have been able
vós pudereis, you had been able
elle puderão, they had been able. [Pg 90]
 
Subjunctive Mood.
Present.
que eu possa, that I may be able
tu possas, that thou mayest be able
elle possa, that he may be able
nós possamos, that we may be able
vós possais, that you may be able
elles possão, that they may be able.
 
Imperfect.
que eu pudera, that I might be able
tu puderas, that thou mightst be able
elle pudera, that he might be able
nós puderamos, that we might be able
vós pudereis, that you might be able
elles puderão, that they might be able.
 
Perfect.
que eu pudesse, that I may have been able
tu pudesses, that thou mayest have been able
elle pudesse, that he may have been able
nós pudessemos, that we may have been able
vós pudesseis, that you may have been able
elles pudessem, that they may have been able.
 
Future.
quando eu puder, if I could be able
tu puderes, if thou couldst be able
elle puder, if he could be able
nós pudermos, if we could be able
vós puderdes, if you could be able
elles puderem, if they could be able.

8. Querer,  to wish,  to will.

Indicative Mood.
Present.
eu quero, I wish
tu queres, thou wishest
elle quer, he wishes
nós queremos, we wish
vós quereis, you wish
elles querem, they wish. [Pg 91]
 
Perfect.
eu quiz, I have wished
tu quizeste, thou hast wished
elle quiz, he has wished
nós quizemos, we have wished
vós quizestes, you have wished
elles quizerão, they have wished.
 
Pluperfect.
eu quizera, I had wished
tu quizeras, thou hadst wished
elle quizera, he had wished
nós quizeramos, we had wished
vós quizereis, you had wished
elles quizerão, they had wished.
 
Subjunctive Mood.
Present.
que eu queira, that I may wish
tu queiras, that thou mayest wish
elle queira, that he may wish
nós queiramos, that we may wish
vós queirais, that you may wish
elles queirão, that they may wish.
 
Imperfect.
que eu quizera, that I might wish
tu quizeras, that thou mightst wish
elle quizera, that he might wish
nós quizeramos, that we might wish
vós quizereis, that you might wish
elles quizerão, that they might wish.
 
Perfect.
que eu quizesse, that I may have wished
tu quizesses, that thou mayest have wished
elle quizesse, that he may have wished
nós quizessemos, that we may have wished
vós quizesseis, that you may have wished
elles quizessem, that they may have wished.
 
Future.
quando eu quizer, when I shall wish
tu quizeres, when thou shalt wish
elle quizer, when he shall wish
nós quizermos, when we shall wish
vós quizerdes, when you shall wish
elles quizerem, when they shall wish. [Pg 92]
 
Imperative Mood.
  queiras tu, wish thou
queira elle, let him wish
queiramos nós, let us wish
queirais vós, wish ye
queirão elles, let them wish.

9. Saber,  to know.

Indicative Mood.
Present.
eu sei, I know
tu sabes, thou knowest
elle sabe, he knows
nós sabemos, we know
vós sabeis, you know
elles sabem, they know.
 
Perfect.
eu soube, I have known
tu soubeste, thou hast known
elle soube, he has known
nós soubemos, we have known
vós soubestes, you have known
elles souberão, they have known.
 
Pluperfect.
eu soubera, I had known
tu souberas, thou hadst known
elle soubera, he had known
nós souberamos, we had known
vós soubereis, you had known
elles souberão, they had known.
 
Subjunctive Mood.
Present.
que eu saiba, that I may know
tu saibas, that thou mayest know
elle saiba, that he may know
nós saibamos, that we may know
vós saibais, that you may know
elles saibão, that they may know.
 
Imperfect.
que eu soubera, that I might know
tu souberas, that thou mightst know
elle soubera, that he might know
nós souberamos, that we might know
vós soubereis, that you might know
elles souberão, that they might know. [Pg 93]
 
Future.
quando eu souber, when I shall know
tu souberes, when thou shalt know
elle souber, when he shall know
nós soubermos, when we shall know
vós souberdes, when you shall know
elles souberem, when they shall know.
 
Imperative Mood.
  sabe tu, know thou
saiba elle, let him know
saibamos nós, let us know
saibei vós, know ye
saibão elles, let them know.

10. Trazer,  to carry,  to fetch.

Indicative Mood.
Present.
eu trago, I carry
tu trazes, thou carriest
elle traz, he carries
nós trazemos, we carry
vós trazeis, you carry
elles trazem, they carry.
 
Perfect.
eu trouxe, I have carried
tu trouxeste, thou hast carried
elle trouxe, he has carried
nós trouxemos, we have carried
vós trouxestes, you have carried
elles trouxerão, they have carried.
 
Pluperfect.
eu trouxera, I had carried
tu trouxeras, thou hadst carried
elle trouxera, he had carried
nós trouxeramos, we had carried
vós trouxereis, you had carried
elles trouxerão, they had carried.
 
Future.
eu trarei, I shall carry
tu trarás, thou shalt carry
elle trará, he shall carry
nós traremos, we shall carry
vós trareis, you shall carry
elles trarão, they shall carry. [Pg 94]
 
Conditional.
eu traria, I should carry
tu trarias, thou shouldst carry
elle traria, he should carry
nós trariamos, we should carry
vós trarieis, you should carry
elles trarião, they should carry.
 
Subjunctive Mood.
Present.
que eu traga, that I may carry
tu tragas, that thou mayest carry
elle traga, that he may carry
nós tragamos, that we may carry
vós tragais, that you may carry
elles tragão, that they may carry.
 
Imperfect.
que eu trouxera, that I might carry
tu trouxeras, that thou mightst carry
elle trouxera, that he might carry
nós trouxeramos, that we might carry
vós trouxereis, that you might carry
elles trouxerão, that they might carry.
 
Perfect.
que eu trouxesse, that I may have carried
tu trouxesses, that thou mayest have carried
elle trouxesse, that he may have carried
nós trouxessemos, that we may have carried
vós trouxesseis, that you may have carried
elles trouxessem, that they may have carried.
 
Future.
quando eu trouxer, when I shall carry
tu trouxeres, when thou shalt carry
elle trouxer, when he shall carry
nós trouxermos, when we shall carry
vós trouxerdes, when you shall carry
elles trouxerem, when they shall carry.
 
Imperative Mood.
  traze tu, carry thou
traga elle, let him carry
tragamos, let us carry
trazei vós, carry ye
tragão elles, let them carry. [Pg 95]

11. Ver,  to see.

Indicative Mood.
Present.
eu vejo, I see
tu vês, thou seest
elle vê, he sees
nós vemos, we see
vós vedes, you see
elles vêm, they see.
 
Imperfect.
eu vi, I have seen
tu viste, thou hast seen
elle vio, he has seen
nós vimos, we have seen
vós vistes, you have seen
elles virão, they have seen.
 
Pluperfect.
eu vira, I had seen
tu viras, thou hadst seen
elle vira, he had seen
nós viramos, we had seen
vós vireis, you had seen
elles virão, they had seen.
 
Subjunctive Mood.
Present.
que eu veja, that I may see
tu vejas, that thou mayest see
elle veja, that he may see
nós vejamos, that we may see
vós vejais, that you may see
elles vejão, that they may see.
 
Imperfect.
que eu vira, that I might see
tu viras, that thou mightst see
elle vira, that he might see
nós viramos, that we might see
vós virais, that you might see
elles virem, that they might see.
 
Perfect.
que eu visse, that I may have seen
tu visses, that thou mayest have seen
elle visse, that he may have seen
nós vissemos, that we may have seen
vós visseis, that you may have seen
elles vissem, that they may have seen. [Pg 96]
 
Future.
quando eu vir, when I shall see
tu vires, when thou shalt see
elle vir, when he shall see
nós virmos, when we shall see
vós virdes, when you shall see
elles virem, when they shall see.
 
Imperative Mood.
  vê tu, see thou
veja elle, let him see
vejamos nós, let us see
vede vós, see ye
vejão elles, let them see.

