The Project Gutenberg eBook of History of Christian names This ebook is for the use of anyone anywhere in the United States and most other parts of the world at no cost and with almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included with this ebook or online at www.gutenberg.org. If you are not located in the United States, you will have to check the laws of the country where you are located before using this eBook. Title: History of Christian names Author: Charlotte M. Yonge Release date: March 30, 2023 [eBook #70419] Language: English Original publication: United Kingdom: Macmillan and Co Credits: MWS, KD Weeks and the Online Distributed Proofreading Team at https://www.pgdp.net (This file was produced from images generously made available by The Internet Archive/American Libraries.) *** START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK HISTORY OF CHRISTIAN NAMES *** ------------------------------------------------------------------------ Transcriber’s Note: This version of the text cannot represent certain typographical effects. Italics are delimited with the ‘_’ character as _italic_. Footnotes have been moved to follow the paragraphs in which they are referenced. The alphabetic portion of the Glossary (pp. xviii–cxliii), which serves as an Index, was printed in two columns, which cannot be duplicated in a ‘pageless’ medium. Nearly all entries reference the physical page in the main section of the volume where it is discussed. Footnotes have been collected at the end of each section. Tables that fell within a paragraph are moved to the nearest paragraph break. Minor errors, attributable to the printer, have been corrected. Please see the transcriber’s note at the end of this text for details regarding the handling of any textual issues encountered during its preparation. HISTORY OF CHRISTIAN NAMES ------------------------------------------------------------------------ [Illustration] ------------------------------------------------------------------------ HISTORY OF CHRISTIAN NAMES BY CHARLOTTE M. YONGE, AUTHOR OF “THE HEIR OF REDCLYFFE,” “UNKNOWN TO HISTORY,” ETC. ETC. _NEW EDITION, REVISED._ =London= MACMILLAN AND CO. 1884 [_All rights reserved._] LONDON R. CLAY, SONS, AND TAYLOR, PRINTERS, BREAD STREET HILL. PREFACE TO FIRST EDITION. I cannot put forth this attempt without a few words of apology for having undertaken it at all. The excuse is, chiefly, the attraction that the subject has had for me for at least twenty years, from the time when it was first taken up as matter of amusement. The difficulty of gaining information, and the inconsistencies of such as I did acquire, convinced me that the ground was almost untrodden; but the further I advanced on it, the more I perceived that it required a perfect acquaintance with language, philology, ethnology, hagiology, universal history, and provincial antiquities; and to me these were so many dark alleys, up which I only made brief excursions to knock my head against the wall of my own ignorance. But the interest of the subject carried me on—often far beyond my depth, when the connection between names and words has lured me into the realms of philology, or where I have ventured upon deductions of my own. And I have ventured to lay the result of my collections before the public, in the hope that they may at least show the capabilities of the study of comparative nomenclature, and by classifying the subject, may lead to its being more fully studied, as an illustration of language, national character, religion, and taste. Surnames and local names have been often discussed, but the Christian name has been usually considered too fortuitous to be worthy of notice. Camden did indeed review the current ones of his own day, and gave many correct explanations, chiefly from the German author Luther Dasipodius. Verstegen followed him up, but was more speculative and less correct; and since that date (as far as I am aware) no English author has given any real trustworthy information to the subject, as a subject. A few lists of names and meanings now and then have appeared in magazines and popular works, but they have generally been copies of Verstegen, with childishly shallow and incorrect additions. One paper which long ago appeared in _Chambers’ Journal_, was the only really correct information on English names _en masse_ that I have met with. The Anglo-Saxon names had been, however, treated of by Sharon Turner in his history, and Mr. Kemble put forth a very interesting lecture on _Names, Surnames, and Nicknames among the Anglo-Saxons_. Thierry, moreover, gives several explanations, both of Saxon and Frank ones, in the notes to his _Conquête d’Angleterre_ and _Récits des Rois Mérovingiens_. These were groundwork. Neither Turner nor Thierry is always right, for want of having studied the matter comparatively; but they threw light on one another, and opened the way to the dissection of other names, neglected by them, with the aid of an Anglo-Saxon dictionary. The Scriptural class of names was studied with less difficulty. Every Hebrew one has been fully discussed and examined by the best scholars; and the Greek, both biblical and classical, have received the same attention, and are in fact the most easy of all, as a class. With regard to Latin, much must be doubtful and inexplicable, but the best information at present attained to was easily accessible. The numerous race of German appellations has received full attention from many ripe German philologists, and I have made much use of their works. The Scandinavian class has been most ably treated by Professor Munch of Christiania, in a series of contributions to the _Norsk Maanedskrifts_, of which I have been kindly permitted to make free use, and which has aided me more than any other treatise on Teutonic nomenclature. Our Keltic class of names has presented far greater difficulties. for the Cymric department, I have gathered from many quarters, the safest being Lady Charlotte Guest’s notes to the _Mabinogion_ and M. de Villemarqué’s elucidations of King Arthur’s romances, Rees’s _Welsh Saints_, Williams’s _Ecclesiastical Antiquities_, and Chalmers’s _Caledonia_; the least safe, Davies’s various speculations on British antiquities and the _Cambro-Briton_. These verified by Dr. Owen Pugh’s _Welsh Dictionary_, and an occasional light from Diefenbach and Zeuss, together with a list kindly extracted for me from the _Brut_, have been my authorities in the Welsh and Breton departments. In the Erse and Gaelic names I was assisted by a very kind letter from the lamented Dr. O'Donovan, whose death deprived me of his promised revision of this extremely difficult class, and left me to make it out to the best of my ability from his contributions to the publications of the Archæological Society, from the notes to those of the Ossianic Society, Chalmers’s _Caledonia_, and the Highland Society’s _Gaelic Dictionary_. From the first, however, I had perceived that the curiosity of the study does not lie merely in the meanings of the sounds by which men in one country are distinguished from one another. The changes through which the word passes is one great interest, and for this I had been collecting for years, from dictionaries, books of travels, histories, and popular tales, whenever people were so good as to give the genuine word, instead of translating it into English. Dr. G. Michaelis' _Vergleichendes Wörterbuch der Gebrauchlichsten Taufnamen_ left in me little to desire in this respect, especially with regard to German dialects, and I have used it copiously. The history of names, however, seemed to have been but little examined, nor why one should be popular and another forgotten—why one should flourish throughout Europe, another in one country alone, another around some petty district. Some of these questions were answered by history, some by genealogy, many more by the tracing of patron saints and their relics and legends. Here my great aid has been a French edition of Alban Butler’s _Lives of the Saints_, where, in the notes, are many accounts of the locality and translations of relics; also, Mrs. Jamieson’s _Sacred and Legendary Art_, together with many a chance notice in histories or books of travels. In each case I have tried to find out whence the name came, whether it had a patron, and whether the patron took it from the myths or heroes of his own country, or from the meaning of the words. I have then tried to classify the names, having found that to treat them merely alphabetically utterly destroyed all their interest and connection. It has been a loose classification, first by language, then by meaning or spirit, but always with the endeavour to make them appear in their connection, and to bring out their interest. In general I have only had recourse to original authorities where their modern interpreters have failed me, secure that their conclusions are more trustworthy than my own could be with my limited knowledge of the subjects, which could never all be sufficiently studied by any one person. Where I have given a reference it has been at times to the book whence I have _verified_ rather than originally obtained my information, and in matters of universally known history or mythology, I have not always given an authority, thinking it superfluous. Indeed, the scriptural and classical portion is briefer and less detailed than the Teutonic and Keltic, as being already better known. I have many warm thanks to render for questions answered and books consulted for me by able and distinguished scholars, and other thanks equally warm and sincere to kind friends and strangers who have collected materials that have been of essential service to me. Lastly, let me again present my apologies for my presumption, when the necessity of tracing out the source and connections of a word has led me to wander beyond my proper ken; let me hope that apparent affectations may be excused by the requirements of the subject, and express my wish for such corrections as may in time render the work far more accurate and complete. Let it be remembered, that it is the popular belief, not the fact, that spreads the use of a name, and that if there is besides matter that seems irrelevant, it has been rather in the spirit of Marmion’s palmers,— ‘To charm a weary hill With song, romance, or lay. Some ancient tale, or glee, or jest, Some lying legend at the least, They bring to cheer the way.’ _March 9th, 1863._ ------------------ After one-and-twenty years, I have been able to bring out the revised edition for which I have long wished, having noted corrections as they were kindly sent to me, and as I was able to make them. I am sensible that the work is entirely incomplete, and as I have not studied philology much in the interval, I fear the book has not gained by the delay as much as it ought to have done. But at any rate, many errors have been taken out, as well as much that was entirely useless and irrelevant; and as no subsequent publication has taken quite the same ground, I hope that the present form of the History of Christian Names may occupy the niche all the better for the cutting off its excrescences. With thanks to the many who have aided in the correction, C. M. YONGE. _July 25th, 1884._ CONTENTS. PAGE GLOSSARY OF CHRISTIAN NAMES xvii INTRODUCTORY CHAPTER. THE SPIRIT OF NOMENCLATURE 1 ------------------ PART I. CHAPTER I. HEBREW NOMENCLATURE 7 CHAPTER II. PATRIARCHAL NAMES 10 § 1. Adam 10 2. Abi 11 3. Jacob 16 4. Simeon 19 5. Judah 20 6. Joseph 22 7. Benjamin 24 8. Job 26 CHAPTER III. ISRAELITE NAMES 27 § 1. Moses and Aaron 27 2. Elisheba, &c. 32 3. Joshua, &c. 36 4. Names from Chaanach 39 5. David 46 6. Salem 47 7. Later Israelite Names 48 8. Angelic Names 52 ------------------ PART II. NAMES FROM THE PERSIAN 56 § 1. The Persian Language 56 2. Esther 57 ------------------ PART III. CHAPTER I. NAMES FROM THE GREEK 59 CHAPTER II. NAMES FROM GREEK MYTHOLOGY 61 § 1. 61 2. Names from Zeus 61 3. Hera 63 4. Athene 64 5. Apollo and Artemis 64 6. Hele 66 7. Demeter 69 8. Dionysos 70 9. Hermes 71 10. Heroic Names 73 CHAPTER III. NAMES FROM ANIMALS, &c. 76 § 1. The Lion 76 2. The Horse 77 3. The Goat 79 4. The Bee 80 5. NAMES FROM FLOWERS 80 CHAPTER IV. HISTORICAL GREEK NAMES CONSISTING OF EPITHETS 82 § 1. Agathos 82 2. Alexander, &c. 83 3. Aner, Andros 85 4. Eu 86 5. Hieros 89 6. Pan 90 7. Polys 92 8. Phile, &c. 93 9. Names connected with the Constitution.—Laos, &c. 95 CHAPTER V. CHRISTIAN GREEK NAMES 99 § 1. 99 2. Names from Theos 99 3. Names from Christos 104 4. Sophia 106 5. Petros 107 6. Names of Immortality 109 7. Royal Names 111 8. Irene 112 9. Gregorios 113 10. Georgos 114 11. Barbara 116 12. Agnes 118 13. Margaret 119 14. Katharine 121 15. Harvest Names 123 16. Names from Jewels 124 17. Kosmos and Damianos 125 18. Alethea, &c. 126 ------------------ PART IV. CHAPTER I. LATIN NOMENCLATURE 127 CHAPTER II. LATIN PRÆNOMINA 131 § 1. Aulus, Caius, Cnæus, Cæso 131 2. Lucius 132 3. Marcus 134 4. Posthumus, &c. 136 5. Numeral Names 137 CHAPTER III. NOMINA 140 § 1. Attius 140 2. Æmilius 140 3. Antonius 141 4. Cæcilius 143 5. Cœlius 145 6. Claudius 145 7. Cornelius, &c. 146 8. Julius 148 9. Lælius, &c. 151 10. Valerius 152 CHAPTER IV. COGNOMINA 155 § 1. 155 2. Augustus 157 3. Blasius 158 4. Cæsar, &c. 159 5. Constantius 161 6. Crispus, &c. 162 7. Galerius, &c. 163 8. Paullus and Magnus 165 9. Rufus, &c. 167 CHAPTER V. NAMES FROM ROMAN DEITIES 169 § 1. 169 2. Florentius 171 3. Laurentius 172 4. Sancus 175 5. Old Italian Deities 176 6. Quirinus 177 7. Sibylla 178 8. Saturn, &c. 179 CHAPTER VI. MODERN NAMES FROM THE LATIN 181 § 1. From Amo 181 2. ” Beo 182 3. ” Clarus 185 4. ” Columba 186 5. ” Durans 187 6. Names of Thankfulness 188 7. Crescens, &c. 189 8. Military Names 189 9. Names of Gladness 191 10. Jus 192 11. Names of Holiness 193 12. Ignatius 194 13. Pater 195 14. Grace, &c. 195 15. Vinco 197 16. Vita 197 17. Wolves and Bears 198 18. Names from Places and Nations 199 19. Town and Country 202 20. Flower Names 203 21. Roman Catholic Names 207 CHAPTER VII. NAMES FROM HOLY DAYS 209 § 1. 209 2. Christmas 209 3. The Epiphany 210 4. Easter Names 215 5. Sunday Names 216 ------------------ PART V. CHAPTER I. § 1. The Keltic Race 220 2. The Keltic Languages 221 3. Keltic Nomenclature 222 CHAPTER II ANCIENT KELTIC NAMES 226 § 1. Welsh Mythic Names 226 2. Lear and his Daughters 228 3. Bri 232 4. Fear, Gwr, Vir 237 CHAPTER III. GAELIC NAMES 240 § 1. Scottish Colonists 240 2. The Feen 242 3. Finn 243 4. Cu, Cun, Gal 245 5. Diarmaid and Graine 249 6. Cormac 250 7. Cath 251 8. Fiachra 252 9. Names of Complexion 253 10. Feidlim, &c. 256 11. Names of Majesty 257 12. Devotional Names 259 CHAPTER IV. NAMES OF CYMRIC ROMANCE 264 § 1. The Round Table 264 2. Arthur 266 3. Gwenever 268 4. Gwalchmai, Sir Gawain, and Sir Owen 272 5. Trystan and Ysolt 274 6. Hoel and Ryence 276 7. Percival 278 8. Llew 281 ------------------ PART VI. TEUTONIC NAMES 283 CHAPTER I. THE TEUTON RACE 283 § 1. Ground occupied by the Teutons 283 CHAPTER II. NAMES FROM TEUTON MYTHOLOGY 285 § 1. Guth 285 2. The Aasir 289 3. Odin, or Grîmr 292 4. Frey 294 5. Thor 300 6. Baldur and Hodur 303 7. Tyr 305 8. Heimdall 308 9. Will 311 10. Hilda 317 11. Ve 320 12. Gerda 321 13. Œgir 322 14. Ing—Seaxnot 324 15. Eormen 326 16. Erce 328 17. Amal 329 18. Forefathers 331 CHAPTER III. NAMES FROM OBJECTS CONNECTED WITH MYTHOLOGY 334 § 1. Day 334 2. The Wolf 335 3. Eber, the Boar 337 4. The Bear 338 5. The Horse 340 6. The Eagle 342 7. The Raven 344 8. The Swan 345 9. The Serpent 346 10. Kettle 347 11. Weapon Names 348 12. Thought 352 CHAPTER IV. HEROIC NAMES OF THE NIBELUNG 355 § 1. The Nibelung 355 2. Sigurd 356 3. Brynhild 359 4. Gunther 362 5. Hagen 364 6. Ghiseler 365 7. Ghernot 367 8. Folker 370 9. Dankwart 371 10. Theodoric 372 11. Uta, Ortwin 375 12. Sintram 379 13. Elberich 380 CHAPTER V. THE KARLING ROMANCES 383 § 1. The Paladins 383 2. Charles 384 3. Roland, &c. 387 4. Renaud 394 5. Richard 399 6. Astolfo 400 7. Ogier le Danois 402 8. Louis 403 CHAPTER VI. DESCRIPTIVE NAMES 408 § 1. Nobility 408 2. Command 413 3. Brightness 414 4. War 416 5. Protection 419 6. Power 421 7. Affection 426 8. Appearance 427 9. Locality 429 10. Life 433 ------------------ PART VII. NAMES FROM THE SLAVONIC 435 § 1. Slavonic Races 435 2. Slavonian Mythology 438 3. Warlike Names 440 4. Names of Might 441 5. Names of Virtue 443 6. Names of Affection 444 7. Names from the Appearance 445 CONCLUSION. MODERN NOMENCLATURE 446 § 1. Greece 446 2. Russia 447 3. Italy 450 4. Spain 453 5. France 455 6. Great Britain 459 7. Germany 466 8. Scandinavia 469 9. Comparative Nomenclature 470 GLOSSARY OF CHRISTIAN NAMES. The names here given are referred, as far as possible, first to the language in which the form occurs, then to their root. The original names, in their primary form, are in capitals, the shapes they have since assumed are in Roman type, the contractions in italics. A table is here given of the main stems and branches, with the abbreviations used for them in the glossary. HEBREW { Modern Jew (Jew.) (Heb.) { Aramæan (Aram.) ANCIENT PERSIAN { Persian (Pers.) (Zend) { GREEK { Modern Greek (Mod. Gr.) (Gr.) { Russian (Russ.) { Italian (It.) { Venetian (Ven.) { Spanish (Span.) LATIN { Portuguese (Port.) (Lat.) { Provençal (Prov.) { Wallachian (Wall.) { French (Fr.) { Ancient British { (Brit.) { Welsh { Cymric { Breton { (Cym.) { (Bret.) { { Cornish { { (Corn.) KELTIC { (Kelt.) { { Ancient Irish { { (Erse) { { Modern Irish Dialect { { (Ir.) { Gadhaelic { Gaelic { (Gad.) { (Gael.) { Scottish { (Scot.) { Manx { Icelandic { (Ice.) { Norwegian { (Nor.) { Northern { Swedish { (Nor.) { (Swed.) { { Danish { { (Dan.) { { Norman { { (Norm.) { { { English { { (Eng.) { { Scottish { { (Scot.) { Anglo-Saxon { Frisian { (A.S.) { (Fris.) { { Dutch { { Irish { { American { { (Am.) TEUTONIC { (Teu.) { { German { { (Ger.) { { Bavarian { { (Bav.) { Old German { Hamburgh { (O. G.) { (Ham.) { { Dantzig { { (Dan.) { { Swiss { { Frank French { { Gothic { Spanish { (Goth.) { (Span.) { { Portuguese { { (Port.) { { Lombardic { Italian { (Lomb.) { (It.) { Russian (Russ.) { Slovak (Slov.) { Bohemian (Bohm.) { Polish (Pol.) SLAVONIC { Hungarian (Hung.) { Lithuanian (Lith.) { Lettish (Lett.) { Illyrian (Ill.) ------------------------------------------------------------------------ A Aaron, _m._ _Eng._ Heb. mountain, 27 AASBJORN, _m._ _Nor._ Ten. divine bear, 290 AASIR, _m._ _Nor._ Teu. the gods, 289. AASOLFR, _m._ _Nor._ Teu. divine wolf, 290 AASTA, _f._ _Nor._ Teu. love, 401 AASVALDR, _m._ _Nor._ Teu. divine power, 291 Abacuck, _m._ _Scot._ Heb. embracing, 51 _Abban_, _m._ _Fr._ Lat. white, 157 Abel, _m._ _Eng._ Heb. breath, 11 Abelard, _m._ _Eng._ Teu. noble firmness. Abellona, _f._ _Dan._ Gr. of Apollo, 65 Abigail, _f._ _Eng._ Heb. father of joy, 12 Abimelech, _m._ _Eng._ Heb. father of the king, 12 Abishalom, _m._ _Eng._ Heb. father of peace, 12 Abner, _m._ _Eng._ Heb. father of light. _Abiud_, _m._ _Eng._ Dan. Heb. father of praise, 20 _Abra_, _f._ _Cambrai_, Heb. father of a multitude, 11 Abram, _m._ _Eng._ Heb. father of height, 11 Absalom, _m._ _Eng._ Dan. Heb. father of peace, 12 _Aby_, _m._ _Am._ Heb. father of multitudes, 12 Accepted, _m._ _Eng._ Accius, _m._ Lat. 140 Achaius, _m._ _Lat._ Kelt, horseman, 276 Achashverosh, _m._ _Heb._ Zend, venerable king, 57 Achill, _m._ _Ger._ Gr. without lips (?), 74 Achilla, _f._ _Lat._ Gr. without lips (?), 74 Achille, _m._ _Fr._ Gr. without lips (?), 74 Achillea, _f._ _It._ Gr. without lips (?), 74 Achilles, _m._ _Eng._ Gr. without lips (?), 74 ACHILLEUS, _Gr._(?) without lips, 74 Achim, _m._ _Ger._ Heb. the Lord will judge, 38 Achsah, _f._ _Eng._ Heb. anklet, 38 _Acim_, _m._ _Ill._ Heb. the Lord will judge, 38 _Actma_, _f._ _Ill._ Heb. the Lord will judge, 38 Ada, _f._ _Eng._ Teu. happy. Adah, _f._ _Eng._ Heb. ornament, 7 Adalard, _m._ _Fr._ Teu. nobly firm, 412 ADALBERT, _m._ _Ger._ Teu. nobly bright, 410 Adalfieri, _m._ _It._ Teu. noble pledge, 409 ADALGAR, _m._ _Lom._ Teu. noble spear, 412 ADALGISE, _f._ _Fr._ Teu. noble pledge, 409 ADALGISL, _m._ _Lom._ Teu. noble pledge, 409 ADALHARD, _m._ _Ger._ Teu. nobly stern, 412 ADALHEID, _f._ _Ger._ Teu. noble cheer, 412 ADALPOLT, _m._ _Ger._ Teu. nobly bold, 412 ADALRIK, _m._ _Goth._ Teu. noble king, 412 Adalrik, _m._ _Ger._ Teu. noble ruler, 412 ADALTAC, _m._ _Ger._ Teu. noble day, 413 Adam, _m._ _Eng._ Fr. Dutch, Ger. Dan. Heb. red earth, 10 Adamina, _f._ _Scot._ Heb. red earth, 10 _Adamk_, _m._ _Lus._ Heb. red earth, 10 _Adamnan_, _m._ _Scot._ Heb. Lat. dwarf Adam, 10 _Adamnanus_, _m._ _Lat._ Heb. dwarf Adam, 10 Adamo, _m._ _Ital._ Heb. red earth, 10 _Adams_, _m._ _Lett._ Heb. red earth, 10 _Addala_, _f._ _Lett._ Teu. noble cheer, 412 _Addo_, _m._ _Fris._ Teu. noble cheer, 412 _Addy_, _f._ _Eng._ Teu. noble threatener, 411 _Ade_, _m._ _Flem._ Heb. red earth, 10 Adela, _f._ _Eng._ Teu. noble cheer, 411 Adelaïda, _f._ _Rom._ Russ. Teu. noble cheer, 411 Adelaide, _f._ _Fr._ Eng. Ger. Teu. noble cheer, 411 Adelaïs, _f._ _Old. Fr._ Teu. noble cheer, 411 Adelajda, _f._ _Slov._ Teu. noble cheer, 411 ADELAR, _m._ _Ger._ Teu. noble eagle, 412 ADELBERN, _m._ _Ger._ Teu. noble bear, 412 Adelbert, _m._ _Ger._ Teu. nobly bright, 412 Adelberta, _f._ _Ger._ Teu. nobly bright, 412 Adelbold, _m._ _Ger._ Teu. nobly bold, 412 Adelbrecht, _m._ _Ger._ Teu. nobly bright, 412 Adelburg, _f._ _Ger._ Teu. noble protection, 412 Adelchis, _m._ _Lat._ Teu. noble pledge, 412 Adèle, _f._ _Fr._ Gr. Teu. noble cheer, 411 Adeleve, _f._ _Eng._ Teu. noble gift, 412 ADELFRID, _m._ _Ger._ Teu. noble peace, 412 ADELGAR, noble spear, 412 Adelgard, _m._ _Ger._ Teu. noble guard, 412 Adelgis, noble pledge, 412 Adelgonda, _f._ _Rom._ Teu. noble war, 412 Adelgonde, _f._ _Fr._ Teu. noble war, 412 Adelgunde, _f._ _Ger._ Teu. noble war, 412 ADELHART, _m._ _Ger._ Teu. nobly firm, 412 Adelhelm, noble helmet, 412 ADELHELM, _f._ _Ger._ Teu. noble helmet, 412 ADELHILD, _f._ _Ger._ Teu. noble battle maid, 413 Adelhold, _m._ _Ger._ Teu. nobly firm, 412 Adelicia, _f._ _Lat._ Teu. noble cheer, 412 Adelina, _f._ _Eng._ Teu. noble manner, 413 Adelinde, _f._ _Ger._ Teu. noble snake, 413 Adeline, _f._ _Eng._ Teu. noble snake, 413 Adelschalk, _m._ _Ger._ Teu. noble servant, 413 Adelswinde, _f._ _Ger._ Teu. noble strength, 413 Adeltrude, _f._ _Ger._ Teu. noble maid, 412 Adelulf, _m._ _Ger._ Teu. noble wolf, 412 Adelwin, _m._ _Ger._ Teu. noble friend, 412 Ademaro, _m._ _Ital._ Teu. fierce greatness, 304 Adeodat, _m._ _Ger._ Lat. by God given, 188 ADEODATUS, _m._ _Lat._ by God given, 188 Adhémar, _m._ _Fr._ Teu. fierce greatness, 304 Adilo, _m._ _Ger._ Teu. noble, 412 _Ado_, _m._ _Fris._ Teu. noble, 412 Adolf, _m._ _Ger._ Teu. noble wolf, 409 Adolfine, _f._ _Ger._ Teu. noble wolf, 409 Adolfo, _m._ _Ital._ Teu. noble wolf, 409 Adolphe, _m._ _Fr._ Teu. noble wolf, 409 Adolphus, _m._ _Eng._ Teu. noble wolf, 409 Adoncia, _f._ _Span._ Lat. sweet, 196 Adosinda, _f._ _Span._ Teu. fierce strength, 305 Adriaan, _m._ _Dutch_, Lat. from Adria, 156 Adrian, _m._ _Eng._ Ger. Lat. from Adria, 156 Adriana, _f._ _Ital._ Lat. from Adria, 156 Adriane, _f._ _Ger._ Lat. from Adria, 156 Adriano, _m._ _Ital._ Lat. from Adria, 156 ADRIANUS, _m._ _Lat._ N.L.D. Lat. from Adria, 157 Adrien, _f._ _Fr._ Lat. from Adria, 156 Adrienne, _f._ _Fr._ Lat. from Adria, 156 Aed, _m._ _Welsh_. Kelt. fire, 226 Aeddon, _m._ _Welsh_. Kelt. 226 AEDH, _m._ _Erse_. Kelt. fire, 226 Ægidius, _m._ _Lat._ Gr. with the Ægis, 79 ÆLF, _m._ _A. S._ Teu. elf, 380 ÆLFGIFU, _f._ _A. S._ Teu. elf gift, 380 ÆLFHÆG, _m._ _A. S._ Teu. high as an elf, 381 ÆLFHELM, _m._ _A. S._ Teu. elf helmet, 381 ÆLFRED, _m._ _A. S._ Teu. elf council, 381 ÆLFRIC, _m._ _A. S._ Teu. elf ruler, 381 ÆLFTHRYTH, _f._ _A. S._ Teu. threatening elf, 382 ÆLFWINE, _m._ _A. S._ Teu. elf darling, 382 ÆLFWOLD, _m._ _A. S._ Teu. elf ruler, 382 ÆLIANUS, _m._ _Lat._ Gr. of the sun, 191 Ælla, _m._ _A. S._ Teu. elf friend, 382 Ælle, _m._ _A. S._ Teu. elf friend, 382 ÆMILIA, _f._ _Lat._ work (?), 141 Æmiliana, _f._ _Lat._ work (?), 141 Æmilianus, _m._ _Lat._ work (?), 141 ÆMILIUS, _m._ _Lat._ work (?), 141 Æneas, _m._ _Lat._ praise (?), 74 AENGHAS, _m._ _Erse_, Kelt. excellent virtue, 242 ÆTHELBALD, _m._ _A. S._ Teu. noble prince, 349 ÆTHELBRYHT, _m._ _A. S._ Teu. nobly bright, 412 ÆTHELFLED, _f._ _A. S._ Teu. noble increase, 412 ÆTHELGIFU, _f._ _A. S._ Teu. noble gift, 409 ÆTHELHILD, _f._ _A. S._ Teu. noble battle maid, 412 ÆTHELRED, _m._ _A. S._ Teu. noble council, 410 ÆTHELRIC, _m._ _A. S._ Teu. noble ruler, 409 ÆTHELSTAN, _m._ _A. S._ Teu. noble stone, 412 ÆTHELTHRYTH, _f._ _A. S._ Teu. noble threatener, 411 ÆTHELWARD, _m._ _A. S._ Teu. noble guard, 412 ÆTHELWINE, _m._ _A. S._ Teu. noble friend, 412 ÆTHELWOLF, _m._ _A. S._ Teu. noble wolf, 409 _Aëtius_, _m._ _Lat._ Afanassij, _m._ _Russ._ Gr. undying, 109 Affonso, _m._ _Port._ eagerness for war, 305 Affrica, _f._ _Manx_, Irish, Kelt. pleasant, 230 Afonso, _m._ _Port._ eagerness for war, 305 Agafia, _f._ _Russ._ Gr. good, 82 Agafon, _m._ _Russ._ Gr. good, 82 Agape, _f._ _Gr._ love, 113 Agapit, _m._ _Russ._ Gr. loved, 113 Agata, _f._ _It._ Span. Swed. Slov. Ger. good, 82 AGATHA, _f._ _Eng._ Hung. Gr. good, 82 _Agathe_, _f._ _Fr._ Ger. Gr. good, 82 AGATHIAS, _m._ _Gr._ good, 82 Agathocles, _m._ _Gr._ good fame, 82 Agathon, _m._ _Ger._ Gr. good, 82 Aggate, _f._ _Lett._ Gr. good, 82 Aggie, _f._ _Eng._ Gr. pure, 119 Agilard, _m._ _Fr._ Teu. formidably bright, 328 Agilbert, _m._ _Frank._ Teu. formidably bright, 323 Agilo, _m._ _Ger._ Teu. formidable, 322 Agiltrude, _f._ _Ger._ Teu. formidable maiden, 323 Agilulf, _m._ _Frank._ Teu. formidable wolf, 323 Agilward, _m._ _Norm._ Teu. formidable guardian, 323 AGINHAR, _m._ _Nor._ Teu. formidable warrior, 323 Aglaé, _f._ _Fr._ Gr. brightness, 72 AGLAIA, _f._ _Lat._ Gr. brightness, 72 Aglaja, _f._ _Ger._ Gr. brightness, 72 _Agmund_, _m._ _Nor._ awful protection, 323 Agnar, _m._ _Nor._ Teu. formidable warrior, 323 _Agne_, _m._ _Nor._ Teu. formidable warrior, 323 Agnello, _m._ _It._ Gr. pure, 119 AGNES, _f._ _Dan._ Eng. Ger. Fr. Gr. pure, 119 Agnesca, _f._ _It._ Gr. pure, 119 Agnese, _f._ _It._ Gr. pure, 119 Agnesija, _f._ _Russ._ Gr. pure, 119 Agnessa, _f._ _Russ._ Gr. pure, 119 Agneta, _f._ _Eng._ Swiss, Gr. pure, 119 Agnete, _f._ _Dan._ Gr. pure, 119 Agnies, _f._ _Fr._ Gr. pure, 119 Agnizka, _f._ _Pol._ Gr. pure, 119 Agnola, _f._ _It._ Gr. angel, 53 Agnolo, _m._ _It._ Gr. angel, 53 Agnyta, _f._ _Lett._ Gr. pure, 119 Agostina, _f._ _It._ Lat. venerable, 158 Agostinha, _f._ _Port._ Lat. venerable, 158 Agostinho, _f._ _Port._ Lat. venerable, 158 Agostino, _m._ _It._ Lat. venerable, 158 Agoston, _m._ _Hung._ Lat. venerable, 158 Agrafina, _f._ _Russ._ Lat. born with the feet foremost, 156 AGRICOLA, _m._ _Lat._ Lat. field tiller. AGRIPPA, _m._ _Lat._ Lat. born with the feet foremost, 156 Agrippina, _f._ _Lat._ Lat. born with the feet foremost, 156 Agrippine, _f._ _Fr._ Lat. born with the feet foremost, 156 Agueda, _f._ _Port._ Gr. pure, 57 Ahasuerus, _m._ _Eng._ Pers. venerable king. _Ahrens_, _m._ _Ger._ Teu. powerful eagle, 342 Ahrold, _m._ powerful eagle, 342 AIAS, _m._ _Gr._ Gr. eagle, 342 Aidan, _m._ _Eng._ Kelt. fire, 226 AIGIDIOS, _m._ _Gr._ with the Ægis, 79 Aileen, _f._ _Ir._ Gr. light, 67 Aileve, _f._ _Eng._ Teu. elf gift, 380 _Ailie_, _f._ _Scot._ Teu. famed war, 406 Aimable, _f._ _Fr._ Lat. lovable. Aimée, _f._ _Fr._ Lat. loved. _Aimerich_, _m._ _Ger._ Teu. work ruler, 331 _Aimery_, _m._ _Eng._ Teu. work ruler, 331 AINÈ, _f._ _Erse_. Kelt. joy, 230 Aineceallach, _m._ _Gael._ Kelt. joyful war, 230 AINEIAS, _m._ _Gr._ Gr. praise, 174 AISTULF, _m._ _Ger._ Gr. swift wolf, 335 Akilina, _f._ _Russ._ Lat. eagle, 156 _Akim_, _m._ _Russ._ Heb. the Lord will judge, 38 Akulnia, _f._ _Russ._ Lat. eagle, 156 Ala, _m._ _Eng._ Teu. holy (?), 402 Alaf, _m._ _Nor._ Teu. forefather’s relic, 332 Alain, _m._ _Fr._ It. Lat. cheerful (?), Kelt. harmony, 279 Alan, _m._ _Scot._ Ger. Lat. cheerful (?), Kelt. harmony, 279 Alane, _f._ _Ger._ Lat. cheerful, Kelt. harmony, 279 _Alard_, _m._ _Ger._ Teu. nobly stern, 409 Alaric, _m._ _Eng._ Teu. noble ruler, 409 Alarich, _m._ _Ger._ Teu. noble ruler, 409 Alaster, _m._ _Gael._ Ger. helper of men, 85 Alatea, _f._ _Span._ Gr. truth, 126 ALAWN, _m._ _Cym._ Kelt. harmony, 279 Alban, _m._ _Eng._ Lat. white, 157 ALBANUS, _m._ _Lat._ white, 157 Albany, _m._ _Scot._ Kelt. white, 157 Albar, _m._ _Lat._ Span. white, 157 Alberia, _f._ _Span._ Lat. white (?), 157 Alberic, _m._ _Eng._ Teu. elf king, 380 Alberich, _m._ _Ger._ Teu. elf king, 380 Alberico, _m._ _It._ Teu. elf king, 380 Albert, _m._ _Eng._ Fr. Russ. Pol. Teu. nobly bright, 410 Alberta, _f._ _Eng._ Teu. nobly bright, 410 Albertine, _f._ _Ger._ Teu. nobly bright, 410 Albertino, _m._ _It._ Teu. nobly bright, 410 Alberto, _m._ _It._ Teu. nobly bright, 410 Albin, _f._ _Erse_. Kelt. white (?), 157 Albin, _m._ _Ger._ Lat. white, 157 Albina, _f._ _Ger._ Lat. white, 157 Albinia, _f._ _Eng._ Kelt. white (?), 157 Albino, _m._ _Rom._ Lat. white, 157 Alboin, _m._ _Fr._ Teu. elf friend, 380 Alboino, _m._ _Lomb._ Teu. elf friend, 380 Albrecht, _m._ _Ger._ Teu. nobly bright, 412 Albwin, _m._ _Ger._ Teu. elf friend, 380 _Alcuin_, _m._ _Eng._ Teu. hall friend, 382 _Alcuinus_, _m._ _Lat._ Teu. hall friend, 382 Alda, _f._ It. _Lat._ Eng. Teu. rich, 376 Aldclatha, _f._ _Gael._ Kelt. decaying beauty. Aldebert, _m._ _Eng._ Ger. Teu. nobly bright, 410 Aldegonde, _f._ _Flem._ Teu. noble war, 410 Alderich, _m._ _Ger._ Teu. noble ruler, 412 Aldgitha, _f._ _Eng._ Teu. noble gift, 412 Aldhelm, _m._ _Eng._ Teu. noble helmet, 412 Aldobrando, _m._ _Ital._ Teu. battle sword, 318 Aldonça, _f._ _Span._ Lat. the sweet, 196 Aldrovando, _m._ _Ital._ Teu. battle sword, 318 Aléard, _m._ _Prov._ Teu. nobly stern, 412 Aléarda, _f._ _Prov._ Teu. nobly stern, 412 Aleardo, _m._ _Ital._ Teu. nobly stern, 412 Aleixo, _m._ _Port._ God helper, 85 Alejandro, _m._ _Span._ Teu. helper of men, 85 Alejo, _m._ _Span._ Gr. helper, 85 Aleks, _m._ _Lett._ Gr. helper, 85 Aleksa, _m._ _Serv._ Gr. helper, 85 Aleksajeder, _m._ _Slav._ Gr. helper of men, 85 Aleksander, _m._ _Russ._ Gr. helper of men, 85 Aleksije, _m._ _Russ._ Gr. helper of men, 85 _Ales_, _m._ _Slav._ Gr. helper, 85 Alessandra, _f._ _Ital._ Gr. helper of men, 84 Alessandro, _m._ _Ital._ Gr. helper of man, 85 _Alessio_, _m._ _Ital._ Gr. helper, 85 Aletea, _f._ _Span._ Gr. truth, 126 ALETHEA, _f._ _Eng._ Ger. Gr. truth, 126 Alexander, _m._ _Eng._ Gr. helper of men, 85 Alexandr, _m._ _Bohm._ Gr. helper of men, 84 Alexandra, _Eng._ Gr. 84 Alexandre, _m._ _Fr._ Gr. helper of men, 85 Alexandrina, _f._ _Eng._ Gr. helper of men, 84 Alexandrine, _f._ _Fr._ Gr. helper of men, 84 ALEXANDROS, _m._ _Gr._ helper of men, 85 Alexe, _m._ _Fr._ Gr. helper, 85 Alexia, _f._ _Ger._ Gr. helper, 84 Alexis, _m._ _Eng._ Ger. Gr. helper, 85 ALEXIOS, _m._ _Gr._ Gr. helper, 85 Alexius, _m._ _Lat._ Gr. helper, 85 ALFDIS, _f._ _Nor._ Teu. household spirit, 380 ALFGEJR, _m._ _Nor._ Teu. elf spear, 380 ALFGERDUR, _f._ _Nor._ Teu. elf woman, 380 ALFHEIDUR, _f._ _Nor._ Teu. elf cheerfulness, 380 _Alfhild_, _f._ _Eng._ Teu. elf battle maid, 380 _Alfliotr_, _f._ _Nor._ Teu. elf terror, 380 Alfonso, _m._ _Span._ Teu. eager for battle, 320 Alfred, _m._ _Eng._ Fr. Teu. elf council, 380 Alfreda, _f._ _Eng._ Teu. elf council, 380 Alfredo, _m._ _It._ Teu. elf council, 380 Alfried, _m._ _Ger._ Teu. elf council, 380 ALFR, _m._ _Nor._ Teu. elf, 380 _Algar_, _m._ _Eng._ Teu. hall spear, 380 ALGERNON, _m._ _Eng._ Fr. with whiskers, 427 Alice, _f._ _Eng._ Teu. noble cheer, 409 Alicia, _f._ _Ir._ Teu. noble cheer, 409 _Alick_, _m._ _Scot._ Gr. helper of men, 85 Alienor, _f._ _Prov._ Gr. light, 67 _Aline_, _f._ _Ger._ Teu. noble, 409 Alison, _f._ _Scot._ Teu. famous war, 406 Alitea, _f._ _It._ Gr. truth, 126 Alix, _f._ _Fr._ Teu. noble cheer, 409 Allan, _m._ _Eng._ Lat. cheerful (?), 280 Allen, _m._ _Eng._ Lat. cheerful (?), 280 Allighiero, _m._ _Ital._ Teu. noble spear, 412 ALMA, _f._ _Lat._ fair, 224 ALMA, _f._ _Erse_, Kelt. all good, 224 _Alma_, _f._ _Eng._ Russ. (from the river), 224 Almedha, _f._ _Welsh_, Kelt. shapely (?), 273 Almeric, _m._ _Eng._ Teu. work ruler, 331 Almerigo, _m._ _Sp._ Teu. work ruler, 331 Almund, _m._ _Eng._ Teu. hall protection, 382 Aloïs, _m._ _Ger._ Teu. famous war, 405 Aloisia, _f._ _Ger._ Teu. famous war, 405 Aloïsio, _m._ _It._ Teu. famous war, 405 Aloizia, _f._ _Bohm._ Teu. famous war, 405 Alonso, _m._ _Span._ Teu. eager for battle, 320 Aloys, _m._ _Prov._ Teu. famous war, 405 Alphege, _m._ _Eng._ Teu. tall as an elf, 381 Alphonse, _m._ _Fr._ Teu. battle eager, 320 Alphonsine, _f._ _Fr._ Teu. battle eager, 320 Alphonso, _m._ _Eng._ Teu. battle eager, 320 _Alpin_, _m._ _Scot._ Kelt. elf, 380 _Alpinolo_, _m._ _Ital._ Teu. elf friend, 380 _Alric_, _m._ _Eng._ Teu. hall ruler, 380 Alswytha, _f._ _Eng._ Teu. hall strength, 380 ALTHEA, _f._ _Eng._ Gr. wholesome, 126 _Alured_, _m._ _Eng._ Teu. elf peace, 380 Alvar, _m._ _Span._ Port. Lat. white, 157 Alwine, _f._ _Ger._ Teu. elf friend, 380 Alysander, _m._ _Eng._ Gr. helper of man, 85 Amabel, _f._ _Eng._ Lat. lovable, 182 AMABILIS, _m._ _Lat._ lovable, 182 Amable, _m._ _Fr._ lovable, 181 AMADAS, _m._ _Eng._ Kelt. husbandman, 182 Amadé, _m._ _Fr._ Lat. love God, 182 Amadeo, _m._ _Ital._ Lat. love God, 182 AMADEUS, _m._ _Ger._ Lat. love God, 182 Amadigi, _m._ _Ital._ Lat. love God, 182 Amadis, _m._ _Span._ Lat. love God, 182 Amadore, _m._ _Flor._ Lat. lover, 182 AMAETHON, _m._ _Kymric._ Kelt. husbandman, 182 AMALA, _f._ _Lomb._ work, 330 Amalasontha, _f._ _Lat._ Teu. work strength, 330 AMALASWIND, _f._ _Lomb._ Teu. work strength, 330 AMALBERGA, _f._ _Ger._ Teu. work protection, 330 AMALBERT, _m._ _Ger._ Teu. work bright, 330 AMALBERTA, _f._ _Ger._ Teu. work bright, 330 AMALFRIED, _m._ _Ger._ Teu. work peace, 330 AMALFRIDA, _f._ _Ger._ Teu. fair work, 330 AMALGAID, _m._ _Erse_, Kelt. work, or spotless (?), 330 _Amalgund_, _f._ _Ger._ Teu. work war, 330 Amalia, _f._ _Ital._ Teu. work, 330 Amalie, _f._ _Ger._ Teu. work, 330 Amalija, _f._ _Russ._ Slov. Teu. work, 330 _Amalilda_, _f._ _Ger._ Teu. work battle maid, 330 AMALINA, _f._ _Goth._ Teu. work serpent, 330 AMALRICH, _m._ _Ger._ Teu. work ruler, 330 _Amaltrude_, _f._ _Ger._ Teu. work maiden, 330 Amand, _m._ _Fr._ Lat. worthy to be loved, 181 Amanda, _f._ _Eng._ Lat. worthy to be beloved, 181 Amandine, _f._ _Fr._ Lat. worthy to be beloved, 181 Amando, _m._ _Ital._ Lat. worthy to be beloved, 181 AMANDUS, _m._ _Lat._ worthy to be loved, 182 AMATA, _f._ _Lat._ beloved, 181 AMATUS, _m._ _Lat._ Lat. beloved, 182 _Amaury_, _m._ _Fr._ Teu. work ruler, 330 Amberkelleth, _m._ _Gael._ Kelt. joyful war, 231 Ambrogio, _m._ _Ital._ Gr. immortal, 109 Ambroise, _m._ _Fr._ Gr. immortal, 109 Ambrose, _m._ _Eng._ Gr. immortal, 109 Ambrosio, _m._ _Span._ Gr. immortal, 109 AMBROSIOS, _m._ _Gr._ immortal, 109 Ambrosius, _m._ _Lat._ Gr. 109 Ambroz, _m._ _Bohm._ Gr. immortal, 109 Ambrozij, _m._ _Pol._ Gr. immortal, 109 Ambrus, _m._ _Hung._ Gr. immortal, 109 Amé, _m._ _Fr._ Lat. loved, 182 Amedée, _m._ _Fr._ Lat. love God, 182 Amelia, _f._ _Eng._ Port. Teu. work, 330 Amélie, _f._ _Fr._ Teu. work, 330 Amelius, _m._ _Eng._ Teu. work, 330 _Amelot_, _m._ _Fr._ Teu. work, 330 AMELUNG, _m._ _Teu._ work, 330 Americo, _m._ _Port._ Teu. work ruler, 331 Amerigo, _m._ _Ital._ Teu. work ruler, 331 Amias, _m._ _Eng._ Lat. love God, 182 Amice, _f._ _Eng._ Lat. beloved, 182 Amicia, _f._ _Eng._ Lat. beloved, 182 Amicie, _f._ _Cambrai._ Lat. beloved, 182 Amlaidh, _m._ _Erse_, Teu. forefather’s relic, 332 AMMA, _f._ _Nor._ Teu. grandmother, 332 Amone, _m._ _Ital._ Teu. home, 311 AMOS, _m._ _Eng._ Heb. burthen, 50 Amund, _m._ _Nor._ Teu. awful protection, 323 _Amvrossij_, _m._ _Russ._ Gr. immortal, 109 Amy, _f._ _Eng._ Lat. beloved, 182 Amyas, _m._ _Eng._ Lat. love God, 182 Amyot, _m._ _Eng._ Lat. love God, 182 Ana, _f._ _Span._ Bohm. Slov. Heb. grace, 42 Analo, _m._ _Ger._ Teu. ancestral, 332 ANANIAS, _m._ _Gr._ Heb. grace of the Lord, 42 Anarawd, _f._ _Welsh_, free of shame, 279 Anastagio, _m._ _Ital._ Gr. who shall rise again, 110 Anastase, _m._ _Fr._ Gr. who shall rise again, 110 Anastasia, _f._ _Eng._ Ital. Russ. Gr. who shall rise again, 110 Anastasij, _m._ _Russ._ Gr. who shall rise again, 110 ANASTASIOS, _m._ _Gr._ who shall rise again, 110 Anastasius, _m._ _Lat._ Gr. who shall rise again, 110 Anastasl, _m._ _Bav._ Gr. who shall rise again, 110 Anastazy, _m._ _Pol._ Gr. who shall rise again, 110 Anatola, _m._ _Fr._ Gr. eastern, 200 Anatolia, _f._ _Gr._ Gr. eastern, 200 Anatolius, _m._ _Gr._ Gr. eastern, 200 _Anbiorn_, _m._ _Eng._ Teu. eagle bear, 342 _Anca_, _f._ _Bohm._ Heb. grace, 42 _Ancela_, _f._ Pol. Gr. angel, 53 Ancelin, servant, 262 Ancelot, _m._ _Fr._ Lat. servant, 262 Ancelote, _f._ _Fr._ Lat. servant, 262 _Ancika_, _f._ _Bohm._ Gr. grace, 42 Ancilée, _f._ _Fr._ Lat. servant, 262 _Anders_, _m._ _Dan._ Gr. man, 86 ANDRAGATHIUS, _m._ _Gr._ good man, 86 _André_, _m._ _Fr._ Gr. man, 86 Andrea, _m._ _Ital._ Gr. man, 86 Andreana, _f._ _Ital._ Gr. man, 86 Andréas, _f._ _Ger._ Gr. man, 86 Andrée, _f._ _Fr._ Gr. man, 86 Andreian, _m._ _Russ._ Lat. from Adria, 156 Andrej, _m._ _Lus._ Gr. man, 86 Andrejek, _m._ _Slav._ Gr. man, 86 Andres, _m._ _Span._ Gr. man, 86 Andrew, _m._ _Eng._ Gr. man, 86 _Andrezej_, _m._ _Pol._ man, 86 Andrien, _m._ _Fr._ Gr. man, 86 Andries, _m._ _N.L.D._ Gr. man, 86 Andrija, _m._ _Serv._ Gr. man, 86 Andronicus, _m._ _Lat._ Gr. man’s victory, 86 _Andy_, _m._ _Ir._ Gr. man, 86 _Ane_, _f._ _Lith._ Heb. grace, 42 Anessil, 242 _Aneta_, _f._ _Serv._ Heb. grace, 42 Aneurin, _m._ _Welsh_, Gr. man of excellence. _Anezka_, _f._ _Bohm._ Gr. pure, 119 ANGANTYR, _m._ _Nor._ Teu. favourite of Tyr, 306 Ange, _m._ _Fr._ Gr. angel, 53 Angel, _f._ _Eng._ Gr. angel, 53 Angela, _f._ _Eng._ Span. It. Gr. angel, 53 Angèle, _f._ _Fr._ Gr. angel, 53 Angelica, _f._ _Ital._ Ger. Gr. angelic, 53 Angelico, _m._ _Ital._ Gr. angelic, 53 Angelina, _f._ _Eng._ Ital. Gr. angel, 53 Angeline, _f._ _Fr._ Gr. angel, 53 Angelino, _m._ _Ital._ Gr. angel, 53 Angelique, _f._ _Fr._ Gr. angelic, 53 ANGELOS, _m._ _Gr._ Gr. angel, 53 Angelot, _f._ _Eng._ Gr. angel, 53 Anges, _f._ _Fr._ Gr. angels, 53 Angharawd, _f._ _Welsh_, Kelt. free from shame, 279 ANGILBALD, Ing’s prince, 325 ANGILRICH, Ing’s king, 325 ANGILTRUD, Ing’s maid, 325 _Angiolo_, _m._ _It._ Gr. angel, 53 Angus, _m._ _Scot._ Kelt. excellent virtue, 242 Anicet, _m._ _Fr._ Gr. unconquered, 90 Aniceto, _m._ _Rom._ Gr. unconquered, 90 _Anicsika_, _f._ _Serv._ Heb. grace, 42 _Aniello_, _m._ _Neap._ Gr. angel, 53 Anikita, _m._ _Russ._ Gr. unconquered, 90 _Anikke_, _f._ _Lith._ Heb. grace, 42 _Anisia_, _f._ _Eng._ Gr. complete, 94 _Anita_, _f._ _Span._ Heb. grace, 42 Anjela, _f._ _Bohm._ Gr. angel, 53 Anjelika, _f._ _Bohm._ Gr. angelic, 53 Anjelina, _f._ _Bohm._ Gr. angel, 53 _Anjuska_, _f._ _Serv._ Heb. grace, 42 _Anjutoka_, _f._ _Serv._ Heb. grace, 42 Ankaret, _f._ _Eng._ Gr. Kelt. free from shame, 279 ANLAFF, _m._ _Eng._ Teu. ancestor’s relic, 332 ANMCHA, _m._ _Erse_, Kelt. courageous, 224 Ann, _f._ _Eng._ Heb. grace, 42 Anna, _f._ _Gr._ It. Swed. Serv. Heb. grace, 42 Annabel, _f._ _Teu._ Heb. eagle heroine (?), 41 Annabella, _f._ _Teu._ Heb. eagle heroine (?), 41, 343 _Annali_, _f._ _Swiss_, Heb. grace, 42 _Annaple_, _f._ _Scot._ Heb. eagle heroine (?), 41, 343 Annas, _m._ _Eng._ Heb. grace of the Lord, 41 _Annchen_, _f._ _Ger._ Heb. grace, 42 _Annchet_, _f._ _Flem._ Heb. grace, 42 _Anne_, _f._ _Eng._ Fr. Heb. grace, 42 _Annerl_, _f._ _Bav._ Heb. grace, 42 _Annes_, _f._ _Eng._ Gr. complete, 94 _Annetta_, _f._ _Ital._ Heb. grace, 42 _Annette_, _f._ _Fr._ Heb. grace, 42 Annibal, } _m._ 41 Annibale, } _f._ _Ital._ Phœn. grace of Baal, 40 _Annibas_, } 40 _Annice_, _f._ _Eng._ Heb. grace, 42 _Annika_, _f._ _Dan._ Heb. grace, 42 _Anninka_, _f._ _Russ._ Heb. grace, 42 _Annjuscha_, _f._ _Russ._ Heb. grace, 42 Annonciada, _f._ _Span._ Lat. announced, 30 Annonciade, _f._ _Fr._ Lat. announced, 30 Annora, _f._ _Eng._ Heb. grace (?), 68, eagle of Thor, 343 Annot, _f._ _Scot._ Heb. Light, 42 Annunciata, _f._ _Lat._ announced, 30 Annunziata, _f._ _Ital._ Lat. announced, 30 _Annusche_, _f._ _Lett._ Heb. grace, 42 _Annuschka_, _f._ _Russ._ Lat. grace, 42 Annusia, _f._ _Russ._ Gr. complete, 94 Annys, _f._ _Eng._ Gr. complete (?), 94 _Annze_, _f._ _Lith._ Heb. grace, 42 Anquetil, _m._ _Fr._ Teu. divine kettle, 290 _Ans_, _m._ _Lett._ Heb. grace of the Lord, 45 ANSBRANDO, _m._ _Pol._ Teu. divine sword, 290 Anschar, _m._ _Ger._ Teu. divine spear, 290 Anselm, _m._ _Eng._ Teu. divine helmet, 290 Anselme, _m._ _Fr._ Teu. divine helmet, 290 Anselmo, _m._ _Rom._ Teu. divine helmet, 290 Anselot, _m._ _Fr._ Lat. servant, 263 ANSGAR, _m._ _Frank._ Teu. divine war, 290 Ansgard, _f._ _Eng._ Teu. divine guard, 290 Ansgisil, _f._ _Lom._ Teu. divine pledge, 290 ANSHELM, _m._ _Lom._ Teu. divine helmet, 290 _Ansis_, _m._ _Lett._ Heb. grace of the Lord, 45 ANSKETIL, _m._ _Frank._ Teu. divine cauldron, 291 Ansmunt, divine protection, 291 Anso, _m._ _Gr._ Teu. divine helmet, 291 Anstace, _f._ _Eng._ Gr. resurrection, 110 Anstice, _m._ _Eng._ resurrection, 110 Anstys, _m._ _Eng._ resurrection, 110 ANSVALD, _Gr._ _Teu._ _m._ divine power, 292 _Anta_, _m._ _Lapp._ Gr. man, 86 _Antal_, _m._ _Hung._ Lat. inestimable, 142 _Antek_, _m._ _Pol._ Lat. inestimable, 142 Antelmo, _m._ _It._ Teu. divine helmet, 290 Anthiball, _m._ _Corn._ Gr. surrounding. ANTHONIUS, _m._ _Dutch_, Lat. inestimable, 142 Anthony, _m._ _Eng._ Lat. inestimable, 142 Antoine, _m._ _Fr._ Lat. inestimable, 142 Antoinette, _f._ _Fr._ Lat. inestimable, 142 Antolin, _m._ _Ger._ Lat. inestimable, 142 Anton, _m._ _Ger._ Russ. Lat. inestimable, 142 Antonetta, _f._ _Russ._ Lat. inestimable, 142 _Antonetta_, _f._ _Swiss_, Lat. inestimable, 142 _Antoni_, _m._ _Pol._ Lat. inestimable, 142 Antonia, _f._ _Ital._ Span. Lat. inestimable, 142 Antonie, _f._ _Ger._ Lat. inestimable, 142 _Antoniea_, _f._ _Rom._ Lat. inestimable, 142 Antonietta, _f._ _Rom._ Lat. inestimable, 142 Antonina, _f._ _Ital._ Span. Eng. Lat. inestimable, 142 Antonino, _m._ _Ital._ Lat. inestimable, 142 Antonio, _m._ _Ital._ Span. Lat. inestimable, 142 ANTONIUS, _m._ _Lat._ inestimable, 142 _Antons_, _m._ _Lett._ Lat. inestimable, 142 Antony, _m._ _Eng._ Lat. inestimable, 142 _Antoonje_, _m._ _Dutch_, Lat. inestimable, 142 _Antos_, _m._ _Pol._ Lat. inestimable, 142 _Ants_, _m._ _Esth._ Heb. grace of the Lord, 45 _Anty_, _f._ _Ir._ Gr. resurrection, 110 _Anysia_, _f._ _Gr._ complete, 94 _Anzioleto_, _m._ _Ven._ Gr. angel, 53 _Anziolina_, _f._ _Ven._ Gr. angel, 53 _Anziolo_, _Ven._ Gr. angel, 53 AODH, _m._ _Gael._ Kelt, fire, 227 _Aodhfin_, _m._ _Gael._ Kelt, white fire, 227 Aogostino, _m._ _Pol._ Lat. venerable, 158 AOIBHIN, _f._ _Erse_, Kelt, pleasant, 227 AOIBHIR ALLUIN, _f._ _Gad._ pleasantly excellent, 227 AOIBHIR CAOMHA, _Gad._ pleasantly amiable, 227 AOIDHNE, _f._ _Erse_, Kelt, fire, 227 AOIFE, _f._ _Erse_, Heb. pleasant, 227 AONGHAS, _f._ _Erse_, Kelt, excellent virtue, 242 Aonio, _m._ _Ital._ Gr. inestimable, 142 APER, _Lat._ boar, 152 _Apolline_, _f._ _Fr._ Gr. of Apollo, 65 APOLLODORUS, _m._ _Lat._ Gr. gift of Apollo, 65 APOLLONIA, _f._ _Lat._ Gr. of Apollo, 65 APOLLOS, _m._ _Eng._ Gr. of Apollo, 65 _Appo_, _m._ _Ger._ Teu. wild boar, 337 AQUILA, _m._ _Eng._ Lat. eagle, 156 Aquilina, _f._ _Lat._ Lat. eagle, 156 Arabella, _f._ _Eng._ Teu. eagle heroine (?), 343 _Arbell_, _f._ _Eng._ Teu. eagle heroine (?), 343 Archambault, _m._ _Fr._ Teu. holy prince, 328 Archangel, _m._ _Eng._ Gr. archangel, 73 Archibald, _m._ _Scot._ Teu. holy prince, 329 _Archie_, _m._ _Scot._ Teu. holy prince, 329 Archimbald, _m._ _Ger._ Teu. holy prince, 329 Arcibaldo, _m._ _Ital._ Teu. holy prince, 329 ARDH, _m._ _Erse_, Kelt, high, 266 _Ardisheer_, _m._ _Pers._ Zend, fire king, 224 AREGWYDD, _Cym._ Kelt. _Arch_, _m._ _Slov._ Teu. ever king, 400 _Arend_, _m._ _Dutch_, Teu. eagle power, 343 _Areta_, _f._ _Corn._ Gr. virtuous rule, 64 ARETHUSA, _f._ _Gr._ Gr. virtuous, 83 Aretino, _m._ _Ital._ Gr. virtuous, 83 ARGYRO, _f._ _Gr._ Gr. silver, 125 _Ari_, _m._ _Nor._ Teu. eagle, 342 ARIANWEN, _f._ _Welsh_, Kelt, silver, 125, 282 ARINBIORN, _m._ _Nor._ Teu. hearth bear, 342 Ariovistus, _m._ _Lat._ Teu. host leader, 342 _Arisa_, _f._ _Russ._ Arab, 449 _Aristagoras_, _Gr._ Eng. best assembly, 83 Aristarchus, _m._ _Lat._ Gr. best governor, 83 Aristide, _m._ _Fr._ Gr. son of the best, 83 ARISTIDES, _m._ _Eng._ Gr. son of the best, 83 _Aristippus_, _Gr._ Eng. best horse, 83 Aristobulus, _m._ _Lat._ Gr. best council, 83 _Aristocles_, _Gr._ Eng. best fame, 83 _Arje_, _m._ _Dutch_, Lat. from Adria, 156 _Arkles_, _m._ _Eng._ Gr. noble fame (?), 63 Armand, _m._ _Fr._ Teu. public, 327 Armando, _m._ _Span._ Teu. public, 327 Armanno, _m._ _It._ Teu. public, 327 Armantine, _f._ _Fr._ Teu. public, 327 Armine, _m._ _Eng._ Teu. public, 327 Arminius, _m._ _Lat._ Teu. public, 327 Armyn, _m._ _Eng._ Teu. public, 327 Arnaldo, _m._ _Span._ Prov. Teu. eagle power, 342 Arnalldr, _m._ _Nor._ Teu. eagle power, 342 Arnaud, _m._ _Fr._ Teu. eagle power, 342 _Arnaut_, _m._ _Fr._ Teu. eagle power, 342 ARNBIORG, _f._ _Nor._ Teu. eagle defence, 342 ARNBIORN, _m._ _Nor._ Teu. eagle bear, 342 ARNDIS, _f._ _Nor._ eagle spirit, 342 _Arne_, _m._ _Dutch_, Lat. from Adria, 156 _Arneidur_, _f._ _Nor._ Teu. eagle haste, 342 ARNFINN, _m._ _Nor._ Teu. white eagle, 342 ARNFRIDUR, _f._ _Nor._ Teu. fair eagle, 342 ARNGEIR, _m._ _Nor._ Teu. eagle spear, 342 ARNGRIM, _m._ _Nor._ Teu. eagle mask, 342 ARNGRIMER, _m._ _Nor._ Teu. eagle mask, 342 Arnhold, _m._ _Ger._ Teu. eagle power, 342 Arnkatla, _f._ _Nor._ Teu. eagle cauldron, 342 Arnkjell, _m._ _Nor._ Teu. eagle cauldron, 342 _Arnlaug_, _f._ _Ger._ Teu. eagle liquor, 342 Arnleif, _m._ _Nor._ Teu. eagle relic, 342 Arnliotor, _m._ _Nor._ Teu. eagle terror, 342 Arnmodr, _Nor._ Teu. eagle wrath, 342 Arnold, _m._ _Ger._ Eng. Teu. eagle power, 342 Arnoldine, _f._ _Ger._ Teu. eagle power, 342 Arnolf, _m._ _Ger._ Teu. eagle wolf, 342 Arnost, _m._ _Bohm._ Teu. eagle stone (?), 342 _Arnostinrka_, _f._ _Bohm._ Teu. eagle stone, 342 Arnoud, _m._ _Fr._ Teu. eagle power, 342 _Arnoul_, _m._ _Fr._ Teu. eagle wolf, 342 ARNRIDUR, _f._ _Nor._ Teu. eagle haste, 343 ARNSTEIN, _m._ _Nor._ Teu. eagle stone, 342 ARNTHONA, _f._ _Nor._ Teu. eagle maiden, 343 ARNTHOR, _m._ _Nor._ Teu. eagle of Thor, 343 Arnthora, _f._ _Nor._ Teu. eagle of Thor, 343 Arnulf, _m._ _Eng._ Teu. eagle wolf, 343 ARNULV, _m._ _Nor._ Teu. eagle wolf, 343 ARNVALLDR, _m._ _Nor._ Teu. eagle power, 343 ARNVID, _m._ _Nor._ Teu. eagle of the wood, 343 _Arri_, _f._ _Lith._ Lat. honourable, 191 _Arrian_, _m._ _Dutch_, Lat. of Adria, 156 _Arrighetta_, _f._ _Ital._ Teu. home ruler, 310 _Arrighetto_, _m._ _Ital._ Teu. home ruler, 310 _Arrigo_, _m._ _Ital._ Teu. home ruler, 310 _Arrigozo_, _m._ _Ital._ Teu. home ruler, 310 _Arriguccio_, _m._ _Ital._ Teu. home ruler, 310 Arsaces, _m._ _Gr._ Zend, venerable, 57 ARSHA, _m._ _Pers._ Zend, venerable, 57 ARSHK, _m._ _Pers._ Zend, venerable, 57 ARSINOE, _f._ _Fr._ Gr. venerable, 57 Artabanus, _Pers._ fire worshipper. Artabanus, fire guardian. Artamenes, _Pers._ great minded. ARTAKSHATRA, _m._ _Zend_, fire king, 56 _Artaxerxes_, _m._ _Gr._ Zend, fire king, 56 Artemidore, _m._ _Fr._ Gr. gift of Artemis, 65 Artemidorus, _m._ _Lat._ Gr. gift of Artemis, 65 Artemise, _f._ _Fr._ Gr. of Artemis, 65 Artemisia, _f._ _It._ Gr. of Artemis, 65 ARTH, _m._ _Scot._ Kelt, high, 266 Arthegal, _m._ _Eng._ Kelt, high courage, 266 ARTHGAL, _m._ _Erse_, Kelt, high courage, 266 Arthmael, _m._ _Erse_, Kelt, high chief, 266 ARTHUR, _m._ _Eng._ Kelt, high, 266 _Arthurine_, _f._ _Eng._ Kelt, high, 266 Arthwys, _m._ _Welsh_, 266 Arturo, _m._ _Ital._ Kelt, high, 266 Artus, _m._ _Fr._ Kelt, high, 266 _Arve_, _m._ _Dan._ Teu. eagle of the wood, 342 Arviragus, _m._ _Lat._ Kelt, high king, 267 Arwystli, _m._ _Welsh_, Gr. best council, 83 ASBERA, _f._ _Nor._ Teu, divine bear, 291 ASBJORG, _f._ _Nor._ Teu. divine protection, 291 ARBJORN, _m._ _Nor._ Teu. divine bear, 291 ASBRAND, _m._ _Ice._ Teu. divine sword, 291 Ascelin, _m._ _Eng._ Lat. servant, 268 ASGARD, _f._ _Ice._ Teu. divine guard, 291 _Asgaut_, _m._ _Nor._ Teu. divine good, 291 _Asgjer_, _m._ _Nor._ Teu. divine spear, 291 _Asgrim_, _m._ _Ice._ Teu. divine wrath, 291 _Asher_, _m._ _Eng._ Heb. blessed, 7 Askatla, divine cauldron, 290 _Askel_, _m._ _Ice._ Teu. divine cauldron, 290 ASKETYL, _m._ _Ice._ Teu. divine cauldron, 290 _Askjell_, _m._ _Nor._ Teu. divine cauldron, 290 ASLAK, _m._ _Nor._ Teu. divine sport, 290 ASLAVG, _f._ _Nor._ Teu. divine liquor, 290 ASLEIF, _m._ _Nor._ Teu. divine relic, 290 ASMUNDR, _m._ _Nor._ Teu. divine hand, 290 _Asmus_, _m._ _Dutch_, Gr. beloved, 113 ASPAMIRTAS, _m._ _Gr._ Pers. horse lover, 78 ASPASIA, _f._ _Gr._ Gr. welcome, 60 Assrenta, _f._ _Ital._ Lat. taken up into heaven, 30 _Assur_, _m._ _Eng._ Teu. the gods, 289 _Asta_, _f._ _Ger._ Lat. venerable, 158 Astolfo, _m._ _Ital._ Teu. swift wolf, 335, 401 ASTRID, _f._ _Nor._ Teu. impulse of love, 401 Asuerues, _m._ _Fr._ Zend, venerable king, 57 ASVALD, _m._ _Nor._ Teu. divine power, 290 ASVARD, _m._ _Nor._ Teu. divine ward, 290 ASVOR, _m._ _Nor._ Teu. divine prudence, 290 ASVORA, _f._ _Nor._ Teu. divine prudence, 290 _Ata_, _m._ _Lapp._ Gr. man, 86 ATALIK, _m._ _Hung._ Tatar, father-like, 13 Atanacko, _m._ _Serv._ Gr. undying, 109 Atanagio, _m._ _Ital._ Gr. undying, 109 Atanasia, _m._ _Ital._ Gr. undying, 109 Atanasio, _m._ _It._ Gr. undying, 109 Athanase, _m._ _Fr._ Gr. undying, 109 ATHANASIOS, _m._ _Gr._ undying, 109 Athanasius, _m._ _Eng._ Lat. Ger. Gr. undying, 109 Athelstan, _m._ _Eng._ Teu. noble stone, 349 Athelwold, _m._ _Eng._ Teu. noble power, 349 ATHENAGORAS, _m._ _Gr._ Athene’s assembly, 64 ATHENAIOS, _m._ _Gr._ Gr. of Athene, 64 ATHENAIS, _f._ _Fr._ Gr. of Athene, 64 Athenodorus, _m._ _Lat._ Gr. Athene’s gift, 64 _Atli_, _m._ _Nor._ Tatar, father-like, 13 Atte, _m._ _Lett._ Teu. rich, 376 Attila, _m._ _Lat._ Tatar, father-like, 13 ATTILIUS, _m._ _Lat._ father-like (?), 13 _Attinsch_, _m._ _Lett._ Teu. rich, 376 _Attok_, _m._ _Lapp._ Gr. man, 86 Atty, _m._ _Ir._ Kelt, high, or horseman, 266 Aubrey, _m._ _Eng._ Teu. elf ruler, 380 Aubri, _m._ _Fr._ Teu. elf ruler, 380 Aud, _f._ _Ice._ Teu. rich, 376 Auda, _f._ _Eng._ Teu. rich, 376 Audafrei, _m._ _Fr._ Teu. rich peace, 376 _Audard_, _m._ _Fr._ Teu. people’s firmness, 375 AUDGRIE, _m._ _Nor._ Teu. rich helmet, 376 AUDGUNNR, _f._ _Nor._ Teu. rich war, 376 _Audoacer_, _m._ _Goth._ Teu. treasure watcher, 376 AUDOENUS, _m._ _Lat._ Teu. rich friend, 376 Audofled, _f._ _Frank._ Teu. rich increase, 376 Audoin, _m._ _Lomb._ rich friend, 376 AUDOVARD, _m._ _Nor._ Teu. rich guard, 376 AUDR, _m._ _Nor._ Teu. rich, 376 Audrey, _f._ _Eng._ Teu. noble threatener, 410 _Audulf_, _m._ _Ice._ Teu. rich wolf, 335 AUDUR, _m._ _Ice._ Teu. rich, 376 AUDVAKR, _m._ _Goth._ Teu. treasure watcher, 376 AUDWINE, _m._ _Frank._ Teu. rich friend, 376 _Augen_, rich war, 376 AUGMUND, _m._ _Nor._ Teu. awful protection, 323 August, _m._ _Ger._ Lat. venerable, 157 Augusta, _f._ _Eng._ Ger. Lat. venerable, 157 Auguste, _m._ _Fr._ Lat. venerable, 157 Augusteen, _f._ _Ir._ Lat. venerable, 158 Augustin, _m._ _Eng._ Ger. Lat. venerable, 158 Augustina, _f._ _Ger._ Lat. venerable, 158 Augustine, _f._ _Fr._ Lat. venerable, 158 Augustino, _m._ _Span._ Lat. venerable, 158 Augustinus, _m._ _Lat._ Lat. venerable, 158 Augusts, _m._ _Lett._ Lat. venerable, 157 AUGUSTUS, _m._ _Lat._ Eng. Lat. venerable, 157 Augustyn, _m._ _Pol._ Lat. venerable, 158 _Auhy_, _Ir._ Kelt. horseman, 276 AUJUSTS, _m._ _Lett._ Lat. venerable, 157 AULUS, _m._ _Lat._ Lat. sustaining (?), or cockle (?), or hall, 131 Aurelia, _f._ _Eng._ Lat. golden, 143 Aurélie, _f._ _Fr._ Lat. golden, 143 AURELIUS, _m._ _Lat._ golden, 143 AURORA, _f._ _Eng._ Ger. Lat. dawn, 169 Aurore, _f._ _Fr._ Lat. dawn, 169 _Austin_, _m._ _Eng._ Lat. venerable, 158 Authaire, _m._ _Teu._ rich warrior, 378 _Avald_, _m._ _Nor._ Teu. 323 AVARDDWY, _m._ _Cym._ Kelt. 224 _Avel_, _m._ _Russ._ Heb. breath, 11 Aveline, _f._ _Norman_, Heb. pleasant, 232 _Averil_, _f._ _Eng._ Teu. wild boar battle maid, 337 _Averkie_, _m._ _Wall._ Teu. noble ruler, 412 Avgust, _m._ _Russ._ Lat. venerable, 157 Avgusta, _f._ _Russ._ Lat. venerable, 157 Avgusta, _f._ _Russ._ Slov. Lat. venerable, 157 Avgustin, _m._ _Russ._ Slov. Lat. venerable, 157 Avice, _f._ _Eng._ Teu. war refuge, 305 Avicia, _f._ Lat. Teu. war refuge, 305 Avis, _f._ _Eng._ Teu. war refuge, 305 _Avraam_, _m._ _Russ._ Heb. father of multitudes, 12 _Avramij_, _m._ _Russ._ Heb. father of multitudes, 12 Awdry, _f._ _Eng._ Teu. noble threatener, 310 _Awel_, _m._ _Russ._ Heb. breath, 11 Awlay, _m._ _Scott._ Kelt. work, 330 _Awnan_, _m._ _Ir._ Heb. Lat. Adam, the dwarf, 10 Awst, _m._ _Welsh_, Lat. venerable, 157 _Axel_, _m._ _Dan._ Teu. divine reward, 13 _Ayelt_, _m._ _Fris._ Teu. formidable firmness, 323 _Ayldo_, _m._ _Fris._ Teu. formidable firmness, 323 _Aylmer_, _m._ _Eng._ Teu. formidable fame, 323 _Aylward_, _m._ _Eng._ Teu. formidable guard, 323 _Aylwin_, _m._ _Eng._ Teu. formidable friend, 323 _Aylwin_, _m._ _Eng._ Teu. formidable fame, 323; elf friend, 266 Aymar, _m._ _Eng._ Teu. work ruler, 331 Aymon, _m._ _Fr._ Teu. home, 311 _Ayoub_, _m._ _Arab._ Heb. persecuted, 26 Azalaïs, _f._ _Prov._ Teu. noble cheer, 411 Azalbert, _m._ _Prov._ Teu. nobly bright, 411 _Azelin_, _m._ _Norman_, Tatar, fatherlike, 13 _Azemar_, _m._ _Prov._ Teu. fierce fame, 412 Azo, _m._ _Ital._ Lat. from Acca, 140 Azor, _m._ _Norman_, Teu. the gods, 289 Azzo, _m._ _Ital._ Lat. from Acca, 140 Azzolino, _m._ _Ital._ Lat. from Acca, 140 B _Baaje_, _m._ _Nor._ Teu. bow, 351 _Bab_, _f._ _Eng._ Gr. stranger, 117 _Baba_, _f._ _Lus._ _Swiss_, Gr. stranger, 117 _Babali_, _f._ _Swiss_, Gr. stranger, 117 _Babbe_, _f._ _Lett._ Gr. stranger, 117 _Babeli_, _f._ _Swiss_, Gr. stranger, 117 _Babet_, _f._ _Fr._ Heb. God’s oath, 35 _Babette_, _f._ _Fr._ Heb. God’s oath, 35 _Babiche_, _f._ _Fr._ Heb. stranger, 117 _Babichon_, _f._ _Fr._ Heb. God’s oath, 35 _Babie_, _f._ _Scot._ Gr. stranger, 117 _Babuscha_, _f._ _Lus._ Gr. stranger, 117 _Baccio_, _m._ _Ital._ Lat. babbler, 159 Badezom, _m._ _Bret._ Gr. baptizer, 44 Badilo, _m._ _Ger._ Teu. messenger, 413 Bado, _m._ _Ger._ Teu. messenger, 413 BAEZ, _m._ _Welsh_, Kelt. boar, 152 Bahee, _f._ _Manx_, life, 243 _Bal_, _m._ _Lus._ Pers. war council (?), 211 _Bal_, _m._ _Lus._ Lat. healthy, 152 _Balas_, _m._ _Hung._ Lat. babbler, 159 _Balawn_, _m._ _Welsh_, Lat. strong, 153 BALBUS, _m._ _Lat._ stammerer, 159 BALDAG, _m._ _A.S._ Teu. white day, 303 Baldassare, _m._ _Ital._ Pers. war council, 211 Baldbrecht, _m._ _Ger._ princely splendour, 303 BALDEFLEDE, _f._ _Eng._ Teu. princely increase, 303 BALDEGISEL, _m._ _Frank._ Teu. prince pledge, 303 BALDEMAR, _m._ _Ger._ Teu. princely fame, 303 BALDEMUND, _m._ _Ger._ Teu. princely protection, 303 BALDERICH, _m._ _Ger._ Teu. prince ruler, 303 BALDERIK, _m._ _Swiss_, Teu. prince ruler, 303 Balderik, _m._ _Swed._ Teu. prince ruler, 303 Balderyk, _m._ _Pol._ Teu. prince ruler, 303 BALDETRUD, _f._ _Ger._ Teu. princely maid, 303 BALDFRIED, _m._ _Ger._ Teu. prince peace, 303 _Baldie_, _m._ _Scot._ Teu. sacred prince, 303 _Baldo_, _m._ _Ger._ Teu. prince, 303 Baldovino, _m._ _Ital._ Teu. prince friend, 303 BALDRAMM, _m._ _Eng._ Teu. prince raven, 303 BALDRED, _m._ _Eng._ Teu. prince council, 303 BALDRIC, _m._ _Eng._ Teu. prince ruler, 303 BALDUR, _m._ _Nor._ Teu. white, 303 Baldwin, _m._ _Eng._ Teu. prince friend, 304 BALDWINE, _m._ _Eng._ Teu. prince friend, 304 _Balint_, _m._ _Lith._ Lat. strong, 153 _Balk_, _m._ _Lus._ Pers. war council (?), 211 _Balk_, _m._ _Lus._ Lat. healthy, 153 _Balsys_, _m._ _Lith._ Pers. war council (?), 211 _Balta_, _m._ _Ill._ Pers. war council (?), 211 Baltasar, _m._ _Span._ Pers. war council (?), 211 Baltasard, _m._ _Fr._ Pers. war council (?), 211 Baltassare, _m._ _Ital._ Pers. war council (?), 211 Baltazar, _m._ _Ill._ Pers. war council(?), 211 Balthasar, _m._ _Ger._ _Eng._ Pers. war council (?), 211 _Balto_, _m._ _Ill._ Pers. war council (?), 211 _Baltramejus_, _m._ _Lith._ Heb. son of furrows, 25 _Baltras_, _m._ _Lith._ Heb. son of furrows, 25 _Baltyn_, _m._ _Lus._ Pers. war council (?), 211 _Bältzel_, _m._ _Swiss_, Pers. war council (?), 211 _Balz_, _m._ _Swiss_, Pers. war council (?), 211 BANAN, _Erse_, white, 244 _Banej_, _m._ _Slov._ Lat. of the city, 202 _Bandi_, _m._ _Hung._ Gr. man, 86 Banquo, _m._ _Eng._ Kelt. white, 244 BAOTHGALACH, _m._ _Erse_, Kelt. youthful courage, 224 Baptist, _m._ _Russ._ _Ger._ _Eng._ Gr. baptizer, 44 Baptista, _m._ _Port._ Gr. baptizer, 44 Baptiste, _m._ _Fr._ Gr. baptizer, 44 Baptysta, _m._ _Pol._ Gr. baptizer, 44 Barak, _m._ _Eng._ Heb. lightning. _Barba_, _f._ _Ill._ _Span._ _Eng._ Slav. Gr. stranger, 117 BARBARA, _f._ _Ger._ _It._ _Russ._ Gr. stranger, 117 Barbary, _f._ _Eng._ Gr. stranger, 117 Barbe, _f._ _Fr._ _Lett._ _Ger._ Gr. stranger, 117 _Barbeli_, _f._ _Gr._ Gr. stranger, 117 _Barbica_, _f._ _Slov._ Gr. stranger, 117 Barbora, _f._ _Lus._ Gr. stranger, 117 _Barbota_, _f._ _Bohm._ Gr. stranger, 117 _Barbraa_, _f._ _Dutch_, Gr. stranger, 117 _Barbule_, _f._ _Lett._ Gr. stranger, 117 _Barbutte_, _f._ _Lith._ Gr. stranger, 117 Barca, _m._ _Lat._ Phœn. lightning, _Bardo_, _m._ _Dan._ Heb. son of furrows, 25 Bardolf, _m._ _Eng._ Teu. bright wolf, 335 BARDR, _m._ _Nor._ Ice. beard, 427 _Barend_, _m._ _Dutch_, Teu. firm bear, 339 _Barna_, _m._ _Ital._ Heb. son of consolation, 24 Barnaba, _m._ _Ital._ _Ger._ Heb. son of consolation, 24 Barnabas, _m._ _Eng._ Heb. son of consolation, 24 Barnabé, _m._ _Fr._ Heb. son of consolation, 24 Barnaby, _m._ _Eng._ Heb. son of consolation, 24 Barnard, _m._ _Ir._ Teu. firm bear, 339 _Barney_, _m._ _Ir._ Teu. firm bear, 339 Barry, _m._ _Ir._ Kelt. looking straight at the mark, 224 _Bart_, _m._ _Dutch_, Heb. son of furrows, 25 _Bartek_, _m._ _Pol._ Heb. son of furrows, 25 _Bartel_, _m._ Heb. son of furrows, 25 _Barteo_, _m._ _Ill._ Heb. son of furrows, 25 _Barthel_, _m._ _Ger._ Heb. son of furrows, 25 Barthelemi, _m._ _Fr._ Heb. son of furrows, 25 Bartholomœus, _Lat._ Heb. son of furrows, 25 Bartholomao, _m._ _Port._ Heb. son of furrows, 25 Bartholomew, _m._ _Eng._ Heb. son of furrows, 25 Bartholomieu, _m._ _Fr._ Heb. son of furrows, 25 Barthram, _m._ _Scot._ Teu. bright raven, 415 _Bartl_, _m._ _Bav._ Heb. son of furrows, 25 _Bartleme_, _m._ _Swiss_, Heb. son of furrows, 25 _Bartley_, _m._ _Ir._ Heb. son of furrows, 25 _Bartli_, _m._ _Swiss_, Heb. son of furrows, 25 _Bartlme_, _m._ _Bav._ Heb. son of furrows, 25 _Bartlomiej_, _m._ _Pol._ Heb. son of furrows, 25 _Barto_, _m._ _Lus._ Heb. son of furrows, 25 Bartold, _m._ _Ger._ Teu. bright power, 415 _Bartolik_, _m._ _Ill._ Heb. son of furrows, 25 _Bartolo_, _m._ _Span._ Heb. son of furrows, 25 Bartolomée, _m._ _Fr._ Heb. son of furrows, 25 Bartolome, _m._ _Span._ Heb. son of furrows, 25 Bartolomeo, _m._ _Ital._ Heb. son of furrows, 25 _Bartram_, _m._ _Litt._ Teu. bright raven, 345, 415 _Bartramusch_, _m._ _Litt._ Teu. bright raven, 345 BARTULF, _m._ _Ger._ Teu. bright wolf, 345 _Bartuo_, _m._ _Ill._ Heb. son of furrows, 25 Barzillai, _m._ _Eng._ Heb. son of iron, 25 _Bascho_, _m._ _Swiss_, Gr. awful, 111 Basil, _m._ _Ger._ _Eng._ Gr. kingly, 112 Basile, _m._ _Fr._ Gr. kingly, 112 Basilia, _f._ _Eng._ Gr. kingly, 112 Basilio, _m._ _Ital._ Gr. kingly, 112 Basine, _f._ _Prov._ Gr. kingly, 112 _Baste_, _m._ _Nor._ Ger. awful, 111 _Basti_, _m._ _Bav._ Gr. awful, 111 _Bastia_, _m._ _Swiss_, Gr. awful, 111 _Bastiali_, _m._ _Swiss_, Gr. awful, 111 _Bastian_, _m._ _Ger._ Gr. awful, 111 _Bastiano_, _m._ _Ital._ Gr. awful, 111 _Bastiao_, _m._ _Port._ Gr. awful, 111 _Bastien_, _m._ _Fr._ Gr. awful, 111 _Bat_, _m._ _Eng._ Heb. son of furrows, 25 BATHANAT, _m._ Kelt, son of the boar, 224 BATHILDA, _f._ _Eng._ Teu. commanding battle maid, 338, 413 Bathilde, _f._ _Fr._ Teu. commanding battle maid, 413 Bathsheba, _f._ _Eng._ Heb. daughter of the oath. Bathshua, _f._ _Eng._ Heb. daughter of the oath. Bâtiste, _m._ _Fr._ Gr. baptizer, 44 _Batiste_, _m._ _Fr._ Gr. baptizer, 44 _Batram_, _m._ _Lus._ Teu. bright raven 345, 415 _Batramusch_, _m._ _Lus._ Teu. bright raven, 345, 415 Battista, _f._ _Fr._ Gr. baptizer, 44 _Baud_, _m._ _Fr._ Teu. prince, 303 BAUDOUIN, _m._ _Fr._ Teu. princely friend, 303 _Baudoin_, _f._ _Fr._ Teu. princely friend, 303 Baudri, _m._ _Fr._ Teu. bold ruler, 303 BAUDHILDUR, _f._ _Nor._ Teu. commanding battle maid, 413 Baudrand, _m._ _Fr._ Teuton, prince raven, 303 Baudouin, _m._ _Fr._ Teu. prince friend, 303 BAUGE, _m._ _Ice._ Teu. bow, 351 BAUGISEL, _m._ _Ice._ Teu. bow pledge, 351 Bauista, _m._ _Span._ Gr. baptizer, 44 _Bazyli_, _m._ _Pol._ Gr. kingly, 112 BEADWEIG, _m._ _A.S._ Teu. battle war. Brearck, Lat. Ill. babbler, 158 Beat, _m._ _Fr._ Lat. blessed, 183 Beata, _f._ _Eng._ Lat. blessed, 183 Beate, _f._ _Fr._ Lat. blessed, 183 Beatrica, _f._ _Slov._ Lat. blesser, 183 Beatrice, _f._ _Ital._ _Eng._ _Ger._ Lat. blesser, 183 Beatriks, _f._ _Russ._ Lat. blesser, 183 BEATRIX, _f._ _French_, _Port._ Lat. blesser, 183 BEATUS, _m._ _Lat._ blessed, 183 _Bebba_, _f._ _Swiss_, Heb. God’s oath, 35 _Bebbeli_, _f._ _Swiss_, Heb. God’s oath, 35 BEBINN, _f._ _Gael._ Kelt. melodious, 224 _Becky_, _f._ _Eng._ Heb. noosed cord, 14 BEDAWS, _m._ _Cym._ Kelt. life, 254 Bede, _m._ _Eng._ Kelt. life, Teu. prayer, 254 _Bedrich_, _m._ _Bohm._ Teu. peace ruler, 296 _Bedriska_, _f._ _Bohm._ Teu. peace ruler, 296 BEDWULF, _m._ _Eng._ Teu. commanding wolf, 335, 413 Bees, _f._ _Eng._ Teu. praying—Kelt. life, 253 _Beffana_, _f._ _It._ Gr. manifestation, 212 Bega, _f._ _Eng._ Kelt. life—Teu. prayer, 253 Begga, _f._ _Nor._ Kelt. life—Teu. prayer, 253 _Beìeli_, _m._ _Swiss_, Heb. goodness of the Lord, 49 _Bejmia_, _m._ _Lus._ Gr. fair fame, 88 _Bela_, _f._ _Span._ Heb. God’s oath, 35 _Bela_, _m._ _Hung._ Teu. nobly bright, 410 Belinda, _f._ _Eng._ Ital. (?) serpent, 464 Belisarius, _m._ _Lat._ Slav. white prince, 211 BELITZAR, _m._ Slav. white prince, 211 _Belle_, _f._ _Eng._ Phœn. oath of Baal, 35 BELLONA, _f._ _Eng._ Lat. warlike, 169 Bellovisus, _m._ _Lat._ beautiful to behold, 352 Belphœbe, _f._ _Eng._ Gr. far light, 65 Beltran, _m._ _Span._ Teu. bright raven, 415 _Bema_, _f._ _Lus._ Gr. fair speech, 88 _Ben_, _m._ _Eng._ Heb. son of the right hand, 7 _Bendik_, _m. Nor._ Lat. blessed, 184 Bendikkas, _m._ _Lett._ Lat. blessed, 184 _Bendzus_, _m._ _Lett._ Lat. blessed, 184 Benedek, _m._ _Hung._ Lat. blessed, 184 Benedetta, _f._ _Ital._ Lat. blessed, 184 Benedetto, _m._ _Ital._ Lat. blessed, 184 Benedict, _m._ _Eng._ Lat. blessed, 184 Benedicta, _f._ _Port._ _Eng._ Lat. blessed, 184 Benedictine, _f._ _Ger._ Lat. blessed, 184 Benedicto, _m._ _Port._ Lat. blessed, 184 BENEDICTUS, _m._ _Lat._ blessed, 184 Benedikt, _m._ _Ger._ Lat. blessed, 184 Benedickta, _f._ _Ger._ Lat. blessed, 184 _Benedit_, _m._ _Ill._ Lat. blessed, 184 _Benedix_, _m._ _Ger._ Lat. blessed, 184 _Benedykt_, _m._ _Pol._ Lat. blessed, 184 Bengt, _Swed._ Lat. blessed, 184 Benigna, _f._ _Ger._ Lat. kind, 183 Benigne, _m._ _Fr._ Lat. kind, 183 BENIGNUS, _m._ Lat. kind, 183 _Beniesch_, _Lus._ Lat. blessed, 184 _Benin_, _m._ _Fr._ Lat. kind, 183 Benita, _f._ _Span._ Lat. blessed, 184 Benito, _m._ _Span._ Lat. blessed, 184 BENJAMIN, _m._ _Eng._ Heb. son of the right hand, 7 Benjamino, _m._ _It._ Heb. son of the right hand, 7 _Benjie_, _m._ _Scot._ Heb. son of the right hand, 7 _Bennéad_, _m._ _Bret._ Lat. blessed, 184 _Bennéged_, _m._ _Bret._ Lat. blessed, 184 Bennet, _m._ _Eng._ Lat. blessed, 183 _Benno_, _m._ _Ger._ Teu. firm bear, 339 Benoit, _m._ _Fr._ Lat. blessed, 184 Benoite, _f._ _Fr._ Lat. blessed, 184 Benoni, _m. Eng._ Heb. son of sorrow, 7 _Bent_, _m._ _Dan._ Lat. blessed, 184 _Benvenuto_, _m._ _It._ welcome, 185 Benyna, _f._ _Lith._ Lat. kind, 183 _Benzel_, _m._ _Swiss_, Lat. blessed, 184 _Benzli_, _m._ _Swiss_, Lat. blessed, 184 BEORN, _m._ _A.S._ Teu. bear, 339 BEORNULF, _m._ _A.S._ Teu. bear wolf, 339 BEORNWALD, _m._ _A.S._ Teu. bear power, 339 BEORHTRIC, _m._ _A.S._ Teu. bright ruler, 415 BEOWULF, _m._ _A.S._ Teu. harvest wolf, 335 _Beppo_, _m._ _It._ Heb. addition, 23 Bera, _f._ _Nor._ Teu. bear, 339 BERACH, _m._ _Erse_, Kelt. looking straight at the mark, 224 Béranger, _m._ _Fr._ Teu. bear spear, 339 Bérengère, _f._ _Fr._ Teu. bear spear, 339 _Berault_, _m._ _Fr._ Teu. bear power, 340 BERCHTA, _f._ _Ger._ Teu. bright, 415 BERCHTHILDA, _f._ _Frank._ Teu. bright battle maid, 415 BERCHTIRAMM, _m._ _Frank._ Teu. bright raven, 345, 415 BERCHTVOLD, _m._ _A.S._ Teu. bright power, 339, 415 _Berdrand_, _m._ _Ger._ Teu. bright raven, 345, 415 _Berend_, _m._ _Ger._ Teu. firm bear, 339 Berengar, _m._ _Ger._ Teu. bear spear, 339 Berengaria, _f._ _Eng._ Teu. bear spear, 339 Berenger, _m._ _Eng._ _Span._ Teu. bear spear, 339 Berenguela, _f._ _Span._ Teu. bear spear, 339 BERENICE, _f._ _Macedonian_, Gr. bringing victory, 90 _Berents_, _Lett._ Teu. bear firm, 339 Berghild, _f._ _Nor._ Teu. protecting battle maid, 419 BERGLIOT, _f._ _Swed._ Teu. mountain terror, 419 _Berge_, _f._ _Lett._ Kelt. 236 BERGSWAIN, _m._ _Nor._ Teu. protecting youth, 419 BERGTHOR, _m._ _Nor._ Teu. protecting Thor, 419 BERGTHORA, _f._ _Nor._ Teu. protecting Thor, 419 Bernal, _m._ _Span._ Teu. firm bear, 339 _Bernaldo_, _m._ _Fr._ _It._ Teu. bear’s power, 339 Bernard, _m._ _Eng._ Teu. firm bear, 340 _Bernardek_, _m._ _Slov._ Teu. firm bear, 339 _Bernardin_, _m._ _Fr._ Teu. firm bear, 339 Bernardina, _f._ _Ital._ Teu. firm bear, 339 Bernardine, _f._ _Fr._ Teu. firm bear, 339 _Bernardino_, _m._ _Ital._ Teu. firm bear, 339 Bernardo, _m._ _Ital._ Teu. firm bear, 339 Bernardu, _m._ _Wallach._ Teu. firm bear, 339 _Bernat_, _m._ _Hung._ Teu. firm bear, 339 Bernclo, _m._ _Bav._ Teu. bear’s claw, 339 _Bernd_, _m._ _Fris._ Teu. bear firm, 339 Berner, _m._ _Ger._ Teu. bear warrior, 339 Berngard, _m._ _Russ._ Teu. bear firm, 339 Bernhard, _m._ _Ger._ Teu. bear firm, 339 Berngard, _f._ _Dan._ Teu. bear spear, 339 Bernhardine, _f._ _Ger._ Teu. bear firm, 339 _Bernice_, _Eng._ Gr. bringing victory, 90 Bernold, _m._ _Ger._ Teu. bear power, 339 _Berns_, _m._ _Lett._ Teu. bear firm, 339 Bersi, _m._ _Nor._ Teu. bear, 339 Berta, _f._ _Ital._ _Pol._ Teu. bright (Epiphany night), 212, 415 Bertalda, _f._ _Ger._ Teu. bright battle maid, 415 Bertaldo, _m._ _It._ Teu. bright firm, 415 Bertar, _m._ _Ger._ Teu. bright warrior, 415 _Bertel_, _m._ _Ger._ Heb. son of furrows, 25 _Bertel_, _Dan._ Teu. noble brightness, 415 _Bertelmes_, _m._ _Dutch_, Heb. son of furrows, 25 BERTHA, _f._ _Eng._ _Ger._ Teu. bright (Epiphany night), 212, 415 Berthe, _f._ _Fr._ Teu. bright (Epiphany night), 212, 415 Berthilda, _f._ _Ger._ Teu. bright battle maid, 414 Berthold, _m._ _Ger._ Teu. bright firm, 415 Bertille, _f._ _Fr._ Teu. bright battle maid, 414 Bertin, _m._ _Fr._ Teu. bright friend, 415 Berto, _m._ _Ger._ Teu. bright. _Bertok_, _m._ _Hung._ Teu. bright raven, 414 Bertold, _m._ _Ger._ Teu. bright power, 414 Bertoldo, _m._ _Ital._ Teu. bright firm, 414 Bertolf, _m._ _Ger._ Teu. bright wolf, 335 Bertoud, _m._ _Fr._ Teu. bright firm, 415 Bertrade, _f._ _Fr._ Teu. bright speech, 415 Bertram, _m._ _Ger._ _Eng._ Teu. bright raven, 415 Bertran, _m._ _Prov._ _Span._ Teu. bright raven, 415 Bertrand, _m._ _Fr._ _Ger._ Teu. bright raven, or shield, 415 Bertrăo, _m._ _Span._ Teu. bright raven, 415 Bertrich, _m._ _Ger._ Teu. bright rule, 415 Bertrud, _f._ _Ger._ Teu. bright maid, 415 _Bertuccio_, _m._ _Ital._ Teu. bright friend, 415 Bertulf, _m._ _Ger._ Teu. bright wolf, 335, 415 BERTWINE, _m._ _Ger._ Teu. bright friend, 415 _Berzske_, _f._ _Lett._ Kelt. strength, 236 _Bess_, _f._ _Eng._ Heb. God’s oath, 35 Besse, _m._ _Nor._ Teu. bear, 339 _Bessie_, _f._ _Scot._ Heb. God’s oath, 35 _Bessy_, _f._ _Eng._ Heb. God’s oath, 35 _Bet_, _f._ _Eng._ Heb. God’s oath, 35 _Beta_, _f._ _Lus._ Heb. God’s oath, 35 BETH, _f._ _Gael._ Kelt. life, 253 _Betha_, _f._ _Swiss_, Heb. God’s oath, 35 Bethia, _f._ _Eng._ Kelt. life, 253 _Bethlem_, _m._ _Hung._ Heb. house of bread, 39 BETHOC, _f._ _Gael._ Kelt. life, 253 _Betsey_, _f._ _Eng._ Heb. God’s oath, 35 _Betta_, _f._ _It._ Lat. blessed, 183 _Bette_, _f._ _Ger._ Heb. God’s oath, 35 _Bettina_, _f._ _It._ Lat. blessed, 183 _Bettine_, _f._ _Ger._ Heb. God’s oath, 35 _Bettino_, _m._ _Ital._ Lat. blessed, 183 _Betto_, _m._ _Ital._ Lat. blessed, 183 Bettrys, _f._ _Welsh_, Lat. blesser, 183 _Betty_, _f._ _Eng._ Heb. God’s oath, 35 Bevis, _m._ _Eng._ Teu. bow, 351 Biagio, _m._ _Ital._ Lat. babbler, 159 Bianca, _f._ _Ital._ Teu. white, 428 Biasio, _m._ _Ital._ Lat. babbler, 159 Bibiana, _f._ Lat. living, 197 Bibianus, _m._ Lat. living, 197 Biddulph, _f._ _Eng._ Teu. commanding wolf, 413 _Biddy_, _f._ _Ir._ Kelt. strength, 235 _Bice_, _f._ _It._ Lat. blesser, 183 _Bildaberta_, _f._ _Ger._ 212 Bilichilde, _f._ _Fr._ Teu. resolute battle maid, 314 _Bilippos_, _m._ _Macedonian_, Gr. loving horses, 79 _Bill_, _m._ _Eng._ Teu. helmet of resolution, 314 _Bille_, _f._ _Lith._ Lat. wise old woman, 313 _Bindus_, _m._ _Lett._ Lat. blessed, 183 _Bine_, _f._ _Serv._ Lat. kind, 184 Binkentios, _m._ _Gr._ Lat. conquering, 197 BIORGULV, _m._ _Nor._ protecting wolf, 419 _Birge_, 419 Birger, _m._ _Dan._ Teu. protecting warrior, 419 _Birre_, _f._ _Esth._ Kelt. strength, 236 _Bisch_, _Swiss_, Gr. baptism, 44 _Bischeli_, _Swiss_, Gr. baptism, 44 _Bjorgulv_, _m._ _Ice._ Teu. mountain wolf, 419 BJORN, _m._ _Nor._ Teu. bear, 339 BJORNAR, _m._ _Nor._ Teu. bear warrior, 339 BJORNGJAR, _m._ _Nor._ Teu. bear spear, 339 Bjorngjerd, _m._ _Nor._ Teu. bear spear. BJORNHARD, _m._ _Nor._ Teu. stern bear, 339 BJORNHEDINN, _m._ _Nor._ Teu. bear fury, 339 BJORNSTERN, _m._ _Nor._ Teu. bear star, 339 BJORNULV, _m._ _Nor._ Teu. bear wolf, 339 Blaas, _m._ _Dutch_, Teu. babbler, 159 Blagodvoj, _m._ _Ill._ Slav. good war, 444 BLAGOGOST, _m._ _Slav._ good guest, 444 _Blagoje_, _Ill._ Slav. good war, 444 BLAGOROD, _m._ _Ill._ Slav. good birth, 444 BLAGOSLAV, _m._ _Ill._ Slav. good glory, 444 Blaise, _m._ _Fr._ Lat. babbler, 159 _Blaisot_, _m._ _Fr._ Lat. babbler, 159 Blanca, _f._ _Ger._ _Span._ Teu. white, 429 Blanch, _f._ _Eng._ Teu. white, 428 BLANCHE, _f._ _Fr._ Teu. white, 429 Blanchefleur, _f._ _Fr._ Teu. white flower, 172, 428 Blanco, _m._ _Span._ Teu. white, 429 Blas, _m._ _Span._ Lat. babbler, 159 Blase, _m._ _Eng._ Lat. babbler, 159 _Blasek_, _m._ _Ill._ Lat. babbler, 159 _Blasi_, _m._ _Ger._ Lat. babbler, 159 Blasia, _f._ _Ger._ Lat. babbler, 159 Blasio, _m._ _It._ Lat. babbler, 159 BLASIUS, _m._ _Ger._ _Lat._ Lat. babbler, 159 _Blasko_, _m._ _Ill._ Lat. babbler, 159 _Blasok_, _m._ _Bav._ Lat. babbler, 159 Blaszej, _m._ _Pol._ _Bohm._ Lat. babbler, 159 Blathnaid, _f._ _Erse_, Kelt, white flower, 428 Blaz, _m._ _Ill._ Lat. babbler, 159 Blaze, _m._ _Eng._ Lat. babbler, 159 Blazek, _m._ _Ill._ Lat. babbler, 159 BLAZENA, _f._ _Slav._ Slav, happy, 444 _Blazko_, _m. Ill._ Lat. babbler, 159 BLENDA, _f. Swed._ Teu. dazzling, 429 Boadicea, _f._ _Lat._ Kelt, victory, 227 Boaventura, _m._ _Port._ Ital. well met, 185 _Bob_, _m._ _Eng._ Teu. bright fame, 392 _Bobbo_, _m._ _Ger._ Teu. father, 333 _Bobo_, _m._ _Ger._ Teu. father, 333 _Bodil_, _f._ _Nor._ Teu. commanding battle maid, 413 _Bodild_, _f._ _Nor._ Teu. commanding battle maid, 413 BODMOD, _m._ _Dan._ Teu. battle fury, 414 BODNAR, _m._ _Dan._ Teu. battle leader, 414 _Bodo_, _m._ _Ger._ Teu. commander, 413 Bodulf, _m._ _Dan._ Teu. commanding wolf, 413 BODVULF, _m._ _A.S._ Teu. commanding wolf, 413 BODVULF, _m._ _Dan._ Teu. battle wolf, 414 _Boel_, _f._ _Nor._ Teu. commanding battle maid, 413 Boemondo, _m._ _It._ Slav. God’s love (?). Boethius, _m._ _Lat._ Kelt. youthful courage. _Bogasav_, _m._ _Ill._ Slav. God’s glory, 438 BOGDAN, _m._ _Slav._ Slav. God’s gift, 438 BOGDANA, _f._ _Slav._ Slav. God’s gift, 438 BOGE, _m._ _Nor._ Teu. bow, 352 Bogislaus, _m._ _Eng._ Slav. God’s glory, 438 BOGO, _m._ _Ger._ Teu. bow, 352 BOGOBOJ, _m._ _Slav._ Slav. God’s battle, 438 BOGOHVAL, _m._ _Slav._ Slav. God’s praise, 438 BOGOMIL, _m._ _Ill._ Slav. God’s love, 438 BOGOSLAV, _m._ _Slav._ Slave, God’s glory, 438 _Bogue_, _m._ _Eng._ Teu. bow, 352 Bohdan, _m._ _Bohm._ Slav. God’s gift, 438 Bohdana, _m._ _Bohm._ Slav. God’s gift, 438 Bohemond, _m._ _Eng._ Slav. God’s love (?), 438 _Bohumil_, _m._ _Bohm._ Slav. God’s love, 438 _Bohumir_, _m._ _Bohm._ Slav. God’s peace, 438 BOIDH, _m._ _Gadhaelic_, Erse, yellow, 252 _Boldisar_, _m._ _Hung._ Pers. war council, 211 Boleslao, _m._ _Span._ Slav. stronger glory, 441 Boleslas, _m._ _Fr._ Slav. strong glory, 441 Boleslau, _m._ _Port._ Slav, strong-glory, 441 BOLESLAV, _m._ _Slav._ Slav. strong glory, 441 _Bolta_, _m._ _Ill._ Pers. 211 Boltazar, _m._ _Slov._ Pers. 211 BONA, _f._ _It._ Ger. Lat. good, 185 BONAVENTURA, _m._ _It._ well met, 185 Bonaventure, _m._ _Fr._ It. well met, 185 BONDR, _m._ _Nor._ farmer, 332 Bonifac, _m._ _Bohm._ Lat. well doer, 185 Boniface, _m._ _Eng._ _Fr._ Lat. well doer, 185 Bonifacij, _m._ _Russ._ Lat. well doer, 185 Bonifacio, _m._ _It._ Lat. well doer, 185 BONIFACIUS, _m._ _Ger._ Lat. well doer, 185 Bonifacy, _m._ _Pol._ Lat. well doer, 185 Bonifaz, _m._ _Ger._ Lat. well doer, 185 Bonifazio, _m._ _It._ Lat. well doer, 185 Bonne, _f._ _Fr._ Lat. good, 185 _Bopp_, _m._ _Swiss_, Heb. supplanter, 17 _Boppi_, _f._ _Swiss_, Heb. addition, 23 BORIS, _m._ _Russ._ fight, 441 _Borka_, _m._ _Russ._ Slav. fight, 441 _Borinka_, _m._ _Russ._ Slav. fight, 441 Borivor, _m._ _Bohm._ Slav. fight, 441 BORGNY, protecting freshness, 419 _Borny_, protecting freshness, 419 _Borbola_, _Hung._ stranger, 117 _Boris_, _Hung._ stranger, 117 Bors, _m._ _Eng._ Kelt. boar, 152 _Bortolo_, _m._ _It._ Heb. son of furrows, 25 Boso, _m._ _Ger._ Teu. commander, 413 _Bostej_, _m._ _Sl._ Gr. awful, 111 _Bostjan_, _m._ _Sl._ Gr. awful, 111 Botheric, _m._ _Goth._ Teu. commanding king, 413 Bothild, _f._ _Dan._ Teu. commanding heroine, 413 _Botho_, _m._ _Ger._ Teu. commander, 413 Botolph, _m._ _Eng._ Teu. commanding wolf, 413 Botzhild, _f._ _Ger._ Teu. commanding heroine, 413 _Botzo_, _m._ _Ger._ Teu. commander, 413 Botzulf, _m._ _Ger._ Teu. commanding wolf, 413 Boyd, _m._ _Scot._ Kelt. yellow, 252 Bozena, _m._ _Slov._ Slav. Christmas child, 438 _Bozicko_, _m._ _Slov._ Slav. Christmas child, 438 BOZIDAR, _m._ _Slov._ Slav. God’s gift, 438 BOZIDARA, _m._ _Slov._ Slave, God’s gift, 438 BOZO, _m._ _Ger._ Teu. commander, 413 BOZO, _m._ _Slov._ Slav. Christmas child, 438 BRAGICAN, _m._ _Ill._ Slav. brother, 444 _Brajan_, _m._ _Ill._ Slav. brother, 444 _Bram_, _m._ _Dutch,_ Heb. father of nations, 12 BRAN, _m._ _Gael._ Kelt. raven, 235 BRAN, _m._ _Cym._ Kelt. raven, 235 _Branca_, _Port._ Teu. white, 429 Brancaleone, _m._ _Ital._ arm of a lion, 77 BRAND, _m._ _Ger._ Teu. sword, 351 _Brandolf_, _m._ _Nor._ Teu. sword wolf, 351 BRATOLJUB, _m._ _Ill._ Slav. brother’s love, 444 BRAVAC, _m._ _Ill._ Slav. wild boar, 441 Braz, _m._ _Port._ Lat. babbler, 159 Brazil, _m._ _Manx_, Kelt. strong, 235 BREASAL, _m._ _Erse_, Kelt. 235 Brenda, _f._ _Scot._ Teu. sword (?), 351 Brengwain, _f._ _Eng._ Kelt. white bosom, 230 Brenhilda, _f._ _Span._ Teu. breast-plate battle maid, 360 Brennus, _m._ _Lat._ Kelt. strong, 232 _Brenzis_, _f._ _Esth._ Lat. laurel, 174 BRIAN, _m._ _Ir._ Kelt. strong, 235 Brichteva, _f._ _Nor._ Teu. bright gift, 415 BRICHTFLED, _f._ _A.S._ Teu. bright increase, 415 BRICHTFRID, _m._ _A.S._ Teu. bright peace, 415 BRICHTMAR, _A.S._ Teu. bright fame, 415 BRICHTRIC, _m._ _A.S._ Teu. bright king, 415 BRICHTSEG, _m._ _A.S._ Teu. bright warrior, 415 BRICHTSTAN, _m._ _A.S._ Teu. bright stone, 415 Bride, _f._ _Scot._ Kelt. strength, 236 Bridget, _f._ _Eng._ Kelt. strength, 236 Brien, _m._ _Fr._ Kelt. strength, 236 _Brietta_, _f._ _Ir._ Kelt. strength, 236 Brieuc, _m._ _Bret._ Kelt. strength, 236 BRIGHID, _f._ _Erse_, Kelt. strength, (goddess of smiths,) 236 Brigida, _f._ _It._ Kelt. strength, 236 Brigide, _f._ _Fr._ Kelt. strength, 236 Brigitta, _f._ _Swed._ _Ger._ Kelt. strength, 236 Brigitte, _f._ _Fr._ Kelt. strength, 236 _Brischia_, _f._ _Lus._ Kelt. strength, 236 _Brita_, _f._ _Swed._ Kelt. strength, 236 _Brites_, _f._ _Port._ strength, 236 _Brithomar_, _m._ _Kelt._ great Briton, 224 BRITHRIC, _m._ _Eng._ Teu. bright ruler, 415 BRITOMARTIS, _f._ _Crete_, Gr. sweet maid, 236 _Britle_, _f._ _Lett._ Kelt. strength, 236 _Brockwell_, _m._ _Eng._ Kelt. strong champion (?), 236 Brocmael, _m._ _Welsh_, Kelt. strong champion (?), 236 BRONISLAV, _m._ _Slav._ Slav. weapon glory, 441 BRONISLAVA, _f._ _Slav._ Slav. weapon glory, 441 BRONWEN, _f._ _Welsh_, Kelt. white bosom, 229 _Bros_, _m._ _Lus._ Gr. immortal, 109 _Brosk_, _m._ _Lus._ Gr. immortal, 109 Brunehault, _f._ _Fr._ Teu. breast-plate battle maid, 360 _Brunilla_, _f._ _Nor._ Teu. breast-plate battle maid, 360 BRUNO, _m._ _Ger._ Teu. brown, 428 _Brush_, _m._ _Eng._ Gr. immortal, 109 Bryan, _m._ _Ir._ Kelt. strong, 235 _Bryney_, _m._ _Ir._ Kelt. strong, 235 BRYNHILD, _m._ _Ger._ Teu. breast-plate battle maid, 360 BRYNJAR, _m._ _Nor._ Teu. breast-plate warrior, 360 BRUNULF, _m._ _Nor._ Teu. breast-plate wolf, 360 BUADHACH, _m._ _Erse_, Kelt. victorious, 227 _Budhic_, _m._ _Bret._ Kelt. victorious, 227 _Buddud_, _f._ _Welsh_, Kelt. victory, 227 BUDDUG, _f._ _Welsh_, Kelt. victory, 227 _Bugge_, _m._ _Dan._ Teu. bow, 352 Buovo, _It._ _Nor._ Teu. bow, 352 BURAC, _m._ _Serv._ Slav. storm, 439 BURGENHILD, _A.S._ Teu. protecting battle maid, 419 _Burja_, _m._ _Serv._ Slav. storm, 439 BURRHED, _m._ _A.S._ Teu. pledge of council, 419 Byrger, _m._ _Dan._ Teu. protecting warrior, 419 C CACCIAGUIDO, _m._ _It._ conquering war, 451 CADELL, _m._ _Welsh_, Kelt. war defence, 251 CADFER, _m._ stout in battle, 251 Cadffrawd, _m._ _Welsh_, Kelt. brother’s war, 252 Cado, _m._ _Welsh_, Kelt. 251 Cadoc, _m._ _Eng._ Kelt. 251 Cadogan, _m._ _Eng._ Kelt. 251 Cados, _m._ _Fr._ Kelt. war, 251 _Caduad_, _m._ _Brit._ Kelt. war, 251 Caduan, _m._ _Bret._ Kelt. war horn, 251 CADVAN, _m._ _Welsh_, Kelt. war horn, 252 CADWALADYR, _m._ _Welsh_, Kelt. battle arranger, 252 Cadwallader, _m._ _Eng._ Kelt. battle arranger, 251 CADWALLON, _m._ _Welsh_, Kelt. war lord (?), 251 CADWGAN, _m._ _Welsh_, Kelt. war, 252 CÆCILIA, _f._ _Lat._ blind, 144 _Cäcilie_, _f._ _Ger._ Lat. blind, 144 CÆCILIUS, _m._ _Lat._ blind, 144 _Caemhan_, _m._ _Erse_, Kelt. handsome, 256 CÆSAR, _m._ _Lat._ hairy (?), 159 Cäsar, _m._ _Ger._ Lat. hairy (?), 159 CAETANO, _m._ _Span._ Lat. of Caieta, 132 _Caharija_, _f._ _Slov._ Heb. remembrance of the Lord, 51 Cahir, _m._ _Ir._ Kelt. battle slaughter, 252 CAIA, _f._ _Lat._ rejoiced in, 131 Caieta, _f._ _Lat._ rejoiced in, 131 Cailein, _m._ dove, 261 CAILLEACH, _f._ _Erse_, Kelt. handmaid, 261 CAILLEACH AONGHAS, _f._ _Erse_, Kelt. handmaid of Angus, 261 CAILLEACH COEIMGHIN, _f._ _Erse_, Kelt. handmaid of Kevin, 261 CAILLEACH DE, _f._ _Erse_, Kelt. handmaid of God, 261 Cain, _m._ _Eng._ Heb. possession, 7 Cainan, _m._ _Eng._ Heb. gaining, 7 CAINNEACH, _m._ _Gael._ Kelt. comely, 256 CAINTIGERN, _f._ _Erse_, Kelt. fair lady, 258 Caio, _m._ _Ital._ Lat. rejoiced in, 131 CAIRBRE, _m._ _Erse_, Kelt. strong man, 250 _Caislav_, _m._ _Pol._ Slav. honour glory, 442 CAIUS, _m._ _Lat._ rejoiced in, 131 Cajetano, _m._ _Span._ Lat. of Gaeta, 131 Caleb, _m._ _Eng._ Heb. dog, 38 Caligula, _m._ _Lat._ of the sandal, 131 CALIXTUS, _m._ _Lat._ of the chalice. Callum, _m._ _Gael._ dove, 261 Calvandre, _m._ _Fr._ 57 CAMILLA, _f._ _Lat._ _Eng._ _It._ Lat. attendant at a sacrifice, 160 Camille, _m._ _f._ _Fr._ Lat. attendant at a sacrifice, 160 Camillo, _m._ _Ital._ Lat. attendant at a sacrifice, 160 CAMILLUS, _m._ _Lat._ attendant at a sacrifice, 160 Camilo, _m._ _Span._ Lat. attendant at a sacrifice, 160 CANDIDE, _f._ _Fr._ Lat. white, 270 Cane, _m._ _It._ Lat. dog, 247 Canute, _m._ _Eng._ Teu. hill, 433 Canutus, _Lat._ Teu. hill, 433 CAOIMGHIN, _m._ _Kelt._ comely, 256 _Caoimhghin_, _m._ _Erse_, Kelt. handsome, 256 CAOIN, _Erse_, Kelt. comely, 256 CAOINEACH, _Gael._ comely, Kelt. 256 CAOINNACH, _Erse_, Kelt. comely, 256 CAOMH, _Erse_, Kelt. comely, 256 _Cara_, _f._ _Gr._ Kelt. friend, 234 Caractacus, _m._ _Lat._ Kelt. beloved, 233 Caradoc, _m._ _Eng._ Kelt. beloved, 234 CARADWG, _m._ _Welsh_, Kelt. beloved, 234 _Carel_, _m._ _Dutch_, Teu. man, 386 Carl, _m._ _Ger._ Teu. man, 386 Carlina, _f._ _Ital._ Teu. man, 386 Carlo, _m._ _Ital._ Teu. man, 386 Carloman, _m._ _Fr._ Teu. strong man, 386 Carlos, _m._ _Span._ Teu. man, 386 Carlota, _f._ _Span._ Teu. man, 386 Carlotta, _f._ _Ital._ Teu. man, 386 Carmela, _f._ _Ital._ Heb. vineyard, 36 _Carmichael_, _m._ _Scot._ Kelt. friend of Michael, 260 Carmine, _f._ _Ital._ Heb. vineyard, 36 Carnation, _Gyp._ Lat. incarnation, 31 Carolina, _f._ _Ital._ Teu. man, 386 Caroline, _f._ _Eng._ _Fr._ _Ger._ Teu. man, 386 Carolus, _m._ _Lat._ Teu. man, 386 _Carry_, _f._ _Eng._ Teu. man, 386 Carvilius, _m._ _Lat._ Kelt. friend of power, 224 Casimir, _m._ _Fr._ Slav. show forth peace, 443 Casimiro, _m._ _Ital._ Slav. show forth peace, 443 _Caslav_, _m._ _Slav._ honour glory, 443 Casparo, _m._ _Ital._ Pers. treasure master, 211 Cassandra, _f._ _Eng._ Gr. 75 Cassivellaunus, _m._ _Lat._ Kelt. lord of great hate, 224 CASTIBOG, _m._ _Slav._ fear God, 444 CASTIMIR, _m._ _Slav._ honour peace, 442 CASTISLAV, _m._ _Slav._ honour glory, 444 Caswallon, _m._ _Eng._ Kelt. lord of great hate (?), 224 Catalina, _f._ _Span._ Gr. purer, 123 _Cataut_, _f._ _Fr._ Gr. pure, 123 Categern, _m._ _Eng._ Kelt. head chief, 258 Caterina, _f._ _It._ Gr. pure, 123 Caterino, _m._ _It._ Gr. pure, 123 Cathal, _Irish_, eye of battle, 252 CATHAOIR, _m._ _Erse_, Kelt. battle slaughter, 252 Catharina, _f._ _Eng._ Gr. pure, 123 Catharine, _f._ _Eng._ Gr. pure, 123 CATHBAR, _m._ _Erse_, Kelt. battle chief, 252 CATHBAT, _m._ _Gael._ Kelt. battle (?), 252 Catherine, _f._ _Fr._ Gr. pure, 123 Cathir, _m._ battle slaughter, 252 Cathmor, _m._ _Gael._ great in battle, 252 CATHUIL, _m._ _Gael._ Kelt. eye of battle, 252 _Cathwg_, _f._ _Welsh_, Gr. pure, 123 _Catin_, _f._ _Fr._ Gr. pure, 123 CATO, _m._ _Lat._ cautious, 164 Caton, _m._ _Fr._ Lat. cautious, 164 _Caton_, _m._ _Fr._ Gr. pure, 123 CATTWG, _m._ _Welsh_, Kelt. war, 252 Ceadda, _m._ _Lat._ Kelt. war, 252 Ceadwalla, _m._ _A.S._ Kelt. war lord, 252 CEARA, _f._ _Erse_, Kelt. ruddy, 256 CEARAN, _m._ _Erse_, Kelt. black, 256 _Cecca_, _f._ _Ital._ Teu. free, 299 _Ceccarella_, _f._ _It._ Teu. free, 299 _Ceccina_, _f._ _It._ Teu. free, 299 _Cecco_, _m._ _Ital._ Teu. free, 299 Cecil, _m._ _f._ _Eng._ Lat. blind, 144 Cecile, _f._ _Fr._ Lat. blind, 144 Cecilia, _f._ _It._ _Eng._ Lat. blind, 144 Cecilie, _f._ _Ger._ Lat. blind, 144 Cecilija, _f._ _Ill._ Lat. blind, 144 Cecilio, _m._ _Ital._ Lat. blind, 144 Cecily, _f._ _Eng._ Lat. blind, 144 Cedd, _m._ _A.S._ Kelt, war, 252 CEDOLJUB, _m._ _Sl._ child love, 444 CEDOMIL, _m._ _Sl._ child love, 444 CEILE PETAIR, _m._ _Erse_, Kelt. vassal of Peter, 261 CEIN, _f._ _Welsh_, Kelt. jewel, 260 CEINWEN, _f._ _Welsh_, Kelt. jewel, the virgin, 260 Ceirin, _m._ _Erse_, Kelt. black, 255 _Celamire_, _f._ _Fr._ 57 Celeste, _f._ _Fr._ Lat. heavenly, 193 Celestin, _m._ _Fr._ Lat. heavenly, 193 Celestine, _f._ _Fr._ Lat. heavenly, 193 Celestino, _m._ _Ital._ Lat. heavenly, 193 Celia, _f._ _Eng._ Lat. 145 Celie, _f._ _Fr._ Lat. 145 Celine, _f._ _Fr._ Lat. 145 CENBYRHT, _m._ _A.S._ Teu. bold brightness, 424 CENFUS, _m._ _A.S._ Teu. bold eagerness, 424 CENFUTH, _m._ _A.S._ Teu. bold peace, 424 CENHELM, _m._ _A.S._ Teu. bold helmet, 424 CENRED, _m._ _A.S._ Teu. bold council, 423 CENVULF, _m._ _A.S._ Teu. bold wolf, 423 CEOL, _m._ _A.S._ Teu. ship, 429 CEOLNOTH, _m._ _A.S._ Teu. ship compulsion, 429 CEOLRED, _m._ _A.S._ Teu. ship council, 429 CEOLWALD, _m._ _A.S._ Teu. ship power, 429 CEOLWULF, _m._ _A.S._ Teu. ship wolf, 429 CEORL, _m._ _A.S._ Teu. man, 386 CEPHAS, _m._ _Eng._ Aram. stone, 107 Cesar, _m._ _Fr._ Lat. hairy (?), 159 Cesare, _m._ _It._ Lat. hairy (?), 159 Cesarina, _f._ _It._ Lat. hairy (?), 159 _Ceslav_, _m._ _Ill._ Slav. honour glory, 443 _Cestislav_, _m._ _Ill._ Slav. honour glory, 443 Chad, _m._ _Eng._ Kelt. war, 252 CHARALMPIOS, _m._ _Gr._ joy lamp, 216 CHARIBERT, _m._ _Frank._ Teu. bright warrior, 417 Charilaus, _m._ _Eng._ Gr. grace of the people, 73 CHARIMUND, _m._ _Teu._ 417 Charinus, _m._ _Eng._ Gr. grace, 73 Chariovalda, _Pat._ Teu. warrior power, 417 Charissa, _f._ _Eng._ Gr. love, 73 CHARITON, _f._ _Gr._ Gr. love, 73 Charity, _f._ _Eng._ Gr. love, 73 CHARIWULF, warrior wolf, 417 Charlemagne, _m._ _Fr._ Teu. Lat. Charles the Great, 386 Charles, _m._ _Eng._ _Fr._ Teu. man, 386 Charlet, _f._ _Eng._ Teu. man, 386 _Charley_, _m._ _Eng._ Teu. man, 386 _Charlie_, _m._ _Scot._ Teu. man, 386 _Charlot_, _m._ _Fr._ Teu. man, 386 Charlotte, _f._ _Eng._ _Fr._ _Ger._ Teu. man, 386 _Chatty_, _f._ _Eng._ Teu. man, 386 _Chérie_, _f._ _Fr._ Lat. fair, 196 _Cherry_, _f._ _Eng._ Gr. love, 73 Cherubino, _m._ _Ital._ Heb. little cherub, 53 Chiara, _f._ _Ital._ Lat. famous, 185 Childebert, _m._ _Frank._ Teu. battle bright, 318 Childeberte, _f._ _Frank._ Teu. battle bright, 318 Childebrand, _m._ _Frank._ Teu. battle brand, 318 Childerich, _m._ _Frank._ Teu. battle ruler, 318 Chilperic, _m._ _Frank._ Teu. helping ruler, 318 _Chim_, _m._ _Ger._ Heb. the Lord will judge, 38 _Chlaus_, _m._ _Swiss_, Gr. victory of the people, 92 CHLODHILDA, _f._ _Lat._ _Frank._ Teu. famous battle maid, 404 CHLODOALD, _m._ _Frank._ Teu. famous power, 404 CHLODOBERT, _m._ _Frank._ Teu. famously bright, 404 Chlodobeu, _m._ _Prov._ Teu. holy fame, 404 Chlodio, _m._ _Frank._ fame, 404 CHLODOMIR, _Frank._ Teu. loud fame, 404 CHLODOSIND, _f._ _Frank._ Teu. famous strength, 404 Chlodoswintha, _f._ _Goth._ Teu. famous strength, 404 Chlodoweh, _m._ _Frank._ Teu. holy fame, 404 CHLOE, _f._ _Eng._ Gr. blooming, 70 CHLOTER, _m._ _Frank._ Teu. famous warrior, 407 Chochilaicus, _m._ _Lat._ Teu. sport of thought, 354 Chosroes, _m._ _Gr._ Zend. sun (?), 56 CHRAMNE, _m._ _Frank._ Teu. raven, 345 _Chresta_, _m._ _Swiss_, Gr. Christian, 105 _Chresteli_, _m._ _Swiss_, Gr. Christian, 105 Chrestien, _m._ _Fr._ Gr. Christian, 105 Chrestienne, _f._ _Fr._ Gr. Christian, 105 Chrestoffel, _m._ _Swiss_, Gr. Christ bearer, 106 Chrétien, _Fr._ Gr. Christian, 105 Chriemhild, _f._ _Ger._ Teu. helmeted battle maid, 360 _Chrissanth_, _m._ _Russ._ Fr. gold flower, 125 _Chris_, _Eng._ Gr. Christ bearer, 106 _Chrissie_, _f._ _Scot._ Gr. Christian, 105 Christabel, _f._ _Eng._ fair Christian, 104 _Christackr_, _m._ _M. Gr._ Gr. Christ bearer, 106 _Christal_, _m._ _Scot._ Gr. Christ bearer, 106 Christian, _f._ _Scot._ _Dan._ Gr. Christian, 105 Christiana, _f._ _Eng._ Gr. Christian, 105 Christiane, _f._ _Nor._ Gr. Christian, 105 Christiern, _m._ _Dan._ Gr. Christian, 105 Christina, _m._ _Eng._ Gr. Christian, 105 Christine, _m._ _Fr._ Gr. Christian, 105 Christinha, _f._ _Port._ Gr. Christian, 105 Christmas, _m._ _Eng._ 209 Christof, _m._ _Russ._ Gr. Christ bearer, 106 Christofer, _m._ _Russ._ Gr. Christ bearer, 106 Christoph, _m._ _Ger._ Gr. Christ bearer, 106 Christophe, _m._ _Fr._ Gr. Christ bearer, 106 Christopher, _m._ _Eng._ Gr. Christ bearer, 106 Christophera, _f._ _Eng._ Gr. Christ bearer, 106 CHRISTOPHOROS, _m._ _Gr._ Gr. Christ bearer, 106 CHRISTOPHILON, _Ger._ Gr. Christ loved, 106 Christophine, _f._ _Ger._ Gr. Christ bearer, 106 Christovao, _m._ _Port._ Gr. Christ bearer, 106 Chrodehilde, _f._ _Fr._ Teu. famous heroine, 404 CHRODO, _m._ _Fr._ Teu. fame, 404 Chrodogang, _m._ _Frank._ Teu. famed progress, 406 Chrodoswintha, _f._ _Fr._ Teu. famous strength, 407 Chrysanth, _m._ _Bav._ Gr. gold flower, 125 CHRYSANTHOS, _m._ _Gr._ Gr. gold flower, 125 Chryseis, _f._ _Gr._ golden, 125 Chrysostom, _m._ _Eng._ Gr. gold mouth, 43 Chrysostome, _m._ _Fr._ Gr. gold mouth, 43 CHRYSOSTOMOS, _m._ _Gr._ Gr. gold mouth, 43 CHRYSOUCHA, _f._ _M. Gr._ Gr. golden, 43 _Chuedi_, _m._ _Swiss_, Teu. bold council, 423 _Chuedli_, _m._ _Swiss_, Teu. bold council, 423 _Chuered_, _m._ _Swiss_, Teu. bold council, 423 CHUONMUND, _m._ _Old Ger._ Teu. bold protection, 423 CHUONRATH, _m._ _Old Ger._ Teu. bold council, 423 CIAN, _m._ _Erse_, vast, 258 CICERO, _m._ _Lat._ vetch, 129 Cicily, _f._ _Eng._ Lat. blind, 144 _Cila_, _f._ _Ill._ Lat. blind, 144 _Cile_, _f._ _Hamb._ Lat. blind, 144 _Cilika_, _f._ _Ill._ Lat. blind, 144 Ciprian, _m._ _Eng._ Lat. of Cyprus, 199 Cipriano, _m._ _It._ Lat. of Cyprus, 199 Ciriaco, _m._ _Ital._ Gr. Sunday child, 217 Ciril, _m._ _Ill._ Gr. lordly, 217 Cirilo, _m._ _Span._ _Ital._ _Ill._ Gr. lordly, 217 Cirjar, _m._ _Ill._ Gr. Sunday child, 217 _Cirko_, _m._ _Ill._ Gr. Sunday child, 217 _Ciro_, _m._ _Slov._ Ill. Gr. lordly, 217 _Cis_, _f._ _Eng._ Lat. blind, 144 _Cislav_, _m._ Slav. pure glory, 444 _Cistislav_, _m._ Slav. pure glory, 444 Clair, _m._ _Fr._ Lat. famous, 185 Claire, _f._ _Fr._ Lat. famous, 185 CLARA, _f._ _Eng._ _Span._ Lat. famous, 185 Clare, _f._ _Eng._ Lat. famous, 185 Clarina, _m._ _Eng._ Lat. famous, 185 Claribel, _f._ _Eng._ Lat. brightly fair, 185 Clarice, _f._ _Ital._ Lat. rendering famous, 185 Clarimond, _Eng._ 185 Clarinda, _f._ _Eng._ Lat. brightly fair, 185 Clarissa, _f._ _Eng._ Lat. rendering famous, 185 Clarisse, _f._ _Fr._ Lat. rendering famous, 185 CLARUS, _m._ Lat. famous, 185 _Clas_, _m._ _Dutch_, Gr. victory of the people, 92 Claud, _m._ _Eng._ Lat. lame, 146 Claude, _f._ _m._ _Fr._ Lat. lame, 146 CLAUDIA, _f._ _Ger._ _It._ Lat. lame, 146 Claudie, _f._ _Prov._ Lat. lame, 146 Claudina, _f._ _It._ Lat. lame, 146 Claudine, _f._ _Ger._ _Fr._ Lat. lame, 146 Claudio, _m._ _It._ Lat. lame, 146 CLAUDIUS, _m._ _Lat._ lame, 146 _Claus_, _m._ _Dutch_, Gr. victory of the people, 92 Cleanthe, _Fr._ Gr. famous bloom, 95 _Clem_, _m._ _Eng._ Lat. merciful, 160 Clémence, _f._ _Fr._ Lat. merciful, 160 Clemency, _f._ _Eng._ Lat. merciful, 160 CLEMENS, _m._ _Ger._ Lat. merciful, 160 Clement, _m._ _Eng._ _Fr._ Lat. merciful, 160 Clemente, _m._ _It._ Lat. merciful, 160 Clementia, _f._ _Ger._ _It._ Lat. merciful, 160 Clementina, _f._ _Eng._ _It._ Lat. merciful, 160 Clementine, _f._ _Ger._ _Fr._ Lat. merciful, 160 Clemenza, _f._ _It._ Lat. merciful, 160 Cleomachus, _m._ Gr. famous war, 407 Cleopatra, _f._ _Eng._ Gr. fame of her father, 95 _Clobes_, _m._ _Ger._ Gr. victory of the people, 90 Clodoveo, _m._ _Span._ Teu. holy fame, 404 Clodius, _m._ Lat. lame, 146 Clotilda, _f._ _Lat._ Teu. famous battle maid, 404 Clotilde, _f._ _Fr._ Teu. famous battle maid, 404 _Cloud_, _m._ _Fr._ Teu. famous power, 404 Clovis, _m._ _Lat._ Teu. holy fame, 404 CNÆUS, _m._ _Lat._ with a birth mark, 131 _Cnogher_, _m._ _Ir._ Kelt. strong aid, 247 Cnud, _m._ _Eng._ Teu. hill, 433 CŒLIA, _f._ _Lat._ 145 CŒLINA, _f._ _Lat._ 145 _Coenrad_, _m._ _Dutch_, Teu. bold speech, 423 _Cohat_, _Prov._ Teu. bold speech, 423 _Cort_, _Dan._ Teu. bold speech, 423 _Col_, _Welsh_, Kelt. _Cola_, _m._ _It._ Gr. victory of the people, 92 Colan, _m._ _Corn._ Lat. dove, 261 _Colas_, _m._ _Fr._ Gr. victory of the people, 92 Colbert, _m._ _Fr._ _Eng._ Teu. cool brightness, 429 Colbrand, _m._ _Eng._ Teu. cool sword, 429 Colborn, _m._ _Eng._ Teu. black bear, 429 _Colin_, _m._ _Fr._ Gr. victory of the people, 92 Colin, _m._ _Scot._ Lat. dove, 261 _Colin_, _m._ _Fr._ Gr. victor, 90, 388 Colinette, _f._ _Eng._ Lat. dove, 261 Colman, _m._ _Ger._ Lat. dove, 187 Colombina, _f._ _Ital._ Lat. dove, 187 Columb, _m._ _Eng._ Lat. dove, 187, 261 COLUMBA, _m._ _Lat._ dove, 187, 261 Columbanus, _m._ _Lat._ Lat. dove, 187, 261 COLUMBINE, _f._ _Eng._ Lat. dove, 261 Columbkill, _m._ _Ir._ Lat. dove of the cell, 261 Côme, _m._ _Fr._ Gr. order, 125 Como, _m._ _It._ Heb. supplanter, 17 CON, _m._ _Erse_, Kelt. wisdom, 247 Conachar, _m._ _Scot._ Kelt. strong help. CONAN, _m._ _Bret._ Kelt. wisdom, 247 _Concepcion_, _f._ _Span._ Lat. in honour of the immaculate conception, 30 _Concetta_, _f._ _It._ Lat. in honour of the immaculate conception, 30 _Conchita_, _f._ _Span._ Lat. in honour of the immaculate conception, 30 CONCHOBHAR, _m._ _Erse_, Kelt. strong help, 248 CONCORDIA, _f._ _Ger._ Lat. concord. CONGAL, _m._ _Erse_, Kelt. chief courage, 247 Coniah, _m._ _Eng._ Heb. appointed, 38 CONMOR, _m._ _Ir._ Kelt. strength great, 247 CONN, _m._ _Erse_, Kelt. wisdom, 247 CONNAIRE, _m._ _Gael._ Kelt. hound of slaughter, 250 Connal, _m._ _Ir._ Kelt. chief’s courage, 247 Connel, _m._ _Ir._ Kelt. chief’s courage, 247 Connor, _m._ _Ir._ Kelt. hound of slaughter, 250 Connull, _m._ _Scot._ Kelt. wise strength, 247 _Conquhare_, _m._ _Scot._ Kelt. strong help, 248 Conrad, _m._ _Eng._ Teu. able speech, 423 Conrade, _m._ _Fr._ Teu. able speech, 423 _Conradin_, _m._ _Fr._ Teu. able speech, 423 Conrado, _m._ _Ital._ Teu. able speech, 423 Consalvo, _m._ _Ital._ Teu. war wolf, 363 Constança, _f._ _Span._ Lat. firm, 161 Constance, _f._ _Eng._ _Fr._ Lat. firm, 161 Constancia, _f._ _Eng._ _Port._ Lat. firm, 161 Constancio, _m._ _Port._ Lat. firm, 161 CONSTANS, _m._ _Ger._ Lat. firm, 161 Constant, _m._ _Ir._ _Eng._ Lat. 161 Constantine, _m._ _Eng._ Lat. firm, 161 Constantino, _m._ _Ital._ Lat. firm, 161 CONSTANTINUS, _m._ Lat. firm, 161 CONSTANTIUS, _m._ Lat. firm, 161 Constanz, _m._ _Ger._ Lat. firm, 161 Constanze, _f._ _Ger._ Lat. firm, 161 _Conwal_, _m._ _Scot._ Kelt. strength and valour, 247 _Cooey_, _m._ _Irish_, Kelt. hound of the meadow, 250 _Coppo_, _m._ _Ital._ Heb. supplanter, 17 Coralie, _f._ _Fr._ coral, CORA, _f._ _Gr._ maiden, 60 CORCRAN, _m._ _Erse_, Kelt. rosy. Cordelia, _f._ _Eng._ Kelt. jewel of the sea, 230 Cordelie, _f._ _Fr._ Kelt. jewel of the sea, 230 _Cordula_, _f._ _Ger._ Kelt. jewel of the sea, 220 _Corinna_, _f._ Gr. maiden, 60 _Corinne_, _f._ _Fr._ a maiden, 60 CORMAC, _m._ _Erse_, Kelt. son of a chariot, 249 _Cormick_, _Irish_, Kelt. son of a chariot, 249 _Corneille_, _m._ _Fr._ Lat. horn (?), 146 Cornelia, _f._ _Eng._ Ital. Lat. horn (?), 146 Cornelie, _f._ _Fr._ Lat. horn (?), 146 Cornelio, _m._ _Ital._ Lat. horn (?), 146 CORNELIUS, _m._ _Eng._ Lat. horn (?), 146 _Corney_, _m._ _Ir._ Lat. horn (?), 146 _Corradino_, _m._ _It._ Teu. bold council, 423 Cosimo, _m._ _Ital._ Gr. order, 125 Cosmo, _m._ _Ital._ Gr. order, 125 Cospatrick, _m._ _Scot._ Gael. Lat. boy of Patrick, 260 Costanza, _f._ _Span._ Lat. firm, 161 Costanza, _f._ _Ital._ Lat. firm, 161 Cotahelm, _m._ _Ger._ Teu. divine helmet, 287 Cotahram, _m._ _Ger._ Teu. good raven, 287 Cotalint, _m._ _Ger._ Teu. divine serpent, 287 _Court_, _m._ _Neth._ Teu. bold council, 423 _Cradock_, _m._ _Eng._ Kelt. beloved, 233 CREIRDYDDLYDD, _f._ _Welsh_, Kelt. jewel of the sea, 230 CREIRWY, _f._ _Welsh_, Kelt. token, 229 _Crepet_, _m._ _Fr._ Lat. curly, 162 Crepin, _m._ _Fr._ Lat. curly, 162 Crescence, _f._ _Fr._ Lat. growing, 198 Crescencia, _f._ _Ital._ Lat. growing, 198 Crescencio, _f._ _Ital._ Lat. growing, 198 CRESCENS, _m._ Lat. growing, 198 Crescent, _m._ _Fr._ Lat. growing, 198 Crescentia, _f._ _Ger._ Lat. growing, 198 Crescenz, _f._ _Bav._ Lat. growing, 198 Crisostomo, _m._ _Span._ Gr. golden mouth, 125 Crispian, _m._ _Eng._ Lat. curly, 162 CRISPIANUS, _m._ _Lat._ curly, 162 Crispin, _m._ _Eng._ _Fr._ Lat. curly, 162 Crispino, _m._ _It._ Lat. curly, 162 CRISPINUS, _m._ _Lat._ curly, 162 Cristiano, _m._ _Rom._ Gr. Christian, 105 Cristina, _f._ _It._ _Span._ Gr. Christian, 105 Cristinha, _f._ _Port._ Gr. Christian, 105 _Cristofano_, _m._ _Ital._ Gr. Christ bearer, 106 _Cristoforo_, _m._ _Ital._ Gr. Christ bearer, 106 _Cristoval_, _m._ _Span._ Gr. Christ bearer, 106 _Crogher_, _m._ _Irish_, Kelt. strong help, 248 _Crohoore_, _m._ _Irish_, Kelt. strong help, 248 CUCHAISIL, _m._ _Erse_, Kelt. hound of Cashel, 248 Cuchullin, _m._ _Scot._ Kelt. hound of Ulster, 248 _Cuddie_, _m._ _Scot._ Teu. noted brightness, 423 CUGAN-MATHAIR, _m._ _Erse_, Kelt. hound without a mother, 248 Cuillean, _m._ _Gael._ Kelt. whelp, 248 CUMHAIGHE, _m._ _Erse_, Kelt. hound of the plain, 246 Cunibert, _m._ _Ger._ Teu. bold brightness, 423 Cunegonda, _f._ _Ital._ Teu. bold war, 423 _Cunegundis_, _Port._ Teu. bold war, 423 Cunegonde, _f._ _Fr._ Teu. bold war, 423 Cunobelinus, _m._ _Lat._ Kelt. lord of the sun (?), war (?), 232 _Cunzo_, _m._ _Ger._ Teu. bold council, 423 Currado, _m._ _It._ Teu. bold council, 423 CU-SIONNA, _m._ _Erse_, Kelt. hound of the Shannon, 248 CUSLIEBNE, _m._ _Erse_, Kelt. hound of the mountain, 248 Custance, _f._ _Eng._ Lat. firm, 162 Cutha, _m._ _A.S._ Teu. skilled, 422 Cuthbert, _m._ _Eng._ Teu. well known splendour, 422 CUTHBURH, _f._ _A.S._ Teu. skilled pledge, 422 CUTHBRYHT, _m._ _A.S._ Teu. noted splendour, 422 CUTHWALD, _m._ _A.S._ skilled power, 422 CUTHWINE, _m._ _A.S._ Teu. skilled friend, 422 CU-ULADH, _m._ _Gadhael._ Kelt. hound of Ulster, 248 CWENBURH, _f._ _A.S._ Teu. queen pledge. Cwrig, _m._ _Welsh_, Gr. Sunday child, 217 Cyaxares, _m._ _Eng._ Zend. beautiful eyed, 56 Cymbeline, _m._ _Eng._ Kelt. lord of the sun, war (?), 232 Cyndeyrn, _m._ _Welsh_, Kelt. head chief, 258 CYNEBALD, _m._ _A.S._ Teu. prince lineage, 424 CYNEBRIGHT, _m._ _A.S._ lineage of splendour, 424 CYNEBURH, _m._ _A.S._ Teu. pledge of kindred, 424 CYNEFRYTH, _m._ _A.S._ Teu. able kindred of peace, 424 Cynegundis, _f._ _Port._ Teu. bold war (?), 423 CYNRIC, _m._ _A.S._ Teu. royal kin, 424 CYNETHRYTH, _f._ _A.S._ Teu. threatening kindred, 424 CYNEWALD, _m._ _A.S._ Teu. kin of power, 424 Cynthia, _f._ _Eng._ Gr. of Cynthus, 65 Cynvelin, _m._ _Welsh_, Kelt. lord of war (?), 258 _Cyprian_, _m._ _Eng._ _Ger._ Gr. Lat. of Cyprus, 199 CYPRIANUS, _m._ Lat. of Cyprus, 199 Cyprien, _m._ _Fr._ Gr. Lat. of Cyprus, 199 Cyr, _m._ _Fr._ Gr. Sunday child, 217 Cyran, _m._ _Fr._ Lat. spear man, 177 Cyrenius, _m._ _Gal._ _Eng._ Lat. spear man, 177 Cyriac, _m._ _Fr._ Gr. the Sunday child, 217 Cyriacus, _m._ _Lat._ Gr. Sunday child, 217 Cyriak, _m._ _Ger._ Gr. Sunday child, 217 Cyril, _m._ _Eng._ Gr. lordly, 217 Cyrill, _m._ _Ger._ Gr. lordly, 217 Cyrilla, _f._ _Ger._ Gr. lordly, 217 Cyrille, _m._ _Fr._ Gr. lordly, 217 Cyrillo, _m._ _Port._ Gr. lordly, 217 Cyrin, _m._ _Gr._ Lat. spear man, 177 Cyrus, _m._ _Eng._ Pers. the sun (?), 56 Cystenian, _m._ _Welsh_, Lat. firm, 161 _Czenzi_, _f._ _Hung._ Lat. increasing, 198 D _Daan_, _m._ _Dutch_, Heb. the judging God, 49 _Daarte_, _f._ _Dan._ Gr. gift of God, 102 _Dabit_, _m._ _Lus._ Heb. beloved, 46 _Dabko_, _m._ _Lus._ Heb. beloved, 46 Dafod, _Welsh_, 46 DAG, _m._ _Goth._ Teu. day, 334 DAGFINN, _m._ _Nor._ Teu. white as day, 46, 334 _Dageid_, cheerful as day, 334 DAGHEID, cheerful as day, 334 Dagmar, _f._ _Dan._ Teu. Dane’s joy, 335 DAGNY, _f._ _Nor._ Teu. fresh as day, 334 Dago, _m._ _Span._ Teu. day, 334 Dagobert, _m._ _Fr._ Teu. day bright, 334 DAGOBRECHT, _m._ _Frank_. Teu. day bright, 334 DAGOLF, _m._ _Ger._ Teu. day wolf, 334 DAGR, _m._ _Ice._ Teu. day, 334 DAGRAD, _m._ _Ger._ Teu. day council. _Dalphin_, _m._ _Fr._ Gr. of Delphi, 66 DAMALIS, _f._ _Gr._ Gr. taming, 126 Damaris, _f._ _Eng._ Gr. taming, 126 DAMASPIA, _f._ _Pers._ Pers. horse tamer, 78 Damian, _m._ _Ger._ _Eng._ _Russ._ Gr. taming, 126 _Damiano_, _m._ _Ital._ Gr. taming, 126 DAMIANOS, _m._ _Gr._ taming, 126 Damianus, _m._ _Lat._ Gr. taming, 126 Damiao, _m._ _Port._ Gr. taming, 126 Damien, _m._ _Fr._ Gr. taming, 126 DAMHNAIT, _f._ _Erse_, Kelt. 271 DAN, _m._ _Eng._ Heb. judge, 7, 49 _Dandie_, _m._ _Scot._ Gr. man, 86 _Daneel_, _m._ _Dutch_, Heb. the judging God, 49 DANICA, _f._ _Slav._ Slav. morning star, 441 DANIEL, _m._ _Eng._ Heb. the judging God, 49 Danielle, _m._ _It._ Heb. the judging God, 49 Danihel, _m._ _N.L.D._ Heb. the judging God, 49 Danil, _m._ _Russ._ Heb. the judging God, 49 Danila, _m._ _Slov._ Heb. the judging God, 49 _Danjels_, _m._ _Lett._ Heb. the judging God, 49 DANKHERI, _m._ _Ger._ Teu. thankful warrior, 372 DANKRAD, _m._ _Ger._ Teu. thankful speech, 372 DANKMAR, _m._ _Ger._ Teu. thankful fame, 372 DANKWART, _m._ _Ger._ Teu. thankful ward, 372 Dannel, _m._ _Swiss_, Teu. the judging God, 49 _Dante_, _m._ _It._ Lat. lasting, 186 DAPHNE, _f._ _Gr._ Gr. bay tree. Darby, _m._ _Ir._ Kelt. freeman, 249 _Darcy_, _m._ _Eng._ Erse, dark, 225 _Darija_, _f._ _Russ._ Gr. gift of God, 102 Darius, _m._ _Eng._ Pers. king, 57 ? _Darte_, _m._ _Lett._ Gr. gift of God, 102 _Dascha_, _f._ _Russ._ Gr. gift of God, 102 _Daschenka_, _f._ _Russ._ Gr. gift of God, 102 DATHI, _m._ _Erse_, Kelt. far darting, 46 _Datsch_, _m._ _Danzig_, Heb. beloved, 46 _Daulf_, _m._ _Ger._ Teu. day wolf, 334 _Daveed_, _m._ _Russ._ Heb. beloved, 46 DAVID, _m._ _Fr._ _Eng._ _Ger._ Heb. beloved, 46 _Davidas_, _m._ _Lett._ Heb. beloved, 46 _Davidde_, _m._ _Ital._ Heb. beloved, 46 _Davidu_, _m._ _Wallach._ Heb. beloved, 46 _Davie_, _m._ _Scot._ Heb. beloved, 46 DAVORIN, _m._ _Slav._ Slav. of the war god, 445 DAVROSLAV, _m._ _Slav._ Slav. Davor’s glory, 445 DAVROSLAVA, _f._ _Slav._ Slav. Davor’s glory, 445 _Davy_, _m._ _Eng._ Heb. beloved, 46 _Dawfydd_, _m._ _Welsh_, Heb. beloved, 46 _Dé_, _m._ _Fr._ Kelt. fire, 227 DEARBHFORGAIL, _f._ _Erse_, Kelt. purely fair daughter, 255 DEARG, _m._ _Erse_, Kelt. red, 253 _Deb_, _f._ _Eng._ Heb. bee, 14 Deborah, _f._ _Eng._ Heb. bee, 2, 14 DECIMA, _f._ _Eng._ Lat. tenth, 139 DECIMUS, _m._ _Lat._ tenth, 139 _Decius_, _m._ _Lat._ tenth, 139 _Dedo_, _m._ _Ger._ Teu. people’s ruler, 374 DEGEN, _Ger._ Teu. warrior, 351 DEGENHARD, _m._ _Ger._ Teu. firm warrior, 351 DEICOLA, _m._ _Lat._ God’s worshipper, 188 _Deinhard_, _Ger._ Teu. firm warrior, 351 _Deiniol_, _m._ _Welsh_, Heb. the judging God, 49 Delia, _f._ _Eng._ Gr. of Delos, 65 Delicia, _f._ _Eng._ Lat. delightful, 196 Delizia, _f._ _Ital._ Lat. delightful, 196 Delphine, _f._ _Fr._ Gr. of Delphi, 66 Delphinia, _f._ _Gr._ Gr. of Delphos, 66 Delphinus, _m._ _Lat._ Gr. of Delphi, 66 Demeter, _m._ _Slov._ Gr. of Demeter, 69 Demetre, _m._ _Fr._ Ger. of Demeter, 69 Demetria, _m._ _It._ Gr. of Demeter, 69 DEMETRIOS, _m._ _Gr._ Gr. of Demeter, 69 Demetrius, _m._ _Lat._ _Eng._ Gr. of Demeter, 69 Demjan, _m._ _Russ._ Gr. taming, 126 DEMODOKOS, _m._ Gr. people’s teacher, 95 DEMOLEON, _m._ Gr. people’s lion, 95 Denis, _m._ _Fr._ Gr. of Dionysos, 70 Denise, _f._ _Fr._ Gr. of Dionysos, 70 Dennet, _f._ _Eng._ Gr. of Dionysos, 70 Dennis, _m._ _Eng._ Gr. of Dionysos, 70 Denys, _m._ _O. Fr._ Gr. of Dionysos, 70 Deodati, _m._ _Ital._ Lat. God given, 188 Deodatus, _m._ _Eng._ Lat. God given, 188 DEOGRATIAS, _m._ _Lat._ thanks to God, 188 _Derdre_, _f._ _Erse_, Kelt. fear, 224 _Derede_, _f._ _Bav._ Gr. gift of God, 102 DERGO, _m._ _Scot._ Kelt. red, 253 Dermot, _m._ _Ir._ Kelt. freeman, 249 _Derrick_, _m._ _Eng._ Teu. people’s wealth, 373 DESIDERATUS, _m._ _Lat._ beloved, 188 Desiderio, _m._ _It._ Lat. beloved, 188 Desiderius, _m._ Lat. beloved, 188 Desirata, _f._ _It._ Lat. beloved, 188 Desirée, _f._ _Fr._ Lat. beloved, 188 _Desse_, _f._ _Ill._ Gr. God given, 102 _Detrich_, _Bohm._ Teu. people’s ruler, 374 DEUSDEDIT, _m._ _Lat._ God gave, 188 DEUSVULT, _m._ _Lat._ God wills, 188 _Devnet_, _f._ _Ir._ Kelt. 271 Devorgil, _f._ _Scot._ Kelt. purely fair daughter, 255 DEVOSLAV, _m._ _Slav._ maiden glory, 445 DEVOSLAVA, _f._ _Slav._ maiden glory, 445 DHUBODA, _Gael._ black, 255 DHUGAL, _m._ _Gael._ Kelt. black stranger, 255 _Di_, _f._ _Eng._ Lat. goddess, 170 _Diago_, _m._ _Port._ Heb. supplanter, 17 DIAMANTO, _f._ _M. Gr._ Gr. diamond, 125 DIANA, _f._ _Eng._ Lat. goddess, 170 Diane, _f._ _Fr._ Lat. goddess, 170 DIARMAID, _m._ _Gael._ Kelt. freeman, 46, 225, 249 _Dibble_, _m._ _Eng._ Teu. people’s prince, 374 _Diccon_, _m._ _Eng._ Teu. firm ruler, 399 _Dick_, _m._ _Eng._ Teu. firm ruler, 399 _Didders_, _m._ _Lett._ Lat. beloved, 46 Didhrikr, _m._ _Nor._ Teu. people’s ruler, 374 Didier, _m._ _Fr._ Lat. beloved, 49 Didière, beloved, 188 Diederike, _f._ _Ger._ Teu. people’s ruler, 374 _Didrik_, _m._ _Nor._ Teu. people’s ruler, 374 _Didschis_, _m._ _Lett._ Teu. people’s ruler, 374 Didymus, _m._ _Eng._ Ger. twin, 22 _Diego_, _m._ _Span._ Heb. supplanter, 17 _Diel_, _m._ _Fr._ Lat. God’s worshipper, 188 _Dielle_, _f._ _Franche-comté_, Lat. God’s worshipper, 188 _Dienes_, _m._ _Hung._ Gr. of Dionysos, 70 _Diephold_, _m._ _Ger._ Teu. people’s prince, 374 _Dierk_, _m._ _Dutch_, Teu. people’s ruler, 374 Dietberga, _m._ _f._ _Frank._ Teu. people’s protection, 375 Dietbèrt, _m._ _Frank._ Teu. people’s brightness, 375 Dietbold, _m._ _Ger._ Teu. people’s prince, 374 Dietbrand, _m._ _Ger._ Teu. people’s sword, 375 Dietfrid, _m._ _Ger._ Teu. people’s peace, 375 Dietger, _m._ _Ger._ Teu. people’s spear, 375 Diethard, _m._ _Ger._ Teu. people’s firmness, 375 Diethelm, _m._ _Ger._ Teu. people’s helmet, 375 _Dietl_, _m._ _Ger._ Teu. people’s ruler, 374 Dietleib, _m._ _Ger._ Teu. people’s relic, 374 Dietlind, _m._ _Ger._ Teu. people’s snake, 375 Dietman, _m._ _Ger._ Teu. people’s man, 375 Dietmar, _m._ _Ger._ Teu. people’s fame, 375 Dieto, _m._ _Ger._ Teu. the people, 374 Dietolf, _m._ _Ger._ Teu. people’s wolf, 374 Dietram, _m._ _Ger._ Teu. people’s raven, 374 Dieterico, _m._ _It._ Teu. people’s rule, 374 Dieterich, _m._ _Ger._ Teu. people’s rule, 374 _Dietrl_, _m._ _Bav._ Teu. people’s rule, 374 DIEUDONNÉ, _m._ _Fr._ Lat. God given, 188 _Diez_, _Ger._ Teu. supplanted, 17 Diggory, _m._ _Eng._ French, the almost lost, 462 Dimitar, _m._ _Slov._ Gr. of Demeter, 70 Dimitrij, _m._ _Russ._ Gr. of Demeter, 70 Dimitrija, _m._ _Ill._ _Gr._ of Demeter, 70 Dimitrije, _m._ _Ill._ Gr. of Demeter, 70 Dinah, _f._ _Eng._ Heb. judgment, 26 _Dinis_, _m._ _Port._ Gr. of Dionysos, 70 _Ditlev_, _m._ _Ger._ Teu. people’s relic, 375 _Dinko_, _m._ _Slav._ Lat. Sunday child, 218 _Diodor_, _m._ _Ger._ Gr. God’s gift, 102 Dionetta, _f._ _Eng._ Gr. of Dionysos, 70 Dionigi, _m._ _It._ Gr. of Dionysos, 70 Dionigio, _m._ _It._ Gr. of Dionysos, 70 Dionis, _m._ _Span._ Gr. of Dionysos, 70 Dionisia, _f._ _Rom._ Gr. of Dionysos, 70 Dionisij, _m._ _Russ._ Gr. of Dionysos, 70 Dionisio, _m._ _Rom._ Gr. of Dionysos, 70 Dionys, _m._ _Ger._ Gr. of Dionysos, 70 Dionysia, _f._ _Eng._ _Ger._ Gr. of Dionysos, 70 Dionysio, _m._ _Port._ Gr. of Dionysos, 70 DIONYSIOS, _m._ _Gr._ of Dionysos, 70 Dionysius, _m._ _Eng._ _Lat._ Gr. of Dionysos, 70 DIONYSOS, _m._ _Gr._ god of Nysos (?), 70 DIORO, _m._ _Ger._ Teu. dear, 426 _Diotisalvi_, _m._ _It._ Lat. God save thee, 188 _Diotrich_, _m._ _Ger._ Teu. people’s ruler, 374 _Dippold_, _m._ _Ger._ Teu. people’s prince, 374 _Diriks_, _m._ _Lett._ Teu. people’s ruler, 374 _Dirk_, _m._ _Dutch_, Teu. people’s ruler, 374 DISA, _f._ _Nor._ Teu. active spirit, 307 _Dith_, _m._ _Swiss_, Heb. praise, 21 _Ditrik_, _m._ _Hung._ Teu. people’s ruler, 374 _Diura_, _m._ _Ger._ Teu. dear, 426 Diuthilt, _f._ _Ger._ Teu. people’s heroine, 375 Diutrat, people’s council, 375 _Diwis_, _m._ _Bohm._ Gr. of Dionysos, 70 _Dix_, _m._ _Ger._ Lat. blessed, 184 _Djoulija_, _m._ _Serv._ Gr. well born, 87 _Djuradj_, _m._ _Ill._ Gr. husbandman, 116 _Djurdj_, _m._ _Ill._ Gr. husbandman, 116 _Djurica_, _m._ _Ill._ Gr. husbandman, 116 _Dmitar_, _m._ _Serv._ Gr. of Demeter, 70 _Dmitra_, _f._ _Slav._ Gr. of Demeter, 70 _Dmitri_, _m._ _Russ._ Gr. of Demeter, 70 _Dmitrij_, _m._ _Russ._ Gr. of Demeter, 70 Dobrana, _f._ _Slav._ Slav. good, 443 Dobrija, _f._ _Slav._ Slav. good, 443 DOBROGOST, _m._ _Pol._ Slav. good guest, 443 DOBROLJUB, _m._ _Slav._ Slav. good lover, 443 DOBROSLAV, _m._ _Slav._ Slav. good glory, 443 DOBROVOJ, _m._ _Ill._ Slav. good warrior, 443 DOBROVUK, _m._ _Ill._ Slav. good wolf, 443 DOBROTIN, _m._ _Slav._ Slav. good doer, 443 DOBROTINA, _f._ _Slav._ Slav. good doer, 443 _Dodd_, _m._ _Eng._ Teu. of the people, 374 _Dolfine_, _f._ _Ger._ Teu. noble wolf, 66 Dolfino, _m._ _Ven._ Gr. of Delphi, 66 _Dolly_, _f._ _Eng._ Gr. gift of God, 102 Dolores, _f._ _Span._ Lat. sorrows, 2, 30 _Dolph_, _m._ _Eng._ Teu. noble wolf, 400 Dolphin, _m._ _Fr._ Gr. of Delphi, 66 _Domas_, _Lus._ Aram. twin, 22 _Domask_, _Lus._ Aram. twin, 22 DOMHNALL, _m._ _Erse_, Kelt. great chief, 253 Domingo, _m._ _Span._ Lat. Sunday child, 218 Domingos, _m._ _Port._ Lat. Sunday child, 218 Dominic, _m._ _Ger._ _Eng._ Lat. Sunday child, 218 Dominica, _f._ _It._ Lat. Sunday child, 218 _Dominichino_, _m._ _It._ Lat. Sunday child, 218 Dominico, _m._ _It._ Lat. Sunday child, 218 Dominicus, _m._ _Ger._ Lat. Sunday child, 218 Dominik, _m._ _Slav._ Lat. Sunday child, 218 Dominique, _m._ _Fr._ Lat. Sunday child, 218 Domnech, _m._ _Ir._ Lat. Sunday child, 218 Domogoj, _m._ _Slav._ Lat. Sunday child, 218 _Domokos_, _m._ _Hung._ Lat. Sunday child, 218 DON, _m._ _Ir._ Kelt. brown, 253 DONACHA, _m._ _Gael._ Kelt. brown warrior, 50, 253 Donald, _m._ _Scot._ Kelt. proud chief, 253 Donath, _m._ _Ir._ Lat. given, 188 Donato, _m._ _It._ Lat. given, 188 Donatus, _m._ _Lat._ given, 188 DONNAN, _m._ _Erse_, Kelt. brown, 50 _Donnet_, _f._ _Eng._ Gr. of Dionysos, 70 _Donnet_, _f._ _Eng._ Lat. gift of God, 188 Donoghue, _m._ _Ir._ Kelt. brown chief, 50, 153 Donough, _m._ _Ir._ Kelt. brown warrior, 50, 153 DONUMDEI, _m._ _Lat._ gift of God, 188 _Dora_, _f._ _Eng._ _Ger._ _Ill._ Gr. gift of God, 102 _Doralice_, _f._ _Fr._ Gr. gift, 102 Dorcas, _f._ _Eng._ Gr. gazelle, 50 DORCHAIDE, _m._ _Erse_, dark, 225 _Dore_, _m._ _Florentine_, Lat. lover, 182 _Dore_, _f._ _Ger._ Gr. gift of God, 102 DORENN, _f._ _Erse_, Kelt. sullen, 2 _Dorette_, _f._ _Fr._ Gr. gift of God, 102 _Dorfei_, _f._ _Russ._ Gr. gift of God, 102 _Dorinda_, _f._ _Eng._ Gr. gift, 102 _Dorka_, _f._ _Russ._ Gr. gift of God, 102 _Dorlisa_, _f._ _Lus._ Gr. Heb. Dorothea Elizabeth, 102 _Dornadilla_, _f._ _Lat._ Kelt. purely fair daughter, 255 _Dorofei_, _m._ _Russ._ Gr. gift of God, 102 _Doroltya_, _Hung._ Gr. gift of God, 102 _Dorosia_, _f._ _Pol._ _Bohm._ Gr. gift of God, 102 _Dorota_, _f._ _Pol._ _Bohm._ Gr. gift of God, 102 Dorotea, _f._ _It._ Gr. gift of God, 102 Doroteja, _f._ _Ill._ Gr. gift of God, 102 Dorothea, _f._ _Span._ _Eng._ _Gr._ Gr. gift of God, 102 Dorothée, _f._ _Fr._ _Ger._ Gr. gift of God, 102 DOROTHEUS, _m._ _Lat._ _Ger._ Gr. gift of God, 102 Dorothy, _f._ _Eng._ Gr. gift of God, 102 Dorothya, _f._ _Hung._ Gr. gift of God, 102 _Dort_, _f._ _Dutch_, Gr. gift of God, 102 _Dortchen_, _f._ _Dutch_, Gr. gift of God, 102 Douce, _f._ _Fr._ Lat. sweet, 196 Dougal, _m._ _Scot._ Kelt. black stranger, 253 Douglas, _m._ _Scot._ Kelt. dark grey, 259 Dowsabel, _f._ _Eng._ Lat. sweet fair, 196 Dowsie, _f._ _Eng._ Lat. sweet, 196 Dragan, _m._ _Slav._ Slav. dear, 444 Dragana, _f._ _Slav._ Slav. dear, 444 _Draganka_, _f._ _Slav._ Slav. dear, 444 Dragija, _m._ _Slav._ Slav. dear, 444 _Dragilika_, _m._ _Slav._ Slav. dear, 444 Dragojila, _f._ _Slav._ Slav. dear, 444 Dragoslav, _m._ _Slav._ Slav. dear glory, 444 _Dragotinka_, _m._ _Slav._ Slav. dear, 444 _Drenka_, _f._ _Ill._ Lat. horn, 146 Drew, _m._ _Eng._ Teu. skilful (?), 451 _Dries_, _m._ _Dutch_, Gr. manly, 86 DROGO, _m._ _Ital._ Teu. skilful, 451 Drogon, _m._ _Fr._ Teu. skilful, 451 _Drot_, _m._ _Nor._ Teu. maiden, 318 Dru, _m._ _Fr._ Teu. skilful, 451 DRUST, _m._ _Pict._ Kelt. proclaimer, 464 DRUSILLA, _f._ _Lat._ strong, 162 DRUSUS, _m._ _Lat._ strong, 162 _Drutje_, _f._ _Neth._ Teu. spear maid, 368 Duarte, _m._ _Port._ Teu. rich guard, 378 DUBDAINTUATH, _m._ _Erse_, Kelt. black man of two lordships, 254 DUBDAINBER, _m._ _Erse_, Kelt. black man of two rivers, 253 DUBDALETHE, _m._ _Erse_, Kelt. black, 253 DUBHAN, _m._ _Erse_, Kelt. black, 254 DUBHCOHBLAITH, _f._ _Erse_, Kelt. black victory, 254 DUCHOMAR, _m._ _Gael._ Kelt. black well-shaped man, 253 DHUBDOTHRA, _m._ _Erse_, Kelt. black man of the Dodder, 253 DUBADEASA, _f._ _Erse_, Kelt. black beauty, 254 DUBHESSA, _f._ _Erse_, Kelt. black nurse, 254 DUBISLAV, _m._ _Slav._ Slav. oak glory, 438 Ducia, _f._ _Eng._ Lat. sweet, 196 _Dudde_, _m._ _Fris._ Teu. people’s ruler, 374 Dudon, _m._ _Fr._ Lat. God-given, 188 Dudone, _m._ _It._ Lat. God-given, 188 Duessa, _f._ _Eng._ Kelt. black nurse, 254 Dugald, _m._ _Scot._ Kelt. black stranger, 253 Duff, _m._ _Scot._ Kelt. black, 253 Dulce, _f._ _Eng._ Lat. sweet, 196 Dulcia, _f._ _Span._ Lat. sweet, 196 Dulcibella, _f._ _Eng._ Lat. sweet fair, 196 Dulcinea, _f._ _Span._ Lat. sweet, 196 _Dummas_, _m._ _Lith._ Aram. twin, 22 Duncan, _m._ _Scot._ Kelt. brown chief, 255 _Dunstan_, _m._ _A. G. S._ Teu. hill stone, 350 _Dunulf_, _m._ _A. G. S._ Teu. hill wolf, 350 _Dunko_, _m._ _Slav._ Lat. Sunday child, 218 _Dunwalton_, _Cym._ Kelt. 254 Durand, _m._ _Fr._ Lat. lasting, 187 Durante, _m._ _It._ Lat. lasting, 187 Durandarte, _m._ _Span._ Lat. lasting, 187 Durans, _m._ Lat. lasting, 187 _Duredel_, _f._ _Bav._ Gr. gift of God, 102 _Durl_, _f._ _Bav._ Gr. gift of God, 102 _Dusa_, _f._ _Ill._ Slav. happy, 444 DUSCHA, _f._ _Russ._ Slav. happy, 444 _Duschinka_, _f._ _Russ._ Slav. happy, 444 _Dusica_, _f._ _Russ._ Slav. happy, 444 DWYNWEN, _f._ _Welsh_, Kelt. white wave, 270 _Dye_, _f._ _Eng._ Lat. goddess, 170 Dyfan, _m._ _Welsh_, Greek, taming, 125 Dymphna, _f._ _Irish_, Kelt. 271 Dynawd, _m._ _Welsh_, Lat. given, 188 Dynval, _m._ _Cym._ Kelt. of the weaned couch (?), 252 _Dyonizy_, _m._ _Pol._ Gr. of Dionysos, 70 DYRE, _m._ _Dan._ Teu. dear, 426 _Dyterych_, _m._ _Pol._ Teu. people’s ruler, 374 E EACH, _m._ _Kelt._ Norse, 276 EACHAID, _m._ _Gael._ Kelt. horseman, 276 EACHAN, _m._ _Gael._ Kelt. horseman, 276 EACHMARCHACH, _Erse_, Kelt. horse rider, 276 EACHMILIDH, _m._ _Erse_, Kelt. horse warrior, 276 EAD, _f._ _Eng._ Teu. rich, 378 EADBALD, _f._ _m._ _A.S._ Teu. rich prince, 378 EADBRYHT, _f._ _m._ _A.S._ Teu. rich splendour, 378 EADBURG, _f._ _A.S._ Teu. rich protection, 378 EADBURH, _f._ _A.S._ Teu. rich pledge, 378 EADFLED, _f._ _A.S._ Teu. rich increase, 378 EADFRITH, _m._ _A.S._ Teu. rich peace, 378 EADGAR, _m._ _A.S._ Teu. rich spear, 378 EADGIFU, _f._ _A.S._ Teu. rich gift, 378 EADGYTH, _f._ _A.S._ Teu. rich gift, 378. EADHILD, _f._ _A.S._ Teu. rich battle maid, 378 EADMUND, _m._ _A.S._ Teu. rich protection, 378 EADRED, _m._ _A.S._ Teu. rich council, 378 EADRIC, _m._ _A.S._ Teu. rich ruler, 378 EADSWITH, _f._ _A.S._ Teu. rich strength, 378 EADULF, _m._ _A.S._ Teu. rich wolf, 336 EADWALD, _m._ _A.S._ Teu. rich power, 378 EADWARD, _m._ _A.S._ Teu. rich guard, 378 EADWIG, _m._ _A.S._ Teu. rich war, 378 EADWINE, _m._ _A.S._ Teu. rich friend, 378 EAL, _f._ _Bret._ Kelt. angel. EALHFLED, _f._ _A.S._ Teu. hall increase, 382 EALHFRITH, _m._ _A.S._ Teu. hall peace, 382 EALHRED, _m._ _A.S._ Teu. hall speech, 382 EALHSWITH, _m._ _A.S._ Teu. hall strength, 382 EALHWINE, _f._ _m._ _A.S._ Teu. hall friend, 382 Easter, _f._ _Eng._ Teu. Easter child, 215 _Ebba_, _f._ _Ger._ Teu. firm wild boar, 337 _Ebbe_, _Fris._ _Fris._ Teu. firm wild boar, 337 _Ebbert_, _m._ _Fries._ Teu. formidably bright, 323 _Ebbo_, _m._ _Ger._ Teu. firm wild boar, 337 EBERHARD, _m._ _Ger._ Teu. firm wild boar, 337 Eberhardine, _f._ _Ger._ Teu. firm wild boar, 337 EBERHILD, _f._ _Ger._ Teu. wild boar battle maid, 337 EBERNUND, _m._ _Frank._ Teu. wild boar protection, 337 EBERIK, _m._ _Ger._ Teu. wild boar king, 337 _Ebert_, _m._ _Ger._ Teu. firm wild boar, 337 EBERULF, _m._ _Frank._ Teu. wild boar wolf, 337 EBERWINE, _m._ _Goth._ Teu. wild boar friend, 337 _Ebilo_, _m._ _Ger._ Teu. firm wild boar, 337 _Ebles_, _m._ _Prov._ Teu. firm wild boar, 337 _Ebo_, _m._ _Ger._ Teu. firm wild boar, 337 Eborico, _m._ _Span._ Teu. wild boar king, 337 EBRIMUTH, _m._ _Ger._ Teu. wild boar protection, 337 Ebroin, _m._ _Frank._ Teu. wild boar friend, 337 EBUR, _m._ _Ger._ Teu. wild boar, 337 EBURBERO, _m._ _Ger._ Teu. wild boar bear, 337 _Eccelino_, _m._ _It._ Tartar, father-like, 13 ECGBERHT, _m._ _A.S._ Teu. formidable bright, 323 ECGFRITH, _m._ _A.S._ Teu. formidable peace, 323 _Eckart_, _m._ _Ger._ Teu. formidable firmness, 323 Eckhardt, _m._ _Ger._ Teu. formidable firmness, 323 _Edan_, _m._ _Scot._ Kelt. fire, 226 _Edanus_, _m._ _Lat._ Kelt. fire, 226 _Edburg_, _f._ _Ger._ Teu. rich protection, 378 _Edde_, _f._ _Fris._ Teu. war refuge, 305 _Eddeve_, _f._ _Eng._ Teu. rich gift, 378 _Ede_, _f._ _Fris._ Teu. war refuge, 305 _Ede_, _Neth._ Teu. rich guard, 378 _Eddo_, _f._ _Esth._ Teu. war refuge, 305 Edelberge, _f._ _Ger._ Teu. noble protection, 411 Edeline, _f._ _Ger._ Teu. noble cheer, 411 Edelmar, _m._ _Eng._ Teu. noble greatness, 413 Edeltrud, _f._ _Ger._ Teu. noble maid, 411 _Edeva_, _f._ _Eng._ Teu. rich gift, 378 Edgar, _m._ _Eng._ Teu. rich spear, 378 Edgard, _m._ _Fr._ Teu. rich spear, 378 Edgardo, _m._ _It._ Teu. wealth spear, 378 _Edie_, _m._ _Scot._ Heb. red earth, 10 _Ediltrude_, _f._ _Eng._ Teu. noble maid, 411 Edith, _f._ _Eng._ Teu. rich gift, 379 Edmond, _m._ _Fr._ Teu. rich protection. 