Participle: visto, vista, seen.

The Verbs composed of ver, are conjugated in the same manner, as:

prever, rever, antever.

12. Perder,  to lose.

The irregularity of this Verb consists in the following tenses changing the d into c.

Indicative Mood.
Present.
perco, I lose
perdes, thou losest
perde, he loses
perdemos, we lose
perdeis, you lose
perdem, they lose.
 
Subjunctive Mood.
Present.
que eu perca, that I may lose
tu percas, that thou mayest lose
elle perca, that he may lose
nós percamos, that we may lose
vós percais, that you may lose
elles percão, that they may lose. [Pg 97]
 
Imperative Mood.
  perde tu, lose thou
perca elle, let him lose
percamos nós, let us lose
perdei vós, lose ye
percão elles, let them lose.

13. Valer,  to be worth,

changes l into lh, in the following tenses.

Indicative Mood.
Present.
eu valho, I am worth
tu vales regular
elle vale
nós valemos  
vós valeis
elles valem
 
Subjunctive Mood.
Present.
que eu valha, that I may be worth
tu valhas, that thou mayest be worth
elle valha, that he may be worth
nós valhamos, that we may be worth
vós valhais, that you may be worth
elles valhão, that they may be worth.
 
Imperative Mood.
  vale tu, be thou worth
valha elle, let him be worth
valhamos, let us be worth
valei vós, be ye worth
valhão elles, let them be worth.

14. Ler,  to read.

Indicative Mood.
Present.
eu leio, I read
tu lês, thou readest
elle lê, he reads
nós lemos, we read
vós ledes, you read
elles lêm, they read. [Pg 98]
 
Subjunctive Mood.
Present.
que eu lêia, that I may read
tu lêias, that thou mayest read
elle lêia, that he may read
nós lêiamos, that we may read
vós lêiais, that you may read
elles lêião, that they may read.
 
Imperative Mood.
  lê tu, read thou
lêia elle, let him read
lêiamos, let us read
lede vós, read ye
lêião elles, let them read.

The Verb “crer” to believe, is conjugated in the same manner.

15. The Verbs ending in “ger”

change g into j in all persons when it is followed by o or a, for the sake of pronunciation. As:

eleger, to elect;
elejo, que eu eleja, etc.

15.
THIRD CONJUGATION.

16. Ir,  to go.

Indicative Mood.
Present.
eu vou, I go
tu vas, thou goest
elle vai, he goes
nós vamos, we go
vós ides, you go
elles vão, they go.
 
Imperfect.
eu hia, I went
tu hias, thou wentest
elle hia, he went
nós hiamos, we went
vós hieis, you went
elles hião, they went.
 
Perfect.
eu fui, I have gone
(like the Perfect of “ser” to be). [Pg 99]
 
Pluperfect.
eu fora, I had gone
(like the Pluperfect of “ser”).
 
Subjunctive Mood.
Present.
que eu vá, that I may go
tu vás, that thou mayest go
elle vá, that he may go
nós vámos, that we may go
vos vades, that you may go
elles vão, that they may go.
 
Imperfect.
que eu fora, that I might go
tu foras, that thou mightst go
elle fora, that he might go
nós foramos, that we might go
vós foreis, that you might go
elles forão, that they might go.
 
Perfect.
que eu fosse, that I may have gone
(like “ser”).
 
Future.
quando eu for, when I shall go
(like “ser”).
 
Imperative Mood.
  vai tu, go thou
vá elle, let him go
vamos, let us go
ide vós, go ye
vão elles, let them go.

17. Vir,  to come.

Indicative Mood.
Present.
eu venho, I come
tu vens, thou comest
elle vem, he comes
nós vimos, we come
vós vindes, you come
elles vem, they come.
 
Imperfect.
eu vinha, I came
tu vinhas, thou camest
elle vinha, he came
nós vinhamos, we came
vós vinheis, you came
elles vinhão, they came. [Pg 100]
 
Perfect.
eu vim, I have come
tu vieste, thou hast come
elle veio, he has come
nós viemos, we have come
vós viestes, you have come
elles vierão, they have come.
 
Pluperfect.
eu viera, I had come
tu vieras, thou hadst come
elle viera, he had come
nós vieramos, we had come
vós viereis, you had come
elles vierão, they had come.
 
Subjunctive Mood.
Present.
que eu venha, that I may come
tu venhas, that thou mayest come
elle venha, that he may come
nós venhamos, that we may come
vós venhais, that you may come
elles venhão, that they may come.
 
Imperfect.
que eu viera, that I might come
tu vieras, that thou mightst come
elle viera, that he might come
nós vieramos, that we might come
vós viereis, that you might come
elles vierão, that they might come.
 
Perfect.
que eu viesse, that I may have come
tu viesses, that thou mayest have come
elle viesse, that he may have come
nós viessemos, that we may have come
vós viesseis, that you may have come
elles viessem, that they may have come.
 
Future.
quando eu vier, when I shall come
tu vieres, when thou shalt come
elle vier, when he shall come
nós viermos, when we shall come
vós vierdes, when you shall come
elles vierem, when they shall come. [Pg 101]
 
Imperative Mood.
  vem tu, come thou
venha elle, let him come
venhamos, let us come
vinde vós, come ye
venhão elles, let them come.

Participle: vindo, vinda, come.

18. Pedir, to request,

changes d in ç in the following persons.

Indicative Mood.
Present.
eu peço, I request
(the other persons are regular: pedes, pede, etc.).
 
Subjunctive Mood.
Present.
que eu peça, that I may request
tu peças, that thou mayest request
elle peça, that he may request
nós peçamos, that we may request
vós peçais, that you may request
elles peção, that they may request.
 
Imperative Mood.
  pede tu, request thou
peça elle, let him request
peçamos nós, let us request
pedi vós, request ye
peção elles, let them request.

Medir” to measure, is conjugated in the same manner.

19. Rir, to laugh.

Indicative Mood.
Present.
eu rio, I laugh
tu ris, thou laughest
elle ri, he laughs
nós rimos, we laugh
vós rides, you laugh
elles rim, they laugh. [Pg 102]
 
Subjunctive Mood.
Present.
que eu ria, that I may laugh
tu rias, that thou mayest laugh
elle ria, that he may laugh
nós riamos, that we may laugh
vós riais, that you may laugh
elles rião, that they may laugh.
 
Imperative Mood.
  ri tu, laugh thou
ria elle, let him laugh
riamos, let us laugh
ride vós, laugh ye
rião elles, let them laugh.

20. The Verbs ending in “gir”

change the g into j in all persons where g is followed by o or a.

21. The Verbs ending in “uzir”

drop the final e in the third person Singular of the Present, as:

conduz (not conduze), induz (not induze).

22. The Verbs ending in “hir”

change hi into i in the following persons.

Indicative Mood.
Present.
eu saio, I go out
(the others are regular: sahes, sahe, sahimos, etc.).
 
Subjunctive Mood.
Present.
que eu saia, that I may go out
tu saias, that thou mayest go out
elle saia, that he may go out
nós saiamos, that we may go out
vós saiais, that you may go out
elles saião, that they may go out. [Pg 103]
 
Imperative Mood.
  sahe tu, go thou out
saia elle, let him go out
saiamos nós, let us go out
sahi vós, go ye out
saião elles, let them go out.

23. Subir,  to mount,

changes u into o, in the second person Singular, third person Singular and Plural of the Present, and in the second person of the Imperative, as:

sobes, sobe, sobem, sobe tu.

24. Mentir,  to lie,

changes e into i in the following persons.

Indicative Mood.
Present.
eu minto, I lie
(tu mentes, elle mente).
 
Subjunctive Mood.
Present.
que eu minta, that I may lie
tu mintas, that thou mayest lie
elle minta, that he may lie
nós mintamos, that we may lie
vós mintais, that you may lie
elles mintão, that they may lie.
 
Imperative Mood.
  mente tu, lie thou
minta elle, let him lie
mintamos nós, let us lie
menti vós, lie ye
mintão elles, let them lie.

The same irregularities occur in

sentir, to feel
servir, to serve
ferir, to wound.

25. Dormir,  to sleep.

This Verb changes o into u in all persons, in which mentir changes the e into i, as:

[Pg 104]

26. Ouvir,  to hear.

This Verb changes uvi into in all persons in which mentir changes e into i, as:

eu ouço, I hear  
que eu ouça, that I may hear.

 
Imperative Mood.
  ouve tu, hear thou
ouça elle, let him hear
ouçamos nós, let us hear
ouvi vós, hear ye
oução elles, let them hear.

Some writers change u into i, as:
oiço,
oiça.

27. Pôr,  to place, to put.

Indicative Mood.
Present.
eu ponho, I place
tu pões, thou placest
elle poem, he places
nós pômos, we place
vós pondes, you place
elles poem, they place.
 
Imperfect.
eu punha, I placed
tu punhas, thou placedst
elle punha, he placed
nós punhamos, we placed
vós punheis, you placed
elles punhão, they placed.
 
Perfect.
eu puz, I have placed
tu puzeste, thou hast placed
elle póz, he has placed
nós puzemos, we have placed
vós puzestes, you have placed
elles puzerão, they have placed.
 
Pluperfect.
eu puzera, I had placed
tu puzeras, thou hadst placed
elle puzera, he had placed
nós puzeramos, we had placed
vós puzereis, you had placed
elles puzerão, they had placed.
 
Future.
eu porei, I shall place
tu porás, thou shalt place
elle porá, he shall place
nós poremos, we shall place
vós poreis, you shall place
elles porão, they shall place. [Pg 105]
 
Conditional.
eu poria, I should place
tu porias, thou shouldst place
elle poria, he should place
nós poriamos, we should place
vós porieis, you should place
elles porião, they should place.
 
Subjunctive Mood.
Present.
que eu ponha, that I may place
tu ponhas, that thou mayest place
elle ponha, that he may place
nós ponhamos, that we may place
vós ponhais, that you may place
elles ponhão, that they may place.
 
Imperfect.
que eu puzera, that I might place
tu puzeras, that thou mightst place
elle puzera, that he might place
nós puzeramos, that we might place
vós puzereis, that you might place
elles puzerão, that they might place.
 
Perfect.
que eu puzesse, that I may have placed
tu puzesses, that thou mayest have placed
elle puzesse, that he may have placed
nós puzessemos, that we may have placed
vós puzesseis, that you may have placed
elles puzessem, that they may have placed.
 
Future.
quando eu puzer, when I shall place
tu puzeres, when thou shall place
elle puzer, when he shall place
nós puzermos, when we shall place
vós puzerdes, when you shall place
elles puzerem, when they shall place.
 
Imperative Mood.
  põe tu, place thou
ponha elle, let him place
ponhamos nós, let us place
ponde vós, place ye
ponhão elles, let them place. [Pg 106]

Gerund: pondo, placing.

Participle: posto, posta, placed.

The Verbs composed by pôr are conjugated in the same manner, as:

antepôr, compôr, depôr, dispôr, propôr.

16.

The following Verbs have two Participles, a regular and an irregular one.

FIRST CONJUGATION.

aceitar, to accept, aceitado, aceito
enxugar, to dry, enxugado, enxuto
exceptuar, to except, exceptuado, excepto
expressar, to express, expressado, expresso
expulsar, to expel, expulsado, expulso
gastar, to spend, gastado, gasto
imprensar, to print, imprensado, impresso
izentar, to except, izentado, izento
manifestar, to manifest, manifestado, manifesto
pagar, to pay, pagado, pago
salvar, to save, salvado, salvo
professar, to act, profess, professado, professo
soltar, to set at liberty, soltado, solto
sujeitar, to subject, sujeitado, sujeito.

SECOND CONJUGATION.

absolver, to acquit, absolvido, - absoluto
absolto
absorver, to swallow, absorvido, absorto
accender, to light, accendido, acceso
corromper, to corrupt, corrompido, corrupto
eleger, to elect, elegido, eleito
encher, to fill, enchido, cheio
envolver, to envelope, envolvido, envolto
escrever, to write, escrevido, escrito
incorrer, to incur (a penalty), incorrido, incurso
interromper, to interrupt, interrompido, interrupto [Pg 107]
morrer, to die, morrido, morto
prender, to take (into charge), prendido, preso
romper, to break (open), rompido, roto
suspender, to postpone, suspendido, suspenso
torcer, to turn, torcido, torto.

THIRD CONJUGATION.

abrir, to open, abrido, aberto
affligir, to afflict, affligido, afflicto
concluir, to close, shut, concluido, concluso
contrahir, to contract, contrahido, contracto
cubrir, to cover, cubrido, cuberto
distinguir, to distinguish, distinguido, distincto
distrahir, to abstract, distrahido, distracto
erigir, to erect, erigido, erecto
exhaurir, to exhaust, exhaurido, exhausto
expellir, to expel, expellido, expulso
exprimir, to express, exprimido, expresso
exstinguir, to extinguish, extinguido, extincto
extrahir, to extract, extrahido, extracto
frigir, to fry, frigido, frito
imprimir, to impress, imprimido, impresso
incluir, to shut up, incluido, incluso
inserir, to insert, inserido, inserto
opprimir, to oppress, opprimido, oppresso
possuir, to possess, possuido, possesso
reprimir, to suppress, reprimido, represso
submergir, to submerge, submergido, submerso
supprimir, to oppress, supprimido, suppresso
surgir, to anchor, surgido, surto.

The first or regular form of these Participles is generally used for the compound tenses, whilst the second or irregular form is Generally used with ser or estar.


17.
Impersonal Verbs

are only used in the third person Singular, they are: [Pg 108]

Chover, to rain   -   chove, it rains
relampager to lighten - relampaga it lightens
fuzilar - fuzila
trovejar, to thunder - troveja, it thunders
choviscar, to drizzle (rain) - chovisca, it drizzles
nevar, to snow - neva, it snows
gelar, to freeze - gela, it freezes.

They follow those Conjugations to which they belong.


18.
Adverbs.

1.
Adverbs of Time.
Hoje, to-day
agora, now
hontem, yesterday
presentemente, at present
antehontem, the day before yesterday
antigamente, in times past
ultimamente, lastly
recentemente, lately
amanhãa, to-morrow
logo, directly
depois de amanhãa, the day after to-morrow
daqui por diante, from hence, in future
sempre, always
desde, since
ainda, yet.
2.
Adverbs of Place.
aqui, here
ali, acolá, there
arriba, above
abaixo, below
além, on the other side
daquem, on this side
á mão direita, to the right
á mão esquerda, to the left
d’ali, from here.
3.
Adverbs of Number and Comparison.
primeiramente, firstly
segundamente, secondly
em terceiro lugar, thirdly
depois, afterwards
raramente, de maravilha, rarely [Pg 109]
mais, more
menos, less
tão almost
como se
como, as
assim, just so, the same
melhor, better
peior, worse
quasi, almost
em parte, partly
quando muito, highest
quando menos, least.
4.
Adverbs of Manner and Kind.
muito, very
bem, good, well
mal, bad
pouco, little
assaz, enough
demasiadamente, too much
sufficientemente, sufficient
abundantemente, abundantly
mesmo, even
apenas, scarcely
senão, only
principalmente, chiefly
em geral, generally, altogether.
5.
Adverbs of Affirmation and Negation.
sim, yes
certamente, certainly
verdadeiramente, indeed
não, no
nada, nothing
talvez perhaps
pode ser
quiça
quando? when?
como? how?
porque? why?
quanto? how much?
onde? where?
aonde? whereto?

The Adverbs are not declined, but some are compared like the Adjectives, as:

mais ricamente, richer
menos ricamente, less rich
tão ricamente, just as rich
muito ricamente, very rich
o mais ricamente, the richest;
Superl.  
bem, good, formes the Comp.: melhor  -  optimamente
mal, bad, - - - peior - pessimamente. [Pg 110]

19.