377 Edmund, _m._ _Eng._ Teu. rich protection, 377 Edmondo, _m._ _Ital._ Teu. rich protection, 377 _Edom_, _m._ _Eng._ Heb. red, 10 Edouard, _m._ _Fr._ Teu. rich guard, 378 Eduard, _m._ _Ger._ Teu. rich guard, 378 Eduardo, _m._ _Ital._ Teu. rich guard, 378 Eduart, _m._ _Dutch_, Teu. rich guard, 377 Eduige, _m._ _f._ _Ital._ Teu. war refuge, 305 Eduino, _m._ _Ital._ Teu. rich friend, 377 Edvald, _m._ _Ger._ Teu. rich power, 378 Edwald, _m._ _Eng._ Teu. rich power, 378 Edward, _m._ _Eng._ Teu. rich guard, 378 Edwin, _m._ _Eng._ Teu. rich friend, 377 Edwy, _m._ _Eng._ Teu. rich war, 377 _Eed_, _f._ _Eng._ Teu. wealth, 377 Eegnatie, _m._ _Russ._ Lat. fiery, 194 Eelia, _m._ _Russ._ Heb. God the Lord, 36 Eereenia, _f._ _Russ._ Gr. peace, 113 Eernest, _m._ _Lett._ Teu. eagle stone (?), 344 _Eernst_, _Lett._ Teu. eagle stone (?), 344 Eesaia, _Russ._ salvation of the Lord, 48 _Eers_, _m._ _Esth._ Teu. eternal rule, 400 Eesidor, _m._ _Russ._ Gr. strong gift, 103 _Effie_, _f._ _Scot._ Gr. fair speech, 231 EGA, _m._ _Frank._ Teu. formidable, 323 Egbert, _m._ _Eng._ Teu. formidably bright, 323 Egbertine, _f._ _Ger._ Teu. formidably bright, 323 Eggerich, _m._ _Fries._ Teu. formidable king, 323 _Eggert_, _m._ _Ger._ Teu. formidable king, 323 _Eggo_, _m._ _Fries._ Teu. formidable king, 323 Egica, _m._ _Span._ Teu. formidable, 323 Egide, _m._ _Fr._ Gr. with an ægis, 79 Egidia, _f._ _Scot._ Gr. with the ægis, 79 Egidio, _m._ _Ital._ Gr. with the ægis, 79 Egidius, _m._ _Dutch_, Gr. with the ægis, 79 EGIHERI, _m._ _Ger._ Teu. formidable warrior, 323 Egilbert, _m._ _Fr._ Teu. formidable brightness, 323 Egilhart, _m._ _Ger._ Teu. formidable firmness, 323 Egilolf, _m._ _Fr._ Teu. formidable wolf, 323 Egilmar, _Ger._ Teu. formidable fame, 323 Egilona, _f._ _Span._ Teu. formidable, 323 Egils, _Nor._ Teu. formidable, 323 Eginhard, _m._ _Fr._ Teu. formidable firmness, 323 Egmond, _m._ _Ger._ Teu. terrible protection, 323 _Egor_, _m._ _Russ._ Gr. husbandman, 116, 325 _Egorka_, _m._ _Russ._ Gr. husbandman, 116 Ehregott, _m._ _Ger._ Teu. honour God, 468 Ehrenbrecht, _m._ _Ger._ Teu. honour bright, 468 Ehrenpries, reward of honour, 468 Ehrenfried, _m._ _Ger._ Teu. honour peace. Eigils, _m._ _Nor._ Teu. awful, 323 _Eilart_, _m._ _Ger._ Teu. formidable firmness, 323 _Eilbert_, _m._ _Ger._ Teu. formidable brightness, 323 _Eileen_, _f._ _Ir._ Gr. light, 68 Eilif, _m._ _Nor._ Teu. ever living, 400 Eiliv, _m._ _Nor._ Teu. ever living, 400 Eimund, _m._ _Nor._ Teu. ever guarding, 400 _Eilo_, _m._ _Ger._ Teu. formidable firmness, 323 EINAR, _f._ _Nor._ Teu. chief warrior, 323 EINDRIDE, _f._ _Nor._ Teu. chief rider, 323 EINIAWN, _m._ _Welsh_, Kelt. just, 282 _Eino_, _m._ _Fries._ Teu. awful firmness, 323 EIRENAIOS, _m._ _Gr._ peaceful, 113 EIRENÈ, _f._ _Gr._ peace, 113 EIRIK, _m._ _Nor._ Teu. ever king, 400 Eisaak, _m._ _Russ._ Heb. laughter, 14 Eisenbart, _m._ _Ger._ Teu. iron bright, 348 Eisenbolt, _m._ _Ger._ Teu. iron prince, 348 Eisenhardt, _m._ _Ger._ Teu. iron firm, 348 _Eivind_, _m._ _Nor._ Teu. island Wend, 431 _Ekard_, _m._ _Ger._ Teu. formidably firm, 323 _Ekatrina_, _f._ _Russ._ Gr. pure, 123 _Ekiel_, _m._ _Eng._ Heb. strength of God, 48 Ela, _f._ _Eng._ Nor. holy (?), 403 Elaine, _f._ _Eng._ Gr. light, 68 Elayne, _f._ _Eng._ Gr. light, 68 Elberich, _m._ _Ger._ Teu. elf king, 380 Eldred, _m._ _Eng._ Teu. battle counsel, 382 Eldrid, _m._ _Nor._ Teu. battle counsel, 382 Eleanor, _f._ _Eng._ Gr. light, 68 Eleazar, _m._ _Eng._ Heb. the Lord’s help, 33 _Elek_, _m._ _Hung._ Gr. helper of men, 85 Elena, _f._ _Ital._ Gr. light, 68 _Elene_, _f._ _m._ _Gr._ Gr. light, 68 Eleonora, _f._ _Eng._ Gr. light, 68 Eléonore, _f._ _Eng._ Ger. Gr. light, 68 _Eleonorka_, _f._ _Slav._ Gr. light, 68 Elfleda, _f._ _Eng._ Teu. hall increase, 382 Elfrida, _f._ _Eng._ Teu. elf threatener, 380 Elgiva, _f._ _Eng._ Teu. elf gift, 380 Elia, _m._ _Ital._ Heb. God the Lord, 36 Eliakim, _m._ _Eng._ Heb. the Lord will judge, 37 _Elian_, _m._ _W._ Lat. cheerful, 280 Elias, _m._ _Eng._ _Dutch_, Heb. God the Lord, 35 _Elie_, _m._ _Fr._ Heb. God the Lord, 36 _Elidure_, _m._ _Eng._ Gr. sun’s gift. _Elidi_, _m._ _W._ Gr. sun’s gift. _Elidan_, _f._ _Welsh_, Lat. downy, 151 _Eliezer_, _m._ _Heb._ God will help, 33 Elihu, _m._ _Eng._ Heb. God the Lord, 35 Elija, _m._ _Slov._ Heb. God the Lord, 36 ELIJAH, _m._ _Eng._ Heb. God the Lord, 35 ELINED, _f._ _Welsh_, Kelt. shapely, 273 Elinor, _f._ _Eng._ Gr. light, 68 Elisa, _f._ _Ital._ Heb. oath of God, 35 Elisabet, _f._ _Gr._ Heb. oath of God, 35 Elisabetta, _f._ _Ital._ Heb. oath of God, 35 Elisabeth, _Ger._ _Fr._ Heb. oath of God, 35 Elisavetta, _f._ _Russ._ _Eng._ Heb. oath of God, 35 Elischeba, _f._ Heb. oath of God, 35 Elise, _f._ _Fr._ Heb. oath of God, 35 Eliseo, _m._ _It._ Heb. God my salvation, 36 Eliseus, _m._ _Lat._ Heb. God my salvation, 36 Elisha, _m._ _Eng._ Heb. God my salvation, 36 Elisif, _f._ _Russ._ Heb. God’s oath, 35 Eliza, _f._ _Eng._ Heb. God’s oath, 35 Elizabeth, _f._ _Eng._ Heb. God’s oath, 35 _Ella_, _f._ _m._ _Eng._ Teu. elf friend, 382 ELLANHERI, _m._ _Ger._ Teu. battle warrior, 382 ELLANPERAHT, _m._ _Ger._ Teu. battle splendour, 382 _Elle_, _m._ _Fris._ Teu. battle, 382 Ellen, _f._ _Eng._ Gr. light, 68 _Ellend_, _m._ _Nor._ Teu. stranger, 432 _Ellin_, _f._ _Welsh_, Gr. light, 68 _Elling_, _m._ _Nor._ Teu. 333 _Ellinor_, _f._ _Eng._ Gr. light, 68 _Ellis_, _m._ _Eng._ Heb. God the Lord, 36 _Ello_, _m._ _Fris._ Teu. battle, 382 _Ello_, _f._ _Esth._ Heb. God’s oath, 35 _Elmark_, _m._ _Fris._ Teu. helmed king, 351 _Elmo_, _m._ _It._ Gr. amiable, 113 Eloi, _m._ _Fr._ Lat. worthy of choice. Eloïsa, _f._ _Ital._ Teu. famous holiness, 405 Eloïse, _f._ _Fr._ Teu. famous holiness, 405 Eloy, _m._ _Fr._ Lat. worthy of choice. _Elsabet_, _f._ _Ger._ Heb. God’s oath, 35 _Elsbet_, _f._ _Ger._ Heb. God’s oath, 35 _Elsbeth_, _f._ _Swiss_, Heb. God’s oath, 35 _Else_, _f._ _Ger._ Teu. noble cheer, 411 _Elsebin_, _f._ _Dan._ Heb. God’s oath, 35 _Elshender_, _m._ _Scot._ helper of men, 85 _Elshic_, _m._ _Scot._ helper of men, 85 _Elsie_, _f._ _Eng._ Teu. noble cheer, 411 _Elspeth_, _f._ _Scot._ Heb. God’s oath, 35 _Elspie_, _f._ _Scot._ Heb. God’s oath, 35 _Elts_, _f._ _Esth._ Heb. God’s oath, 35 ELVIRA, _f._ _Span._ Lat. white, 382 _Elzbieta_, _f._ _Pol._ Heb. God’s oath, 35 _Elzbietka_, _f._ _Pol._ Heb. God’s oath, 35 _Elzea_, _m._ _Fr._ Heb. God will help, 33 Ema, _f._ _Span._ Teu. grandmother, 331 Emanuel, _m._ _Ger._ Heb. God with us, 36 Emerence, _f._ _Fr._ Lat. deserving, 190 Emerentia, _f._ _Ger._ Lat. deserving, 190 _Emerentiana_, _f._ _Dan._ Lat. deserving, 190 EMERENTIUS, _m._ Lat. deserving, 190 _Emeranz_, _f._ _Ger._ Lat. deserving, 190 Emerick, _m._ _Slov._ Teu. work ruler, 330 _Emery_, _m._ _Eng._ Teu. work rule, 141 Emelin, _f._ _Eng._ Teu. work ruler, 141 Emile, _m._ _Fr._ Lat. work (?), 141 EMILIA, _f._ _Ital._ Lat. work (?), 141 Emilie, _f._ _Fr._ Lat. work, 141 Emilija, _m._ _Slav._ Lat. work (?), 141 Emilio, _m._ _Ital._ Lat. work (?), 141 EMILIUS, _m._ _Eng._ Lat. work (?), 141 Emily, _f._ _Eng._ Lat. work (?), 141 Emlyn, _f._ _Eng._ Teu. work serpent, 333 Emm, _f._ _Eng._ Teu. grandmother, 333 Emma, _f._ _Eng._ Teu. grandmother, 333 Emme, _f._ _Fr._ Teu. grandmother, 333 Emmeline, _f._ _Eng._ Teu. work serpent, 330 Emmerich, _m._ _Ger._ Teu. work rule, 333 Emmery, _m._ _Eng._ Teu. work rule, 331 _Emmon_, _Erse_, Teu. rich protection, 378 Emmott, _f._ _Eng._ Teu. grandmother (?), 333 Emrys, _m._ _Welsh_, Gr. immortal, 109 _Emund_, _m._ _Nor._ Dan. island protection, 431 ENCARNACION, _f._ _Span._ Lat. being made flesh, 30 _Endrede_, _f._ _Nor._ Teu. superior rider, 323 _Endres_, _m._ _Ger._ Gr. manly, 86 _Endrikis_, _m._ _Lett._ Teu. home ruler, 310 _Endruttis_, _m._ _Lett._ Teu. home ruler, 310 Enea, _m._ _It._ Gr. praise, 74 Eneca, _f._ _Span._ Lat. fiery, 194 Eneco, _m._ _Span._ Lat. fiery, 194 Enée, _m._ _Fr._ Gr. praise, 74 ENGEL, _m._ _Ger._ Gr. angel, 325 ENGELBERGA, _f._ _Ger._ Teu. angel of protection, 325 _Engelbert_, _m._ _Ger._ Teu. bright angel, 325 _Engelchen_, _m._ _Ger._ Gr. angel, 325 ENGLEFRID, _m._ _Ger._ Gr. Teu. angel peace, 325 ENGELHARD, _m._ _Ger._ Teu. Ing’s firmness, 325 _Engelke_, _f._ _Nor._ Teu. Ing’s battle maid, 325 ENGELSCHALK, _m._ _Ger._ Gr. Teu. angel’s disciple, 325 _Engeltje_, _f._ _Dutch_, Gr. angelic, 325 ENGELRAM, _m._ _Ger._ Gr. Teu. Ing’s raven, 325 Engerrand, _m._ _Fr._ Gr. Teu. Ing’s raven, 325 _Enghus_, _m._ _Scot._ Kelt. excellent virtue, 241 Engracia, _f._ _Span._ Lat. grace, 194 _Ennica_, _m._ _Sp._ _Lat._ Lat. fiery, 194 _Ennicus_, _m._ _Sp._ _Lat._ Lat. fiery, 194 _Ennan_, _m._ _Fr._ Heb. Lat. Adam the dwarf, 10 Enoch, _m._ _Eng._ Heb. dedicated, 11 Enos, _m._ _Eng._ Heb. mortal man, 11, 241 Enrichetta, _f._ _It._ Teu. home ruler, 310 Enrico, _m._ _It._ Teu. home ruler, 310 Enrik, _m._ _Slov._ Teu. home ruler, 310 Enrika, _f._ _Slov._ Teu. home ruler, 310 Enrique, _m._ _Span._ Teu. home ruler, 310 Enriqueta, _f._ _Span._ Teu. home rule, 310 _Enselis_, _m._ _Lett._ Heb. the Lord’s grace, 45 _Ensilo_, _m._ _Ger._ Teu. divine, 291 _Enskys_, _m._ _Lett._ Heb. the Lord’s grace, 45 _Enz_, _m._ _Swiss_, Lat. laurel, 174 _Enzeli_, _m._ _Swiss_, Lat. laurel, 174 _Enzio_, _m._ _Ital._ Teu. home rule, 309 _Enzius_, _m._ _Lat._ Teu. home rule, 309 EOCHAID, _m._ _Erse_, Kelt. horseman, 276 EOGHAN, _m._ _Gael._ Kelt. young warrior, 273 Eoghania, _f._ _Erse_, Kelt. young warrior, 273 _Eoin_, _m._ _Erse_, Heb. grace of the Lord, 45 EORCONBERHT, _m._ _A.S._ Teu. sacred brightness, 328 EORCONGOT, _m._ _A.S._ Teu. sacred goodness, 329 EORCONWALD, _m._ _A.S._ Teu. sacred power, 329 EORCONWINE, _m._ _A.S._ Teu. sacred friend, 328 EORMENBURG, _f._ _A.S._ Teu. public protection, 327 EORMENBURH, _f._ _A.S._ Teu. public pledge, 327 EORMENGILD, _f._ _A.S._ Teu. public pledge, 327 EORMENGYTH, _f._ _A.S._ Teu. public gift, 327 EORMENRIC, _m._ _A.S._ Teu. public rule, 327 Eostafie, _m._ _Slav._ Gr. healthy, 88 EPHRAIM, _m._ _Eng._ Heb. two-fold increase. Ephrem, _m._ _Russ._ Heb. two-fold increase. Epifania, _f._ _Ital._ Gr. manifestation, 212 Epifanio, _m._ _Rom._ Gr. of the manifestation, 212 _Epilo_, _m._ _Ger._ Teu. wild boar, 337 EPIMETHEUS, _m._ Gr. after-thought. Epiphanie, _f._ _Fr._ Gr. manifestation, 212 EPIPHANIOS, _m._ Gr. of the manifestation, 212 Epiphanius, _m._ _Lat._ Gr. manifestation, 212 _Eppie_, _f._ _Scot._ Gr. fair fame, 88 _Eppo_, _m._ _Ger._ Teu. firm wild boar, 337 _Epurhard_, _m._ _Ger._ Teu. firm wild boar, 337 EPURHELM, _m._ _Ger._ wild boar helm, 337 Equitius, _m._ _Lat._ Kelt. horseman, 276 _Eraric_, _m._ _Ger._ Teu. warrior king, 400 _Erasme_, _m._ _Fr._ Ger. amiable, 113 _Erasmo_, _m._ _It._ Gr. amiable, 113 Erasmus, _m._ _Dutch_, _Lat._ _Eng._ _Ger._ Gr. amiable, 113 Erchenold, _m._ _Ger._ Teu. sacred prince, 329 Erchimperto, _m._ _It._ Teu. sacred brightness, 328 Ercole, _m._ _It._ Gr. noble fame, 63 ERDMUTH, _Ger._ earth courage, 328, 468 _Erembert_, _m._ _Fr._ Teu. public splendour, 327 _Eremburga_, _f._ _Eng._ Teu. public protection, 328 Eric, _m._ _Ir._ _Eng._ Teu. ever king, 400 Erich, _m._ _Russ._ _Ger._ Teu. ever king, 400 Erik, _m._ _Slov._ Teu. ever king, 400 Erik, _m._ _Swed._ _Esth._ Teu. ever king, 400 Erika, _f._ _Swed._ Teu. ever king, 400 Eriks, _m._ _Lett._ Lett. ever king, 400 _Erivigio_, _m._ _Span._ Teu. warrior battle, 400 Erkenoald, _m._ _Frank._ Teu. sacred power, 328 ERL, _m._ _Nor._ Teu. earl, 333 ERLEBALD, _Ger._ Teu. earl prince, 333 ERLEBRYHT, _Ger._ Teu. bright earl, 333 ERLHER, _Nor._ Teu. earl warrior, 333 ERLHILD, _Nor._ Teu. earl maiden, 333 ERLING, earl’s son, 333 ERLEND, _f._ _m._ _Nor._ Teu. stranger, 432 _Erling_, _m._ _Nor._ Teu. stranger, 432 Ermas, _m._ _Lith._ Teu. public, 327 _Erme_, _m._ _Fr._ Teu. public, 327 Ermelinda, _f._ _Ital._ Teu. world serpent, 327 Ermengard, _f._ _Ger._ Teu. public guard, 327 Ermengarde, _f._ _Eng._ Teu. public guard, 327 ERMENIGILD, _m._ _Russ._ Teu. public pledge, 327 Ermentrud, _f._ _Eng._ Teu. maiden of the nation, 327 Ermesinda, _f._ _Span._ Teu. public strength, 327 _Ermin_, _f._ _Burg._ Teu. public, 327 Ermin, _f._ _Welsh_, Lat. lordly, 147 _Erminia_, _f._ _Ital._ Lat. lordly, 147 _Ermo_, _m._ _Ital._ Gr. amiable, 113 _Ermo_, _m._ _Ital._ Teu. public, 327 _Ermolaj_, _m._ _Russ._ Gr. people of Hermes, 71 Ernest, _m._ _Eng._ Pol. Teu. eagle stone, 344 Erneste, _m._ _Fr._ Teu. eagle stone (?), 344 Ernestine, _f._ _Ger._ Teu. eagle stone (?), 344 Ernesto, _m._ _Ital._ Teu. eagle stone (?), 344 Erneszt, _m._ _Hung._ Teu. eagle stone (?), 344 _Ernijo_, _m._ _Hung._ Gr. peaceful, 113 Ernst, _m._ _Ger._ Teu. eagle stone (?), 344 _Ernstine_, _f._ _Ger._ Teu. eagle stone (?), 344 _Erszok_, _f._ _Hung._ Heb. God’s oath, 35 _Erulf_, _m._ _Ger._ Teu. boar wolf, 337 _Ervigo_, _m._ _Span._ Teu. army war, 417 _Eryk_, _m._ _Pol._ Teu. ever king, 400 _Erzebet_, _f._ _Hung._ Heb. God’s oath, 35 _Erzok_, _f._ _Hung._ Heb. God’s oath, 35 _Esa_, _f._ _A.S._ Teu. the gods, 289 Esaia, _m._ _It._ Heb. salvation of the Lord, 48 Esaias, _m._ _Eng._ _Ger._ Heb. salvation of the Lord, 48 Esaie, _m._ _Fr._ Heb. salvation of the Lord, 48 ESAU, _m._ _Eng._ Heb. hairy. _Esay_, _m._ _Eng._ Heb. salvation of the Lord, 48 Esbern, _m._ _Dan._ Teu. divine bear, 290 ESC, _f._ _m._ _A.S._ Teu. ash tree, 324 Esclairmonde, _f._ _Fr._ Lat. Teu. famous protection, 186 _Escwine_, _m._ _A.S._ Teu. ash friend, 324 Esdras, _m._ _Eng._ Heb. rising of light, 51 Esmeralda, _f._ _Span._ Gr. emerald, 125 Esperança, _f._ _Span._ Lat. hope, 196 Esperance, _f._ _Fr._ Lat. hope, 196 Esperanza, _f._ _Span._ Lat. hope, 196 ESSA, _f._ _Ir._ Kelt. nurse, 254 _Essie_, _f._ _Eng._ Pers. star, 57 Estanislau, _m._ _Port._ Slav. camp glory, 440 Esteban, _m._ _Span._ Gr. crown, 96 Estella, _f._ _Span._ Lat. star, 57 Estelle, _f._ _Fr._ Lat. star, 57 Ester, _f._ _It._ _Hung._ Pers. star, 57 Esterre, _f._ _It._ Pers. star, 57 Estephania, _f._ _Port._ Gr. crown, 96 Estevan, _m._ _Span._ Gr. crown, 96 Estevao, _m._ _Port._ Gr. crown, 96 Estevennes, _m._ _Fr._ Gr. crown, 96 Esther, _f._ _Eng._ Pers. star, 57 Estienne, _m._ _Fr._ Gr. crown, 96 Estolfo, _m._ _Span._ Teu. swift wolf, 401 Estrith, _f._ _Dan._ Teu. impulse of love, 401 ESYLT, _f._ _Cym._ Kelt. fair, 269, 275 Eth, _m._ _Scot._ Kelt. fire, 227 _Ethel_, _f._ _Eng._ Teu. noble, 410 Ethelburga, _f._ _Eng._ Teu. noble protection, 410 Etheldred, _f._ _Eng._ Teu. noble threatener, 410 Ethelind, _f._ _Eng._ Teu. noble snake, 410 Ethelmar, _m._ _Eng._ Teu. work ruler, 331 Ethelred, _m._ _Eng._ Teu. noble council, 410 _Ethered_, _m._ _Eng._ Teu. noble council, 410 _Ethert_, _m._ _Eng._ Teu. noble council, 410 _Ethfinn_, _m._ _Scot._ Teu. white fire, 227 Etienne, _m._ _Fr._ Gr. crown, 96 Etiennette, _f._ _Fr._ Gr. crown, 97 _Etta_, _f._ _Ger._ Teu. home ruler, 310 _Etto_, _m._ _Ger._ Teu. firm wild boar, 337 Ettore, _m._ _It._ Gr. defender, 74 Etzel, _m._ _Ger._ Tartar, father like, 13 Eubul, _m._ _Ger._ Gr. happy council, 88 Eucaria, _f._ _m._ _Ital._ Gr. happy hand, 87 Euchaire, _m._ _Fr._ Gr. happy hand, 87 Euchar, _m._ _Ger._ Gr. happy hand, 87 Euchario, _m._ _Port._ Gr. happy hand, 87 EUCHARIS, _f._ Gr. happy grace, 88 Euchary, _m._ _Pol._ Gr. happy hand, 87 EUCHEIR, _m._ Gr. happy hand, 87 Eucherius, _m._ _Lat._ Gr. happy hand, 87 Eudbaird, _m._ _Erse_, Teu. rich guard, 376 EUDES, _m._ _Fr._ Teu. rich, 376 Eudocia, _f._ _Lat._ Gr. approval, 87 Eudocie, _f._ _Fr._ Gr. approval, 87 Eudokhia, _f._ _Russ._ Gr. approval, 87 Eudon, _m._ _Fr._ Teu. rich, 376 EUDORA, _f._ _Lat._ Gr. happy gift, 87 Eudore, _f._ _Fr._ Gr. happy gift, 87 Eudossia, _f._ _It._ Gr. approval, 87 EUDOXIA, _f._ _Russ._ Gr. happy glory, 87 Eudoxie, _f._ _Fr._ Gr. happy glory, 87 Eufemia, _f._ _It._ Gr. fair fame, 88 Eufrosina, _f._ _Rom._ Gr. mirth, 72 Eugen, _m._ _Ger._ Gr. well born, 87 Eugene, _m._ _Fr._ _Eng._ Gr. well born, 87 EUGENES, _m._ Gr. well born, 87 Eugenia, _f._ _It._ _Span._ _Eng._ Gr. well born, 87, 273 Eugenie, _f._ _Fr._ _Ger._ Gr. well born, 87 Eugenio, _m._ _Rom._ Gr. well born, 87 Eugenius, _m._ _Lat._ Gr. well born, 87 Eugeniusz, _m._ _Pol._ Gr. well born, 88 Euginia, _f._ _Erse_, Kelt. warrior, 273 EULALIA, _f._ _It._ _Span._ _Eng._ Gr. fair speech, 88 Eulalie, _f._ _Fr._ Gr. fair speech, 88 EUNICE, _f._ _Eng._ Gr. happy victory, 88 Euphame, _f._ _Scot._ Gr. fair fame, 88 EUPHEMIA, _f._ _Eng._ _Scot._ _Dutch_, Gr. fair fame, 88 Euphemie, _f._ _Fr._ Gr. fair fame, 88 EUPHRASIA, _f._ _Eng._ Gr. mirth, 72 Euphrasie, _f._ _Fr._ Gr. mirth, 72 Euphrosine, _f._ _Fr._ Gr. mirth, 72 EUPHROSYNE, _f._ _Eng._ _Ger._ Gr. mirth, 72 Eustace, _m._ _Eng._ Gr. happy in harvest, 88 Eustache, _m._ _Fr._ Gr. happy in harvest, 88 Eustachia, _f._ _Eng._ Gr. happy in harvest, 88 Eustachie, _f._ _Fr._ Gr. happy in harvest, 88 EUSTACHYS, _m._ Gr. happy in harvest, 88 Eustachius, _m._ _Lat._ Gr. happy in harvest, 88 EUSTATHIOS, _m._ Gr. healthy, 88 Eustazia, _f._ _It._ Gr. happy in harvest, 88 Eustazio, _m._ _It._ Gr. happy in harvest, 88 _Eustathius_, _m._ _Russ._ _Gr._ Gr. healthy, 88 Eustochium, _f._ _Lat._ Gr. good thought, 88 EVA, _f._ _Ger._ _Dan._ _Lat._ Heb. life, 11 _Evald_, _f._ _Fr._ Teu. wild boar power, 337 Evan, _m._ _Scot._ _Welsh_, Kelt. young warrior, 273 Evangeline, _f._ _Am._ Gr. happy messenger, 87 Evangelista, _m._ _It._ Gr. happy messenger, 87 Eve, _f._ _Eng._ Heb. life, 11 Eveleen, _f._ _Ir._ Kelt. pleasant, 231 Evelina, _f._ _Eng._ Kelt. pleasant, 231 Eveline, _f._ _Eng._ Kelt. pleasant, 232 Evelyn, _m._ _Eng._ Lat. hazel nut, 232 _Even_, _m._ _Nor._ Teu. island Wend, 431 Everard, _m._ _Fr._ _Eng._ Teu. firm wild boar, 337 Everardo, _m._ _It._ Teu. firm wild boar, 337 Everhard, _m._ _Ger._ Teu. firm wild boar, 337 Everhilda, _f._ _Eng._ Teu. wild boar battle maid, 337 Everilda, _f._ _Eng._ Teu. wild boar battle maid, 337 _Evers_, _m._ _L. Ger._ Teu. wild boar firm, 337 _Evert_, _m._ _Ger._ Teu. wild boar firm, 337 _Evgen_, _m._ _Slov._ Gr. well born, 87 _Evgenij_, _f._ _Slov._ Gr. well born, 87 _Evir_, _f._ _Scot._ pleasant, 231 Evirallin, _f._ _Scot._ Kelt. pleasantly excellent, 231 Evircoma, _f._ _Scot._ Kelt. pleasantly amiable, 231 Evlalija, _f._ _Slov._ Gr. fair speech, 88 Evrand, _m._ _Fr._ Teu. firm wild boar, 337 Evre, _m._ _Fr._ Teu. wild boar, 337 Evremond, _m._ _Fr._ Teu. wild boar protection, 337 _Evrols_, _m._ _Fr._ Teu. wild boar wolf, 337 _Evroud_, _m._ _Fr._ Teu. wild boar power, 337 _Evva_, _f._ _Russ._ Heb. life, 11 Ewa, _f._ _Ger._ Heb. life, 11 Ewan, _m._ _Scot._ Kelt. warrior, 273 _Ewart_, _m._ _Eng._ Teu. firm wild boar, 337 _Ewarts_, _m._ _Lett._ Teu. firm wild boar, 337 _Ewe_, _f._ _Lus._ Heb. life, 11 _Eweline_, _f._ _Ger._ Kelt. pleasant, 231 _Ewert_, _m._ _Esth._ Teu. firm wild boar, 337 _Ewerts_, _m._ _Lett._ Teu. firm wild boar, 337 _Ewusche_, _f._ _Lett._ Heb. life, 11 EYAR, _m._ _Nor._ Teu. island warrior, 431 EYDIS, _f._ _Nor._ Ten. island sprite, 431 EYFREY, _f._ _m._ _Nor._ Teu. island peace, 431 EYGERD, _f._ _Nor._ Teu. island maid, 431 EYMUND, _m._ _Nor._ Teu. island protection, 431 EYSTEIN, _m._ _Nor._ Teu. island stone, 431 EYTHIOF, _m._ _Nor._ Teu. island thief, 431 EYNY, _f._ _Nor._ Teu. island freshness, 431 EYULF, _m._ _Nor._ Teu. island wolf, 335 EYVAR, _m._ _Nor._ Teu. island prudence, 431 EYVIND, _m._ _Nor._ Teu. island Wend, 431 Ezechiel, _m._ _Ger._ Heb. strength of God, 48 Ezekias, _m._ _Gr._ Heb. strength of the Lord, 48 Ezekiel, _m._ _Eng._ Heb. strength of God, 48 Ezra, _m._ _Eng._ Heb. rising of light, 51 F FABIA, _It._ Lat. bean grower, 146 Fabian, _m._ _Eng._ Lat. bean grower, 146 Fabiano, _m._ _It._ Lat. bean grower, 146 Fabien, _f._ _Fr._ Lat. bean grower, 146 Fabio, _m._ _It._ Lat. bean grower, 146 Fabiola, _f._ _It._ Lat. bean grower, 146 FABIUS, _m._ Lat. bean grower, 146 Fabijan, _m._ _Slov._ Lat. bean grower, 146 Fabrice, _m._ _Fr._ Lat. mechanic, 147 FABRICIUS, _m._ Lat. mechanic, 147 Fabron, _m._ _Ger._ Lat. mechanic, 147 Fabronio, _m._ _It._ Lat. mechanic, 147 FACHTNA, _m._ _Erse_, 224 _Facio_, _m._ _It._ Lat. good worker, 185 Fadrique, _m._ _Span._ Teu. peace rule, 296 _Faik_, _f._ _Bret._ Kelt. white wave, 270 _Faith_, _f._ _Eng._ _Fanchette_, _f._ _Fr._ Teu. free, 300 _Fanchon_, _f._ _Fr._ Teu. free, 300 _Fanny_, _f._ _Eng._ Teu. free, 300 _Fantik_, _f._ _Bret._ Teu. free, 330 FARABERT, _m._ _Frank._ Teu. travelled splendour, 432 FARAMOND, _m._ _Frank._ Teu. travelled protector, 432 Fardorougha, _m._ _Irish_, Kelt. blind man, 238 _Farghy_, _m._ _Irish_, Kelt. excellent valour, 238 FARGRIM, _Nor._ Teu. travelled Grim, 432 FAROLD, _m._ _Ger._ travelled power, 432 _Farquhar_, _m._ _Scot._ Kelt. manly, 238 FARTHEGN, _m._ _Nor._ Teu. travelled servant, 432 FARULF, _m._ _Nor._ Teu. travelled wolf, 432 FASTBURG, _f._ _Frank._ Teu. firm protection, 421 FASTMANN, _m._ _Frank._ Teu. firm man, 421 FASTMUND, _m._ _Frank._ Teu. firm guard, 421 FASTOLF, _m._ _Ger._ Teu. firm wolf, 421 FASTRADE, _f._ _Fr._ Teu. firm council, 421 FAUSTA, _f._ _It._ Lat. lucky, 163 Faustine, _f._ _m._ _Ger._ Lat. lucky, 163 Faustina, _f._ _It._ Lat. lucky, 163 Faustine, _f._ _Fr._ Lat. lucky, 163 Fausto, _m._ _It._ Lat. lucky, 163 FAUSTUS, _m._ Lat. lucky, 163 _Favour_, _m._ _Eng._ 177 FAXABRANDR, _m._ _Ice._ white hair, 427 FAXI, _m._ _Ice._ hair, 427 _Fazio_, _m._ _It._ Lat. good worker, 185 FEARACHUR, _m._ _Gael._ manly, 237 FEARGHAL, _m._ _Erse_, Kelt. man of valour, 237 FEARGHUS, _m._ _Erse_, Kelt. man of strength, 237 Feargus, _m._ _Ir._ Kelt. man of strength, 237 Febe, _f._ _It._ Gr. light, 65 Febo, _m._ _Span._ Gr. light, 65 FEBRONIA, _f._ _It._ Lat. 176 Federico, _m._ _It._ Teu. peace ruler, 296 Federiga, _f._ _It._ Teu. peace ruler, 296 Federigo, _m._ _It._ Teu. peace ruler, 296 FEDLEMI, _f._ _Erse_, Kelt. ever good, 256 FEDLIM, _m._ _Irish_, Kelt. good, 256 Fedor, _f._ _m._ _Russ._ Gr. God’s gift, 101 Feeleep, _m._ _Russ._ Gr. lover of horses, 78 FEIDLIM, _m._ _Erse_, Kelt. ever good, 256 Feidrik, _Bret._ Teu. peace ruler, 296 FEITHFAILGE, _f._ _Erse_, Kelt. honeysuckle ringlets, 224 Felice, _m._ _It._ Lat. happy, 163 Felicia, _f._ _Eng._ happy, 163 Felicidad, _f._ _Span._ Lat. happiness, 163 Felicidade, _f._ _Port._ Lat. happiness, 163 Felicie, _f._ _Fr._ Lat. happy, 163 Felicità, _f._ _It._ Lat. happiness, 163 Felicité, _f._ _Fr._ Lat. happiness, 163 Feliks, _m._ _Russ._ Lat. happy, 163 Felim, _m._ _Irish_, Kelt. ever good, 163, 257 Felimy, _m._ _Irish_, Kelt. ever good, 163, 257 Felipa, _f._ _Port._ Gr. lover of horses, 79 Felipe, _f._ _m._ _Span._ Gr. lover of horses, 79 Felipinho, _m._ _Port._ Gr. lover of horses, 79 Felipo, _m._ _Span._ Gr. lover of horses, 79 Felippe, _m._ _Span._ Gr. lover of horses, 79 Felise, _f._ _Fr._ Lat. happy, 163 FELIX, _m._ _Fr._ _Eng._ _Span._ _Slov._ Lat. happy, 163, 257 Feliz, _m._ _Port._ Lat. happy, 163 Fenella, _f._ _Scot._ Kelt. white shouldered, 245 _Feo_, _m._ _It._ Heb. gift of the Lord, 15 Feodor, _m._ _Russ._ Gr. God’s gift, 101 Feodora, _f._ _Russ._ Gr. God’s gift, 101 Feodosia, _m._ _Russ._ Gr. God given, 103 Feoris, _m._ _Erse_, Gr. stone, 108 _Ferabras_, _m._ _Fr._ Kelt. strong arm, 234 FERAHBALD, _m._ _Ger._ Teu. prince of life, 433 FERAHMUND, _m._ _Ger._ Teu. protection of life, 433 Ferdinand, _m._ _Ger._ _Fr._ _Eng._ Teu. adventuring life, 433 Ferdinanda, _f._ _Ger._ Teu. adventuring life, 433 Ferdinandine, _f._ _Fr._ Teu. adventuring life, 433 Ferdinando, _m._ _It._ Teu. adventuring life, 433 Ferdynand, _m._ _Pol._ Teu. adventuring life, 433 _Ferencz_, _m._ _Hung._ Teu. free, 300 Ferghal, _m._ _Erse_, Kelt. man of strength, 237 FERHONANTHS, _m._ _Goth._ Teu. adventuring life, 433 Fergus, _m._ _Scot._ Kelt. man’s strength, 237 Fergusiana, _f._ _Scot._ Kelt. man’s strength, 237 _Feriga_, _f._ _It._ Teu. peace ruler, 296 _Ferko_, _m._ _Hung._ Teu. free, 300 Fernanda, _f._ _Span._ Teu. adventuring life, 433 Fernando, _m._ _It._ Teu. adventuring life, 433 Ferrand, _m._ _Prov._ Teu. adventuring life, 433 Ferrante, _m._ _It._ Teu. adventuring life, 433 _Ferry_, _m._ _Fr._ Teu. peace ruler, 296 FESTUS, _m._ _Lat._ 224 _Ffraid_, _f._ _Welsh_, Kelt. fiery dart, 236 FIACHRA, _m._ _Erse_, Kelt. eagle, 252 Fiacre, _m._ _Fr._ Kelt. eagle, 252 FIAMMA, _f._ _It._ Lat. 451 _Fieko_, _m._ _Fris_. Teu. peace rule, 296 _Fiddy_, _f._ _Ir._ Teu. peace strength, 296 _Fidrik_, _m._ _Lus._ Teu. peace rule, 296 _Fiechen_, _f._ _Ger._ Gr. wisdom, 107 _Fieke_, _f._ _Ger._ Gr. wisdom, 107 _Fifine_, _f._ _Fr._ Heb. addition, 23 _Filep_, _m._ _Hung._ Gr. horse lover, 79 Filibert, _m._ _Fr._ Teu. bright will, 316 Filiberto, _m._ _It._ Teu. bright will, 316 Filikitata, _f._ _Russ._ Lat. happiness, 163 Filip, _m._ _Swed._ _Slav._ _Wall._ Gr. lover of horses, 79 _Filippa_, _f._ _It._ Gr. lover of horses, 79 Filippino, _m._ _It._ Gr. lover of horses, 79 Filippo, _m._ _It._ Gr. lover of horses, 79 Filomena, _f._ _It._ daughter of light, 207 FINABHOR, _f._ _Erse_, Kelt. fair eyelids, 172 FINBIL, _f._ _Erse_, Kelt. white blossom, 172 _Finan_, _m._ _Irish_, Kelt. fair offspring, 244 _Finbo_, _f._ _Nor._ Kelt. white bow, 244 FINDATH, _f._ _Erse_, Kelt. fair colour, 245 FINDELVH, _f._ _Erse_, Kelt. fair face, 245 _Fineen_, _m._ _Irish_, Kelt. fair offspring, 245 _Finella_, _f._ _Irish_, Kelt. fair shoulders, 245 _Finette_, _f._ _Fr._ Heb. addition, 23 Fingal, _m._ _Scot._ Kelt. white stranger, 244 FINGHIN, _m._ _Erse_, Kelt. fair offspring, 244 _Finian_, _m._ _Irish_, _Erse_, Kelt. fair offspring, 244 FINN, _m._ _Nor._ Kelt. white, 244 FINNA, _f._ _Nor._ Kelt. white, 244 FINNBOGI, _m._ _Nor._ Kelt. white bow, 244 FINNGARD, _m._ _Nor._ Kelt. Nor. white defence, 244 FINNGEIR, _Nor._ Kelt. Nor. white spear, 244 _Finni_, _m._ _Ice._ Kelt. white, 245 _Finnkatla_, _f._ _Nor._ Teu. white kettle, 245 FINNKETIL, _m._ _Nor._ Teu. white kettle, 245 _Finnkjell_, _m._ _Nor._ Kelt. Nor. white kettle, 245 FINNLEIK, _m._ _Nor._ Teu. Finn’s sport, 245 FINNVARDR, _m._ _Nor._ Kelt. Nor. Finn’s guard, 245 FINNVIDR, _m._ _Nor._ Teu. Finn’s wood, 245 FINSCOTH, _f._ _Erse_, Kelt. white blossom, 245 _Fintan_, _Irish_, Kelt. white, 240 _Finvola_, _f._ _Irish_, Kelt. white shoulders, 245 FIONN, _m._ _Gael._ Kelt. white, 244 FIONNAGAL, _m._ _Erse_, Kelt. white, 245 FIONNGHAL, _m._ _Gael._ Kelt. white stranger, 245 FIONNGHALA, _f._ _Erse_, Kelt. white shouldered, 245 Fiore, _f._ _Ital._ Lat. flower, 171 Fiorentino, _m._ _It._ Lat. flourishing, 171 _Fithil_, _m._ _Erse_, Kelt. 171 FJORLEIF, _m._ _Nor._ Teu. relic of life, 434 FLAVIA, _f._ _It._ Lat. yellow, 147 Flavian, _m._ _Eng._ Lat. yellow, 147 Flavianus, _m._ Lat. yellow, 147 Flavilla, _f._ Lat. yellow, 147 Flavio, _m._ _It._ Lat. yellow, 147 FLAVIUS, _m._ Lat. yellow, 147 _Flidrik_, _m._ _Breton_, Teu. peace rule, 296 _Flipote_, _f._ _Fr._ Gr. horse lover, 79 _Flobert_, _m._ _Fr._ Teu. wise splendour, 425 _Floberte_, _f._ _Ir._ Teu. wise splendour, 425 FLORA, _f._ _Eng._ Lat. flowers, 171 Flore, _f._ _Fr._ Lat. flowers, 171 Florence, _f._ _Eng._ Lat. flourishing, 171 Florence, _m._ _Ir._ Lat. flourishing, 171 Florentin, _m._ _Fr._ Lat. flourishing, 171 Florentine, _f._ _Fr._ Lat. flourishing, 171 FLORENTIUS, _m._ Lat. flourishing, 171 Florentz, _m._ _Ger._ Lat. flourishing, 171 _Florette_, _f._ _Fr._ Lat. flowers, 171 Florian, _m._ _Ger._ Lat. flowery, 171 Florie, _f._ _Gael._ Lat. flowery, 171 _Flory_, _f._ _Scot._ Lat. flowers, 171 Foka, _m._ _Russ._ Gr. a Phocian, 200 Fokke, _m._ _Nor._ Teu. people’s guard, 371 Folkart, _m._ _Ger._ Teu. people’s guard, 371 FOLKER, _m._ _Ger._ Prov. people’s guard, 371 Folkwar, _m._ _Ger._ Teu. people’s greatness, 371 Folko, _m._ _Ger._ Teu. people’s guard, 371 FOLKPERAHT, _m._ _Ger._ Teu. people’s brightness, 371 FOLKWART, _m._ _Ger._ Teu. people’s guard, 371 FOLKWINE, _m._ _Ger._ Teu. people’s friend, 371 FOLRAD, _m._ _Ger._ Teu. people’s council, 371 FOLKRICH, _m._ _Ger._ Teu. people’s ruler, 371 _Foma_, _m._ _Russ._ Aram, twin, 22 _Fomida_, _f._ _Russ._ Aram, twin, 22 FORTUNATUS, _m._ _Lat._ fortune, 176 Fortune, _f._ _Eng._ 176 Fortunio, _m._ _Span._ Lat. fortunate, 176 Foulques, _m._ _Fr._ Teu. people’s guard, 371 _Fouques_, _m._ _Fr._ Teu. people’s guard, 371 Franc, _m._ _Slov._ Teu. free, 299 Frances, _f._ _Eng._ Teu. free, 299 Francesca, _f._ _Ital._ Teu. free, 299 FRANCESCO, _m._ _Ital._ Teu. free, 299 _Francie_, _m._ _Scot._ Teu. free, 299 _Francilo_, _m._ _Span._ Teu. free, 299 _Francina_, _f._ _Dutch_, Teu. free, 299 Francis, _m._ _Eng._ Teu. free, 299 Francisca, _f._ _Port._ _Span._ Teu. free, 300 Francisco, _m._ _Port._ _Span._ Teu. free, 299 Franciscus, _m._ _Lat._ Teu. free, 299 _Francisek_, _m._ _Slov._ Teu. free, 299 Francisk, _m._ _Wall._ Teu. free, 299 _Franciska_, _f._ _Dan._ Teu. free, 300 _Franciske_, _f._ _Slov._ _Ger._ Teu. free, 300 _Franciskus_, _m._ _Ger._ Teu. free, 300 _Francisque_, _f._ _Fr._ Teu. free, 300 _Francisquinho_, _m._ _Port._ Teu. free, 300 Franciszek, _m._ _Pol._ Teu. free, 300 _Franck_, _m._ _Pol._ Teu. free, 300 _Franciszka_, _f._ _Pol._ Teu. free, 300 _Franco_, _m._ _It._ Teu. free, 300 François, _m._ _Fr._ Teu. free, 300 Françoise, _f._ _Fr._ Teu. free, 299 _Francyntje_, _f._ _Dutch_, Teu. free, 300 _Franek_, _m._ _Pol._ Teu. free, 300 _Franica_, _f._ _Slov._ Teu. free, 300 _Franja_, _f._ _Slov._ Teu. free, 300 _Franjo_, _m._ _Slov._ Teu. free, 300 _Frank_, _f._ _Eng._ Teu. free, 300 _Frankel_, _m._ _Ger._ Teu. free, 300 _Franko_, _m._ _O. Ger._ Teu. free, 300 _Frans_, _m._ _Swed._ Teu. free, 300 _Franse_, _m._ _Bret._ Teu. free, 300 _Franseza_, _f._ _Bret._ Teu. free, 300 _Fransje_, _f._ _Dutch_, Teu. free, 300 Franta, _m._ _Span._ Teu. free lord, 300 _Frantisek_, _f._ _Bohm._ Teu. free, 300 _Frantiska_, _f._ _Bohm._ Teu. free, 300 _Franulka_, _f._ _Pol._ Teu. free, 300 _Franusia_, _f._ _Pol._ Teu. free, 300 _Franz_, _m._ _Ger._ Teu. free, 300 _Franzisk_, _m._ _Russ._ Teu. free, 300 _Franziska_, _f._ _Russ._ Teu. free, 300 Franziske, _f._ _Ger._ Teu. free, 300 FREAVINE, _m._ _Nor._ Teu. free friend, 295 _Fred_, _m._ _Eng._ Teu. peace ruler, 296 _Freddy_, _m._ _Eng._ Teu. peace ruler, 296 Fredegonde, _f._ _Fr._ Teu. peace war, 295 FREDEGUNT, _f._ _Frank._ Teu. peace war, 295 Frederic, _m._ _Fr._ Teu. peace ruler, 296 Frederica, _f._ _Eng._ _Span._ _Port._ Teu. peace ruler, 296 Frederick, _m._ _Eng._ Teu. peace ruler, 296 Frederico, _m._ _Port._ Teu. peace ruler, 296 Frederigo, _m._ _Span._ Teu. peace ruler, 296 _Frederik_, _m._ _Dan._ Teu. peace ruler, 296 Frederigue, _f._ _m._ _Fr._ Teu. peace ruler, 296 Fredewolt, _m._ _Fris._ Teu. peace power, 295 _Fredi_, _m._ _Fris._ Teu. peace power, 297 Frediswid, _f._ _Eng._ Teu. peace strength, 295 _Fredli_, _m._ _Swiss_, Teu. peace ruler, 296 _Fredreg_, _m._ _Norm._ Ger. peace ruler, 296 Fredrik, _m._ _Swed._ Teu. peace rule, 296 Fredrika, _f._ _Swed._ Teu. peace rule, 296 _Freerik_, _m._ _Dutch_, Ger. peace ruler, 296 _Freidank_, _m._ _Ger._ Ger. free thought, 295 _Freimund_, _m._ _Ger._ Teu. free protection, 295 _Freimuth_, _m._ _Ger._ Ger. free courage, 295 _Frek_, _m._ _Fris._ Teu. peace ruler, 296 Fremont, _m._ _Fr._ Teu. peace protection, 295 Frenz, _m._ _Dutch_, Teu. free, 296 FREODHORIC, _m._ _A.S._ Teu. peace ruler, 296 _Frerk_, _m._ _Fris._ Teu. peace rule, 296 FRETHESANTHA, _f._ _Eng._ Teu. strength of peace, 295 Frewen, _m._ _Eng._ Teu. free friend, 295 _Frewissa_, _f._ _Eng._ Teu. strength of peace, 295 FREYGERDUR, _Ice._ Teu. free home, 295 Fridbald, _m._ _Ger._ Teu. peace prince, 295 Fridbert, _m._ _Ger._ Teu. peace bright, 295 Fridburg, _f._ _Ger._ Teu. peace protection, 295 FRIDEGER, _f._ _m._ _Ger._ Teu. spear of peace. Frider, _m._ _Ger._ Teu. peace warrior, 297 Friderik, _m._ _Slov._ Teu. peace ruler, 296 Fridgerda, _f._ _Ger._ Teu. peace guard, 297 Fridgund, _f._ _Frank._ Teu. peace war, 297 FRIDHELM, _m._ _Ger._ Teu. peace helmet, 297 FRIDHERI, _m._ _Ger._ Teu. peace warrior, 297 FRIDHREKR, _m._ _O. Nor._ Teu. peace ruler, 296 Fridiswid, _f._ _Eng._ Teu. peace strength, 295 FRIDLEIFR, _m._ _Nor._ Teu. peace relic, 295 _Fridli_, _m._ _Swiss_, Teu. peace rule, 295 _Fridlib_, _m._ _Ger._ Teu. peace relic, 295 FRIDLINA, _f._ _Ger._ Teu. peace snake, 295 _Fridman_, _m._ _Ger._ Teu. peace man, 295 _Fridmar_, _m._ _Ger._ Teu. peace fame, 295 FRIDMUND, _m._ _Ger._ Teu. peace protection, 295 _Frido_, _m._ _Ger._ Teu. peace, 295 Fridold, _m._ _Ger._ Teu. peace power, 295 FRIDOLF, _m._ _Ger._ Teu. peace wolf, 295 Fridolin, _m._ _Ger._ Teu. peace, 295 Fridrad, _m._ _Ger._ Teu. peace council, 295 Fridrada, _f._ _Ger._ Teu. peace councillor, 295 Fridrich, _m._ _Russ._ _Ger._ Teu. peace ruler, 295 Fridrik, _m._ _Hung._ Teu. peace ruler, 296 Fridrike, _f._ _Ger._ Teu. peace ruler, 296 FRIDRIKR, _m._ _Nor._ Teu. peace ruler, 295 Fridrun, _f._ peace wisdom, 295 FRIDUHERI, _m._ _O. Ger._ Teu. peace warrior, 295 FRIDULF, _m._ _Nor._ Teu. peace wolf, 295 _Friedel_, _m._ _Ger._ Teu. peace wolf, 295 Friedrich, _m._ _Ger._ Teu. peace rule, 295 _Friko_, _m._ _Fris._ Teu. peace ruler, 296 FRITHIOF, _m._ _Nor._ Teu. free thief, 295 Frithlaf, _m._ _A.S._ Teu. peace relic, 295 FRITHOGAR, _m._ _A.S._ Teu. peace spear, 295 FRITHSWITH, _f._ _A.S._ Teu. peace strength, 295 FRITHWALD, _m._ _A.S._ Teu. peace power, 295 FRITHWOLF, _m._ _A.S._ Teu. peace wolf. _Fritz_, _m._ _Ger._ Teu. peace ruler, 296 _Fritze_, _f._ _Ger._ Teu. peace ruler, 296 _Fritzinn_, _f._ _Ger._ Teu. peace ruler, 296 FRODA, _m._ _Nor._ Teu. wise, 425 Frodbert, _m._ _Ger._ Teu. wise bright, 425 Frodberta, _f._ _Ger._ Teu. wise bright, 425 _Frodine_, _f._ _Ger._ Teu. wise friend, 425 FRODHR, _m._ _Nor._ Teu. wise, 425 FRODWIN, _m._ _Nor._ Teu. wise friend, 425 Froila, _m._ _Span._ Teu. Lord, 295 Fromsais, _m._ _Erse_, Teu. free, 296 Frowin, _m._ _Ger._ Teu. free friend, 295 Fruela, _m._ _Span._ Teu. Lord, 295 _Fryc_, _m._ _Pol._ Teu. peace ruler, 296 Fryderyk, _m._ _Pol._ Teu. peace ruler, 296 Frydryka, _f._ _Pol._ Teu. peace ruler, 296 Fulbert, _m._ _Eng._ Teu. bright resolution, 316 _Fulcher_, _m._ _Fr._ Teu. people’s guard, 371 Fulberto, _m._ _Rom._ Teu. bright resolution, 316 _Fülip_, _m._ _Hung._ Gr. horse lover, 79 Fulk, _m._ _Eng._ Teu. people’s guard, 371 FULKO, _m._ _Ger._ Teu. people’s guard, 371 Fulrad, _m._ _Ger._ Teu. people’s councillor, 371 FULVIA, _f._ _It._ Lat. yellow, 147 Fulvio, _m._ _It._ Lat. yellow, 147 FULVIUS, _m._ Lat. yellow, 147 _Fynballa_, _f._ _Scot._ Kelt. fair shouldered, 245 _Fynvola_, _f._ _Scot._ Kelt. fair shouldered, 245 _Fynwald_, _f._ _Scot._ Kelt. fair shouldered, 245 G _Gab_, _m._ _Eng._ Heb. hero of God, 55 _Gabe_, _m._ _Bav._ Heb. hero of God, 55 _Gabela_, _m._ _Swiss_, Heb. hero of God, 55 _Gaberjels_, _m._ _Lett._ Heb. hero of God, 55 _Gaberl_, _m._ _Bav._ Heb. hero of God, 55 Gabilo, _m._ _Ger._ Teu. giver, 379 _Gabor_, _m._ _Hung._ Heb. hero of God, 55 Gabriel, _m._ _Span._ _Eng._ _Fr._ _Ger._ Heb. hero of God, 55 Gabriele, _f._ _Ger._ Heb. hero of God, 55 Gabriella, _f._ _Span._ _It._ _Eng._ Heb. hero of God, 55 Gabrielle, _f._ _Fr._ Heb. hero of God, 55 Gabriello, _m._ _It._ Heb. hero of God, 55 _Gabris_, _Lett._ hero of God, 55 _Gabryell_, _Pol._ hero of God, 55 _Gad_, _m._ _Eng._ Heb. troop, 7 _Gaddo_, _m._ _It._ Pers. treasure master, 211 Gaetan, _m._ _Fr._ Lat. of Gaeta, 132 Gaetano, _m._ _It._ Lat. of Gaeta, 132 Gaius, _m._ _Eng._ Lat. rejoiced, 131 Gajo, _m._ _Slov._ Lat. of Gaeta, 131 GAL, _m._ _Erse_, Kelt. valour, 246 Galahad, _Eng._ milky way (?), 263 GALATH, _Welsh_, milky way (?), 263 _Galdfridus_, _m._ _Lat._ Teu. good peace, 287 Galeas, _m._ _Eng._ Teu. helmeted, 163 Galeaz, _m._ _Ger._ Lat. helmeted, 163 Galeazzo, _m._ _It._ Lat. helmeted, 163 Galeran, _m._ _Fr._ Teu. or Lat. healthy or slaughter rule, 317 Galerano, _m._ _It._ Teu. slaughter rule, 317 Galileo, _m._ _It._ Kelt. a cock (?) or Galilean, 163 GALL, _m._ _Gadhael._ Kelt. stranger, 246 Gallo, _m._ _It._ Lat. cock, 163 GALLUS, _m._ Lat. cock, 163 Gandolf, _m._ _Ger._ Teu. progress of a wolf, 434 GANDOLF, _m._ _Ger._ Teu. progress of a wolf, 434 Gandolfo, _m._ _It._ Teu. progress of a wolf, 434 _Ganivre_, _f._ _Eng._ Kelt. white wave, 269 _Ganore_, _f._ _Eng._ Kelt. white wave (?), 269 _Gappe_, _m._ _Bav._ Pers. treasure master, 211 Garalt, _m._ _Fr._ Teu. firm spear, 369 Garcia, _m._ _Span._ Teu. spear, 369 _Garcilasso_, _m._ _Span._ Teu. spear, 369 GARD, _m._ _Nor._ Teu. dwelling place, 322 GARDHAR, _m._ _Nor._ Teu. warrior of his country, 322 GARDBRAND, _m._ _Nor._ Teu. sword of his country, 322 GARDMUND, _m._ _Nor._ Teu. protection of his country, 322 Garibaldo, _m._ _It._ Teu. war prince, 369 _Garnier_, _m._ _Fr._ Teu. protecting warrior, 369 _Garratt_, _m._ _Eng._ Teu. spear firm, 368 _Garret_, _m._ Teu. firm spear, 368 Garsendis, _f._ _Span._ Teu. spear strength, 368 _Garsias_, _m._ _Span._ Teu. spear, 368 _Gaso_, _m._ _Ill._ Pers. treasure master, 211 Gaspar, _m._ _Span._ _It._ _Pol._ Pers. treasure master, 211 Gaspard, _m._ _Fr._ Pers. treasure master, 211 Gasparde, _f._ _Fr._ Pers. treasure master, 211 _Gaspardo_, _m._ _It._ Pers. treasure master, 211 Gaspare, _m._ _It._ Pers. treasure master, 211 Gasparro, _m._ _It._ Pers. treasure master, 211 _Gaspe_, _m._ _Bav._ Pers. treasure master, 211 Gaspero, _m._ _It._ Pers. treasure master, 211 Gaston, _m._ _Span._ _Fr._ 453 Gastone, _m._ _Span._ 453 _Gaton_, _f._ _Fr._ Gr. pure, 123 _Gattirsch_, _m._ _Lett._ Teu. God’s firmness, 288 _Gatty_, _f._ _Eng._ Teu. spear maid, 368 _Gaubert_, _m._ _Fr._ Teu. slaughter bright, 316 _Gaucher_, _m._ _Fr._ Teu. slaughter spear, 316 Gaud, _m._ _Fr._ Teu. power, 425 GAUDENTIUS, _m._ Lat. rejoicing, 191 Gaudenzio, _m._ _It._ Lat. rejoicing, 191 _Gaugl_, _m._ _Swiss_, Heb. supplanter, 17 GAUTA, _m._ _Swed._ Teu. Goth. 288 Gautrek, _m._ _Swed._ Teu. Goth’s king, 288 Gautulf, _m._ _Swed._ Teu. Goth wolf, 288 Gavin, _m._ _Scot._ Kelt. hawk of battle, 272 _Gavra_, _f._ _Slav._ Heb. hero of God, 55 _Gavre_, _m._ _Ill._ Heb. hero of God, 55 _Gavriil_, _m._ _Russ._ Heb. hero of God, 55 _Gavril_, _m._ _Ill._ Heb. hero of God, 55 _Gavrila_, _f._ _Slav._ Heb. hero of God, 55 _Gavrilo_, _m._ _Ill._ Heb. hero of God, 55 Gawain, _m._ _Eng._ Kelt. hawk of battle, 232 _Gayorgee_, _m._ _Russ._ Gr. husbandman, 115 _Gebert_, _m._ _O. Ger._ Teu. strong giver, 378 _Gebhard_, _m._ _Ger._ Teu. strong giver, 378 _Gebhardine_, _f._ _Ger._ Teu. strong giver, 378 _Gedde_, _f._ _Lett._ Teu. spear maid, 368 _Gedderts_, _m._ _Lett._ Teu. God’s firmness, 286 Gédéon, _m._ _Fr._ Heb. destroyer, 38 _Geert_, _m._ _Dan._ _Lus._ Teu. firm spear, 370 GEIR, _m._ _Nor._ Teu. spear, 332, 370 GEIRMUND, _f._ _Nor._ Teu. spear protection, 370 GEIRNY, _f._ _Nor._ Teu. spear freshness, 370 GEIRRANDUR, _f._ _Nor._ Teu. spear house, 370 GEIRRIDUR, _f._ _Nor._ Teu. spear impulse, 370 GEIRTHIOF, _m._ _Nor._ Teu. spear thief, 370 GEIRBJORG, _f._ _Nor._ Teu. spear protection, 370 GEIRFUSS, _m._ _Nor._ Teu. spear eagerness, 370 GEIRHILDA, _f._ _Nor._ Teu. spear heroine, 370 GEIRLAUG, _f._ _Nor._ Teu. spear drink, 370 GEIRTHRUD, _f._ _Nor._ Teu. spear maid, 370 GEIRULF, _m._ _Nor._ Teu. spear wolf, 370 _Geitult_, goat heroine, 341 _Geitwald_, goat prince, 341 GELASIUS, _m._ _Lat._ Gr. laugher, 113 GELGES, _f._ _Gr._ swan white, 246 _Gellies_, _m._ _Dutch_, Teu. warring, 418 GELIMIR, _m._ _Vandal_, Teu. pledge of fame, 366 GELTFRID, _m._ _Ger._ Teu. pledge of peace, 366 _Geltruda_, _f._ _It._ Teu. spear maid, 368 GEMLORG, _f._ _Er._ gem like, 125 GEMMA, _f._ _It._ gem, 125 Genevieve, _f._ _Fr._ Kelt. (?) white wave, 270 _Genevion_, _f._ _Fr._ Kelt. (?) white wave, 270 Gennaro, _m._ _It._ Lat. of Janus, 170 Genovefa, _f._ _Ger._ Kelt. (?) white wave, 270 Genoveffa, _f._ _It._ Kelt. white wave, 270 Genovefica, _f._ _Ill._ Kelt. white wave (?), 270 Genoveva, _f._ _Port._ Kelt. white wave (?), 270 Genserich, _m._ _Ger._ Teu. spear ruler, 369 Geoffrey, _m._ _Eng._ Teu. God’s peace, 288 Geoffroi, _m._ _Fr._ Teu. God’s peace, 288 _Geordie_, _m._ _Scot._ Gr. husbandman, 115 Georg, _m._ _Ger._ _Dan._ Gr. husbandman, 115 George, _m._ _Eng._ Gr. husbandman, 115 Georges, _m._ _Fr._ Gr. husbandman, 115 _Georget_, _m._ _Fr._ Gr. husbandman, 115 _Georgeta_, _f._ _Port._ Gr. husbandman, 115 _Georgette_, _f._ _Fr._ Gr. husbandman, 115 _Georgey_, _m._ _Eng._ Gr. husbandman, 115 Georgiana, _f._ _Eng._ Gr. husbandman, 115 _Georgie_, _m._ _Wall._ Gr. husbandman, 115 _Georgij_, _m._ _Russ._ Gr. husbandman, 115 Georgina, _f._ _Eng._ _Ital._ Gr. husbandman, 115 Georgine, _f._ _Fr._ _Ger._ Gr. husbandman, 115 Georgio, _m._ _Ital._ Gr. husbandman, 115 GEORGIOS, _m._ _Gr._ husbandman, 115 Georgius, _m._ _N.L.D._ Gr. husbandman, 115 _Georgy_, _m._ _Eng._ Gr. husbandman, 115 Gerald, _m._ _Eng._ Teu. spear power, 369 Geraldine, _f._ _Eng._ Teu. spear power, 369 Gerard, _m._ _Eng._ _Fr._ Teu. spear firm, 369 _Gerardo_, _m._ _Rom._ Teu. spear firm, 369 _Gerart_, _m._ _O. Fr._ Teu. spear firm, 369 Gerasimus, _m._ _Lat._ Gr. venerable, 113 _Gerand_, _m._ _Fr._ Teu. spear firm, 369 Gerberge, _f._ _Fr._ Teu. spear protection, 369 Gerbert, _m._ _Fr._ Teu. spear bright, 369 GERBOLD, _m._ _Ger._ Teu. war prince, 369 GERDA, _f._ _Nor._ Teu. enclosure, 322 _Gerde_, _f._ _Lett._ Teu. spear maid, 322, 368 GERDRUD, _f._ _Ger._ Teu. spear maid, 368 GERDUR, _f._ _Nor._ Teu. enclosure, 322 _Gerel_, _m._ _Fris._ Teu. spear power, 368 _Gerelt_, _m._ _Fris._ Teu. spear power, 369 Geremia, _m._ _Ital._ Heb. exalted of the Lord, 49 _Gerga_, _m._ _Ill._ Gr. watchman, 114 _Gergeli_, _m._ _Hung._ Gr. watchman, 114 _Gergen_, _m._ _Slov._ Gr. watchman, 114 GERHARD, _m._ _Ger._ Teu. spear firm, 369 _Gerhardine_, _f._ _Ger._ Teu. firm spear, 369 GERHOLD, _m._ _A.S._ Teu. firm spear, 369 _Gerkis_, _m._ _Lett._ Teu. firm spear, 369 Gerlach, _m._ _Ger._ Teu. spear sport, 370 Gerlib, _m._ _Ger._ Teu. spear relic, 370 Germain, _m._ _Eng._ _Fr._ Lat. German, 202 Germaine, _f._ _Fr._ Lat. German, 202 Germana, _f._ _Span._ Lat. German, 203 Germann, _m._ _Ger._ Lat. German, 203 Germano, _m._ _Ital._ Lat. German, 203 GERMANUS, _m._ Lat. German, 203 GERMAR, _m._ _Ger._ Teu. spear fame, 369 GERNOT, _m._ _Ger._ Teu. spear compulsion, 370 _Gero_, _m._ _Hung._ Gr. watchman, 114 _Gero_, _f._ _Nor._ Teu. divine wisdom, 286 _Gerold_, _m._ _Ger._ Teu. spear firm, 369 GEROLF, _m._ _Ger._ Teu. spear wolf, 370 Geronimo, _m._ _It._ Gr. holy name, 89 Gerontius, _m._ _Lat._ Gr. old man. GERRAMN, _m._ _Ger._ Teu. spear raven, 369 _Gerritt_, _m._ _Dutch_ Gr., Teu. firm spear, 370 _Gerte_, _f._ _Lett._ Teu. spear maid, 368 _Gerts_, _m._ _Lett._ Teu. firm spear, 369 Gertraud, _f._ _Ger._ Teu. spear maid, 368 Gertrud, _f._ _Hung._ _Ger._ Teu. spear maid, 368 Gertruda, _f._ _It._ _Russ._ Teu. spear maid, 368 Gertrude, _f._ _Eng._ _Fr._ Teu. spear maid, 368 Gertrudes, _f._ _Port._ Teu. spear maid, 368 Gervais, _m._ _Fr._ Teu. war eagerness, 370 GERWALD, _m._ _Ger._ Teu. spear power, 370 Gervas,[1] _m._ _Eng._ Teu. war eagerness, 370 Gervasio, _m._ _It._ Teu. war eagerness, 370 Gervazij, _m._ _Slav._ Teu. war eagerness, 370 Gerwart, _m._ _Ger._ Teu. spear ward, 370 Gerwas, _m._ _Ger._ Teu. war eagerness, 370 GERWIN, _m._ _Ger._ Teu. spear friend, 370 Geta, _m._ _Lat._ Teu. Goth. 289 _Gevald_, _m._ _Ger._ Teu. power giver, 379 Gherardo, _m._ _It._ Teu. spear firm, 370 _Ghita_, _f._ _It._ Teu. pearl, 121 Giacinta, _f._ _It._ Gr. purple, 81 Giacinto, _m._ _It._ Gr. purple, 81 Giacobba, _f._ _It._ Heb. supplanter, 17 Giacobbe, _m._ _It._ Heb. supplanter, 17 Giacomma, _f._ _It._ Heb. supplanter, 17 Giacomo, _m._ _It._ Heb. supplanter, 17 Giacopo, _m._ _It._ Heb. supplanter, 17 _Gian_, _m._ _It._ Heb. the Lord’s grace, 45 _Gianbattista_, _m._ _It._ Heb. John the Baptist, 108 _Giankos_, _m._ _M. Gr._ Heb. grace of the Lord, 45 _Giannakes_, _m._ _M. Gr._ Heb. grace of the Lord, 45 _Giannes_, _m._ _M. Gr._ Heb. the Lord’s grace, 45 _Gianina_, _f._ _It._ Heb. the Lord’s grace, 46 _Giannino_, _m._ _It._ Heb. the Lord’s grace, 45 _Gianozzo_, _m._ _It._ Heb. the Lord’s grace, 45 _Gib_, _m._ _Eng._ Teu. bright pledge, 366 _Gibichs_, _m._ _Ger._ Teu. giver, 344 _Gibbon_, _m._ _Eng._ Teu. bright pledge, 366 _Gideon_, _m._ _Eng._ Heb. destroyer, 38 Giertruda, _f._ _Pol._ Teu. spear maid, 368 _Gil_, _m._ _Span._ Lat. downy (?), 149 _Gilavij_, _m._ _Russ._ Lat. cheerful, 191 Gilbert, _m._ _Eng._ _Fr._ _Ger._ Teu. bright pledge, 366 Gilberto, _m._ _It._ Teu. bright pledge, 366 Gilbrid, _m._ _Scot._ Kelt. servant of Bridget, 260 Gilchrist, _m._ _Scot._ Kelt. servant of Christ, 260 Gilcolum, _m._ _Scot._ Kelt. servant of Columba, 260 Gildas, _m._ _Lat._ Kelt. servant of God, 260 _Gileber_, _m._ _Fr._ Teu. bright pledge, 366 _Giles_, _m._ _Eng._ Gr. with the ægis, 79 Gilescop, _m._ _Gael._ Kelt, servant of the bishop, 261 _Gilfred_, _m._ _Ger._ Teu. pledge of peace, 366 _Gill_, _f._ _Eng._ Lat. downy, 150 Gilleneaomh, _m._ _Gael._ Kelt, servant of the saints, 260 Gilles, _m._ _Fr._ Gr. with the ægis, 79 Gillespie, _f._ _Scot._ Kelt, bishop’s servant, 260 Gillet, _f._ _Eng._ Lat. downy, 150 _Gilli_, _Flem._ Teu. bright pledge, 336 Gillian, _f._ _Eng._ Lat. downy, 149 _Gillies_, _m._ _Scot._ servant of Jesus, 261 Gilmichel, _m._ _Scot._ Kelt, servant of Michael, 261 _Gilmory_, _f._ _Scot._ Kelt, servant of Mary, 261 Gilmoir, _f._ _Gael._ Kelt, servant of Mary, 261 GILS, _m._ _Nor._ Teu. pledge, 224 _Gilpatrick_, _m._ _Scot._ Kelt, servant of Patrick, 195, 261 Giodoco, _m._ _It._ _Lat._ joyful, 191 _Giofred_, _m._ _It._ Teu. God’s peace, 287 Ginevra, _f._ _Ital._ Kelt, white wave (?), 270 Giobbe, _m._ _It._ Heb. persecuted, 26 _Gioachimo_, _m._ _It._ Heb. the Lord will judge, 38 _Gioachino_, _m._ _It._ Heb. the Lord will judge, 38 GIOLLA BRIGHDE, _m._ _Erse_, Kelt, servant of Bridget, 261 GIOLLA CHRIST, _m._ _Erse_, Kelt, servant of Christ, 261 GIOLLA CHEALLAICH, _m._ _Erse_, Kelt. servant of Ceallach, 261 GIOLLA CHOLUIN, _m._ _Erse_, Kelt, servant of Columba, 261 GIOLLA CHOMHGHAILL, _m._ _Erse_, Kelt. servant of Congall, 261 GIOLLA DE, _m._ _Erse_, Kelt, servant of God, 261 GIOLLA DUBDH, _m._ _Erse_, Kelt, servant of the black, 261 GIOLLA EARCH, _m._ _Erse_, Kelt, servant of Earc, 261 GIOLLA JOSA, _m._ _Erse_, Kelt, servant of Jesus, 261 GIOLLA-NA-NAOMH, _m._ _Erse_, Kelt, servant of the saints, 261 GIOLLA PHADRIG, _m._ _Erse_, Kelt, servant of Patrick, 195, 261 GIOLLA RHIOBACH, _m._ _Erse_, Kelt. servant of the swarthy, 260 Giordano, _m._ _It._ Heb. the Jordan, 39 Giorgio, _Gr._ _It._ husbandman, 115 Gioseffo, _m._ _Ital._ Heb. addition, 23 _Giotto_, _m._ _Ital._ Teu. God’s peace, 288 _Giovachino_, _m._ _Ital._ Heb. the Lord will judge, 38 Giovanna, _f._ _Ital._ Heb. the Lord’s grace, 46 Giovanni, _m._ _Ital._ Heb. the Lord’s grace, 45 _Giovannina_, _f._ _Ital._ Heb. the Lord’s grace, 46 _Giovanino_, _m._ _Ital._ Heb. the Lord’s grace, 45 _Giovanetto_, _m._ _Ital._ Heb. grace of the Lord, 45 Giovio, _m._ _Ital._ Lat. of Jupiter, 169 _Girairs_, _m._ _Fr._ Teu. firm spear, 370 Giralda, _f._ _Ital._ Teu. spear power, 369 Giraldo, _m._ _Ital._ Teu. spear power, 369 Giraldus, _m._ _Lat._ Teu. spear power, 369 Girart, _m._ _Prov._ Teu. firm spear, 369 _Girault_, _m._ _Fr._ Teu. spear power, 369 _Girioel_, _m._ _Welsh_, Gr. lordly, 217 Girroald, _m._ _Fr._ Teu. spear power, 369 Girolamo, _m._ _It._ Lat. holy name, 89 _Girzie_, _f._ _Scot._ Gr. Teu. golden battle maid, 291 _Gisbert_, _f._ _m._ _Ger._ Teu. pledge bright, 366 _Gisborn_, _m._ _Eng._ Teu. pledge bear, 366 Gisala, _f._ _Ger._ Teu. pledge, 366 _Gisbert_, _m._ _Dutch_, Teu. bright pledge, 366 _Gisebryht_, _m._ _Dutch_, Teu. bright pledge, 366 GISEL, _f._ _Frank._ Teu. pledge, 366 _Giselbert_, _m._ _Ger._ Teu. bright pledge, 366 GISELBERGE, pledged protection, 366 Gisèle, _f._ _Fr._ Teu. pledge, 366 GISELFRID, _m._ _Ger._ Teu. pledge of peace, 366 GISELHART, _m._ _Ger._ Teu. pledge of firmness, 366 GISELHER, _m._ _Ger._ Teu. pledge warrior, 366 GISELHILDA, _f._ _Ger._ Teu. pledged heroine, 366 GISELOF, pledged relic, 366 GISELRICO, _m._ _Goth._ Teu. pledged ruler, 366 Gisla, _f._ _Nor._ Teu. pledge, 366 GISLAUG, _f._ _Nor._ Teu. pledge drink, 366 _Gismonda_, _f._ _Ger._ Teu. conquering protection, 366 _Gismondo_, _m._ _Ger._ Teu. conquering protection, 366 _Gissur_, _m._ _Ice._ Teu. pledged warrior, 366 _Gith_, _f._ _Eng._ Teu. happy gift, 379 Giubileo, _m._ _It._ Lat. of the jubilee, 191 _Giuda_, _m._ _It._ Heb. praise, 21 _Giuditta_, _f._ _It._ Heb. praise, 21 _Giuka_, _m._ _Ill._ Gr. husbandman, 116 _Giuko_, _m._ _Ill._ Gr. husbandman, 116 Giulia, _f._ _It._ Lat. downy bearded, 149 Giuliana, _f._ _It._ Lat. downy bearded, 149 Giuliano, _m._ _It._ Lat. downy bearded, 149 Giulietta, _f._ _It._ Lat. downy bearded, 150 Giulio, _m._ _It._ Lat. downy bearded, 149 _Giuro_, _m._ _Ill._ Gr. husbandman, 259 Giuseppe, _m._ _It._ Heb. addition, 23 Giuseppina, _f._ _It._ Heb. addition, 23 Giusta, _f._ _It._ Lat. just, 192 Giustina, _f._ _It._ Lat. just, 192 Giustino, _m._ _It._ Lat. just, 192 Giusto, _m._ _It._ Lat. just, 192 GJAFLAUG, _f._ _Nor._ Teu. liquor giver, 343 GJAVVALD, _m._ _Nor._ Teu. liquor giver, 343 GJERD, _m._ _Nor._ Teu. bond, 240 GJERHILD, _f._ _Nor._ Teu. spear battle maid, 370 GJERLEIV, _m._ _Nor._ Teu. spear relic, 370 GJERMUND, _m._ _Nor._ Teu. spear protection, 370 GJERULV, _m._ _Nor._ Teu. spear wolf, 370 _Gjorghie_, _m._ _Ill._ Gr. husbandman, 115 _Gjosta_, _m._ _Swed._ Teu. Goth’s staff, 289 _Gjuko_, _m._ _Nor._ Teu. giver, 116, 379 _Gjuraj_, _m._ _Ill._ Gr. husbandman, 116 _Gjurgjija_, _f._ _Ill._ Gr. husbandman, 116 _Gjurginka_, _f._ _Ill._ Gr. husbandman, 116 _Gjuro_, _m._ _Ill._ Gr. husbandman, 259 _Gjutha_, _f._ _Nor._ Teu. giver, 379 _Gladus_, _m._ _Welsh_, Lat. lame, 146 Gladuse, _f._ _Eng._ Lat. lame, 146 Gladys, _f._ _Welsh_, Lat. lame, 146 GLASAN, _m._ _Erse_, Kelt. blue, 106 Glaud, _m._ _Scot._ Lat. lame, 146 GLEB, _m._ _Russ._ Slav. 460 GLOUKERA, _f._ _Russ._ Gr. sweet, 80 Glycère, _f._ _Fr._ Gr. sweet, 80 GLYKERA, _f._ _Gr._ Gr. sweet, 80 _Goçalak_, _m._ _Ill._ Teu. God’s servant, 286 Godafrei, _m._ _Prov._ Teu. God’s peace, 288 Godard, _m._ _Fr._ Teu. divine firmness, 287 Goddard, _m._ _Eng._ Teu. divine firmness, 287 Godebert, _m._ _Ger._ Teu. divine brightness, 288 Godeberta, _f._ _Frank._ Teu. divine brightness, 288 GODEGISEL, _m._ _Ger._ Teu. divine pledge, 288 Godefroi, _m._ _Fr._ Teu. God’s peace, 287 GODEFRIED, _m._ _Ger._ Teu. God’s peace, 287 _Gödel_, _m._ _Ger._ Teu. divine peace, 287 _Godeleva_, _f._ _m._ _Lat._ Teu. divine gift, 286 GODELIND, _f._ _Ger._ Teu. good serpent, 288 GODEMAR, _m._ _Ger._ Teu. good fame, 288 Goderic, _m._ _Fr._ Teu. divine king, 286 Godescalco, _m._ _It._ Teu. God’s servant, 286 GODESKALK, _m._ _Frank._ Teu. God’s servant, 286 Godfrey, _m._ _Eng._ Teu. God’s peace, 287 Godfried, _m._ _Holl._ Teu. God’s peace, 287 GODGIFU, _f._ _A.S._ Teu. God’s gift, 286 Godine, _f._ _m._ _Cambrai_, Teu. divine friend, 286 Godinette, _f._ _Cambrai_, Teu. divine friend, 286 Godiva, _f._ _Eng._ Teu. divine gift, 286 _Godon_, _m._ _Fr._ Lat. lame, 146 Godric, _m._ _Eng._ Teu. divine king, 286 Godwin, _m._ _Eng._ Teu. divine friend, 286 GODWINE, _m._ _A. G. S._ Teu. divine friend, 286 GODWULF, _m._ _A. G. S._ Teu. divine wolf, 286 _Goelen_, _f._ _Flemish_, Teu. war, 363 _Goetz_, _m._ _Ger._ Teu. God’s peace, 287 Goffredo, _m._ _It._ Teu. God’s peace, 287 _Gogo_, _m._ _Fr._ Gr. pearl, 121 _Gollaa_, _f._ _Nor._ Teu. divine sea, 286 GOLUBICA, _f._ _Ill._ Slav. dove, 187 _Gombert_, _m._ _Fr._ Teu. war prince, 363 Gonçalo, _m._ _Port._ Teu. 363 _Gondaberge_, _f._ _Ger._ Teu. war protection, 363 Gondebaldo, _m._ _Span._ Teu. war prince, 363 Gondebault, _m._ _Fr._ Teu. war bold, 363 Gondebert, _m._ _Fr._ Teu. war bright, 363 Gondemir, _m._ _Span._ Teu. war fame, 364 GONDERIC, _m._ _Frank._ Teu. war chief, 364 Gonderico, _m._ _Span._ Teu. war chief, 364 Gondesind, _f._ _Span._ Teu. war strength, 364 GÖNDOL, _f._ _m._ _Nor._ Teu. good, 364 Gondoline, _f._ _Ger._ Teu. war serpent, 364 GONDOMAR, _m._ _Span._ Teu. war fame, 364 Gondomire, _m._ Span. war fame, 364 _Gonorij_, _m._ _Russ._ Lat. honoured, 394 Gonsalve, _m._ _Fr._ Teu. war wolf, 363 Gonsalvo, _m._ _It._ Teu. war wolf, 363 _Gonstan_, _m._ _Bret._ Teu. hill stone, 295 _Gonthery_, _m._ _Fr._ Teu. war rule, 363 Gonthier, _m._ _Fr._ Teu. war army, 363 Gonthere, _m._ _It._ Teu. war army, 363 Gontrada, _f._ _Span._ Teu. war council, 364 Gontram, _m._ _Fr._ Teu. war raven, 364 _Gönz_, _m._ _Ger._ Teu. war, 363 Gonzalo, _m._ _Span._ Teu. war wolf, 361 Gonzalve, _m._ _Fr._ Teu. war wolf, 363 _Goratij_, _m._ _Russ._ Lat. watchman, 114, 148 _Gorm_, _m._ _Nor._ Teu. war serpent, 363 _Gormfhlait_, _f._ _Erse_, Teu. blue lady, 253 Gospatrick, _m._ _Scot._ Gael. Lat. boy of Patrick, 195 _Gospava_, _f._ _Ill._ Slav. lady. _Gosta_, _m._ _Swed._ Teu. Goth’s staff, 289 Gostanza, _f._ _Span._ Lat. firm, 162 GOSTOMIL, _m._ _Ill._ Slave, hospitality, 439 _Gotardo_, _m._ _It._ Lat. good firm, 287 Gotfryd, _m._ _Pol._ Teu. God’s peace, 288 _Goton_, _f._ _Fr._ Gr. pearl, 121 GOTTFRIED, _m._ _Ger._ Teu. God’s peace, 288 Gottgabe, _m._ _Ger._ Teu. God’s gift, 288 Gottgetreu, _m._ _Ger._ Teu. faithful to God, 288 GOTTHARD, _m._ _Ger._ Teu. divine firmness, 286 Gotthelf, _m._ _Ger._ Teu. God’s help, 288 Gotthold, _m._ _Ger._ Teu. God’s power, 288 GOTTLEIP, _m._ _Ger._ Teu. remains of divinity, 288 Gottlieb, _m._ _Ger._ Teu. God’s love, 288 Gottlob, _m._ _Ger._ Teu. God’s praise, 288 GOTTSCHALK, _m._ _Ger._ Teu. Gods servant, 286 Gottseimitdir, _m._ _Ger._ Teu. God be with thee, 288, 468 GOTTWALD, _m._ _Ger._ Teu. God’s power, 288 _Goule_, _f._ _Brabant_, Teu. war, 363 _Govert_, _m._ _Dutch_, Teu. God’s peace, 288 GOZSTAV, _m._ _Swed._ Teu. Goth’s staff, 289 GRACE, _f._ _Eng._ Lat. grace, 195 Gracie, _f._ _Scot._ Lat. grace, 195 Gradlon, _m._ _Bret._ Kelt. love, 250 GRAIDHNE, _f._ _Erse_, Kelt. love, 250 GRAINE, _f._ _m._ _Irish_, Kelt. love, 195, 249 Gratianus, _m._ _Lat._ thanks, 195 Graziella, _f._ _It._ Lat. thanks, 195 Grazian, _m._ _It._ Lat. thanks. Greagair, _m._ _Erse_, Kelt. watchman, 114 _Gredel_, _f._ _Bav._ Gr. pearl, 121 _Greg_, _m._ _Scot._ Kelt. fierce, 114 _Grega_, _m._ _Slov._ Gr. watchman, 114 Gregoire, _m._ _Fr._ Gr. watchman, 114 Gregor, _m._ _Ger._ Gr. watchman, 114 Gregori, _m._ _It._ Gr. watchman, 114 GREGORIOS, _m._ _Gr._ Gr. watchman, 114 _Gregorius_, _m._ _Lat._ Gr. watchman, 114 Gregory, _m._ _Eng._ Gr. watchman, 114 _Gregos_, _m._ _Dan._ Gr. watchman, 114 Gregur, _m._ _Slov._ Gr. watchman, 114 _Gregus_, _m._ _Dan._ _Ger._ Gr. watchman, 256 _Greis_, _m._ _Swed._ Gr. watchman, 114 GREIS, _m._ _Nor._ Teu. stone, 349 _Grel_, _f._ _Bav._ Gr. pearl, 121 _Greszkus_, _m._ _Lith._ Gr. watchman, 114 _Greta_, _f._ _Lith._ Gr. pearl, 121 _Gretchen_, _f._ _Ger._ Eng. pearl, 121 _Grete_, _f._ _Ger._ Gr. pearl, 121 _Gretel_, _f._ _Bav._ Gr. pearl, 121 _Grethe_, _f._ _Ger._ Gr. pearl, 121 _Gretje_, _f._ _Dutch_, Gr. pearl, 121 _Gretli_, _f._ _Swiss_, Gr. pearl, 121 Gries, watchman, 114 Griffith, _m._ _Welsh_, Lat. ruddy, 167 Grifone, _m._ _It._ Lat. ruddy, 167 _Grigge_, _m._ _Lett._ Gr. watchman, 114 Grigorie, _m._ _Wall._ Gr. watchman, 114 Grigorij, _m._ _Russ._ Gr. watchman, 114 Grigory, _m._ _Ill._ Gr. watchman, 114 GRIM, _m._ _Nor._ Teu. helmeted, 293 Grimaldo, _m._ _It._ Teu. fierce power, 293 Grimaltos, _m._ _Span._ Teu. fierce power, 293 _Grimaud_, _m._ _Fr._ Teu. fierce power, 293 _Grimar_, _m._ _Nor._ Teu. helmeted warrior, 293 GRIMBALD, _m._ _Eng._ Teu. fierce power, 293 GRIMBERT, _m._ _Ger._ Teu. helmeted warrior, 293 GRIMHERI, _m._ _Ger._ Teu. helmeted warrior, 293 GRIMHILD, _f._ _m._ _Nor._ Teu. helmeted battle maid, 293 GRIMKETYL, _m._ _Nor._ Teu. hidden cauldron, 293 _Grimkjell_, _m._ _Nor._ Teu. hidden cauldron, 293 GRIMWALD, _m._ _Ger._ Teu. helmeted power, 293 GRIMULF, _m._ _Eng._ Teu. helmeted wolf, 293 _Grischa_, _f._ _Russ._ Gr. watchman, 114 GRIOTGARD, _f._ _Nor._ Teu. stone maid, 349 _Grischha_, _f._ _Russ._ Gr. watchman, 115 Griselda, _f._ _It._ _Eng._ Gr. Teu. stone heroine, 349 Grisostomo, _m._ _It._ Gr. golden mouth, 43 Grissel, _f._ _Eng._ Gr. Teu. stone heroine, 349 Gristovalo, _m._ _It._ Gr. Christ bearer, 106 _Gritty_, _f._ _Eng._ Gr. pearl, 121 Grizel, _f._ _Scot._ _Gr._ Teu. stone heroine, 349 GROZDANA, _f._ _Serv._ Slav. rich in grapes, 438 GRUACH, _f._ _Gael._ Kelt. hairy. Gruffin, _m._ _Welsh_, Lat. ruddy, 167 Gruffydd, _m._ _Welsh_, Lat. ruddy, 167 _Grunja_, _f._ _Russ._ Lat. born with feet foremost, 156 _Gruscha_, _f._ _Russ._ Lat. born with feet foremost, 156 _Grygallis_, _m._ _Lett._ Gr. watchman, 113 _Gryta_, _f._ _Lith._ Gr. pearl, 121 Grzegorz, _m._ _Pol._ Gr. watchman, 114 Guadalupe, _f._ _m._ _Span._ 371 _Gualberto_, _m._ _It._ Teu. slaughter bright, 317 Gualter, _m._ _Port._ Teu. powerful army, 425 Gualthier, _m._ _Fr._ Teu. powerful army, 425 Gualtiero, _m._ _It._ Teu. powerful army, 425 Guarin, _m._ _Fr._ Teu. spear friend, 369 Guarino, _m._ _It._ Teu. spear friend, 369 Guarniero, _m._ _It._ Teu. protecting warrior, 369 Guérin, _m._ _Fr._ Teu. protecting warrior, 369 _Guccio_, _m._ _It._ Teu. home rule, 310 Guda, _f._ _Nor._ Teu. divine, 285 GUDBIORG, _f._ _Nor._ Teu. divine protection, 286 GUDBRAND, _m._ _Nor._ Teu. divine sword, 286 GUDFINN, divine whiteness, 286 GUDFINNA, divine whiteness, 286 GUDHR, _f._ _Nor._ Teu. divine, 286 Gudiskako, servant of God, 286 GUDLEIF, _m._ _Nor._ Teu. divine relic, 286 GUDLEIFR, _m._ _Nor._ Teu. divine relic, 286 GUDLEIK, _m._ _Nor._ Teu. divine praise, 286 GUDMUND, _m._ _Nor._ Teu. divine protection, 286 GUDNY, _m._ _Nor._ Teu. divine freshness, 286 GUDOLV, _m._ _Nor._ Teu. divine wolf, 286 GUDRID, _f._ _Nor._ Teu. divine impulse, 286 GUDRIDUR, _f._ _Nor._ Teu. divine impulse, 286 GUDRUNA, _f._ _Nor._ Teu. divine wisdom, 286 Gudule, _f._ _Ger._ Teu. war, 364 GUDVAR, _m._ _Nor._ Teu. divine prudence, 286 GUDVEIG, _f._ _Nor._ Teu. divine liquor, 286 _Guelfo_, _m._ _It._ Teu. wolf, 335 Guendolen, _f._ _Eng._ Kelt, white browed, 268 GUENNEAN, _f._ _Bret._ Kelt, angel, 270 Guennever, _f._ _Eng._ Kelt, white lady, 268 Guennolé, _f._ _Bret._ Kelt, white, 268 Guennolà, _f._ _Bret._ Kelt, white, 268 _Guerin_, _m._ _Fr._ Teu. war friend, 369 Guglielma, _f._ _It._ Teu. helmet of resolution, 315 Guglielmo, _m._ _It._ Teu. helmet of resolution, 315 _Gui_, _m._ _Fr._ Kelt, sense, 228 _Guides_, _m._ _Fr._ Kelt, sense,228 _Guido_, _m._ _It._ _Eng._ Kelt, sense, 228 _Guidon_, _m._ _Fr._ Kelt. sense (?), 228 _Guidone_, _m._ _It._ Kelt. sense (?), 228 _Guiette_, _f._ _Fr._ Kelt. sense (?), 228 Guilbaldo, _m._ _Port._ Teu. bold prince, 314 Guilhermo, _m._ _Port._ Teu. helmet of resolution, 315 _Guillarn_, _m._ _Bret._ Teu. will helmet, 315 _Guillerm_, _m._ _Bret._ Teu. will helmet, 315 _Guillym_, _m._ _Welsh_, Teu. will helmet, 315 Guillaume, _m._ _Fr._ Teu. helmet of resolution, 315 Guillaumette, _f._ _Fr._ Teu. helmet of resolution, 315 Guillaumine, _f._ _Fr._ Teu. helmet of resolution, 315 Guillene, _m._ _Prov._ Teu. helmet of resolution, 315 Guillena, _f._ _Prov._ Teu. will helmet, 315 Guillermo, _m._ _Span._ Teu. helmet of resolution, 315 _Guillette_, _f._ _Fr._ Teu. helmet of resolution, 315 Guillibaud, _m._ _Fr._ Teu. resolute prince, 315 _Guillot_, _m._ _Fr._ Teu. helmet of resolution, 315 Guirauld, _m._ _Fr._ Teu. spear power, 369 Guiscard, _m._ _Fr._ Teu. wise war, 321 Guiscardo, _m._ _It._ Teu. wise war, 321 _Gulla_, _f._ _Nor._ Teu. divine sea, 286 _Gullaug_, _f._ _Nor._ Teu. divine liquor, 286 _Gullbrand_, _m._ _Nor._ Teu. war sword, 286 _Gulleik_, _m._ _Nor._ Teu. war sport, 286 _Gulleiv_, _m._ _Nor._ Teu. divine relic, 286 _Gulmar_, _m._ _Nor._ Teu. war greatness, 364 _Gulmund_, _m._ _Nor._ Teu. divine protection, 286 _Gumpert_, _m._ _Ger._ Teu. war splendour, 364 GUNBJORG, _f._ _Nor._ Teu. war protection, 364 GUNBJORN, _f._ _Nor._ Teu. war bear, 364 Gunborg, _f._ _Nor._ Teu. war protection, 364 GUNDAHARI, _m._ _O. Ger._ Teu. warrior, 364 GUNDEKAR, _m._ _Ger._ Teu. war spear, 364 GUNDLIN, _f._ _Ger._ Teu. war serpent, 364 Gundolf, _m._ _Ger._ Teu. war wolf, 364 _Gundrada_, _f._ _Ger._ Teu. war council, 364 Gundred, _f._ _Eng._ Teu. war council (?), 364 GUNDRIDUR, _f._ _Nor._ Teu. war impulse, 364 Gundula, _f._ _Ger._ Teu. war, 364 GUNDULF, _m._ _Norm._ Teu. war wolf, 364 GUNDVAR, _f._ _Nor._ Teu. war prudence, 364 _Gunhild_, _f._ _Nor._ Teu. war heroine, 364 _Guni_, _f._ _Nor._ Teu. divine freshness, 286 GUNLAUG, _f._ _Nor._ Teu. war liquor, 364 GUNLEIF, _m._ _Nor._ Teu. war love, 364 GUNLEIK, _m._ _Nor._ Teu. war sport, 364 Gunnar, _f._ _Nor._ Teu. war, 364 GUNNDERICH, _m._ _Nor._ Teu. war ruler, 364 GUNNHILDUR, _f._ _Nor._ Teu. war maid, 364 _Gunnilda_, _f._ _Eng._ Teu. war battle maid, 364 GUNNOLFR, _m._ _Ice._ Teu. war wolf, 364 Gunnora, _f._ _Eng._ Teu. war protection, 364 Gunnrod, _f._ _Nor._ Teu. war council, 364 GUNNSTEIN, _m._ _Nor._ Teu. war stone, 364 GUNNR, _f._ _Nor._ Teu. war, 364 GUNNULV, _m._ _Nor._ Teu. war wolf, 364 GUNNWALD, _m._ _Nor._ Teu. war power, 364 Gunthar, _m._ _Frank._ Teu. warrior, 362 _Gunthe_, _f._ _Ger._ Teu. war, 362 GUNTHRAM, _m._ _Fr._ Teu. war raven, 363 GUNTRUD, _f._ _Nor._ Teu. war maid, 364 _Gunula_, _f._ _Ger._ Teu. war, 364 Guossalvo, _m._ _Prov._ Teu. war wolf, 264 _Gurn_, _f._ _Nor._ Teu. divine wisdom, 286 Gurth, _m._ _Eng._ Teu. bond, 322 _Guru_, _f._ _Nor._ Teu. divine wisdom, 286 Gushtasp, _m._ _Pers._ Zend. possessing horses, 137 _Gussie_, _f._ _Eng._ Lat. venerable, 158 _Gust_, _m._ _Dutch_, Teu. Goth’s staff, 289 _Gusta_, _f._ _Lus._ _Ger._ Lat. venerable, 158 _Guste_, _f._ _Lus._ _Ger._ Lat. venerable, 158 _Gustel_, _f._ _Ger._ Lat. venerable, 158 GUSTAF, _m._ _Swed._ Teu. Goth’s staff, 289 Gustav, _m._ _Ger._ Teu. Goth’s staff, 289 Gustave, _m._ _Fr._ Teu. Goth’s staff, 289 Gustavo, _m._ _Rom._ Teu. Goth’s staff, 289 Gustavus, _m._ _Eng._ Teu. Goth staff, 289 _Gusts_, _m._ _Lett._ Teu. Goth’s staff, 289 _Gustylka_, _f._ _Lus._ Lat. venerable, 157 Gutha, _f._ _Ger._ Teu. war, 286 Guthlac, _m._ _A.S._ Teu. war sport, 286 GUTHORM, _m._ _Dan._ Teu. war serpent, 286 Guthrum, _m._ _Eng._ Teu. war serpent, 286 _Gutmar_, _m._ _Ger._ Teu. war strength, 286 Guttiere, _m._ _Span._ Teu. powerful warrior, 286 _Guttorm_, _m._ _Eng._ Teu. war serpent, 286 Guy, _m._ _Eng._ Kelt. sense (?), 228 Guyon, _m._ _Fr._ Kelt. sense, 228 Guzman, _m._ _Span._ Teu. good man, 288 GWALCHMAI, _m._ _Welsh_, Kelt. hawk of battle, 272 GWALLAWG, _m._ _Welsh_, Kelt. stammerer, or hawk, 272 _Gwirydd_, _m._ _Welsh_, Kelt. 281 GWEN, _f._ _Welsh_, Kelt. white, 268 GWENDOLEN, _f._ _Welsh_, Kelt. white browed, 265 Gwendolen, _m._ _Welsh_, Kelt. white browed, 268 GWENEAL, _f._ _Bret._ Kelt. white angel, 269 GWENHWYFAR, _f._ _Welsh_, Kelt. white wave, 269 GWENFREWI, _f._ _Welsh_, Kelt. white stream, 269 GWENWYNWYN, _m._ _Welsh_, Kelt. thrice fair (?), 269 Gwethalyn, _m._ _Welsh_, Lat. of life, 197 GWIAWN, _m._ _Welsh_, Kelt. sense, 228 GWIAWN, _m._ _Cym._ Kelt. sense (?), 228 Gwric, _m._ _Welsh_, Gr. Sunday child, 217 Gwril, _m._ _Welsh_, Gr. lordly, 217 GWRTHEYRN, _m._ _Welsh_, excelling king, 238 GWYDYR, _m._ _Welsh_, Kelt. wrathful, 363 _Gwynaeth_, _f._ _Eng._ Kelt. bliss, 271 _Gyda_, _f._ _Nor._ gift, 379 _Gyllys_, _m._ _Fris._ Teu. warring, 363 Gyneth, _f._ _Eng._ Kelt. blessed, 271 GYRTHR, _m._ _Dan._ Teu. bond, 322 _Gytha_, _f._ _Eng._ Teu. gift, 379 _Gysbert_, _m._ _Dutch_, Teu. bright pledge, 366 ----- Footnote 1: Sts. Gervasius and Protasius were martyrs disinterred by St. Ambrose, at Milan. The name is therefore probably from a classical source, unless it was originally that of a Teutonic slave. H Haagan, _m._ _Nor._ Teu. high kin, 365 HAAKATHA, _m._ _Nor._ Teu. 365 _Haake_, _m._ _Nor._ Teu. high kin, 365 HAAKEN, _m._ _Nor._ Teu. high kin, 365 HAAMUND, _m._ _Nor._ Teu. high protection, 365 HAAVARD, _m._ _Nor._ Teu. high protection, 365 Habbakuk, _m._ _Eng._ Heb. embracing, 5 _Habor_, _m._ _Nor._ Teu. dexterous brightness, 365 Hacco, _m._ _Nor._ Teu. high kin, 365 Häcke, _m._ _Swiss_, Teu. axe (?) Hackel, _m._ _Swiss_, Teu. axe (?) Haco, _m._ _Lat._ Teu. high kin, 365 Hacon, _m._ _Scot._ Teu. high kin, 365 _Hada_, _f._ _Lus._ Teu. war refuge, 304 _Hadamk_, _m._ _Lus._ Heb. red earth, 10 Hadassah, _Eng._ _Pers._ Heb. myrtle, 57 HADRIANUS, _m._ _Lat._ from Adrian, 157 HADUFRID, _m._ _Ger._ Teu. war peace, 305 HADUFUNS, _m._ _Ger._ Teu. war eagerness, 305 HADULINT, _f._ _Ger._ Teu. war spear, 305 Haduman, _m._ _Ger._ Teu. Hodur’s man, 304 HADUMAR, _m._ _Ger._ Teu. fierce fame, 304 HADUPALD, _m._ _Ger._ Teu. fierce prince, 305 HADUPRACHT, _m._ _Ger._ Teu. war’s brightness, 305 HADUPARC, _f._ _Ger._ Teu. war protection, 305 HADUSWINTH, _f._ _Goth._ Teu. war strength, 305 HADUWALD, _m._ _Ger._ Teu. war prince, 305 HADUWIG, _f._ _Ger._ Teu. war refuge, 305 HAFGRIM, _m._ _Nor._ Teu. sea obscured, 432 HAFLIDE, _m._ _Nor._ Teu. sea wanderer, 432 HAFLOK, _m._ _Nor._ Teu. sea relic, 432 HAFTHOR, _m._ _Nor._ Teu. sea Thor, 432 HAGBART, _Nor._ Teu. dexterous brightness, 365 HAGBRAND, _Nor._ Teu. dexterous sword, 365 Haggai, _m._ _Eng._ Heb. festival of the Lord, 51 HAGAN, _m._ _Dan._ Teu. hook, 365 _Haggy_, _f._ _Eng._ Gr. good, 82 HAGTHOR, _m._ _Nor._ Teu. dexterous Thor, 365 HAIRUWULF, _m._ _Goth._ sword wolf, 351 _Hake_, _m._ _Nor._ Teu. high kin, 365 _Hakona_, _m._ _Nor._ Teu. high kin, 365 _Hal_, _m._ _Eng._ Teu. home rule, 310 _Halbe_, _m._ _Ger._ Teu. half, 431 Halbert, _m._ _Scot._ Teu. bright stone, 349 HALBJORG, _f._ _Nor._ Teu. stone protection, 349 Halbdan, _m._ _Nor._ Teu. half Dane, 431 HALBTURING, _m._ _Ger._ Teu. half Thuringian, 431 HALBWALAH, _m._ _Ger._ Teu. stranger, half Wallachian, 431 Haldanus, _m._ _Lat._ Teu. half Dane, 431 HALDIS, _f._ _Nor._ Teu. stone spirit, 349 _Halex_, _m._ _Lus._ Gr. helper of men, 85 _Half_, _m._ _Ice._ Teu. half, 431 HALFDAN, _m._ _Nor._ Teu. half Dane, 431 HALFRID, _f._ _Nor._ Teu. hall fair, 349 _Hali_, _m._ _Kaffir_, Teu. home rule, 310 Halldora, _f._ _Nor._ Teu. stone of Thor, 349 _Halgerd_, _f._ _Nor._ Teu. stone fence, 319 HALGJER, _m._ _Nor._ Teu. stone spear, 319 HALLGRIM, _f._ _m._ _Nor._ Teu. stone helmet, 349 HALLGRIMA, _f._ _Nor._ Teu. stone helmet, 349 Halkatla, _f._ _Nor._ Teu. stone kettle, 349 Hallkjell, _m._ _Nor._ Teu. stone kettle, 349 HALLRID, _f._ _Nor._ Teu. stone vehemence, 349 HALLTHORA, _f._ _Nor._ Teu. stone of Thor, 349 HALLWARD, _m._ _Nor._ Teu. stone guardian, 349 HALVAR, _m._ _Nor._ Teu. stone prudence, 349 _Hameline_, _f._ _Fr._ Teu. home, 309 _Hamish_, _m._ _Gael._ Heb. supplanter, 17 Hamlyn, _m._ _Eng._ Teu. home, 309 Hamo, _m._ _Nor._ Teu. home, 309 _Han_, _m._ _Esth._ _Swiss_, Heb. grace of God, 45 Hananeel, _m._ _Eng._ Heb. grace of God, 46 Hanani, _m._ _Eng._ Heb. grace of God, 46 Hananiah, _m._ _Eng._ Heb. grace of the Lord, 40 _Hançhen_, _f._ _Ger._ Heb. grace of the Lord, 42 _Hancicka_, _f._ _Lus._ Heb. grace, 42 _Handrej_, _m._ _Lus._ Gr. man, 86 _Hanka_, _f._ _Lus._ Heb. grace of the Lord, 46 _Hanke_, _m._ _Netherlands_, Heb. grace of the Lord, 45 _Hanna_, _f._ _Lus._ Heb. grace, 42 Hannah, _f._ _Eng._ Heb. grace, 42 _Hanne_, _f._ _Ger._ Heb. grace of the Lord, 46 _Hanneken_, _m._ _Dutch_, Heb. grace of the Lord, 45 _Hannes_, _m._ _Dutch_, Heb. grace of the Lord, 45 _Hannibal_, _m._ _Eng._ Phœn. grace of Baal, 40 _Hanno_, _m._ _Lat._ _Corn._ Phœn. grace, 40 _Hannyball_, _m._ _Swiss,_ _Ger._ Phœn. grace of Baal, 40 _Hans_, _m._ _Ger._ _Dutch_, Heb. grace of the Lord, 45 _Hanschen_, _m._ _Ger._ Heb. grace of the Lord, 45 _Hansel_, _m._ _Bav._ Heb. grace of the Lord, 45 _Hansli_, _m._ _Swiss_, Heb. grace of the Lord, 45 _Hanto_, _m._ _Lus._ Lat. inestimable, 142 _Hanusia_, _f._ _Pol._ Heb. grace of the Lord, 46 _Hanza_, _f._ _Lus._ Gr. pure, 119 _Hanzyzka_, _f._ _Lus._ Heb. grace, 42 _Happen-to-be_, _m._ _Eng._ Harald, _m._ _Nor._ Teu. warrior power, 417 Harding, _m._ _Nor._ Teu. firm, 421 Hardiknut, _m._ _Dan._ Teu. bold and able, 421 Hardouin, _m._ _Fr._ Teu. firm friend, 421 _Hardrada_, _m._ _Nor._ Teu. hardy, 421 HARDWIG, _m._ _Eng._ Teu. hard war, 421 HARDWIN, _m._ _Ger._ Teu. firm friend, 421 _Harenc_, _m._ _Fr._ Teu. army, 416 HARIBERT, bright warrior, 417 _Haring_, _m._ _Dan._ Teu. army, 416 HARIVALD, _m._ warrior power, 410 _Harm_, _m._ _Netherlands_, Gr. holy name, 89 Harold, _m._ _Eng._ Teu. warrior power, 417 _Haroun_, _m._ _Arab._ Heb. mountain, 27 Harriet, _f._ _Eng._ Teu. home rule, 310 Harry, _m._ _Eng._ Teu. home rule, 310 HARTHAGREPA, _f._ _Nor._ Teu. hard grip, 420 HARTHAKNUT, _m._ _Dan._ Teu. firm hill, 420 Hartrich, _m._ _Ger._ Teu. firm ruler, 421 Hartmod, _m._ _Ger._ Teu. firm spirit, 421 Hartmund, _m._ _Ger._ Teu. firm protection, 421 Hartwig, _m._ _Ger._ Teu. firm war, 421 Harvey, _m._ _Eng._ Kelt. bitter, 281 _Hasli_, _m._ _Swiss_, Heb. grace of the Lord, 45 Hasting, _m._ _Dan._ Teu. swift, 402 _Hati_, _f._ _Swiss_, Gr. pure, 123 _Hatili_, _f._ _Swiss_, Gr. pure, 123 HATTO, _m._ _Ger._ Teu. Hessian, 432 _Hatty_, _f._ _Eng._ Teu. home rule, 310 HAUK, _m._ _Ice._ Teu. hawk, 344 HAULEIK, _m._ _Nor._ Teu. sport of thought, 354 HAVISIA, _f._ _Lat._ Teu. war refuge, 305 HAVOYS, _f._ _Eng._ Teu. war refuge, 305 Hawoise, _f._ _Eng._ Teu. war refuge, 305 _Haymo_, _m._ _Eng._ Teu. home, 311 _Haymon_, _m._ _Eng._ Teu. home, 311 HAZZO, _m._ _Ger._ Teu. Hessian, 422 _Hazzy_, _m._ _Eng._ Zend. venerable king, 57 Hector, _m._ _Eng._ Gr. defender, 74 _Heddo_, _m._ _Fris._ Teu. war, 305 HEDINN, _m._ _Nor._ Teu. fury, 305 Hedviga, _f._ _Hung._ war refuge, 305 Hedviga, _f._ _Fr._ war refuge, 305 Hedwig, _f._ _Ger._ Teu. war refuge, 305 HEERDEGEN, _m._ _Ger._ Teu. warrior blade, 351, 417 _Heimbert_, _m._ _Ger._ Teu. home bright, 311 HEIMIRICH, _m._ _Ger._ Teu. home ruler, 309 _Heimrad_, _m._ _Ger._ Teu. home council, 309 _Heimrich_, _m._ _Ger._ Teu. home rule, 310 _Hein_, _m._ _Ger._ Teu. home rule, 310 _Heine_, _m._ _Ger._ Teu. home rule, 310 _Heinel_, _m._ _Ger._ Teu. home rule, 310 Heinrich, _m._ _Ger._ Teu. home rule, 310 _Heintje_, _m._ _Dutch_, Teu. home rule, 310 _Heintz_, _m._ _Ger._ Teu. home rule, 310 _Hejba_, _f._ _Lus._ Heb. life, 11 HEKTOR, _m._ _Ger._ Gr. defender, 74 _Helbing_, _m._ _Ger._ Teu. half, 431 Helaine, _f._ _Eng._ Gr. light, 68 Helen, _f._ _Scot._ Gr. light, 68 HELENA, _f._ _Port._ _Eng._ _Span._ Gr. light, 68 Hélène, _f._ _Fr._ Gr. light, 68 _Helenka_, _f._ _Russ._ Gr. light, 68 Helewise, _f._ _Eng._ Teu. famous holiness, 405 Helfrich, _m._ _Ger._ helping ruler, 420 HELGA, _f._ _Nor._ Teu. holy, 403 Helie, _m._ _Fr._ Heb. God the Lord, 36 Helier, _m._ _Fr._ Lat. cheerful, 280 HELGI, _m._ _Nor._ Teu. holy, 403 Heliodorus, _m._ _Lat._ Gr. sun’s gift, 67 Heliogabalus, _m._ _Lat._ Gr. sun’s gift, 67 _Helier_, _m._ _Jersey_, Lat. cheerful, 191, 280 HELMAR, _m._ _Ger._ Teu. helmeted warrior, 351 HELMBOLD, _m._ _Ger._ Teu. helmed prince, 351 HELMERICH, _m._ _Ger._ Teu. helmet king, 351 HELMICH, _m._ _Ger._ Teu. helmet, 351 Helmhart, _m._ _Ger._ Teu. firm helmet, 351 HELMTAC, _m._ _Ger._ Teu. helmet day, 351 Helmut, _m._ _Ger._ Teu. helmet rage, 351 _Helmine_, _f._ _Ger._ Teu. will helmet, 351 _Helmold_, _m._ _Ger._ Teu. helmet power, 351 HELOISE, _f._ _Fr._ Teu. famous holiness, 405 _Helsa_, _f._ _Dan._ _Ger._ Heb. God’s oath, 35 Hendrik, _m._ _Dan._ _Dutch_, Teu. home rule, 310 Hendrika, _f._ _Dutch_, Teu. home rule, 310 _Hendrijshka_, _m._ _Lus._ Gr. man, 86 _Henghist_, _m._ _A.S._ Teu. horse, 340 _Hennike_, _m._ _Ger._ Teu. home ruler, 309 _Henning_, _m._ _Ger._ Teu. home ruler, 309 _Henny_, _f._ _Eng._ Teu. home ruler, 310 Henri, _m._ _Fr._ Teu. home rule, 310 HENRIETTA, _f._ _Eng._ Teu. home rule, 310 Henriette, _f._ _Fr._ _Ger._ Teu. home ruler, 310 _Henrika_, _f._ _Swed._ Teu. home ruler, 310 _Henriot_, _m._ _Fr._ Teu. home ruler, 310 _Henrique_, _m._ _Port._ Teu. home ruler, 310 _Henriqueta_, _f._ _Port._ Teu. home ruler, 310 Henry, _m._ _Eng._ Teu. home ruler, 310 _Henryketa_, _f._ _Pol._ Teu. home ruler, 310 Henryk, _m._ _Pol._ Teu. home ruler, 310 HEORUWARD, _m._ _A.S._ sword guardian, 351 Hephzibah, _f._ _Eng._ Heb. my delight is in her, 49 _Hepsy_, _f._ _Am._ Heb. my delight is in her, 49 Heraclius, _m._ _Lat._ Gr. noble fame, 63 Heraclidas, _m._ _Lat._ Gr. noble fame, 63 Heracleonas, _m._ _Lat._ Gr. noble fame, 63 HERAKLES, _m._ _Ger._ Gr. lordly fame, 63 Heraric, _m._ _Ger._ Teu. warrior king, 417 Herberge, _f._ _Fr._ Teu. warrior protection, 417 Herbert, _m._ _Eng._ Teu. bright warrior, 417 Herbjorn, _m._ _Nor._ Teu. warrior bear, 417 Herbrand, _m._ _Nor._ Teu. warrior sword, 417 Herchenhold, _m._ _Ger._ Teu. sacredly firm, 329 Hercule, _m._ _Eng._ Gr. lordly fame, 63 Hercules, _m._ _Eng._ Gr. lordly fame, 63 Herdegen, _m._ _Ger._ Teu. warrior blade, 351, 417 _Hertag_, _m._ _Ger._ Teu. army day, 351, 417 Heremon, _m._ _Erse_, Kelt. 241 Hereward, _m._ _Eng._ Teu. sword guardian, 351 HERUWULF, _m._ _Ger._ Teu. sword wolf, 351 Hergils, _m._ _Ger._ Teu. warrior pledge, 417 Heribert, _m._ _Fr._ Teu. warrior bright, 417 Heribold, _m._ _Ger._ Teu. warrior prince, 417 Herimar, _m._ _Ger._ Teu. warrior fame, 417 HERIOLD, _m._ _Ger._ Teu. warrior power, 417 HERJOLF, _m._ _Nor._ Teu. warrior wolf, 417 HERLAUG, _f._ _Nor._ Teu. warrior drink, 417 HERLEIF, _m._ _Nor._ Teu. warrior love relic, 417 HERLEIK, _m._ _Nor._ Teu. warrior sport, 417 _Herluin_, _m._ _Fr._ Teu. warrior friend (?), 417 _Hermagoras_, _m._ _Gr._ assembly of Hermes, 71 _Herma_, _Swiss_, Teu. public, 327 HERMAN, _m._ _Ger._ Teu. public army man, 327 HERMANGILD, _m._ _Goth._ Teu. public pledge, 327 HERMANFRIED, _m._ _Ger._ Teu. public peace, 327 Hermanfroy, _m._ _Fr._ Teu. public peace, 327 HERMANRICH, _m._ _Ger._ Teu. public rule, 327 HERMESIND, _f._ _Goth._ Teu. public strength, 328 HERMES, _f._ _Lat._ Gr. of the earth, 71 HERMIA, _f._ _Eng._ Gr. of Hermes, 71 Hermine, _f._ _It._ Lat. lordly, 147, 327 HERMINIUS, _m._ _Lat._ lordly, 147, 327 HERMIONE, _f._ _Lat._ Gr. of Hermes, 71 Hermolaus, _m._ _Lat._ Gr. Hermes' people, 71 _Hermocrates_, _m._ _Lat._ Gr. Hermes' judge, 71 _Hermogenes_, _m._ _Lat._ Gr. Hermes' descendant, 351 _Hermund_, _m._ _Nor._ Teu. army protection, 351 _Hernan_, _m._ _Span._ Teu. adventuring life, 433 _Hernanda_, _f._ _Span._ Teu. adventuring life, 433 _Hernando_, _m._ _Span._ Teu. adventuring life, 433 Hero, _f._ _Eng._ Gr. lady, 63 Herod, _m._ _Eng._ Gr. of a hero, 63 Herodias, _m._ _Eng._ Gr. of a hero, 63 Herodotus, _m._ _Eng._ Gr. noble gift, 63 Herulf, _m._ _Nor._ Teu. army wolf, 351 Hervé, _m._ _Fr._ Kelt. bitter, 281 _Herwin_, _m._ _Ger._ Teu. army friend, 416 _Hery_, _m._ _Bret._ Teu. home ruler, 310 Hesekiel, _m._ _Ger._ Heb. strength of God, 48 _Hesje_, _f._ _Dutch_, Pers. star, 57 Hester, _f._ _Eng._ Pers. star, 57 Hesthera, _f._ Lat. Pers. star, 57 Hezekiah, _m._ _Ger._ Heb. strength of the Lord, 48 _Hetty_, _f._ _Eng._ Pers. star, 57 _Heva_, _f._ _Lat._ Heb. life, 11 _Hew_, _m._ _Eng._ Kelt. mind, 353 HEZEKIAH, _m._ _Eng._ Heb. strength of the Lord, 48 HIALFREK, _m._ _Nor._ Teu. helping ruler, 420 HIALPERIK, _m._ _Frank._ Teu. helping ruler, 420 Hierom, _m._ _Eng._ Gr. holy name, 89 Hieronim, _m._ _Pol._ Gr. holy name, 89 Hieronimo, _m._ _It._ Gr. holy name, 89 Hieronimus, _m._ _Lat._ _Ger._ Gr. holy name, 89 Hieronôme, _m._ _Fr._ Gr. holy name, 89 Hieronomette, _f._ _Fr._ Gr. holy name, 89 Hieronymus, _Lat._ Gr. holy name, 89 _Hies_, _m._ _Bav._ Heb. gift of the Lord, 15 _Hiesel_, _m._ _Bav._ Heb. gift of the Lord, 15 Hilaire, _m._ _Fr._ Lat. cheerful, 191 Hilaria, _f._ _Eng._ Lat. cheerful, 191 Hilariao, _m._ _Port._ Lat. cheerful, 191 Hilario, _m._ _Sp._ _Port._ Lat. cheerful, 191 Hilarion, _m._ _Fr._ Lat. cheerful, 191 HILARIUS, _m._ _Lat._ Lat. cheerful, 191 Hilary, _m._ _f._ _Eng._ Lat. cheerful, 191 HILDA, _f._ _Eng._ Teu. battle maid, 317 Hildebert, _m._ _Frank._ Teu. battle bright, 318 Hildaberta, _f._ _Ger._ Teu. battle bright,318 HILDEBJORG, _f._ _Nor._ Teu. battle maid protection, 318 HILDEBOLD, _m._ _Ger._ Teu. battle prince, 318 Hildebrand, _m._ _Eng._ Teu. battle sword, 318 HILDEGAR, _m._ _Ger._ Teu. battle spear,318 Hildegarde, _f._ _Ger._ Teu. battle maid protection, 318 HILDEGUND, _f._ _Nor._ Teu. battle maid’s war, 318 HILDEGUNNA, _f._ _Ice._ Teu. battle maid’s war, 318 Hildelildis, _f._ _Lat._ Teu. battle maid, 318 Hildemand, _m._ _Ger._ Teu. battle man, 318 Hildemunda, _m._ _Ger._ Teu. battle maid’s protection, 318 Hilderich, _m._ _Ger._ Teu. battle rule, 318 Hilderik, _m._ _Frank._ Teu. battle rule, 318 _Hildert_, _f._ _Fries._ Teu. battle council, 318 HILDEWARD, _m._ _Frank._ Teu. battle ward, 318 Hildewig, _f._ _Frank._ Teu. battle maid war, 318 Hildiridur, _f._ _Ice._ Teu. battle hastener, 318 _Hildrad_, _m._ _Ger._ Teu. battle council, 318 Hilduara, _f._ _Nor._ Teu. battle prudence, 318 HILDUR, _f._ _Nor._ Teu. battle maid, 318 _Hillert_, _m._ _Fr._ Teu. battle bright, 318 HILPERIK, _m._ _Frank._ Teu. battle rule, 318 _Hilram_, _m._ _Ger._ Teu. battle raven, 318 _Hilza_, _f._ _Lus._ Heb. God’s oath, 35 _Hilzbeta_, _Lus._ Heb. God’s oath, 35 _Hilzizka_, _Lus._ Heb. God’s oath, 35 Hiltrude, _f._ _Ger._ Teu. battle maiden, 319 _Hime_, _m._ _Fris._ Heb. the Lord will judge, 38 _Himmeltrud_, _f._ _Ger._ Teu. heavenly maid. _Hinmarc_, _m._ _Fr._ Teu. Ing’s fame, 325 _Hinko_, _m._ _Ger._ Teu. Ing, 325 _Hinrik_, _m._ _Fris._ _Swed._ Teu. home rule, 310 _Hiob_, _m._ _Ger._ Heb. persecuted, 20 HIORDIS, _f._ sword spirit, 351 HIORGEIR, _m._ sword war, 351 HIORLEIF, _m._ sword relic, 351 HIORULF, _m._ sword wolf, 351 HIPPODAMUS, _m._ _Gr._ horse tamer, 78 HIPPODAMEIA, _f._ _Gr._ horse tamer, 78 Hippolyt, _m._ _Ger._ Gr. horse destruction, 78 Hippolyta, _f._ _Eng._ Gr. horse destruction, 78 _Hippolyte_, _m._ _Fr._ Gr. horse destruction, 78 HIPPOLYTOS, _m._ Gr. horse destruction, 78 Hippolytus, _m._ _Eng._ _Lat._ Gr. horse destruction, 78 _Hirsch_, _m._ _Ger._ Teu. stag. _Hirus_, _m._ _Pol._ Gr. with a holy name, 89 HJALMAR, _m._ _Nor._ helmed warrior, 351 Hjarrande, _Nor._ Teu. sword horse, 351 HLOD, _m._ _Frank._ Teu. famous, 405 HLODIO, _m._ _Frank._ Teu. famous, 405 HLODHERI, _m._ _Frank._ Teu. famous army, 405 HLODHILD, _f._ _Frank._ Teu. famous battle maid, 405 HLODMAR, _m._ _Frank._ Teu. loud fame, 405 HLODWIG, _m._ _Frank._ Teu. famous war, 405 _Hob_, _m._ _Eng._ Teu. bright fame, 405 _Hobbie_, _m._ _Scot._ Teu. bright stone, 417 _Hocke_, _m._ _Dutch_, Teu. mind, 353 Hodaiah, _m._ _Eng._ Heb. praise, 21 _Hodge_, _m._ _Eng._ Teu. spear of fame, 390 Hoel, _m._ _Welsh_, Kelt. lordly, 276 HOGNI, _m._ _Dan._ Teu. deft (?), 364 HOLDA, _f._ _Ger._ Teu. gentle, 214 _Holex_, _m._ _Lus._ Gr. helper of men, 85 Holger, _m._ _Dan._ Teu. holy, 403 Holla, _f._ _Ger._ Teu. faithful, 214 _Homfroi_, _m._ _Fr._ Teu. support of peace, 350 Honor, _f._ _Eng._ Lat. honour, 190 Honora, _f._ _Ir._ Lat. honour, 190 Honoratus, _m._ _Lat._ honoured, 190 Honoré, _m._ _Fr._ Lat. honoured, 190 Honoria, _f._ _Eng._ Lat. honourable, 190 Honorine, _f._ _Fr._ Lat. honour, 190 HONORIUS, _m._ _Lat._ honourable, 190 Horace, _m._ _Fr._ _Eng._ Lat. 148 Horacio, _m._ _Span._ Lat. 148 Horatia, _f._ _Eng._ Lat. 148 Horatio, _m._ _Eng._ Lat. 148 HORATIUS, _m._ _Lat._ 148 Horatz, _m._ _Ger._ Lat. 148 _Hordaknut_, _m._ _Dan._ Teu. firm hill, 420 _Horsa_, _m._ _A. S._ Teu. horse, 340 _Horta_, _f._ _Lus._ Gr. gift of God, 102 Hortense, _f._ _Fr._ _Lat._ gardener, 147 Hortensia, _f._ _Ger._ _Eng._ Lat. gardener, 147 HORTENSIUS, _m._ Lat. gardener, 147 _Hortija_, _f._ _Lus._ Gr. gift of God, 102 _Hosch_, _m._ _Walloon_, thought, 353 _Hoscha_, _m._ _Lus._ Lat. bear, 411 HOSHEA, _m._ _Eng._ Heb. salvation, 36 HOUERV, _m._ _Bret._ Kelt. bitter, 282 Hovleik, _m._ _Nor._ Teu. sport of thought, 354 HRAFEN, _m._ _Ice._ Teu. raven, 344 HRAFENHILDUR, _f._ _Ice._ Teu. raven battle maid, 344 HRAFENKJELL, _m._ _Ice._ Teu. raven kettle, 344 _Hrista_, _m._ _Ill._ Gr. Christian, 105 HRODBERN, _m._ _Nor._ Teu. famous bear, 341 HRODHILD, _f._ _Ger._ _Nor._ Teu. famous heroine, 393 HRODFRID, _f._ _Ger._ _Nor._ Teu. famous peace, 393 _Hroi_, _m._ _Teu._ Nor. famous, 393 HRODNY, _f._ _Teu._ Nor. famous freshness, 393 _Hrollaug_, famous liquor, 393 _Hrollaf_, _m._ _Teu._ Nor. relic of fame, 393 HRODSIND, _f._ _Nor._ Teu. famous strength, 393 HRODSTEIN, _m._ _Nor._ Teu. famous stone, 393 HRUDO, _Nor._ Teu. fame, 393 _Hroar_, _m._ _Nor._ Teu. famous spear, 393 _Hrolf_, _m._ _Nor._ Teu. wolf of fame, 393 HROSBERT, _m._ _Ger._ Teu. bright horse, 341 Hroshelm, _m._ _Ger._ Teu. horse helmet, 341 HROSMUND, _f._ _m._ Teu. famed protection, 341 HROSWITH, _f._ _Lomb._ Teu. horse strength, 341 HROSSWALD, _m._ _Nor._ Teu. horse power, 341 HROTHULF, _m._ _Nor._ famous wolf, 393 HROTHGAR, _A.S._, spear of fame, 393 HROTHMUND, _m._ _Nor._ Teu. famous protection, 393 HROTHREKR, _m._ _Nor._ Teu. famous king, 393 HROREKR, _m._ _Nor._ Teu. famous king,393 HROTHULF, _m._ _Nor._ Teu. famous wolf, 393 HRUODGAR, _m._ _Ger._ Teu. famed spear, 393 HRUODGJER, _m._ _Nor._ Teu. famed spear, 393 HRUODLAND, _m._ _Frank._ Teu. fame of land, 393 Hruodmar, _m._ _Nor._ Teu. famed renown, 393 HRUODPERACHT, _m._ _Nor._ Teu. bright fame, 393 HRUODERICH, _m._ _Nor._ Teu. famed rule, 393 HRUDROLF, _m._ _Nor._ Teu. wolf of fame, 393 HU, _m._ _Cym._ Kelt. mind, 226, 353 Huard, _m._ _Ger._ Teu. firm in mind, 353 _Hubbard_, _m._ _Eng._ Teu. mind bright, 354 Hubert, _m._ _Eng._ _Fr._ Teu. mind bright, 354 Huberto, _m._ _It._ Teu. mind bright, 354 Hucpraht, _m._ _Ger._ Teu. 354 Hues, _m._ _Fr._ Teu. mind, 226, 353 Huet, _m._ _Fr._ Teu. Kelt. (?) mind, 226, 353 _Huette_, _f._ _Fr._ Teu. Kelt. mind, 226, 353 Hugh, _m._ _Eng._ Teu. mind, 226, 353 Hugi, _m._ _Nor._ Teu. mind, 226, 353 HUGIBALD, _m._ _Fr._ Teu. mind prince, 353 HUGIBERT, _m._ _Ger._ Teu. mind bright, 353 HUGIHARDT, _m._ _Ger._ Teu. firm mind, 353 HUGLEIK, _m._ _Nor._ Teu. sport of the mind, 353 Hugo, _m._ _Span._ _Lat._ _Port._ Teu. mind, 226, 353 HUGOLEIK, _m._ _Frank._ Teu. sport of the mind, 353 Hugolin, _m._ _Fr._ Teu. mind, 352 Hugr, _m._ _Nor._ Teu. mind, 353 Hugues, _m._ _Fr._ Teu. mind, 353 _Huguenin_, _m._ _Fr._ Teu. mind, 353 HUGUR, _m._ _Nor._ Teu. mind, 353 Huig, _m._ _Dutch_, Teu. thought, 353 Huldr, _f._ _Swed._ Teu. muffled, 214 Hulla, _f._ _Swed._ Teu. muffled, 214 Humbert, _m._ _Fr._ Teu. support of brightness, 350 Humfrey, _m._ _Eng._ Teu. support of peace, 350 Humfreid, _m._ _Ger._ Teu. support of peace, 350 Humphrey, _m._ _Eng._ Teu. support of peace, 350 _Humps_, _m._ _Eng._ Teu. support of peace, 350 _Hunaud_, _m._ _Fr._ Teu. support of power, 350 HUND, _m._ _Dan._ Teu. dog, 336 _Hundolf_, dog wolf, 336 HUNGERDUR, _f._ _Nor._ Teu. supporting maiden, 351 _Hungus_, _m._ _Scot._ Kelt. excellent virtue, 242 _Hunibert_, _m._ _Nor._ Teu. support of brightness, 350 Hunnerich, _m._ _Ger._ Teu. support ruler, 350 Hunold, _m._ _Fr._ Teu. support of power, 350 _Huon_, _m._ _Fr._ Teu. mind, 226, 352 _Huprecht_, _m._ _Lus._ Teu. bright fame, 354 Hutcheon, _m._ _Scot._ Teu. mind, 226, 353 Hyacinth, _m._ _Ir._ Gr. purple, 81 Hyacinthe, _f._ _Fr._ Gr. purple, 81 _Hyacinthie_, _f._ _Ger._ Gr. purple, 81 HYGELAC, _m._ _A.G.S._ Teu. sport of thought, 353 _Hynek_, _m._ _Bohm._ Lat. fiery, 194 _Hystaspes_, _m._ _Gr._ Zend. possessing horses. HYWEL, _m._ _Welsh_, Kelt. lordly, 276 HYWGI, _m._ _Welsh_, Teu. mind, 226 I _Iachimo_, _m._ _It._ Heb. supplanter, 17 _Iago_, _m._ _Span._ Heb. supplanter, 17 _Ian_, _m._ _Scot._ Heb. grace of the Lord, 45 IARNGARD, _m._ _Nor._ iron defence, 348 _Ib_, _f._ _Eng._ Phœn. oath of Baal, 35 _Ibald_, _m._ _Ger._ Teu. bow prince, 326 _Ibbot_, _f._ _Scot._ Teu. oath of Baal, 35 _Ibert_, _m._ _Ger._ Teu. bright bow, 326 Ibraheem, _m._ _Arab._ Heb. father of nations, 12 _Ichabod_, _m._ _Eng._ Heb. the glory is departed, 2 Ida, _f._ _m._ _Ger._ _Eng._ Teu. happy, 411 IDA, _f._ _Erse_, Kelt. thirsty, 224 Ide, _m._ _Ger._ Teu. rich, 376 _Idette_, _f._ _Flem._ Teu. rich, 376 Idonea, _f._ _Eng._ Teu. she who ever works, 307 _Iduberge_, _f._ _Fr._ Teu. happy protection, 378 IDUNE, _f._ _Ger._ _Nor._ Teu. she who works, 307 _Iggerich_, _m._ _Fris._ Teu. awful king, 323 Ignace, _m._ _Russ._ Lat. fiery, 194 Ignacij, _m._ _Slov._ Lat. fiery, 194 Ignacio, _m._ _Rom._ Lat. fiery, 194 Ignacy, _m._ _Pol._ Lat. fiery, 194 _Ignascha_, _m._ _Russ._ Lat. fiery, 194 Ignatie, _m._ _Wallach._ Lat. fiery, 194 Ignatij, _m._ _Russ._ Lat. fiery, 194 IGNATIUS, _m._ _Eng._ Lat. fiery, 194 Ignaz, _m._ _Ger._ Lat. fiery, 194 Ignazia, _m._ _Bav._ Lat. fiery, 194 Ignazio, _m._ _It._ Lat. fiery, 194 Ignes, _f._ _Span._ Gr. pure, 119 _Igor_, _m._ _Russ._ Gr. husbandman, 115 _Ike_, _m._ _Fris._ Teu. awful firmness, 323 _Ikey_, _m._ _Eng._ Heb. laughter, 41 Ilar, _m._ _Welsh_, Gr. cheerful, 191 Ilaria, _m._ _Russ._ Lat. cheerful, 191 Ilareeij, _Russ._ Lat. cheerful, 191 Ilario, _m._ _It._ Lat. cheerful, 191 Ilarion, _m._ _Russ._ Lat. cheerful, 191 Ildefonso, _m._ _Span._ Teu. eager for battle, 320 Ildefonsus, _m._ _Span._ Teu. eager for battle, 320 _Ilderico_, _m._ _It._ Teu. battle rule, 320 _Iliska_, _f._ _Slov._ Lat. downy bearded, 149 _Ilja_, _m._ _Russ._ Heb. God, the Lord, 36 _Ilona_, _Hung._ Gr. light, 68 _Ilse_, _f._ _Ger._ Heb. God’s oath, 35 _Ilse_, _f._ _Ger._ Teu. noble cheer, 411 _Imagina_, _f._ _Ger._ IMMANUEL, _m._ _Eng._ Heb. God with us, 36 _Imogen_, _f._ _Eng._ 233 Incarnaçion, _f._ _Span._ Lat. incarnation, 30 _Indes_, _Lett._ home ruler, 310 _Indrikis_, _Lett._ home ruler, 310 _Indus_, _Lett._ home ruler, 310 _Indride_, _m._ _Nor._ chief rider, 323 Iñes, _f._ _Span._ Gr. pure, 119 _Inesila_, _f._ _Span._ Gr. pure, 119 Iñaz, _Port._ Gr. pure, 119 _Ing_, _m._ _Nor._ Teu. Ing, 324 Ingebera, _f._ _Nor._ Teu. Ing’s bear, 325 Ingeberge, _f._ _Nor._ Teu. Ing’s protection, 325 INGEBJERG, _f._ _Nor._ Teu. Ing’s protection, 325 INGEBRAND, _m._ A. S. Teu. Ing’s sword, 325 INGEGJERD, _f._ _Nor._ Teu. Ing’s guard, 325 Ingeltram, _m._ _Eng._ Teu. Ing’s raven, 325 INGELIEF, _m._ _Nor._ Teu. Ing’s relic, 325 INGEMUND, _m._ _Nor._ Teu. Ing’s protection, 325 INGERIDUR, _f._ _Nor._ Teu. Ing’s eagerness, 325 INGHILD, _f._ _Nor._ Teu. Ing’s battle maid, 325 Ingjard, _m._ _Nor._ Teu. Ing’s spear, 325 Ingoberga, _f._ _Lat._ Teu. Ing’s protection, 325 INGRIMR, _m._ _Nor._ Teu. helmeted Ing, 325 _Ingram_, _m._ _Eng._ Teu. Ing’s raven, 325 INGULF, _m._ _Eng._ Teu. Ing’s wolf, 325 Ingulphus, _m._ _Lat._ Teu. Ing’s wolf, 325 INGUNNA, _f._ _Nor._ Teu. Ing’s maiden, 325 INGVE, _m._ _Nor._ Teu. Ing’s consecration, 325 Ingvaldr, _m._ _Nor._ Teu. Ing’s power, 325 Ingvar, _m._ _Nor._ Teu. Ing’s warrior, 325 INGVECHILD, _f._ _Nor._ Teu. Ing’s battle maid, 325 Iñiga, _f._ _m._ _Span._ Gr. fiery, 194 Iñigo, _m._ _Span._ Gr. fiery, 194 Innocent, _m._ _Eng._ Lat. harmless, 193 INNOCENTIUS, _m._ Lat. harmless, 193 Innocenz, _m._ _Ger._ Lat. harmless, 193 Innocenzie, _f._ _Ger._ _Lat._ harmless, 193 Innocenzio, _m._ _It._ Lat. harmless, 193 Innokentij, _m._ _Russ._ Lat. harmless, 193 _Iola_, _m._ _Bret._ Lat. downy bearded, 149 _Iolo_, _m._ _Welsh_, Lat. downy bearded, 149 Ippolita, _f._ _It._ Gr. horse destruction, 78 Ippolito, _m._ _It._ Gr. horse destruction, 78 Irene, _f._ _Eng._ _It._ _Fr._ Gr. peace, 113 Irenæus, _m._ _Lat._ Gr. peaceful, 113 IRING, _m._ _Thuringian_, Teu. 327 Irmanfrit, _m._ _Ger._ Teu. public peace, 327 _Irnvrit_, _m._ _Thu._ Teu. public peace, 327 IRUNG, _m._ bright, 416 _Isa_, _f._ _Ger._ Teu. iron, 348 Isaac, _m._ _Fr._ _Eng._ Heb. laughter, 14 Isaak, _m._ _Russ._ _Ger._ Heb. laughter, 14 Isabeau, _f._ _Fr._ Heb. oath of Baal, 35 Isabel, _f._ _Span._ _Eng._ _Port._ Heb. oath of Baal, 35 _Isabelinha_, _f._ _Port._ Heb. oath of Baal, 35 Isabella, _f._ _It._ Heb. oath of Baal, 35 Isabelle, _f._ _Fr._ Heb. oath of Baal, 35 Isaiah, _m._ _Eng._ Heb. salvation of the Lord, 48 ISAMBART, _m._ _Fr._ Teu. iron bright, 348 Isambaus, _m._ _Fr._ Teu. iron prince, 348 _Isbel_, _f._ _Scot._ Heb. God’s oath, 35 _Isbrand_, _m._ _Nor._ Teu. iron sword, 348 _Isebald_, _m._ _Ger._ Teu. iron prince, 348 _Isenbrand_, _m._ _Ger._ Teu. iron sword, 348 ISENGARD, _m._ _Ger._ Teu. iron defence, 348 ISENGRIM, _m._ _Ger._ Teu. iron mask, 348 Isenhard, _m._ _Ger._ Teu. iron firm, 348 _Iseulte_, _f._ _Fr._ Kelt. fair, 275 ISFUNDEAR, _m._ _Pers._ Zend. _Isgar_, _m._ _Ger._ Teu. iron spear, 348 ISGIER, _m._ _Nor._ Teu. iron spear, 348 Ishmael, _m._ _Eng._ Heb. heard of God, 2 Isidor, _m._ _Span._ _Ger._ Gr. strong gift, 103 Isadora, _f._ _Span._ Gr. strong gift, 103 Isidore, _f._ _m._ _Fr._ Gr. strong gift, 103 Isidoro, _m._ _It._ Gr. strong gift, 103 ISIDORUS, _m._ _Lat._ Gr. strong gift, 103 Ising, _m._ _Nor._ Teu. son of iron, 348 Iskender, _m._ _Turk._ Gr. helper of men, 85 Isobel, _f._ _Scot._ Heb. oath of God, 35 Isolda, _f._ _It._ Kelt. fair, 275 Isolde, _f._ _Eng._ Kelt. fair, 275 Isolt, _f._ _Eng._ Kelt. fair, 275 ISRID, _f._ _Nor._ Teu. iron vehemence, 348 Issachar, _m._ _Eng._ Heb. hire, 7 Issaak, _m._ _Russ._ Heb. laughter, 14 Istvan, _m._ _Hung._ Gr. crown, 96 ISULF, _m._ _Nor._ Teu. iron wolf, 348 Ita, _f._ _Erse_, Kelt. thirsty, 224 _Itzig_, _m._ _Pol._ Heb. laughter, 14 Ivan, _m._ _Russ._ Heb. grace of God, 45 _Ivancica_, _f._ _Russ._ Gr. Teu. grace of the Lord, 46 _Ivanjuscha_, _m._ _Russ._ Heb. grace of the Lord, 45 _Ivanku_, _f._ _Bulg._ Heb. grace of the Lord, 46 _Ivanna_, _f._ _Russ._ Heb. grace of the Lord, 46 IVAR, _m._ _Dan._ Teu. archer, 325 IVBALD, _m._ _Ger._ Teu. bow prince, 325 IVBERT, _m._ _Ger._ Teu. bright bow, 325 Iver, _m._ _Dan._ Teu. archer, 325 Ives, _m._ _Eng._ Teu. archer, 325 _Ivka_, _f._ _Ill._ Heb. grace of the Lord, 45 Ivo, _m._ _Eng._ Teu. archer, 325 Ivon, _m._ _Bret._ Teu. bow bearer, 325 Ivor, _m._ _Scot._ Teu. bow bearer, 325 Ivory, _m._ _Irish_, 325 Izaak, _m._ _Eng._ Heb. laughter, 15 _Izabela_, _f._ _Pol._ Heb. oath of Baal, 35 _Izabella_, _f._ _Hung._ Heb. oath of Baal, 35 Izod, _f._ _Eng._ Kelt. fair, 275 Izoldo, _f._ _Eng._ Kelt. fair, 275 _Izydor_, _m._ _Pol._ Gr. strong gift, 103 J _Jaak_, _m._ _Esth._ Heb. supplanter, 17 _Jaap_, _m._ _Dutch_, Heb. supplanter, 17 _Jaapje_, _f._ _Dutch_, Heb. supplanter, 17 Jabez, _m._ _Eng._ Heb. sorrow, 2 _Jachym_, _m._ _Pol._ Heb. the Lord’s judgment, 37 _Jacim_, _Slov_. _Ill._ the Lord’s judgment, 37 Jacinta, _f._ _Span._ purple, 81 Jacintha, _f._ _Eng._ Gr. purple, 81 Jacinthe, _m._ _Fr._ Gr. purple, 81 Jack, _m._ _Eng._ Heb. grace of God, 45 _Jackel_, _m._ _Bav._ Heb. supplanter, 17 Jacob, _m._ _Eng._ _Fr._ Heb. supplanter, 1, 17 _Jacobéa_, _f._ _Fr._ Heb. supplanter, 17 _Jacobello_, _m._ _It._ Heb. supplanter, 17 Jacobina, _f._ _Scot._ Heb. supplanter, 17 Jacobine _f._ _Ger._ Heb. supplanter, 17 Jacobo, _m._ _It._ Span. Heb. supplanter, 17 Jacobus, _m._ _Lat._ Heb. supplanter, 17 Jacopo, _m._ _It._ Heb. supplanter, 17 _Jacot_, _m._ _Fr._ Heb. supplanter, 17 _Jacov_, _m._ _Russ._ Heb. supplanter, 17 _Jacovina_, _f._ _Russ._ Heb. supplanter, 17 Jacques, _m._ _Fr._ Heb. supplanter, 17 Jacqueline, _f._ _Fr._ Heb. supplanter, 17 _Jacqueminot_, _m._ _Fr._ Heb. supplanter, 17 _Jacquetta_, _f._ _Eng._ Heb. supplanter, 17 _Jacquette_, _f._ _Fr._ Heb. supplanter, 17 Jaddæus, _m._ _Lat._ Heb. known of God, 8 Jaddua, _m._ _Eng._ Heb. known of God, 8 Jadwiga, _f._ _Pol._ Teu. war refuge, 305 _Jaga_, _m._ _Eng._ Heb. supplanter, 17 _Jaggeli_, _m._ _Bav._ Heb. supplanter, 17 JAGODA, _m._ _Slav._ Slav. strawberry, 438 Jahus, _m._ _Dutch_, Heb. grace of the Lord, 45 _Jaime_, _m._ _Aram._ Heb. supplanter, 17 _Jaka_, _m._ _Slov._ Heb. supplanter, 17 _Jakab_, _m._ _Hung._ Heb. supplanter, 17 _Jako_, _m._ _Ill._ Heb. supplanter, 17 Jakob, _m._ _Esth._ _Dutch_, _Ger._ _Pol._ Heb. supplanter, 17 Jakoba, _f._ _Dutch_, _Ger._ Heb. supplanter, 17 Jakobos, _m._ _Gr._ Heb. supplanter, 17 Jakobine, _f._ _Ger._ Heb. supplanter, 17 _Jakov_, _m._ _Russ._ _Ill._ _Wall._ Heb. supplanter, 17 _Jakova_, _f._ _Hung._ Heb. supplanter, 17 _Jakobika_, _f._ _m._ _Ill._ Heb. supplanter, 17 Jaffrez, _m._ _Bret._ Teu. God’s peace, 287 James, _m._ _Eng._ Heb. supplanter, 17 Jamesina, _f._ _Eng._ Heb. supplanter, 17 _Jamie_, _m._ _Scot._ Heb. supplanter, 17 _Jan_, _m._ _Nor._ _Dutch_, _Eng._ Heb. grace of the Lord, 45 _Jannik_, _m._ _Bret._ Heb. grace of the Lord, 45 _Janas_, _m._ _Lett._ Heb. grace of the Lord, 45 _Janak_, _Pol._ Heb. grace of the Lord, 45 _Janckzi_, _m._ _Hung._ Heb. grace of the Lord, 45 Jane, _f._ _Eng._ Heb. grace of the Lord, 46 _Janek_, _m._ _Scot._ Heb. grace of the Lord, 45 _Janesika_, _f._ _Slov._ Heb. grace of the Lord, 46 _Janet_, _f._ _Scot._ Heb. grace of the Lord, 46 _Janez_, _m._ _Slov._ Heb. grace of the Lord, 45 _Janja_, _f._ _Serv._ Gr. pure, 119 _Janke_, _m._ _Lus._ Heb. grace of the Lord, 45 _Janne_, _m._ _Dan._ Heb. grace of the Lord, 45 _Jannedik_, _f._ _Bret._ Heb. grace of the Lord, 45 _Janos_, _m._ _Hung._ Heb. grace of the Lord, 45 _Janotje_, _f._ _Dutch_, Heb. grace of the Lord, 46 _Jantina_, _f._ _Dutch_, Heb. grace of the Lord, 46 _Jantje_, _f._ _Dutch_, Heb. grace of the Lord, 46 JANUARIUS, _m._ _Lat._ January born, 171 _Janus_, _m._ _Dutch_, Lat. from Adria, 156 Jaques, _m._ _Fr._ Heb. supplanter, 17 Jaquette, _f._ _Fr._ Heb. supplanter, 17 JARLAR, _m._ _Swed._ Heb. earl warrior, 333 JAROMIR, _m._ _Bohm._ Slav. firm peace, 333 JAROPOLK, _m._ _Russ._ Slav. firm peace, 333 JAROSLAV, _f._ _Russ._ Slav. firm peace. Jarratt, _m._ _Eng._ Teu. spear firm, 369 Jartrud, _m._ _Nor._ Teu. spear truth, 368 _Jascha_, _m._ _Russ._ Heb. supplanter, 17 _Jaschenka_, _m._ _Russ._ Heb. supplanter, 17 _Jaschis_, _m._ _Lett._ Heb. addition, 23 Jaseps, _m._ _Lett._ Heb. addition, 23 Jasper, _m._ _Eng._ Pers. treasure master, 211 Jatmund, _m._ _Dan._ Teu. rich protection, 377 _Jaubert_, _m._ _Fr._ Teu. good bright, 288 _Jauffré_, _m._ _Prov._ Teu. God’s peace, 287 _Jantje_, _m._ _Dutch_, Heb. grace of the Lord, 45 _Javotte_, _f._ _Fr._ Kelt. white stream, 270 Jaward, _m._ _Nor._ Teu. rich guardian, 378 Jayme, _m._ _Sp._ _Port._ Heb. supplanter, 17 _Jeames_, _m._ _Eng._ Heb. supplanter, 17 Jean, _m._ _Fr._ Heb. grace of the Lord, 45 Jean, _f._ _Scot._ Heb. grace of the Lord, 46 Jeanne, _f._ _Fr._ Heb. grace of the Lord, 46 _Jeannette_, _f._ _Fr._ Heb. grace of the Lord, 46 _Jeannetton_, _f._ _Fr._ Heb. grace of the Lord, 46 _Jeannot_, _m._ _Fr._ Heb. grace of the Lord, 45 _Jebbe_, _f._ _Fris._ Teu. wild boar battle maid, 337 _Jeconiah_, _m._ _Eng._ Lat. appointed of the Lord, 38 _Jedert_, _f._ _Slov._ Teu. war maid, 368 _Jedrzej_, _m._ _Pol._ Gr. manly, 86 Jeffrey, _m._ _Eng._ Teu. good peace, 287 _Jefronissa_, _f._ _Russ._ Gr. mirth, 72 Jehan, _m._ _Fr._ Heb. grace of the Lord, 45 Jehanne, _f._ _Fr._ Heb. grace of the Lord, 46 Jehoash, given by the Lord, 37 Jehoram, _m._ _Eng._ Heb. the Lord is exalted, 37 Jehoiachin, _m._ _Eng._ Heb. appointed of the Lord, 37 Jehoiada, _m._ _Eng._ Heb. known of God, 37 Jehoiakim, _m._ _Eng._ Heb. the Lord will judge, 38 Jehu, _m._ _Eng._ Heb. the Lord is He, 38 _Jeka_, _m._ _Lett._ Heb. supplanter, 17 _Jekups_, _m._ _Lett._ Heb. supplanter, 17 _Jela_, _f._ _Serv._ Gr. light, 68 _Jelena_, _f._ _Slov._ Gr. light, 68 _Jelica_, _f._ _Russ._ _Slov._ Gr. light, 68 _Jelisavka_, _f._ _Serv._ Heb. God’s oath, 35 _Jelissaveta_, _f._ _Russ._ Heb. God’s oath, 35 _Jellon_, _m._ _Scot._ Lat. downy bearded, 150 _Jemmy_, _m._ _Eng._ Heb. supplanter, 17 Jemima, _f._ _Eng._ Heb. dove, 26 _Jendriska_, _f._ _Bohm._ Teu. home ruler, 310 _Jenkin_, _m._ _Eng._ Heb. grace of the Lord, 45 Jennifer, _f._ _Corn._ Kelt. white wave, 270 _Jenny_, _f._ _Eng._ Heb. grace of the Lord, 46 Jenovefa, _m._ _Bret._ Kelt. white stream, 270 _Jens_, _m._ _Dan._ Heb. grace of the Lord, 45 Jeoffroi, _m._ _Fr._ Teu. divine peace, 288 _Jeps_, _m._ _Lett._ Heb. addition, 23 _Jerassim_, _m._ _Russ._ Gr. beloved, 113 _Jerast_, _m._ _Russ._ Gr. amiable, 113 _Jera_, _f._ _Slov._ Teu. war maid, 368 Jeremej, _m._ _Russ._ Heb. exalted of the Lord, 49 Jeremiah, _m._ _Ger._ _Slov._ Heb. exalted of the Lord, 49 _Jeremiah_, _m._ _Fr._ _Eng._ Heb. exalted of the Lord, 49 Jeremias, _m._ _Fr._ _Eng._ Heb. exalted of the Lord, 49 Jeremie, _m._ _Fr._ _Wall._ Heb. exalted of the Lord, 49 Jeremija, _m._ _Russ._ _Serv._ Heb. exalted of the Lord, 49 Jeremy, _m._ _Eng._ Heb. exalted of the Lord, 49 _Jerica_, _f._ _Slov._ Teu. war maid, 368 _Jerko_, _m._ _Serv._ Gr. with a holy name, 89 Jermyn, _m._ _Eng._ Lat. German, 416 _Jernej_, _m._ _Ill._ Heb. son of furrows, 25 _Jerolim_, _m._ _Serv._ Gr. with holy name, 89 Jerom, _m._ _Ger._ Gr. holy name, 89 Jeromette, _f._ _Fr._ Gr. holy name, 89 Jerome, _m._ _Eng._ _Fr._ Gr. holy name, 89 _Jeronimo_, _m._ _Port._ Gr. with a holy name, 89 Jerram, _m._ _Eng._ Teu. war raven, 370 _Jerry_, _m._ _Eng._ Heb. exalted of the Lord, 49 Jervis, _m._ _Eng._ Teu. spear war, 369 _Jervoise_, _m._ _Eng._ Teu. spear war, 369 _Jerzy_, _m._ _Pol._ Gr. husbandman, 115 Jesaia, _m._ _Ger._ Heb. help of God, 49 Jesekijel, _m._ _Russ._ Heb. strength of God, 49 Jespers, _m._ _Lett._ Pers. treasure master, 211 Jeshua, _m._ _Eng._ Heb. the Lord my salvation, 37 _Jessica_, _f._ _Eng._ 46 _Jesse_, _m._ _Eng._ Heb. the Lord is, 46 _Jessie_, _f._ _Scot._ Heb. grace of the Lord, 46 _Jettchen_, _f._ _Ger._ Teu. home ruler, 310 _Jette_, _f._ _Ger._ Teu. home ruler, 310 _Jettje_, _f._ _Dutch_, Teu. home ruler, 310 _Jeva_, _f._ _Serv._ Gr. fair speech, 88 Jeva, _f._ _Lett._ _Serv._ Heb. life, 11 Jevan, _Welsh_, young warrior, 273 Jevva, _f._ _Russ._ Heb. life, 11 Jevchariz, _m._ _Russ._ Gr. happy hand, 87 Jevdoksia, _f._ _Russ._ Gr. happy glory, 88 Jevginnia, _f._ _Russ._ Gr. well born, 88 Jevginij, _m._ _Russ._ Gr. well born, 88 Jevfimija, _f._ _Russ._ Gr. fair fame, 88 Jevlalija, _f._ _Russ._ Gr. fair speech, 88 Jevstachij, _m._ _Russ._ Gr. fair harvest, 88 _Jewa_, _f._ _Lith._ Heb. life, 11 _Jewele_, _f._ _Lett._ Heb. life, 11 _Jezis_, _m._ _Lett._ Heb. supplanter, 17 _Jill_, _f._ _Eng._ Lat. downy beard, 150 _Jillet_, _f._ _Eng._ Lat. downy beard, 150 _Jillian_, _f._ _Eng._ Lat. downy beard, 150 _Jitka_, _f._ _Pol._ Heb. praise, 20 _Jim_, _m._ _Eng._ Heb. supplanter, 17 _Jiri_, _m._ _Bohm._ Gr. husbandman, 115 _Jjewa_, _f._ _Lus._ Heb. life, 11 _Joa_, _m._ _Span._ Heb. the Lord will judge, 37 Joachim, _m._ _Eng._ Heb. the Lord will judge, 37 Joachim, _m._ _Russ._ _Eng._ _Fr._ Heb. God will judge, 38 _Joachime_, _f._ _Fr._ Heb. God will judge, 37 Joahim, _m._ _Slov._ Heb. God will judge, 38 Joakim, _m._ _Russ._ Heb. God will judge, 38 Joan, _f._ _Eng._ Heb. the Lord’s grace, 46 Joanna, _f._ _Eng._ _Pol._ Heb. the Lord’s grace, 46 Joannes, _m._ _Gr._ Heb. the Lord’s grace, 45 _Joanico_, _m._ _Port._ Heb. the Lord’s grace, 45 _Joaniniha_, _f._ _Port._ Heb. the Lord’s grace, 46 _Joao_, _m. Port._ Heb. the Lord’s grace, 45 _Joaozinho_, _m. Port._ Heb. the Lord’s grace, 45 Joaquim, _m. Span._ Heb. the Lord will judge, 37 Joaquin, _m. Span._ _Port._ Heb. the Lord will judge, 37 Joaquima, _f. Port._ Heb. the Lord will judge, 37 Joash, _m._ _Eng._ Heb. given by the Lord, 38 Job, _m._ _Eng._ Heb. persecuted, 26 _Jobs_, _m._ _Ger._ Lat. sportive, 191 _Jobst_, _m._ _Bav._ Lat. sportive, 191 _Jocelin_, _m._ _Fr._ _Eng._ Lat. sportive, 191 Jochebed, _f._ _Eng._ Heb. person of merit, 27 _Jocheli_, _m._ _Swiss_, the Lord will judge, 37 _Johann_, _m._ _Bav._ Heb. the Lord will judge, 37 _Jock_, _m._ _Scot._ Heb. the Lord’s grace, 45 _Jock_, _m._ _Swiss_, Heb. supplanter, 17 _Jockel_, _m._ _Ger._ Heb. supplanter, 17 _Jockey_, _m._ _Eng._ Heb. the Lord’s grace, 45 Jocosa, _f._ _Eng._ Lat. merry, 191 JOCOSUS, _m._ _Lat._ merry, 191 _Jodel_, _m._ _Bav._ Lat. sportive, 191 _Jodetel_, _m._ _Fr._ Lat. sportive, 191 Jodoca, _f._ _Eng._ Lat. sportive, 191 JODOCUS, _m._ _Lat._ sportive, 191 Jodoke, _f._ _Ger._ Lat. sportive, 191 Jodokus, _m._ _Ger._ Lat. sportive, 191 JOAR, horse warrior, 341 JODIS, horse sprite, 441 Jofan, the Lord’s grace, 45 JOFRED, horse peace, 341 JOFRID, fair horse, 341 JOGEIR, horse spear, 341 JOGRIM, horse mask, 341 _Jokell_, horse kettle, 341 JOKETYL, horse kettle, 341 JOREID, horse eagerness, 341 JOSTEIN, horse stone, 341 JORUNNA, horse lady, 341 Jornandes, Jordan, 39 _Jøren_, _Nor._ Teu. glittering man, 416 JØRUND, _Nor._ Teu. glittering man, 416 JOEL, _m._ _Eng._ Heb. strong willed, 50 _Joe_, _m._ _Eng._ Heb. addition, 23 _Joeran_, _m._ _Dan._ Gr. husbandman, 115 _Jofa_, _m._ _Lapp._ Heb. the Lord’s grace, 45 _Jofan_, _m._ _Lapp._ Heb. the Lord’s grace, 45 _Jogg_, _m._ _Swiss_, Heb. supplanter, 17 _Joggeli_, _m._ _Swiss_, Heb. supplanter, 17 Johan, _m._ _Swiss_, _Esth._ Heb. the Lord’s grace, 45 Johanan, _Eng._ Heb. the Lord’s grace, 45 Johanna, _f._ _Ger._ _Esth._ Heb. the Lord’s grace, 46 Johanna, _f._ _Eng._ Heb. the Lord’s grace, 46 Johanne, _f._ _Ger._ Heb. the Lord’s grace, 46 JOHANNES, _m._ _Ger._ Heb. the Lord’s grace, 45 John, _m._ _Eng._ Heb. the Lord’s grace, 45 _Johnnie_, _Scot._ Heb. the Lord’s grace, 45 _Johnny_, _Eng._ Heb. the Lord’s grace, 45 _Johum_, _Dan._ Heb. the Lord will judge, 37 Joletta, _f._ _Eng._ Lat. violet, 206 _Joliette_, _f._ _Fr._ Lat. downy bearded, 150 _Jompert_, _m._ _Fr._ Teu. war splendour, 363 Jonah, _m._ _Eng._ Heb. dove, 26 Jonas, _m._ _Lat._ Heb. dove, 26 Jonaszus, _m._ _Lith._ Heb. dove, 26 Jonathan, _m._ _Eng._ Heb. the Lord’s gift, 25 _Jonelis_, _m._ _Lith._ Heb. the Lord’s grace, 45 _Jonka_, _m._ _Lapp._ Heb. dove, 26 _Jonkus_, _m._ _Lith._ Heb. the Lord’s grace, 45 _Jonkuttelis_, _m._ _Lith._ Heb. the Lord’s grace, 45 _Jonuttis_, _m._ _Lith._ Heb. the Lord’s grace. _Joram_, _m._ _Eng._ Heb. the Lord is exalted, 37 JORDAN, _m._ _Eng._ Heb. descender, 39 _Jorens_, _m._ _Norse_, _Lat._ laurel, 174 Jorge, _Port._ husbandman, 115 _Joris_, _Dutch_, Gr. husbandman, 115 Jortz, _Gr._ _Prov._ husbandman, 115 Jorwarth, _m._ _Welsh_, Teu. rich guard, 378 _Jos_, _m._ _Eng._ Heb. the Lord is salvation, 37 Joscelin, _m._ _Eng._ Lat. just, 192 _Joscelind_, _f._ _Eng._ Lat. just, 192 Jose, _m._ _Span._ _Port._ Heb. addition, 23 Josef, _m._ _Span._ _Swed._ Heb. addition, 23 Josefa, _f._ _Span._ Heb. addition, 23 Josefina, _f._ _Swed._ Heb. addition, 23 Josep, _m._ _Prov._ _Fr._ Heb. addition, 23 Joseph, _m._ _Fr._ _Eng._ _Ger._ Heb. addition, 17 Josepha, _f._ _Port._ Heb. addition, 23 Josephe, _f._ _Ger._ _Fr._ Heb. addition, 23 Josephina, _f._ _Port._ Heb. addition, 23 Josephine, _f._ _Fr._ _Eng._ Heb. addition, 23 Joses, _m._ _Gr._ Heb. addition, 23 Joshua, _m._ _Eng._ Heb. the Lord is salvation, 37 Josiah, _m._ _Eng._ Heb. yielded to the Lord, 37 Jossif, _m._ _Wall._ Heb. addition, 23 Josipe, _f._ _Ill._ Heb. addition, 23 Josip, _m._ _Ill._ Heb. addition, 23 _Josipa_, _f._ _Ill._ Heb. addition, 23 _Josipac_, _m._ _Ill._ Heb. addition, 23 _Josipica_, _f._ _Ill._ Heb. addition, 23 _Joska_, _f._ _Ill._ Heb. addition, 23 _Josko_, _m._ _Ill._ Heb. addition, 23 _Josh_, _m._ _Bav._ Heb. addition, 23 _Josse_, _m._ _Fr._ Lat. sportive, 191 _Josselin_, _m._ _Fr._ Lat. sportive, 191 _Jossif_, _m._ _Russ._ Heb. addition, 23 Jossué, _m._ _Fr._ Heb. the Lord is salvation, 37 _Jost_, _m._ _L. Ger._ Lat. just, 192 _Jost_, _m._ _Swiss_, Lat. sportive, 23 _Jost_, _m._ _Ger._ Lat. sportive, 191 _Jostli_, _m._ _Swiss_, Lat. sportive, 191 _Josts_, _m._ _Lett._ Lat. just, 192 _Jourdain_, _m._ _Fr._ Heb. descender, 39 _Jov_, _m._ _Russ._ Heb. persecuted, 26 _Jovan_, _m._ _Ill._ _Swiss_, Heb. the Lord’s grace, 45 _Jovana_, _f._ _Ill._ Heb. the Lord’s grace, 46 _Jovanna_, _f._ _Port._ Heb. the Lord’s grace, 46 _Jovica_, _f._ _Ill._ Heb. the Lords grace, 46 _Joy_, _f._ _Eng._ 191 Joyce, _f._ _Eng._ Lat. sportive, 191 Joycelin, _m._ _Eng._ Lat. just, 192 _Joza_, _m._ _Slov._ Heb. addition, 23 Joze, _m._ _Port._ Heb. addition, 23 Jozef, _m._ _Pol._ _Slav._ Heb. addition, 23 _Jozefa_, _f._ _Pol._ Heb. addition, 23 _Jozo_, _m._ _Ill._ Heb. addition, 23 Jozefa, _f._ _Hung._ Heb. addition, 23 _Jra_, _f._ _Slov._ Teu. spear maid, 368 Juan, _m._ _Span._ Heb. the Lord’s grace, 45 Juana, _f._ _Span._ Heb. the Lord’s grace, 46 _Juanito_, _m._ _Span._ Heb. the Lord’s grace, 45 Juczi, _f._ _Hung._ Heb. praise, 21 Judah, _m._ _Eng._ Heb. praise, 20 Judas, _m._ _Scot._ Heb. praise, 20 Jude, _m._ _Eng._ Heb. praise, 20 Judical, _m._ _Bret._ Lat. sportive, 191 Judit, _f._ _Hung._ Heb. praise, 21 JUDITH, _f._ _Ger._ _Eng._ Heb. praise, 21 Juditha, _f._ _Ger._ Heb. praise, 21 Judithe, _f._ _Fr._ Heb. praise, 21 _Judy_, _f._ _Eng._ Heb. praise, 21 _Jugge_, _f._ _Eng._ Heb. praise, 21 _Jukums_, _m._ _Lith._ Heb. the Lord will judge, 38 _Jukkinum_, _m._ _Esth._ Heb. the Lord will judge, 38 _Jules_, _m._ _Lith._ Lat. downy bearded, 149 Jules, _m._ _Fr._ Lat. downy bearded, 149 Juli, _f._ _Hung._ Lat. downy bearded, 149 Julia, _f._ _Eng._ Lat. downy bearded, 149 Juliaantje, _f._ _Dutch_, Lat. downy bearded, 150 Julian, _m._ _f._ _Eng._ _Span._ Lat. downy bearded, 150 Juliana, _f._ _Eng._ _Span._ _Port._ _Wall._ Lat. downy bearded, 150 Juliane, _f._ _Ger._ Lat downy bearded, 150 Juliano, _m._ _Span._ Lat. downy bearded, 150 Julianus, _m._ Lat. downy bearded, 150 _Juanito_, _f._ _Span._ Heb. the Lord’s grace, 45 Juliao, _m._ _Port._ Lat. downy bearded, 150 Julie, _f._ _Ill._ _Fr._ _Wall._ Lat. downy bearded, 150 Julien, _m._ _Fr._ Lat. downy bearded, 150 Julienne, _f._ _Fr._ Lat. downy bearded, 150 Juliet, _f._ _Eng._ Lat. downy bearded, 151 Julietta, _f._ _Span._ Lat. downy bearded, 151 Juliette, _f._ _Fr._ _Ger._ Lat. downy bearded, 151 Julij, _m._ _Slav._ Lat. downy bearded, 149 Julija, _f._ _Russ._ Lat. downy bearded, 149 Julijan, _m._ _Slov._ Lat. downy bearded, 150 Julijana, _f._ _Slov._ Lat. downy bearded, 149 Julio, _m._ _Span._ Lat. downy bearded, 149 Julis, _f._ _Hung._ Lat. downy bearded, 149 Juliska, _f._ _Hung._ Lat. downy bearded, 149 JULIUS, _m._ _Lat._ _Eng._ _Ger._ Lat. downy bearded, 149 Julka, _f._ _Pol._ Lat. downy bearded, 149 Julyan, _f._ _Eng._ Lat. downy bearded, 150 JUNIUS, _m._ Lat. of Juno, 151 _Jurck_, _m._ _Slav._ Gr. husbandman, 115 _Jurgan_, _m._ _Fris. Neth._ Gr. husbandman, 115 _Jurgis_, _m._ _Lett._ Gr. husbandman, 115 _Jurguttis_, _m._ _Lett._ Gr. husbandman, 115 _Jurica_, _m._ _Ill._ Gr. husbandman, 115 JURISA, _m._ _Ill._ Slav. storm. _Jurn_, _m._ _Fris._ _Esth._ Gr. husbandman, 115 _Juro_, _m._ _Ill._ Gr. husbandman, 115 _Jurriaan_, _m._ _Dutch_, Gr. husbandman, 115 _Jurric_, _m._ _Dutch_, Gr. husbandman, 115 _Jurrusch_, _m._ _Lett._ Gr. husbandman, 115 Just, _m._ _Ger._ Lat. just, 193 Justa, _f._ Lat. just, 193 Juste, _m._ _Fr._ Lat. just, 193 Juste, _f._ _Ger._ Lat. just, 193 Justin, _m._ _Eng._ _Ger._ Lat. just, 193 Justina, _f._ _Eng._ _Span._ Lat. just, 193 Justine, _f._ _Fr._ _Ger._ Lat. just, 193 Justinian, _m._ _Ger._ _Eng._ Lat. just, 193 Justinien, _m._ _Fr._ Lat. just, 193 Justino, _m._ _Span._ Lat. just, 193 JUSTINUS, _m._ Lat. just, 193 Justs, _m._ _Lett._ Lat. just, 193 Justyn, _m._ _Pol._ Lat. just, 193 Juthe, _f._ _Hung._ _Ger._ Heb. praise, 21 _Jutka_, _f._ _Hung._ Heb. praise, 21 _Jutta_, _f._ _Ger._ Heb. praise, 21 _Juzeth_, _f._ _Bret._ Heb. praise, 21 _Juzzis_, _m._ _Lett._ Heb. God will judge, 38 _Jvan_, _m._ _Bulg._ Heb. the Lord’s grace, 45 _Jvic_, _m._ _Ill._ Heb. the Lord’s grace, 45 _Jvica_, _m._ _Ill._ Heb. the Lord’s grace, 45 K _Kaat_, _f._ _Dutch_, Gr. pure, 123 KAARI, _m._ _Nor._ Teu. god of the winds, 322 _Kaatje_, _f._ _Dutch_, Gr. pure, 123 _Kaddo_, _f._ _Esth._ Gr. pure, 123 _Kadl_, _f._ _Bav._ Gr. pure, 123 KAJETAN, _m._ _Slov._ Lat. of Gaeta, 132 _Kajsa_, _f._ _Swed._ Gr. pure, 123 _Kalle_, _m._ _Swed._ Teu. man, 386 _Kaaurentina_, _f._ _Bret._ _Kapo_, _m._ _Lus._ Pers. treasure master (?), 211 _Kapp_, _m._ _Bav._ Pers. treasure master (?), 211 _Karel_, _m._ _Esth._ _Dutch_, _Bohm._ _Dan._ Teu. strong man, 386 _Karen_, _f._ _Dan._ Gr. pure, 123 _Kalle_, _m._ _Swed._ Teu. man, 386 _Kantemir_, _m._ _Russ._ _Turk._ happy iron. _Karadek_, _m._ _Bret._ Kelt. beloved, 233 Karl, _m._ _Swiss_, Teu. god of the winds, 386 _Karin_, _f._ _Dan._ Teu. pure, 123 _Karl_, _m._ _Swed._ _Ger._ Teu. man, 386 _Karla_, _f._ _Slov._ Teu. man, 386 _Karlic_, _m._ _Ill._ 386 _Karlica_, _m._ _Ill._ 386 Karlo, _m._ _Russ._ _Ill._ Teu. man, 386 Karlmann, _m._ _Ger._ Teu. strong man, 386 _Karlko_, _m._ _Lus._ Teu. man, 386 Karls, _m._ _Lett._ Teu. man, 386 Karol, _m._ _Pol._ _Slov._ Teu. man, 386 _Karolek_, _m._ _Pol._ Teu. man, 386 _Karolina_, _f._ _Slav._ Teu. man, 386 _Karolinka_, _f._ _Slov._ Teu. man, 386 Karoly, _m._ _Hung._ Teu. man, 386 _Karsten_, _m._ _Slav._ L. Ger. Teu. Christian, 105 _Karstin_, _f._ _Dan._ Gr. Christian, 105 _Kasche_, _f._ _Dantzig_, Gr. pure, 123 _Kasch_, _m._ _Dantzig_, Teu. man, 386 _Kaschis_, _m._ _Lett._ Slav. showing peace, 443 _Kasen_, _f._ _Dan._ Gr. pure, 123 _Kashuk_, _m._ _Lett._ Slav. show forth peace, 442 _Kasia_, _f._ _Pol._ Gr. pure, 123 Kasimir, _m._ _Ger._ Slav. show forth peace, 443 Kasimira, _f._ _Ger._ Slav. show forth peace, 443 Kasimirs, _m._ _Lett._ Slav. show forth peace, 443 Kaspar, _m._ _Ger._ _Russ._ _Bohm._ Pers. treasure master (?), 211 Kaspe, _m._ _Bav._ Pers. treasure master (?), 211 Kasper, _m._ _Swed._ Pers. treasure master (?), 211 _Kasperl_, _m._ _Bav._ Pers. treasure master (?), 211 Kaspers, _m._ _Lett._ Pers. treasure master (?), 211 Kaspor, _m._ _Lus._ Pers. treasure master (?), 211 _Kass_, _m._ _Bav._ Pers. treasure master (?), 211 _Kata_, _f._ _Ill._ Gr. pure, 123 _Katalin_, _f._ _Hung._ Gr. pure, 123 Katarina, _f._ _Swed._ _Ill._ _Russ._ Gr. pure, 123 _Katarzina_, _f._ _Pol._ Gr. pure, 123 _Kate_, _f._ _Eng._ _Ill._ Gr. pure, 123 _Katel_, _f._ _Bret._ Gr. pure, 123 _Katelik_, _f._ _Bret._ Gr. pure, 123 _Katerina_, _f._ _Bohm._ Gr. pure, 123 Katharine, _f._ _Eng._ _Ger._ Gr. pure, 123 _Kätchen_, _f._ _Ger._ Gr. pure, 123 _Kathe_, _f._ _Ger._ Gr. pure, 123 _Katherine_, _f._ _Eng._ Gr. pure, 123 _Kathleen_, _f._ _Ir._ Gr. pure, 123 _Kathri_, _f._ _Swiss_, Gr. pure, 123 _Kathrili_, _f._ _Swiss_, Gr. pure, 123 _Kathrina_, _f._ _Dan._ Gr. pure, 123 _Kati_, _f._ _Hung._ Gr. pure, 123 _Katica_, _f._ _Ill._ Gr. pure, 123 _Katicza_, _f._ _Hung._ Gr. pure, 123 _Katie_, _f._ _Scot._ Gr. pure, 123 _Katinka_, _f._ _Russ._ Gr. pure, 123 _Katya_, _f._ _Russ._ Gr. pure, 123 KATLA, _f._ _Nor._ Teu. cauldron, 346 _Katra_, _f._ _Slov._ Gr. pure, 123 _Katreij_, _f._ _Slov._ Gr. pure, 123 _Katrin_, _f._ _Bav._ Gr. pure, 123 _Katrina_, _f._ _Slov._ Gr. pure, 123 _Katrine_, _f._ _Eng._ _Bav._ _Lett._ Gr. pure, 123 _Kats_, _f._ _Esth._ Gr. pure, 123 _Katsche_, _f._ _Lett._ Gr. pure, 123 _Kattel_, _f._ _Bav._ Gr. pure, 123 _Katty_, _f._ _Ir._ Gr. pure, 123 _Kavzma_, _m._ _Russ._ Gr. order, 125 Kay, _m._ _Eng._ Lat. rejoicing, 131 KAZIMIR, _m._ _Ill._ _Pol._ _Slov._ _Bohm._ Slav. show forth peace, 211 _Kazimierz_, _m._ _Pol._ Slav. show forth peace, 211 Kean, _m._ _Irish_, vast, 258 _Kee_, _f._ _Dutch_, Lat. horn (?), 146 _Kees_, _m._ _Dutch_, Lat. horn (?), 146 _Keetje_, _f._ _Dutch_, Lat. horn (?), 146 _Keeldar_, _m._ _Scot._ Teu. battle army. Keereel, _m._ _Russ._ Gr. lordly, 217 _Keira_, _Lapp._ Teu. ever king, 56 Kenneth, _m._ _Scot._ Kelt. comely, 256 Kenny, _m._ _Ir._ Kelt. vast, 256 _Kentigern_, _m._ _Welsh_, Kelt. head chief, 258 Kentigerna, _f._ _Welsh_, Kelt. head chief, 258 Kephas, _m._ _Gr._ Aram. stone, 107 _Kerenhappuch_, _f._ _Heb._ box of paint, 26 _Kerestel_, _m._ _Hung._ Christian, 105 _Keresteli_, _m._ _Hung._ Christian, 105 Keriadek, _m._ _Bret._ Kelt. beloved, 233 _Kerstan_, _m._ _Lus._ Gr. Christian, 105 _Kerste_, _f._ _Lett._ Gr. Christian, 105 _Kersti_, _m._ _Est._ Gr. Christian, 105 _Kerstiteli_, _m._ _Ill._ Gr. baptizer, 106 _Kersto_, _m._ _Ill._ Gr. Christian, 105 _Kester_, _m._ _Eng._ Teu. Christ bearer, 106 _Kert_, _Esth._ Teu. spear maid, 268 KETELBIORN, _m._ _Nor._ Teu. cauldron bear, 347 KETELRIDIR, _f._ _Nor._ Teu. cauldron fury, 347 _Ketterle_, _f._ _Bav._ Gr. pure, 123 KETYL, _m._ _Nor._ Teu. cauldron, 347 Kevin, _m._ _Irish_, Kelt. comely, 256 _Keyne_, _f._ _Eng._ Kelt. jewel, 271 Kezia, _f._ _Eng._ Bret. cassia, 26 Khaoos, _m._ _Pers._ Zend. beautiful eyed. Kharalamm, _m._ _Russ._ Gr. joy of Easter, 216 Kharalample, _m._ _Russ._ Gr. joy of Easter, 216 _Kharitoun_, _m._ _Russ._ Gr. love, 73 _Khevronia_, _m._ _Russ._ Lat. purifying, 176 _Khoosroo_, _m._ _Pers._ Zend. sun (?), 56 _Khur_, _m._ _Pers._ Zend. sun (?), 56 _Khshayarsha_, Zend. venerable king, 56 _Kissey_, _f._ _Eng._ Heb. cassia, 26 Kieren, _m._ _Irish_, Kelt. black, 256 Kilian, _m._ _Ger._ Lat. blind, 144 _Kina_, _f._ _Swiss_, Gr. Christian, 105 _Kirin_, _m._ _Ill._ Lat. spearman, 177 _Kit_, _m._ _Eng._ Gr. Christ bearer, 106 _Kiogeir_, _m._ _Nor._ Teu. people’s spear, 375 _Kitto_, _m._ _Lus._ Gr. Christ bearer, 106 _Kitty_, _f._ _Eng._ Gr. pure, 123 _Kiodvala_, _Nor._ people’s power, 375 _Kjogjer_, _Nor._ people’s spear, 375 _Kjol_, _Nor._ people’s wolf, 375 _Kjold_, _Nor._ people’s wolf, 375 _Kjoille_, _Nor._ people’s heroine, 375 _Kjoval_, _Nor._ people’s power, 375 _Kjostol_, _m._ _Nor._ harsh wolf, 419 _Kjartan_, _m._ _Nor._ Kelt. sea warrior, 146 _Kjelbjorg_, _f._ _Nor._ Teu. kettle protection, 346 _Kjell_, _m._ _Nor._ Teu. kettle, 346 _Klaatje_, _m._ _Dutch_, Lat. famous, 186 _Klaas_, _m._ _Dutch_, Lat. victory of the people, 90 _Klaasji_, _m._ _Dutch_, Lat. victory of the people, 90 _Klaada_, _m._ _Bret._ Lat. lame, 146 _Klara_, _f._ _Sl._ Lat. famous, 185 _Klas_, _m._ _Bav._ _Dan._ Gr. victory of the people, 90 _Klasel_, _m._ _Bav._ Gr. victory of the people, 90 _Klassis_, _m._ _Lat._ Gr. victory of the people, 90 Klaudij, _m._ _Ill._ Lat. lame, 146 _Klaus_, _m._ _Ger._ _Esth._ Lat. victory of the people, 90 _Klavde_, _m._ _Slov._ Lat. lame, 146 Klavdij, _m._ _Russ._ Lat. lame, 146 _Klavinsh_, _m._ _Lett._ Gr. victory of the people, 90 _Klavs_, _m._ _Lett._ Gr. victory of the people, 90 KLEANTHES, _m._ Gr. famous bloom, 95 _Klemen_, _m._ _Slov._ _Hung._ Lat. merciful, 160 Klemente, _m._ _Ill._ Lat. merciful, 160 Klemet, _m._ _Esth._ Lat. merciful, 160 _Klemin_, _m._ _Ger._ Lat. merciful, 160 _Klunans_, _m._ _Russ._ Lat. merciful, 160 KLEOPATRA, _f._ Gr. fame of her father, 95 _Klothilde_, _f._ _Ger._ Teu. famous battle maid, 404 _Knelis_, _m._ _Dutch_, Lat. horn (?), 146 _Knel_, _m._ _Dantzig_, Lat. horn (?), 146 KNUD, _m._ _Dan._ Teu. hill, 433 Knut, _m._ _Dan._ Teu. hill, 433 _Koadou_, _m._ _Bret._ Kelt. wood liver. _Kodders_, _m._ _Lett._ Gr. divine gift, 101, 282 Koenraed, _m._ _Netherlands_, Teu. bold council, 423 KOL, _m._ _Ice._ Teu. cool, 429 KOLBEIN, _m._ _Ice._ Teu. cold iron bone, 429 KOLBJORN, _m._ _Ice._ Teu. black bear, 429 _Kolina_, _f._ _Swed._ Gr. pure, 123 KOLBIORN, _m._ _Nor._ Teu. black bear, 429 KOLFINN, _m._ _Nor._ Teu. cool white, 429 KOLFINNA, _f._ _Nor._ Teu. cool white, 429 KOLGRIM, _m._ _Nor._ Teu. cool mask, 429 KOLGRIMA, _f._ _Nor._ Teu. cool mask, 427 _Kolinka_, _m._ _Russ._ Gr. victory of the people, 90 _Kolja_, _m._ _Russ._ Gr. victory of the people, 90 KOLOMAN, _m._ _Hung._ slave council man, 443 KOLSKEGG, _m._ _Ice._ Teu. black beard, 427 _Kondratij_, _m._ _Russ._ Teu. bold council, 423 Konrad, _m._ _Hung._ _Swed._ _Ger._ _Russ._ Teu. bold council, 423 _Konradin_, _m._ _Ger._ Teu. bold council, 423 _Konradine_, _f._ _Ger._ Teu. bold council, 423 Konstantia, _f._ _Ill._ _Slav._ Lat. firm, 161 _Konstanij_, _m._ _Slav._ Lat. firm, 161 Konstanczia, _f._ _Hung._ Lat. firm, 161 Konstantin, _m._ _Teu._ _Slav._ _Russ._ Lat. firm, 161 _Konstanz_, _m._ _Ger._ Lat. firm, 161 KORE, _f._ _Gr._ Gr. maiden, 60 _Kored_, bold council, 423 _Koredli_, bold council, 423 _Kordel_, _f._ _Bav._ Kelt. jewel of the sea, 230 Kordule, _f._ _Gr._ Kelt. jewel of the sea, 230 Kormak, _m._ _Ice._ Kelt. son of a chariot, 249 _Koreish_, _m._ _Heb._ Zend. sun (?), 56 _Kornel_, _m._ _Dutch_, Lat. horn (?), 146 _Kornelie_, _f._ _Wall._ _Dutch_, Lat. horn (?), 146 _Kornelij_, _m._ _Slav._ Lat. horn (?), 146 Korstiaan, _m._ _Dutch_, Gr. Christian, 105 KOSMOS, _m._ Gr. order, 125 _Kostadin_, _m._ _Slov._ Lat. firm, 161 _Kostancia_, _f._ _Slav._ Lat. firm, 161 _Koste_, _m._ _Slav._ Lat. firm, 161 _Kostja_, _m._ _Russ._ Lat. firm, 161 _Kostusin_, _m._ _Pol._ Lat. firm, 161 _Kotka_, _Ill._ _Slov._ Lat. firm, 161 _Koulma_, _m._ Bret. Lat. dove, 186 _Koulum_, _m._ Bret. Lat. dove, 186 _Kowzma_, _m._ _Russ._ Gr. order, 125 KRASISLAV, _m._ _Slav._ Slav. fair glory, 443 KRASIMIR, _m._ _Slav._ fair peace, 443,445 KRASOMIL, _m._ _Slav._ fair love, 443 _Kret_, _f._ _Esth._ Gr. pearl, 121 _Krikshte_, _m._ _Ill._ Gr. Christian, 105 _Kriemhild_, _f._ _Ger._ Teu. helmet battle maid, 361 _Krispin_, _m._ _Dutch_, Lat. curly, 162 _Krista_, _f._ _Swiss_, Gr. Christian, 105 _Kristal_, _m._ _Ger._ Gr. Christ bearer, 106 _Kristagis_, _m._ _Lett._ Gr. Christ bearer, 106 _Kristoppis_, _m._ _Lett._ Gr. Christ bearer, 106 _Kriste_, _f._ _Lett._ Gr. Christian, 105 _Kristel_, _f._ _Ger._ Gr. Christian, 105 _Kristi_, _f._ _Esth._ Gr. Christian, 105 Kristian, _m._ _Swed._ _Ill._ Gr. Christian, 105 Kristiane, _f._ _Slav._ Gr. Christian, 105 _Kristijan_, _f._ _Slav._ Gr. Christian 105 Kristina, _f._ _Slav._ Gr. Christian, 105 _Kristinsch_, _m._ _Lett._ Gr. Christian, 105 Kristof, _m._ _Ill._ _Slav._ Gr. Christ bearer, 106 Kristofer, _m._ _Swed._ Gr. Christ bearer, 106 _Kristoffel_, _m._ _Swiss_, Gr. Christ bearer, 106 _Kristofor_, _m._ _Slov._ _Ill._ Gr. Christ bearer, 106 _Kristscho_, _m._ _Lus._ Gr. Christian, 105 _Kristuppas_, _m._ _Lith._ Gr. Christ bearer, 106 _Kroet_, _f._ _Esth._ Gr. pearl, 121 _Kruschan_, _m._ Gr. Christian, 105 _Krustinn_, _f._ _Bulg._ Gr. Christian, 105 _Krustjo_, _m._ _Bulg._ Gr. Christian, 105 _Kryspyn_, _m._ _Pol._ Lat. curly, 162 _Kryslof_, _m._ _Pol._ Gr. Christ bearer, 106 _Krystyan_, _m._ _Pol._ Gr. Christian, 105 _Ksersas_, _m._ _Ill._ Zend. venerable king, 56 _Kub_, _m._ _Lus._ _Pol._ Heb. supplanter, 17 _Kuba_, _m._ _Pol._ Heb. supplanter, 17 _Kubischu_, _m._ _Lett._ Heb. supplanter, 17 _Kunel_, _m._ _Bav._ Teu. bold speech, 424 _Kuhnhardt_, _m._ _Ger._ Teu. bold and firm, 424 _Kuhnrat_, _m._ _Ger._ Teu. bold speech, 423 _Kunat_, _m._ _Lus._ Teu. bold speech, 423 _Kundel_, _f._ _Ger._ Teu. bold war, 424 _Kunds_, _m._ _Ger._ Teu. bold speech, 423 _Kunigunde_, _f._ _Ger._ Teu. bold war, 423 _Kunimund_, _m._ _Ger._ Teu. bold protection, 423 _Kuno_, _m._ _Ger._ Teu. bold, 424 _Kunrad_, _m._ _Bohm._ Teu. bold speech 423 _Kunrat_, _m._ _Russ._ Teu. bold speech, 423 _Kunsch_, _m._ _Slav._ Teu. bold speech, 423 _Kunz_, _m._ _Ger._ Teu. bold speech, 423 Kupina, _f._ _Ill._ Slav. gooseberry, 438 KUPJENA, _f._ _Ill._ Slav. gooseberry, 438 _Kurt_, _m._ _Ger._ Teu. bold speech, 423 _Kustas_, _m._ _Esth._ Teu. Goth’s staff, 289 _Kustav_, _m._ _Esth._ Teu. Goth’s staff, 289 _Kwedders_, _m._ _Lett._ Gr. divine gift, 182 KUREISH, _m._ Zend. sun (?), 56 Kusteninn, _m._ _Bret._ Lat. firm, 161 _Kymbelin_, _m._ _Eng._ Kelt. lord of the lion, 232 _Kygeir_, _m._ _Nor._ Teu. people’s spear, 374 _Kythe._ _Kyer_, _m._ _Nor._ Teu. people’s spear, 374 KYNAN, _m._ _Welsh_, Kelt. chief, 247 KYRIAKOS, _m._ _Gr._ Sunday child, 217 KYRILLOS, _m._ _Gr._ lordly, 217 L _Labrenzis_, _m._ _Lett._ Lat. laurel, 174 Lachlan, _m._ _Scot._ Kelt. warlike, 255 LACHTNA, _m._ _Erse._ Kelt. green, 256 _Lacko_, _m._ _Ill._ Slav. ruling with fame, 442 _Laco_, _m._ _Ill._ Slav. ruling with fame, 442 _Laczko_, _m._ _Hung._ Slav. ruling with fame, 442 Ladislao, _m._ _Span._ _It._ Slav. ruling with fame, 442 Ladislas, _m._ _Fr._ Slav. ruling with fame, 442 Ladislao, _m._ _Port._ Slav. ruling with fame, 442 Ladislaus, _m._ _Lat._ Slav. ruling with fame, 442 LAIDRAD, _m._ _Ger._ Teu. fierce speech, 418 LAIDWALD, _m._ _Ger._ Teu. fierce power, 418 LAIDWIG, _m._ _Ger._ Teu. fierce war, 418 Lælia, _f._ _Lat._ 151 LÆLIUS, _m._ _Lat._ 151 LÆTITIA, _f._ _Eng._ Lat. gladness, 192 _Lajos_, _m._ _Hung._ Teu. famous war, 405 LALA, _f._ _Serv._ Slav. tulip, 438 LALAGE, _f._ _Lat._ Gr. prattler, 463 Lambert, _m._ _Fr._ _Eng._ _Dutch_, _Ger._ Teu. country’s brightness, 431 Lambertine, _f._ _Ger._ Teu. country’s brightness, 431 Lamberto, _m._ _It._ Teu. country’s brightness, 431 Lambrecht, _m._ _Ger._ Teu. country’s brightness, 431 Lamech, _m._ _Eng._ Heb. smitten. _Lammert_, _m._ _Dutch_, Teu. country’s brightness, 431 _Lance_, _m._ _Eng._ Lat. servant, 263 Lancelot, _m._ _Eng._ _Fr._ Lat. servant, 263 Lancilotto, _m._ _It._ Lat. servant, 263 LANDERICH, _m._ _Frank._ Teu. land ruler, 431 Landerico, _m._ _Ital._ Teu. land ruler, 431 Landfranc, _m._ _Eng._ Teu. land free, 431 LANDFRANG, _m._ _Ger._ Teu. land free, 431 LANDFRIED, _m._ _Ger._ Teu. land peace, 431 Landinn, _f._ _Ger._ _Fr._ Teu. country, 431 Lando, _m._ _Ger._ Teu. country, 431 LANDOLF, _m._ _Ger._ Teu. country wolf, 431 LANDRAD, _m._ _Ger._ Teu. country’s council, 431 LANDWIN, _m._ _Gr._ Teu. country friend, 431 Landfranco, _m._ _It._ Teu. country free, 431 LANN, _f._ _Erse_, Kelt. sword. LANTPERAHT, _m._ _O. Ger._ Teu. country’s brightness, 430 _Lanty_, _m._ _Ir._ Lat. laurel, 174 LAODAMAS, _Gr._ people’s tamer, 95 LAODAMIA, _f._ _It._ Gr. people’s tamer, 95 LAODIKE, _f._ Gr. people’s justice, 95 _Lapo_, _m._ _It._ Heb. supplanter, 17 _Lara_, _f._ _Finn._ Lat. famous, 185 _Laris_, _m._ _Fris._ Lat. cheerful, 191 _Larkin_, _m._ _Eng._ Lat. laurel, 174 _Larry_, _m._ _Ir._ Lat. laurel, 174 _Lars_, _m._ _Dan._ 174 _Larse_, _m._ _Swed._ Lat. laurel, 174 _Lasar_, _m._ _Russ._ Heb. God will help, 33 _Lasche_, _f._ _Lett._ Teu. famous war, 405 LASSAIR, _f._ _Erse_, Kelt. flame, 224 LASSARFHINA, _f._ _Erse_, Kelt. flame of wine, 224 _Lassla_, _m._ _Hung._ ruling with fame, 442 _Latte_, _f._ _Lett._ Teu. man, 386 _Launart_, _m._ _Fr._ Teu. lion strong, 77 _Laur_, _m._ _Lapp._ _Esth._ Lat. laurel, 174 Laura, _f._ _Eng._ _Ital._ _Ger._ Lat. laurel, 174 Laure, _f._ _Fr._ Lat. laurel, 174 Laurenza, _f._ _Eng._ _Port._ Lat. laurel, 174 Laurence, _m._ _Eng._ Lat. laurel, 174 Laurencho, _m._ _Port._ Lat. laurel, 174 Laurençya, _f._ _Port._ Lat. laurel, 174 Laurens, _m._ _Nor._ Lat. laurel, 174 Laurent, _m._ _Fr._ Lat. laurel, 174 Laurentia, _f._ _Lat._ laurel, 174 LAURENTIUS, _m._ _Lat._ laurel, 174 Laures, _m._ _Lap._ Lat. laurel, 174 _Lauretta_, _f._ _Eng._ Lat. laurel, 174 _Laurette_, _f._ _Fr._ Lat. laurel, 174 _Laurie_, _m._ _Scot._ Lat. laurel, 174 Lauris, _m._ _Lett._ Lat. laurel, 174 _Lauritz_, _m._ _Dan._ Lat. laurel, 174 _Laurus_, _m._ _Esth._ Lat. laurel, 174 _Laus_, _m._ _Esth._ Gr. people’s victory, 90 Lav, _m._ _Slov._ Gr. lion, 77 LAVINIA, _f._ _Eng._ of Latium, 176 LAVOSLAV, _m._ _Slav._ Slav. lion glory, 77 Lavrentic, _m._ _Wall._ Lat. laurel, 174 Lavrentij, _m._ _Russ._ Lat. laurel, 174 Lavrentija, _f._ _Russ._ Lat. laurel, 174 Lavrenzis, _m._ _Lett._ Lat. laurel, 174 _Lawise_, _f._ _Lett._ Teu. famous war, 405 Lawrence, _m._ _Eng._ Lat. laurel, 174 _Lazar_, _m._ _Ill._ _Hung._ Heb. God will help, 33 Lazare, _m._ _Fr._ Heb. God will help, 33 _Lazarillo_, _m._ _Span._ Heb. God will help, 33 LAZARO, _m._ _Span._ _It._ Heb. God will help, 33 Lazarus, _m._ _Lat._ Heb. God will help, 33 Lazarro, _m._ _It._ Heb. God will help, 33 _Lazarz_, _m._ _Pol._ Heb. God will help, 33 _Laze_, _m._ _Ill._ Heb. God will help, 33 _Lazo_, _m._ _Ill._ Heb. God will help, 33 Lazzaro, _m._ _It._ Heb. God will help, 33 Leah, _f._ _Eng._ Heb. weary, 7, 15 Leander, _m._ _Eng._ Gr. lion man, 77 Leandre, _m._ _Fr._ Gr. lion man, 77 Leandro, _m._ _It._ _Span._ Gr. lion man, 77 LEANDROS, _m._ _Gr._ Gr. lion man, 77 _Leăo_, _m._ _Port._ Gr. lion, 77 Lear, _m._ _Eng._ Kelt. sea, 229 Lebbœus, _m._ _Eng._ Aram. praise, 20 LEBRECHT, _m._ _Ger._ live right, 468 Lebwin, _m._ _Ger._ Teu. beloved friend, 426 LECH, _m._ _Pol._ Slav, a woodland spirit. Lechsinska, _f._ _Pol._ Slav. a woodland spirit. Leger, _m._ _Teu._ people’s spear, 430 _Leen_, _m._ _Dutch_, Teu. lion strong, 77 _Leendert_, _m._ _Dutch_, Teu. lion strong, 77 _Left shoulder forward_, _m._ _Eng._ 10, 463 _Leentje_, _f._ _Dutch_, Heb. of Magdala, 31 Leifr, _m._ _Nor._ relic, 332 _Leila_, _f._ _Moorish_. LEIKNY, _f._ _Nor._ Teu. fresh sport, 354 _Leiul_, _m._ _Nor._ Teu. fierce wolf, 418 _Leisje_, _f._ _Dutch_, Heb. God’s oath, 35 _Leks_, _m._ _Slav._ helper of men, 85 _Leli_, _f._ _Swiss_, Heb. of Magdala, 30 _Lelia_, _f._ _It._ Lat. 151 _Lelie_, _f._ _It._ Lat. 151 _Lelio_, _m._ _It._ Lat. 151 _Lelika_, _f._ _Slov._ Gr. fair speech, 308 _Lena_, _f._ _Alb._ _Lett._ Gr. light, 68 _Lemet_, _m._ _Esth._ Lat. merciful, 161 _Lenardo_, _m._ _It._ Teu. lion strong, 77 _Lenort_, _m._ _Teu._ lion strong, 77 _Lenchen_, _f._ _Ger._ Heb. of Magdala, 31, 68 _Lencica_, _f._ _Slov._ Gr. light, 68 _Lendrts_, _m._ _Lett._ Teu. lion strong, 77 _Lene_, _f._ _Ger._ Heb. of Magdala, 32 _Lenhart_, _m._ _Ger._ Teu. lion strong, 77 _Lenia_, _f._ _Alb._ Gr. light, 68 _Lenka_, _f._ _Slov._ Gr. light, 68 _Lenny_, _m._ _Eng._ Teu. lion strong, 77 Lenore, _f._ _Ger._ Gr. light, 68 _Leno_, _f._ _Esth._ Gr. light, 68 _Lenz_, _m._ _Swiss_, Lat. laurel, 174 LEO, _m._ _Ger._ _Span._ Gr. lion, 76 LEOBGYTHA, _f._ _A.S._ Teu. love gift, 426 LEOBHARD, _m._ _Frank._ Teu. love strength, 426 Leocadia, _f._ _Span._ Gr. 77 Leocadie, _f._ _Span._ Gr. 77 Leodegarius, _m._ _Lat._ Teu. people’s spear, 430 Leodowald, _m._ _A.S._ Teu. people’s power, 430 LEOFRIC, _m._ _Eng._ Teu. beloved rule, 426 LEOFISTAN, _m._ _A.S._ Teu. beloved stone, 426 LEOFWINE, _m._ _A.S._ Teu. beloved friend, 426 Leoline, _m._ _Eng._ Kelt. Lat. 280, 426 Leon, _m._ _It._ _Russ._ Gr. lion, 76 Leonard, _m._ _Eng._ _It._ Teu. lion strong, 77 Leonarda, _f._ _Span._ _Ger._ Teu. lion strong, 77 Leonarde, _f._ _It._ _Ger._ Teu. lion strong, 77 Leonardine, _f._ _Ger._ Teu. lion strong, 77 Leonardo, _m._ _Rom._ Teu. lion strong, 77 Léonce, _m._ _Fr._ Gr. lion like, 77 Leoncie, _f._ _Fr._ Gr. lion like, 77 Leoncio, _m._ _It._ Gr. lion like, 77 Leone, _m._ _It._ Gr. lion, 76 Leongard, _m._ _Russ._ Teu. lion strong, 77 _Leonhard_, _m._ _Ger._ Teu. lion strong, 77 Leonhardine, _m._ _Ger._ Teu. lion strong, 77 LEONIDAS, _m._ Gr. lion like, 77 Leonie, _f._ _Fr._ Gr. lion, 77 Leonor, _f._ _Span._ Gr. light, 68 Leonora, _f._ _It. Eng._ Gr. light, 68 Leonore, _f._ _Fr._ Gr. light, 68 Leontia, _f._ _Lat._ Gr. lion like, 77 Leontij, _m._ _Russ._ Gr. lion like, 77 Leontin, _m._ _Ger._ _Fr._ Gr. lion like, 77 Leontine, _f._ _Ger._ _Fr._ lion like, 77 LEONTIUS, _m._ Lat. lion like, 77 Leonz, _m._ _Ger._ Teu. lion strong, 77 _Leopo_, _m._ _Ger._ Teu. people’s prince, 430 Leopold, _m._ _Ger._ _Fr._ Teu. people’s prince, 430 Leopoldine, _f._ _Ger._ people’s prince, 430 Leopoldo, _m._ _Slav._ _It._ Teu. people’s prince, 430 Leovigildo, _m._ _Span._ Teu. love pledge, 426 _Leszek_, _m._ _Pol._ Gr. helper of men, 85 Letitia, _f._ _Eng._ Lat. gladness, 192 Lettice, _f._ _Eng._ Lat. gladness, 192 Lethard, _m._ _Ger._ Teu. fierce firmness, 418 Lethild, _f._ _Ger._ Teu. fierce battle maid, 418 Letizia, _f._ _It._ Lat. gladness, 192 Leto, 64 Let’y, _f._ _Ir._ Gr. truth, 126 Letty, _f._ _Eng._ Lat. gladness, 192 Leudomir, _m._ _Frank._ Teu. people’s fame, 430 Leufroi, _m._ _Gr._ Teu. people’s peace, 430 _Leunairs_, _m._ _Fr._ Teu. lion strong, 77 Leupold, _m._ _Ger._ Teu. people’s prince, 430 LEUTGAR, _m._ _Ger._ Teu. people’s spear, 429 LEUTGARDE, _f._ _Ger._ Teu. people’s guard, 430 LEUTPOLD, _m._ _Ger._ Teu. people’s prince, 429 _Lev_, _m._ _Pol._ _Slov._ Gr. lion, 77 Levi, _m._ _Eng._ Heb. joining, 7, 15 _Lew_, _m._ _Slav._ Gr. lion, 77 _Levor_, _m._ _Nor._ Teu. gate ward, 421 Lewis, _m._ _Eng._ Teu. famous war, 405 Lia, _f._ _It._ Heb. dependence, 15 _Libby_, _f._ _Eng._ Heb. God’s oath, 35 LIBUSA, _f._ _Bohm._ Slav. darling, 443 _Lida_, _f._ _Bohm._ Slav. people’s love, 432, 443 LIDVARD, _m._ _Nor._ Teu. gate ward, 421 LIDWINA, _f._ _Bohm._ Slav. people of Vina, 443 LIEBE, _f._ _Flem._ Ger. love, 426 Liebhard, _m._ _Ger._ Teu. love strength, 426 Liebtrud, _f._ _Ger._ Teu. love maiden, 426 Liedulf, _m._ _Nor._ Teu. fierce wolf, 418 _Lienhardt_, _m._ _Bav._ lion strength, 77 _Lienl_, _m._ _Ger._ Teu. lion strong, 77 _Lienzel_, _m._ _Russ._ Teu. lion strong, 77 _Liert_, _m._ _Swiss_, Teu. lion strength, 77 _Lieschen_, _f._ _Ger._ Teu. famous, 405 _Lievina_, _f._ _Flem._ Teu. love, 426 _Ligach_, _f._ _Gael._ Kelt. pearly, 224 _Ligaire_, _m._ _Fr._ Teu. people’s spear, 430 _Likelas_, _m._ _Bav._ Gr. victory of the people, 90 Lilian, _f._ _Eng._ Lat. lily, 145 Lilias, _f._ _Scot._ Lat. lily, 145 _Liliola_, _f._ _It._ Lat. blind, 144 _Lilla_, _f._ _Eng._ Heb. oath of God, 35 Lilly, _f._ _Eng._ lily, 145 _Lina_, _f._ _Ger._ Teu. man, 386 _Line_, _f._ _Ger._ Teu. man, 386 _Linet_, _f._ _Eng._ Kelt. shapely (?), 145 Linnea, _f._ _Nor._ Teu. lime tree, 470 LINTRUDE, _f._ _Ger._ Teu. serpent maid, 347 _Linuscha_, _f._ _Dant._ Teu. man, 386 Lionardo, _m._ _It._ Teu. lion strong, 77 Lionel, _m._ _Eng._ Lat. lion, 77 Lionello, _m._ _It._ Lat. little lion, 77 Liovigotona, _f._ _Span._ Teu. love Goth, 426 _Lipo_, _m._ _Lus._ Teu. remains of divinity, 288 _Lipp_, _m._ _Bav._ Gr. loving horses, 79 _Lipp_, _m._ _Dant._ Teu. relic of divinity, 288 _Lippa_, _m._ _Bav._ Gr. loving horses, 79 _Lippo_, _m._ _It._ Gr. loving horses, 79 _Lipsts_, _m._ _Lett._ Gr. loving horses, 79 _Lisa_, _f._ _Dan._ _Lus._ Heb. God’s oath, 35 _Lisbet_, _f._ _Ger._ Heb. God’s oath, 35 _Lisbeta_, _f._ _Lett._ Heb. God’s oath, 35 _Lise_, _f._ _Ger._ Heb. God’s oath, 35 _Liserli_, _f._ _Swiss_, Heb. God’s oath, 35 _Lisette_, _f._ _Fr._ Teu. famous war, 405 _Lisilka_, _f._ _Russ._ Heb. God’s oath, 35 _Lisi_, _f._ _Bav._ Heb. God’s oath, 35 _Liska_, _f._ _Lus._ Heb. God’s oath, 35 _Liso_, _f._ _Esth._ Heb. God’s oath, 35 _Lisrl_, _f._ _Bav._ Heb. God’s oath, 35 _Liuba_, _f._ _Flem._ Teu. love, 426 LIUTBERGA, _f._ _Ger._ Teu. people’s protection, 430 LIUTBERT, _m._ _Ger._ Teu. people’s brightness, 430 LIUTFRED, _m._ _Ger._ Teu. people’s peace, 430 LIUTHOLD, _m._ _Ger._ Teu. people’s firmness, 430 LIUTMAR, _m._ _Ger._ Teu. people’s fame, 430 LIUTPOLD, _m._ _Ger._ Teu. people’s valour, 430 LIUTPRAND, _m._ _Frank._ Teu. people’s sword, 430 Liuva, _m._ _Span._ Teu. love, 426 _Liza_, _f._ _Russ._ Heb. God’s oath, 35 _Lizbeta_, _f._ _Slov._ Heb. God’s oath, 35 _Lizbetha_, _f._ _Russ._ Heb. God’s oath, 35 _Lizika_, _f._ _Slov._ Heb. God’s oath, 35 _Lizzie_, _f._ _Scot._ Heb. God’s oath, 35 _Ljena_, _f._ _Albanian_, Gr. light, 68 LJODOLD, _m._ _Nor._ Teu. people’s firmness, 430 LJOT, _m._ _Nor._ Teu. people, 430 _Ljubica_, _f._ _Serv._ Slav. love, 443 _Ljubima_, _f._ _Serv._ Slav. love, 443 _Ljubka_, _f._ _Russ._ Slav. love, 443 LJUBMILA, _f._ _Slav._ Slave, loving, 443 LJUBOMIR, _m._ _Slav._ Slav. love peace, 443 LJUBOSLAV, _m._ _Slov._ Slav. love glory, 443 LJUBOV, _f._ _Russ._ Slav. love, 443 _Ljudevit_, _m._ _Slov._ Teu. famous war, 405 LJUDOMILA, _f._ _Slav._ Slav. people’s love, 430 LJUDOMIR, _m._ _Slav._ Slav. people’s peace, 430 Lles, _m._ _Welsh_, Lat. light, 132 Lleulu, _f._ _Welsh_, light, 132 LLEURWG, _m._ _Welsh_, Kelt. light, 281 LLEW, _m._ _Welsh_, Kelt. lion. LLEW, _m._ _Welsh_, Kelt. light, 281 Llewellyn, _m._ _Eng._ Kelt. lightning, 281 _Llewfer_, _m._ _Welsh_, Lat. light, 281 LLEWRWG, _f._ _Welsh_, Lat. light, 76 LLYR, _m._ _Welsh_, Kelt. sea, 230 _Lloyd_, _m._ _Eng._ Kelt. grey, 230 LLWYD, _m._ _Welsh_, Kelt. grey, 230 LLYWELWYN, _m._ _Welsh_, Kelt. lightning, 281 Lobo, _m._ _Port._ Lat. wolf, 198 Lodewick, _m._ _Dutch_, Teu. famous war, 405 Lodoiska, _f._ _Pol._ Teu. famous war, 405 Lodovico, _m._ _It._ Teu. famous war, 405 Lodowick, _m._ _Scot._ Teu. famous war, 405 Lodowig, _m._ _Ger._ Teu. famous war, 405 _Lodve_, _m._ _Nor._ Teu. famous war, 405 Lodward, _m._ _Nor._ Teu. famous guard, 405 Loïs, _m._ _Br._ Teu. famous war, 405 _Loiseach_, _m._ _Erse_, Kelt. 133 Loïz, _m._ _Bret._ Teu. famous war, 405 _Lola_, _f._ _Span._ Teu. man, 386 _Lolotte_, _f._ _Fr._ Teu. man, 386 _Lood_, _m._ _Dutch_, Teu. famous war, 405 Looys, _m._ _Fr._ Teu. famous war, 405 Lope, _m._ _Span._ Lat. wolf, 198 _Lopko_, _m._ _Lus._ Teu. God’s praise, 288 _Lopo_, _m._ _Lus._ Teu. God’s praise, 288 Lora, _f._ _Eng._ Lat. laurel, 174 Lorenço, _m._ _It._ Lat. laurel, 174 Lorenz, _m._ _Ger._ _Dan._ Lat. laurel, 174 Lorenzo, _m._ _It._ Lat. laurel, 174 _Lori_, _m._ _Swiss_, Lat. laurel, 174 _Lorinez_, _m._ _Hung._ Lat. laurel, 174 _Loritz_, _m._ _Esth._ Lat. laurel, 174 _Lorl_, _f._ _Ger._ Gr. light, 174 _Lorus_, _m._ _Lith._ Lat. laurel, 174 _Lot_, _m._ _Eng._ Heb. _Lot_, _m._ _Eng._ Kelt. lion, 281 Lotario, _m._ _Span._ _It._ Teu. famous warrior, 407 Lothaire, _m._ _Fr._ Teu. famous warrior, 407 Lothar, _m._ _Ger._ Teu. famous warrior, 407 Lothario, _m._ _Eng._ Teu. famous warrior, 407 _Lotta_, _f._ _Swed._ Teu. man, 386 _Lotte_, _f._ _Ger._ Teu. man, 386 _Lotty_, _f._ _Eng._ Teu. man, 386 _Lotze_, _m._ _Ger._ Teu. famous war, 407 LOUARN, _m._ Kelt. fox, 224, 242 Louis, _m._ _Fr._ Teu. famous war, 405 Louisa, _f._ _Eng._ Teu. famous war, 405 Louise, _f._ _Ger._ _Fr._ Teu. famous war, 405 _Louison_, _f._ _Fr._ Teu. famous war, 405 _Lova_, _f._ _Swed._ Teu. famous war, 405 LOVE, _f._ _Eng._ Teu. love, 464 LOVEDAY, _f._ _Corn._ Teu. love (?), 464 Lovisa, _f._ _Swed._ Teu. famous war, 405 Lovisje, _f._ _Dutch_, Teu. famous war, 405 _Lovra_, _f._ _m._ _Serv._ Lat. laurel, 174 _Lovre_, _m._ _Slov._ Lat. laurel, 174 _Lovrenika_, _f._ _Ill._ Lat. laurel, 174 LOWENHARD, _m._ _Frank._ Teu. stern lion, 281 LOWENCLO, _m._ _Bav._ Teu. lion claw, 281 Loys, _m._ _Fr._ Teu. famous holiness, 405 Lozoik, _m._ _Prov._ Teu. famous holiness, 405 Lubin, _m._ _Ir._ _Eng._ Teu. love friend, 426 LUBOMIRSKI, _m._ _Pol._ Slav. loving peace, 443 Luca, _m._ _Fr._ Lat. light, 133 Luca, _m._ _It._ Lat. light, 133 LUCANUS, _m._ _Gr._ Lat. light, 133 Lucas, _m._ _Span._ Lat. light, 133 Luce, _m._ _Fr._ Lat. light, 133 LUCIA, _f._ _It._ Lat. light, 132 Lucian, _m._ _Eng._ Lat. light, 133 Luciana, _f._ _It._ Lat. light, 132 Luciano, _m._ _It._ Lat. light, 133 Lucianus, _m._ Lat. light, 133 Lucie, _f._ _Fr._ Lat. light, 132 Lucien, _m._ _Fr._ Lat. light, 133 Lucienne, _f._ _Fr._ Lat. light, 132 Lucifer, _m._ _Eng._ Lat. light bringer, 133 LUCIFERUS, _m._ _Lat._ Lat. light bringer, 133 Lucile, _f._ _Fr._ Lat. light, 132 Lucilla, _f._ _Eng._ Lat. light, 132 LUCINDA, _f._ _Eng._ Lat. light, 132 Lucio, _m._ _It._ Lat. light, 133 LUCIUS, _m._ _Eng._ Lat. light, 133 Lucrece, _f._ _Fr._ Lat. gain (?), 134 Lucretia, _f._ _Eng._ Lat. gain (?), 134 LUCRETIUS, _m._ Lat. gain (?), 134 Lucrezia, _f._ _It._ Lat. gain (?), 134 LUCY, _f._ _Eng._ Lat. light, 132 Lucya, _f._ _Pol._ Lat. light, 132 Lucza, _f._ _Hung._ Lat. light, 132 Ludevic, _m._ _Wall._ Teu. famous holiness, 405 _Ludgar_, _m._ _Ger._ Teu. people’s spear, 430 _Ludi_, _m._ _Swiss_, Teu. famous holiness, 405 Ludmila, _f._ _Ger._ _Slav._ people’s love, 430, 442 _Ludolf_, _m._ _Ger._ Teu. people’s wolf, 430 LUDOMILLA, _f._ _Ger._ Slav. people’s love, 430 LUDOMIR, _m._ _Ger._ Slav. people’s peace, 430 Ludomir, _m._ _Ger._ Teu. famous greatness, 405 Ludovic, _m._ _Wall._ Teu. famous holiness, 405 Ludovica, _f._ _Swed._ Teu. famous holiness, 405 Ludovick, _m._ _Scot._ Teu. famous holiness, 405 Ludovico, _m._ _It._ Teu. famous holiness, 406 Ludovicus, _m._ _Lat._ Teu. famous war, 405 Ludovike, _f._ _Ger._ Teu. famous war, 405 Ludvig, _m._ _Swed._ Teu. famous war, 405 Ludvik, _m._ _Pol._ _Bohm._ _Slov._ Teu. famous war, 405 Ludvika, _f._ _Pol._ Teu. famous war, 405 Ludvis, _m._ _Pol._ Teu. famous war, 405 Ludvisia, _f._ _Pol._ Teu. famous war, 405 LUANMAISI, _f._ _Erse_, Kelt. fair as the moon, 224 LUGHAID, _m._ _Erse_, Kelt. light (?), 133 Luigi, _m._ _It._ Teu. famous war, 405 Luis, _m._ _Port._ _Span._ Teu. famous war, 405 Luisa, _f._ _Span._ _Port._ Teu. famous war, 405 Luise, _f._ _Ger._ Teu. famous war, 405 _Luitbert_, _m._ _Ger._ Teu. people’s brightness, 430 Luitberga, _f._ _Ger._ Teu. people’s guard, 430 Luitbrand, _m._ _Ger._ Teu. people’s sword, 430 Luitger, _m._ _Ger._ Teu. people’s spear, 430 Luitgarde, _f._ _Ger._ Teu. people’s guard, 430 Luithard, _m._ _Ger._ Teu. people’s firmness, 430 Luitmar, _m._ _Ger._ Teu. people’s fame, 430 Luitpold, _m._ _Ger._ Teu. people’s valour, 430 _Luiza_, _f._ _Port._ Teu. famous war, 405 _Luizinha_, _f._ _Port._ Teu. famous war, 405 _Luka_, _m._ _Russ._ _Wall._ Lat. light, 133 _Lukacz_, _m._ _Hung._ Lat. light, 134 LUKAS, _m._ _Ger._ _Bohm._ Lat. light, 133 _Lukasch_, _m._ _Lus._ Lat. light, 134 _Lukaschk_, _m._ _Lus._ Lat. light, 134 _Lukasz_, _m._ _Slav._ _Pol._ Lat. light, 134 Luke, _m._ _Eng._ Lat. light, 133 _Lukez_, _m._ _Slov._ Lat. light, 134 Luned, _f._ _Welsh_, Kelt. shapely (?), 273 Lunette, _f._ _Fr._ Kelt. shapely (?), 273 Lupo, _m._ _Ital._ Lat. wolf, 198 LUPUS, _m._ Lat. wolf, 198 _Lusche_, _f._ _m._ _Lett._ Teu. famous holiness, 405 Luther, _m._ _Ger._ Teu. famous warrior, 405 _Lutters_, _m._ _Lett._ Teu. famous warrior, 405 _Luzia_, _f._ _Rom._ Lat. light, 132 _Luzian_, _m._ _Russ._ Lat. light, 133 _Luziano_, _m._ _It._ Lat. light, 133 _Luzija_, _f._ _Russ._ Lat. light, 133 _Luzio_, _m._ _It._ Lat. light, 133 LYCOS, _m._ Gr. wolf. Lycurgus, _m._ _Lat._ Gr. wolf driver. LYDIA, _f._ _Eng._ Gr. of Lydia, 200 _Lyntje_, _f._ _Dutch_, Gr. light, 132 _Lys_, _f._ _Dutch_, Heb. God’s oath, 35 _Lysje_, _f._ _Dutch_, Heb. God’s oath, 35 _Lyulf_, _m._ _Scot._ Teu. fierce wolf, 418 M Maatfred, _m._ _Ger._ Teu. mighty peace, 422 Maatulf, _m._ _Ger._ Teu. mighty wolf, 422 Mab, _f._ _Ir._ Kelt. mirth (?), 258 Mabel, _f._ _Eng._ Lat. beloved, 258 Mabelle, _f._ _Fr._ Lat. beloved, 258 Macaire, _m._ _Ir._ Gr. happy, 447 Macario, _m._ _It._ Gr. happy, 447 MACBEATH, _m._ _Gael._ Kelt. son of life, 253 Macbeth, _m._ _Scot._ Kelt. son of life, 253 _Mace_, _m._ _Fr._ Aram. gift of the Lord, 15 _Machtild_, _f._ _Ger._ Teu. mighty heroine, 422 MAKARIOS, blessed, Gr. 447 _Macias_, _m._ _Span._ Heb. gift of the Lord, 15 _Maciej_, _m._ _Pol._ Aram. gift of the Lord, 15 Macsen, _m._ _Welsh_, Lat. greatest, 167 Madawc, _m._ _Welsh_, Kelt. beneficent, 227 Maddalena, _f._ _Ital._ Heb. of Magdala, 32 Maddalene, _f._ _Lett._ Heb. of Magdala, 32 _Madde_, _f._ _Pol._ Heb. of Magdala, 32 Madeleine, _f._ _Fr._ Heb. of Magdala, 32 Madelena, _f._ _Span._ Heb. of Magdala, 32 Madeline, _f._ _Eng._ Heb. of Magdala, 32 Madelina, _f._ _Russ._ Heb. of Magdala, 32 _Madelon_, _f._ _Fr._ Heb. of Magdala, 32 _Maddis_, _m._ _Esth._ Heb. gift of the Lord, 15 _Madge_, _f._ _Eng._ Gr. pearl, 121 _Madlen_, _f._ _Bav._ Heb. of Magdala, 32 _Madlena_, _f._ _Slov._ _Lus._ Heb. of Magdala, 32 _Madlenka_, _f._ _Lus._ Heb. of Magdala, 32 _Madli_, _f._ _Esth._ Heb. of Magdala, 32 _Madlyna_, _f._ _Lith._ Heb. of Magdala, 32 Madoc, _m._ _Eng._ Kelt. beneficent, 227 Madoc, _f._ _m._ _Welsh_, Kelt. beneficent, 227 _Mads_, _m._ _Dan._ Heb. gift of the Lord, 15 _Madsche_, _f._ _Lett._ Ger. pearl, 121 MADWG, _m._ _Welsh_, _Kelt._ beneficent, 227 MAEL, _m._ _Ir._ Kelt. disciple, 259 MAELBRIDH, _m._ _Erse_, Kelt. disciple of St. Bridget, 259 MAELCLULTH, _m._ _Erse_, Kelt. youth of the game, 261 MAELCOLUIN, _m._ _Gael._ Kelt. disciple of Columba, 261 MAELDEARG, _m._ _Erse_, Kelt. red chief, 261 MAELDOG, _m._ _Erse_, Kelt. servant of the star, 261 MAELDUBH, _m._ _Erse_, Kelt. black chief, 261 MAELDUINE, _m._ _Gael._ Kelt. brown chief, 261 MAELEOIN, _m._ _Erse_, Kelt. servant of John, 261 MAELFHIONN, _m._ _Erse_, Kelt. servant of Finn, 261 MAELGWAS, _m._ _Cym._ Kelt. chief, 261 MAELGWN, _m._ _Cym._ Kelt. chief, 261 MAELIOSA, _m._ _Erse_, Kelt. servant of JESUS, 261 MAELMORDNA, _m._ _Erse_, Kelt. majestic chief, 261 MAELPATRAIC, _m._ _Erse_, Kelt. servant of Patrick, 261 MAELRUADH, _m._ _Erse_, Kelt. 261 MAELSEACHLAIN, _m._ _Erse_, Kelt. servant of Secundus, 261 _Maffea_, _f._ _Ital._ Heb. gift of the Lord, 15 _Maffeo_, _m._ _Ital._ Heb. gift of the Lord, 15 _Mag_, _f._ _Eng._ Gr. pearl, 121 _Maga_, _f._ _Swiss_, Heb. bitter, 29 Magan, _m._ _Nor._ Teu. power, 422 Magdalen, _f._ _Eng._ Heb. of Magdala, 32 Magdalena, _f._ _Russ._ _Span._ _Port._ Heb. of Magdala, 32 Magdalene, _f._ _Ger._ Heb. of Magdala, 32 Magdeleine, _f._ _Fr._ Heb. of Magdala, 32 Magdelina, _f._ _Russ._ Heb. of Magdala, 32 _Magdolna_, _f._ _Hung._ Heb. of Magdala, 32 _Magdosia_, _f._ _Pol._ Heb. of Magdala, 32 _Magge_, _f._ _Lett._ Gr. pearl, 121 _Maggie_, _f._ _Scot._ Gr. pearl, 121 Maginbert, _m._ _Ger._ Teu. mighty brightness, 422 MAGINFRIED, _m._ _Ger._ Teu. mighty peace, 422 MAGINHILD, _f._ _Nor._ Teu. mighty battle maid, 422 Magmild, _f._ _Nor._ Teu. mighty battle maid, 422 MAGNUS, _m._ _Nor._ Lat. great, 166 _Magsheesh_, _m._ _Erse_, Heb. drawn out, 27 Mahault, _f._ _Fr._ Teu. mighty battle maid, 422 _Mahe_, _m._ _Bav._ Heb. gift of the Lord, 15 Mahon, _m._ _Erse_, Kelt. bear, 257 MAHTHILD, _f._ _Ger._ Teu. mighty battle maid, 422 _Mai_, _f._ _Esth._ Gr. pearl, 121 Maida, 464 Maidoc, _m._ _Ir._ Kelt. beneficent, 227 _Maie_, _f._ _Esth._ Heb. of Magdala, 32 _Maie_, _f._ _Esth._ Gr. bitter, 29 _Maieli_, _f._ _Swiss_, Heb. bitter, 29 _Maije_, _f._ _Lett._ Gr. pearl, 122 _Maika_, _f._ _Russ._ bitter, 29 _Maillard_, _f._ _Cambrai._ Heb. bitter, 29 _Mainfroi_, _m._ _Fr._ mighty peace, 321 _Mainfroy_, _m._ _Eng._ mighty peace, 321 _Maion_, _f._ _Fr._ Heb. bitter, 29 Mair, _f._ _Welsh_, Heb. 29 Mairgreg, _Erse_, Gr. pearl, 121 _Maisie_, _f._ _Scot._ Gr. pearl, 121 _Maja_, _f._ _Swiss_, Heb. bitter, 29 _Majken_, _f._ _Swed._ Heb. bitter, 29 _Maksa_, _f._ _m._ _Ill._ Lat. greatest, 166 _Maksica_, _f._ _Ill._ Lat. greatest, 166 Maksimilian, _m._ _Russ._ Lat. greatest Æmilian, 166 Maksymilian, _m._ _Pol._ Lat. greatest Æmilian, 166 _Mal_, _f._ _Dutch_, Teu. work, 330 _Mal_, _f._ _Eng._ Heb. bitter, 29 _Mal_, _f._ _Esth._ Heb. of Magdala, 32 Malachi, _m._ _Eng._ Heb. angel of the Lord, 52 _Malaleel_, _m._ _Eng._ Heb. shining of God. Malberg, _f._ _Nor._ work protection, 331 _Malchen_, _f._ _Ger._ Teu. work, 330 Malcolm, _m._ _Scot._ Kelt. servant of Columba, 261 _Male_, _f._ _Ger._ Teu. work, 330 _Malfrid_, _f._ _Nor._ Teu. fair work, 330 Malgherita, _f._ _It._ Gr. pearl, 121 _Malgorzata_, _f._ _Pol._ Gr. pearl, 121 _Malgosia_, _f._ _Pol._ Gr. pearl, 121 _Mali_, _f._ _Kaffir_, Heb. bitter, 29 Malise, _m._ _Scot._ Kelt. disciple of Jesus, 260 _Malk_, _m._ _Esth._ Pers. king, 211 _Malkin_, _f._ _Eng._ Heb. bitter, 29 _Maltrud_, _f._ _Nor._ Teu. workmaid, 330 Malvina, _f._ _Gael._ Kelt. handmaid (?), 250 Malvine, _f._ _Fr._ Kelt. handmaid (?), 250 Manasseh, _m._ _Eng._ Heb. forgetting, 24 Manasses, _m._ _Lat._ Heb. forgetting, 24 _Manda_, _f._ _Lat._ Heb. of Magdala, 32 _Mandelina_, _f._ _Serv._ Heb. of Magdala, 32 MANDURRATH, _m._ _Cym._ Kelt. man of black treason, 224 Manfred, _m._ _Eng._ Teu. mighty peace, 421 Manfredi, _m._ _It._ Teu. mighty peace, 421 _Manna_, _f._ _Bav._ Heb. bitter grace, 29 _Manna_, _m._ _Lapp._ Lat. great, 327 _Mannas_, _m._ _Lapp._ Lat. great, 327 Manoel, _m._ _Port._ Heb. God with us, 36 _Manon_, _m._ _Fr._ Heb. bitter, 29 Manovello, _m._ _It._ Heb. God with us, 36 Manuel, _m._ _Fr._ _Eng._ _Span._ Heb. God with us, 36 _Manuelita_, _f._ _Span._ Heb. God with us, 36 _Manuelito_, _m._ _Span._ Heb. God with us, 36 _Manus_, _m._ _Dutch_, Teu. public, 327 Manus, _m._ _Irish_, Lat. great, 327 MAEL EOIN, _m._ _Er._ Heb. disciple of John, 260 _Mara_, _f._ _Lus._ Heb. bitter, 29 Marc, _m._ _Fr._ Lat. of Mars, 135 Marca, _f._ _Ger._ Lat. of Mars, 135 Marcel, _m._ _Fr._ Lat. of Mars, 135 Marcella, _f._ _Ir._ Lat. of Mars, 135 Marcelli, _f._ _Fr._ Lat. of Mars, 135 Marcellianus, _m._ Lat. of Mars, 135 Marcellin, _m._ _It._ Lat. of Mars, 135 Marcellino, _m._ _It._ Lat. of Mars, 135 Marcello, _m._ _It._ Lat. of Mars, 135 MARCELLUS, _Lat._ of Mars, 135 MARCH, _m._ _Erse_, Kelt. horse, 275 Marchell, _Welsh_, Lat. horse, 275 Marcia, _f._ _Ir._ Lat. of Mars, 135 Marcian, _m._ _Ger._ Lat. of Mars, 135 Marciano, _m._ _It._ Lat. of Mars, 135 MARCIANUS, _m._ Lat. of Mars, 135 _Marcie_, _f._ _Fr._ Lat. of Mars, 135 _Marcin_, _m._ _Pol._ Lat. of Mars, 135 MARCIUS, _m._ Lat. of Mars, 135 Marco, _m._ _It._ Lat. of Mars, 135 Marcos, _m._ _Span._ Lat. of Mars, 135 MARCUS, _m._ _Eng._ Lat. of Mars, 135 _Mare_, _Lith._ Heb. bitter, 29 _Mareiel_, _Bav._ Heb. bitter, 29 _Mareili_, _Swiss_, Heb. bitter, 29 _Marek_, _Pol._ Lat. of Mars, 135 _Maret_, _f._ _Dan._ Gr. pearl, 121 _Marete_, _f._ _Lett._ Gr. pearl, 121 _Marenze_, _f._ _Lett._ Lat. deserving, 190 _Marczi_, _m._ _Hung._ Lat. of Mars, 135 Marfa, _f._ _Russ._ Heb. becoming bitter, 32 Margaret, _f._ _Eng._ Gr. pearl, 121 Margareta, _f._ _Hung._ _Ger._ _Pol._ Gr. pearl, 121 Margarete, _f._ _Swiss_, Gr. pearl, 121 Margarethe, _f._ _Ger._ Gr. pearl, 121 Margarida, _f._ _Port._ Gr. pearl, 121 Margarita, _f._ _Span._ _Russ._ Gr. pearl, 121 MARGARITE, _f._ Gr. pearl, 121 Margarith, _f._ _Dutch_, Gr. pearl, 121 Margery, _f._ _Eng._ Gr. pearl, 121 _Marget_, _f._ _Eng._ Gr. pearl, 121 Margherita, _f._ _It._ Gr. pearl, 121 _Marghet_, _Ger._ Gr. pearl, 121 _Margit_, _f._ _Hung._ Gr. pearl, 121 _Margot_, _f._ _Fr._ Gr. pearl, 121 _Margoton_, _f._ _Fr._ Gr. pearl, 121 Margrete, _f._ _Lett._ Gr. pearl, 121 Margryta, _f._ _Lith._ Gr. pearl, 121 Marguerite, _f._ _Fr._ Gr. pearl, 121 Mari, _f._ _Hung._ _Irish_, Heb. bitter, 29 Maria, _f._ (_Universal_) Heb. bitter, 29 _Marialit_, _f._ _Jew._ Gr. pearl, 121 Mariam, _f._ _Gr._ Heb. bitter, 29 Mariamna, _f._ _Russ._ Heb. bitter grace, 29 MARIAMNE, _f._ Heb. bitter, 29 Mariana, _f._ _Port._ _Span._ Heb. bitter, 29 Mariane, _f._ _Ger._ Heb. bitter, 29 Marica, _f._ _Ill._ Heb. bitter, 29 Marie, _f._ _Ger._ _Fr._ _Bav._ Heb. bitter, 29 _Mariedel_, _f._ _Slav._ Heb. bitter, 29 _Marieke_, _f._ _Dutch_, Heb. bitter, 29 _Mariel_, _f._ _Bav._ Heb. bitter, 29 _Marietta_, _f._ _It._ Heb. bitter, 29 _Mariette_, _f._ _It._ Heb. bitter, 29 Marija, _f._ _Russ._ Heb. bitter, 29 _Marike_, _f._ _L. Ger._ Heb. bitter, 29 Marina, _f._ _It._ Lat. marine, 203 _Marinha_, _f._ _Span._ Heb. bitter, 29 Marino, _f._ _It._ Lat. marine, 203 _Mario_, _f._ _m._ _It._ Lat. of Mars, 135 _Marion_, _f._ _Fr._ _Scot._ Heb. bitter, 29 _Mariquinhas_, _f._ _Port._ Heb. bitter, 29 _Mariquita_, _f._ _Port._ Heb. bitter, 29 _Maritornes_, _f._ _Span._ Heb. bitter, 29 Marius, _m._ _Lat._ of Mars, 135 _Marl_, _f._ _Bav._ Heb. bitter, 29 Marja, _f._ _Lapp._ Heb. bitter, 29 _Marjarita_, _Slav._ Gr. pearl, 121 _Marjeta_, _Slav._ Gr. pearl, 121 _Marjeta_, _f._ _Slov._ Heb. bitter, 29 _Marjorie_, _f._ _Scot._ Gr. pearl, 121 Mark, _m._ _Eng._ _Russ._ _Esth._ Lat. of Mars, 135 _Marka_, _f._ _Hung._ Heb. bitter, 121 _Markell_, _m._ _Russ._ Lat. of Mars, 135 Markellin, _m._ _Russ._ Lat. of Mars, 135 Marko, _m._ _Wall._ Lat. of Mars, 135 Markos, _m._ _Gr._ Lat. of Mars, 135 _Markota_, _f._ _Bohm._ Gr. pearl, 131 Markulf, _m._ _Ger._ Teu. border wolf, 426 Markus, _m._ _Hung._ Lat. of Mars, 135 Markusch, _m._ _Lus._ Lat. of Mars, 135 _Markward_, _m._ _Ger._ Teu. border ward, 426 _Markwin_, _m._ _Ger._ Teu. border friend, 426 _Marl_, _f._ _Bav._ Heb. bitter, 29 _Marlena_, _f._ _Lus._ Heb. of Magdala, 32 Marmaduke, _m._ _Eng._ Kelt. sea leader (?), 281 _Marquard_, _m._ _Fr._ Teu. border ward, 425 _Marret_, _f._ _Esth._ Gr. pearl, 121 _Marri_, _f._ _Esth._ Heb. bitter, 29 _Marrije_, _f._ _Lett._ Heb. bitter, 29 _Marsali_, _f._ _Gael._ Gr. pearl, 121 _Mart_, _m._ _Esth._ Lat. of Mars, 135 Marta, _f._ _It._ _Boh._ Heb. becoming bitter, 31 Marten, _m._ _Swed._ _Dutch_, Lat. of Mars, 135 MARTHA, _f._ _Hung._ _Eng._ _Port._ Heb, becoming bitter, 31 Marthe, _f._ _Fr._ Heb. becoming bitter, 31 Marthon, _f._ _Fr._ Heb. becoming bitter, 31 _Martia_, _m._ _Swiss_, Lat. of Mars, 135 Martijn, _m._ _Dutch_, Lat. of Mars, 135 _Martili_, _m._ _Swiss_, Lat. of Mars, 135 Martin, _m._ _Fr._ _Russ._ _Eng._ _Port._ _Slov._ Lat. of Mars, 135 Martina, _f._ _Eng._ Lat. of Mars, 135 Martine, _f._ _Fr._ Lat. of Mars, 135 Martinho, _m._ _Port._ Lat. of Mars, 135 Martino, _m._ _Span._ _It._ Lat. of Mars, 135 MARTINUS, _m._ _Ger._ Lat. of Mars, 135 Martius, _m._ Lat. of Mars, 135 _Martoni_, _m._ _Hung._ Lat. of Mars, 135 _Martschis_, _m._ _Lett._ Lat. of Mars, 135 Martyn, _m._ _Eng._ Lat. of Mars, 135 _Maruscha_, _f._ _Lus._ Heb. bitter, 29 _Marusche_, _f._ _Lett._ Heb. bitter, 29 _Marute_, _f._ _Lett._ Heb. bitter, 29 Mary, _f._ _Eng._ Heb. bitter, 29 Marya, _f._ _Pol._ Heb. bitter, 29 _Maryke_, _f._ _Lith._ Heb. bitter, 29 _Marynia_, _f._ _Pol._ Heb. bitter, 29 _Marysia_, _f._ _Pol._ Heb. bitter, 29 Marzellin, _m._ _Russ._ Lat. of Mars, 135 _Marzia_, _f._ _It._ Lat. of Mars, 135 _Marzocco_, _m._ _Ven._ Lat. of Mars, 135 _Masaccio_, _m._ _Ital._ Aram. twin, 22 _Masaniello_, _m._ _Ital._ Aram. Ger. twin, 22 _Mascha_, _f._ _Russ._ Heb. bitter, 29 _Masche_, _f._ _Lett._ Gr. pearl, 121 _Maschinka_, _f._ _Russ._ Heb. bitter, 29 _Maso_, _m._ _It._ Aram. twin, 22 Massimiliano, _m._ _It._ Lat. greatest Æmilianus, 166 Massimo, _m._ _It._ Lat. greatest, 166 _Massuccio_, _m._ _It._ Aram. twin, 22 _Mat_, _m._ _Eng._ Heb. gift of the Lord, 15 Mateo, _Span._ Heb. gift of the Lord, 15 _Mate_, _Hung._ Heb. gift of the Lord, 15 _Mataus_, _m._ _Bohm._ Heb. gift of the Lord, 15 _Mateusz_, _m._ _Pol._ Heb. gift of the Lord, 15 _Matfei_, _m._ _Russ._ Heb. gift of the Lord, 15 _Matevz_, _m._ _Slov._ Heb. gift of the Lord, 15 _Mathe_, _m._ _Bav._ Heb. gift of the Lord, 15 MATH-GHAMHAIN, _m._ _Erse_, Kelt. bear, 257 _Mathia_, _m._ _Wall._ Heb. gift of the Lord, 15 _Mathias_, _m._ _Swed. Fr._ _Swiss_, Heb. gift of the Lord, 15 _Mathieu_, _m._ _Prov._ Heb. gift of the Lord, 15, 257 Mathilda, _m._ _Hung._ Teu. mighty battle maid, 422 Mathilde, _f._ _Ger._ Teu. mighty battle maid, 422 _Matija_, _m._ _Serv._ Heb. gift of the Lord, 15 Matilda, _f._ _Eng._ _It._ Teu. mighty battle maid, 422 Matilde, _f._ _Fr._ Teu. mighty battle maid, 422 MATTANIAH, _m._ _Eng._ Heb. gift of the Lord, 15 _Mats_, _m._ _Swed._ Heb. gift of the Lord, 15 Mattea, _f._ _It._ Heb. gift of the Lord, 15 _Matteo_, _m._ _It._ Heb. gift of the Lord, 15 Matthäus, _m._ _Ger._ Heb. gift of the Lord, 15 Matthes, _m._ _Ger._ Heb. gift of the Lord, 15 Matthew, _m._ _Eng._ Heb. gift of the Lord, 15 Matthia, _m._ _Ger._ Heb. gift of the Lord, 15 Matthies, _m._ _Fr._ Bav. gift of the Lord, 15 Matthieu, _m._ _Port._ Heb. gift of the Lord, 15 Matthias, _m._ _Eng._ Heb. gift of the Lord, 15 _Matthis_, _m._ _Ger._ Heb. gift of the Lord, 15 _Matthys_, _m._ _Dutch_, _Lett._ Heb. gift of the Lord, 15 Mattia, _m._ _Ital._ Heb. gift of the Lord, 15 Mattija, _m._ _Slov._ Heb. gift of the Lord, 15 _Matty_, _f._ _Eng._ Heb. becoming bitter, 15 _Matty_, _f._ _Eng._ Teu. mighty battle maid, 422 Matvei, _m._ _Russ._ Heb. gift of the Lord, 15 Matyas, _m._ _Pol._ _Hung._ Heb. gift of the Lord, 15 _Maude_, _f._ _Eng._ Teu. mighty battle maid, 422 _Maudlin_, _f._ _Eng._ Heb. of Magdala, 32 _Maun_, _f._ _Eng._ Heb. of Magdala, 32 _Mauna_, _m._ _Lapp._ Lat. great, 166 _Maunes_, _m._ _Lapp._ Lat. great, 166 Maur, _m._ _Fr._ Lat. dark, 200 Maura, _f._ _It._ _Ger._ Lat. dark, 200 Maure, _f._ _Fr._ Lat. dark, 200 Maurice, _m._ _Fr._ _Eng._ Lat. Moorish, 201 Mauricio, _m._ _Port._ _Span._ Lat. Moorish, 201 Maurids, _m._ _Dan._ Lat. Moorish, 201 MAURITIUS, _m._ Lat. Moor, 201 Maurits, _m._ _Dutch_, Lat. Moor, 201 Maurizio, _m._ _Ital._ Lat. Moor, 201 Mauro, _m._ _Rom._ Lat. Moor, 201 MAURUS, _m._ Lat. Moor, 201 Maurycij, _m._ _Pol._ Lat. Moor, 201 Mave, _f._ _Irish_, Kelt. mirth (?), 258 Mavia, _f._ _Russ._ Lat. dark, 201 Mavritij, _m._ _Russ._ Lat. dark, 201 _Mavruscha_, _f._ _Russ._ Lat. dark, 201 _Mawkin_, _f._ _Eng._ Heb. bitter, 29 _Max_, _m._ _Ger._ Lat. greatest, 166 _Maxa_, _f._ _Ger._ Lat. greatest, 166 Maxime, _m._ _Fr._ Lat. greatest, 166 Maximien, _m._ _Fr._ Lat. greatest, 166 Maximilian, _m._ _Ger._ Lat. greatest Æmilianus, 166 MAXIMILIANE, _f._ _Ger._ Lat. greatest Æmilianus, 166 Maximiliao, _m._ _Port._ Lat. greatest Æmilianus, 166 Maximilien, _m._ _Fr._ Lat. greatest Æmilianus, 166 MAXIMUS, _m._ Lat. greatest, 166 _Maxl_, _m._ _Bav._ Lat. greatest Æmilianus, 166 MAWDWEN, _f._ _Cym._ Kelt. mannerly, 271 _May_, _f._ _Eng._ Heb. bitter, 29 _May_, _f._ _Scot._ Gr. pearl, 121 _Maynard_, _m._ _Eng._ Teu. mighty firmness, 421 _Mayne_, _m._ _Eng._ Teu. mighty, 421 _Mazalein_, _f._ _Pro._ Heb. of Magdala, 32 MEADHBH, _f._ _Erse_, Kelt. mirth, 258 MEAGHAR, _m._ _Erse_, Kelt. merry, 259 Meara, _m._ _Irish_, Kelt. merry, 259 Meave, _f._ _Erse_, Kelt. mirth (?), 259 _Mechel_, _f._ _Bav._ Teu. mighty battle maid, 422 Mechtild, _f._ _Bav._ Teu. mighty battle maid, 422 _Medal_, _f._ _Bav._ Heb. bitter, 29 _Médé_, _f._ _Fr._ my delight, 196 _Meews_, _m._ _L.G._ Heb. son of furrows, 25 _Meg_, _f._ _Eng._ Gr. pearl, 121 MEGINHARD, _m._ _Ger._ Teu. mighty firmness, 421 MEGINHERI, _m._ _Ger._ Teu. mighty warrior, 421 _Mehaut_, _f._ _Fr._ Teu. mighty battle maid, 421 Mehetabel, _f._ _Eng._ Heb. beneficent, 26 _Meinbern_, _m._ _Ger._ Teu. mighty bear, 421 Meinbert, _m._ _Ger._ Teu. mighty brightness, 421 _Meinbot_, _m._ _Ger._ Teu. mighty commander, 421 Meinfred, _m._ _Ger._ Teu. mighty peace, 421 Meinhard, _m._ _Ger._ Teu. mighty firmness, 421 Meino, _m._ _Ger._ Teu. mighty, 421 Meinolf, _m._ _Ger._ Teu. mighty wolf, 421 Meinrad, _m._ _Ger._ Teu. mighty council, 421 Meinward, _m._ _Ger._ Teu. mighty guard, 421 Meirchawn, _m._ _Pict._ Kelt. MEIRIADWG, _m._ _Welsh_, Kelt. sea protector, 280 _Mekel_, _m._ _L. Ger._ Heb. who is like to God, 54 _Melanell_, _f._ _m._ _Eng._ Kelt. honey (?), 282 MELANIA, _f._ _Eng._ _It._ Gr. black, 70 Melanie, _f._ _Fr._ Gr. black, 70 Melany, _f._ _Eng._ Gr. black, 70 Melchior, _m._ _Span._ _Ger._ Pers. king, 211 Melchiore, _m._ _It._ Pers. king, 211 Melchiorre, _m._ _It._ Pers. king, 211 MELCHISEDEC, _m._ _Eng._ Heb. king of righteousness, 15 MELETIUS, _m._ _Lat._ honied, 282 Melicent, _f._ _Eng._ Teu. work strength, 330 Melicerte, _f._ _Fr._ Teu. work strength, 330 MELIOR, _f._ _Eng._ Lat. better, 193 Melisenda, _f._ _Span._ Teu. work strength, 330 MELISSA, _f._ _It._ _Eng._ Lat. bee, 80 Melisse, _f._ _Fr._ Lat. bee, 80 Melite, _f._ _Fr._ Lat. bee, 80 Melitus, _m._ Lat. honied, 80 Melony, _f._ _Eng._ Gr. dark, 70 Melusina, _f._ _Eng._ Teu. work strength, 80, 330 Melusine, _f._ _Fr._ _Ger._ Teu. work strength, 80, 330 Melva, _m._ _Eng._ Kelt. chief, 262 _Memba_, _m._ _Fris._ Teu. mighty bear, 421 _Memmo_, _m._ _Fris._ Teu. mighty bear, 421 _Mencia_, _f._ _Span._ Lat. Sunday child (?), or adviser (?), 218 _Mendez_, _m._ _Span._ Lat. Sunday child, 218 _Menica_, _f._ _It._ Lat. Sunday child, 218 _Menico_, _m._ _It._ Lat. Sunday child, 218 _Menie_, _f._ _Scot._ Heb. bitter, 29 _Menno_, _m._ _Ger._ Teu. mighty strength, 421 _Meno_, _m._ _Ger._ Teu. mighty strength, 421 _Mens_, _m._ _Ger._ Lat. merciful, 160 _Mente_, _m._ _Ger._ Lat. merciful, 160 _Mentzel_, _m._ _Ger._ Lat. merciful, 160 _Menz_, _m._ Dan. Lat. merciful, 160 _Menz_, _Serv._ Lat. Sunday child, 218 _Menzel_, _Serv._ Lat. Sunday child, 218 _Meo_, _m._ _It._ Heb. son of furrows, 25 Meraud, _f._ _Eng._ Gr. emerald, 125 Mercede, _f._ _It._ Lat. favours, 30 MERCEDES, _f._ _Span._ Lat. favours, 30 MERCY, _f._ _Eng._ MERDDHIN, _m._ _Welsh_, Kelt. sea hill, 280 Meredith, _m._ _Eng._ Kelt. sea protector, 280 MEREWINE, _m._ _A.S._ Teu. famed friend, 425 Meriadoc, _m._ _Bret._ Kelt. sea protector, 280 _Merica_, _f._ _Eng._ Teu. work rule, 330 _Merich_, _m._ _Ger._ Teu. work ruler, 330 _Merrik_, _m._ _Ger._ Teu. work ruler, 330 Merlin, _m._ _Eng._ _Fr._ Kelt. sea hill, 280 Merlino, _m._ _It._ Kelt. sea hill, 280 MEROHELM, _m._ _A.S._ Teu. famed helm, 425 Merovée, _m._ _Fr._ Teu. famed war, 425 Meroveus, _m._ Lat. Teu. famed war, 425 MEROWALD, _m._ _A.S._ Teu. famed power, 425 _Mertil_, _m._ _Ger._ Lat. of Mars, 135 _Mertin_, _m._ _Bav._ Lat. of Mars, 135 _Meriel_, _f._ _Eng._ Gr. myrrh, 125 MEROVEH, _m._ _Frank._ Teu. famed holiness, 425 MEROVINE, _m._ _A.S._ Teu. famed, 425 Mervyn, _m._ _Eng._ Kelt. sea hill, 280 Mesdélices, _f._ _Fr._ my delight, 196 _Meta_, _f._ _Ger._ Ger. pearl, 121 _Mete_, _f._ _Ger._ Gr. pearl, 121 _Metelill_, _f._ _Dan._ pearl, 121 Methusalem, _m._ _Eng._ Heb. man of the dart. _Metje_, _f._ _Dutch_, Gr. pearl, 121 Metrophanes, _m._ _Ger._ Slav. fire glory (?), 440 _Mette_, _f._ _Dan._ Gr. pearl, 121 _Meurisse_, _m._ _Fr._ Lat. Moor, 201 Meuriz, _m._ _Welsh_, Lat. Moor, 201 _Mewes_, _m._ _Ger._ Heb. son of furrows, 25 _Meyrick_, _m._ _Eng._ Teu. work ruler, 330 Micah, _m._ _Eng._ Heb. who is like the Lord, 54 Micha, _m._ _Ger._ Heb. who is like to God, 54 Michael, _m._ _Ger._ _Eng._ Heb. who is like to God, 54 Michaella, _f._ _It._ Heb. who is like to God, 54 Michaele, _f._ _m._ _It._ Heb. who is like to God, 54 Michaeline, _f._ _Ger._ Heb. who is like to God, 54 Michaelis, _m._ _Ger._ Heb. who is like to God, 54 Michaïl, _m._ _Russ._ Heb. who is like to God, 54 Michaila, _m._ _Russ._ Heb. who is like to God, 54 Michal, _m._ _Bohm._ _Pol._ _Lus._ Heb. who is like to God, 54 _Michau_, _m._ _Fr._ Heb. who is like to God, 54 _Michée_, _m._ _Fr._ Heb. who is like to God, 54 _Michej_, _m._ _Russ._ Heb. who is like to God, 54 Michel, _m._ _Fr._ Heb. who is like to God, 54 Michele, _m._ _It._ Heb. who is like to God, 54 Michelle, _m._ _Fr._ Heb. who is like to God, 54 _Micheltje_, _m._ _Dutch_, Heb. who is like to God, 54 Michiel, _m._ _Dutch_, Heb. who is like to God, 54 _Michon_, _m._ _Fr._ Heb. who is like to God, 54 _Mick_, _m._ _Ir._ Heb. who is like to God, 54 _Mickel_, _m._ _Swed._ Heb. who is like to God, 54 _Miedal_, _f._ _Bav._ Heb. bitter, 29 _Mieke_, _f._ _Dutch_, Heb. bitter, 29 _Miel_, _f._ _Bav._ Heb. bitter, 29 _Mieli_, _f._ _Swiss_, Heb. 29 _Mieral_, _f._ _Bav._ Heb. bitter, 29 _Mies_, _m._ _Swiss_, Heb. exalted of the Lord, 49 _Mietje_, _f._ _Dutch_, Heb. bitter, 29 Miguel, _m._ _Span._ _Port._ Heb. who is like to God, 54 Miguela, _f._ _Port._ _Span._ Heb. who is like to God, 54 _Miha_, _m._ _Slov._ Heb. who is like to God, 54 Mihail, _m._ _Wall._ Heb. who is like to God, 54 _Mihal_, _m._ _Slov._ _Hung._ Heb. who is like to God, 54 _Mihaly_, _m._ _Hung._ Heb. who is like to God, 54 _Miho_, _m._ _Serv._ Heb. who is like to God, 54 _Mija_, _f._ _Swiss_, Heb. bitter, 29 _Mijailo_, _m._ _Serv._ Heb. who is like to God, 54 _Mik_, _m._ _Esth._ Heb. who is like to God, 54 Mikael, _m._ _Swed._ Heb. who is like to God, 54 _Mikas_, _m._ _Swed._ Heb. who is like to God, 54 _Mike_, _f._ _Dutch_, Heb. bitter, 29 _Mikel_, _m._ _Esth._ Heb. who is like to God, 54 _Mikelina_, _f._ _Russ._ _Lett._ Heb. who is like to God, 54 _Mikkas_, _m._ _Lett._ Heb. who is like to God, 54 _Mikke_, _m._ _Lett._ Heb. who is like to God, 54 _Mikkeles_, _m._ _Lith._ _Lett._ Heb. who is like to God, 54 _Miklaoz_, _m._ _Slav._ Gr. people’s victory, 90 _Miklaos_, _m._ _Lus._ Gr. people’s victory, 90 _Mikli_, _m._ _Esth._ Heb. who is like to God, 54 _Miklos_, _m._ _Hung._ Gr. people’s victory, 90 _Mikolaj_, _m._ _Pol._ Gr. people’s victory, 90 _Mikulas_, _m._ _Bohm._ Gr. people’s victory, 90 _Mila_, _f._ _Slav._ Slav. lovely, 444 _Mila_, _f._ _Lus._ Lat. work (?), 141 _Milan_, _m._ _Bret._ Gr. crusher, 97 _Milan_, _f._ _m._ _Slov._ Lat. lovely, 97 _Milari_, _m._ _Slov._ Lat. cheerful, 191 Milborough, _f._ _Eng._ Teu. mild pledge, 427 MILBURGA, _f._ _Lat._ Teu. mild pledge, 427 Milcah, _f._ _Eng._ Heb. queen. MILDBURH, _f._ _A.S._ Teu. mild pledge, 427 MILDGYTH, _f._ _A.S._ Teu. mild gift, 427 Mildred, _f._ _Eng._ Teu. mild threatener, 427 Mildreda, _f._ _Lat._ Teu. mild threatener, 427 Mildrid, _f._ _Dan._ Teu. mild threatener, 427 MILDTHRYTH, _f._ _A.S._ Teu. mild threatener, 427 Miles, _m._ _Eng._ Gr. crusher, 97 _Milhan_, _m._ _Span._ Lat. affable, 141 _Milica_, _f._ _Slov._ Slav. love, 444 Milicent, _f._ _Eng._ Teu. work strength. MILIDH, _m._ _Erse_, Kelt. warrior, 97 _Milivo_, _m._ _Slav._ Slav. love war, 444 _Miljo_, _m._ _Serv._ Heb. who is like to God, 54 _Milka_, _m._ _Lus._ Lat. work or affable, 141 Millicent, _m._ _Eng._ Teu. work strength, 330 _Millica_, _f._ _Ill._ Heb. bitter, 29, 444 _Milly_, _f._ _Eng._ Teu. work strength, 330 Milo, _m._ _Lat._ Gr. crusher, 97 Milon, _m._ _Fr. & Gr._ Gr. crusher, 97 Milone, _m._ _Ital._ Gr. crusher, 97 MILOSLAV, _m._ _Slov._ Slav. love glory, 441 _Mimi_, _f._ _Fr._ Teu. helmet of resolution, 315 _Mimmeli_, _f._ _Swiss_, Teu. helmet of resolution, 315 _Mine_, _f._ _Ger._ Teu. helmet of resolution, 315 _Minella_, _f._ _Eng._ Teu. helmet of resolution, 315 MINERVINA, _f._ Lat. of Minerva, 171 _Minette_, _f._ _Fr._ Teu. helmet of resolution, 315 Minka, _f._ _Pol._ Teu. helmet of resolution, 315 _Minne_, _f._ _Ger._ Teu. helmet of resolution, 315 Minna, _f._ _Scot._ Teu. memory. MINNE, _f._ _Ger._ Teu. memory. Minnehaha, _f._ _Red Indian_, laughing water. Miranda, _f._ _Eng._ Lat. to be admired. Miriam, _f._ _Eng._ Heb. bitter, 29 _Mirko_, _m._ _Slov._ Teu. work rule, 331 MIROSLAV, _f._ Slav. peace glory, 442 _Misa_, _m._ _Serv._ Heb. who is like to God, 54 _Mischa_, _m._ _Russ._ Heb. who is like to God, 54 _Mischenka_, _m._ _Russ._ Heb. who is like God, 54 _Miska_, _m._ _Serv._ _Hung._ Heb. who is like to God, 54 Mistislaus, _m._ _Lat._ Slav. avenging glory, 441 _Mitar_, _m._ _Serv._ _Ill._ Gr. of Demeter, 69 Mithridates, _m._ _Gr._ Pers. given to the sun. _Mitra_, _f._ _Slav._ Gr. of Demeter, 69 MITROFAN, _m._ _Russ._ fire glory (?), 440 MLADEN, _m._ _Serv._ Slav. young, 445 Modestine, _f._ _Fr._ Lat. modest, 193 MODESTUS, _m._ _Lat._ modest, 193 Modesty, _f._ _Eng._ Lat. 193 Medwenna, _f._ _Welsh_, Kelt. 271 MOEDOG, _m._ _Erse_, Kelt. servant of the star, 227 _Moggy_, _m._ _Eng._ Gr. pearl, 121 Mogue, _m._ _Erse_, Kelt. amiable, 227 Moina, _f._ _Scot._ Kelt. soft. Moise, _m._ _Fr._ Heb. drawn out, 27 Moises, _m._ _Port._ Heb. drawn out, 27 Moisi, _m._ _Wall._ Heb. drawn out, 27 Moissej, _m._ _Russ._ Heb. drawn out, 27 Moissey, _f._ _Manx_, Heb. bitter, 29 Mojsia, _m._ _Serv._ Heb. drawn out, 27 _Mojsilo_, _m._ _Serv._ Heb. drawn out, 27 Mojzesz, _m._ _Pol._ Heb. drawn out, 27 _Mojzisch_, _m._ _Boh._ Heb. drawn out, 27 _Mojzija_, _m._ _Slov._ Heb. drawn out, 27 _Molde_, _f._ _Eng._ Teu. mighty battle maid, 422 _Molly_, _f._ _Eng._ Heb. bitter, 29 Monacella, _f._ _Lat._ little nun, 282 Moncha, _f._ _Erse_, Lat. adviser, 218 _Monegonde_, _f._ _Flem._ Heb. thoughtful war. MONGFINN, _f._ _Erse_, Kelt. fair haired. Moni, _f._ _Swab._ Lat. adviser, 218 MONICA, _f._ _It._ _Eng._ Lat. adviser (?), 218 Monike, _f._ _Ger._ Lat. adviser, 218 Monique, _f._ _Fr._ Lat. adviser, 218 Moore, _f._ _Scot._ Kelt. great, 258 MOR, _f._ _Erse_, Kelt. great, 258 _Morag_, _f._ _Scot._ Kelt. great, 258 Morets, _m._ _Dan._ Lat. moor, 280 _Morgance_, _f._ _m._ _French_, Kelt. sea dweller, 280 Morgan, _m._ _Welsh_, Kelt. sea dweller, 280 _Morgana_, _f._ _Eng._ Kelt. sea dweller, 280 _Morgue_, _f._ _Fr._ Kelt. sea dweller, 280 MORGWEN, _f._ _Welsh_, Kelt. sea lady, 280 MORGWN, _m._ _Welsh_, Kelt. sea dweller, 280 Moric, _m._ _Bohm._ _Slov._ Lat. Moor, 201 Moricz, _m._ _Hung._ Lat. Moor, 201 Moritz, _m._ _Dan._ Lat. Moor, 201 Moritz, _m._ _Ger._ Lat. Moor, 201 Moriz, _m._ _Russ._ Lat. Moor, 201 MORMAN, _m._ _Bret._ Kelt. sea man, 201 _Morna_, _f._ _Scot._ Kelt. beloved (?), 251 _Morolt_, _m._ _Eng._ Kelt. sea protection, 280 Morough, _m._ _Ir._ Kelt. sea protection, 280 Morris, _m._ _Ir._ Lat. Moor, 201 Mortough, _m._ _Ir._ Kelt. sea warrior, 280 _Morty_, _m._ _Ir._ Kelt. sea warrior, 280 MORVEN, _m._ _Bret._ Kelt. sea man, 280 MORVREN, _m._ _Welsh_, Kelt. sea raven, 280 MORVRYN, _m._ _Welsh_, Kelt. sea hill, 280 Mose, _m._ _It._ Heb. drawn out, 27 Moses, _m._ _Eng._ _Ger._ Heb. drawn out, 27 Mote Mahal, _f._ Arab. pearl of the harem, 2 Mousa, _m._ _Arab._ Heb. drawn out, 27 Mozes, _m._ _Dutch_, _Slov._ Heb. drawn out, 27 Mozses, _m._ _Hung._ Heb. drawn out, 27 MRENA, _f._ _Serv._ Slav. white in the eyes, 445 _Mros_, _m._ _Lus._ Gr. immortal, 109 _Mrosk_, _m._ _Lus._ Gr. immortal, 109 MSTISLAV, _m._ _Slav._ avenging glory, 441 MUIRCHEARTACH, _m._ _Erse_, Kelt. sea warrior, 280 MUIRERADHACH, _m._ _Erse_, Kelt. sea protector, 280 MUIRGIS, _m._ _Erse_, Kelt. sea, 280. _Mukkel_, _m._ _Bav._ Slov. helpless, 43 _Mukki_, _m._ _Bav._ Slov. helpless, 43 _Mun_, _m._ _Eng._ Teu. rich protection, 378 Muna, _f._ _Span._ Basque, 460 MUNGHU, _m._ _Gael._ Kelt. loveable, 258 Mungo, _m._ _Scot._ Kelt. loveable, 258 _Munila_, _f._ _Span._ Basque, 460 MUNO, _m._ _Span._ Basque, 460 Murdoch, _m._ _Scot._ Kelt. sea protector, 280 Muriel, _f._ _Eng._ Gr. myrrh, 125 _Murphy_, _m._ _Ir._ Kelt. sea warrior, 280 MURRIN, _f._ _Erse_, Kelt. long haired, 100 Murtagh, _m._ _Ir._ Kelt. sea warrior, 280 Murtough, _m._ _Fr._ Kelt. sea warrior, 280 _Musidora_, _f._ _Eng._ Gr. gift of the Muses, 72 Myles, _m._ _Ir._ Gr. crusher, 77 _Myne_, _Lith._ Teu. helmet of resolution, 315 _Mynette_, _Lith._ Teu. helmet of resolution, 315 _Myra_, _f._ _Eng._ _Mysic_, _f._ _Scot._ Gr. pearl, 121 MYVANWY, _f._ _Welsh_, Kelt. 279 N _Naatje_, _f._ _Dutch_, Heb. grace, 42 _Nace_, _m._ _Slov._ Lat. fiery, 194 Nada, _f._ _Serv._ Slav. hope, 439 _Nadan_, _f._ _Serv._ Slav. hope, 439 NADEZNA, _f._ _Russ._ Slav. hope, 439 Nadine, _f._ _Fr._ Slav. hope, 439 Nafaniel, _m._ _Russ._ Heb. gift of God, 25 Nahum, _m._ _Eng._ Heb. comfort, 51 _Nan_, _f._ _Eng._ Heb. grace, 42 _Nancy_, _f._ _Eng._ Heb. grace, 42 _Nandel_, _m._ _Ger._ Teu. adventuring life, 433 _Nanette_, _f._ _Fr._ Heb. grace, 42 _Nani_, _f._ _Hung._ Heb. grace, 42 NANNA, _f._ _Nor._ Teu. bold, 304 _Nanna_, _f._ _It._ Heb. grace, 42 _Nanneli_, _f._ _Swiss_, Heb. grace, 42 _Nannerl_, _f._ _Bav._ Heb. grace, 42 _Nanni_, _m._ _Ital._ Heb. the Lord’s grace, 45 NANNO, _m._ _Fris._ Teu. bold, 304 _Nannon_, _f._ _Fr._ Heb. grace, 42 _Nannos_, _m._ _Gr._ Heb. grace of the Lord, 45 _Nanny_, _f._ _Eng._ Heb. grace, 42 _Nanon_, _f._ _Fr._ Heb. grace, 42 _Nanty_, _m._ _Scot._ Lat. inestimable, 142 Naomi, _f._ _Eng._ Heb. pleasant, 28 _Nap_, _m._ _Eng._ Lat. of the new city, 200 Naphthali, _m._ _Eng._ Heb. wrestling, 7 _Napo_, _m._ _Ger._ Lat. of the new city, 200 Napoleon, _m._ _Fr._ Gr. of the new city, 200 Napoleone, _m._ _It._ Gr. of the new city, 200 Napolio, _m._ _It._ Gr. of the new city, 200 _Narcisse_, _m._ _Fr._ Gr. daffodil, 81 _Narcissus_, _m._ _Eng._ Gr. daffodil, 81 _Narkiss_, _m._ _Russ._ Gr. daffodil, 81 _Nastagio_, _f._ _m._ _It._ Gr. of the resurrection, 110 _Nastassja_, _f._ _Russ._ Gr. of the resurrection, 110 _Naste_, _f._ _m._ _Lett._ Lat. Christmas child, 210 _Nastenka_, _f._ _Russ._ Gr. of the resurrection, 110 _Nat_, _m._ _Eng._ Heb. gift of God, 25 Natale, _m._ _It._ Lat. Christmas child, 209 Natalia, _f._ _It._ _Span._ Lat. Christmas child, 209 Natalie, _f._ _Fr._ _Ger._ Lat. Christmas child, 209 Natalija, _f._ _Russ._ Lat. Christmas child, 209 Natalita, _f._ _Span._ Lat. Christmas child, 209 _Natanaelle_, _m._ _It._ Heb. gift of God, 25 _Natascha_, _f._ _Russ._ Lat. Christmas child, 209 _Nataschenka_, _f._ _Russ._ Lat. Christmas child, 210 NATHAN, _m._ _Eng._ Heb. gift, 25 NATHANAEL, _m._ _Eng._ Heb. gift of God, 25 Nathanial, _m._ _Wall._ Heb. gift of God, 25 Nathaniel, _m._ _Fr._ Heb. gift of God, 25 Natividad, _f._ _Span._ Lat. birth, 209 Navarino, _m._ _Eng._ _Nazji_, _m._ _Bav._ Lat. fiery, 194 _Nazarene_, _m._ _Ger._ Heb. of Nazareth, 39 _Naze_, _m._ _Bav._ Lat. fiery, 194 _Nazel_, _m._ _Bav._ Lat. fiery, 194 _Neal_, _m._ _Ir._ Kelt. chief, 240 Neapolio, _m._ _It._ Gr. of the new city, 200 Neapoleon, _m._ _It._ Gr. of the new city, 200 _Necek_, _m._ _Slov._ Gr. man, 86 _Ned_, _m._ _Eng._ Teu. rich guard, 378 NEDA, _f._ _Bulg._ Slav. Sunday, 218 Nedan, _m._ _Bulg._ Slav. Sunday, 218 Nedelko, _m._ _Bulg._ Slav. Sunday, 218 Nedeljka, _f._ _Bulg._ Slav. Sunday, 218 _Nedelschko_, _m._ _Ill._ Slav. Sunday, 218 Nedo, _m._ _Ill._ Slav. Sunday, 218 _Neeldje_, _m._ _Dutch_, Lat. horn (?), 314 Nehemiah, _m._ _Eng._ Heb. comfort of the Lord, 51 NEIDHARD, _m._ _Ger._ Teu. firm compulsion, 418 NEILL, _m._ _Gadhael._ Kelt. champion, 240 _Nelle_, _f._ _Dutch_, Lat. horn (?), 146 _Nelle_, _f._ _Ger._ Gr. stone, 108 _Nelly_, _f._ _Eng._ Gr. light, 68 NEOT, _m._ _A.S._ compulsion, 418 Nepomucen, _m._ _Pol._ Slav. helpless, 43 NEPOMUK, _m._ _Bohm._ Slav. helpless, 43 _Nese_, _f._ _Lett._ Gr. pure, 119 Nesle, _m._ _Fr._ Lat. black, 168 _Nessie_, _f._ _Manx_, Gr. pure, 119 _Nest_, _f._ _Welsh_, Gr. pure, 119 _Neto_, _f._ _Esth._ Gr. pure, 119 _Neza_, _f._ _Slov._ Gr. pure, 119 _Nezica_, _f._ _Slov._ Gr. pure, 119 Nial, _m._ _Nor._ Kelt. champion, 240 _Nib_, _f._ _Eng._ Heb. God’s oath, 35 Nicholas, _m._ _Eng._ Gr. victory of the people, 90 _Nichon_, _f._ _Fr._ Heb. grace, 42 _Nick_, _m._ _Eng._ Gr. victory of the people, 90 _Nickel_, _m._ _Bav._ Gr. victory of the people, 90 Nicodème, _m._ _Fr._ Gr. victory of the people, 90 Nicodemus, _m._ _Eng._ Gr. victory of the people, 90 _Nicol_, _m._ _Scot._ Gr. victory of the people, 90 Nicola, _m._ _It._ Gr. victory of the people, 90 Nicolaas, _m._ _Dutch_, Gr. victory of the people, 90 Nicolas, _m._ _Fr._ Gr. victory of the people, 90 Nicolau, _m._ _Port._ Gr. victory of the people, 90 Nicole, _m._ _Fr._ Gr. victory of the people, 90 Nicolette, _f._ _Fr._ Gr. victory of the people, 90 Nicolina, _f._ _Gr._ Gr. victory of the people, 90 Nicolo, _m._ _Ital._ Gr. victory of the people, 90 Nidbert, _m._ _Ger._ Teu. bright compelling, 418 Nidhert, _m._ _Ger._ Teu. firm compelling, 418 Niels, _m._ _Scot._ Kelt. champion, 240 _Niel_, _m._ _Dan._ Gr. victory of the people, 90 Nigel, _m._ _Scot._ Lat. black, 168, 241 NIGELLUS, _m._ _Lat._ black, 168 NIGER, _m._ _Lat._ black, 168 NIKIAS, _m._ _Gr._ conquering, 90 _Nikka_, _m._ _Lapp._ Gr. victory of the people, 90 Nikkelis, _m._ _Lett._ Gr. victory of the people, 90 _Nikki_, _m._ _Finn._ Gr. victory of the people, 90 _Nikla_, _m._ _Bav._ Gr. victory of the people, 90 Niklaas, _m._ _Dutch_, Gr. victory of the people, 90 _Niklas_, _m._ _Ger._ _Swed._ Gr. victory of the people, 90 _Niklau_, _m._ _Bav._ Gr. victory of the people, 90 Nikodem, _m._ _Gr._ Gr. victory of the people, 90 NIKODEMOS, _m._ _Gr._ _Slov._ Bulg. victory of the people, 90 Nikola, _m._ _Russ._ Gr. victory of the people, 90 Nikolaj, _m._ _Russ._ Gr. victory of the people, 90 Nikolas, _m._ _Dutch_, Gr. victory of the people, 90 _Nikolascha_, _m._ _Russ._ Gr. victory of the people, 90 NIKOLAUS, _m._ _Ger._ Gr. victory of the people, 90 NIKON, _m._ _Russ._ Gr. victory, 90 _Niku_, _m._ _Finn._ Gr. victory of the people, 90 _Niles_, _m._ _Finn._ Gr. victory of the people, 90 _Nille_, _Nor._ Gr. stone, 108 _Nillon_, _f._ _Fr._ Heb. grace, 42 _Nilo_, _m._ _Finn._ Gr. victory of the people, 90 _Nils_, _m._ _Swed._ Gr. victory of the people, 90 _Ninetta_, _f._ _Ital._ Heb. grace, 42 _Ninette_, _f._ _Fr._ Heb. grace, 42 Ninian, _m._ _Scot._ Kelt. 240 NINIDH, _m._ _Erse_, Kelt. 240 _Ninon_, _f._ _Fr._ Heb. grace, 42 NIORD, _m._ _Nor._ Teu. sea god, 306 Nithard, _m._ _Ger._ Teu. firm compulsion, 418 _Nitz_, _m._ _Ger._ Teu. firm compulsion, 418 Njal, _m._ _Ice._ Teu. champion, 240 Noa, _m._ _It._ Heb. rest, 9 Noah, _m._ _Dutch_, Heb. rest, 9 NOACHAS, _m._ _Gr._ Heb. rest, 9 Noah, _m._ _Eng._ Heb. rest, 9 Noe, _m._ _Fr._ _Russ._ Heb. rest, 9 Noël, _m._ _Fr._ Lat. Christmas, 209 _Noll_, _m._ _Eng._ Teu. olive, 208 _Nöll_, _m._ _Dutch_, Lat. horn, 314 Nona, _f._ _Eng._ Lat. ninth, 138 Nonna, _f._ _Lat._ ninth, 138 Nonne, _m._ _Fris._ Teu. bold, 304 _Nora_, _f._ _Ir._ Lat. honour, 190 _Norah_, _f._ _Ir._ Lat. honour, 190 NORBERT, _m._ _Ger._ Teu. Niord’s brightness, 306 NORDHILDA, _f._ _Ger._ Teu. Niord’s battle maid, 306 Norman, _m._ _Scot._ Teu. Niord’s man, 306 Notberg, _f._ _Ger._ Teu. compelling protection, 418 Notger, _m._ _Ger._ Teu. compelling spear, 418 _Notto_, _m._ _Nor._ Teu. compelling wolf, 418 NOTTULF, _m._ _Nor._ Teu. compelling wolf, 418 Novak, _m._ _Ill._ Slov. new. Novia, _f._ _Ill._ Slav. Lat. new. _Nozzo_, _m._ _It._ Heb. grace of the Lord, 46 _Nuala_, _f._ _Ir._ Kelt. fair shoulders, 245 _Numps_, _m._ _Eng._ Heb. staff of peace, 350 Nuño, _f._ _Span._ Nuno, _m._ _Span._ _Nunziata_, _f._ _It._ Lat. announced, 30 O _Oado_, _m._ _Esth._ Heb. red earth, 10 Obadiah, _m._ _Eng._ Heb. servant of the Lord, 50 _Obramas_, _m._ _Lith._ Heb. father of nations, 11 Octave, _f._ _Fr._ Lat. eighth, 138 Octavia, _f._ _Eng._ Lat. eighth, 138 Octaviano, _m._ _Rom._ Lat. eighth, 138 OCTAVIANUS, _m._ _Lat._ eighth, 138 Octavien, _m._ _Fr._ Lat. eighth, 138 Octavie, _f._ _Fr._ Lat. eighth, 138 OCTAVIUS, _m._ _Lat._ eighth, 138 _Ocko_, _m._ _Fris._ Teu. noble rich, 409 ODA, _f._ _Ger._ Teu. rich, 376 ODBJORG, _f._ _m._ _Ger._ Teu. rich protection, 378 ODDE, _m._ _Ger._ Teu. rich, 376 ODDGRIM, _m._ _Nor._ Teu. rich helmet, 378 ODDLAUG, _f._ _Nor._ Teu. rich liquor, 378 ODDLEIF, _m._ _Nor._ Teu. rich relic, 378 ODDMUND, _m._ _Nor._ Teu. rich protection, 378 ODDNY, _m._ _Nor._ Teu. rich freshness, 378 Oddo, _f._ _m._ _Nor._ Teu. rich, 378 ODDR, _f._ _m._ _Nor._ Teu. rich, 378 ODDVEIG, _m._ _Nor._ Teu. rich liquor, 378 ODDWARD, _m._ _Ger._ rich guard, 378 _Ode_, _f._ _Nor._ Teu. rich, 376 Odes, _m._ _It._ Teu. rich, 376 ODELBURGA, _f._ _Ger._ Teu. noble guard, 411 Odelbrecht, _m._ _Ger._ Teu. noble brightness, 411 ODELGIS, _m._ _Ger._ Teu. noble pledge, 411 ODELIND, _f._ _Ger._ Teu. noble snake, 411 Odelric, _m._ _Ger._ Teu. noble rule, 411 _Odgisl_, _m._ _Nor._ Teu. rich pledge, 411 ODGJER, _m._ _Nor._ Teu. rich spear, 411 ODGUND, _f._ _Ger._ Teu. rich war, 411 ODILA, _f._ _Ger._ _Fr._ Teu. rich, 411 ODILE, _f._ _Fr._ Teu. rich, 411 Odilo, _m._ _Ger._ Teu. rich, 378 Odilon, _m._ _Fr._ Teu. rich, 378 Odkatla, _f._ _Nor._ rich kettle, 376 _Odkel_, _m._ _Nor._ rich kettle, 376 _Odli_, _m._ _Swiss_, Heb. red earth, 10 Odmar, _Nor._ Teu. rich fame, 378 Odo, _m._ _Ger._ _Eng._ Teu. rich, 378 Odoacer, _m._ _Lat._ Teu. treasure watcher, 377 Odoardo, _m._ _It._ Teu. rich guard, 378 _Odolf_, _m._ _Ger._ Teu. rich wolf, 378 Odon, _m._ _Fr._ Teu. rich, 378 Odorico, _m._ _It._ Teu. rich ruler, 378 Odulf, _m._ _Ger._ Teu. noble wolf, 378 Odvald, _m._ _Ger._ Teu. rich power, 378 ODVIN, _m._ _Ger._ Teu. rich friend, 378 _Ody_, _m._ _Fr._ Kelt. lamb, 140 ODYSSEUS, _m._ _Gr._ hater, 75 ŒGILIV, _m._ _Nor._ Teu. Œgir’s relic, 323 ŒGILS, _m._ _Nor._ Teu. awful, 323 ŒGULV, _m._ _Nor._ Teu. awful wolf, 323 ŒGUNN, _m._ _Nor._ Teu. awful maiden, 323 ŒGWIND, _m._ _Nor._ awful Wend, 323 Oëlrich, _m._ _Ger._ Teu. noble ruler, 409 Offa, _m._ _A.G.S._ Teu. wild boar (?), 334 _Ofura_, _f._ _Lat._ Teu. island prudence, 431 _Offy_, _f._ _Eng._ Gr. divine love, 100 Oggiero, _m._ _Ital._ Teu. holy, 402 OGMUND, _m._ _Nor._ Teu. awful protection, 323 _Ogier_, _m._ _Fr._ Teu. holy, 402 OGNOSLAV, _m._ _Ill._ Slav. fire glory. OGVALLD, _m._ _Nor._ awful power, 323 _Oieif_, _m._ _Nor._ Teu. island wolf, 431 _Oiel_, _m._ _Nor._ Teu. island wolf, 431 Oighrigh, _f._ _Gael._ Gr. fair speech, 88 OISEAN, _m._ _Gadhael._ Kelt. 243 OLAF, _m._ _Nor._ Teu. ancestor’s relic, 332 Olaüs, _m._ _Lat._ Teu. ancestor’s relic, 332 Olav, _m._ _Nor._ Teu. ancestor’s relic, 332 Olave, _m._ _Eng._ Teu. ancestor’s relic, 332 Olbracht, _m._ _Pol._ Teu. noble brightness, 411 _Oldrich_, _m._ _Bohm._ Teu. nobler ruler, 409 _Ole_, _m._ _Nor._ Teu. ancestor’s relic, 332 Oleg, _m._ _Russ._ Teu. holy, 68 _Olery_, _m._ _Fr._ Teu. noble ruler, 409 _Olfert_, _m._ _Ger._ Teu. noble peace, 411 Olga, _f._ _Russ._ Teu. holy, 68 Olger, _m._ _Dan._ Teu. holy, 68 Olier, _m._ _Bret._ Lat. olive, 203 Olimpia, _f._ _Ital._ Gr. Olympian, 97 _Olinka_, _f._ _Russ._ Teu. holy, 448 Olive, _f._ _Eng._ Lat. 203 Oliviëros, _m._ _Port. S._ Lat. olive, 203 Oliver, _m._ _Eng._ Lat. olive, 203 Oliverio, _m._ _Port._ Lat. olive, 203 Oliveros, _m._ _Span._ Lat. olive, 203 Olivia, _f._ _Eng._ Lat. olive, 203 Olivier, _m._ _Fr._ Lat. olive, 203 Oliviero, _m._ _It._ Lat. olive, 203 _Olop_, _m._ _Esth._ Teu. ancestor’s relic, 332 Olve, _m._ _Nor._ Teu. ale, 432 OLVER, _m._ _Nor._ Teu. ale, 432 Olympe, _f._ _Fr._ Gr. Olympian, 97 Olympia, _f._ _Eng._ Gr. Olympian, 97 OLYMPIAS, _f._ _Eng._ Gr. Olympian, 97 Olympie, _f._ _Ger._ Gr. Olympian, 97 _Onan_, _m._ _Ir._ Heb. Lat. dwarf Adam, 10 _Ondrej_, _m._ _Bohm._ Gr. man, 86 Onfroi, _m._ _Fr._ Teu. support of peace, 350 Onofredo, _m._ _Ital._ Teu. support of peace, 350 Onofrio, _m._ _It._ Teu. support of peace, 350 _Onora_, _m._ _Erse_, Lat. honour, 190 _Onoré_, _m._ _Fr._ Lat. honoured, 190 _Onorij_, _m._ _Slov._ Lat. honoured, 190 Onuphrius, _m._ _Lat._ Teu. support of peace, 350 Onufrio, _m._ _It._ Teu. support of peace, 350 Ophelia, _f._ _Eng._ Gr. serpent, 346 Orac, _m._ _Slov._ Lat. 148 Orazia, _f._ _It._ Lat. 148 Orazio, _m._ _It._ Lat. 148 Orban, _m._ _Hung._ Lat. citizen, 202 Ordoño, _m._ _Span._ Teu. rich friend (?), 376 ORFLATH, _f._ _Erse_, Kelt. golden lady, 125 Orlando, _m._ _Ital._ Teu. fame of the land, 389 ORM, _m._ _Ice._ Teu. serpent, 346 ORMAR, _m._ _Nor._ Teu. serpent warrior, 346 ORMILDA, _f._ _Ice._ Teu. serpent battle maid, 346 Orsch, _f._ _Swiss_, Lat. bear, 199 _Orscheli_, _f._ _Swiss_, Lat. bear, 199 Orse, _f._ _Hung._ Heb. oath of God, 35 Orseline, _f._ _Dutch_, Lat. bear, 199 _Orsike_, _f._ _Hung._ Heb. oath of God, 35 Orsola, _f._ _Ital._ Lat. bear, 199 Orsolya, _f._ _Hung._ Lat. bear, 199 Orson, _m._ _Eng._ Lat. bear, 199 Ortensia, _f._ _It._ Lat. gardener, 147 Ortensio, _m._ _It._ Lat. gardener, 147 Ortleip, _m._ _Ger._ Teu. rich relic, 378 Ortgrim, _m._ _Ger._ Teu. rich helm, 378 ORTGAR, _m._ _Ger._ Teu. rich spear, 378 Orto, _m._ _Ger._ Teu. rich, 378 ORTWIN, _m._ _Ger._ Teu. rich friend, 378 Ortwulf, _Ger._ Teu. rich wolf, 378 _Orzil_, _m._ _Prov._ Teu. rich, 378 Osbert, _m._ _Ger._ Teu. divinely bright, 290 Osberta, _f._ _Ger._ Teu. divinely bright, 290 OSBORN, _m._ _Eng._ Teu. divine bear, 290 Osberga, _f._ _Eng._ Teu. divine pledge, 290 Oscar, _m._ _Fr._ Kelt. bounding warrior, 251, 291 OSCETYL, _m._ _A.S._ Teu. divine kettle, 291 _Oseep_, _m._ _Russ._ Heb. addition, 23 _Osfred_, _m._ _Eng._ Teu. divine peace, 290 OSGAR, _m._ _Gael._ Kelt. bounding warrior, 251 OSGIFU, _f._ _m. A.S._ Teu. Asagod’s gift, 290 OSGOD, _m._ _Dan._ Teu. Asagod, 290 _Oska_, _f._ _Lus._ Lat. bear, 199, 291 _Oskar_, _m._ _Ger._ Teu. divine spear, 290 OSKETYL, _m._ _Dan._ Teu. divine cauldron, 291 OSLAC, _m._ _Eng._ Teu. divine sport, 291 Oslaf, _m._ _Eng._ Teu. divine legacy, 291 Osmod, _Ger._ Teu. divine wrath, 291 Osmond, _m._ _Eng._ Teu. divine protection, 291 Osmont, _m._ _Fr._ Teu. divine protection, 291 Osred, _m._ _Eng._ Teu. divine council, 291 Osric, _m._ _Eng._ Teu. divine rule, 291 _Ossian_, _m._ _Eng._ Kelt. 66. OSTHRYTH, _f._ _Eng._ divine threatener, 291 OSULF, _m._ _Eng._ Teu. divine wolf, 291 OSWALD, _m._ _Eng._ Teu. divine power, 291 OSWINE, _m._ _A.S._ Teu. divine friend, 291 _Oswy_, _m._ _Eng._ Teu. divine holiness, 291 Osyth, _f._ _Eng._ Teu. divine strength, 291 _Otemar_, _m._ _Ger._ Teu. rich fame, 378 Otfried, _m._ _Ger._ Teu. rich peace, 376 Othao, _m._ _Port._ Teu. rich, 376 Othello, _m._ _It._ Teu. rich, 376 OTHER, _m._ _Ger._ Teu. happy warrior, 376 Othes, _m._ _Fr._ Teu. rich, 376 Othilia, _f._ _m._ _Fr._ Teu. rich battle maid, 341 OTHO, _m._ Lat. Teu. happy (?), 376 _Otpald_, _m._ _Ger._ happy bold, 376 _Otpraht_, _m._ _Ger._ happy bright, 376 Ottavia, _f._ _m._ _It._ Lat. eighth, 138 Ottavio, _m._ _It._ Lat. eighth, 138 Otte, _m._ _Ger._ Teu. happy, 376 OTTHILD, _f._ _Ger._ Teu. happy battle maid, 376 Ottilia, _f._ _Lat._ Teu. happy battle maid, 376 _Ottmar_, _m._ _Ger._ Teu. happy fame, 376 Otto, _m._ _It._ _Ger._ Teu. rich, 376 OTTOKAR, _m._ _Ger._ Teu. happy spear, 376 Ottone, _m._ _It._ Teu. happy, 376 _Ottorino_, _m._ _It._ Teu. happy, 376 OTTUR, _m._ _Nor._ Ger. awful, 356 _Ouen_, _m._ _Fr._ Teu. rich friend, 376 Ougunna, _f._ _Nor._ Teu. rich war, 376 _Oulf_, _Nor._ Teu. rich wolf, 376 Ours, _m._ _Fr._ Lat. bear, 199 _Ovind_, _m._ _Nor._ Teu. island Wend, 431 OWAIN, _m._ _Welsh_, Kelt. lamb, or warrior, 273 Owen, _m._ _Eng._ Kelt. lamb, or young warrior, 273 P Pablo, _m._ _Span._ Lat. little, 165 Pacifico, _m._ _It._ Lat. pacific, 190 _Paddy_, _m._ _Ir._ Lat. noble, 195 Padrig, _m._ _Erse_, Lat. noble, 195 Pagano, _m._ _It._ Lat. countryman, 202 PAGANUS, _m._ Lat. countryman, 202 Pain, _m._ _Eng._ Lat. countryman, 202 _Pal_, _m._ _Hung._ Lat. little, 165 _Palko_, _m._ _Hung._ Lat. little, 165 Palladius, _m._ _Lat._ Gr. of Pallas, 64 Pallig, _m._ _Dan._ 419 PALNE, _m._ _Dan._ 419 Pamela, _f._ _Eng._ 464 Pancrace, _m._ _Ir._ Gr. all ruler, 90 Pancracio, _m._ _Rom._ Gr. all ruler, 90 Pancracy, _m._ _Pol._ Gr. all ruler, 90 Pancras, _m._ _Eng._ Gr. all ruler, 90 Pancrazio, _m._ _Ital._ Gr. all ruler, 90 Pankratios, _m._ _Gr._ all ruling, 90 _Panna_, _f._ _Hung._ Heb. grace, 42 _Panni_, _f._ _Hung._ Heb. grace, 42 Pantaleon, _m._ _Fr._ Gr. all a lion, 90 Pantaleone, _m._ _It._ Gr. all a lion, 90 Paola, _f._ _It._ Lat. little, 165 Paolina, _f._ _It._ Lat. little, 165 Paolino, _m._ _It._ Lat. little, 165 Paolo, _m._ _It._ Lat. little, 165 _Pappo_, _m._ _Ger._ Ten, father, 333 _Parascha_, _f._ _Russ._ Slav. Good Friday child, 216 Parysatis, _f._ _Gr._ Zend. fairy born (?). Paraskeva, _f._ _Russ._ Slav. Good Friday child, 216 _Pari_, _m._ _Fr._ Lat. fatherly, 195 _Parnel_, _f._ _Eng._ Gr. stone, 108 PARTHENOIS, _m._ _Gr._ Gr. of the virgin, 64 PARTHENOPE, _m._ _Eng._ Gr. the virgin’s city, 64 _Pas_, _m._ _Pol._ Lat. little, 165 _Pascal_, _m._ _Span._ Heb. passover child, 215 _Pascha_, _f._ _Russ._ Slav. Good Friday child, 215 Pascha, _f._ _Russ._ Slav. Good Friday child, 215 Paschal, _m._ _Fr._ Heb. Easter child, 215 Paschina, _f._ _It._ Heb. Easter child, 215 Paschino, _m._ _It._ Heb. Easter child, 215 Pascoal, _m._ _Port._ Heb. Easter child, 215 Pascoe, _m._ _Eng._ Heb. Easter child, 215 Pascual, _m._ _Span._ Heb. Easter child, 215 _Pasinek_, _m._ _Pol._ Lat. little, 165 Pasquale, _m._ _It._ Heb. Easter child, 215 Passion, _m._ _Eng._ Lat. suffering, 215 _Pat_, _m._ _Ir._ Lat. noble, 195 _Pate_, _m._ _Scot._ Lat. noble, 195 PATERNUS, _m. Lat._ fatherly, 195 _Patie_, _m._ _Scot._ Lat. noble, 195 Patience, _f._ _Eng._ Lat. bearing up, 193 PATIENS, _m._ _Lat._ patient, 193 Patrice, _m._ _Fr._ Lat. noble, 195 Patricia, _f._ _Scot._ Lat. noble, 195 Patricio, _m._ _Rom._ Lat. noble, 195 PATRICIUS, _m._ Lat. noble, 195 _Patrick_, _m._ _Eng._ Lat. noble, 195 Patrikij, _m._ _Russ._ Lat. noble, 195 Patriz, _m._ _Ger._ Lat. noble, 195 Patrizia, _f._ _It._ Lat. noble, 195 Patrizio, _m._ _It._ Lat. noble, 195 _Patty_, _f._ _Eng._ Heb. becoming bitter, 29 Paul, _m._ _Fr._ _Ger._ _Eng._ Lat. little, 165 Paula, _f._ _Span._ _Port._ Lat. little, 165 Paule, _f._ _Ger._ Lat. little, 165 _Paulette_, _f._ _Fr._ Lat. little, 165 Paulin, _m._ _Ger._ Lat. little, 165 Paulina, _f._ _Rom._ _Eng._ _Span._ Lat. little, 165 Pauline, _f._ _Ger._ _Fr._ Lat. little, 165 Paulino, _m._ _It._ Lat. little, 165 Paulinus, _m._ Lat. little, 165 _Paulisca_, _f._ _Ger._ Lat. little, 165 Paulo, _m._ _Rom._ _Port._ Lat. little, 165 _Paulot_, _m._ _Fr._ Lat. little, 165 Paultje, _m._ _Dutch_, Lat. little, 165 PAULUS, _m._ _Ger._ Lat. little, 165 _Pav_, _m._ _Lapp._ Lat. little, 165 _Pava_, _m._ _Ill._ Lat. little, 165 _Paval_, _m._ _Lapp._ Lat. little, 165 _Pavek_, _m._ _Esth._ _Lapp._ Lat. little, 165 _Pavel_, _m._ _Russ._ _Wall._ _Pol._ _Bohm._ Lat. little, 165 _Pavelek_, _m._ _Pol._ Lat. little, 165 _Pavils_, _m._ _Lett._ Lap. little, 165 _Pavko_, _m._ _Ill._ Lat. little, 165 Pavl, _m._ _Ill._ Lat. little, 165 _Pavla_, _f._ _Russ._ Lat. little, 165 _Pavli_, _m._ _Esth._ Lat. little, 165 _Pavlenka_, _m._ _Russ._ Lat. little, 165 _Pavlika_, _f._ _m._ _Slav._ Lat. little, 165 _Pavlija_, _m._ _Ill._ Lat. little, 165 Pavlin, _m._ _Slav._ Lat. little, 165 Pavlina, _f._ _Slav._ Lat. little, 165 _Pavluscha_, _m._ _Russ._ Lat. little, 165 Pavol, _m._ _Lus._ Lat. little, 165 Pawel, _m._ _Pol._ Lat. little, 165 Payen, _m._ _Fr._ Lat. countryman, 202 Payne, _m._ _Eng._ Lat. countryman, 202 Peace, _f._ _Eng._ Peder, _m._ _Nor._ Gr. stone, 108 _Pedo_, _m._ _Esth._ Gr. stone, 108 _Pedrinho_, _m._ _Port._ Gr. stone, 108 Pedro, _m._ _Port._ _Span._ Gr. stone, 108 _Peggy_, _f._ _Eng._ Gr. pearl, 121 _Peira_, _m._ _Prov._ Gr. stone, 108 _Pejo_, _m._ _Ill._ Gr. stone, 108 Pelage, _m._ _Fr._ Gr. of the sea, 203 Pelagia, _f._ _m._ _Gr._ of the sea, 203 Pelagio, _m._ _Rom._ Gr. of the sea, 203 Pelagius, _m._ Lat. Gr. of the sea, 203 Pelayo, _m._ _Span._ Gr. of the sea, 203 PELEG, _m._ _Eng._ Heb. dispersion, 15 _Pelei_, _m._ _Swiss_, Gr. of the sea, 203 Pelgrim, _m._ _Dutch_, Gr. stranger, 203 Pellegrino, _m._ _It._ Lat. pilgrim, 203 _Pen_, _f._ _Eng._ Gr. weaver, 75 PENELOPE, _f._ _Eng._ Gr. weaver, 75 _Penny_, _f._ _Eng._ Gr. weaver, 75 _Pent_, _m._ _Lapp._ Lat. blessed, 184 _Penta_, _m._ _Lapp._ Lat. blessed, 184 Pentecost, _m._ _Eng._ Gr. Whitsuntide, 216 Pentecoste, _f._ _Eng._ Gr. Whitsuntide, 216 _Pepa_, _f._ _Span._ Heb. addition, 23 _Pepe_, _m._ _Span._ Heb. addition, 23 Pepin, _m._ _Fr._ Teu. father, 333 Pepino, _m._ _Rom._ Teu. father, 333 _Pepita_, _f._ _Span._ Heb. addition, 23 _Pepito_, _m._ _Span._ Heb. addition, 23 _Peppo_, _m._ _It._ Heb. addition, 23 _Pepsa_, _m._ _Ill._ Heb. addition, 23 _Per_, _m._ _Swiss._ Gr. stone, 108 PERAHTHERI, _m._ _O. Ger._ Teu. bright army, 415 PERAHTHILD, _f._ _O. Ger._ Teu. bright battle maid, 415 PERAHTMAR, _m._ _O. Ger._ Teu. bright fame, 415 PERAHTOLF, _m._ _O. Ger._ Teu. bright wolf, 415 PERAHTRAM, _m._ _O. Ger._ Teu. bright raven, 415 Percival, _m._ _Eng._ Kelt. companion of the chalice, 278 PEREDUR, _m._ _Welsh_, Kelt. companion of the chalice, 278 Pérégrin, _m._ _Fr._ Lat. traveller, 203 Peregrine, _m._ _Eng._ Lat. traveller, 203 PEREGRINUS, _m._ Lat. traveller, 203 _Peregrino_, _m._ _It._ Lat. stranger, 203 _Perent_, _m._ _Esth._ Teu. bear firm, 340 _Perette_, _f._ _Fr._ Gr. stone, 108 _Perino_, _m._ _It._ Gr. stone, 108 PERIZADA, _f._ _Pers._ Pers. fairy born. _Pernel_, _f._ _Eng._ Gr. stone, 108 _Pero_, _m._ _It._ Gr. stone, 108 _Pero_, _m._ _Esth._ Teu. bear firm, 340 PERPETUA, _f._ _It._ Lat. lasting, 197 _Perrin_, _m._ _Fr._ Ger. stone, 108 _Perrine_, _f._ _Fr._ Gr. stone, 108 _Perronik_, _Bret._ 108 _Pert_, _m._ _Esth._ Heb. son of furrows, 25 _Pet_, _m._ _Esth._ Gr. stone, 108 Petar, _m._ _Ill._ Gr. stone, 108 Peter, _m._ _Eng._ Ger. Gr. stone, 108 _Peteris_, _m._ _Lett._ Gr. stone, 108 Peters, _m._ _Lett._ Gr. stone, 108 _Petko_, _m._ _Lus._ Bulg. Gr. stone, 108 _Peto_, _m._ _Lus._ Gr. stone, 108 _Petr_, _m._ _Bohm._ Russ. Gr. stone, 108 _Petra_, _m._ _Esth._ Gr. stone, 108 _Petra_, _f._ _Ill._ Gr. stone, 108 _Petraca_, _f._ _Ger._ Gr. stone, 108 _Petrarca_, _m._ _It._ Gr. stone, 108 _Petras_, _m._ _Lett._ Gr. stone, 108 _Petrica_, _m._ _Ill._ Gr. stone, 108 _Petrija_, _f._ _Ill._ Gr. stone, 108 _Petrik_, _m._ _Bret._ Gr. stone, 108 Petrina, _f._ _Scot._ Gr. stone, 108 Petrine, _f._ _Fr._ Gr. stone, 108 _Petrinka_, _m._ _Russ._ Gr. stone, 108 Petrisse, _f._ _Ger._ Gr. stone, 108 Petronella, _f._ _Ger._ _Eng._ _It._ Gr. stone, 108 Petronelle, _f._ _Fr._ Gr. stone, 108 Petronilha, _f._ _Port._ Gr. stone, 108 PETROS, _m._ _Gr._ stone, 108 _Petru_, _m._ _Wall._ Gr. stone, 108 Petrus, _m._ _Lat._ Gr. stone, 108 Petrusa, _f._ _Ill._ Gr. stone, 108 _Petruscha_, _m._ _Russ._ Gr. stone, 108 _Petsch_, _m._ _Lus._ Gr. stone, 108 Petur, _m._ _Bulg._ Gr. stone, 108 Pewlin, _m._ _Welsh_, Lat. little, 165 Phaddei, _m._ _Russ._ Aram. praise, 20 Phadrig, _m._ _Erse_, Lat. noble, 195 Pharamond, _m._ _Eng._ Teu. travelled protector, 432 Phelim, _m._ _Ir._ Kelt. Erse, good, 257 _Phemie_, _f._ _Scot._ Gr. fair fame, 88 Pheodor, _m._ _Russ._ Gr. divine gift, 101 Pheodora, _f._ _m._ _Russ._ Gr. divine gift, 101 Pheodosij, _m._ _Russ._ Gr. divine gift, 103 Pheodosia, _f._ _m._ _Russ._ Gr. divine gift, 103 PHERENIKE, _f._ _Gr._ bringing victory, 90 _Phil_, _m._ _Eng._ _Ger._ love horses, 79 PHILADELPHIA, _f._ _Eng._ Gr. love of brethren, 93 PHILALETHES, _m._ Gr. love of truth, 94 PHILANDER, _m._ _Eng._ Gr. love man, 94 Philaret, _m._ _Gr._ Gr. love virtue, 94 PHILARETOS, _m._ Gr. love virtue, 94 PHILE, _f._ Gr. love, 93 PHILEMON, _m._ _Eng._ Gr. loving thought, 94 Philetus, _m._ _Am._ Gr. love, 94 Philibert, _m._ _Fr._ Teu. will bright, 315 Philine, _f._ _Ger._ Gr. love, 94 Philip, _m._ _Eng._ Gr. love horses, 79 Philipp, _m._ _Ger._ Gr. love horses, 79 Philippa, _f._ _Eng._ Gr. love horses, 79 Philippe, _m._ _Fr._ Gr. love hores, 79 Philippine, _f._ _Ger._ _Fr._ Gr. love horses, 79 PHILIPPOS, _m._ Gr. loving horses, 79 _Philippot_, _m._ _Fr._ Gr. love horses, 79 _Philippote_, _f._ _Fr._ Gr. love horses, 79 Philippus, _m._ _Lat._ Gr. love horses, 79 Philologus, _m._ _Eng._ Gr. love the word, 94 Philothée, _f._ _m._ _Fr._ Gr. love God, 94 Philotheus, _m._ _Eng._ Gr. love God, 94 Philumena, _f._ Lat. daughter of light, 208 Philumène, _f._ Lat. daughter of light, 208 Phillis, _f._ _Eng._ Gr. foliage, 81 Philon, _m._ _Fr._ Gr. love, 94 Philoxène, _f._ _Fr._ Gr. loving the stranger, 93 Phocas, _m._ _Lat._ Gr. Phocian, 200 Phœbe, _f._ _Eng._ Gr. shining, 65 Phœbus, _m._ _Lat._ Gr. shining, 65 PHOKAS, _m._ _Gr._ Phocian, 200 Photinee, _f._ _Gr._ light, 65 Photius, _m._ _Gr._ light, 65 _Phrankiskos_, _m._ _M. Gr._ Teu. free, 300 _Phroso_, _f._ _M. Gr._ Gr. mirth, 72 PHYLLIS, _f._ _Eng._ Gr. green bough, 81 Pia, _f._ _It._ _Lat._ pious, 193 Pico, _m._ _It._ _Lat._ woodpecker, 176 PICUS, _m._ _Lat._ woodpecker, 176 Pie, _m._ _Fr._ Lat. pious, 193 _Pier_, _m._ _It._ Gr. stone, 108 Pieran, _m._ _Corn._ Kelt. black, 255 Pierce, _m._ _Eng._ Gr. stone, 108 _Piere_, _m._ _O. Fr._ Gr. stone, 108 Piero, _m._ _It._ Gr. stone, 108 _Pieron_, _m._ _Fr._ Gr. stone, 108 _Pierot_, _m._ _Fr._ Gr. stone, 108 Pierre, _m._ _Fr._ Gr. stone, 108 _Pierrot_, _m._ _Fr._ Gr. stone, 108 Piers, _m._ _Eng._ Gr. stone, 108 _Pies_, _m._ _Pol._ Gr. stone, 108 _Piet_, _m._ _Dutch_, Gr. stone, 108 Pieter, _m._ _Dutch_, Gr. stone, 108 _Pieti_, _m._ _Pol._ Gr. stone, 108 Pietro, _m._ _It._ Gr. stone, 108 _Pietruccio_, _m._ _It._ Gr. stone, 108 Piety, _f._ _Eng._ Lat. piety, 193 _Pij_, _m._ _Russ._ Lat. pious, 193 _Pikka_, _f._ _Lapp._ Kelt. strength, 236 _Pikke_, _f._ _Lapp._ Kelt. strength, 236 _Pil_, _m._ _Esth._ Lat. wise old woman, 179 PILAR, _f._ _Span._ Lat. pillar, 30 Pilgrim, _m._ _Eng._ Lat. traveller, 203 _Pimme_, _f._ _Esth._ Gr. fair fame, 88 _Pine_, _f._ _Ger._ Gr. loving horses, 79 _Pinna_, _m._ _Lapp._ Lat. blessed, 184 _Pint_, _m._ _Lapp._ Lat. blessed, 184 _Pinus_, _m._ _Ger._ Gr. loving horses, 79 _Pio_, _m._ _It._ Lat. pious, 193 _Piotr_, _m._ _Pol._ Gr. stone, 108 Pipin, _m._ _Ger._ Teu. father, 333 _Pippa_, _f._ _It._ Gr. loving horses, 79 _Pippin_, _m._ _Dutch_, _Eng._ Teu. father, 333 _Pippo_, _m._ _It._ Gr. loving horses, 79 _Pirket_, _f._ _Lapp._ Kelt. strength, 236 _Pirimona_, _m._ _Maori_, Gr. loving thought. _Pirrit_, _f._ _Esth._ Kelt. strength, 236 PIUS, _m._ _It._ Lat. pious, 193 Pjetr, _m._ _Lus._ Gr. stone, 108 Pjetrik, _m._ _Lus._ Gr. stone, 108 _Plaxy_, _f._ _Corn._ Gr. active. Plectrude, _f._ _Fr._ Teu. lightning battle maid. _Pobjus_, _m._ _Lith._ Lat. of a bean, 146 _Poldo_, _m._ _Slav._ Teu. people’s prince, 430 _Polei_, _m._ _Swiss_, Lat. of the sea, 203 Polidoro, _m._ _It._ Gr. many gifted, 93 Polieukt, _m._ _Russ._ Gr. much desired, 93 Poliksenija, _f._ _Russ._ Gr. much hospitality, 93 _Polly_, _f._ _Eng._ Heb. bitter, 29 _Polonia_, _f._ _Slov._ Gr. of Apollo, 65 _Polonija_, _f._ _Slov._ Gr. of Apollo, 65 Polycarp, _m._ _Eng._ Gr. much fruit, 93 Polydore, _m._ _Eng._ Gr. much gifted, 93 POLYDORUS, _m._ _Lat._ Gr. much gifted, 93 POLYEUKTOS, _m._ _Gr._ much longed for, 93 POLYHYMNIA, _f._ _Eng._ Gr. of many hymns, 72 POLYKARPOS, _m._ Gr. much fruit, 93 Polyksenija, _f._ _Russ._ Gr. much hospitality, 93 POLYXENA, _f._ Gr. much hospitality, 93 Polyxène, _f._ _Fr._ Gr. much hospitality, 93 Pompée, _m._ _Fr._ Lat. of Pompeii, 151 Pompeio, _m._ _It._ Lat. of Pompeii, 151 POMPEIUS, _m._ Lat. of Pompeii, 151 Pompey, _m._ _Eng._ Lat. of Pompeii 151 Ponce, _m._ _Span._ Lat. fifth, 138 Poncio, _m._ _Rom._ Lat. fifth, 138 Pons, _m._ _Fr._ Lat. fifth, 138 PONTIUS, _m._ _Lat._ fifth, 138 Ponzio, _m._ _It._ Lat. fifth, 138 Poppo, _m._ _Ger._ Teu. father, 333 PORCIA, _f._ _Ger._ Lat. of the pigs, 151 PORCIUS, _m._ _Lat._ of the pigs, 151 Portia, _f._ _Eng._ Lat. of the pigs, 151 Porzia, _f._ _It._ Lat. of the pigs, 151 POSTHUMUS, _m._ Lat. the last, 136 _Poto_, _m._ _Ger._ Teu. commander, 414 _Prancas_, _m._ _Lith._ Teu. free, 209 Prascovie, _f._ _Fr._ Slav. Good Friday child, 215 Prassede, _f._ _Ital._ Gr. active, 94 PRAVDOSLAV, _m._ _Ill._ Slav. upright glory, 444 PRAVDOSLAVA, _f._ _Ill._ Slav. upright glory, 444 _Pravoje_, _m._ _Ill._ Slav. upright glory. PRAXEDES, _f._ _Lat._ Gr. active, 94 _Prechtl_, _m._ _Bav._ Teu. bright fame, 213 Premislaus, _m._ _Eng._ Slav. thoughtful glory, 444 Preban, _m._ _Dan._ Slav. 444 Predbiorn, _m._ _Dan._ Slav. 444 Pribislav, _m._ _Slav._ 444 Pribislava, _f._ _Slav._ 439 _Priczus_, _m._ _Lith._ Teu. peace ruler, 296 _Pridrik_, _m._ _Lett._ Teu. peace rule, 296 PRIMUS, _m._ Lat. first, 137 PRISCILLA, _f._ _Eng._ Lat. ancient, 163 PRISCUS, _m._ _Lat._ ancient, 163 Priske, _f._ _Ger._ Lat. ancient, 163 _Prissie_, _f._ _Eng._ Lat. ancient, 163 _Prizzis_, _m._ _Lett._ Teu. peace ruler, 296 PROCHOROS, _m._ _Gr._ leader of the dance, 126 Prochorus, _m._ _Eng._ Lat. leader of the dance, 126 PROCOPIUS, _m._ _Lat._ Gr. progressive, 126 Prokhor, _m._ _Russ._ Gr. leader of the dance, 126 Prokop, _m._ _Bohm._ Gr. progressive, 126 Prokopij, _m._ _Russ._ Gr. progressive, 126 Prokupek, _m._ _Bohm._ Gr. progressive, 126 PROMETHEUS, _m._ _Gr._ love thought. Prospero, _m._ _It._ Lat. prosperous, 192 Prudence, _f._ _Eng._ 193 PRUDENTIUS, _m._ _Lat._ prudent, 193 _Prydas_, _m._ _Litt._ Teu. peace ruler, 296 _Prydikis_, _m._ _Litt._ Teu. peace ruler, 296 PRZEMYSL, _m._ _Bohm._ Slav. thoughtful, 439 PRZEMYSLAVA, _f._ _Pol._ Slav. thoughtful glory, 439 PSYCHE, _f._ _m._ _Gr._ soul, 447 PULCHERIA, _f._ _Ger._ _It._ Lat. fair, 196 Pulcherie, _f._ _Fr._ Lat. fair, 196 PURVAN, _m._ _Bulg._ Slav. first, 442 PURVANCE, _m._ _Bulg._ Slav. first, 442 Q QUADRATUS, _m._ _Lat._ fourth, 137 QUARTINUS, _m._ _Lat._ fourth, 137 QUARTUS, _m._ _Lat._ fourth, 137 Quenburga, _f._ _Eng._ Lat. queen pledge, 319 Quendrida, _f._ _Eng._ Lat. queen threatener, 319 _Quenes_, _m._ _Fr._ Teu. bold speech, 423 Quentin, _m._ _Scot._ Lat. fifth, 138 _Queran_, _m._ _Flem._ _Scot._ Kelt. black, 255 Quintianus, _m._ Lat. fifth, 138 QUINTILIANUS, _m._ _Lat._ fifth, 138 QUINTUS, _m._ _Lat._ fifth, 138 _Quiric_, _m._ _Fr._ Gr. Sunday child, 217 QUIRINUS, _m._ _Lat._ spearman, 177 QUOD-VULT-DEUS, _m._ _Lat._ what God wills, 188 R RAADGJER, _m._ _Nor._ Teu. spear of fame, 394 Raadgjerd, _f._ _Nor._ Teu. council guard, 394 _Raamund_, _m._ _Nor._ Teu. council protection, 394 _Rab_, _m._ _Scot._ Teu. bright fame, 392 _Rabba_, _m._ _Fris._ Teu. council commander, 394 _Rabbe_, _m._ _Fris._ Teu. council commander, 394 _Rabbo_, _m._ _Fris._ Teu. council commander, 394 Rachel, _f._ _Fr._ _Eng._ _Ger._ Heb. ewe, 14 Rachele, _f._ _It._ Heb. ewe, 14 Radagaisus, _m._ _Lat._ Teu. council pledge, 