The following Adverbs are principally in use:

agora, now de improviso extempore
hoje, to-day improvisamente
amanhãa, to-morrow quasi, casi, almost
amanhãa pela manhãa, to-morrow-morning então, then
depois de amanhãa, the day after to-morrow   desde então, since
frequentamente, frequently, often desde quando? since when?
nunca, never de quando ha? how long ago?
ordinariamente, generally quando bem even
jamais, never ainda quando
tarde, late quando muito, highest, at latest
cedo, early quando menos, at least
daqui por diante, in future , here
ultimamente, lastly, at latest alli, there
recentemente, lately ahi, there, where (you are}
logo, soon acolá, there
depois, afterwards traz behind
abundantemente, abundantly detraz
com razão, justamente, in justice para traz, backwards
absolutamente, absolutely isto he, that is to say
já para já, immediately em vez, em lugar, instead
com condição, under the condition tambem, also
actualmente, actually, at present tanto que as soon as
de proposito, purposely logo que
admiravelmente admirable acaso, accidentally
maravilhosamente ainda, yet
as mil maravilhas, exquisitely finalmente, at last
astutamente, artfully muito, much, very
atraiçoadamente, traitorously depressa, quickly
de maravilha, very rarely aqui, here
a miudo, often até, until
assim so, equally so bem, well, good
tão mal, bad
apressa, quickly, in haste como, how, as
facilmente, easily como? how?
ao avesso, reversedly primeiro que, before that
as avessas, reversedly primeiro que tudo, before all
de balde, in vain fora, out, out of
antes , already
juntamente tpgether abaixo, below
enteiramente entirely acima, above
ao redor, round about onde, where
loucamente foolishly nada nothing
atrevidamente boldly de cór, by heart
felizmente, happily em vão, in vain
vergonhosamente, infamously escassamente, scarcely, rarely
nem se quer, even if em fin, at last
mais, more longe, long, far
menos, less verdadeiramente, truly
sim, yes dentro, thereinto
não, no as vezes, sometimes
de vagar, slowly quando, when
    quanto, how much. [Pg 111]

20.
Prepositions.

The Prepositions most in use are the following:

a, to antes, before
de, from depois, after
em, in durante, during
dentro, in, within desde, since
sobre, on, over com, with
debaixo under excepto, except
sob fora besides
perante, before além
altraz behind sem, without
traz contra, against
entre, between a pezar, notwithstanding
para, after não obstante, in spite of
perto by, near, at para com, against
junto acerca, in respect
desde, of, from por, through
até, after mediante, by means of. [Pg 112]

21.

The following are used with the Genitive:

além dos mares, on the other side of the seas
além d’isso, besides this one
acerca daquelle negocio, as to that business
aquem or daquem dos mares, on this side of the seas
antes do dia, before daybreak
diante de Deos, before God
dentro da igreja, within the church
de traz do palacio, behind the palace
debaixo da mesa, under the table
em cima da mesa, upon the table
ao redor or round about the town
em contorno da cidade,
perto de Londres, near London
fora da casa, out of the house
fora de perigo, out of danger
depois da cea, after the supper
defronte de minha casa, opposite to my house
defronte da igreja, opposite the church;
 
Dative:
quanto áquillo, with regard to that
pegado á muralha, at, near the wall
desde o bico do pé, from head to foot;
até á cabeza,
 
Accusative.
perante o juiz, before the judge
durante o inverno, during the winter
traz do templo, behind the temple
entre os homens, among men
sobre a mesa, on the table
conforme á lei, according to the law
segundo á ordem, in consequence of the order
por amor de Deos, for God’s sake
pelo mundo, through the world
pela rua, through the street
contra elles, against them. [Pg 113]
A (to), eu vou a Londres, I go to London,
voltar a Portugal, to return to Portugal,
não tem nada que fazer he has nothing to do.
não tem nada a fazer
De (from), vir de França, I come from France,
vir das Indias, I come from India,
sahir de Londres, I go from London
  (to leave London),
de noite, by night,
de dia, by day.
Por (by, from), por mar e por terra, by sea and by land.

22.
Conjunctions.

E, and   nemnem, neither—nor
tambem also tão, so
outrosim assim, thus
tambemcomo, as well—as porém but
não sómentemas tambem, not only—but also mas
oraora, soon—soon com tudo, notwithstanding
em primeiro lugar, firstly ainda que, although
então, then assim, therefore
além disso further porque, because
de mais pois, there
depois, afterwards afim, that
em fim, at last se não, else
em parteem parte, partly—partly com tanto que, taking for granted that
ouou, either—or bem que, certainly, indeed.

23.

que, that comó, as
nomeadamente, namely a saber, viz
se, whether excepto, alem, except [Pg 114]
onde, where por isso, why
donde, whence porque, because
quando, when por, pois, there
desde que, since afim que that
durante que, whilst, during   para que
antes, before se, if
depois que afterwards se, posto que, in case
depois de se não que, if not
como, as com tanto que, in case
como tambem, as soon as ainda que, although
tãocomo, so—as não obstante, notwithstanding
assimque, so that tantotanto, the—the.

Examples.

Francezes e Inglezes. Frenchmen and Englishmen.
Nem este, nem aquelle. Neither these, nor those.
Ou este, ou aquelle. Either this one, or that one
Nem mais, nem menos. Neither more, nor less.
Quer o faça, quer não, tudo It is indifferent to me whether
para mim he o mesmo. he does it or not.
Quer seja verdade, quer não. Whether it be true or not.
Antes quero pedir que furtar. I will rather beg than steal.
Antes morrerei que dizer-volo. I will rather die than tell it to you.

Interjections

may be divided according to the various passions or emotions expressed by them.


[Pg 115]

Reading Lessons.

1.

Em um ajuntamento[545] de senhoras e homens suscitou-se[546] a questão[547] de qual era o paiz[548] melhor[549] para se habitar[550]; e dizendo uma que Londres, outra que Pariz, este que o Brazil, aquelle que a Austria ou a Italia, disse uma senhora mui presumida[551]: “Pois[552] eu dou[553] a primazia[554] ao celibato, pois tenho ouvido dizer a meu irmão padre[555], que he de todos os estados o mais perfeito.”

2.

Certo[556] juiz de fóra[557] tendo queixas do povo[558] que os arrematantes da vacca[559] só matavão[560] um boi[561] cada dia d’assouge[562], e que este não chegava[563] para todos, e ao mesmo tempo[564] ouvindo dizer aos ditos arrematantes que dous bois erão de sobejo[565]; mandou[566] por seu respeitando despacho que cada dia d’assougue se matasse boi e meio.

3.

Dizia o P. Antonio Vieira, que toda a fortuna d’um homem de corte[567] consistia em saber adular[568], mentir[569], furtar[570], e repartir[571]. [Pg 116]

4.

Na desgraçada[572] morte[573] do Principe D. Affonso, disse El-Rei Dom João II. seu pai: “No excessivo sentimento em que vivo da morte de meu filho, só me consola parecer-me que Deos se lembrou[574] d’este reino[575]; porque o Principe não era para Rei dos Portuguezes: os Portuguezes hão de mister Rei de bronze. Era o Principe inclinado a delicias[576].”

5.

Levantando[577] El-Rei D. João I. o sitio[578], que tinha posto a Coria, disse: “Grande falta[579] nos fizerão os cavalheiros da taboa redonda[580]; porque se elles aqui estivérão, não nos levantáramos desta cidade sem a render[581].” Respondeo Mem Rodrigues de Vasconcellos: “Não faltarão por certo, senhor, aqui esses cavalheiros; porque aqui está Martim Vasques da Cunha, que he tão bom, como dizem o foi D. Galaz; Gonçalo Vasques Coutinho, que he tão bom como D. Tristão; João Fernandes Pacheco, que não deve nada a Lancarote; e aqui estou eu, que não mereço[582] menos[583] que qualquer d’elles: O certo he, senhor, que só faltou aqui o bom Rei Artur, que os sabía estimar, e animar com mercês grandes.”

6.

Quando El-Rei D. Sebastião quiz[584] fazer[585] a jornada de Africa, determinou avistar-se em N. Senhora de Guadalupe com El-Rei Philippe seu tio[586]; para se ajustar[587] esta funcção[588] veio[589] de Castella o duque[590] d’Alva, cavalheiro mui soberbo[591], e pouco affeiçoado aos Portuguezes, e de cá foi o conde[592] de Redondo. Entre a pratica[593] que tiverão, lhe perguntou[594] o duque que fidalgos vinhão com El-Rei Dom Sebastião; porque com El-Rei vinha elle, e outros como elle. Respondeo-lhe o conde: “Com El-Rei meu senhor vem o duque de Bragança, o de Aveiro, e o marquez[595] de Villa-Real; e fidalgos razos[596], como eu e vós, vem muitos.” [Pg 117]

7.

Pedindo[597] um pobre[598] esmola[599] a Philippe II. lhe dizia que se lembrasse erão irmãos; e perguntando-lhe El-Rei por que quarte, respondeo por Adão. Mandou[600]-lhe El-Rei dar um real. Replicou[601] o pobre que aquella esmola não era d’um irmão Rei. “Se a todos os meus irmãos”, disse Philippe, “eu désse outro tanto[602], já não teria[603] real que dar.”

8.

Christovão Colon foi o primeiro que com audaz[604] fortaleza[605] navegou o oceano, o descobrio[606] as Indias de Castella; pelo que mereceo que os Reis Catholicos o fizessem duque de Beraguas. Estava uma noite[607] ceando[608] com outros cavalheiros seus amigos; e dizendo-lhe um que aquella façanha a poderia obrar qualquer outro, se lhe dessem o socorro[609], que fosse necessario, dissimulou Christovão Colon, e tirando um ovo[610] do prato, perguntou aos demais fidalgos se poderia algum fazer que aquelle ovo estivesse levantado[611], sem que se arrimasse[612] a cousa alguma? Respondêrão todos, que não podia ser[613]. Pegou[614] no ovo Christovão Colon, e dando com elle mansamente[615] na mesa[616], lhe fez uma pequena[617] móssa[618], e o póz muito direito. Rírão-se[619] todos, e disse Colon: “Nenhum[620] de Vossas Mercês[621] ha que não acha facil navegar o oceano, depois que eu de lá vim; porém he certo, que se eu não fôra o primeiro, nenhum seria o segundo.” [Pg 118]

9.

Um Mahometano consultando a Aischeh mulher de Mahometo, lhe pedio uma regra[622] para bem viver; e ella lhe respondeo: “Reconhece[623] um só Deos, refrêa[624] a tua lingua, reprime[625] as tuas paixões[626], adquire sciencia, vive constante na tua religião, abstem-te de fazer mal[627], frequenta os bons, encobre[628] os defeitos do teu proximo[629], soccorre[630] os pobres, e espera a eternidade por recompensa.”

10.

Querendo certo homem desquitar-se[631] de sua mulher, com quem tinha pouca paz[632], appareceo[633] para este fim[634] diante[635] do Provisor. Estranhou[636] elle a proposta[637], porque conhecia a mulher, e era de boas qualidades: “Porque quereis deixar[638] vossa mulher?” (lhe perguntou o Provisor): “Não he virtuosa?”—“Sim, senhor”; respondeo o homem.—“Não he rica?”—“Sim, senhor.” Emfim[639] a todas as cousas, sobre que era perguntado, respondia em abono seu. Com que lhe disse o Provisor: “Pois se vossa mulher tem tantas cousas boas, porque quereis desquitar-vos della?” A isto o homem, descalçando[640] um sapato[641], perguntou ao Provisor: “Senhor, este sapato não he novo?”—“Sim”, respondeo o Provisor. Accrescentou[642]: “não está bem feito[643]?”—“Sim, ao que parece”, respondeo o Provisor.—“Não he de bom cordavão, e de boa sola?”—Respondeo do mesmo modo que sim. “Pois vê Vossa Mercê com tudo isso[644]” (disse o descontente marido[645]), “pois eu quero tirar este sapato, e calçar outro, porque eu sei muito bem aonde[646] me aperta[647], e faz mancar[648], e Vossa Mercê não o sabe.” [Pg 119]

11.
Botocudos.

Estes Indios dominão[649] na cordilheira[650] habitada[651] por seus maiores[652] os Aimorés, de cuja[653] barbaridade ainda guardão sementes. Quando os Portuguezes começárão[654] a povoar[655] o Brazil tiverão de guerrear com os ferozes[656] Aimorés, a quem dizem[657] que derão[658] o nome de Botocudos, de boto, e codea[659], por isso que os Indios desta nação[660] erão rolhos, e trazião[661] o corpo[662] coberto d’uma codea de gomma[663] copal com que se pintavão[664] para se preservarem das ferretoadas[665] dos mosquitos e outros insectos. Os Botocudos são mais brancos[666] que a maior parte dos demais[667] Indios do Brazil, porém, como seus ascendentes os Aimorés, costumão[668] pintar a cara[669] e mais partes do corpo. Dividem-se em varias tribus ou cabildas[670], cada[671] uma com seu cabo[672], que tem um poder[673] absoluto sobre os seus[674] em os negocios de maior importancia como são a caça[675], a guerra[676] e a escolha[677] de uma nova morada[678]; mas na aldea[679] limita-se toda a sua autoridade a compôr as desavenças que são entre elles mui frequentes. Este lugar não he hereditario, escolhe-se para elle o mais bravo, e por vezes[680] o mais atrevido[681] se proclama por chefe da tribu, sobre tudo se por ventura o que os commandava vem a morrer. Os Botocudos tem as espadoas[682] largas, o pescoço[683] curto, o nariz[684] chato, as maçãas[685] do rosto proeminentes, os pés[686] pequenos, as extremidades inferiores delgadas[687], mas nervosas. Furão as orelhas[688], e o beiço inferior[689], e enfião no buraco[690] uma rodella de páo[691]. São vingativos[692] e traidores[693], posto que tinhão um exterior alegre e um ar[694] de franqueza. Não tem especie alguma de culto; considerão[695] o sol[696] como uma divindade a que chamão[697], e reverenceão ainda mais a lua[698], quando com sua luz os protege em suas excursões nocturnas. Amão e imitão as ceremonias religiosas dos christãos, quanto isto póde compadecer-se com a vida nomada que fazem, assim que são de todos os Indios os que mais custão a civilizar-se. [Pg 120]

12.
As grutas
[699] do inferno[700].

Deo-se[701] este nome ás cavernas naturaes que se achão[702] na montanha em que estão assentadas a povoação e fortaleza[703] da Nova-Coimbra, na provincia de Mato-Grosso e sobre a margem direita[704] do Paraguai. No vertente[705] septentrional[706] da montanha existe uma abertura que dá passo[707] a duas especies de antecamaras, 1 de braça[708] e meia de comprido[709], e 1 de largo[710], e outra algum tanto maior. Desce-se para ellas por uma ladeira que tem obra de 20 braças de comprimento[711], guarnecida de estalactitas, que provêm da filtração continua da abobada. No cabo[712] da ladeira entra-se n’uma salla parecida com uma mesquita[713], de cuja abobada pendem estalactitas de differentes fórmas e tamanhos[714], e o mesmo se observa no chão. A’ esquerda[715] a parede se acha revestida d’uma incrustação d’espalto, que com o reflexo da luz arremeda uma soberba cascata. Póde esta salla ter 50 braças de comprido e 1S de largo, e no fundo della existe um espaço de 6 braças pelo menos coberto d’agua limpida porém de máo sabor[716], que dá da parte de fóra[717] origem a um ribeiro[718] represado frequentemente pelas aguas do Paraguai, nas cheias[719] que alagão todos os annos por varias vezes os campos vizinhos. Os naturaes[720] do paiz não se atrevião[721] a entrar n’estas grutas que forão pela primeira vez exploradas pelo engenheiro[722] Ricardo Franco d’Almeida Serra, em 1791, levando em sua companhia o naturalista Alexandre Rodriguez Ferreira que as debuxou[723] e descreveo[724]. Em 1795, varias pessoas[725] curiosas entrárão n’ellas e com fachas virão que no ribeiro que as aguas ali formavão havião jacarés[726], e que um d’elles tinha uma pata de menos.