394 Radak, _m._ _Slav._ Slav. joy, 439 Radan, _m._ _Slav._ Slav. joy, 439 RADBERT, _m._ _Ger._ Teu. council bright, 394 RADBOD, _m._ _Ger._ Teu. council commander, 394 RADEGAR, _m._ _Lom._ Teu. council spear, 394 RADEGISL, _m._ _Lom._ Teu. council pledge, 394 RADEGONDE, _f._ _Fr._ Teu. council war, 394 RADEGONDA, _f._ _Span._ Teu. council war, 394 Radelchis, _m._ _Lat._ Teu. council pledge, 394 Radfried, _m._ _Ger._ Teu. council peace, 394 Radgund, _f._ _Ger._ Teu. council war, 394 RADINKA, _m._ Slav. joyful peace, 439 _Radinko_, _m._ Slav. joy, 439 _Radko_, _m._ Slav. joy, 439 Radman, _m._ Slav. joy, 439 RADMIL, _m._ Slav. joyful love, 439 RADIVOJ, _m._ Slav. joyful war, 439 _Radoje_, _m._ Slav. joyful war, 439 Radolf, _m._ _Eng._ Teu. house wolf, 421 RADULFUS, _m._ _Lat._ Teu. house wolf, 421 RADOSLAV, _m._ Slav, joyful glory, 439 Rafael, _m._ _Span._ _Hung._ Heb. healing of God, 55 Rafe, _m._ _Eng._ Teu. house wolf, 421 Raffaelle, _m._ _It._ Heb. healing of God, 55 Raffaello, _m._ _It._ Heb. healing of God, 55 Rafn, _m._ _Nor._ Teu. raven, 345 Rafnulf, _m._ _Nor._ Teu. raven wolf, 345 RAGANO, _m._ _O. Ger._ Teu. judgment, 396 RAGINBALD, _m._ _Ger._ Teu. prince of judgment, 398 RAGINFRED, _m._ _Frank._ Teu. judgment of peace, 398 Raginfrida, _f._ _Ger._ Teu. judgment of peace, 398 RAGINHARD, _m._ _Frank._ Teu. firm judge, 396 RAGINHEID, _f._ _Nor._ Teu. impulse of justice, 398 RAGINHERI, _m._ _A.S._ _Frank._ Teu. warrior of judgment, 396 RAGINHILD, _f._ _Frank._ Teu. battle maid of judgment, 398 RAGINHOLD, _m._ _Frank._ Teu. judging firmly, 396 RAGINLEIF, _m._ _Nor._ Teu. relic of judgment, 396 RAGINMUND, _m._ _Frank._ Teu. judge’s protection, 396 RAGINHAR, _m._ _Frank._ Teu. great judgment, 396 RAGINWALD, _m._ _Frank._ Teu. judge ruler, 396 RAGINWARD, _m._ _Nor._ Teu. guardian of judgment, 396 RAGNAR, _m._ _Nor._ Teu. warrior of judgment, 397 RAGNFRID, _f._ _Nor._ Teu. wise fair one, 398 Ragnold, _m._ _Frank._ Teu. wise judge ruler, powerful judge, 395 _Ragnrid_, _f._ _Nor._ Teu. wise fair one, 398 Rahel, _f._ _Pol._ Heb. ewe, 15 Raimond, _m._ _Fr._ Teu. judge’s protection, 396 Raimondo, _m._ _It._ Teu. judge’s protection, 395 Raimons, _m._ _Prov._ Teu. council strengthening protection, 397 Rainiald, _m._ _Eng._ Teu. power of judgment, 395 Rainardo, _m._ _Ital._ Teu. firm judgment, 396 Rainart, _m._ _Prov._ Teu. firm judgment, 396 Rainhard, _m._ _Hung._ Teu. firm judgment, 396 _Rainer_, _m._ _Eng._ Teu. warrior of judgment, 396 _Rainulf_, _m._ _O. Fr._ Teu. wolf of judgment, 335 _Rajnold_, _m._ _Pol._ Teu. power of judgment, 396 Ralf, _m._ _Eng._ Teu. house wolf, 421 Ralph, _m._ _Eng._ Teu. house wolf, 421 Rambert, _Ger._ raven bright, 345 Ramiro, _m._ _Span._ Teu. great judge, 396 Ramon, _m._ _Span._ Teu. judge’s protection, 397 Rampold, _m._ raven prince, 345 Ranald, _m._ _Scot._ Teu. power of judgment, 397 Ramusio, _m._ _Span._ Teu. raven, 345 Randal, _m._ _Eng._ Teu. house wolf, 421 _Randi_, _f._ _Nor._ Teu. wise fair one, 396 _Randid_, _m._ _Nor._ Teu. wise fair one, 396 Randle, _m._ _Eng._ Teu. house wolf, 335 Randolph, _m._ _Eng._ Teu. house wolf, 335, 421 Randve, _m._ _Nor._ Teu. house consecration, 321 _Randver_, _m._ _Nor._ Teu. house consecration, 321 RANDVID, _m._ _Nor._ Teu. house consecration, 321 _Rane_, _f._ _Nor._ Teu. warrior of judgment, 396 Ranieri, _m._ _It._ Teu. warrior of judgment, 396 _Ranmod_, _f._ _Nor._ Teu. house courage, 421 _Ranna_, _f._ _Lapp._ Teu. battle maid of judgment, 396 _Rannmod_, _m._ _Nor._ Teu. house courage, 421 _Rannog_, _f._ _Nor._ Teu. house liquor, 421 _Ranssu_, _m._ _Finn._ Teu. free, 300 Ranulf, _m._ _Eng._ Teu. house wolf, 421 RANVEIG, _f._ _m._ _Nor._ Teu. house liquor, 421 Raonmill, _m._ _Erse_, Teu. power of judgment, 396 Raoul, _m._ _Fr._ Teu. wolf of fame, 335 Raphael, _m._ _Eng._ _Fr._ _Ger._ Heb. healing of God, 55 _Rasche_, _f._ _Pol._ Lat. rose, 204 _Rasia_, _f._ _Pol._ Lat. queen, 31 _Rasine_, _f._ _Lith._ Lat. rose, 204 _Rasine_, _f._ _Pol._ Lat. queen, 31 _Rasl_, _m._ _Bav._ Gr. amiable, 113 _Rasmus_, _m._ _Dutch_, Gr. amiable, 113 Ratulf, _m._ _O. Ger._ Teu. council bright, 394 _Raul_, _m._ _Rom._ Teu. house wolf, 421 _Raulus_, _m._ _Lith._ Lat. laurel, 174 _Ravelina_, _f._ _Mentone_, Heb. medicine of God, 55 _Ravelin_, _m._ _Eng._ Teu. council wolf, 335 Ravengar, _Eng._ Teu. raven spear, 345 Ravenswar, _Eng._ Teu. raven spear, 345 Raymond, _m._ _Eng._ Teu. wise protection, 397 Raynard, _m._ _Pol._ Teu. firm judgment, 396 Rayner, _m._ _Eng._ Teu. warrior of judgment, 396 RAZOOMNIK, _m._ _Russ._ Slav. wise man, 449 Rebecca, _f._ _Lat._ Heb. noosed cord, 14 Rebekah, _f._ _Eng._ Heb. noosed cord, 14 Recaredo, _m._ _Span._ Teu. ruling by council, 399 Rechiarius, _m._ _Lat._ Teu. ruling an army, 399 Rechilda, _f._ _Lat._ Teu. ruling battle maid, 399 Rechimiro, _m._ _Span._ Teu. ruling fame, 399 Recimir, _m._ _Goth._ Teu. ruling fame, 399 Redmond, _m._ _Ir._ Teu. council protection, 31 Redwald, _m._ _Eng._ Teu. council power, 31 REGINA, _f._ _It._ _Ger._ Lat. queen, 31 Reginald, _m._ _Eng._ Teu. powerful judgment, 396 Reginard, _m._ _Frank._ Teu. firm judge, 396 Reginand, _m._ _Fr._ Teu. powerful judgment, 396 Reginbert, _m._ _Ger._ Teu. splendour of judgment, 396 REGINTAG, _m._ _Frank._ Teu. judgment day, 396 Reginwart, _m._ _Frank._ Teu. guardian of judgment, 396 _Regl_, _f._ _Bav._ Lat. queen, 398 _Regnard_, _m._ _Fr._ Teu. firm judge, 396 Regnault, _m._ _Fr._ Teu. power of judgment, 396 Regnier, _m._ _Fr._ Teu. warrior of judgment, 396 REGULUS, _m._ _Lat._ king, 355 Rehur, watchman. _Reichart_, _m._ _Ger._ Teu. ruling firmness, 399 _Reigl_, _f._ _Ger._ Teu. queen, 398 _Rein_, _m._ _Esth._ Teu. power of judgment, 396 Reinaldo, _m._ _Span._ power of judgment, 396 Reinbold, _m._ _Ger._ Teu. prince of judgment, 396 Reine, _f._ _Fr._ Lat. queen, 36 Reiner, _m._ _Ger._ Teu. warrior of judgment, 398 _Reinette_, _f._ _Fr._ Lat. queen, 31 Reinfrid, _m._ _Ger._ Teu. peace of judgment, 396 Reingard, _m._ _Russ._ Teu. protection of judgment, 398 Reinger, _m._ _Ger._ Teu. spear of judgment, 398 Reinhard, _m._ _Ger._ Teu. firm judge, 398 Reinhild, _f._ _Ger._ Teu. battle maid of judgment, 398 Reinmer, _m._ _Ger._ Teu. great judgment, 398 Reinhold, _m._ _Ger._ Teu. firmness of judgment, 398 _Reinis_, _m._ _Lett._ Teu. power of judgment, 398 _Reino_, _m._ _Ger._ Teu. power of judgment, 398 Reinolf, _m._ _Ger._ Teu. wolf of judgment, 398 Reinward, _m._ _Ger._ Teu. guard of judgment, 398 _Rekkerts_, _m._ _Lett._ Teu. spear of fame, 399 _Remarkable_, _f._ _American_. Rembald, _m._ _Ger._ Teu. prince of judgment, 398 Rembert, _m._ _Fris._ Teu. splendour of judgment, 396 _Remi_, _m._ _Fr._ _Remma_, _m._ _Fris._ Teu. guardian of judgment, 396 _Remward_, _m._ _Fris._ Teu. guardian of judgment, 396 Renard, _m._ _Fr._ Teu. firm judge, 396 Renart, _m._ _Fr._ Teu. firm judge, 396 Renata, _f._ _m._ _It._ Teu. warrior of judgment, 396 Renato, _m._ _It._ Teu. warrior of judgment, 396 _Renaud_, _m._ _Fr._ Teu. power of judgment, 396 _Renauld_, _m._ _Fr._ Teu. power of judgment, 396 _Renbold_, _m._ _Ger._ Teu. prince of judgment, 396 René, _m._ _Fr._ Teu. warrior of judgment, 396 Renée, _f._ _Fr._ Teu. warrior of judgment, 396 _Renfred_, _m._ _Eng._ Teu. judgment of peace, 396 _Rennert_, _m._ _Fris._ Teu. firm judge, 396 _Rennold_, _m._ _Fris._ Teu. power of judgment, 396 _Renz_, _m._ _Ger._ Teu. firm judge, 396 _Renzo_, _m._ _It._ Lat. laurel, 174 _Res’l_, _f._ _Bav._ Gr. carrying ears of corn, 124 RESTITUTUS, _m._ Lat. restored, 193 Restyn, _m._ _Welsh_, Lat. restored, 193 REUBEN, _m._ _Eng._ Heb. behold a son, 7 _Reta_, _f._ _Finn._ Gr. pearl, 121 Reynard, _m._ _Eng._ Teu. firm judge, 396 Reynold, _m._ _Eng._ Teu. power of judgment, 396 _Rhesa_, _m._ _Eng._ Chal. prince, 277 Rhoda, _f._ _Eng._ Gr. rose, 31 RHODE, _f._ Gr. rose, 31 RHODEIA, _f._ rosy cheeked, 31, 204 RHODOPIS, _f._ rosy cheeked, 31, 204 RHONWEN, _f._ _Welsh_, Kelt. white skirt, 239 RHYDDERCH, _m._ _Welsh_, Kelt. 255 RHYS, _m._ _Welsh_, Kelt. warrior, 277 Ricardo, _m._ _Port._ Teu. stern king, 399 Riccardo, _m._ _It._ Teu. stern king, 399 Ricbert, _m._ _Ger._ Teu. bright king, 399 _Ricciardetto_, _m._ _It._ Teu. stern king, 399 Ricciardo, _m._ _It._ Teu. stern king, 399 _Rice_, _m._ _Eng._ Welsh, warrior, 277, 399 RICEHARD, _m._ _A.S._ stern king, 399 Richard, _m._ _Fr._ _Eng._ Teu. stern king, 399 _Richenza_, _f._ _Ger._ Teu. ruling firmness, 400 Richer, _m._ _Ger._ Teu. ruling warrior, 399 Richila, _f._ _Span._ Teu. ruling battle maid, 399 Richilde, _f._ _Fr._ Teu. ruling battle maid, 399 Richiza, _f._ _Ger._ Teu. ruling firmness, 399 RICKOLF, _m._ _Ger._ Teu. king wolf, 400 Riciberga, _f._ _Span._ Teu. ruling guard, 400 Ricimir, _m._ _Lat._ Teu. great king, 399 _Rickel_, _m._ _Bav._ Teu. noble ruler, 399 Rictrude, _f._ _Fr._ Teu. ruling maid, 400 _Ridolfo_, _m._ _It._ Teu. fame ruler, 391 _Rietu_, _m._ _Finn._ Teu. peace ruler, 296 _Rieuk_, _m._ _Bret._ Kelt. warrior, 277 _Right-about-face_, _m._ _Eng._ 10 _Rigonthe_, _f._ _O. Fr._ Teu. ruling war, 400 _Riik_, _m._ _Neth._ Teu. ruling firmness, 400 _Riikert_, _m._ _Neth._ Teu. ruling firmness, 399 _Rikchen_, _f._ _Ger._ Teu. peace ruler, 296 _Rike_, _f._ _Ger._ Teu. peace ruler, 296 Rikheri, _m._ _O. Fr._ Teu. ruling warrior, 399 Rikomar, _m._ _Ger._ Teu. ruling fame, 399 Rikulf, _m._ _Ger._ Teu. ruling wolf, 399 Rikwald, _m._ _Ger._ Teu. ruling power, 400 Rinaldo, _m._ _It._ Teu. power of judgment, 396 _Rinnert_, _m._ _Fris._ Teu. firmness of judgment, 396 Riok, _m._ _Bret._ Kelt. warrior, 277 Riowal, _m._ _Bret._ Kelt. lordly, 277 _Rita_, _f._ _It._ Gr. pearl, 121 _Ritchie_, _m._ _Scot._ Teu. ruling firmness, 399 _Roald_, _m._ _Nor._ Teu. famous power, 392 _Roar_, _m._ _Nor._ Teu. spear of fame, 392 _Rob_, _m._ _Scot._ Teu. bright fame, 392 _Robbie_, _m._ _Scot._ Teu. bright fame, 392 _Robers_, _m._ _Fr._ Teu. bright fame, 392 Robert, _m._ _Eng._ _Fr._ Teu. bright fame, 392 Roberto, _m._ _Ital._ Teu. bright fame, 392 _Robin_, _m._ _Fr._ _Eng._ Teu. bright fame, 392 _Robina_, _f._ _Scot._ Teu. bright fame, 392 _Robinet_, _m._ _Fr._ Teu. fame bright, 392 Roderic, _m._ _Fr._ Teu. famous king, 255, 393 Roderich, _m._ _Ger._ Teu. famous king, 255, 393 Roderick, _m._ _Eng._ Teu. famous king, 255, 393 Rodolf, _m._ _Ger._ Teu. wolf of fame, 391 Rodolfo, _m._ _It._ Teu. wolf of fame, 391 Rodolph, _m._ _Eng._ Teu. wolf of fame, 391 Rodolphe, _m._ _Fr._ Teu. wolf of fame, 391 _Rodri_, _m._ _Welsh_, Teu. famous king, 255, 393 Rodrigo, _m._ _Span._ _Port._ Teu. famous king, 255, 393 Rodrigue, _m._ _Fr._ Teu. famous king, 255, 393 Rodulfo, _Span._ wolf of fame, 391 Roese, _f._ _Eng._ Teu. fame, 204 Roesia, _f._ _Eng._ Teu. fame, 204 Roger, _m._ _Eng._ Teu. spear of fame, 390 Rogero, _m._ _It._ Teu. spear of fame, 390 Rogier, _m._ _Neth._ Teu. spear of fame, 390 Rognwald, _m._ _Nor._ Teu. power of judgment, 396 _Rohais_, _f._ _Eng._ Teu. fame, 204 _Rohlops_, _m._ _Lett._ Teu. wolf of fame, 390 _Roibin_, _m._ _Erse_, Teu. bright fame, 392 Roeland, _m._ _Neth._ Teu. fame of the land, 389 Roland, _m._ _Ir._ _Eng._ Teu. fame of the land, 389 Rolando, _m._ _Port._ Teu. fame of the land, 389 Roldan, _m._ _Span._ Teu. fame of the land, 389 Roldao, _m._ _Port._ Teu. fame of the land, 389 _Rolf_, _m._ _Ger._ Teu. wolf of fame, 391 Rollaug, _m._ _Nor._ Teu. famous liquor, 393 Rolleik, _m._ _Nor._ Teu. famous sport, 389 Rolph, _m._ _Eng._ Teu. wolf of fame, 391 Rollo, _m._ _Lat._ Teu. wolf of fame, 391 Rolv, _m._ _Nor._ Teu. wolf of fame, 391 Romain, _m._ _Fr._ Lat. Roman, 178 Romano, _m._ _It._ Lat. Roman, 178 Roman, _m._ _Slav._ Lat. Roman, 178 ROMANUS, _m._ _Lat._ Roman, 178 Romao, _m._ _Port._ Lat. Roman, 178 Romeo, _m._ _Ital._ Teu. fame, 393 Romola, _f._ _Ital._ Lat. fame (?), 178 Romolo, _m._ _Ital._ Lat. fame (?), 178 ROMUALD, _m._ _Fr._ Teu. famed power, 390 ROMUALDO, _m._ _It._ Teu. famed power, 390 ROMULUS, _m._ _Lat._ fame (?), 178 Ronald, _m._ _Scot._ judge power, 390 Ronan, _m._ _Scot._ Kelt. seal (?), 253 Ronat, _f._ _Erse_, Kelt. seal (?), 253 RONDOLFR, _m._ _Nor._ Teu. house wolf, 421 _Ronnan_, _f._ house liquor, 393 Rory, _m._ _Ir._ Kelt. red, 255 ROSA, _f._ _It._ _Span._ Lat. rose, 204 Rosabel, _f._ _Eng._ Lat. rose fair, 204 Rosaclara, _f._ _Eng._ Lat. rose clear, 204 Rosalba, _f._ _It._ Lat. rose white, 204 Rosalbe, _f._ _Fr._ Lat. rose white, 204 Rosalia, _f._ _It._ Lat. rose, 204 Rosalie, _f._ _Ger._ _Fr._ _Eng._ Lat. rose, 204 Rosalija, _f._ _Russ._ Lat. rose, 204 Rosalind, _f._ _Eng._ Teu. fame serpent, 204 Rosaline, _f._ _Eng._ Teu. famed serpent, 204 Rosamond, _f._ _Eng._ Teu. famed protection, 204 Rosamunda, _f._ _It._ _Span._ Teu. famed protection, 204 Rosamunde, _f._ _Ger._ Teu. famed protection, 204 Rosanne, _f._ _Eng._ Lat. rose, 204 Rosaura, _f._ _It._ Lat. rose, 204 _Roschana_, _f._ _Pers._ Zend. dawn of day, 58 Roschen, _f._ _Ger._ Lat. rose, 204 ROSCRANA, _f._ _Gael._ Kelt. rose bush. Rose, _f._ _Eng._ Lat. rose, 204 Rosel, _f._ _Swiss_, Teu. rose, 204 Roseli, _f._ _Swiss_, Teu. rose, 204 Rosemonde, _f._ _Fr._ Teu. famed protection, 204 Roseta, _f._ _Port._ Lat. rose, 204 Rosetta, _f._ _It._ Lat. rose, 204 Rosette, _f._ _Fr._ Lat. rose, 204 ROSHILDA, _f._ _Ger._ Teu. famed battle maid, 206 Rosi, _f._ _Swiss_, Lat. rose, 204 Rosia, _f._ _Eng._ Teu. fame, 204, 398 Rosilde, _f._ _Ger._ Teu. horse battle maid, 341 Rosimonda, _f._ _It._ Teu. horse protection, 341 Rosina, _f._ _Eng._ _It._ Lat. rose, 204 Rosine, _f._ _Fr._ _Ger._ Lat. rose, 204 Rosita, _f._ _Span._ Lat. rose, 204 ROSSKETYL, horse kettle, 341 Rosskjell, horse kettle, 341 Rosmer, _m._ _Dan._ Teu. sea horse, 341 Rosmund, _f._ _Ger._ Teu. horse protection, 341 Rospert, bright horse, 341 Rostiophus, _m._ _Lat._ Teu. horse thief, 341 ROSTISLAV, _m._ _Slav._ increasing fame, 441 Roswald, _m._ _Scot._ Teu. horse power, 341 Roswald, _m._ _Dan._ Teu. horse power, 341 Roswida, _f._ _Ger._ Teu. horse strength, 341 ROSWITH, _f._ _Frank._ Teu. horse strength, 341 _Rota_, _m._ _Maori_, Heb. _Rotholf_, _m._ _Fris._ Teu. famed wolf, 391 _Rotija_, _f._ _Ill._ Gr. gift of God, 102 _Rottgers_, _m._ _Ger._ Teu. famed spear, 392 Rotlandus, _m._ _Lat._ Teu. fame of the country, 389 _Rou_, _m._ _Fr._ Teu. wolf of fame, 390 _Roul_, _m. Fr._ Teu. wolf of fame, 390 Rowena, _f._ _Eng._ Kelt. white skirt, 239 Rowland, _m._ _Eng._ Teu. fame of the land, 389 Roxana, _f._ _Pers._ Fr. dawn of day, 58 _Roy_, _m._ _Scot._ Kelt. red, 255 Roza, _f._ _Pol._ Lat. rose, 204 Rozalia, _f._ _Pol._ Lat. rose, 204 Rozalija, _f._ _Slov._ Lat. rose, 204 Rozer, _m._ _Russ._ Teu. famed spear, 390 Rozia, _f._ _Pol._ Lat. rose, 204 Rozina, _f._ _Slov._ _Bohm._ Lat. rose, 204 _Rozsi_, _f._ _Hung._ Lat. rose, 204 Rozyna, _f._ _Pol._ Lat. rose, 204 Ruadh, _m._ _Erse_, Kelt. red, 167, 255 Ruadri, _m._ _Gael._ Kelt. red, 255 RUADRIGH, _m._ _Gadhael._ Kelt. red, 255 Ruaridh, _m._ _Gael._ Kelt. 255 Rudbert, _m._ _Ger._ Teu. bright fame, 392 Ruben, _m._ _Ger._ Heb. behold a son, 7 Rubert, _m._ _It._ Teu. bright fame, 392 Rudhard, _m._ _Ger._ Teu. famed firmness, 392 Rudiger, _m._ _Ger._ Teu. famed spear, 392 Rudland, _m._ _Ger._ Teu. fame of the land, 392 Rudolf, _m._ _Ger._ Teu. wolf of fame, 391 RUDOLPHE, _m._ _Fr._ Teu. wolf of fame, 391 Rudolphine, _f._ _Ger._ Teu. wolf of fame, 391 _Ruedi_, _m._ _Swiss_, Teu. wolf of fame, 391 _Ruedli_, _m._ _Swiss_, Teu. wolf of fame, 391 RUEDOLF, _m._ _Bav._ Teu. wolf of fame, 390 Ruffo, _m._ _It._ Lat. red, 167 Ruffin, _m._ _Fr._ Lat. red, 167 RUFINA, _f._ _It._ Lat. red, 167 Rufine, _f._ _Fr._ Lat. red, 167 Rufino, _m._ _It._ Lat. red, 167 RUFINUS, _m._ _Ger._ Lat. red, 167 RUFUS, _m._ _Am._ Lat. red, 167 Ruggero, _m._ _It._ Teu. famed spear, 390 Ruggiero, _m._ _It._ Teu. famed spear, 390 _Rule_, _m._ _Scot._ Lat. king. Ruland, _m._ _Ger._ Teu. fame of the land, 389 _Rulef_, _m._ _Fris._ Teu. wolf of fame, 390 _Rulf_, _m._ _Ger._ Teu. wolf of fame, 390 _Rulves_, _m._ _Fris._ Teu. wolf of fame, 390 _Rumilde_, _f._ _Ger._ Teu. famed battle maid, 398 Rupert, _m._ _Ger._ _Eng._ Teu. bright fame, 392 Ruperto, _m._ _It._ Teu. bright fame, 392 Ruprat, _m._ _Slov._ Teu. bright fame, 392 Ruprecht, _m._ _Ger._ Teu. bright fame, 392 Rurik, _m._ _Russ._ Teu. famed rule, 392 Rutger, _m._ _Neth._ Teu. spear of fame, 390 Ruth, _f._ _Eng._ Heb. beauty, 39 _Ruy_, _m._ _Span._ Teu. famed rule, 398 Ruzalia, _f._ _Ill._ Lat. rose, 204 Rycolf, _m._ _Fris._ Teu. ruling wolf, 392 Rydygier, _m._ _Pol._ Teu. spear of fame, 390 Rykert, _m._ _Dutch_, Teu. stern king, 399 Ryklof, _m._ _Fris._ Teu. ruling wolf, 390 _Ryszard_, _m._ _Pol._ Teu. stern king, 399 S SABAS, _m._ _Ger._ Heb. rest (?), 216 Sabea, _f._ 216 Sabee, _m._ _Russ._ Heb. rest (?), 216 Sabina, _f._ _It._ _Eng._ Lat. Sabine, 164 Sabine, _f._ _Ger._ _Fr._ Lat. Sabine, 164 SABINUS, _m._ Lat. Sabine, 164 Sabrina, _f._ _Eng._ the Severn, 164 Sabra, 216 _Sacha_, _f._ _Russ._ Gr. helper of men, 85 _Sachar_, _m._ _Russ._ Heb. remembrance of the Lord, 51 Sacharija, _m._ _Russ._ Heb. remembrance of the Lord, 51 Sadof, _m._ _Russ._ Pers. (?), 49 SADOVIT, _m._ _Ill._ Slav. fruitful. Sadwrn, _m._ _Welsh_, Lat. of Saturn, 179 _Sæbert_, _m._ _A.S._ Teu. conquering brightness, 356 _Sæmund_, _m._ _A.S._ conquering protection, 359 _Sæwald_, conquering power, 359 _Sæward_, conquering protection, 359 _Saffi_, _f._ _Dan._ Gr. wisdom, 107 _Saher_, _m._ _Eng._ Teu. conquering army, 359 _Sahlke_, _f._ _Ger._ Lat. rose, 204 Sakaria, _m._ _Ill._ Heb. remembrance of the Lord, 51 Sakchej, _m._ _Russ._ Heb. remembrance of the Lord, 51 _Sakerl_, _m._ _Dan._ Heb. remembrance of the Lord, 51 Sakkarias, _m._ _Esth._ Heb. remembrance of the Lord, 51 SAKSE, _m._ _Nor._ Teu. rock, 51 _Sal_, _f._ _Eng._ Heb. princess, 13 Salamans, _m._ _Lett._ Heb. peaceful, 47 Salamao, _f._ _Port._ Heb. peaceful, 47 Salamon, _m._ _Fr._ _Hung._ Heb. peaceful, 47 Salaun, _m._ _Bret._ Heb. peaceful, 47 _Sally_, _f._ _Eng._ Heb. princess, 13 Salomao, _f._ _m._ _Fr._ _Port_. Heb. peaceful, 47 Salomaun, _m._ _Bohm._ Heb. peaceful, 47 Salome, _f._ _Eng._ _Russ._ _Ger._ Heb. peaceful, 47 Salomea, _f._ _Pol._ Heb. peaceful, 47 Salomée, _f._ _Fr._ Heb. peaceful, 47 _Salomeli_, _f._ _m._ _Swiss_, Heb. peaceful, 47 Salomo, _m._ _Ger._ Heb. peaceful, 47 Salomone, _m._ _Ital._ Heb. peaceful, 47 Salvador, _m._ _Span._ Lat. saviour, 193 Salvatore, _m._ _Ital._ Lat. saviour, 193 Salvestro, _m._ _Ital._ Lat. woody, 179 _Sam_, _m._ _Eng._ Heb. asked of God, 20 _Samel_, _m._ _Esth._ Heb. asked of God, 20 _Sameli_, _m._ _Swiss_, Heb. asked of God, 20 Sammel, _m._ _Swiss_, Heb. asked of God, 20 Sampson, _m._ _Eng._ Heb. splendid sun, 39 Samsao, _m._ _Port._ Heb. splendid sun, 39 Samson, _m._ _Eng._ _Ger._ Heb. splendid sun, 39 Samuel, _m._ _Ger._ _Eng._ _Fr._ Heb. asked of God, 20 _Samuele_, _m._ _It._ Heb. asked of God, 20 _Samuil_, _m._ _Wall._ Heb. asked of God, 20 _Samuls_, _m._ _Lett._ Heb. asked of God, 20 Sancha, _f._ _Span._ Lat. holy, 175 _Sanchica_, _f._ _m._ _Span._ Lat. holy, 175 Sanche, _f._ _Fr._ Lat. holy, 175 Sancho, _m._ _Span._ Lat. holy, 175 Sancia, _f._ _Ger._ Lat. holy, 175 Sancie, _f._ _Fr._ Lat. holy, 175 Sancto, _m._ _It._ Lat. holy, 175 SANCTUS, _m._ _Lat._ holy, 175 _Sanders_, _m._ _Lett._ Gr. helper of men, 85 _Sandor_, _m._ _Hung._ Gr. helper of men, 85 _Sandrl_, _f._ _Bav._ Heb. lily, 50 _Sandro_, _m._ _Ital._ Gr. helper of men, 85 _Sandy_, _m._ _Scot._ Gr. helper of men, 85 _Sanerl_, _f._ _Bav._ Heb. lily, 50 _Sanne_, _f._ _Dutch_, Heb. lily, 50 _Sanson_, _Fr._ Heb. splendid sun, 39 _Sansone_, _It._ Heb. splendid sun, 39 _Santerl_, _m._ _Bav._ Gr. gold flower, 125 _Santiago_, _m._ _Span._ Lat. Heb. holy James, 17 _Santje_, _f._ _Dutch_, Heb. lily, 50 Santo, _m._ _Rom._ Lat. holy, 175 Santos, _m._ _Span._ Lat. the saints, 175 Sanzio, _m._ _Ital._ Lat. holy, 175 Sapor, _m._ Gr. Zend, venerable king, 57 SAPPHERO, _f._ _M. Gr._ Gr. sapphire, 125 _Sappi_, _f._ _Lith._ Gr. wisdom, 107 Sara, _f._ _Fr._ _Hung._ _Ill._ _Ger._ _Ill._ Heb. princess, 13 Sarah, _f._ _Eng._ Heb. princess, 13 Sarai, _f._ _Eng._ Heb. quarrelsome, 13 SARAID, _f._ _Erse_, Kelt. excellent, 13 _Sarica_, _f._ _Hung._ Heb. princess, 13 _Sarotte_, _f._ _Fr._ Heb. princess, 13 SASAN, _m._ Zend. venerable king, 57 _Sasze_, _m._ _Fris._ Gr. Christian, 105 Sativola, _f._ _Lat._ Kelt. 282 SATURNINUS, _m._ _Lat._ of Saturn, 179 Saul, _m._ _Eng._ Heb. longed for. _Saunders_, _m._ _Scot._ Gr. helper of men, 85 Sava, _m._ _Russ._ Heb. rest, 216 Saverij, _m._ _Ill._ Arabic, bright, 299 Savero, _m._ _It._ Arab, bright, 299 _Sawney_, _m._ _Scot._ Gr. helper of men, 85 Saxo, _m._ _Lat._ Teu. rock, 324 _Sayer_, _m._ _Eng._ Teu. conquering army, 359 _Scezpan_, _Lus._ Gr. crown, 96 _Scezepan_, _Pol._ Gr. crown, 96 Schelluf, _m._ _Nor._ Teu. shield wolf, 35 _Schmul_, _m._ _Ger._ Heb. asked of God, 20 SCHOLASTICA, _f._ _Eng._ Lat. scholar, 184 Scholastike, _f._ _Ger._ Lat. scholar, 184 Scholastique, _f._ _Fr._ Lat. scholar, 184 _Schombel_, _m._ _Lus._ Heb. asked of God, 20 SCHWANHILDE, _Ger._ Teu. swan maid, 346 SCHWANBERGE, _Ger._ Teu. swan protection, 346 _Schymank_, _m._ _Lus._ Heb. obedient, 19 _Schymanz_, _m._ _Lus._ Heb. obedient, 19 Science, _f._ _Eng._ Lat. science, 175 SCIENTIA, _f._ _Eng._ Lat. science, 175 SCIPIO, _m._ _Eng._ Lat. staff, 164 Scipion, _m._ _Fr._ Lat. staff, 164 Scipione, _m._ _It._ Lat. staff, 164 SCROFA, _m._ Lat. pig, 152 Seachnall, _m._ _Ir._ Lat. second, 52 Seabert, _m._ _Eng._ Teu. conquering brightness, 359 Seaforth, _m._ _Eng._ Teu. conquering peace, 359 SEALBFLAITH, _f._ _Erse_, Kelt. lady of possessions, 259 SEALBHACH, _m._ rich, 359 Searlus, _m._ _Erse_, Teu. man. SEAXBALD, _m._ _A.S._ Teu. rock bold, 324 SEAXBERT, _m._ _A.S._ Teu. rock bright, 324 SEAXBURH, _f._ _A.S._ Teu. rock pledge, 324 Seaward, _f._ _m._ _Eng._ Teu. conquering guardian, 359 Sebald, _m._ _Ger._ _Fr._ Teu. conquering valour, 359 Sebastian, _f._ _m._ _Ger._ _Eng._ _Span._ Gr. venerable, 111 Sebastiana, _f._ _It._ Gr. venerable, 111 Sebastiane, _f._ _Ger._ Gr. venerable, 111 Sebastiano, _m._ _It._ Gr. venerable, 111 SEBASTIANUS, _m._ _Lat._ Gr. venerable, 111 Sebastiao, _m._ _Port._ Gr. venerable, 111 Sebastien, _m._ _Fr._ Gr. venerable, 111 Sebastienne, _f._ _Fr._ Gr. venerable, 111 Sebastyan, _m._ _Pol._ Gr. venerable, 111 _Sebesta_, _f._ _Bohm._ Gr. venerable, 111 Sebestyen, _m._ _Hung._ Gr. venerable, 111 Sebila, _f._ _Span._ Lat. wise old woman, 178 SECUNDUS, _m._ _Lat._ second, 137 Sedecias, _m._ _Lat._ Heb. justice of the Lord, 49 Seemeon, _m._ _Russ._ Heb. obedient, 19 _Sefa_, _f._ _Swiss_, Heb. addition, 23 Seifred, _m._ _Ger._ Teu. conquering peace, 356 Selbflaith, _f._ _Erse_, Kelt. lady of possessions, 259 Selima, _f._ _Arab._ Heb. peace, 47 Selina, _f._ _Eng._ Gr. moon, 67 Selinde, _f._ _Ger._ Teu. conquering snake, 358 Selma, _f._ _Scot._ Kelt. fair (?). _Selvach_, _m._ _Scot._ Kelt. rich in cattle, 259 Selvaggia, _f._ _Ital._ Lat. wild, 179 Selvaggio, _m._ _It._ Lat. wild, 179 Seoin, _m._ _Erse_, Heb. grace of the Lord, 46 _Seorgi_, _m._ _Erse_, Gr. husbandman, 116 _Seph_, _m._ _Bav._ Heb. addition, 23 _Sepherl_, _m._ _Bav._ Heb. addition, 23 _Sepp_, _m._ _Swiss_, _Bav._ Heb. addition, 23 _Seppeli_, _f._ _Swiss_, Heb. addition, 23 _Seppi_, _m._ _Swiss_, Heb. addition, 23 _Seppli_, _m._ _Swiss_, Heb. addition, 23 Septime, _m._ _Fr._ Lat. seventh, 138 Septimia, _f._ _Eng._ Lat. seventh, 138 SEPTIMUS, _m._ _Eng._ Lat. seventh, 138 Serafina, _f._ _Span._ _It._ Heb. seraph, 53 Serafino, _m._ _Span._ _It._ Heb. seraph, 53 Seraphine, _Fr._ Heb. seraph, 53 SERENA, _Dan._ _Eng._ Lat. serene, 164 Serene, _f._ _Fr._ _Ger._ Lat. serene, 164 Serge, _m._ _Fr._ 152 Sergio, _m._ _Lom._ 152 SERGIUS, _m._ Lat. 152 Serlo, _m._ _Norseman_, Teu. armour, 352 Sersa, _m._ _Ill._ Zend. venerable king, 57 Sessylt, _Welsh_, Lat. blind, 144 Seth, _m._ _Eng._ Heb. appointed, 11 Seumuis, _m._ _Erse_, Heb. supplanted, 17 Sevilla, _f._ _Span._ Lat. wise old woman, 178 SEXTUS, _m._ _Eng._ Lat. sixth, 138 SHAPOOR, _m._ _Pers._ Zend. venerable king, 57 _Shawanie-Jassan_, _Red Indian_, fierce wolf, 182 Shawn, _m._ _Ir._ Heb. grace of the Lord, 45 Sheelah, _f._ _Ir._ Lat. blind, 144 Sholto, _m._ _Scot._ Kelt. sower (?), 254 _Siade_, _m._ _Fris._ conquering firmness, 357 _Siard_, _m._ _Fris._ Teu. conquering firmness, 311 _Sib_, _f._ _Ir._ Lat. wise old woman, 178 _Sibbald_, _m._ _Eng._ Teu. conquering prince, 359 _Sibbaldo_, _m._ _It._ Teu. conquering prince, 359 _Sibbe_, _m._ _Ger._ Teu. conquering commander, 359 Sibbel, _m._ _Eng._ Lat. wise old woman, 178 _Sibbern_, _m._ _Fris._ Teu. conquering bear, 359 _Sibbie_, _f._ _Scot._ Lat. wise old woman, 178 Sibel, _m._ _Fris._ Teu. conquering prince, 359 Sibella, _f._ _Eng._ Lat. wise old woman, 178 _Siber_, _f._ _Nor._ Teu. conquering protection, 359 _Sibert_, _m._ _Fris._ Teu. conquering brightness, 359 _Sibila_, _f._ _It._ Lat. wise old woman, 178 _Sibilla_, _f._ _It._ Lat. wise old woman, 178 _Sibille_, _f._ _Fr._ Lat. wise old woman, 178 _Sibo_, _m._ _Fris._ Teu. conquering messenger, 359 _Sibod_, _m._ _Fris._ Teu. conquering messenger, 359 _Sibold_, _m._ _Fris._ Teu. conquering prince, 359 _Siborg_, _f._ _Nor._ Teu. conquering protection, 359 _Sibrand_, _m._ _Fris._ Teu. conquering sword, 359 Sibyl, _f._ _Eng._ Lat. wise old woman, 178 SIBYLLA, _f._ _Eng._ Lat. wise old woman, 178 Sibylle, _f._ _Ger._ _Fr._ Lat. wise old woman, 178 _Siccard_, _m._ _Fr._ Teu. conquering firmness, 359 _Sicco_, _m._ _Nor._ Teu. conquering peace, 357 Sichelgaita, _f._ _It._ Teu. Sicilian goat, 341 _Sidbolt_, _m._ _Fris._ Teu. conquering prince, 357 _Sidde_, _m._ _Fris._ Teu. conquering brightness, 357 _Sidders_, _m._ _Lith._ Lat. beloved, 188 Sidoine, _m._ _Fr._ Lat. of Sidon, 200 SIDONIA, _f._ _m._ _It._ Lat. of Sidon, 200 Sidonie, _f._ _Ger._ _Fr._ Lat. of Sidon, 200 Sidwell, _f._ _Eng._ Kelt. 282 SIDONIUS, _m._ _Lat._ of Sidon, 200 SIEGFRIED, _m._ _Ger._ Teu. conquering peace, 357 _Siegmund_, _m._ _Ger._ Teu. conquering protection, 359 _Siem_, _m._ _S. Ger._ Heb. obedient, 19 _Siewars_, _m._ _Nor._ Teu. conquering peace, 359 _Siffredo_, _m._ _It._ Teu. conquering peace, 359 _Siffroi_, _m._ _Fr._ Teu. conquering peace, 359 SIGBALD, _m._ _Ger._ Teu. conquering prince, 359 SIGBERT, _m._ _Ger._ Teu. conquering brightness, 359 SIGBOD, _m._ _Ger._ Teu. conquering commander, 359 SIGBIORG, _f._ _Nor._ Teu. conquering protection, 357 SIGBRAND, _m._ _Ger._ Teu. conquering sword, 357 SIGEBALD, _m._ _A.S._ Teu. conquering prince, 357 SIGEBERG, _m._ _Frank._ Teu. conquering brightness, 357 SIGEBURGE, _f._ _Ger._ conquering protection, 357 SIGEFRED, _m._ _A.S._ Teu. conquering peace, 357 Sigefredo, _m._ _Ital._ Teu. conquering peace, 357 Sigfreda, _f._ _Ger._ Teu. conquering peace, 357 Sigefroi, _m._ _Fr._ Teu. conquering peace, 357 SIGEHARD, _m._ _A.S._ Teu. conquering firmness, 357 SIGEHELM, _m._ _Ger._ Teu. conquering helmet, 357 SIGEHERI, _m._ _A.S._ Teu. conquering warrior, 357 SIGELIND, _f._ _Ger._ Teu. conquering snake, 357 SIGEWOLF, _m._ _A.S._ conquering wolf, 357 Sigfrid, _m._ _Ger._ Teu. conquering peace, 357 Sigfrida, _f._ _Ger._ Teu. conquering peace, 358 SIGFUS, _m._ _Nor._ Teu. conquering zeal, 358 Sighar, _m._ _Ger._ Teu. conquering warrior, 359 Sighard, _m._ _Ger._ Teu. conquering firmness, 359 SIGHELM, _m._ _Ger._ Teu. conquering helmet, 359 Sigher, _m._ _Ger._ Teu. conquering warrior, 358 Sigismond, _m._ _Fr._ Teu. conquering protection, 358 Sigismonda, _f._ _Span._ _It._ Teu. conquering protection, 358 Sigismondo, _m._ _It._ Teu. conquering protection, 358 Sigismund, _m._ _Eng._ Teu. conquering protection, 358 Sigismunda, _f._ _Eng._ Teu. conquering protection, 358 Sigismundo, _m._ _Port._ Teu. conquering protection, 358 _Sikko_, _m._ _Ger._ Teu. conquering peace, 356 _Sigl_, _m._ _Bav._ Teu. conquering peace, 356 _Siglind_, _f._ _Ger._ Teu. conquering snake, 356 _Sigmar_, _m._ _Ger._ Teu. conquering fame, 356 Sigmund, _m._ _Ger._ Teu. conquering protection, 356 _Sigmunda_, _f._ _Ger._ Teu. conquering protection, 359 SIGMUNDR, _m._ _Nor._ Teu. conquering protection, 359 _Sigo_, _m._ _Ger._ Teu. conquering, 359 _Sigrad_, _m._ _Ger._ Teu. conquering council, 359 SIGRIDUR, _f._ _Nor._ Teu. conquering impulse, 359 _Sigrada_, _f._ _Ger._ Teu. conquering council, 359 _Sigri_, _f._ _Nor._ Teu. conquering impulse, 359 Sigrich, _m._ _Ger._ Teu. conquering rule, 357 Sigrid, _f._ _Nor._ Teu. conquering council, 357 Sigtrud, _f._ _Nor._ Teu. conquering maid, 359 SIGTRYGGE, _m._ _Nor._ conquering security, 359 Sigufrit, _m._ _Ger._ Teu. conquering peace, 359 _Sigulf_, _m._ _Nor._ Teu. conquering wolf, 359 Sigurd, _m._ _Nor._ Teu. conquering guard, 359 SIGVALLDR, _m._ _Nor._ Teu. conquering power, 359 _Sigvor_, _m._ _Nor._ Teu. conquering prudence, 359 Sigwald, _m._ _Ger._ Teu. conquering power, 359 SIGWARD, _m._ _Ger._ Teu. conquering guard, 359 Silas, _m._ _Eng._ Lat. living in a wood, 179 _Sile_, _f._ _Erse_, Lat. 179 Silvain, _m._ _Fr._ Lat. living in a wood, 179 Silvano, _m._ _It._ Lat. living in a wood, 179 SILVESTER, _m._ _Eng._ Lat. living in a wood, 179 Silvestre, _m._ _Fr._ Lat. living in a wood, 179 Silvia, _f._ _It._ Lat. living in a wood, 179 Silvie, _f._ _Fr._ Lat. living in a wood, 179 Silvio, _m._ _It._ Lat. living in a wood, 179 _Sim_, _m._ _Eng._ Heb. obedient, 19 SIMAITH, _m._ Kelt. peaceful, 47 Simanas, _m._ _Lett._ Heb. obedient, 19 Simao, _m._ _Port._ Heb. obedient, 19 Simej, _m._ _Ill._ Heb. obedient, 19 SIMEON, _m._ _Eng._ _Ger._ _Fr._ Heb. obedient, 7, 19 _Simmas_, _m._ _Lith._ Heb. obedient, 19 _Simo_, _m._ _Ill._ Heb. obedient, 19 Simon, _m._ _Fr._ _Eng._ _Ger._ _Span._ Heb. obedient, 19 Simonas, _m._ _Lett._ Heb. obedient, 19 Simone, _m._ _It._ Heb. obedient, 19 _Simonette_, _f._ _Fr._ Heb. obedient, 19 Simson, _m._ _Fr._ Heb. splendid sun, 39 _Simo_, _m._ _Ill._ Heb. obedient, 19 SINDBALD, _m._ _Ger._ Teu. sparkling prince (?), 379 SINDBERT, _m._ _Ger._ Teu. sparkling bright, 379 SINDOLF, _m._ _Ger._ Teu. sparkling wolf, 379 SINDRAM, _m._ _Ger._ Teu. sparkling raven, 379 _Sinibaldo_, _m._ _It._ Teu. sparkling prince, 379 _Sinovij_, _m._ _Russ._ Arab. father’s ornament, 62 _Sinovija_, _f._ _Russ._ Arab. father’s ornament, 62 Sintram, _m._ _Ger._ Teu. sparkling raven, 379 SIOLTIACH, _m._ _Gael._ Kelt. sower, 254 _Sipp_, _m._ _Bav._ Heb. addition, 23 _Sired_, _f._ _Norman_, Teu. conquering impulse, 359 _Siri_, _f._ _Nor._ Teu. conquering impulse, 359 SIROSLAV, _m._ _Slav._ Slav. far famed, 435 Siseberto, _m._ _Span._ Teu. conquering brightness, 359 Sisebuto, _m._ _Span._ Teu. conquering commander, 359 _Sis_, _f._ _Eng._ Lat. blind, 144 _Sisley_, _f._ _Eng._ Lat. blind, 144 _Sisman_, _m._ _Ill._ Teu. conquering protection, 359 _Sismonde_, _m._ _It._ Teu. conquering protection, 359 Sisto, _m._ _It._ Lat. sixth, 138 _Sitto_, _m._ _Fries._ Teu. conquering brightness, 359 _Siurd_, _m._ _Nor._ Teu. conquering guard, 359 _Siulf_, _m._ _Nor._ Teu. conquering wolf, 359 Siward, _m._ _Eng._ Teu. conquering guardian, 359 Sixte, _m._ _Fr._ Lat. sixth, 138 SIXTUS, _m._ _Eng._ Lat. sixth, 138 _Sizo_, _m._ _Ger._ Teu. conquering brightness, 359 _Sjovald_, _m._ _Nor._ Teu. conquering power, 359 _Sjovar_, _m._ _Nor._ Teu. conquering prudence, 359 _Sjul_, _m._ _Nor._ Teu. conquering guard, 359 _Sjurd_, _m._ _Nor._ Teu. conquering guard, 359 _Skak_, _m._ _Nor._ Teu. servant. SKARPHEDINN, _Nor._ Teu. sharp attack, 304 SKEGG, _m._ _Nor._ Teu. beard, 427 _Skender_, _m._ _Slav._ helper of man, 85 _Skerste_, _m._ _Lett._ Gr. Christian, 105 _Skersts_, _m._ _Lett._ Gr. Christian, 105 SKIALDE, _m._ _Nor._ Teu. shield, 352 SKIOLDE, _m._ _Nor._ Teu. shield, 352 SKIOLDBIORN, _m._ _Nor._ Teu. shield bear, 352 SKIOLDULF, _m._ _Nor._ Teu. shield wolf, 352 SKIOLDVAR, _m._ _Nor._ Teu. shield caution, 352 Sklear, _m._ _Bret._ Lat. famous, 185 Skleara, _f._ _Bret._ Lat. famous, 185 SKULDR, _f._ _Nor._ Teu. shall, 306 _Skule_, _m._ _Nor._ Teu. shield, 352 _Slavoje_, _m._ _Slav._ Slav. glorious love, 435 SLAVOFJUB, _m._ _Slav._ Slav. glorious love, 435 SLAVOMIL, _m._ _Slav._ Slav. glorious friend, 435 SLAVOMIR, _m._ _Slav._ Slav. glorious peace, 435 SMARAGDA, _f._ _M. Gr._ Gr. emerald, 124 SMARAGDOS, _m._ _M. Ger._ Gr. emerald, 125 _Smil_, _m._ _Slav._ Slave, beloved, 439 SMILJAN, _m._ _Slav._ Slave, everlasting flower, 438 SMILJANA, _f._ _Slav._ Slav. everlasting flower, 438 SMOLJAN, _m._ _Ill._ Slav. long-nosed, 446 SMOLJANA, _f._ _Ill._ Slav. long-nosed, 445 SNÆBIORN, _m._ _Nor._ Teu. snow bear, 348, 339 SNÆFRID, _f._ _Nor._ Teu. snow fair, 348 SNÆLAUG, _f._ _m._ _Nor._ Teu. snow ocean, 348 SNÆULF, _m._ _Nor._ Teu. snow wolf, 348 SNORRE, _m._ _Nor._ Teu. striving, 418 Snorro, _m._ _Lat._ Teu. striving, 418 _Sodomina_, _f._ _Erse_, Kelt. good lady, 258 _Sofia_, _f._ _Hung._ _It._ Gr. wisdom, 107 SOL, _f._ _Span._ _Nor._ Teu. sun. _Solle_, _m._ _Nor._ Teu. armour, 352 Soloma, _f._ _Eng._ Heb. peace, 48 Sölmund, _m._ _Dan._ Teu. healing protection, 352 Solomon, _m._ _Eng._ Heb. peaceful, 48 Solva, _f._ _Nor._ Teu. healing drink, 352 _Solvar_, healthy warrior, 352 SOLVE, _m._ _Dan._ Teu. healthy warrior, 352 SOLVEIG, _f._ _m._ _Nor._ Teu. healing drink, 352 Somerled, _m._ _Scot._ Teu. summer wanderer, 432 Somhle, _m._ _Gael._ Teu. summer wanderer, 432 SOPHIA, _f._ _Eng._ Gr. wisdom, 107 Sophie, _f._ _Fr._ _Ger._ Gr. wisdom, 107 Sophocles, _m._ _Lat._ Gr. wise fame, 107 Sophonisba, _f._ _Eng._ Phœn. SOPHRON, _m._ _Eng._ Gr. of sound mind. SOPHRONIA, _f._ _Eng._ Gr. of sound mind. _Sophy_, _f._ _Eng._ Gr. wisdom, 107 SORCHA, _f._ _Erse_, Kelt. bright, 13 _Sorle_, _m._ _Nor._ Teu. armour, 352 _Sosana_, _f._ _Wall._ Heb. lily, 50 Speranza, _f._ _It._ Lat. hope, 196 Sperata, _f._ _It._ Lat. hoped for, 196 _Spira_, _f._ _Ill._ Gr. round basket, 124 Spiridion, _m._ _Ill._ Gr. round basket, 124 Spiridione, _m._ _It._ Gr. round basket, 124 _Spranzis_, _m._ _Lett._ Teu. free, 299 _Sprinzchen_, _f._ _N. Lands_, Teu. free, 299 _Sprizzis_, _m._ _Lett._ Teu. peace ruler, 296 _Spyridōn_, _m._ _M. Gr._ Gr. round basket, 124 _Spyro_, _m._ _M. Gr._ Gr. round basket, 124 _Ssachka_, _m._ _Russ._ Gr. helper of men, 85 _Ssachnika_, _m._ _Russ._ Gr. helper of men, 85 Ssava, _m._ _Russ._ Heb. rest (?), 216 _Ssemar_, _m._ _Russ._ Heb. obedient, 19 _Ssenka_, _m._ _Russ._ Heb. obedient, 19 _Sserezeca_, _Russ._ Lat. 152 Ssergii, _m._ _Russ._ Lat. 152 Ssevastjan, _m._ _Russ._ Gr. awful, 111 Ssevastjana, _f._ _Russ._ Gr. awful, 111 Ssevilla, _f._ _Russ._ Lat. wise old woman, 178 Ssimeon, _m._ _Russ._ Heb. obedient, 19 Ssimon, _m._ _Russ._ Heb. obedient, 19 Ssofija, _f._ _Russ._ Gr. wisdom, 107 _Ssonia_, _f._ _Russ._ Gr. wisdom, 107 _Ssoninska_, _f._ _Russ._ Gr. wisdom, 107 Ssusanna, _f._ _Russ._ Heb. lily, 50 STAALE, _m._ _Nor._ Teu. steel, 349 _Stach_, _m._ _Pol._ Slav. camp glory, 44 _Stacherl_, _m._ _Bav._ Gr. happy harvest, 89 _Staches_, _m._ _Bav._ Gr. happy harvest, 89 _Stachis_, _m._ _Lett._ Slav. camp glory, 440 _Stachus_, _m._ _Bav._ Gr. happy harvest, 89 _Stacy_, _f._ _Ir._ Gr. resurrection, 110 _Stanca_, _f._ _Ill._ Lat. firm, 162 _Stanel_, _m._ _Bav._ Slav. camp glory, 440 _Stanerl_, _m._ _Bav._ Slav. camp glory, 440 _Stanes_, _m._ _Bav._ Slav. camp glory, 440 Stanisav, _m._ _Ill._ Slav. camp glory, 440 _Stanisl_, _m._ _Bav._ Slav. camp glory, 440 Stanislao, _m._ _Port._ Slav. camp glory, 440 Stanislaus, _m._ _Ger._ Slav. camp glory, 440 STANISLAV, _m._ _Pol._ Slav. camp glory, 440 Stanislaos, _m._ _Lett._ Slav. camp glory, 440 _Stanko_, _m._ _Ill._ Slav. camp glory, 440 _Stanze_, _f._ _Ger._ Lat. firm, 161 _Stas_, _m._ _Bav._ Gr. of the resurrection, 110 _Stas_, _m._ _Pol._ Slav. camp glory, 440 _Stasi_, _m._ _Bav._ Gr. of the resurrection, 110 _Stasrl_, _m._ _Bav._ Gr. of the resurrection, 110 STASTNY, _m._ _Bohm._ Slav. happy, 441 Statire, _f._ _Fr._ Zend. 58 Stefan, _m._ _Slov._ _Swiss_, _Pol._ Gr. crown, 96 _Stefanida_, _f._ _Russ._ Gr. crown, 96 Stefanie, _f._ _Fr._ Gr. crown, 96 Stefano, _m._ _It._ _Gr._ crown, 96 Steffano, _m._ _It._ Gr. crown, 96 _Steffel_, _m._ _Bav._ Gr. crown, 96 STEIN, _m._ _Nor._ Teu. stone, 349 STEINARNA, _f._ _m._ _Nor._ Teu. stone eagle, 349 STEINAR, _m._ _Nor._ Teu. stone warrior, 349 STEINBJORN, _m._ _Nor._ Teu. stone bear, 349 _Steindor_, _m._ _Nor._ Teu. stone of Thor, 349 STEINFINN, _m._ _Nor._ Teu. stone white, 349 STEINGRIM, _m._ _Nor._ Teu. stone helmet, 349 STEINHAR, _m._ _Ger._ Teu. stone warrior, 349 STEINTHOR, _m._ _Nor._ Teu. stone of Thor, 349 STEINULV, _m._ _Nor._ Teu. stone wolf, 349 STEINVOR, _m._ _Nor._ Teu. stone prudence, 349 Stella, _f._ _Eng._ Lat. star, 57 Sten, _m._ _Ger._ Teu. stone, 349 _Stenka_, _m._ _Russ._ Gr. crown, 96 _Stenzel_, _m._ _Schleswig._ _Slav._ camp glory, 440 Stepan, _m._ _Russ._ _Bohm._ Gr. crown, 96 Stepania, _f._ _Ill._ Gr. crown, 96 Stepanida, _f._ _Russ._ Gr. crown, 97 Stephan, _m._ _Ger._ Gr. crown, 96 Stephana, _f._ _Eng._ Gr. crown, 96 Stephanie, _f._ _Ger._ _Fr._ Gr. crown, 96 Stephanine, _f._ _Ger._ Gr. crown, 96 STEPHANOS, _m._ Gr. crown, 96 Stephen, _m._ _Eng._ Gr. crown, 96 Stepica, _m._ _Ill._ Gr. crown, 96 _Stepka_, _m._ _Russ._ Gr. crown, 96 _Stepko_, _m._ _Ill._ Gr. crown, 96 _Stepo_, _m._ _Ill._ Gr. crown, 96 STERKULV, _m._ _Nor._ Teu. strong wolf, 336 Steven, _m._ _Dutch_, Gr. crown, 96 STIGAND, _m._ _Eng._ Teu. mounting, 434 Stilicho, _m._ _Lat._ Teu. steel, 349 _Stine_, _f._ _Ger._ Gr. Christian, 105 _Stoffel_, _m._ _Bav._ _Swiss_, Gr. Christ bearer, 106 _Stoppel_, _m._ _Bav._ Gr. Christ bearer, 106 _Strachota_, _m._ _Bohm._ Slav. terror. STRASIMIR, _m._ _Slav._ Slav. terrible peace, 440 STRASISLAV, _m._ _Slav._ Slav. terrible glory, 440 Stratonice, _f._ _Eng._ Gr. army victory, 212 STYGE, _m._ _Nor._ Teu. rising, 434 STYGGE, _m._ _Nor._ Teu. rising, 434 _Styntje_, _f._ _Dutch_, Gr. Christian, 105 Styrk, _f._ _Dan._ Teu. strong, 424 Styrker, _m._ _Nor._ Teu. strong, 424 _Sue_, _f._ _Eng._ Heb. lily, 50 Sueno, _m._ _Lat._ Teu. strong, 424 Suintila, _m._ _Goth._ Teu. strength, 424 _Sukey_, _f._ _Eng._ Heb. lily, 50 _Sulia_, _m._ _Bret._ Lat. downy beard, 150 _Suliana_, _f._ _Bret._ Lat. downy beard, 150 Suleiman, _m._ _Arab._ Heb. peaceful, 47 Sulpice, _m._ _Fr._ Lat. red spotted face, 152 SULPICIUS, _m._ Lat. red spotted face, 152 Sulpoy, _m._ _Ger._ Lat. red spotted face, 152 SUMALIDE, _m._ _Nor._ Teu. summer wanderer, 432 Susan, _f._ _Eng._ Heb. lily, 50 Susana, _f._ _Span._ Heb. lily, 50 Susanna, _f._ _Ger._ Heb. lily, 50 Susannah, _f._ _Eng._ Heb. lily, 50 Susechen, _f._ _Ger._ Heb. lily, 50 _Suse_, _f._ _Lett._ Heb. lily, 50 _Susette_, _f._ _Fr._ Heb. lily, 50 _Susie_, _f._ _Eng._ Heb. lily, 50 _Suska_, _f._ _Slav._ Heb. lily, 50 _Suson_, _f._ _Fr._ Heb. lily, 50 _Suzanne_, _f._ _Fr._ Heb. lily, 50 _Suzette_, _f._ _Fr._ Heb. lily, 50 _Suzan_, _f._ _Fr._ Heb. lily, 50 _Suzsi_, _f._ _Hung._ Heb. lily, 50 SVEIN, _m._ _Nor._ Teu. youth, 424 _Sven_, _m._ _Nor._ Teu. youth, 424 Svewke, _m._ _Nor._ Teu. youth, 424 Svenbjorn, _m._ _Nor._ Teu. young bear, 424 SVERKE, _m._ _Nor._ Teu. swarthy, 428 Sverkir, _m._ _Nor._ Teu. swarthy, 428 SVEVLAD, _m._ _Slov._ Slav. all ruler, 442 SVJATOPOLK, _m._ _Russ._ Slav. holy government, 441 SVJATOSLAV, _m._ _Ruaa._ Slav, holy glory, 441 Swain, _m._ _Eng._ Teu. youth, 424 SWANA, _f._ _Nor._ Teu. swan, 346 Swanbrecht, _m._ _Ger._ Teu. swan bright, 346 SWANHILD, _f._ _Nor._ Teu. swan battle maid, 346 SWANHOLD, _m._ _Ger._ Teu. swan firm, 346 SWANLAUG, _f._ _Nor._ Teu. swan water, 346 SAWNHVIT, _f._ _Nor._ Teu. swan white, 346 SWEND, _m._ _Dan._ Teu. strong youth, 424 _Swenike_, _m._ _Nor._ Teu. strong, 424 SWETLANA, _f._ _Russ._ Teu. star, 439 Swibert, _m._ _Fris._ Teu. brightness, 424 SWIDBIORG, _f._ _Nor._ Teu. strong protection, 424 SWIDGER, _m._ _Nor._ Teu. strong spear, 424 SWINTFRIED, _m._ _Ger._ Teu. strong peace, 424 SWITHBEORHT, _m._ _A.S._ Teu. strong brightness, 424 SWITHELM, _m._ _A.S._ Teu. strong helmet, 424 SWITHUN, _m._ _Eng._ Teu. strong friend, 424 Sylvanus, _m._ _Lat._ living in a wood, 179 _Sylvester_, _m._ _Eng._ Lat. living in a wood, 179 Sylvia, _f._ _Eng._ Lat. living in a wood, 179 Sylvius, _m._ _Lat._ living in a wood, 179 SYGFRYD, _m._ _Pol._ Teu. conquering peace, 357 _Syver_, _m._ _Nor._ Teu. conquering guard, 357 _Syvert_, _m._ _Nor._ Teu. conquering guard, 357 Szymon, _m._ _Pol._ Heb. obedient, 18 T _Tabby_, _f._ _Eng._ Aram. gazelle, 50 _Tabeia_, _f._ _Ger._ Aram. gazelle, 50 _Tabbern_, _m._ _Fris._ Teu. people’s sword, 375 TABITHA, _f._ _Eng._ Aram. gazelle, 50 Taddeo, _m._ _Ill._ Aram. praise, 20 _Tade_, _m._ _Ill._ Aram. praise, 20 _Tade_, _m._ _Fris._ Teu. people’s ruler, 375 Tadeiv, _m._ _Nor._ Thor’s relic, 302 Tadeo, _m._ _Span._ Aram. praise, 20 TADGH, _m._ _Erse_, Kelt. poet, 257 _Tadia_, _m._ _Ill._ Aram. praise, 20 _Taedlef_, _m._ _Fris._ Teu. people’s relic, 374 _Taffy_, _m._ _Welsh_, Heb. beloved, 46 _Tafline_, _f._ _Welsh_, Heb. beloved, 46 Taganwart, _m._ _O. Ger._ Teu. day guard, 334 Tago, _m._ _Span._ Teu. day, 334 Tajo, _m._ _Span._ Teu. day, 344 TAKAPERAHT, _m._ _O. Ger._ Teu. day bright, 334 _Talitha Cumi_, _f._ _Eng._ Aram. damsel arise. TALLWCH, _Cym._ Kelt. torrent, 275 _Tam_, _m._ _Scot._ Aram. twin, 22 Tamar, _f._ _Eng._ Heb. palm, 26 _Tamas_, _m._ _Hung._ Aram. twin, 22 _Tamassa_, _m._ _Lat._ Aram. twin, 22 Tamasine, _f._ _Eng._ Aram. twin, 22 _Tamkus_, _m._ _Lett._ Aram. twin, 22 _Tamlane_, _m._ _Scot._ Aram. twin, 22 _Tammy_, _f._ _Eng._ Aram. twin, 22 _Tamoszus_, _m._ _Lett._ Aram. twin, 22 _Tamzin_, _f._ _Eng._ Aram. twin, 22 Tancar, _m._ _Ger._ Teu. grateful warrior, 371 Tancard, _m._ _Eng._ Teu. grateful guard, 371 Tancred, _m._ _Eng._ Teu. grateful speech, 371 Tancredi, _m._ _It._ Teu. grateful speech, 371 _Taniel_, _m._ _Esth._ Heb. judgment of God, 50 Tankred, _m._ _Ger._ Teu. thankful speech, 371 _Tanne_, _m._ _Lett._ Lat. inestimable, 142 Tanneguy, _m._ _Bret._ Kelt. 252 _Tanni_, _m._ _Esth._ Heb. judgment of God, 50 TATE, _f._ _A.S.S._ cheerful, 429 _Tavid_, _m._ _Esth._ Heb. beloved, 46 Teague, _m._ _Ir._ Kelt. poet, 257 Tearlach, _m._ _Gael._ Teu. man, 386 Tebaldo, _m._ _It._ Teu. people’s valour, 374 _Tebes_, _m._ _Swiss_, Heb. goodness of the Lord, 49 Tecla, _f._ _It._ Ger. divine fame, 100 _Ted_, _m._ _Eng._ Teu. rich guard. _Tedor_, _m._ _Hamburgh_, Gr. divine gift, 101 _Tedric_, _m._ _Norman_, Teu. people’s rule, 374 Tegan Euvron, _m._ _Welsh_, Kelt. golden beauty, 234 TEITR, _m._ _Nor._ Teu. cheerful, 429 Telemachus, _m._ _Lat._ Gr. distant battle, 75 Telemaque, _m._ _Fr._ Gr. distant battle, 75 Temperance, _f._ _Eng._ Lat. _Tennis_, _m._ _Lett._ Gr. of Dionysos, 70 _Tennis_, _m._ _Lett._ Lat. inestimable, 142 _Tents_, _m._ _Lett._ Gr. of Dionysos, 70 _Teobald_, _m._ _Pol._ Teu. people’s valour, 374 Teobaldo, _m._ _It._ Teu. people’s valour, 374 _Teodor_, _m._ _Pol._ _Slov._ Gr. divine gift, 101 Teodora, _f._ _It._ Gr. divine gift, 101 Teodorico, _m._ _It._ Teu. people’s ruler, 373 Teodoro, _f._ _It._ Gr. divine gift, 101 Teodosia, _f._ _It._ _Russ._ Gr. divine gift, 101. Teodosio, _m._ _It._ Gr. divine gift, 101 Teodorico, _m._ _It._ Teu. people’s rule, 373 Teofil, _m._ _Slav._ Gr. divinely loved, 100 Teofila, _f._ _It._ Gr. divinely loved, 100 Teofilo, _m._ _It._ Gr. divinely loved, 100 Terence, _m._ _Ir._ Lat. tender, 152 Terentia, _f._ Lat. tender, 152 Terentilla, _f._ Lat. tender, 152 TERENTIUS, _m._ Lat. tender, 152 Terenz, _m._ _Ger._ Lat. tender, 152 Teresa, _f._ _It._ _Span._ Gr. carrying ears of corn, 124 _Teresina_, _f._ _Pol._ Gr. carrying ears of corn, 124 _Teresita_, _f._ _It._ _Span._ Gr. carrying ears of corn, 124 Terezia, _f._ _Ill._ Gr. carrying ears of corn, 124 _Terezia_, _f._ _Hung._ Gr. carrying ears of corn, 124 Terezie, _f._ _Bohm._ Gr. carrying ears of corn, 124 Terezyga, _f._ _Pol._ Gr. carrying ears of corn, 124 _Terry_, _m._ _Eng._ people’s rule, 375 _Terza_, _f._ _Ill._ Gr. carrying ears of corn, 124 TERTIA, _m._ Lat. third, 137 TERTIUS, _m._ Lat. third, 137 TERTULLA, third, 137 TERTULLIANUS, 137 _Tetje_, _m._ _Hamb._ Gr. divine gift, 101 _Teunis_, _m._ _Dutch_, Lat. inestimable, 142 _Teuntje_, _f._ _Dutch_, Lat. inestimable, 142 _Tewa_, _m._ _Esth._ Gr. crown, 96 Tewdur, _m._ _Welsh_, Gr. divine gift, 101 Tewdews, _f._ _Welsh_, divinely given, 101 _Tewes_, _m._ _Hamburgh_, Heb. goodness of the Lord, 49 _Thaddä_, _m._ _Ger._ Aram. praise, 20 THADDÆUS, _m._ _Eng._ Aram. praise, 20, 257 Thaddej, _m._ _Russ._ Aram. praise, 20 Thaddea, _m._ _Port._ Aram. praise, 20 _Thady_, _m._ _Ir._ Aram. praise, 20 _Thaiter_, _Erse_, Teu. powerful warrior, 425 Thakkraad, _Nor._ Teu. thankful speech, 371 Thalia, _f._ _Eng._ Gr. bloom, 72 Thangbrand, _Nor._ Teu. thankful sword, 371 _Thean_, _m._ _Fr._ Teu. people’s rule, 375 Thecla, _f._ _Eng._ Gr. divine fame, 100 Thecle, _f._ _Fr._ Gr. divine fame, 100 _Thedo_, _m._ _West Fris._ Gr. divine gift, 100 THEKLA, _f._ _Ger._ Gr. divine fame, 100 Theobald, _m._ _Eng._ Teu. people’s prince, 374 Theobalda, _f._ _Ger._ Teu. people’s prince, 374 Theobaldo, _m._ _Port._ Teu. people’s valour, 374 Theobul, _m._ _Ger._ Gr. divine council, 100 Theobulaire, _f._ _Ger._ Gr. divine council, 100 THEOBOULUS, _m._ _Lat._ Gr. divine council, 100 THEODEBALD, _A.S.S._ 373 THEODOMAIR, 373 _Theodemaro_, 374 _Theodisclo_, _Span._ Teu. people’s pledge, 374 _Theodolf_, _m._ _Ger._ Teu. people’s wolf, 374 THEODHARD, _m._ _Fr._ Teu. people’s firmness, 375 Theodofredo, _m._ _Span._ Teu. people’s peace, 375 Theodor, _m._ _Ger._ Gr. divine gift, 101 THEODOKAR, _m._ _Frank._ Teu. people’s spear, 375 THEODORA, _f._ _Eng._ _Ger._ Gr. divine gift, 101 Theodorada, _f._ _Ger._ Teu. people’s council, 373 Theodore, _m._ _Eng._ _Fr._ Gr. divine gift, 101 Theodoric, _m._ _Frank._ Teu. people’s rule, 373 THEODORICO, _m._ _Port._ Teu. people’s rule, 373 Theodoro, _m._ _Port._ Gr. divine gift, 101 THEODOROS, _m._ _Gr._ divine gift, 101 Theodorus, _m._ _Lat._ Gr. divine gift, 103 Theodose, _m._ _Fr._ Gr. divine gift, 103 Theodosia, _f._ _Ger._ _Eng._ Gr. divine gift, 103 Theodosio, _m._ _Port._ Gr. divine gift, 103 Theodosius, _m._ _Lat._ Gr. divinely given, 103 Theodotos, _m._ _Gr._ Gr. divinely given, 103 _Theodric_, _Eng._ Teu. people’s ruler, 373 Theodrekr, _m._ _Nor._ Teu. people’s rule, 373 Theodule, _f._ _Fr._ Gr. God’s servant, 103 Theone, _f._ _Ger._ Gr. godly, 103 Theophanes, _m._ _Lat._ Gr. divine manifestation, 212 THEOPHANIA, _f._ _Ger._ _Lat._ Gr. divine manifestation, 212 Theophanie, _f._ _Fr._ Gr. divine manifestation, 212 Theophano, _f._ _N. Ger._ Gr. divine manifestation, 212 Theophil, _m._ _Ger._ Gr. divinely loved, 100 Theophila, _f._ _Eng._ Gr. divinely loved, 100 Theophile, _m._ _Fr._ Gr. divinely loved, 100 Theophilo, _m._ _Port._ Gr. God loved, 100 THEOPHILOS, _m._ _Gr._ Gr. divinely loved, 100 Theophilus, _m._ _Eng._ Gr. God beloved, 100 _Theotari_, _m._ _Finn._ Gr. divine gift, 103 THERESA, _f._ _Eng._ Gr. carrying ears of corn, 124 Therèse, _f._ _Fr._ Gr. carrying ears of corn, 124 Theresia, _f._ _Ger._ Gr. harvester, 124 Theresie, _f._ _Ger._ Gr. harvester, 124 Theudebaldo, _m._ _Span._ Teu. people’s prince, 375 THEUDEBOLD, _m._ _Frank._ Teu. people’s prince, 374 Theudebert, _m._ _Frank._ Teu. people’s brightness, 374 Theudebrand, _m._ _Ger._ Teu. people’s sword, 375 Theudefred, _m._ _Goth._ Teu. people’s peace, 375 Theudegisle, _m._ _Ger._ Teu. people’s pledge, 375 Theudis, _m._ _Span._ Teu. the people, 375 THEUDHILDA, _f._ _Frank._ Teu. people’s heroine, 375 THEUDOLIND, _f._ _Ger._ Teu. people’s snake, 375 THEUDOMIR, _m._ _Frank._ Teu. people’s fame, 375 THEUDOWIN, _m._ _Frank._ Teu. people’s friend, 375 _Theunis_, _m._ _Dutch_, Lat. inestimable, 142 _Thiadmar_, _m._ _Fris._ Teu. people’s fame, 375 _Thiadelef_, _m._ _Fris._ Teu. people’s love, 375 _Thias_, _m._ _Eng._ Heb. gift of God, 15 _Thieu_, _m._ _Fr._ Teu. people’s ruler, 374 _Thebald_, _m._ _Fr._ Teu. people’s prince, 374 Thiebault, _m._ _Fr._ Teu. people’s prince, 374 Thibaud, _m._ _Fr._ Teu. people’s prince, 374 Thibault, _m._ _Fr._ Teu. people’s prince, 374 _Thierry_, _m._ _Fr._ Teu. people’s ruler, 374 _Thiesli_, _m._ _Swiss_, Heb. gift of God, 15, 103 _Thiess_, _m._ _L. Ger._ Heb. gift of God, 15 THIEDOLF, _m._ _Nor._ Teu. people’s wolf, 375 THIOSTAN, _m._ _Nor._ Teu. harsh warrior, 419 THIOSTOLF, _m._ _Nor._ Teu. harsh wolf, 419 THIOSTWALD, _m._ _Nor._ Teu. harsh power, 419 _Thiou_, _m._ _Fr._ Teu. people’s wolf, 375 Thirza, _f._ _Ger._ Heb. pleasantness, 38 THJODGEIR, _m._ _Nor._ Teu. people’s spear, 375 THJODHILDR, _f._ _Nor._ Teu. people’s heroine, 375 THJODHJALM, _m._ _Nor._ Teu. people’s helmet, 375 THJODLEIF, _m._ _Dan._ people’s relic, 375 THJODULV, _m._ _Nor._ Teu. people’s wolf, 375 THJODVALD, _m._ _Nor._ Teu. peoples power, 375 THJODVAR, _m._ _Nor._ Teu. people’s prudence, 375 _Thoddeiv_, _m._ _Nor._ Teu. Thor’s relic, 302, 332 _Tholliev_, _m._ _Nor._ Teu. Thor’s relic, 302, 332 Thoma, _m._ _Wall._ Aram. twin, 21 Thomas, _m._ _Fr._ _Eng._ Aram. twin, 21 Thomasia, _f._ _Ger._ Aram. twin, 22 Thomasin, _f._ _Ger._ Aram. twin, 22 Thomasine, _f._ _Eng._ Aram. twin, 22 THOR, _m._ _Ger._ Teu. the thunder god, 301 THORA, _f._ _Nor._ Teu. thunder, 302 Thorald, _m._ _Nor._ Teu. Thor’s power, 302 THORALFR, _m._ _Nor._ Teu. Thor’s elf, 302 THORARIN, _m._ _Nor._ Teu. Thor’s eagle, 302 THORARNA, _f._ _Nor._ Teu. Thor’s eagle, 302 THORBERA, _f._ _Nor._ Teu. Thor’s she bear, 302 Thorberg, _f._ _Ger._ Teu. Thor’s protection, 302 Thorbert, _m._ _Nor._ Teu. Thor’s splendour, 302 THORBJORG, _f._ _Nor._ Teu. Thor’s protection, 302 THORBJORN, _m._ _Nor._ Teu. Thor’s bear, 302 THORBRAND, _m._ _Ice._ Teu. Thor’s sword, 302 Thord, _m._ _Nor._ Teu. thunder, 302 Thorer, _m._ _Nor._ Teu. Thor’s warrior, 302 THORDIS, _f._ _Nor._ Teu. Thor’s household spirit, 302, 308 THORFINN, _m._ _Nor._ Teu. Thor’s white man, 302 THORFINNA, _f._ _Nor._ Teu. Thor’s white woman, 302 THORGARD, _m._ _Nor._ Teu. Thor’s guard, 302 THORGAUTR, _m._ _Nor._ Teu. Thor the good, 302 THORGERDA, _f._ _Nor._ Teu. Thor’s maiden, 302 THORGESTUR, _m._ _Nor._ Teu. Thor’s guest, 302 THORGILS, _m._ _Nor._ Teu. Thor’s pledge, 302 Thorgisla, _f._ _Dan._ Teu. Thor’s pledge, 302 THORGRIM, _m._ _Ice._ Teu. Thor the helmeted, 302 THORGUNNA, _f._ _Nor._ Teu. Thor’s war, 302 THORHALL, _m._ _Nor._ Teu. Thor’s stone, 302 THORHALLA, _f._ _Nor._ Teu. Thor’s stone, 302 THORHILDA, _f._ _Nor._ Teu. Thor’s battle maid, 302 Thorhilde, _f._ _Ger._ Teu. Thor’s battle maid, 302 Thorismondo, _m._ _Span._ Teu. Thor’s protection, 302 Thorismund, _m._ _Goth._ Teu. Thor’s protection, 302 THORKATLA, _f._ _Nor._ Teu. Thor’s cauldron, 302 THORKETYL, _m._ _Nor._ Teu. Thor’s cauldron, 302 _Thorkjell_, _m._ _Nor._ Teu. Thor’s cauldron, 302 THORLAUG, _f._ _Nor._ Teu. Thor’s liquor, 302 THORLEIF, _m._ _Nor._ Teu. Thor’s relic, 302 THORLEIK, _m._ _Nor._ Teu. Thor’s sport, 302 THORMOD, _m._ _Nor._ Teu. Thor’s mood, 302 Thorold, _m._ _Eng._ Teu. Thor’s power, 302 THOROLF, _m._ _Ger._ Teu. Thor’s wolf, 302 _Thorothea_, _f._ _M. Gr._ Gr. gift of God, 102 THORSTEIN, _m._ _Nor._ Teu. Thor’s jewel, 302 THORULVA, _f._ _Nor._ Teu. Thor’s wolf woman, 302 _Thorunna_, _f._ _Ice._ Teu. Thor’s free woman, 302 THORVALLDR, _m._ _Nor._ Teu. Thor’s power, 302 THORVID, _m._ _Nor._ Thor’s consecration, 302 THORWALD, _m._ _Ger._ Teu. Thor’s power, 303 THRALL, _m._ _Nor._ Teu. serf, 331 _Thrine_, _f._ _Ger._ Gr. pure, 123 THRUDR, _f._ _Nor._ Teu. battle maid of constancy, 319 Thumas, _m._ _O. Fr._ Aram. twin, 21 _Thursday_, _m._ _Eng._ 445 Thurstan, _m._ _Eng._ Teu. Thor’s jewel, 302 _Thyrgils_, _m._ _Swed._ Teu. Thor’s pledge, 302 Thyra, _f._ _Nor._ Teu. belonging to Tyr, 306 Thyrza, _f._ _Eng._ Heb. pleasantness, 38 _Tiabbern_, _m._ _Fris._ Teu. people’s sword, 375 _Tiaddo_, _m._ _Fris._ Teu. people’s ruler, 374 _Tiadelef_, _m._ _Fris._ Teu. people’s ruler, 374 Tiaderik, _m._ _Fris._ Teu. people’s ruler, 374 _Tiado_, _m._ _Fris._ Teu. people’s ruler, 374 _Tiago_, _m._ _Span._ Heb. supplanter, 17 _Tiallef_, _m._ _Fris._ people’s ruler, 374 _Tiard_, _m._ _Fris._ Teu. people’s prince, 374 _Tiarik_, _m._ _Fris._ Teu. people’s ruler, 375 _Tiark_, _m._ _Fris._ Teu. people’s ruler, 374 _Tiart_, _m._ _Fris._ Teu. people’s prince, 374 _Tib_, _m._ _Eng._ Teu. people’s prince, 374 Tibal, _m._ _Eng._ Teu. people’s prince, 374 Tiballa, _m._ _Eng._ Teu. people’s prince, 374 Tibaut, _m._ _Fr._ Teu. people’s prince, 374 _Tibbie_, _f._ _Scot._ Heb. God’s oath, 35 _Tibble_, _m._ _Eng._ Teu. people’s prince, 374 Tibelda, _f._ _Eng._ Teu. people’s prince, 374 Tibotta, _f._ _Eng._ people’s prince, 374 _Tibout_, _m._ _Fr._ Teu. people’s prince, 374 _Tide_, _m._ _Fris._ Teu. people’s ruler, 374 _Tidmer_, _m._ _Fris._ Teu. people’s fame, 374 _Tido_, _m._ _Fris._ Teu. people’s ruler, 374 _Tiebold_, _m._ _Ger._ Teu. people’s prince, 374 _Tiedmer_, _m._ _Fris._ Teu. people’s fame, 375 _Tienette_, _f._ _Fr._ Gr. crown, 97 _Tiennon_, _m._ _Fr._ Gr. crown, 96 _Tiennot_, _m._ _Fr._ Gr. crown, 96 Tiernan, _m._ _Ir._ Kelt, kingly, 258 _Tietje_, _m._ _Neth._ Teu. people’s rule, 375 Tiffany, _f._ _Eng._ Gr. divine manifestation, 212 _Tiga_, _f._ _Lett._ Gr. God’s gift, 101 TIGHEARNACH, _m._ _Erse_, Kelt. kingly, 257 _Tigo_, _m._ _Lett._ Gr. God’s gift, 102 TIHOMIL, _m._ _Slav._ Slav. silent love, 445 TIHOMIR, _m._ _Slav._ Slav. silent peace, 445 TIHOSLAV, _m._ _Slav._ Slave, silent glory, 445 _Tike_, _f._ _Lett._ Gr. God’s gift, 101 TIKLA, _f._ _Pol._ Slav. goddess of good luck. _Til_, _f._ _Eng._ Teu. mighty battle maid, 422 _Tilda_, _f._ _Eng._ Teu. mighty battle maid, 422 _Tile_, _m._ _Neth._ Teu. people’s rule, 373 _Tille_, _f._ _Ger._ Teu. mighty battle maid, 422 _Tilo_, _m._ _Fris._ Teu. people’s rule, 375 _Tim_, _m._ _Ir._ Gr. fear God, 104 Timofei, _m._ _Russ._ Gr. fear God, 104 _Timoscha_, _m._ _Russ._ Gr. fear God, 104 Timoteo, _m._ _It._ Gr. fear God, 104 Timothea, _f._ _Eng._ Gr. fear God, 104 Timothée, _m._ _Fr._ Gr. fear God, 104 TIMOTHEOS, _m._ Gr. fear God, 104 Timotheus, _m._ Ger. Lat. fear God, 104 Timothy, _m._ _Eng._ Lat. fear God, 104 Timotij, _m._ _Pol._ Gr. fear God, 104 Timotij, _m._ _Slav._ Gr. fear God, 104 _Tina_, _f._ _It._ Teu. man, 359 _Tine_, _f._ _Ger._ Gr. Christian, 105 _Tio_, _f._ _Esth._ Gr. gift of God, 101 Tirzah, _f._ _Eng._ Heb. pleasantness, 38 Tiphaïne, _f._ _Fr._ Gr. divine manifestation, 212 Tit, _m._ _Esth._ Lat. safe (?), 136 TITA, _m._ _It._ Lat. safe, 136 Tite, _m._ _Fr._ Lat. safe, 136 TITIANUS, _m._ Lat. safe, 136 Tito, _f._ _It._ Lat. safe (?), 136 TITURIUS, _m._ Lat. safe, 136 TITUS, _m._ Lat. safe, 136 _Tivador_, _m._ _Hung._ Gr. divine gift, 101 _Tiz_, _Lett._ Teu. people’s ruler, 375 _Tiziano_, _m._ _It._ Lat. safe, 136 _Tjerri_, _m._ _Russ._ Teu. people’s ruler, 375 TJOD, _m._ _Nor._ Teu. the people, 375 TJODGJER, _m._ _Nor._ Teu. people’s spear, 375 TJODREKR, _m._ _Nor._ Teu. people’s ruler, 375 TJODULV, _m._ _Nor._ Teu. people’s wolf, 375 TJODWALD, _m._ _Nor._ Teu. people’s power, 375 TJOKLE, _f._ _Russ._ Gr. divine fame, 103 _Tobeis_, _m._ _Swiss_, Heb. goodness of the Lord, 49 _Tobej_, _m._ _Russ._ Heb. goodness of the Lord, 49 _Tobia_, _m._ _It._ _Ger._ Heb. goodness of the Lord, 49 Tobias, _m._ _Hung._ _Eng._ _Span._ Heb. goodness of the Lord, 49 _Tobiasz_, _m._ _Pol._ Heb. goodness of the Lord, 49 _Tobies_, _m._ _Swiss_, Heb. goodness of the Lord, 49 _Tobija_, _m._ _Russ._ _Slov._ Heb. goodness of the Lord, 49 _Toby_, _m._ _Eng._ Heb. goodness of the Lord, 49 Tobysas, _m._ _Lett._ Heb. goodness of the Lord, 49 _Todo_, _m._ _Fris._ Teu. people’s ruler, 375 Todor, _m._ _Ill._ _Slov._ Gr. divine gift, 101 Todorik, _m._ _Slov._ Teu. people’s ruler, 375 _Toff_, _m._ _Neth._ Gr. Christ bearer, 106 _Toffel_, _m._ _Neth._ Gr. Christ bearer, 106 _Toger_, _Nor._ Teu. people’s spear, 375 _Toinette_, _f._ _Fr._ Lat. inestimable, 142 _Toinon_, _f._ _Fr._ Lat. inestimable, 142 TOIRDELVACH, _m._ _Erse_, Kelt. tall as a tower, 259 TOKE, _m._ _Dan._ raving, 419 _Tolla_, _f._ _Rom._ Lat. victor, 197 _Tollo_, _m._ _Rom._ Lat. victor, 197 _Tolomieu_, _m._ _Fr._ Heb. son of furrows, 25 _Tolv_, _m._ _Dan._ Teu. Thor’s wolf, 302 _Tom_, _m._ _Eng._ Aram. twin, 21 _Toma_, _m._ _Ill._ Aram. twin, 21 TOMALHAID, _m._ _Erse_, Kelt. 21 Tomas, _m._ _Span._ _Ill._ Aram. twin, 21 Tomasa, _f._ _Span._ Aram. twin, 21 Tomasz, _m._ _Pol._ Aram. twin, 21 Tome, _m._ _Span._ Aram. twin, 21 Tommasso, _m._ _It._ Aram. twin, 21 _Tonek_, _m._ _Slov._ Lat. inestimable, 142 _Tone_, _m._ _Slov._ Lat. inestimable, 142 _Tonek_, _m._ _Slov._ Lat. inestimable, 142 _Toni_, _m._ _Bav._ Lat. inestimable, 142 _Tonietto_, _m._ _It._ Lat. inestimable, 142 _Tonio_, _m._ _It._ Lat. inestimable, 142 _Tonisech_, _m._ _Lus._ Lat. inestimable, 142 _Tonjes_, _m._ _Fris._ Lat. inestimable, 142 _Tonk_, _m._ _Lus._ Lat. inestimable, 142 _Tonneli_, _m._ _Swiss_, Lat. inestimable, 142 _Tonnies_, _m._ _Fris._ Lat. inestimable, 142 _Tonnio_, _m._ _Esth._ Lat. inestimable, 142 _Tonnis_, _m._ _Esth._ Lat. inestimable, 142 _Tool_, _m._ _Dutch_, Lat. inestimable, 142 Toole, _Ir._ Kelt, lordly, 258 _Toon_, _m._ _Dutch_, Lat. inestimable, 142 _Toontje_, _m._ _Dutch_, Lat. inestimable, 142 _Torchel_, _m._ _Norman_, Teu. Thor’s cauldron, 301 _Toribio_, _m._ _Span._ Teu. Thor’s bear (?), 302 _Torkel_, _m._ _Dan._ Teu. Thor’s cauldron, 302 _Torketyl_, _m._ _Nor._ Teu. Thor’s cauldron, 302 _Torli_, _f._ _Swiss_, Gr. gift of God, 101 Tormaid, _m._ _Gael._ Teu. Niord’s man, 306 Torquato, _m._ _It._ Lat. wearing a neck chain, 164 TORQUATUS, _m._ Lat. wearing a neck chain, 164 _Torquil_, _m._ _Eng._ Teu. Thor’s pledge or cauldron, 164, 302 _Toso_, _m._ _Ill._ Gr. divine gift, 302 _Tostain_, _m._ _Nor._ Teu. Thor’s stone, 302 _Tostig_, _m._ _Eng._ Teu. harsh day, 419 _Tostein_, _m._ _Fr._ Teu. Thor’s stone, 302 Totila, _m._ _Lat._ Teu. battle leader, 302 _Tott_, _m._ _Ger._ Teu. people, 374 _Tots_, _m._ _Lett._ Gr. fear God, 104 Toussaint, _m._ _Fr._ Lat. all saints, 219 _Tovi_, _m._ _Swiss_, Heb. beloved, 47 _Toveli_, _m._ _Swiss_, Heb. beloved, 47 _Tracy_, _f._ _Eng._ Gr. carrying ears of corn, 124 TRAHERNE, _m._ _Welsh_, Lat. 164 Trajano, _m._ _It._ Lat. 164 TRAJANUS, _Lat._ 164 _Traudl_, _f._ _Bav._ Teu. spear maid, 368 _Traugott_, _m._ _Ger._ trust God, 468 _Trenel_, _m._ _Bav._ Gr. pure, 123 _Treschen_, _f._ _Hamb._ Gr. harvester, 124 _Treuhold_, _m._ _Ger._ faithful, 456 _Tri_, _f._ _Swiss_, Gr. pure, 123 _Trili_, _f._ _Swiss_, Gr. pure, 123 _Trine_, _f._ _Swiss_, Gr. pure, 123 _Trineli_, _f._ _Swiss_, Gr. pure, 123 _Trinette_, _f._ _French_, Gr. pure, 123 _Trino_, _f._ _Esth._ Gr. pure, 123 Tristan, _m._ _Fr._ Kelt. herald, 274 Tristano, _m._ _It._ Kelt. herald, 274 Tristram, _m._ _Eng._ Kelt. herald, 275 _Trix_, _f._ _Eng._ Lat. blesser, 184 _Trod_, _f._ _Eng._ Nor. constant battle maid, 319 Trofeem, _m._ _Russ._ Gr. nourishing, 94 Trophimus, _m._ _Lat._ Gr. nourishing, 94 Troth, _f._ _Eng._ Teu. constant battle maid, 319 _Trudchen_, _f._ _Ger._ Teu. spear maid, 368 Trude, _f._ _Ger._ _Lett._ Teu. spear maid, 368 _Trudel_, _f._ _N. Lands._ Teu. spear maid, 368 _Trudje_, _f._ _Neth._ Teu. spear maid, 368 _Truta_, _f._ _Esth._ Teu. spear maid, 368 _Truto_, _f._ _Esth._ Teu. spear maid, 368 TRWST, _m._ _Cym._ Kelt. proclaimer, 275 _Tryg_, _m._ _Nor._ Teu. true, 319 TRYGGVE, _m._ _Nor._ Teu. true, 421 _Tryn_, _f._ _Dutch_, Gr. pure, 123 TRYPHENA, _f._ _Eng._ Gr. dainty, 94 TRYPHON, _m._ Gr. dainty, 94 TRYPHOSA, _f._ _Eng._ Gr. dainty, 94 TRYSTAM, _m._ _Eng._ Kelt. herald, 275 _Tsassen_, _f._ _Fris._ Gr. Christian, 105 TUATHAL, _m._ _Erse_, Kelt. lordly, 258 TUALTHFLAITH, _f._ _Erse_, Kelt. noble lady, 258 Tudor, _m._ _Welsh_, Gr. divine gift, 101 TUGENDREICH, _m._ _Ger._ Teu. virtue rich. Tullia, _f._ _It._ Lat. spout of blood (?), 130 TULLIUS, _m._ Lat. spout of blood (?), 130 TULLUS, _m._ Lat. spout of blood (?), 130 _Tunstal_, _m._ _Eng._ Teu. Thor’s wolf, 302 _Tunstan_, _m._ _Eng._ Teu. Thor’s stone, 302 Tuomas, _m._ _Finn._ Aram. twin, 21 Turcetyl, _m._ _A.S._ Teu. Thor’s kettle, 302 Turgar, _m._ _Eng._ Teu. Thor’s spear, 302 _Turketul_, _m._ _Eng._ Teu. Thor’s kettle, 302 Turlozgh, _m._ _Ir._ Kelt. tower like, 259 TVERDIMIR, _m._ _Slav._ firm peace, 442 TVERDISLAV, _m._ _Slav._ firm glory, 442 _Tverdko_, _m._ _Slav._ firm, 442 _Twador_, _m._ _Hung._ Gr. divine gift, 101 Tybal, _f._ _Eng._ Teu. people’s prince, 374 Tyballa, _f._ _Eng._ Teu. people’s prince, 374 Tybalt, _m._ _Eng._ Teu. people’s prince, 374 Tycho, _m._ _Lat._ Teu. raging, 419 _Tyeddemar_, _m._ _Fris._ Teu. people’s fame, 374 TYKE, _m._ _Dan._ Teu. raging, 419 _Tyge_, _m._ _Dan._ Teu. raging, 419 Tymolensz, _m._ _Slav._ Gr. fear God, 104 _Tyno_, _m._ _Lus._ Lat. healthy, 153 TYRE, _m._ _Dan._ Teu. divine, 306 _Tziasso_, _m._ _Fris._ Gr. Christian, 105 U UADELBRECHT, _m._ _O. Ger._ Teu. nobly bright, 409 UADALRICH, _m._ _O. Ger._ Teu. noble ruler, 410 UAILSI, _f._ _Erse_, Kelt. proud, 224 Ubald, _m._ _Ger._ Teu. mind prince, 354 Ubalde, _m._ _Fr._ Teu. mind prince, 354 Ubaldo, _m._ _It._ Teu. mind prince, 354 Uberto, _m._ _Span._ _It._ Teu. mind bright, 354 Uc, _m._ _Prov._ Teu. mind, 353 Uchtred, _m._ _Eng._ Teu. mind council, 353 _Ucko_, _m._ _Fris._ Teu. noble rule, 412 _Uda_, _f._ _Ger._ Teu. rich, 378 Udalland, _m._ _Ger._ Teu. noble country, 412 Udalrich, _m._ _Ger._ Teu. noble ruler, 409 Udalrike, _f._ _Ger._ Teu. noble ruler, 409 Udalrique, _f._ _Fr._ Teu. noble ruler, 409 Udolfo, _m._ _Ital._ Teu. noble wolf, 409 _Udve_, _m._ _Nor._ Teu. rich war, 378 _Ueli_, _m._ _Swiss_, Teu. noble ruler, 412 Uffo, _m._ _Ger._ Teu. wild boar, 337 Uggieri, _m._ _It._ Teu. holy, 402 Ugo, _m._ _It._ Teu. mind, 353 _Ugolino_, _m._ _It._ Teu. mind, 353 Ugon, _m._ _Ill._ Teu. mind, 353 Ugone, _m._ _It._ Teu. mind, 353 _Ugotto_, _m._ _It._ Teu. mind, 353 _Uguccione_, _m._ _Ital._ Teu. mind, 353 Ugues, _m._ _O. Fr._ Teu. mind, 353 Uisdean, _m._ _Gael._ Teu. mind, 353 Uladislaus, _m._ _Lat._ Slav. ruling glory, 442 _Uland_, _m._ _Ger._ Teu. noble country, 412 _Ulbrecht_, _m._ _Ger._ Teu. noble splendour, 410 _Uldriks_, _m._ _Lett._ Teu. noble ruler, 409 _Ulerk_, _m._ _Fris._ Teu. noble ruler, 409 ULF, _m._ _Nor._ Teu. wolf, 336 _Ulfac_, _m._ _Eng._ Teu. tall wolf, 336 ULFAR, _m._ _Nor._ Teu. wolf warrior, 336 _Ulfener_, _m._ _Eng._ Teu. wolf, 336 _Ulferd_, _m._ _Ger._ Teu. noble peace, 410 Ulfilas, _m._ _Lat._ Teu. wolf, 336 _Ulfried_, _m._ _Ger._ Teu. noble peace, 410 Ulfric, _m._ _Eng._ Teu. wolf ruler, 336 ULFHEDINN, _m._ _Ice._ Teu. wolf fury, 336 ULFHERDUR, _m._ _Ice._ Teu. wolf guard, 336 Ulick, _m._ _Fr._ Teu. mind reward, 75 Uliseo, _m._ _It._ Gr. hater, 75 Ulisse, _m._ _Fr._ Gr. hater, 75 Ulfliotr, _m._ _Ice._ wolf warrior, 336 _Ulk_, _f._ _m._ _Fris._ Teu. noble rule, 410 _Ull_, _m._ _Nor._ Teu. will, 314 ULLA, _f._ _Nor._ Teu. will, 314 ULLR, _m._ _Nor._ Teu. 314 Ulphilas, _m._ _Lat._ Teu. wolf, 336 Ullric, _m._ _Bohm._ _Fr._ Teu. noble ruler, 409 Ulrica, _f._ _Eng._ _Rom._ Teu. noble ruler, 409 Ulrick, _m._ _Ger._ Teu. noble ruler, 409 Ulrico, _m._ _Ital._ Teu. noble ruler, 409 Ulrih, _m._ _Slov._ Teu. noble ruler, 409 Ulrik, _m._ _Fris._ Teu. noble ruler, 409 Ulrika, _f._ _Russ._ Teu. noble rule, 409 Ulrike, _f._ _Ger._ Teu. noble rule, 409 Ulrique, _f._ _Fr._ Teu. noble rule, 409 Ulryk, _m._ _Pol._ Teu. noble rule, 409 Ulryka, _f._ _Pol._ Teu. noble rule, 409 Ulv, _m._ _Nor._ Teu. wolf, 336 Ulva, _f._ _Nor._ Teu. wolf, 336 ULVHILDUR, _f._ _Nor._ Teu. wolf battle maid, 336 Ulysses, _m._ _Lat._ Gr. hater, 75 UNA, _f._ _Erse_, Kelt. famine, 254 UNCHI, _f._ _Erse_, Kelt. contentious, 224 Undine, _f._ _Ger._ Lat. of the waves. UNNA, _f._ _Ice._ Teu. woman, 307 _Uoli_, _f._ _Swiss_, Teu. noble ruler, 411 UOTE, _f._ _Ger._ Teu. rich, 378 Uppo, _m._ _Ger._ Teu. wild boar, 337 UPRAVDA, _m._ _Slav._ uprightness, 444 Urania, _f._ _Eng._ Gr. heavenly, 72 Uranie, _f._ _Fr._ Gr. heavenly, 72 Uranius, _m._ Lat. Gr. heavenly, 72 Urbain, _m._ _Fr._ Lat. of the town, 202 Urban, _m._ _Ger._ _Eng._ Lat. of the town, 202 Urbana, _f._ _Ger._ Lat. of the town, 202 Urbano, _m._ _It._ Lat. of the town, 202 URBANUS, _m._ Lat. of the town, 202 Urgel, _m._ _Span._ Teu. holy, 403 Urraca, _f._ _Span._ Teu. council of war, 394 Urien, _m._ _Welsh_, Gr. heavenly, 72 _Uric_, _m._ _Eng._ Teu. noble ruler, 409 Ursa, _f._ _Slov._ Lat. bear, 199 _Urschel_, _f._ _Ger._ Lat. bear, 199 Urschla, _f._ _Swiss_, Lat. bear, 199 Ursel, _f._ _Eng._ Lat. bear, 199 Ursello, _m._ _Rom._ Lat. bear, 199 Ursilo, _m._ _It._ Lat. bear, 199 Ursin, _m._ _Fr._ Lat. bear, 199 Ursino, _m._ _It._ Lat. bear, 199 _Ursley_, _f._ _Eng._ Lat. bear, 199 Ursola, _f._ _Span._ Lat. bear, 199 Urssula, _f._ _Russ._ Lat. bear, 199 Ursula, _f._ _Ger._ _Eng._ Lat. bear, 199 Ursule, _f._ _Fr._ Lat. bear, 199 URSUS, _m._ Lat. bear, 199 _Ursyn_, _m._ _Pol._ bear, 199 Urszula, _f._ _Pol._ Lat. bear, 199 _Urte_, _f._ _Lith._ Gr. gift of God, 102 Urvan, _m._ _Russ._ Lat. of the town, 202 Uta, _f._ _Ger._ Teu. rich, 378 UTHYR, _m._ _Welsh_, Kelt. terrible, 267 _Utz_, _m._ _Ger._ Teu. noble ruler, 409 Uzziah, _m._ _Eng._ Heb. might of the Lord, 9 V _Vaccslav_, _m._ _Bohm._ Slav. crown glory, 441 _Vaclav_, _m._ _Bohm._ _Pol._ Slav. crown glory, 441 _Vacslav_, _m._ _Bohm._ Slav. crown glory, 441 _Val_, _m._ _Eng._ Lat. healthy, 153 VALBJORG, _f._ _Nor._ Teu. slaughter protection, 316 Valborg, _f._ _Swed._ Teu. slaughter protection, 316 Valburg, _f._ _Swed._ Teu. slaughter protection, 317 VALD, _m._ _Nor._ Teu. power, 424 Valdemar, _m._ _Fr._ Teu. powerful fame, 315 VALDIS, _f._ _Nor._ Teu. spirit of slaughter, 317 _Valdus_, _m._ _Lat._ Teu. power, 215 _Valericus_, _m._ _Lat._ Teu. slaughter spear, 316 _Valek_, _m._ _Bohm._ Lat. healthy, 153 Valente, _m._ _It._ Lat. healthy, 153 Valentim, _m._ _Port._ Lat. healthy, 153 Valentin, _m._ _Fr._ Lat. healthy, 153 Valentina, _f._ _It._ Lat. healthy, 153 Valentine, _m._ _Eng._ Lat. healthy, 153 Valentine, _f._ _Fr._ Lat. healthy, 153 Valentino, _m._ _It._ Lat. healthy, 153 Valentinus, _m._ _Lat._ healthy, 153 Valentyn, _m._ _Pol._ Lat. healthy, 153 Valer, _m._ _Ger._ Lat. healthy, 152 Valasquita, _f._ _Span._ Teu. slaughter, 317 Valère, _m._ _Fr._ Lat. healthy, 152 Valeria, _f._ _It._ _Ger._ Lat. healthy, 152 VALERIANUS, _m._ Lat. healthy, 152 Valerie, _f._ _Fr._ _Ger._ Lat. healthy, 152 Valerien, _m._ _Fr._ Lat. healthy, 152 Valerij, _m._ _Russ._ Lat. healthy, 152 Valerio, _m._ _It._ Lat. healthy, 152 VALERIUS, _m._ Lat. healthy, 152 Valery, _m._ _Fr._ Teu. slaughter ruler, 317 _Valeska_, _f._ _Slav._ Slav. ruling glory, 441 _Valgard_, _m._ _Nor._ Teu. foreign spear, 316 Valgjer, _m._ _Ice._ Teu. foreign spear, 316 Valjgerda, _m._ _Ice._ Teu. foreign guard, 316 Valheri, _m._ _Frank._ Teu. slaughter host, 316 _Vallia_, _m._ _Span._ Teu. slaughter, 316 _Valmont_, _f._ _Fr._ Teu. slaughter protection, 316 _Valpurgis_, _f._ _Ger._ Teu. slaughter protection, or powerful protection, 317 Valtheof, _m._ _Nor._ Teu. foreign thief, 316 VALTRUD, _f._ _Nor._ Teu. slaughter maid, 317 _Vanjuscha_, _Dutch_, grace of God, 45 _Vanka_, _m._ _Russ._ Heb. grace of God, 45 _Vanni_, _m._ _It._ Heb. grace of God, 45 _Vanora_, _f._ _Scot._ Kelt. white wave, 270 _Vara_, _f._ _Ill._ Gr. stranger, 117 Varfolomei, _m._ _Russ._ Aram. son of furrows, 25 _Varinka_, _f._ _Russ._ Gr. stranger, 117 Varnava, _m._ _Russ._ Aram. son of consolation, 24 Vartholomei, _m._ _Wall._ Aram. son of furrows, 25 Varvara, _f._ _Russ._ Gr. stranger, 117 _Vaschka_, _m._ _Russ._ Gr. kingly, 57 _Vashti_, _f._ _Eng._ Pers. 57 Vasilij, _m._ _Ill._ Gr. royal, 112 _Vaso_, _m._ _Ill._ Gr. royal, 112 Vassilij, _m._ _Russ._ Gr. royal, 112 _Vassja_, _m._ _Russ._ Gr. royal, 112 _Vasska_, _m._ _Russ._ Gr. royal, 112 VATROSLAV, _m._ _Slov._ Slav. fiery glory, 441 Vaubert, _m._ _Fr._ Teu. bright slaughter, 317 Vaubourg, _f._ _Fr._ Teu. slaughter protection, 317 Vaudru, _f._ _Fr._ Teu. slaughter maid, 317 Vautrude, _f._ _Fr._ Teu. slaughter maid, 317 _Vavrinec_, _m._ _Bohm._ Lat. laurel, 174 _Vavrzynec_, _m._ _Pol._ Lat. laurel, 174 VEBJORN, _m._ _Nor._ Teu. sacred bear, 320 VEBRAND, _m._ _Nor._ Teu. sacred sword, 320 VEDIS, _f._ _Nor._ Teu. sacred sprite, 320 VEDORM, _m._ _Nor._ Teu. sacred snake, 321 VEGJER, _m._ _Nor._ Teu. sacred spear, 321 VEDHELM, _m._ _Nor._ Teu. sacred helmet, 321 VEDHILD, _f._ _Nor._ Teu. sacred battle maid, 321 _Vefeli_, _f._ _Ill._ Kelt. white wave, 270 _Vehka_, _Bulg._ great glory, 441 Veicht, _m._ _Bav._ Teu. living, 198 Veidl, _m._ _Bav._ Teu. living, 198 VEKOSLAV, _m._ _Slav._ eternal glory, 441 VEKOSLAVA, _f._ _Slav._ eternal glory, 441 _Veleda_, _f._ Teu. wise woman, 441 VELISLAV, _f._ _m._ _Bulg._ Slav. great glory, 441 VELIKA, _f._ _Bulg._ Slav. great, 441 VELIMIR, _m._ _Bulg._ Slav. great peace, 441 VENCESLAV, _m._ _Slov._ Slav. crown glory, 441 Venedikt, _m._ _Russ._ Lat. blessed, 184 Venetia, _f._ _Eng._ Kelt. blessed, 184 Venice, _f._ _Eng._ Kelt. blessed, 184 _Ventura_, _m._ _It._ Lat. well met, 185 VENUS, _m._ Lat. fair (?) Venzeslaus, _m._ _Ger._ Slav. crown glory, 441 VENZESLAV, _m._ _Russ._ Slav. crown glory, 441 Vera, _f._ _Serv._ Slav. faith, 449 Verban, _m._ _Slov._ Lat. of the city, 202 Vercingetorix, _m._ _Lat._ Kelt. chief of one hundred heads, 237 Verena, _Ger._ Teu. sacred wisdom, 331 _Verena_, _f._ _Ger._ Lat. Gr. true picture, 207 _Verenchen_, _f._ _Ger._ Lat. Gr. true picture, 227 _Verenund_, _m._ _Nor._ Teu. guardian protector, 377 Vergosillanus, _m._ _Lat._ Kelt. man of the banner, 236 Vermudo, _m._ _Span._ bear’s protection, 339 Vernulfo, _m._ _Span._ Teu. bear wolf, 339 _Verra_, _f._ _Ill._ Slav. faith, 449 Veronica, _f._ _It._ _Eng._ Lat. Gr. true image, 207 Veronike, _f._ _Ger._ Lat. Gr. true picture, 207 Veronique, _f._ _Fr._ Lat. Gr. true picture, 207 VERRES, _m._ _Lat._ boar, 337 Vestan, _m._ _Nor._ sacred stone, 321 VESTESLAV, _m._ _Bohm._ Slav. crown glory, 441 VESTLIDE, _m._ _Nor._ Teu. western wanderer, 432 VETILIDE, _m._ _Nor._ Teu. winter wanderer, 432 _Veva_, _f._ _Ill._ Kelt. white wave, 270 _Vevay_, _f._ _Bav._ Kelt. white wave, 270 _Vevina_, _f._ _Scot._ Kelt. melodious woman, 224 Victoire, _f._ _Fr._ Lat. victorious, 197 VICTOR, _m._ _Ger._ _Fr._ _Eng._ Lat. conqueror, 197 Victoria, _f._ _Eng._ Lat. conqueror, 197 Victorie, _f._ _Ger._ Lat. victorious, 197 Victorine, _f._ _Fr._ Lat. victorious, 197 Vid, _m._ _Bohm._ Lat. life, 320 Vida, _m._ _Hung._ Lat. life, 198, 320 _Vida_, _f._ _Eng._ Heb. beloved, 320 VIGBRAND, _m._ _Ger._ Teu. war sword, 418 Vigelius, _m._ _Lat._ Teu. warring, 418 VIGFUS, _m._ _Ger._ Teu. war eagerness, 418 VIGHEARD, _m._ _A.S._ Teu. war firmness, 418 VIGLAF, _m._ _A.S._ Teu. war relic, 418 VIGLEIK, _m._ _Nor._ Teu. war sport, 418 Viktor, _m._ _Slav._ Lat. conqueror, 197 Vikentij, _m._ _Russ._ Lat. conqueror, 197 VIKING, _m._ _Nor._ Teu. bay inhabitant, 432 VILBJORG, _f._ _Nor._ Teu. resolute protection, 314 Vilem, _m._ _Bohm._ Teu. resolute helmet, 314 Vilelm, _m._ _Pol._ Teu. resolute helmet, 314 Vilgelm, _m._ _Russ._ Teu. resolute helmet, 314 VILGERD, _m._ _Nor._ Teu. resolute protection, 314 Vilhelm, _Slov._ _Hung._ Teu. resolute helmet, 314 Vilhelmine, _f._ _Swed._ Teu. resolute helmet, 314 Viljalm, _m._ _Nor._ Teu. resolute helmet, 314 Vilibaldo, _m._ _Port._ Teu. resolute prince, 314 Vincenc, _m._ _Bohm._ Lat. conquering, 197 Vincencio, _m._ _Span._ Lat. conquering, 197 VINCENS, _m._ _Ger._ Lat. conquering, 197 Vincent, _m._ _Eng._ _Fr._ Lat. conquering, 197 Vincente, _m._ _Port._ Lat. conquering, 197 Vincenty, _m._ _Pol._ Lat. conquering, 197 Vincenz, _m._ _Ger._ Lat. conquering, 197 Vincenzio, _m._ _It._ Lat. conquering, 197 VINCIGUERRA, _m._ _It._ Lat. Teu. conquering war, 197 Vincislao, _m._ _It._ Slav. crown glory, 441 _Vincze_, _m._ _Hung._ Lat. conquering, 197 Viola, _f._ _It._ Lat. violet, 206 Violante, _f._ _Span._ Lat. violet, 206 Violet, _f._ _Scot._ Lat. violet, 206 Violette, _f._ _Fr._ Lat. violet, 206 Virdumarus, _m._ _Lat._ Kelt. great dark man, 237 Virgil, _m._ _Eng._ Lat. flourishing, 153 Virgile, _m._ _Fr._ Lat. flourishing, 153 Virgilio, _m._ _It._ Lat. flourishing, 153 VIRGILIUS, _m._ Lat. flourishing, 153 Virginia, _f._ _It._ _Eng._ Lat. flourishing, 153 Virginie, _f._ _Fr._ Lat. flourishing, 153 Virginio, _m._ _It._ Lat. flourishing, 153 VIRGINIUS, _m._ Lat. flourishing, 153 Viriathus, _m._ _Lat._ Kelt. man of fire(?), 237 Viridis, _f._ _It._ Lat. green, 206 VISHTASPA, _m._ _Pers._ Zend, possessor of horses. _Vita_, _m._ _Russ._ _Bohm._ Lat. living, 197 _Vjta_, _m._ _Bohm._ Lat. living, 197 Vital, _m._ _Fr._ _Ger._ Lat. of life, 197 Vitale, _m._ _It._ Lat. of life, 197 Vitaliana, _f._ _Ger._ Lat. of life, 197 Vitalianus, _m._ Lat. of life, 197 Vitalij, _m._ _Russ._ Lat. of life, 197 VITALIS, _m._ _Lat._ of life, 197 _Vitgeir_, _m._ _Ice._ Teu. wise man, 321 Vittore, _m._ _It._ Lat. conqueror, 197 Vittoria, _f._ _It._ Lat. conqueror, 197 VITUS, _m._ Lat. living, 197 VIVIA, _f._ Lat. lively, 197 Vivian, _m._ _f._ _Eng._ Lat. lively, 198 Viviana, _f._ _It._ Lat. lively, 198 Viviano, _f._ _It._ Lat. lively, 198 Vivien, _m._ _Fr._ Lat. lively, 198 Vivienne, _f._ _Fr._ Lat. lively, 198 VJERA, _f._ _Russ._ Slav. faith, 439 VLADIMIR, _m._ _Russ._ Slav. ruling the world, 442 VLADISAV, _m._ _Serv._ Slav. ruling the world, 442 VLADISLAV, _m._ _Russ._ Slav. ruling the world, 442 VLADIVOJ, _m._ _Russ._ Slav. ruling the army, 442 VLADYSLAV, _m._ _Pol._ Slav. ruling the world, 442 _Vladislavka_, _f._ _Pol._ Slav. ruling the world, 442 _Vlaho_, _m._ _Hung._ Lat. babbler, 159 _Vlass_, _m._ _Russ._ Lat. babbler, 159 _Vlassij_, _m._ _Russ._ Lat. babbler, 159 VOJCIECH, _m._ _Pol._ Slav. warrior, 441 VOJTECH, _m._ _Bohm._ Slav. warrior, 441 VOJTEH, _m._ _Slav._ Slav. warrior, 441 Volfgango, _m._ _It._ Teu. wolf’s progress, 336 Volker, _m._ _Ger._ Teu. people’s guard, 371 Volkmar, _m._ _Ger._ Teu. people’s fame, 371 _Volguard_, _m._ _Ger._ Teu. people’s guard, 371 Volgvard, _m._ _Ger._ Teu. people’s guard, 371 _Volodia_, _m._ _Russ._ Slav. ruling the world, 442 _Volodinka_, _m._ _Russ._ Slav. ruling the world, 442 VOLUNDR, _m._ _Nor._ Teu. artful.(?), 313 Vortigern, _m._ _Eng._ Kelt. great king, 238 _Vortya_, _f._ _Lus._ Gr. gift of God, 102 VRATISLAV, _m._ _Slav._ Slav. brilliant fame, 441 _Vread_, _f._ _Erse_, Gr. pearl, 123 _Vreneli_, _f._ _Swab._ Lat. Gr. true image, 207 VSELAV, _m._ _Slav._ Slav. all glory, 442 VSEVOLOD, _m._ _Slav._ Slav. all ruler, 442 VUC, _m._ _Slav._ Slav. wolf, 336 VUKMIL, _m._ _Slav._ Slav. wolf love, 335 VUKMIR, _m._ _Slav._ Slav. wolf peace, 335 VUKSLAV, _m._ _Slav._ Slav. wolf glory, 335 VULFGAR, _m._ _A.S._ Teu. wolf spear, 335 VULFHERE, _m._ _A.S._ Teu. wolf warrior, 335 VULFHILDA, _f._ _m._ _A.S._ Teu. wolf battle maid, 335 VULFMAR, _m._ _A.S._ Teu. wolf fame, 335 VULFNOT, _m._ _A.S._ Teu. wolf violence, 335 VULFSTAN, _m._ _A.S._ Teu. wolf stone, 335 _Vye_, _f._ _Fris._ wisdom, 107 VYSFSLAV, _m._ _Slav._ Slav. highest glory, 442 Vyvyan, _f._ _Eng._ Lat. living, 198 W _Wabel_, _m._ _Bav._ Aram. son of furrows, 25 _Wabishaw_, _m._ _Red Indian_, red leaf. _Wabm_, _m._ _Bav._ Aram. son of furrows, 25 WAITKUS, _m._ _Lith._ Slav. warrior. Wala, _m._ _Span._ Teu. slaughter, 311 Walaheri, _m._ _Frank._ Teu. slaughter host, 317 Walamund, _m._ _Frank._ Teu. slaughter protection, 317 Walarik, _m._ _Frank._ Teu. slaughter king, 317 Walaram, _m._ _Frank._ Teu. slaughter raven, 317 Walber, _f._ _Esth._ Teu. slaughter protection, 317, 425 Walbert, _m._ _Ger._ Teu. power bright, 317, 425 Waldburga, _f._ _Eng._ Teu. powerful protection,[2] 317, 425 WALDEMAR, _m._ _Eng._ _Ger._ Teu. powerful fame, 425 WALDHERI, _m._ _Frank._ Teu. powerful warrior, 425 Waldl, _m._ _Bav._ Teu. will bold, 315 Waldo, _m._ _Frank._ Teu. power, 425, 315 Waldobert, _m._ _Ger._ Teu. power bright, 425 Waldrich, _m._ _Ger._ Teu. powerful rule, 425 _Walen_, _m._ _Eng._ Teu. foreign thief, 316 Waleran, _m._ _Flem._ Teu. or Lat. healthy, 152 _Walfrid_, _m._ _Ger._ Teu. powerful peace, 316 _Wallinsch_, _m._ _Lith._ Lat. healthy, 152 _Walmar_, _m._ _Ger._ Teu. slaughter fame, 316 _Walpert_, _m._ _Ger._ Teu. slaughter bright, 311 _Walpl_, _f._ _Bav._ Teu. powerful protection, 311, 428 _Walpora_, _f._ _Lus._ Teu. slaughter protection, 316 _Walpurd_, _f._ _Flem._ Teu. slaughter protection, 311, 425 Walpurg, _f._ _Ger._ Teu. slaughter protection, 311 Walram, _m._ _Ger._ Teu. slaughter raven, 316 Walstan, _m._ _Eng._ Teu. slaughter stone, 311 Walter, _m._ _Eng._ Teu. powerful warrior, 425 _Waltfrid_, _m._ _O. Ger._ Teu. powerful peace, 425 Waltheof, _m._ _Eng._ Teu. foreign thief, 316 Walther, _m._ _Ger._ Teu. powerful warrior, 425 Waltier, _m._ _O. Fr._ Teu. powerful warrior, 425 _Waltinsh_, _m._ _Lett._ Lat. healthy, 151 _Waltl_, _m._ _Bav._ Teu. powerful warrior, 425 Walwyn, _m._ _Eng._ Kelt. hawk of battle, 272 WAMBA, _m._ _Span._ Teu. belly, 427 _Wanders_, _f._ _Scot._ Kelt. white wave, 270 WARAND, _m._ _Ger._ Teu. protecting, 420 Warmund, _m._ _Ger._ Teu. protecting guard, 420 Warner, _m._ _Eng._ Teu. protecting warrior, 420 _Warno_, _m._ _Ger._ Teu. protecting, 420 Warnfrid, _m._ _Ger._ Teu. protecting peace, 420 WARNEBOLD, _m._ _Ger._ Teu. protecting prince, 420 Warren, _m._ _Eng._ Teu. protecting friend, 420 _Wastel_, _m._ _Bav._ Gr. venerable, 111 _Wat_, _m._ _Eng._ Teu. powerful warrior, 425 _Watagimat_, _m._ _Red Indian_, eagle’s nest. _Water_, _m._ _Eng._ Teu. powerful warrior, 425 _Waters_, _m._ _Lett._ Teu. powerful warrior, 425 _Watier_, _m._ _O. Fr._ Teu. powerful warrior, 425 _Watlis_, _m._ _Swiss_, Teu. powerful warrior, 425 _Wattles_, _m._ _Eng._ Teu. powerful warrior, 425 _Watty_, 425 Wawyn, _m._ _Eng._ Kelt. hawk of battle, 272 _Wawel_, _m._ _Bav._ Aram. son of furrows, 25 Wayland, _m._ _Eng._ Teu. artful (?), 313 _Weigel_, _m._ _Fris._ Teu. warring, 418 WEALTHEOF, _m._ _A.S._ Teu. foreign thief, 316 _Welf_, _m._ _Ger._ Teu. wolf, 335 _Welfhard_, _m._ _Ger._ Teu. wolf strong, 335 Wenceslaus, _m._ _Eng._ Slav. crown glory, 441 _Wendel_, _f._ _m._ _Ger._ Teu. wandering. _Wendela_, _f._ _Ger._ Teu. wandering. _Wendelgard_, _f._ _m._ _Ger._ Teu. wandering guard. _Wendelgar_, _m._ _Ger._ Teu. wandering spear. _Wendelin_, _m._ _Ger._ Teu. wanderer. _Wendeline_, _f._ _Ger._ Teu. wanderer. Wenefride, _f._ _Eng._ Kelt. white wave, 270 _Wendis_, _m._ _Lett._ Slav. ruling glory, 441 _Wenzel_, _m._ _Ger._ Slav. crown glory, 441 Werburgha, _f._ _Eng._ Teu. powerful protection, 420 _Werlands_, _m._ _Lett._ Teu. adventuring life, 433 Werner, _m._ _Ger._ Teu. protecting army, 420 WERNHARD, _m._ _Ger._ Teu. protecting firmly, 420 WERNHER, _m._ _Ger._ Teu. protecting army, 420 _Wetu_, _m._ _Finn._ Teu. peace ruler, 296 _Wetukka_, _m._ _Finn._ Teu. peace ruler, 296 _Wiart_, _m._ _Fris._ Teu. war firmness, 418 _Wicko_, _m._ _Fris._ Teu. war bright, 418 _Wido_, _m._ _O. Ger._ Teu. life, 321 WIG, _m._ _A.S._ Teu. war, 418 WIGAND, _m._ _Ger._ Teu. warring, 418 WIGBALD, _m._ _Ger._ Teu. war prince, 418 WIGBERT, _m._ _Ger._ Teu. war bright, 418 WIGBURGA, _f._ _Ger._ Teu. war protection, 418 _Wige_, _m._ _Ger._ Teu. warring, 418 WIGHARD, _m._ _Ger._ Teu. war firm, 418 WIGHELM, _m._ _Ger._ Teu. war helmet, 418 WIGHER, _m._ _Ger._ Teu. warrior, 418 WIGLAF, _f._ _Ger._ Teu. war relic, 418 WIGLIND, _f._ _Ger._ Teu. war snake, 418 WIGMANN, _m._ _Ger._ Teu. war man, 418 WIGMAR, _m._ _Ger._ Teu. war fame, 418 WIGRAM, _m._ _Ger._ Teu. war raven, 418 _Wihts_, _m._ _Lett._ Lat. life, 320 _Wike_, _f._ _Lett._ Gr. wisdom, 107 Wilbrand, _m._ _Ger._ Teu. willing sword, 314 Wilfred, _m._ _Eng._ Teu. resolute peace, 314 WILFRITH, _m._ _Eng._ Teu. resolute peace, 314 Wilfroy, _m._ _Eng._ Teu. resolute peace, 314 WILHELM, _m._ _Swiss_, _Ger._ Teu. helmet of resolution, 315 Wilhelmina, _f._ _Eng._ Teu. helmet of resolution, 315 Wilhelmine, _f._ _Ger._ Teu. helmet of resolution, 315 _Wilip_, _m._ _Fris._ Gr. horse lover, 79 _Wilips_, _m._ _Lett._ Gr. horse lover, 79 _Will_, _m._ _Eng._ Teu. helmet of resolution, 315 Willaume, _m._ _O. Fr._ Teu. helmet of resolution, 315 _Wille_, _m._ _Swiss_, Teu. helmet of resolution, 315 Willebald, _m._ _Dutch_, Teu. resolute prince, 314 WILLEHAD, _m._ _Ger._ Teu. resolute battle, 314 Willelme, _m._ _Fr._ Teu. helmet of resolution, 314 _Willan_, _m._ _Lus._ _Netherlands_, Teu. helmet of resolution, 314 Willemin, _f._ _Dutch_, Teu. helmet of resolution, 314 _Willempje_, _f._ _Dutch_, Teu. helmet of resolution, 314 William, _m._ _Eng._ Teu. helmet of resolution, 315 Williamina, _f._ _Eng._ Teu. helmet of resolution, 315 WILLIBALD, _m._ _Ger._ Teu. resolute prince, 314 WILLIBERT, _m._ _Ger._ Teu. bright will, 314 WILLIBRORD, _m._ _A.S._ Teu. 314 WILLIBURG, _f._ _Ger._ Teu. resolute protection, 314 _Willie_, _m._ _Scot._ Teu. helmet of resolution, 315 WILLIGIS, _m._ _Ger._ Teu. pledge of resolution, 314 WILLIHARD, _m._ _Ger._ Teu. willing firmness, 314 WILLIHERI, _m._ _Ger._ Teu. resolute warrior, 314 WILLIHILD, _f._ _Frank._ Teu. resolute battle maid, 314 WILLIHOLD, _m._ _A.S._ Teu. resolute power, 314 WILLIMAR, _m._ _Ger._ Teu. resolute fame, 314 WILLIRAM, _m._ _Ger._ Teu. willing raven, 314 WILLIRAT, _m._ _Ger._ Teu. willing resolute council, 314 WILLIRIK, _m._ _Ger._ Teu. willing resolute ruler, 314 _Willo_, _m._ _Fris._ Teu. willing helmet, 314 WILLIWOLF, _m._ _Ger._ Teu. willing wolf, 314 _Willy_, _m._ _Eng._ Teu. helmet of resolution, 315 WILMAR, _m._ _Ger._ Teu. willing fame, 314 _Wilmett_, _f._ _Eng._ Teu. helmet of resolution, 316 WILMOD, _m._ _Ger._ Teu. resolute mood, 315 Wilmot, _m._ _Eng._ Teu. resolute mood, 314 WILRICH, _m._ _Ger._ Teu. resolute ruler, 314 WILTRUD, _f._ _Ger._ Teu. resolute battle maid, 314 Winfred, _m._ _Eng._ Teu. friend of peace, 427 WINFRITH, _m._ _A.S._ Teu. friend of peace, 427 Wingallok, _m._ _Bret._ Kelt. white, 270 Wingar, _m._ _Ger._ Teu. friend of war, 427 WINIBALD, _m._ _A.S._ Teu. friend of valour, 427 Winifrid, _f._ _Eng._ Kelt. white stream, 270 WINMAR, _m._ _Ger._ Teu. friend of fame, 427 WINRAD, _m._ _Ger._ Teu. friend’s council, 427 WINRICH, _m._ _Ger._ Teu. friend of rule, 427 _Winny_, _f._ _Ir._ Kelt. famine, 70 _Wippert_, _m._ _Ger._ Teu. war bright, 418 _Wippold_, _m._ _Ger._ Teu. war prince, 418 _Wiremo_, _m._ _Maori_, Teu. will helmet, 315 _Wisdom_, _f._ _Eng._ 421 _Wishard_, _m._ _Ger._ Teu. wise strength, 321 WITGAR, _m._ _Ger._ Teu. wood spear, 321 Witiza, _m._ _Span._ Teu. wood dweller, 321 Witold, _m._ _Ger._ Teu. wood power, 321 WITOLF, _m._ _Ger._ Teu. wood wolf, 321, 325 WITRAM, _m._ _Ger._ Teu. forest raven, 321 WITTOKIND, _m._ _Ger._ Teu. forest dweller, 321 Wittich, _m._ _Ger._ Teu. wood dweller, 321 Wittig, _m._ _Ger._ Teu. wood dweller, 321 Wladimir, _m._ _Pol._ Slav. ruling peace, 442 _Wladis_, _m._ _Lett._ Slav. ruling glory, 442 Wladislav, _m._ _Pol._ Slav. ruling glory, 442 Wolbrecht, _m._ _Ger._ Teu. wolf brightness, 335 _Wolder_, _m._ _Dutch_, Teu. powerful warrior, 425 WOLF, _m._ _Ger._ Teu. wolf, 335 Wolfer, _m._ _Ger._ Teu. wolf army, 335 WOLFGANG, _m._ _Ger._ wolf’s progress, 335 WOLFHART, _m._ _Ger._ Teu. wolf’s firmness, 335 WOLFMAR, _m._ _Ger._ Teu. wolf fame, 335 WOLFRAD, _m._ _Ger._ Teu. wolf’s advice, 335 WOLFRAMM, _m._ _Ger._ Teu. wolf raven, 335 WOLFRICH, _m._ _Ger._ Teu. wolf ruler, 335 _Wouter_, _m._ _Dutch_, Teu. powerful warrior, 425 _Worsola_, _f._ _Bohm._ Lat. bear, 199 _Wridriks_, _m._ _Lett._ Teu. peace ruler, 296 _Wrizzis_, _m._ _Lett._ Teu. peace ruler, 296 WULFSTAN, _m._ _A.S._ Teu. wolf stone, 335 Wursla, _f._ _Lus._ Lat. bear, 199 _Wya_, _m._ _Ger._ Teu. warring, 418 _Wygard_, _m._ _Fris._ Teu. warring, 418 ----- Footnote 2: This, one of the English missionary nun princesses in Germany, is the patroness of the celebrated Valpurgisnacht. She died at Heidenheim, and her right feast is on the 25th of February; but being translated to Crichstadt on the 1st of May, and minced into numerous relics, the latter day was also hers, and strangely became connected with the witches' sabbath. X XANTHIPPE, _f._ _Gr._ yellow horse, 78 XAVER, _m._ _Span._ Arab. bright, 299 Xavier, _m._ _Fr._ Arab. bright, 299 Xaverie, _f._ _Span._ Arab. bright, 299 Xaveric, _m._ _Wall._ Arab. bright, 299 Xaverio, _m._ _It._ Arab. bright, 299 Xavery, _m._ _Pol._ Arab. bright, 299 Xenia, _f._ _Russ._ Gr. hospitality, 93 Xerxes, _m._ _Eng._ Pers. venerable king. Ximen, _m._ _Span._ 330 Ximena, _f._ _Span._ 330 Ximon, _m._ _Span._ Heb. obedient, 17 Xiste, _m._ _Fr._ Lat. sixth, 138 Y _Yago_, _m._ _Span._ Heb. supplanter, 17 _Yatmund_, _m._ _Dan._ Teu. happy protection, 378 Yestin, _m._ _Welsh_, Lat. just, 192 YNGVAR, _m._ _Nor._ Teu. Ing’s warrior, 325 YNGVE, _m._ _Nor._ Teu. 325 Ynyr, _m._ _Welsh_, Lat. honourable, 190 Yolande, _f._ _Prov._ Lat. violet, 206 Yolette, _f._ _Fr._ Lat. violet, 206 _Yorwarth_, _m._ _Welsh_, Teu. happy guard, 378 _Ysabel_, _f._ _Span._ Heb. God’s oath, 35 _Ysaie_, _m._ _Fr._ Heb. salvation of the Lord, 48 Yseulte, _f._ _Fr._ Kelt. spectacle, 275 Ysonde, _f._ _Fr._ Kelt. spectacle, 275 Ysolt, _f._ _Eng._ Kelt. spectacle, 275 Yueins, _m._ _Fr._ Kelt. young warrior, 273 Yvain, _m._ _Bret._ Kelt. young warrior, 273 Yvon, _m._ _Ir._ Teu. archer, 326 Ywain, _m._ _Welsh_, Kelt. young warrior, 273 Z Zacarias, _m._ _Span._ Heb. remembrance of the Lord, 51 Zaccaria, _m._ _It._ Heb. remembrance of the Lord, 51 _Zach_, _m._ _Eng._ _Bav._ Heb. remembrance of the Lord, 51 Zacharia, _m._ _Ger._ Heb. remembrance of the Lord, 51 ZACHARIAH, _m._ _Eng._ Heb. remembrance of the Lord, 51 Zacharias, _m._ _Port._ Heb. remembrance of the Lord, 51 Zacharie, _m._ _Fr._ Heb. remembrance of the Lord, 51 Zachary, _m._ _Eng._ Heb. remembrance of the Lord, 51 Zacharyasz, _m._ _Pol._ Heb. remembrance of the Lord, 51 Zachée, _m._ _Fr._ Heb. remembrance of the Lord, 51 Zacheo, _m._ _It._ Heb. remembrance of the Lord, 51 _Zachers_, _m._ _Bav._ Heb. remembrance of the Lord, 51 Zachereis, _m._ _Bav._ Heb. remembrance of the Lord, 51 _Zaches_, _m._ _Bav._ Heb. remembrance of the Lord, 51 _Zacheo_, _m._ _Port._ Heb. remembrance of the Lord, 51 Zaccheus, _m._ _Eng._ _Ger._ Heb. remembrance of the Lord, 51 Zaidée, _f._ _Fr._ 458 Zakarias, _m._ _Esth._ Heb. remembrance of the Lord, 51 _Zackelina_, _f._ _Russ._ Heb. supplanter, 18 Zakharias, _m._ _Hung._ Heb. remembrance of the Lord, 51 Zakheus, _m._ _Hung._ remembrance of the Lord, 51 _Zako_, _m._ _Ill._ Heb. remembrance of the Lord, 51 _Zan_, _m._ _Dantzig_, Gr. Christian, 105 _Zan_, _m._ _Gr._ Heb. supplanter, 17 _Zaneta_, _f._ _Russ._ Heb. grace of the Lord, 46 Zaqueo, _m._ _Span._ Heb. remembrance of the Lord, 51 _Zara_, _f._ _Arab._ Heb. princess, 13 _Zasso_, _m._ _Fris._ Gr. Christian, 105 Zebulon, _m._ _Eng._ Heb. dwelling. Zechariah, _m._ _Eng._ Heb. remembrance of the Lord, 51 Zedekiah, _m._ _Eng._ Heb. justice of the Lord, 49 Zedena, _f._ _Ger._ Lat. of Sidon, 200 ZEENAB, _f._ _Arab._ father’s ornament, 62 ZELIMIR, _m._ Slav. wishing peace. _Zelinde_, conquering snake, 347 ZELISLAV, _m._ Slav. wishing glory. ZENAÏDA, _f._ _Russ._ Gr. daughter of Zeus, 62 Zenaïde, _f._ _Fr._ Gr. daughter of Zeus, 62 Zenevieva, _f._ _Russ._ Kelt. white wave, 270 ZENO, _m._ Gr. from Zeus, 62 ZENOBIA, _f._ _Lat._ Aram. father’s ornament, 62 Zenobie, _f._ _Fr._ Arab. father’s ornament, 62 Zenobio, _m._ _Milan._ Gr. from Zeus, 62 Zenobius, _m._ Lat. 62 ZENON, _m._ _Gr._ Gr. from Zeus, 62 Zenovia, _f._ _Russ._ Arab. father’s ornament, 62 ZENOVIA, _f._ _Russ._ Slav. goddess of hunting, 440 _Zenz_, _f._ _Bav._ Lat. increasing, 198 _Zenz_, _m._ _Bav._ Lat. conquering, 197 _Zenzel_, _m._ _Bav._ Lat. conquering, 197 _Zenzl_, _f._ _Bav._ Lat. increasing, 198 Zephaniah, _m._ _Eng._ Heb. protected of the Lord, 50 Zephyrine, _f._ _Fr._ Gr. like the zephyr. Zerah, _m._ _Eng._ Heb. rising of light, 51 Zerdosht, _m._ _Pers._ Zend. gold star, 57, 437 Zerubabel, _m._ _Eng._ Heb. born at Babel. _Zesk_, _Slav._ Teu. free, 300 Zezilija, _f._ _Russ._ Lat. blind, 144 _Zikmund_, _m._ _Bohm._ Teu. conquering protection, 358 Zilia, _f._ _Ven._ Lat. 145 Ziliola, _f._ _Ven._ Lat. 145 Zillah, _f._ _Eng._ Heb. shadow, 11 Zinevra, _f._ _Ven._ Kelt. white wave, 270 ZIROSLAV, _m._ acorn glory. ZIVAN, _m._ _Slav._ living, 198 ZIVANA, _f._ living, 198 _Zizi_, _f._ _Russ._ Arab. father’s ornament, 62 ZLATA, _f._ _Slov._ Slav. gold, 445 ZLATANA, _f._ _Slov._ Slav. gold, 445 ZLATIBOR, _m._ _Slov._ Slav. gold, 445 _Zlatke_, _m._ _Slov._ Slav. gold, 445 _Zlatoje_, _m._ _Slov._ Slav. gold love, 445 ZLATOLJUB, _m._ _Slov._ Slav. gold love, 445 ZLATOSLAV, _m._ _Slov._ Slav. gold love, 445 Zlatoust, _m._ _Russ._ Slav. gold mouth, 445 ZOE, _f._ _Fr._ Gr. life, 11 Zofia, _f._ _Pol._ Gr. wisdom, 107 Zoia, _f._ _Russ._ Gr. life, 11 _Zomelis_, _m._ _Lett._ Heb. asked of God, 20 _Zon_, _f._ _Fr._ Gr. carrying ears of corn, 124 ZORA, _f._ _Ill._ Slav. dawn, 437 Zorana, _f._ _Ill._ Slav. dawn, 437 _Zore_, _f._ _Ill._ Heb. princess, 14 Zorica, _f._ _Slav._ dawn, 437 ZORISLAVA, _f._ _Ill._ Slav. dawn of glory, 437 Zoroaster, _m._ _Eng._ Pers. golden star (?), 57, 437 _Zosa_, _f._ _Swiss_, Heb. lily, 50 _Zosel_, _f._ _Swiss_, Heb. lily, 50 _Zosia_, _f._ _Pol._ Gr. wisdom, 107 _Zsiga_, _m._ _Hung._ Teu. conquering protection, 356 _Zsigmund_, _m._ _Hung._ Teu. conquering protection, 356 _Zsoflie_, _f._ _Hung._ Gr. wisdom, 107 _Zsofe_, _f._ _Hung._ Gr. wisdom, 107 _Zsusane_, _f._ _Lett._ Heb. lily, 50 _Zsusanna_, _f._ _Hung._ Heb. lily, 50 ZWETLANA, _f._ _Russ._ Slav. star, 437 _Zygmunt_, _m._ _Pol._ Heb. conquering protection, 358[3] ----- Footnote 3: Every form of every name given in the index is not to be found in the text; but in all cases where a reference is given, the history, as far as ascertainable, of the leading portion of the original name will be found. HISTORY OF CHRISTIAN NAMES. INTRODUCTORY CHAPTER. THE SPIRIT OF NOMENCLATURE. Much has been written upon the Surname, a comparatively modern invention, while the individual, or, as we term it, the Christian name, has barely received, here and there, a casual notice from English authors, and has seldom been treated of collectively or comparatively. Yet there is much that is extremely curious and suggestive in the rise and signification of the appellations of men and women, their universal or partial popularity, the alterations by which they have been adapted to different languages, their familiar abbreviations, the patronymics formed from them, and the places or articles called from them. In fact, we shall find the history, the religion, and the character of a nation stamped upon the individuals in the names which they bear. It is to Christian names, properly so called, that our attention will chiefly be directed. Other names, not acknowledged at any time as baptismal, or only given so exceptionally as not to deserve notice, are here omitted, or only treated of when their analogy is needed to illustrate the history of a true Christian name. The original proper names of men and women arose— First, from some circumstance connected with the birth, such as Esau, hairy; Jacob, taking by the heel; Agrippa, born with the feet foremost. Secondly, from the complexion, _e. g._, Edom, red; Flavius and Fulvius, yellow; Don, brown; Ruadh, red; Boidh, yellow; Blanche, fair. Thirdly, from the qualities desired for the child, such as David, meaning beloved; the Persian Aspamitas and Greek Philippos, both lovers of horses; the Keltic Eochaidh, a horseman; the Teutonic Eadgifu, happy gift; the Slavonic Przemyszl, the thoughtful. Fourthly, from an animal, Deborah, the bee; Jonah, Columba, Golubica, the dove; Zeeb, Lycos, Lupus, Ulf, Yuk, all signifying that strangely popular wild beast the wolf. Fifthly, from a weapon, as the Teuton Gar, a spear. Sixthly, from a jewel, Mote Mahal, in Persian, pearl of the harem; the Greek, Margarite, a pearl in Greek; the Teutonic Stein, a stone or jewel in Teutonic. Seventhly, religious names, dedicating the child to the Divinity, such as Ishmael, heard of God; Elijah, God the Lord; and among idolaters, Artemidorus, gift of Artemis; Jovianus, belonging to Jupiter; Brighid, the Irish goddess of smiths and poets; Thorgils, Thor’s pledge. To these we may add a few names of flowers, chiefly borne by women, and always indicating a poetical nation, such as Susanna, Lilias, Rhoda, Rose, and the Slavonic Smiljana, the amaranth, a description of name never found among the unimaginative Romans. Also a few indicating a time of deep sorrow and distress, when the child was born, such as Beriah, son of evil, named when it went ill with his father Ephraim; Jabez, sorrow; Ichabod, the glory is departed. These being of ill omen, never prevailed among the joyous Greeks; but among the quick-feeling Kelts we find Una, famine, and Ita, thirsty, names recording, no doubt, times of sorrow. Also Posthumus and Tristan, though not originally bearing the meaning since attributed to them, and Dolores, a name of Spanish Roman Catholic growth, have all been applied to express the mournful circumstances of some “child of misery, baptized in tears.” Natural defects have likewise furnished names, such as Balbus, the stammerer; the Irish Dorenn, the sullen; and Unchi, the contentious. These are most common among the Romans, owing to their habit of continuing a father’s name, however acquired, to the son. And the Romans likewise stand almost alone in their strange and uncomplimentary fashion of giving individual names from numbers, one in which they have not been imitated, except now and then, where the number of a family has become so remarkable as to be deemed worthy of commemoration in the names of the younger children. There is, however, said to be a family in Michigan where the sons are called One, Two, Three Stickaway, and the daughters First, Second, Third Stickaway. The invention of original names usually takes place in the early stages of a people’s history, for a preference soon arises for established names, already borne by kindred, and as the spoken tongue drifts away, from the primitive form, the proper name becomes a mere appellative, with the original meaning forgotten, and often with a new one incorrectly applied to it. The names in popular use almost always belong to a more ancient language than that spoken by the owners; or else they are imported from some other nation, and adapted to the mouths of those who use them. Flexibility of speech is only acquired at a very early age, and persons who have never spoken any other than their mother tongue, have no power to catch foreign sounds, and either distort them, or assimilate them to words of their own. The ear catches the word imperfectly, the lips pronounce it after their own fashion, and the first writer who hears it, sets it down to the best of his ability, to be read, as it may chance, by others, ignorant of the sound the letters were meant to represent, and thus striking out absolute novelties. Even where it travels by the medium of writing, the letters of one language are so inadequate to express the sounds of another, that great changes take place in pronunciation, even while the spelling remains unaltered, and these become visible in the popular contractions. Thus a foreign conquest, or the fusion of one nation into another, while introducing two orders of names to the same country, and in breaking up and intermixing their original forms of speech, yet leaves untouched the names belonging to the old language, though the spoken tongue goes on living, growing, and altering. The Hebrew is an instance of this process. It was a living tongue up to the Babylonish captivity, and constantly formed new names from the ordinary speech of the people; but when the Jews returned they spoke the Aramean dialect; the old Hebrew was dead. They still called their children by mangled and contracted Hebraisms, inherited from their forefathers, but were in general not aware of their meaning, and were willing to give them Greek terminations to suit the literary taste of the East. That there was no vigour to throw out new names, is attested by the very scanty number of Aramean derivation. Yet it is these corrupted Hebrew names, marred by Aramean pronunciation, by Greek writing, and by the speech of every country, that are the most universally loved and honoured in every Christian land. Greek may be said to have never died, and it has, from first to last, been the most vigorous of all languages in creating and spreading names, which are almost all easily explicable. Hellas, though frequently conquered, has by its glorious literature, both pagan and Christian, gained wide dominion for its language, and even the present vernacular of the peasant and sailor is not so decayed but that they can comprehend a line of Homer or a verse of St. John. Thus there is a long list of Greek names ever new, with comparatively few importations from other tongues, and for the most part conveying their meaning and augury. On the contrary, before Latin was born, the dialects that had produced Latin names were decaying, and those who, by inheritance, bore the scanty stock that came down to them, were often at a loss for their meaning; nor in general is it so much the names actually borne by ancient Romans, as appellations formed out of the Latin language, that have been the Latin contribution to Christian nomenclature. The universal victors chiefly spread Roman names by adopting the conquered as their clients, and conferring their own nomina when they bestowed the right of citizenship. Keltic still lives in its corners of the world, and its old names have for the most part continued in use, but usually each with a name by the side from some more fashionable tongue, supposed to translate it to the civilized ear. For instance, Tadhg, which means, in Erse, a poet, is called in English speech, Teague or Thady; and then further transformed into the Aramean Thaddeus (praise); or the Greek Timothy (honour God); with an utter loss of the true association. The Teutonic names are taken from the elder branches of the Teuton languages, before they became commingled in different degrees with the later progeny of Latin, and with one another. We here use the word Teutonic, because it is the most convenient term by which to express the class of languages spoken by the great Germanic family, though we are aware that it is not absolutely correct as a class-appellation including the whole. Iceland and Scandinavia use their ancient tongue, but slightly altered, and there may be found the true forms and interpretations of the greater number of the appellations in common use. Modern German continues the old High German, but it is no safe guide to the meaning of names which belong to a much earlier form than that in which we now see it, and it has only created a few modern ones of its own. Anglo-Saxon explains most of its own names, but it cannot be safely trusted without comparison with the other branches. It was a language deteriorated by the Norman conquest, just as the Norse of the invaders had been previously smothered by their conquest of Neustria, and the English which grew up among them used more of the High Dutch names adopted by the Normans in France, than of its own Anglo-Saxon ones; and only after the Reformation was there an attempt, and that not a very successful one, at the fabrication of native English names. France kept Dutch names, and clipped them, while High Dutch minced Latin. Lombardy, too, used the old heroic names of the fair-haired barbarians, even while its speech was constant to the flowing Latin; and Spain has much more of the nomenclature than of the tongue of her Goths. The Slavonic has corrupted itself, but become Christian, and has sent a few names of great leaders into the general stock of nomenclature, which has been formed by contributions from these six original branches, with a few chance additions from other quarters. Each nation had a stock of its own at first, but as tribes became mixed, their names were interchanged, and varied by the pronunciation of those who adopted them; and when Christianity produced real union, making the saint of one country the glory and example of the entire Church, the names of the holy and the great became a universal link, and a token of the brotherhood established from land to land. It was not at first, however, that this fusion of names commenced. The first Christians were Jews, with Hebrew, Aramean, Greek, or Latin names of their own, and their converts already bore Greek or Latin appellations, which were seldom altered. In the case of the Romans, children almost necessarily succeeded to family names, and the Greeks alone could at first exercise any choice, forming words of Christian meaning for their children, or adopting those of their revered instructors in the faith; and afterwards, persons using the Latin tongue, but not encumbered with the numerous names of a citizen, followed their example. The Teutons, when converted, were baptized by the names they already bore, and gave the like to their children; nor does it seem to have been till the older forms of the languages were expiring, that the introduction of old saintly names became by any means frequent. When names were mere appellations, not descriptions, a favourite character was sought for in the legends of the saints, and the child was dedicated to, or placed under the protection of, the patron whose name he bore. The theory was, that the festival in the calendar on which the birth took place, established the claim of the infant to the care of the patron, and thus fixed the name, an idea which still prevails in the Greek Church, but it was more usual to select a favourite patron, and instead of keeping the child’s birth-day, to feast him upon the holy day of the saint, a custom still observed in Roman Catholic countries. The system of patron saints was greatly established by the veneration of relics. It was the presence of a supposed fragment of the body that was imagined to secure the protection of the saint to country, to city, to village, or family; and often the ‘translation’ of a relic can be traced as the cause of the nationality of a name, as the Diego of Spain, the Andreas of Flanders, the Marco of Venice, the Adrianus of Holland, the Radegonde of Poitiers, the Anne of Prague. Or the prominence of a fresh doctrine is shown in nomenclature, as by the outburst of Scripture names in all Calvinist countries; so that in French pedigrees, Huguenotism may be traced by the Isaacs and other patriarchal apparitions in the genealogy, and Puritanism has in England produced the quaint Old Testament appellations to be found in every parish register. On the other hand, the increasing devotion to the Blessed Virgin is indicated by the exaggerated use of Mary in Roman Catholic lands, the epithets coupled with it showing the peculiar phases of the homage paid to her, and almost gauging the amount of superstition in the country. Religion has thus been in general the primary guide to individual nomenclature, and next in order must be ranked the family feeling that renders Christian names almost hereditary. In many places where primitive customs are kept up, it was an almost compulsory token of respect to call the eldest son after his paternal grandfather. This has indeed been almost universal. The ancient Greeks always did so unless the grandfather were alive, in which case the child was thought to take his place by bearing his name, and thus to bring death upon him. In Scotland and in the north of England, the paternal grandfather and grandmother have namesakes in the eldest son and daughter, then comes the turn of the grand-parents on the mother’s side, then of the parents themselves, after which fancy may step in. In Germany the same practice prevails as regards the two eldest; and likewise in the south of France, where the child, whatever its sex, bears the grandfather’s name, thus accounting for various uncouth feminines; but though thus christened, the two eldest children are never so called, but always by the diminutive of their surname. However, distinguished, or wealthy, or beloved godparents interfered with these regular successions, and in this manner queens have been the great conductors of female names, bestowing them on their nobility, from whom they spread to the commonalty. Literature requires considerable cultivation before it spreads many names. It gave some in the latter days of Greece, and more after the old hereditary customs of Rome were broken up; then, during the dark ages, its influence was lost, except at Byzantium; and only when the chivalrous romance became fashionable, did a few poetic knights and dames call their children after the heroes of the Round Table, or the paladins of Charlemagne, and then it must have been in defiance of the whole system of patron saints until the convenient plan of double names, first discovered by the Germans and French, accomplished the union of fancy and dedication, or compliment. The revival of learning in the fifteenth century, however, filled Italy with classical names, some of which spread into France, and a few into Germany; but as a general rule in modern times, France, England, and America have been the countries whose nomenclature has been most affected by literature; France, especially so, the prevalence of different tastes and favourite novels being visible from the fifteenth century downwards, through its Arcadian, its Augustan, its Infidel, its Revolutionary periods; while England, since the Reformation, has slightly partaken of all these tastes in turn, but with her own hereditary fashions and religious influences mingling with them; and America exaggerates every variety in her mixed population. PART I. CHAPTER I. HEBREW NOMENCLATURE. Hebrew, the sacred language, and the medium of all our earliest knowledge of the world and of man, furnishes almost all of the first names known to us, which are in general, verbs, substantives, or adjectives from that tongue, suggested either by inspiration or by some of the natural motives observed in the former chapter. The minute history of the naming of the twelve patriarchs, furnish the best illustrations of the presaging spirit of early nomenclature. Reuben, “behold a son,” cries the mother in her first pride; Simeon, “He that heareth,” because He had heard her prayer; Levi, a joining, in the trust that her husband would be joined with her; Judah, praise, in praise of Him who had given these four sons, and Judah, “thou art he whom thy brethren shall _praise_,” is repeated by Jacob; Dan, a judge, is so called by his adoptive mother because her cause is judged, “and Dan shall _judge_ his people” is his father’s blessing; Naphtali commemorates Leah’s wrestling with her sister; Gad is one of the _troop_ round Leah, “and a _troop_ shall overcome him,” saith Jacob; Asher, is _blessed_, and Moses cries, “let Asher be blessed;” Issachar, is _hire_; and Zebulon, a _dwelling_, because Leah hoped her husband would dwell with her, and his promise from his father is that he shall _dwell_. Rachel cannot name her long-desired first-born without a craving that God would add to her another son, and thus Joseph means an _addition_, and when that second child was given, and she felt that it was at the cost of her own life, she mourned over him as Benoni, son of my sorrow; but his father with more hopeful augury called him (probably at his circumcision) Benjamin, son of my right hand. The earlier names were very simple, such as Leah, weary; Adah, ornament. But about the time of the going into Egypt compound words were employed, family names began to grow traditional, and several of Egyptian etymology were acquired. The Aramaic became the Jewish vernacular, and so continued after the return from Babylon, nor has it ceased to prevail, under the name of Syriac, among a considerable portion of the natives of the East. Moreover, the Greek invasion of the East, and the establishment of the Macedonian dynasties of Egypt and Syria, rendered the Grecian the language of foreign relations and of literature, and caused it to be understood by all who pretended to polite education, or meddled with politics and commerce. The Septuagint, or Alexandrian version of the Scriptures, was used in private by the Græcised Jews, and was the form in which their sacred books became known to those of foreign nations who took interest in them. The Roman conquest in like manner brought in a certain amount of influence from the Latin language, though not to the same extent, since all cultivated Romans were by this time instructed in Greek as part of their education, and even those of inferior rank used it as the medium of communication with the people of the East. Thus, in the time of the Gospel history, the learned alone entered into the full import of the old Hebrew names, nor were new ones invented to suit the occasion, with a very few exceptions, and these few were formed from the vernacular Aramean. The custom was to recur to the old family names belonging to ancestors or kindred, and in the account of the circumcision of St. John the Baptist we see that a deviation from this practice excited wonder. Tradition and change of language had, however, greatly marred these old Hebraisms; Jehoiadah, (_j_ pronounced _y_,) (known of God,) had after the captivity lost its significance in the form of Jaddua, then was Græcized, as Ἱωδαέ, (Hiodae,) and was Latinized as Jaddeus! These corrupted ancient appellations were the favourites, but imitation and compliment caused some Greek ones and even some Latin ones to be adopted, some persons using their national name at home, and bearing another for their external relations, such as John or Mark, Saul or Paul. The persons most revered by Christians, and who have had the most influence on nomenclature, thus bore either corrupt Hebrew, or else Aramean, Greek, or Latin names, which all have been handed down to us through the medium of Greek authorship, afterwards translated into Latin, and thence carried by word of mouth into every Christian land, and taking shape from the prevalent pronunciation there. Eastern Christians have gone directly to the Greek; but the Western Church used nothing but the Vulgate translated from the Septuagint and from the original New Testament. Thus the Old Testament personages, as well as those of the Gospel, were known to mediæval Europe, and are so still to the greater part of the continent in their Greco-Latin shape. But King James I. caused his translators to go back to the fountainhead, using the original Hebrew and Greek—and only applying to the Septuagint and Vulgate as means of elucidation, not as authorities. In consequence, many of the Old Testament names assumed their original shape, as far as it could be expressed by English letters, but these were mostly those but slightly known to the world, not those of the principal characters, since the translators were instructed not to make needless alterations such as should make the objects of ancient veneration appear in a form beyond recognition. Therefore it is that some English Old Testament names are unlike those of other nations. Those who were at work on the New Testament, however, left the ancient names, there occurring, as they found them in the Greek, and thus arose the disparity we remark in the title given to the same individual, Noah or Noe, Korah or Core, Uzziah or Ozias. For the most part Old Testament names, as such, have had little prevalence excepting under the influence of Calvinism. The Roman Catholic Church neglected them because they did not convey patronage, and Lutherism has not greatly adopted them, but they were almost a badge of the Huguenot party in France; and in England, about the latter part of the reign of Elizabeth, a passion for the most extraordinary and unusual Scripture names prevailed, for which the genealogist must have carefully searched. William L'Isle, in 1623, complains of some “devising new names with apeish imitation of the Hebrew,” and in effect there are few of these that do not give an impression of sectarianism or Puritanism. In England and America, the more obscure and peculiar ones are chiefly adopted by the lower classes; in Ireland several prevail for another cause, namely, their supposed resemblance to the native Erse appellations that were long proscribed by the conquerors. Those that were borne by the remnant of faithful Jews, who were the stock on which the Christian Church was grafted, have gone out into all lands, infinitely modified by the changes they have undergone in their transit from one people to another.[4] CHAPTER II. PATRIARCHAL NAMES. SECTION I.—_Adam._ The oldest of all proper names comes from a word signifying red, and refers to the red earth (adama) out of which the first man was taken, reminding us that dust we are, and unto dust shall we return. Some say that it should he translated ‘likeness,’ and that it comes from the same root as ‘_adama_,’ red earth, because red earth is always alike, wherever found. In this case, the first man would have been called from his likeness to his Creator, but the other explanation is preferable, especially as the same adjective, pronounced with a change in the vowel sound, so as to make it Edom, was the surname of Esau (hairy), on account both of the ruddiness of his complexion and of the _red_ lentile pottage for which he sold his birthright. No Israelites or Jews appear to have been called after our first father, and the first time Adam comes to light again, is among the Keltic Christians of Ireland and Scotland. It is not improbable that it was first adopted according to a frequent Gaelic fashion, as the ecclesiastical name most resembling the native one of Aedh or fire; but however this may be, there was in the seventh century a distinguished abbot of Iona, called in the dog Latin of the time, Adamnanus or dwarf Adam, and best known as Adamnan. Though not recognized by the Roman calendar, he was regarded as a saint in his own country, but his name has been much corrupted. At Skreen in Ireland, where he founded a church, he is styled St. Awnan, at Raphoe he is patron, as St. Ennan, in Londonderry he is St. Onan; but in Scotland, Adam has become a national Christian name. The family who most affected it were the ‘gay Gordons.’ _Edie_ is the Scottish contraction. The feminine _Adamina_ has been a recent Scottish invention. In Germany and the neighbouring countries there prevails an idea that Adam is always long-lived, and if the first infant of a family dies, the life of its successor is secured by calling it either Adam or Eve. In consequence it has various contractions and alterations. In Lower Lusatia it is _Hadamk_ in familiar speech; the Swiss abbreviation is _Odli_; the Esthonian _Ado_ or _Oado_, the Lettisu was _Adums_. With its contraction, _Ade_, it seems to have been very common at Cambrai through the middle ages. “The mother of all living”—received from the lips of Adam a name signifying life, sounding in the original like _Chavva_, as it began with a rough aspirate. It was not copied by any of her daughters for a long time, and when first the Alexandrian Jews came on it in their translation, they rendered it by _Zoe_ (life), in order to show the connection of the name with the prophecy; but afterwards in the course of the narrative they merely made it Eva, or in Latin the _Heva_ or _Eva_, which English has changed into Eve. The Eva of Ireland and Scotland, and the Aveline or Eveline of the Normans, were probably only imitations of the old Keltic names Aoibhiun and Aoiffe, and will therefore be considered among the Keltic class. _Eve_ has been seldom used in England, though old parish registers occasionally show a pair of twins christened Adam and Eve. The same notion of securing a child’s life that has spread the use of Adam in Germany and its vicinity has had the same effect upon his wife, so that Eva is common in both Germany and Scandinavia. Russia has Evva or Jevva, though not often as a name in use; the Letts as Ewe or Ewusche; the Lithuanians as Jewa or Jewele, the first letter of course pronounced like _Y_; and in Lusatia her namesakes are called Hejba or Hejbka.[5] The murdered son of Adam is called by a Hebrew word meaning breath, vapour, or transitoriness, and as some think may have been so termed in remembrance of his short life. The sound of the original word was more like Hebel, but through the Greek we receive it as Abel. It is not absolutely a modern Puritan name, for an Abel existed in Essex in the time of Henry III., and Awel is known in Russia; but it is generally given direct from the Bible, as are also Seth (appointed), and Enoch (dedicated). Adah (ornament), the wife of Lamech, is often supposed to be the origin of our English Ada, but this last is the hereditary Latinized form of Eed (rich), and is the same as the German Ida. Zillah (or shadow), the other wife of Lamech, is a Gypsy name. SECTION II.—_Abi._ Common to both the Semitic and Indo-European tongues, and traceable through all their branches, is the parental title first uttered by the infant; Abba, Abi, Aba; Atta among the Slavonians, and again among the Goths; Athair among the Irish, the pater of Greece, fondly called at home papa, and apphys the _pater_ of Rome, the German Vater, and our own father—_il babbo_ in Italy, and daddy in English cottages. In the East a parent is more usually called the father of his son than by his own name. This, however, is probably a late affectation, not applying to the time when the greatest of the patriarchs received his original name of Abram (father of height or elevation), which was changed by Divine appointment into Abraham (father of a multitude), foretelling the numerous and enduring offspring that have descended from him, and even to the present hour revere his name. No one, however, seems to have presumed to copy it as long as the Israelites dwelt in their own land, and the first resuscitations of it appear to have been among the Christians of the patriarch’s native land, Mesopotamia, towards the end of the fourth century, when a hermit called Abraham, living near Edessa, obtained a place in the Coptic, Greek, and Roman calendars; and about the same time another Abraham was among the martyrs who were put to death by the fire worshipping zeal of the Sassanid dynasty in Persia. Two other Mesopotamian SS. Abraham lived in the next century, and died, one at Constantinople, the other in Auvergne, whither in some unaccountable manner he had been carried between foul winds and man-stealing barbarians when on a journey to visit the solitaries in Egypt. As one of the patrons of Clermont, this Abraham must have been the means of diffusing namesakes in France, especially on the side towards the Low Countries. Abraham often occurs in the registers of Cambray; and in compliance with the fashion of adapting the name of the father to the daughter, Abra was there formed, though apparently not earlier than 1644. Indeed the Netherlands and Holland are the only countries where this patriarchal name is really national, generally shortened into Abram and Bram; and the Dutch settlers carried it into America, where it is generally called either Bram or Aby. Many other Scripture names bear this prefix, but it would be contrary to our plan to dwell upon those that have not been in subsequent use or are devoid of peculiar interest. Abigail (father of joy), strikes us as inappropriate to a woman, till we remember that the eastern nations use this expression for an abstract quality, and that the title would stand for joyfulness. Her ready courtesy to David seems to have recommended her to the earliest readers of the English Bible, for Abigail occurs in registers as early as 1573, and was for many years very frequent. Abigail Masham’s back-stair influence over Queen Anne has been generally supposed to have rendered it a soubriquet for a lady’s maid; but Mr. Bardsley, in his _Curiosities of Puritan Nomenclature_, shows it to have been the name of the waiting gentlewoman in Beaumont’s Comedy, _The Scornful Ladie_, played in 1616. And in a play of Killigrew’s, some thirty years later, the term ‘Abigail’ is used for a waiting-maid, when the back-stair influence and supposed arts of Abigail Masham in the bedchamber of Queen Anne gave it a sudden fall. Abigail turned into a cant term for a lady’s maid, and thenceforth has been seldom heard even in a cottage. Counter to his name was the course of the “Father of Peace.” He is Abishalom, or Absalom in the narrative of his life, a history that one would have thought entailed eternal discredit on the name; but it seems that in the earlier Christian times of Denmark, as well as in some other countries, a fashion prevailed, especially among the clergy, of supplementing the native name with one of Scriptural or ecclesiastical sound, and thus, about the middle of the twelfth century, Absalom was adopted by a distinguished Danish bishop as the synonym of what Professor Munch conjectures to have been his own name of Aslak (reward of the gods), though Danish tradition has contracted it into Axel. This last is a national Danish name, and it seems as if Absalom had been popularly supposed to be the Latin for Axel; since, in a Latin letter of 1443, Olaf Axelsson is turned into Olaus Absalonis. Before quitting this prefix Ab, it seems to be the place to remark upon a name coming to us through the Tartar stock of languages, from the same source—Ab. Ata, (father, the source of Atalik, fatherlike or paternal,) is to the present day a title among the Usbeks of Bokhara. Thence that regent of the Huns, the scourge of God, who spread terror to the gates of Rome, would have been called Attalik among his own people, and thus historians have written his name of terror Attila. In the tales of the Nibelungen, the great Hun, whom Kriemhild marries after the death of Siegfried, and at whose court the general slaughter takes place, is called Etzel in the German poem, Atli in the Northern saga, and this has generally been regarded as identifying him with Attila and fixing the date of the poem; but the monarch of the Huns is hospitable and civilized, with few features in common with the savage of Roman history; and if Attalik were a permanent regal title among the Huns, the chieftain may have been any other of the royal dynasty. His occurrence in that favourite poem, sung alike by all the Teutonic race, has rendered Atli very common from early times in the North as well as Etzel in Germany. The Lombards took it to Italy, where it turned into Eccelino, and in the person of the fierce mountain-lord, Eccelino di Romagna, became as fearful as Attila had ever been to the Romans. The verb to fight or to rule furnished both the names of the wife of Abraham; Sarai (quarrelsome) was thus converted into Sarah (the princess). If we may judge from the example of the bride of Tobias, the daughters of Sarah were occasionally called by her name, and Zara has been, with what correctness I know not, used as an eastern name. Sarah now and then occurs in England, as with Sara Beauchamp, (_temp._ Ed. I.,) but I suspect that she as well as Sarrota de Multon, who lived in the former reign, were alterations of some of the derivatives of the Teutonic prefix _Sig_—victory, as the masculine Saher or Serlo certainly came from Sigeheri. Sarah was never commonly used till after the Reformation, when it began to grow very popular, with its contraction Sally; and at the same time it was adopted as the equivalent for no less than three Irish names—Sadhbh (pronounced Soyv), Sorcha (bright), and Saraid (excellent). The two first are still in use; but Highlanders make a still stranger use of Sarah, which they use to translate their native More (great), perhaps in consequence of its meaning. Elsewhere the name is occasionally used without the _h_ that our biblical translators gave it. It is not, however, very popular, though the French have used it enough to make it Sarotte; in Illyria its diminutive is Sarica; in Lithuania it is Zore.