[Pg 121]

Idiomatic Expressions
with Verbs, Adverbs, Prepositions etc.

Andar a pé. To go on foot.
Andar de pé. To be unwell.
Andar a cavallo. To go on horseback.
Andar em coche. To drive in a carriage.
Andar á vela. To take a sail.
Andar para diante. To go forward.
Andar para traz. To go backward.
Andar a traz de alguem. To follow some one.
Andar com o tempo. To go with the times.
Andar perdido. To go astray.
Andar com honra. To act honorably.
Andar de esguelha. To go badly.
Andar de mal para peor. Out of the frying-pan into the fire.
Com o andar do tempo. In the course of time.
Andar de galope. To canter.
Dar um passeio, uma volta. To take a walk.
Dar a entender. To give to understand.
Dar fé. To believe, to credit.
Dar fiado. To give credit.
Dar á luz. To publish.
Dar principio. To begin.
Dar fim. To end.
Dar os bons dias. To say good day. [Pg 122]
Dar os parabens. To congratulate.
O relogio dá horas. The clock strikes.
Dar boa conta de si. To behave well.
Eu derei conta d’isso. I will be answerable for it.
Dar em ridicularias. To become ridiculous.
Dar-se pressa. To be in a hurry.
Não se lhe dá de morrer. He does not fear death.
Estar escrevendo. To be writing.
Estar em pé. To stand erect.
Estar assentado. To sit.
Está para chover. It is going to rain.
Estar em duvida. To be in doubt.
Estar na cama. To lie in bed.
Estar com, em, de, saúde. To be well.
Não está no meu poder. It is not in my power.
Estar de posse. To be in possession.
Fazer esmólas. To give alms.
Faz frio. It is cold.
Faz lua. The moon shines.
Não faço caso delle. I do not care for him.
Fazer uma festa. To give a party.
Fazer lugar. To make room.
Ter que fazer. To have to do.
Fazer um discurso. To make a speech.
Fazer uma aposta. To lay a wager.
Faz hoje oito dias. It is a week to-day.
Fazer o possivel. To do one’s utmost.
Não henho que fazer com isso. I have nothing to do with it.
Fazer-se velho. To become old.
Fazer-se feio. To become ugly.
Faz-se tarde. It is getting late.
Ter razão. To be in the right.
Não ter razão. To be in the wrong.
Ter ciumes. To be jealous.
Que quer dizer isto? What is the meaning of it?
Isto quer dizer, que... It means that...
Ha alguma, cousa de novo? Is there any news?
Ha muito tempo. It is a long time ago.
Ha um anno. It is a year ago.
Hir por diante. To go forward.
Eilo lá vai. There he goes.
Hir para traz. To go back. [Pg 123]
Hir buscar. To fetch.
Nada se vai mais depressa que o tempo. Nothing passes quicker than the time.
Vai-se fazendo tarde. It becomes late.
Não tenho medo. I have no fear.
Não mais. Not more.
Ainda não. Not yet.
Não o farei. I shall not do it.
Não muito depois. Not long after.
Queres fazer isso ou não? Will you do it or not?
Um diz sim, e outro não. One says yes, the other no.
Não he bom nem máo. It is neither good nor bad.
Elle ainda não veio. He has not yet come.
Até onde? How far?
Até Roma. To Rome.
Até quando? How long?
Até que eu vivo. As long as I live.
Como assim? How so?
Como! não quereis vir? What! you will not come?
Dez libras quando muito. At utmost ten pounds.
Dez libras quando menos. At least ten pounds.
Dizei muito embora o que quizerdes. You may say what you like.
Assim he? Is it so?
Assim seja. Be it so.
Basta assim por agora. It is enough for the present.
Andar a passos lentes. To go very slowly.
A’ direita. To the right.
A’ esquerda. To the left.
Vir de França. To come from France.
Venho da casa da Senhora N. I come from Mrs. N.
De madrugada. Early in the morning.
De noite. By night.
De dia. By day.
De verão. In summer.
Perto de oito horas. Towards eight o’clock.
Junto á cidade. Near the town.
Sobre a mesa. Upon the table.
Sobre a noite. Towards night.
Sobre todas as cousas. Before all things.
Duas vezes no dia. Twice a day.
Na rua. On the street.
Em todo o tempo. At all times. [Pg 124]
Em premio. For reward.
Para que he isto? What is that for?
Para onde? Whereto?
Para que fim? For what purpose?
Palavra por palavra. Word for word.
Vai por vinho. Fetch wine.
De muito atraz. Far back.
Fazer passo atraz. To take a step backwards.
Alguns dias atraz. A few days ago.

Leipsic, printed by J. B. Hirschfeld.


LATELY PUBLISHED

by

FRANZ THIMM,

Foreign Bookseller and Publisher.
3 Brook Street, Grosvenor Square.

Portuguese Language.

    £     s.     d.  
Ahn’s Portuguese Grammar. 8vo. Cloth. 1857.   0 4 0
Portuguese and English Idiomatic Phrases      
and Dialogues, for a rapid acquisition      
of the Portuguese Language. 12. 1857. 0 2 6
Vieyra, Portuguese and English Dictionary.      
  2 vols 8vo. Cloth. 1 12 0
——ditto, ditto abridged. 0 10 0
Bösche, Portugiesische Sprachlehre. 1853. 0 4 0
Wagner’s Portugiesisch-Deutsch und      
Deutsch-Portugiesisches Wörterbuch.      
3 Bde. 8vo. 1811. 1 8 0
Wollheim da Fonseca, ditto. 12mo. 1856. 0 9 0
Azevedo, Portugiesisch-Englisch-Deutsches      
Wörterbuch. 18mo. 0 3 0

THE BEST
GRAMMARS
DIALOGUES AND
DICTIONARIES

FOR MODERN LANGUAGES

PUBLISHED BY
FRANZ THIMM

FOREIGN BOOKSELLER AND PUBLISHER.
3 Brook Street, New Bond Street, London.

German Language.   £     s.     d.  
AHN’S Child’s German Book. 12mo. Cloth. 0 3 0
German Grammar. Remodelled. 1857. 0 3 6
Key to ditto. 8vo. sewed. 0 1 0
JULIUS, German Writing Copies, oblong. 8vo. sewed. 0 2 6
MEISSNER’S German and English Vocabulary      
  and Dialogues. Cloth. 0 2 6
THIEME’S German and English Dictionary. Cloth. 0 7 0
HILPERT’S German and English Dictionary.      
 2 vols 8vo. Cloth 0 16 0
 
French Language.
     
AHN’S Child’s French Book. 12mo. Cloth. 0 3 0
French Class Book for Beginners. 8vo. Cloth. 0 1 6
French Grammar. 8vo. Cloth. 0 3 6
Key to ditto. 8vo. sewed. 0 1 0
French Reader, 1. Course for junior Classes.      
  Cloth. 0 2 6
DUDEVANT, French and English Idiomatic Dialogues.      
  Cloth. 0 2 6
BARRETT’S French and English pocket Dictionary.      
  48o. Roan. 1855. 0 4 0
 
Italian Language.
     
AHN’S Italian Grammar. 8vo. Cloth. 0 4 0
Key to ditto. 8vo. sewed. 0 1 0
MACHETTI’S Italian and English Idiomatic Dialogues. Cloth. 0 2 6
BLANC’S Italian and English pocket Dictionary. 24mo. Roan. 0 4 0
 
Spanish Language.
     
AHN’S Spanish Grammar. 8vo. Cloth. 0 4 0
Key to  ditto.  8vo. sewed. 0 1 0
SALVA’S Spanish and English Idiomatic Dialogues. Cloth. 0 2 6
BLANC’S Spanish and English pocket Dictionary.      
  12mo. Cloth. 0 8 0
 
Dutch-, Danish-, Swedish- and Russian-Languages.
     
AHN’S Dutch Grammar. 8vo. Cloth. 0 4 0
  Danish Grammar. 8vo. Cloth. 1857. 0 4 0
  Swedish Grammar. 8vo. Cloth. 1857. 0 4 0
REIFF’S Russian Grammar. 8vo. sewed. 0 5 6
AHN’S Latin Grammar. 8vo. 1857. 0 3 0
English-French-Turkish and Russian Vocabulary      
and Dialogues. 12mo. Cloth. 1857. 0 2 6

Footnotes:

[1] house.
[2] good.

[3] appearance.

[4] rose.

[5] mouth.

[6] ear.

[7] head.

[8] forehead.

[9] chin.

[10] part.

[11] body.

[12] human.

[13] window.

[14] open.

[15] needle.

[16] is too fine.

[17] mend.

[18] pen.

[19] I have.

[20] to write.

[21] letter.

[22] do me the favour.

[23] lend.

[24] sheet of paper.

[25] bottle.

[26] table.

[27] cherry tree.

[28] bears.

[29] grape.

[30] ripe.

[31] vine.

[32] the best.

[33] situation.

[34] manteiga.

[35] fresco.

[36] licença.

[37] chicara.

[38] levado.

[39] honra.

[40] cerveja.

[41] excellente.

[42] ostra.

[43] traga me.

[44] obrea.

[45] lindo.

[46] manhãa.

[47] porta.

[48] fechado.

[49] primavera.

[50] a mais agradavel.

[51] estação.

[52] colheita.

[53] ha de ser.

[54] abundante.

[55] flow.

[56] depopulated.

[57] leaved.

[58] ornamented.

[59] comb.

[60] inhabitants.

[61] district.

[62] Indian.

[63] brook.

[64] lake.

[65] dry out.

[66] edificio.

[67] aldêa.

[68] região.

[69] numeroso.

[70] boi.

[71] ovelha.

[72] gato.

[73] ha.

[74] javali.

[75] veado.

[76] lebre.

[77] bosque.

[78] grou.

[79] cegonha.

[80] ave de arribação.

[81] barraca.

[82] feito.

[83] tronco d’arvore.

[84] open.

[85] the interior of the country.

[86] evening.

[87] is suitable.

[88] agricultural produce.

[89] planted.

[90] sowed.

[91] black bean.

[92] melon.

[93] make.

[94] invention.

[95] useful.

[96] obey.

[97] here.

[98] bread.

[99] flatter.

[100] the prince.

[101] constructed.

[102] here are.

[103] two.

[104] balcony.

[105] one lets.

[106] learn.

[107] a handicraft.

[108] paixão.

[109] violento.

[110] navegação.

[111] estender.

[112] no principio.

[113] revolução.

[114] rebentar.

[115] no ultimo tempo.

[116] condição.

[117] rejeitar.

[118] povoação.

[119] no interior do paiz.

[120] caçador.

[121] levar.

[122] caça.

[123] consideravel.

[124] Hespanha.

[125] tabellião.

[126] protestar.

[127] lettra de cambio.

[128] em casa.

[129] perseguir.

[130] numeróso.

[131] punhal.

[132] amolar.

[133] oanzol.

[134] não valem nada.

[135] annel.

[136] pintor.

[137] governar.

[138] barril.

[139] cheio.

[140] official.

[141] descontente.

[142] ha.

[143] cal.

[144] eu gosto.

[145] pastel.

[146] descubrir.

[147] ardil.

[148] bank.

[149] green.

[150] turf.

[151] meadow.

[152] made.

[153] possess.

[154] (landed) property.

[155] out of it.

[156] mortal.

[157] fasting.

[158] to make fat.

[159] sky.

[160] covered.

[161] cloud.

[162] inhabitants.

[163] deal.

[164] with.

[165] timber.

[166] to buy.

[167] to arrive.

[168] short.

[169] flock.

[170] assemble.

[171] almost.

[172] customer.

[173] pirates.

[174] ouvir.

[175] tom.

[176] sol.

[177] esconder.

[178] de.

[179] grosso.

[180] nuvem.

[181] pato.

[182] passagem.

[183] fechar.

[184] imagem.

[185] bagagem.

[186] dar.

[187] parabem.

[188] sempre.

[189] puro.

[190] comido.

[191] quatro.

[192] codorniz.

[193] mostrar.

[194] cicatriz.

[195] ferida.

[196] batalhão.

[197] vez.

[198] belligerante.

[199] amar.

[200] filha.

[201] amiga.

[202] igualar.

[203] dous (fem. duas).

[204] estrella.

[205] alfaiate.

[206] ao mesmo tempo.

[207] ribeiro.

[208] assignar.

[209] nome.

[210] fazenda.

[211] regar.

[212] offerecimento.

[213] colono.

[214] entregar.

[215] carta.

[216] secretario.

[217] cabal, importante.

[218] tributario.

[219] rio do Amazonas.

[220] jazer.

[221] na margem esquerda.

[222] porto.

[223] ornato.

[224] old.

[225] frightened.

[226] nephew.

[227] dying.

[228] suffering.

[229] hatred.

[230] Spanish.

[231] some.

[232] vessel.

[233] watch.

[234] reign.

[235] knight.

[236] Christian.

[237] shore.

[238] the guard.

[239] above named.

[240] plantations.

[241] sugar.

[242] little.

[243] village.

[244] rico.

[245] pobre.

[246] igreja.

[247] campo.

[248] frondoso.

[249] arvore.

[250] ferido.

[251] soldado.

[252] ponte.

[253] numeroso.

[254] tio.

[255] tia.

[256] claro.

[257] agradavel.

[258] inverno.

[259] Sibiria.

[260] rigoroso.

[261] geographico.

[262] historico.

[263] instituto.

[264] mencionado.

[265] alvará.

[266] generoso.

[267] sentimento.

[268] immenso.

[269] selva (silva).

[270] uns, umas.

[271] largo.

[272] unico.

[273] bellicoso.

[274] precedente.

[275] artigo.

[276] agitado.

[277] seguinte.

[278] silencioso.

[279] grave.

[280] profundo.

[281] amor.

[282] populated.

[283] violet.

[284] night.

[285] young.

[286] pretty.

[287] to buy.

[288] cheap.

[289] esteemed.

[290] learned.

[291] chair.

[292] made.

[293] wood.

[294] grandson.

[295] cousin.

[296] pasture.

[297] diligente.

[298] irmãa.

[299] marido.

[300] máo.

[301] amiga.

[302] tulipa.

[303] navio.

[304] simples.

[305] no mundo.

[306] este.

[307] aquelle.

[308] verão.

[309] inverno.

[310] rigoroso.

[311] parte.

[312] relva.

[313] verde.

[314] arvore.

[315] fallar.

[316] um Cicero.

[317] inglez.

[318] louvavel.

[319] virtude.

[320] praticar.

[321] live.

[322] year.

[323] age.

[324] army.

[325] consists of.

[326] killed.

[327] battle.

[328] remained.

[329] prisoners.

[330] population.

[331] souls.

[332] parish.

[333] letter.

[334] dated.

[335] arrive.

[336] length.

[337] the round.

[338] earthquake.

[339] destroy.

[340] burnt down.

[341] inheritance.

[342] to raise.

[343] companhia.

[344] regimento.

[345] ajuntado.

[346] quasi.

[347] chegar.

[348] dentro.

[349] prima.

[350] amolar.

[351] batalha.

[352] anno.

[353] mez.

[354] ovo.

[355] seculo.

[356] filho.

[357] filha.

[358] poor.

[359] love.

[360] never.

[361] trazer, to carry.

[362] agradar, to please.

[363] praise.

[364] dizer, to say.

[365] to cut, to trim.

[366] the wing.

[367] to mount.

[368] praiseworthy.

[369] to advise.

[370] to practice.

[371] the loss.

[372] the wind.

[373] favorable.

[374] generosity.

[375] flower.

[376] valiant.

[377] powerful.

[378] to despise.

[379] sciences.

[380] to know.

[381] to bless.

[382] labour.

[383] imperfection, fault.

[384] reputation.

[385] to admire.

[386] scoundrel.

[387] ought.

[388] to punish.

[389] aprender, to learn.

[390] facility.

[391] battle.

[392] to decide.

[393] the issue.

[394] the campaign.

[395] wise.

[396] young, now.

[397] uprooted.

[398] worshipping.

[399] idols.

[400] disease.

[401] appear.

[402] excellent.

[403] exempt.

[404] passion.

[405] fallar, to speak.

[406] vestido.

[407] meia.

[408] sapato.

[409] dinheiro.

[410] cadeira.

[411] branco.

[412] azul.

[413] morto, matado.

[414] igualar.

[415] requisito.

[416] ministro.

[417] ilha.

[418] estimar, respeitar.

[419] dever.

[420] morrer.

[421] dom, dativa.

[422] Hollanda.

[423] Allemanha.

[424] homem de bem.

[425] velhaco.

[426] neithernor, nem—nem.

[427] Hespanhol.

[428] Inglez.

[429] Allemão.

[430] bom.

[431] máo.

[432] amar a si mesmo, to love one’s self.

[433] affirmar.

[434] estação.

[435] tempo.

[436] terror.

[437] fugir.

[438] conjurado.

[439] bread.

[440] meat.

[441] wine.

[442] plum.

[443] strawberries.

[444] orange.

[445] raspberry.

[446] fig.

[447] gooseberry.

[448] brother.

[449] nut.

[450] sister.

[451] medlar.

[452] beef.

[453] friend.

[454] veal.

[455] the roastmeat.

[456] ham.

[457] pie.

[458] egg.

[459] cake.

[460] salad.

[461] pepper.

[462] vinegar.

[463] oil.

[464] mustard.

[465] sugar.

[466] spice.

[467] cerveja.

[468] fruta.

[469] maçãa.

[470] pera.

[471] pecego.

[472] cereja.

[473] uva.

[474] amendoa.

[475] amora.

[476] albricoque (damasco).

[477] queijo.

[478] leite.

[479] avelãa.

[480] manteiga.

[481] castanha.

[482] limão.

[483] jardineiro.

[484] aipo.

[485] cebola.

[486] caçador.

[487] caça.

[488] ginjas.

[489] passas, passas de uva.

[490] cozinheira.

[491] azeitona.

[492] amiga.

[493] roseira.

[494] murta.

[495] damasqueiro.

[496] ramalhete.

[497] nata.

[498] sal.

[499] café.

[500] chá.

[501] chocolate.

[502] corragem, animo.

[503] livro.

[504] paciencia.

[505] melancia, balancia.

[506] melão.

[507] by accident.

[508] knife.

[509] fork.

[510] table napkin.

[511] towel.

[512] plate.

[513] glass.

[514] gold.

[515] silver.

[516] spoon.

[517] decanter.

[518] iron.

[519] steel.

[520] lead.

[521] paper.

[522] pens.

[523] penknife.

[524] ink.

[525] house.

[526] flower.

[527] garden.

[528] quarto.

[529] castello.

[530] arvore.

[531] dinheiro.

[532] sede.

[533] occasião.

[534] navalha.

[535] cavallo.

[536] licença.

[537] cantaro.

[538] gato (gata).

[539] cabra.

[540] vacca.

[541] boi.

[542] burro.

[543] cão.

[544] Only the irregular tenses are given, the others are conjugated in the regular manner.

[545] meeting.

[546] to ask.

[547] the question.

[548] land.

[549] better.

[550] to live.

[551] presumptuous.

[552] as.

[553] I give.

[554] the preference.

[555] the priest.

[556] a certain.

[557] judge who has studied.

[558] the people.

[559] the priviledged butchers of beef.

[560] matar, to kill, to slaughter.

[561] the ox.

[562] açougue, the slaughter-house.

[563] chegar, to suffice.

[564] at the same time.

[565] too much.

[566] to order.

[567] courtier.

[568] to flatter.

[569] to lie.

[570] to steal.

[571] to divide.

[572] unfortunate.

[573] death.

[574] lembrar-se, to remember.

[575] kingdom.

[576] pleasure.

[577] to raise.

[578] the siege.

[579] want.

[580] round table.

[581] surrender.

[582] to be worth.

[583] less.

[584] querer, to wish.

[585] to make.

[586] uncle.

[587] to arrange.

[588] business.

[589] he came (vir).

[590] duke.

[591] proud.

[592] the count.

[593] the discussion.

[594] to ask.

[595] marquis.

[596] the low gentry.

[597] pedir, to beg.

[598] poor.

[599] alms.

[600] ordered.

[601] reply.

[602] just as much.

[603] I would have.

[604] audacious.

[605] fortitude.

[606] discovered.

[607] night.

[608] cear, to sup.

[609] assistance.

[610] egg.

[611] to stand erect.

[612] to assist.

[613] that it could not be.

[614] pegar, to take up.

[615] quiet.

[616] table.

[617] small.

[618] break.

[619] rir-se, to laugh.

[620] nobody.

[621] of your honours.

[622] rule.

[623] recognise.

[624] restrict.

[625] suppress.

[626] passions.

[627] to do evil.

[628] cover.

[629] neighbour.

[630] assist.

[631] to divorce.

[632] peace.

[633] appeared.

[634] for this purpose.

[635] before.

[636] to surprise.

[637] the proposition.

[638] to leave.

[639] in fine.

[640] to take off.

[641] the shoe.

[642] to add.

[643] fazer, to make.

[644] with all that.

[645] husband.

[646] where.

[647] pinch.

[648] to make tame.

[649] govern.

[650] mountain chain.

[651] inhabited.

[652] ancestors.

[653] whose.

[654] to begin.

[655] to populate.

[656] wild.

[657] dizer, to say.

[658] they gave (dar).

[659] the rind.

[660] nation.

[661] to carry.

[662] the body.

[663] gum.

[664] pintar, to paint.

[665] sting.

[666] white.

[667] the others.

[668] to have the practice.

[669] face.

[670] hordes.

[671] each.

[672] leader.

[673] power.

[674] over his tribe.

[675] the chase.

[676] war.

[677] the choice.

[678] place of residence.

[679] village.

[680] sometimes.

[681] bold.

[682] shoulder.

[683] neck.

[684] nose.

[685] cheeks.

[686] foot.

[687] thin.

[688] ears.

[689] the underlip.

[690] a hole.

[691] wooden.

[692] vindictive.

[693] traitorous.

[694] an air.

[695] to look upon.

[696] the sun.

[697] to call.

[698] the moon.

[699] grotto.

[700] hell.

[701] one has given.

[702] to find, achar-se.

[703] the fortress.

[704] on the right shore.

[705] slope.

[706] northern.

[707] which forms the entrance.

[708] fathom.

[709] long.

[710] wide.

[711] length.

[712] at the end.

[713] Mosque.

[714] size.

[715] on the left.

[716] bad taste.

[717] from the outside.

[718] rivulet.

[719] inundation.

[720] inhabitants.

[721] attempt.

[722] engineer.

[723] to draw.

[724] to describe.

[725] persons.

[726] crocodile.

Transcriber’s Notes:


The cover image was created by the transcriber, and is in the public domain.

New original cover art included with this eBook is granted to the public domain.

Typographical and punctuation errors have been silently corrected.