[6] When the first glad tidings of the Child of Promise were announced, Sarah laughed for very joy and wonder, and Laughter (Yizchak) became the name of her son; known in Greek as Ἰσαὰκ, in Latin and to the European world as Isaac. It was not revived among the early Jews; but, like Abraham, it was used by the eastern Christians, and St. Isaac, bishop of Beth Seleucia, was put to death with other Christian martyrs by Sapor II. of Persia. Another eastern Isaac was a hermit at Spoleto, in the sixth century, and Isaak has always been a favourite name in the Greek Church. Several of the family of Comnenus, both at Constantinople and Trebizond, rendered Isaak a royal name; and Isaak or Eisaak, whose feast falls on the 30th of May, is the patron of the cathedral at Petersburg. The name is frequently used in Russia and the other Greco-Slavonic countries, though not much varied. It had not much favour in the West, though it appears once in Domesday Book, and occurs in the Cambray registers. Mr. Bardsley thinks that it, with some other Patriarchal names, became familiar through Mystery plays. But its chief popularity was after the Reformation, when it is continually to be found among the Huguenots, and it seems to have passed from them to other French families, since it is sometimes found in pedigrees, and the noted de Sacy, a grandson of the Arnauld family, was thus christened long after his forefathers had conformed to the Roman Catholic Church. With us Izaak, as our ancestors spelt it, is just so prevalent among us as to have a recognized contraction, Ike or Ikey. Isaac’s wife was called from _rabak_ (to bind). The word Ribkâ meant a cord with a noose, and probably was given as conveying the firmness of the marriage bond. The Septuagint and Latin gave Rebecca; the authorized version Rebekah; and both spellings are adopted by those bearing the name, who are generally called Becky. Here too should be mentioned the faithful nurse of Rebekah, who was so lamented that the tree beneath which she was buried was known as the oak of weeping. Her name of Deborah came from a verb meaning to hum or buzz, and signified a bee, or, in after times, eloquent. Deborah found no favour as a name except among English Puritans, and has acquired a certain amount of absurdity from various literary associations, which prevent ‘Deb.’ from being used except by the peasantry. Of Rebekah’s two daughters-in-law, Rachel signified a ewe. Dante made _l’antica Rachele_, with her beautiful eyes, the type of heavenly contemplation, ever gazing at the mirror that reflected heavenly glory; but her name was not popular, although the Manx princess, otherwise called Affrica, assumed it upon her marriage with Somerled, Lord of the Isles, somewhere about the eleventh century. But Puritan days loved the sound of the word, and “that sweet saint who sat by Russell’s side” has given it a place in many an English family. Polish Jews call it Rahel; in which form it was borne by the metaphysical lady who became the wife of Varnhagen von Ense. ┌──────────────┬──────────────┬──────────────┐ │ English. │ German. │ Bavarian. │ │Matthias │Matthæus │Mathies │ │Mathies │Matthew │Mahe │ │Mat │Matthes │Hies │ │ │Matthis │Hiesel │ │ │ │Mathe │ ├──────────────┼──────────────┼──────────────┤ │ Swiss. │Swedish. │ Danish. │ │Mathias │Mathias │Mathias │ │Thies │Mats │Mads │ │Thiesli │ │ │ ├──────────────┼──────────────┼──────────────┤ │ Friesland. │ French. │ Italian. │ │Matthies │Matthieu │Matteo │ │Hise │Macé │Maffeo │ │Hisse │ │Feo │ │ │ │Mattia │ ├──────────────┼──────────────┼──────────────┤ │ Spanish. │ Russian. │ Polish. │ │Mateo │Matfei │Mateusz │ │ │Matvej │Maciei │ │ │ │Maciek │ │ │ │Matyas │ ├──────────────┼──────────────┼──────────────┤ │ Hungarian. │ Slovak. │ Esthonian. │ │Matyas │Matevz │Maddis │ │Mate │Tevz │Mats │ │ │Mattija │ │ └──────────────┴──────────────┴──────────────┘ Rachel’s less beloved and less favoured sister had a name that came from _lawah_ (hanging upon, dependence, or, as in her case it is explained, weariness)—Leah, in French Lea, in Italian Lia, under which title Dante makes her the emblem of active and fruitful, as is her sister of meditative, love. It was from the same word that she named her third son Levi, when she hoped that her husband would be more closely united or dependent on her. Levi’s name was carried on into the Gospel times, and belonged to the publican who was called from the receipt of custom to become an Apostle and an Evangelist. His Aramean name was, however, that by which he calls himself in his own narrative, or more correctly speaking, by its Græcized form. The old Hebrew Mattaniah (gift of the Lord) was probably the origin of both the names that we have in the Greek Testament as Ματθαῖος and Ματθίας, Matthæus and Matthias as the Latin renders them. Some, however, make the first mean a faithful man; but it is not possible to distinguish between the various forms that have risen out of the two among persons who, probably, had no idea that the Apostle who supplied the place of Judas was a different person from the Evangelist. The Emperor Charles V. was born on St. Matthias' day, and the text “The lot fell on Matthias” was regarded as a good augury, whence Matthias came into favour in Austria and its dependencies. The name has been more popular in Germany and its dependencies. Matteo heads the Milanese Visconti, who were mostly named after the Evangelists. Apostolic names are particularly common in Bavaria, probably from the once frequent representations of the Mystery of the Passion. In Germany, SS. Matthew and Matthias have produced the surnames Matthies, Matys, Thiess, and Thiessen, Latinized after a queer scholarly fashion into Thysius. SECTION III.—_Jacob._ The twin sons of Isaac and Rebekah were called from the circumstances of their birth, Esau, the hairy, and Ja’akob, the latter word being derived from _âkêb_, the heel, because in the words of the Prophet “he took his brother by the heel in the womb.” This, the action of tripping up, confirmed the mother’s faith in the previous prediction that “the elder should serve the younger,” and thus that the younger should supplant the elder. “Is he not rightly named Jacob, for he hath _supplanted_, me these two times,” was accordingly the cry of Esau. By the time of the return from Babylon we find two if not three persons mentioned as bearing the name of Akkub, and that this was meant for Jacob, is shown by its etymology; as it likewise means the supplanter, by its likeness in sound to Yacoub, the form still current among the Arabs, and by the fact that the Akkub, who in the book of Nehemiah stands up with Ezra to read the law to the people, is in the book of Esdras, written originally in Greek, called Ἰάκοβος (Jakobos). So frequent was this Jakobos among the returned Jews that it occurs in the royal genealogy in St. Matthew’s Gospel, and was borne by two of the twelve apostles, by him called the Great, who was the first to be martyred, and by him termed the Less, who ruled the Church at Jerusalem. It is the Great Apostle, the son of Zebedee, who is the saint, in whose honour most of those bearing this name in Europe have been christened. A belief arose that he had preached the Gospel in Spain before his martyrdom at Jerusalem; and though there was no doubt that the Holy City was the place of his death, yet it was declared that his relics were brought to Galicia in a marble ship without oar or sail, which arrived at the port of Aria Flava, since called Patron. A little farther inland arose what was at first termed in Latin the shrine of Sanctus Jacobus Apostolus. Men’s tongues quickly turned this into Sancto Jacobo Apostolo, and thence, confounding the title with the place, arrived at Santo Jaco de Compostella, or Santiago de Compostella. A further legend arose that in the battle of Clavijo with the Moors, the spirits of the Christian Spaniards were revived by the sight of Santiago mounted on a white steed, waving a white banner, and leading them on to victory. Thenceforth Santiago became their war-cry, and the saint was installed as a champion of Christendom. Subsequently no less than three Spanish orders of knighthood were instituted in his honour, and his shrine became one of the most universal places of pilgrimage in Europe, more especially as the most marvellous fables of miracles were forged thereat. His saintly title had become so incorporated with his name that his votaries were in some perplexity where to separate them, and in Castille his votaries were christened Tiago or Diego. Even as early as the tenth century the Cid’s father was Don Diego de Bivar, and he himself Don Rodrigo Diaz de Bivar, Diaz being the patronymic. In 1207, Maria, Queen of Aragon, considering her infant son and heir to have been granted at the especial intercession of the twelve apostles, resolved to baptize him after one of their number, and impartially to decide between them by naming twelve tapers after the apostles, and calling the child after him whose candle burnt longest. Southey has comically described the Queen’s agitations until the victorious candle proved to be that of the great Saint of Galicia, whom Aragonese tongues called Jayme. The child thus christened became the glory of his kingdom, and was known as El Conquestador, leaving Jayme to be honourably borne by Kings of Aragon, Majorca, and Sicily as long as his family remained distinct. Giacopo Apostolo was the Italian version of the name, whence they made their various Giacopo, Jacopo, Giacomo, Como, Iachimo, and Iago according to their various dialects. Germany recurred to the original Jakob; but the French coming home with their own variety talked of Jiac Apostol, and named their children Jacques, or fondled them as Jacquot and Jacqueminot. The great church of St. Jacques, at Liège, spread the love of the name in Flanders as is testified by Jacob von Arteveldt, the Brewer of Ghent; and so universal throughout France was it, that Jacques Bonhomme became the nickname of the peasantry, and was fearfully commemorated in the Jacquerie, the insurrection of which English chroniclers supposed James Goodman to have been the leader. It must have been when English and French were mingled together in the camps of the Black Prince and Henry V. that Jack and Jock became confounded together. Henry V. called the wild Jacqueline of Hainault, Dame Jack. She, like his other Flemish sister-in-law, Jacquette of Luxemburg, must have been named in honour of the saint of Liège. Edward VI.’s nurse, whom Holbein drew by the soubriquet of Mother Jack, was perhaps a Jacquette; Iacolyn and Jacomyn are also found in old registers, but this feminine never took root anywhere but in France, where Jacobée also occurs. James had found its way to Scotland ere the birth of the Black Douglas, and was already a national name before it was given to the second son of Robert III., in accordance with a vow of the queen. This James was brought to the throne by the murder of his brother David, Duke of Rothsay; and thus was the first of the royal Stuarts, by whom it was invariably borne till the sixth of the line hoped to avert the destiny of his race by choosing for his sons more auspicious names. James and Jamie thus became great favourites in Scotland, and came to England with the Stuarts. The name had indeed been previously used, as by the brave Lord James Audley under Edward III., but not so frequently, and the old English form was actually Jeames. Norden dedicates his _Survey of Cornwall_ to James I. as Jeames; and Archbishop Laud so spells the word in his correspondence. In fact, Jemmy and Jim are the natural offsprings of Jeames, as the word was pronounced in the best society till the end of the last century. Then the gentry spoke according to the spelling; Jeames held his ground among the lower classes, and finally—thanks to _Jeames’s Diary_—has become one of the stock terms of conventional wit; and in modern times Jacobina and Jamesina were coined for female wear. The Highlanders call the name Hamish; the Irish, Seumuis. In fact, its variations are almost beyond enumeration. In Italy the full name has the three varieties, Giacomo, Jacopo, Giacobbe, so no wonder the abbreviations are Coppo and Lapo. Due honour is paid in the Greek and Slavonic Church to both the veritable apostles, but not to the mythical Santiago de Compostella, whom we have traced as the root of all the Jameses of the West. The great Jakobos, who appeared at the Council of Nicea, and gloriously defended the city of Nisibis, handed on the apostolic name in the East; and it has almost as many Greek and Slavonian variations as Latin and Teutonic ones. ┌─────────────┬─────────────┬─────────────┬─────────────┬─────────────┐ │ English. │ Scotch. │ Erse. │ Gaelic. │ Dutch. │ │Jacob │James │Seumuis │Hamish │Jacob │ │James │Jamie │ │ │Jaap │ │Jem │ │ │ │ │ │Jemmy │ │ │ │ │ ├─────────────┼─────────────┼─────────────┼─────────────┼─────────────┤ │ French. │ German. │ Swiss. │ Italian. │ Spanish. │ │Jacob │Jakob │Jakob │Jacopo │Jacobo │ │Jacques │Jackel │Bopp │Iachimo │Santiago │ │Jacquot │Jockel} Bav. │Jock │Giakobbe │Diego │ │Jacqueminot │Gaugl } │Jogg │Coppo │Yago │ │ │ │Jagli │Lapo │Jago │ │ │ │ │Jacobello │Jayme │ ├─────────────┼─────────────┼─────────────┼─────────────┼─────────────┤ │ Portuguese. │ Russian. │ Polish. │ Lett. │ │ │Jayme │Jakov │Jakob │Jekups │ │ │ │Jascha │Kuba │Jeka │ │ │ │Jaschenka │Kub │Jezis │ │ │ │ │ │Kubischu │ │ └─────────────┴─────────────┴─────────────┴─────────────┴─────────────┘ The Russian nameday is the 30th of April, either for the sake of St. James the Less, whose eve it is, or for that of a namesake who perished in Numidia in the time of Valerian, and whose feast falls on that day. Jakov gets called Jascha and Jaschenka, and his feminine Jacovina and Zakelina. The Illyrians twist the masculine into Jakovica, and the Lithuanians into Jeka or Kubinsch.[7] ----- Footnote 4: Books consulted:—Max Müller’s _Lectures on Language_; _Proper Names of Scripture_; Smith’s _Dictionary of the Bible_. Footnote 5: Smith’s _Dictionary_; Michaelis, _Personen Namen_. Footnote 6: Books consulted:—_Proper Names of the Bible_; Le Beau’s _Histoire du Bas Empire_; O'Donovan on _Irish Proper Names_; Michaelis, _Personen Namen_. Footnote 7: Smith’s _Dictionary of the Bible_; Southey’s Poems; Jamieson’s _Sacred and Legendary Art_; Butler; Michaelis; Pott; Brand’s _Popular Antiquities_. SECTION IV.—_Simeon._ Of the twelve sons of Jacob, four only have names of sufficient interest to deserve individual notice, and among these, the first requiring notice is Simeon, from _schama_, to hear. Simeon’s name passed on to numerous Jews, and was very common in the Gospel times, no less than five personages being so called, namely, the aged man in the Temple, the son of Jonas, the other apostle called the Zealot or the Canaanite, and the leper, besides the tanner of Joppa, and the magician whose attempt to purchase spiritual gifts has given the title of simony to sins of the same nature. By this time, however, the Hebrew Simeon had been confounded with the Greek Σῖμων (Simon), snub-nosed. St. James, in his discourse at Jerusalem, called St. Peter ‘Simeon,’ and it would thus seem likely that this was used as their true national name, and that Simon was a Græcism used in intercourse with strangers, or in writing. The anchorite who took that strangest freak of fanaticism, the perching himself for life upon a column, is called both Simeon and Simon Stylites, but the latter form has generally been the prevalent one, and has belonged to numerous saints in both the Eastern and Western Church. The Greek Church has both St. Seeméön on the 3rd of February, and St. Ssimon on the 10th of May, and the Russian contractions are Ssemen and Ssenka. The West, too, had sundry Simons of its own, besides those common to all Christendom. We had a monastic St. Simon Stock, and though the Christian name is now uncommon, it has left us many varieties of surnames, as Simmonds, Simkins, Simpson, Simcoe, Sykes, etc., the spelling but slightly varied. It was more used among the French peasantry, and acquired the feminine Simonette. The Italian Simone was not unfrequent, and has made the surname Simoncelli; the Portuguese had Sima; the Spaniards, Ximon; and the Slavonians have the odd varieties of the Polish Szymon, the Illyrian Simej, the Lusatian Schymanz. It is the same word Schama that named the first of the prophets of Israel. “Asked of God” is the import of Samuel, a name so endeared by the beautiful history of the call to the child in the temple, that it could not be quite forgotten. A Samuel, native of Palestine, who perished in the persecution of Maximian, obtained a martyr’s place in the calendar, and his name has been a favourite in the Eastern Church, as Samuil, Samoilo, in Russia; Schombel in Lusatia; Zomelis in Lithuania. The reading of the Holy Scriptures was, however, no doubt, the cause of its use here and in Switzerland, since we scarcely find it before the Reformation, though now Samuel is common in Switzerland, and Sam here.[8] ----- Footnote 8: _Proper Names of the Bible_; Butler; Lower’s _English Surnames_; Michaelis; Piot. SECTION V.—_Judah._ In her exultation at having borne so many promising sons, Leah called her fourth Jehudah (he will be praised); meaning brought forward by her husband Jacob when, in his death-bed blessing of his sons, he exclaimed, “Judah, thou art he whom thy brethren shall praise.” Thus, too, it has been with the individual name of Judah. Unused before the captivity, it was revived again after it, and carried to the highest fame and popularity by the brave Maccabee, who newly founded Judea and restored it, for a time, to freedom and honour. His surname is by some derived from a word meaning the Hammerer, by others from Makkabi, formed by initial letters of the motto on his standard, “Who among the gods is like unto Thee, O Lord?” Judas Maccabeus, early as was his death, and imperfect as was the deliverance of his country when he was slain, was one of the chief heroes of the world, and occupied a far larger space in the imagination of our mediæval ancestors than he does in ours. Not only were the books of Maccabees considered as of equal authority with the canonical Scriptures, but, before 1240, a French metrical romance had recounted his exploits, and by Chaucer’s time Judas Maccabeus was ranked among the nine worthies—the subject of many a ballad and chap-book. But his name has never occurred! Frequent, indeed, it was among his own countrymen after his time, but of them was that man who rendered it for ever accursed. Another apostle bore the same name, but this did not suffice to redeem it, though altered into Jude to mark the distinction. The Saint had, however, two Aramean names, Lebbæus, supposed to mean hearty, or else from the town of Lebba, and Thaddæus, which is satisfactorily explained as an Aramean form of the same word Praise, Græcized and Latinized of course before it came to us. It is not, however, popular. Italy has indeed used it a good deal as Taddeo, and Spain knows it as Tadeo; but though Ireland swarms with Thadys, who write themselves Thaddeus, this is only as a supposed English version of their ancient Erse, Tadhg (a poet). The Slavonic nations use it more than the West; it is a favourite Polish name, and the Russians call it Phaddéi; and the Illyrians, Tadia. No name has been so altered as Judah; it is Hodaiah after the captivity, and Abiud, or rather Ab-jud, in St. Luke’s genealogy. The feminine form of the name, Jehudith, or Judith, belonged primarily to the Hittite wife of Esau, who was a grief of heart to Rebekah, but its fame is owing to the heroine of Bethulia, whose name is, however, said rather to mean a Jewess than to be exactly the feminine of Judah. Indeed some commentators, bewildered by the difficulties of chronology, have supposed the history to be a mere allegory in which she represents the Jewish nation. However, on the uncritical mind of the eighth or ninth century, her story made a deep impression, and a poem was in circulation in Europe recording her adventurous deed, and mentioning among the treasures of Holofernes' tent a mosquito net, whence the learned argue that the narrative must have been derived from some eastern source independent of the Apocryphal book. At any rate, hers was the first name not belonging to their own language that was borne by Teutonic ladies, and long preceded that of any saint. Perhaps it was supposed to be the equivalent of the German Juthe from Ganthe, war; at any rate Juditha, Jutha, or Jutta was in high favour at the court of the Karling Kaisers, and came to England with the step-mother, who gave the first impulse to our great Alfred’s love of learning. Her subsequent marriage took it to Flanders, and we had it back again with the niece of William the Conqueror, the wicked wife of Waltheof, and afterwards of Simon de St. Lis. Her uncle cites her as a witness to a charter by the familiar abbreviation of Jugge, which was long used as the regular contraction, though Judy has since become more usual, and is exceedingly common in Ireland. Even French families gave their daughters the name of Judith, which belonged to the gentle Comtesse de Bonneval. The Breton form is Juzeth; and the Swiss ruthlessly turn it into Dith, but across the Alps it comes forth more gracefully as Giuditta; and the Poles make it Jitka; the Hungarians, Juczi or Jutka. On the authority of Eusebius we venture to add a third to those who bore the name of Judah in the apostolic college, namely, him whom we know by the Aramaic and Greek epithets Thomas and Didymus, both meaning a twin. Tradition declares that his fellow-twin was a sister called Lysia. India is believed to have been the region of his labours and of his death; the Christians there were called after him; and when, in the sixteenth century, the Portuguese attained their object of reaching India by sea, they thought they discovered his tomb at Meliapore, transported the relics to Goa, and created San Tomàs or Tomè into their patron saint. Long ere this, however, in every part of Europe had Thomas been revived with other apostolic names, but its great prominence was derived from the murdered Archbishop Becket, or St. Thomas of Canterbury. His shrine at Canterbury was the English Compostella, visited by foreign as well as native pilgrims, and the greater proportion of churches so termed were under the invocation of the archbishop instead of the apostle, although it is only by charter or by wake-day that the dedication can be traced, since Henry VIII. did his utmost to de-canonize and destroy all memorials of the bold prelate whom he would most certainly have beheaded instead of assassinating. In Italy a martyr for ecclesiastical prerogatives was certain to be in high repute; carvings, glass, paintings, and even needlework still bear his history and figure, always denoted by the clean cutting off of his scalp above the tonsure, and Tomasso flourishes greatly as a Christian name, the Italians, as usual, abbreviating by the omission of the first syllable instead of the last, so that where we say Tom, they say Maso, and thence Masuccio, as we call one of their earliest great painters. Tomasso Agnello was the true name which, contracted into Masaniello, was the wonder of the day at Naples, and made the Spanish power there totter on its throne. The feminine Thomassine, Tamzine, and Tammie, are comparatively recent inventions. They were frequent in the 17th century, and then went out of fashion. ┌─────────────────────┬──────────────────┬─────────────────────┐ │ English. │ Scotch. │ French. │ │ Thomas │Thomas │Thomas │ │ Tom │Tam │Thumas │ │ _Fem._{ Thomassine│Tamlane │ │ │ { Tamzine │ │ │ ├─────────────────────┼──────────────────┼─────────────────────┤ │ Spanish. │ Italian. │ Russian. │ │ Tomas │Tomaso │ Foma │ │ Tome │Maso │ _Fem._— Fomaida │ │ _Fem._— Tomasa │Masuccio │ │ │ │Masaccio │ │ ├─────────────────────┼──────────────────┼─────────────────────┤ │ German. │ Polish. │ Lower Lusatian. │ │ Thoma │Tomasz │Domas │ │ _Fem._— Thomasia │ │Domask │ ├─────────────────────┼──────────────────┼─────────────────────┤ │ Lithuanian. │ Hungarian. │ Finland. │ │Tamkus │Tamas │Tuomas │ │Tamoszus │ │ │ │Dummas │ │ │ └─────────────────────┴──────────────────┴─────────────────────┘ Thomas is the accepted equivalent for the Irish Tomalhaid, Tomaltach, and Toirdelvach, tall as a tower. SECTION VI.—_Joseph._ When, after long waiting and hoping, a son was at length granted to Rachel, she called him Joseph from a word signifying an addition, because she hoped that yet another child would be added to her family. Joseph, beloved and honoured as he was for his own beautiful character and eventful history, has perhaps at the present day the greater number of direct namesakes among the Arabs, who still are frequently called Yussuf. Only two Josephs occur again in the Scripture before the captivity in Babylon, but afterwards they were exceedingly numerous, and in the Gospel history two remarkable characters are so named, as well as three others whom we know by the Græcized form of the name as Joses, _i. e._ a fourth brother of the royal family of James, Simon, and Jude; he who was usually called by his surname of Barnabas, and he who was also called Barsabas, whose lot was cast with that of Matthias. The Latinized form we know as the name of the historian Flavius Josephus. Legend loved to narrate that Joseph of Arimathea brought the Gospel to England, and that his staff was the Christmas-flowering thorn of Glastonbury; nay, that he carried thither the Sanegreal and the holy lance, the mystic objects of the adventures of the Round Table. Yet, in spite of the reputation of this holy man, and of the universal reverence for ‘the just man’ of Nazareth, Joseph was scarcely used as a name in Europe till in 1621 a festival day was fixed by the pope in honour of St. Joseph, the husband of the Blessed Virgin. Therewith an enthusiasm broke forth in Roman Catholic Europe for the name. All the world in Italy began to call itself Giuseppe or Gioseffo; or for short, Peppo and Beppo have swarmed ever since in every village. Spain delighted in Josef or Jose, and the more devout in Jose Maria, with Pepe or Pepito for the contraction; Pepita for the Josefa, who, of course, arose at the same time, these becoming the most common of all Peninsular names. Not to be behindhand in devotion, the Emperor Leopold christened his son Joseph, and thus recommended it to all his subjects; and, perhaps, the Tyrol is the greatest of all the strongholds of the Josephs, the name being there called by its last syllable in all endearing varieties, Sepp, Sepperl, &c.; while the Swiss, on the other side, have Sipp and Sippli. Maria Josepha was a daughter of Maria Theresa, and these two are seldom separated in Germany, Italy, or France; but as Maria forms part of the name of every Roman Catholic woman, and of most men, the second name is the one for use. Marie Josephe Rose was the Christian name of her whom we know and pity as the Empress Josephine, and to whom it is owing that France was once full of young ladies usually called Fifine or Finette; while the rougher damsels of Lucerne are content to be Boppi in familiar life. The Slavonians use the varieties Josko and Joska; the Letts turn the name into Jaschis or Jeps. It is in fact broken into as many odd contractions as it can possibly undergo. It is Joseef or Oseep in Russia. England having freed herself from Roman Catholic influence before this mighty crop of Josephs sprang up, merely regarded the name as one of the Scripture names chiefly used by Puritans, although Joseph Addison has given it distinction in literature; and there Joe is of uncertain origin, as it is as often the contraction of Josiah or Joshua as of Joseph. In some parts of England, Joseph and Mary are considered appropriate to twins. Josephine is with us a mere introduction from the French. Joseph, or Joses, as he was called since, coming from Cyprus—he was one of the Hellenistic Jews—is best known to us under his surname of Barnabas, which St. Luke explains from the Aramaic as υἱος παρακλησέος (uios parakleseos), the son of comfort, a word which bears different interpretations, since comfort may be either exhortation or consolation; and it is in the latter sense that St. Chrysostom and our translators have understood the word, though there are many who prefer the other meaning. Barnabas has not been a very common name, though, with an apostle for its origin, it could not fail to be everywhere known; but it was never royal; and the only historical character so called, Bernabo Visconti, was enough to give any name an evil odour. We make it Barnaby when we do use it, the Irish call it Barney and confuse it with Brian, and the Russians call it Varnava. One Barnabas Hutchinson, proctor of the chapter of Durham, who died in 1633, is thus commemorated in his epitaph:— “Under this thorne tree Lies honest Barnabee.”[9] Joseph had named his two sons Manasseh (forgetting), because he said, “God hath made me _forget_ all my toil,” and Ephraim (twofold increase). The first was early adopted by the Israelites; we find it belonging to the son of Hezekiah, and to the father of Judith, and, to our amazement, to a mediæval knight, whose friends may perhaps have brought it from the Crusades. Two early bishops of Cambrai bore the name of Manassès, and there is one among the under-tenants in Domesday Book. In Ireland, the name of Manus, a corruption of Magnus, derived from the Northmen who invented it, is turned into Manasses. Ephraim, like other patriarchal names, lived on in Mesopotamia; and St. Ephrem of Edessa, who lived in the beginning of the fourth century, is esteemed as a doctor of the Church, and is the name-saint of numerous Russians, who keep his day on the 28th of January, though the Roman Church marks it in July.[10] ----- Footnote 9: Kitto’s _Biblical Cyclopædia_; Trollope’s _Greek Testament_; Michaelis. Footnote 10: _Proper Names of the Bible_; Michaelis; O'Donovan’s _Irish Names_. SECTION VII.—_Benjamin._ When the long-desired ‘addition,’ the second son, was given to Rachel, and in the words of Jacob she “died by him when there was but a little way to come to Ephrath,” she called the infant who had cost her life Ben-oni (son of my sorrow); but this was changed by his father into Ben-Yamin (son of my right hand, _i. e._ prosperous). In spite of Rare Ben Jonson, Benjamin is an essentially Puritan and Jewish name; such a feminine as Benjamina has even been perpetrated. Oddly enough the Bretons call Benjamin Benoni. Benoni, “the child of sorrow,” and Ichabod, “the glory is departed,” were so frequent among the Puritans of the time of James I. that Mr. Bardsley thinks that they could not have been so much allusions to family distress as to the afflictions of the Puritan sect. Benoni occurs in the rate of six to one compared with Benjamin in the registers of the period. Afterwards the place of Ben was taken by the Syriac Bar, the earliest instance being that of old Barzillai, the Gileadite, whose name signified the son of iron. It seems as though under the Herodean kingdom the custom was coming in that forms the first surnames, that of calling the son by his patronymic almost in preference to his own individual appellation, and thus arose some of the double titles that confuse us as to the identity of the earlier saints. Thus, the “Israelite without guile,” is first introduced as Nathanael, the same as the ancient Nethaneel, captain of the tribe of Issachar, and meaning the gift of God, being compounded of the Divine Word and nathan (a gift). Nathan was the name of the prophet who rebuked David, and of the son whose descendants seem to have taken the place of the royal line. Elnathan occurs as father to the wife of one of the kings, and Jonathan has exactly the same meaning, the gift of God. In the list of apostles, Nathanael is called by his patronymic Bartholomaios, as it stands in the Greek, and Tholomaios is referred to Talmai (furrows), which occurs in the list of the sons of Anak, and also as belonging to the King of Geshur, Absalom’s grandfather. In the uncertainty whether it was really the apostle, Nathanael was left unused until those English took it up, by whom it was made into Nat. The other form, though not popular, is of all nations, and from its unwieldy length has endless contractions, perhaps the larger number being German, since it is most common in that central Teutonic land. ┌────────────────┬────────────────┬────────────────┬────────────────┐ │ English. │ German. │ Dutch. │ Swiss. │ │Bartholomew │Bartholomaus │Bartelmês │Bartleme │ │Bart │Bertel │ │Bartli │ │Bartley │Barthol │ │ │ │Bat │Mewes │ │ │ │ │Bartold │ │ │ ├────────────────┼────────────────┼────────────────┼────────────────┤ │ Bavarian. │ French. │ Danish. │ Spanish. │ │Bartlmê │Bartholomieu │Bartholomeuis │Bartolome │ │Bartl │Bartolomée │Bartel │Bartolo │ │Wawel │Tolomieu │Bardo │ │ │Wabel │ │ │ │ │Wabm │ │ │ │ ├────────────────┼────────────────┼────────────────┼────────────────┤ │ Portuguese. │ Italian. │ Russian. │ Polish. │ │Bartolomeu │Bartolomeo │Varfolomei │Bartlomiej │ │Bartolomeo │Bortolo │ │Bartek │ │Bortolo │ │ │ │ │Meo │ │ │ │ ├────────────────┼────────────────┼────────────────┼────────────────┤ │ Illyrian. │ Lusatian │ Esthonian │ Lithuanian │ │Bartuo │Bartolik │Partel │Baltras │ │Barteo │Barto │Pert │Baltramejus │ │Jernij │Batram │ │ │ │Vratolomije │ │ │ │ └────────────────┴────────────────┴────────────────┴────────────────┘ SECTION VIII.—_Job._ We must not quit the patriarchal names without mentioning that of Job. This mysterious person is stated in the margin of the Alexandrian version to have originally borne the name of Jobab, which means shouting; and a tradition of the Jews, adopted by some of the Christian fathers, makes him the same as the Jobab, prince of Edom, mentioned in the genealogy in the 33rd chapter of Genesis, a supposition according with his evident position as a great desert sheik, as well as with the early date of his history. Job, however, as he is called throughout his book, is explained by some to mean persecuted; by others a penitent; and it is evident from a passage in the Koran that this was the way that Mahommed understood it. The tradition of his sufferings lived on among the Arabs, who have many stories about Eyub, or Ayoub, as they pronounce the name still common among them, and their nickname for the patient camel is Abi Ayub, father of Job. Jöv, probably from their eastern connections, is a name used by the Russians, and has belonged to one of their patriarchs. Otherwise it is a very infrequent name even in England. Job’s three daughters, Jemima, Kezia, and Kerenhappuch, are explained to mean a dove, cassia, and a horn of stibium. This latter is the paint with which eastern ladies were wont to enhance the beauty of their eyelashes, and it is curious to find this little artifice so ancient and so highly esteemed as to give the very name to the fair daughter of the restored patriarch, perhaps because her eyes were too lovely to need any such adornment. Hers has never been a popular name, only being given sometimes to follow up those of her sisters; Kezia is a good deal used in England, and belonged to a sister of Wesley, who was called Kissy; but Jemima is by far the most general of the three. The Hebrew interpretation of Jemima makes it a day, but the Arabic word for a dove resembles it more closely, and critics, therefore, prefer to consider it as the Arab feminine version of that which the Israelites had among them as Jonah (a dove). This belonged to the prophet of Nineveh. It is not usual in Europe, but strangely enough the Lithuanians use it as Jonsazus, and the Lapps as Jonka. What strange fancy can have made Mehetabel, the wife of one of the princes of Edom, leave her four syllables to be popular in England? Many village registers all over the country show it. Was it a remnant of the East in Cornwall, or did Puritans choose it for its meaning, God is beneficent? It was at Jarrow as early as 1578. Tamar, a palm tree, it may here be mentioned, has continued common among eastern Christians, especially since a distinguished Armenian queen was so called. Now and then very great lovers of biblical names in England give it, and likewise Dinah (judgment).[11] ----- Footnote 11: Smith’s _Dictionary of the Bible_; Kitto’s _Biblical Cycloædia_; _Proper Names of the Bible_. CHAPTER III. ISRAELITE NAMES. SECTION I.—_Moses and Aaron._ At the time of the Exodus, the Israelites had become a nation, and their names, though still formed from a living language, were becoming more hereditary and conventional than those of the patriarchal times. That of Moses himself, interpreted by the Scripture as meaning drawn out of the water, belongs rather to the Egyptian than to the Hebrew language. It probably came from the Coptic _mo_, water, and _usha_, saved; though the Hebrew, _mâshâh_, also presents a ready derivation: the great Law-giver. It has never been forgotten in the East, where the Arabs in the desert point out Gebel Mousa, the rock of Moses, whence they say the water flowed, and Wady Mousa, the vale of Moses. Mousa is a frequent name among the Arabs to this day, and among the gallant Moors of Granada, none stands so prominently forward in the noble rivalry of Abencerrages and Zegris as does the champion Muza. Moses was unused by the Jews while they continued a nation, but has been very common in their dispersion, and in Poland has come to be pronounced Mojzesz. The frequent Jewish surname Moss is taken from one of these continental corruptions of the name of the great Law-giver. In Ireland the name Magsheesh has been adopted by the inhabitants as an imitation of Moses; but no form of Moses is used elsewhere, except as a direct Scripture name. The name of Thermuthis has been found on a tombstone, given apparently in honour of Pharaoh’s daughter, whom Josephus thus denominates. Aaron’s name is in like manner considered to be Egyptian, and the meaning is very doubtful, though it is commonly explained as a high mountain. Aaron seems to have been assumed as a name by some of our old British Christians, or else it was accepted as an equivalent for something Keltic, for Aaron and Julius were among our very few British martyrs under Diocletian’s persecution, and a later Aaron was an abbot in Brittany; but it has never been a name in use.[12] The sister of Moses and Aaron, who led the songs of the Israelites when they saw their enemies dead upon the sea-shore, was the first owner of that name which was to be the most highly honoured among those of women. Yet it is a name respecting which there is great contention. Gesenius derives it from _Merî_ (stubbornness), with the addition of the third person plural, so as to make it mean their rebellion. Other commentators refer it to the word _Marah_ (bitterness), and thence the bitter gum, myrrh, the same term that was applied to the brackish springs in the desert, and to which the desolate widow of Bethlehem declared her right, when she cried, “Call me not Naomi (pleasant), call me Marah (bitter).” This is on the whole the most satisfactory derivation, but in the middle ages it was explained as Myrrh of the Sea, Lady of the Sea, or Star of the Sea, the likeness to the Latin, Keltic, and Teutonic _mar_ being probably the guide. Star of the Sea is the favourite explanation among Roman Catholics, as the loftiest and most poetical, and it is referred to in many of their hymns and other devotional compositions. Miriam does not seem to have been repeated until after the captivity, when it took the Greek forms of Mariam and Mariamne, and became very frequent among Jewish women, probably in the expectation of the new deliverance from the bondage that galled them like that of Egypt of old. It was the name of the Asmonean princess in whom the brave Maccabean line was extinguished by Herod the Great; it belonged to three if not to four of the women of the Gospel; and we find it again marking the miserable being who is cited as having fulfilled the most terrible of all the woes denounced by Moses upon the daughters of Jerusalem. The name of Mariam continued in the East, but was very slow in creeping into the Western Church, though not only the Blessed Virgin herself had borne it, but two very popular saints, namely, the Magdalen, and the Penitent of Egypt, whose legends were both current at a very early period. The first Maria whom I can find of undoubted western birth was a Spanish maiden, who was martyred by the Moors at Cordova in 851. Michaelis tells us that the old Spanish name of Urraca is the same as Maria, but this can hardly be true. It seems to have been the devotion of the Crusaders that first brought Maria into Europe, for we find the first instances about the middle of the twelfth century all at once; Maria of Antioch, a Crusader’s daughter, who married the Emperor Manuel Comnenus; her daughter, Maria Comnena, married to the Marquis of Montferrat; Marie, the daughter of Louis VII. of France, and our Eleanor of Guienne, named probably during their Crusader’s fervour; then Marie, the translator of the Breton legends for Henry III.; Marie, the nun daughter of Edward I., and at the same time Marie all over the western world. Probably the addition of the German diminutive _chen_, in French _on_, formed the name of “A bonny fine maid of noble degree, Maid Marion called by name.” Very soon had her fame travelled abroad, for in 1332 the play of _Robin et Marion_ was performed by the students of Angers, one of them appearing as a _fillette déguisée_. The origin of _Marionettes_, puppets disguised to play the part of Maid Marion, is thus explained. They may, however, have received their name from the habit of calling small images of the Blessed Virgin Mariettes, or Marionettes. Several streets of old Paris, in which were such images, were called Rue des Mariettes, or later, Rue des Marionettes. All puppets there came to be called Mariettes and Marmousets; and two streets of Paris were down to the last century called Rue des Marmousets. Henri Etienne says: “Never did the Egyptians take such cruel vengeance for the murder of their cats, as has been wreaked in our days on those who had mutilated some Marmouset or Marionette.” Even the bauble of a licensed fool was a Marotte, from the little head at its point, and the supernatural dolls of sorcerers, in the form of toads or apes, were described as Marionettes in an account of a trial for witchcraft in 1600. The term Marmoset passed to the daintiest and most elegant of the monkey tribe, by which it is now monopolized. Marion became a common name in France, and contracted into Manon, and expanded into Marionette, as in a poem of the 13th century where Marion is thus addressed; and in Scotland, where “Maid Marion, fair as ivory bone,” likewise figured in rustic pageantry, she took a stronger hold than anywhere else, is in common life yclept Menie, and has escaped her usual fate of confusion with Marianne. With us, the Blessed Virgin’s name, having come through the French, was spelt in their fashion till the translation of the Bible made our national Mary familiar. Mary II. was the first of our queens who dropped the _ie_. The chief contractions and endearments are as follows:— ┌────────────────┬────────────────┬────────────────┬────────────────┐ │ English. │ French. │ Italian. │ Spanish. │ │Maria │Marie │Maria │Marïa │ │Mary │Marion │Marietta │Marinha │ │Marion │Manon │Mariuccia │Mariquinhas │ │Moll │Maion │ │Mariquita │ │Molly │Mariette │ │Maritornes │ │Polly │Maillard │ │ │ │Malkin │ (Cambrai) │ │ │ │Mawkes │ │ │ │ │Mawkin │ │ │ │ │May[13] │ │ │ │ ├────────────────┼────────────────┼────────────────┼────────────────┤ │ Keltic. │ Swedish. │ Bavarian. │ Swiss. │ │Mair (W.) │Maria │Marie │Marie │ │Moissey (Manx) │Maria │Mariel │Mareili │ │Mari (Ir.) │ │Mariedel │Maga │ │ │ │Marei │Maieli │ │ │ │Mareiel │Mija │ │ │ │Marl │Mieli │ │ │ │Medal │ │ │ │ │Miel │ │ ├────────────────┼────────────────┼────────────────┼────────────────┤ │ Dutch. │ Russian. │ Polish. │ Illyrian. │ │Maria │Marija │Mary │Maria │ │Marieke │Maika │Marysia │Marica │ │Mike │Mascha │Marynia │Millica │ │ │Mashinka │ │ │ ├────────────────┼────────────────┼────────────────┼────────────────┤ │ Lusatian. │ Esthonian. │ Lapland. │ Hungarian. │ │Mara │Marri │Marja │Maria │ │Maruscha │Mai │ │Mari │ │ │Maie │ │Marka │ └────────────────┴────────────────┴────────────────┴────────────────┘ Our Latin Maria is a late introduction, brought in by that taste which in the last century made everything feminine end with an a. It is only during the last three centuries that Maria has reigned supreme in Roman Catholic countries, marking the exaggerated devotion paid to the original. Indeed, the Italian proverb, answering to the needle in a bottle of hay, is “_Cercar Maria in Ravenna_,” so numerous are the Marias there. Even in Ireland there were few Marys till comparatively recent times; but now the Môr that in some parts of the island was translated by Sarah, is changed into Mary. Since Marys have been thus multiplied, the attributes of the first Mary have been adopted into the Christian name, and used to distinguish their bearer. The earliest and best of these was the Italian Maria Annunciata, or Annunziata, contracted into Nunziata; and followed up in Spain by Maria Anonciada; and in France, by Marie Annonciade. Soon there followed Maria Assunta, in honour of her supposed assumption bodily into glory, but this never flourished beyond Italy, Spain, and her colonies. France has Marie des Anges, at least as a conventual appellation; as in Spain the votaress of the merciful interceding patroness is called Maria de Mercedes; and she whose parents were mindful of the Seven Sorrows supposed to have pierced the heart of the Holy Mother, would choose for their child Maria de Dolores. There was a legend that Santiago had seen a vision of the Blessed Virgin standing on a pillar of jasper and bidding him found at Zaragoza the church thence called Nuestra Señora del Pilar, whence, in Spain at least, Pilar has become a female name, as Guadalupe has likewise in honour of a miraculous image of St. Mary, preserved in the church of the mountain once covered with hermitages. Moreover, a district in Mexico, formerly called Tlaltelolco, contained a temple to a favourite goddess of the Aztec race. After the Spanish conquest, the same site became the scene of a vision of Nuestra Señora, who appeared to a Christian Indian, and intimated that a church was there to be built in her honour. As a token of the reality of the vision, roses burst forth on the bare rock of the Tepeyac, and it further appeared impressed with a miraculous painting, which has been the great subject of adoration from the Mexicans ever since. Guadalupe, a free translation into Spanish of the native name of Tlaltelolco, has been ever since a favourite name with the damsels of Mexico, and is even adopted by such of the other sex as regard the shrine with special veneration. Maria del Incarnaçion is also Spanish. An English gipsy woman lately said ‘Carnation’ was her daughter’s name, and had been her grandmother’s. Was it from this source? As queen of heaven, Maria has votaries, called in Italy Regina or Reina. The latter was frequent in early times at Florence. In France we find Reine and Reinette, and Regina is a favourite in some parts of Germany, where it has been confused with the derivatives of the old Teutonic Ragin, Council. Since the promulgation of the new dogma, young ladies in Spain have been called Maria de la Concepcion; in Italy, Concetta. Surely the superstition of these races is recorded in their names. The custom of adding Maria to a man’s name seems to have begun in Italy about 1360, and now most individuals in Italy, and probably likewise in Spain, as well as in the more devout French families, bear the name of Maria; and the old Latin Marius and Virginius, though entirely unconnected except by the sound, have been pressed into the service, and made to do duty as Mario and Virginio in her honour. Perhaps the Jews had in some degree adopted the Roman fashion of similar names in a family, since the sister of the Blessed Virgin bears the same as her own, and there is a great similarity between those of the sisters of Bethany, which both probably come from _mara_ (bitter), although some deduce Martha from the Aramean _mar_ (a lord), which we often hear as the title of Syrian bishops, as Mar Elias, &c. Even the earliest writers on the Gospels were at a loss whether to identify the meek contemplative Mary of Bethany, by the woman that was a sinner, who is recorded as performing the same act of devotion, and with Mary Magdalen, once possessed by seven devils and afterwards first witness of the Resurrection. While inquiry was cautious, legend was bold, and threw the three into one without the slightest doubt, going on undoubtingly to narrate the vain and sinful career of Mary Magdalen, describing her luxury, her robes, and in especial her embroidered gloves and flowing hair, and all the efforts of Martha to convert her, until her final repentance. The story proceeded to relate how the whole family set out on a mission to Provence, where Martha, by holding up the cross, demolished a terrific dragon; and Mary, after having aided in converting the country, retired to a frightful desert with a skull for her only companion. It is this legendary Magdalen, whom painters loved to portray in all her dishevelled grief. The word itself is believed to be a mere adjective of place, meaning that she came from Magdala, which, in its turn, means a tower or castle, and is represented by the little village of Mejdel, on the lake of Tiberias, so that her proper designation would be Mary of Magdala, _i. e._ of the tower, probably to distinguish her from Mary of Bethany with whom she is confounded. It is curious to observe how infinitely more popular her name has been than her sister’s, _i. e._ accepting the mediæval belief that they _were_ sisters. The Marfa of Russia is of course like the English Martha, Matty, Patty, the true housewifely Martha, independent of the legend of the dragon, and has there been a royal name occurring frequently among the daughters of the earlier Tzars; and the Martha used in Ireland is only as an equivalent for the native Erse Meabhdh, Meave, or Mab, once a great Irish princess, who has since become the queen of the fairies. Martha used also to be used for Mor. But the Marthe and Marthon of the south of France, and the rarer Marta of Italy and Spain, were all from the Provençal dragon-slayer, and as to the popularity of Magdalen, the contractions in the following table will best prove it: ┌────────────────┬────────────────┬────────────────┬────────────────┐ │ English. │ German. │ Swiss. │ Danish. │ │Magdalene │Magdalene │Magdalene │Magdelene │ │Maudlin │Madlen │ │Malin │ │Maun │Lene │Leli │Magli │ │Madeline │Lenchen │ │Mali │ ├────────────────┼────────────────┼────────────────┼────────────────┤ │ Italian. │ French. │ Polish. │ Servian. │ │Maddalena │Magdelaine │Magdelina │Mandelina │ │ —————————— │Mazaline—_old_ │Magdusia │Manda │ │ Spanish. │Madeleine │Magdosia │ │ │Magdalena │Madelon │Madde │ │ │Madelena │ │ │ │ ├────────────────┼────────────────┼────────────────┼────────────────┤ │ Lusatian. │ Esthonian. │ Ung. │ Lettish. │ │Madlena │Madli │Magdalena │Madlene │ │Marlena │Mai │Magdolna │Maddalene │ │Marlenka │Male │ │Madde │ │Madlenka │ │ │ │ └────────────────┴────────────────┴────────────────┴────────────────┘ The penitent Mary of Egypt has had her special votaresses. Maria Egyptiaca was a princess of Oettingen in 1666.[14] ----- Footnote 12: _Proper Names of the Bible_; Liddell and Scott’s _Greek Lexicon_; Butler’s _Lives of the Saints_; Dean Stanley. Footnote 13: Marriott occurs in a Cornish register as a feminine in 1666. Footnote 14: Smith’s _Dictionary of the Bible_; Michaelis; Jameson’s _Legends of the Madonna_; _Sacred and Legendary Art_; _Romancero del Cid_; Warton’s _History of Poetry_; Grimm, _Deutsche Mythologie_; O'Donovan, _On Irish Names_; _Festivals and their Household Words_; _Christian Remembrancer_; Mme. Calderon de la Borca, _Mexico_. SECTION II.—_Elisheba, &c._ The names of the wife and son of Aaron bring us to a style of nomenclature that was very frequent among the Israelites at the period of the Exodus, and had begun even earlier. This was the habit of making the name contain a dedication to the Deity, by beginning or ending it with a word of Divine signification. The Divine title known to man before the special revelation to Moses in the burning bush, was the Hebrew word El, in the plural Elohim, which corresponds to our term Deity or God-head. It was by a derivative from this word that Jacob called the spot where he beheld the angels, Beth El (the House of God), and again the place where he built an altar, El Elohe Israel (the God of Israel), as indeed his own name of Israel meant prevailing with God. This termination is to be found in the names of several of his grandsons; but we will only in the present section review the class of names where it serves as a prefix. The first of all of these is Eliezer (God of help), the name of Abraham’s steward who went to bring home Rebecca, and again of the second son of Moses. A very slight change, indicated in our version by the change of the vowels, made it Eleazar, or God will help, the name of Aaron’s eldest surviving son, the second high priest. Both continued frequent among the Jews before the captivity, and after it the distinction between them was not observed, though Eleazar was in high repute as having belonged to the venerable martyr in the Antiochian persecution, as well as to the brave Maccabee, who perished under the weight of the elephant he had stabbed. In the Gospels, Eleazar has become Lazarus, and in this form is bestowed upon the beggar of the parable, as well as on him who was raised from the dead. It is curious to observe the countries where it has been in use. The true old form once comes to light in the earlier middle age as St. Elzéar, the Comte de St. Sabran, who became a devotee of St. Francis, and has had a scanty supply of local namesakes. The beggar’s name has been frequently adopted in Spain as Lazaro or Lazarillo; Italy has many a Lazzaro; Poland, shows Lazarz; Russia, Lasar; Illyria, Lazo and Laze. Aaron’s wife was Elischeba, meaning God hath sworn, _i. e._ an appeal to his covenant. It recurred again in the priestly family in the Gospel period, and had become, in its Greek form, Ελισαβετ; in Latin, Elisabeth. The mother of the Baptist was not canonized in the West, though, I believe, she was so in the East, for there arose her first historical namesake, the Muscovite princess Elisavetta, the daughter of Jaroslav, and the object of the romantic love of that splendid poet and sea-king, Harald Hardràda, of Norway, who sung nineteen songs of his own composition in her praise on his way to her from Constantinople, and won her hand by feats of prowess. Although she soon died, her name remained in the northern peninsula, and figures in many a popular tale and Danish ballad, as Elsebin, Lisbet, or Helsa. It was the Slavonic nations, however, who first brought it into use, and from them it crept into Germany, and thence to the Low Countries. Elisabeth of Hainault, on her marriage with Philippe Auguste, seems to have been the first to suffer the transmutation into Isabelle, the French being the nation of all others who delighted to bring everything into conformity with their own pronunciation. The royal name thus introduced became popular among the crown vassals, and Isabelle of Angoulême, betrothed to Hugues de Lusignan, but married to King John, brought Isabel to England, whence her daughter, the wife of Friedrich II., conveyed Isabella to Germany and Sicily. Meantime the lovely character of Elisabeth of Hungary—or Erzsebet as she is called in her native country—earned saintly honours, and caused the genuine form to be extremely popular in all parts of Germany. Her namesake great-niece was, however, in Aragon turned into Isabel, and when married into Portugal, received the surname of De la Paz, because of her gentle, peace-making nature. She was canonized; and Isabel, or Ysabel, as it is now the fashion to spell it in Spain, has ever since been the chief feminine royal name in the Peninsula, and was rendered especially glorious and beloved by Isabel the Catholic. In the French royal family it was much used during the middle ages, and sent us no fewer than two specimens, namely, the ‘She-Wolf of France,’ and the child-queen of Richard II.; but though used by the Plantagenets and their nobility, it took no hold of the English taste; and it was only across the Scottish border that Isobel or Isbel, probably learned from French allies, became popular, insomuch that its contraction, Tibbie, has been from time immemorial one of the commonest of all peasant names in the Lowlands. The wicked and selfish wife of Charles VI. of France was always called Isabeau, probably from some forgotten Bavarian contraction; but she brought her appellation into disrepute, and it has since her time become much more infrequent in France. The fine old English ballad that makes ‘pretty Bessee’ the granddaughter of Simon de Montfort is premature in its nomenclature; for the first Bess on record is Elizabeth Woodville, whose mother, Jacquetta of Luxemburg, no doubt imported it from Flanders. Shakespeare always makes Edward IV. call her Bess; and her daughter Elizabeth of York is the lady Bessee of the curious verses recording the political courtship of Henry of Richmond. Thence came the name of Good Queen Bess, the most popular and homely of all borne by English women, so that, while in the last century a third at least of the court damsels were addressed as ‘Lady Betty,’ it so abounded in villages that the old riddle arose out of the contractions. During the anti-Spanish alliance between England and France, Edward VI. was sponsor to a child of Henri II., who received the Tudor name of Elisabeth, but could not become the wife of Philip II., without turning into Isabel; indeed, the Italian Elisabetta Farnese—a determined personage—was the only lady who seems to have avoided this transformation. Poetry did not improve our Queen Elizabeth by making her into Eliza, a form which, however, became so prevalent in England during the early part of the present century, that Eliza and Elizabeth are sometimes to be found in the same family. No name has so many varieties of contraction, as will be seen by the ensuing list, where, in deference to modern usage, Elizabeth is placed separately from Isabella. ┌────────────┬────────────┬────────────┬────────────┬────────────┐ │ English. │ Scotch. │ German. │ Bavarian. │ Swiss. │ │Elizabeth │Elizabeth │Elisabeth │Lisi │Elsbeth │ │Eliza │Elspeth │Elise │Liserl │Betha │ │Bessy │Elspie │Lise │ │Bebba │ │Betsey │Bessie │Lischen │ │Bebbeli │ │Betty │Lizzie │Elsabet │ │ │ │Lizzy │ │Elsbet │ │ │ │Libby │ │Bettine │ │ │ │Lisa │ │Bette │ │ │ │ │ │Ilse │ │ │ ├────────────┼────────────┼────────────┼────────────┼────────────┤ │ Danish. │ French. │ Italian. │ Russian. │ Polish. │ │Elisabeth │Elisabeth │Elisabetta │Jelissaveta │Elzbieta │ │Elsebin │Elise │Elisa │Lisa │Elzbietka │ │Helsa │Babet │Betta │Lisenka │ │ │ │Babette │Bettina │ │ │ │ │Babichon │Lisettina │ │ │ ├────────────┼────────────┼────────────┼────────────┼────────────┤ │ Servian. │ Slovak. │ Esthonian. │ Hungarian. │ Lusatian. │ │Jelisavcta │Lizbeta │Ello │Erzebet │Hilzbeta │ │Jelisavka │Liza │Elts │Erzsi │Hilza │ │Liza │Lizika │Liso │Erszok │Hilzizka │ │ │ │ │Orse │Lisa │ │ │ │ │Orsike │Liska │ │ │ │ │ │Beta │ └────────────┴────────────┴────────────┴────────────┴────────────┘ Lise and Lisette are sometimes taken as contractions of Elisabeth, but they properly belong to Louise. ┌────────────┬────────────┬────────────┬────────────┬────────────┐ │ English. │ Scotch. │ French. │ Spanish. │Portuguese. │ │Isabella │Isabel │Isabeau │Ysabel │Isabel │ │Isabel │Isbel │Isabelle │Bela │Isabelhina │ │Belle │Tibbie │ │ │ │ │Nib │ │ │ │ │ │Ibbot │ │ │ │ │ │Ib │ │ │ │ │ └────────────┴────────────┴────────────┴────────────┴────────────┘ Scotland and Spain are the countries of Isabel; England and Germany of Elizabeth. The noblest prophet of the kingdom of Israel was called by two Hebrew words, meaning God the Lord, a sound most like what is represented by the letters Eliyahu, the same in effect as that of the young man who reproved Job and his friends, though, in his case, the Hebrew points have led to his being called in our Bible Elihu, while we know the prophet as Elijah, the translators probably intending us to pronounce the _j_ like an _i_. The Greek translators had long before formed Ἠλιας, the Elias of the New Testament. When the Empress Helena visited Palestine, she built a church on Mount Carmel, around which arose a cluster of hermitages, and thus the great prophet and his miracles became known both to East and West. When the Crusaders visited the Mount of Carmel frowning above Acre, and beheld the church and the hermits around it, marked the spot where the great prophet had prayed, and the brook where he slew the idolaters, no wonder they became devoted to his name, and Helie became very frequent, especially among the Normans. Helie de la Flèche was the protector of Duke Robert’s young son, William Clito; and Helie and Elie were long in use in France, as Ellis must once have been in England, to judge by the surnames it has left. Elias is still very common in the Netherlands. The order of Carmelites claimed to have been founded by the prophet himself; but when the Latins inundated Palestine, it first came into notice, and became known all over the West. It was placed under the invocation of St. Mary, who was thus called in Italy the Madonna di Carmela or di Carmine, and, in consequence, the two names of Carmela and Carmine took root among the Italian ladies, by whom they are still used. The meaning of Carmel, as applied to the mountain, is vineyard or fruitful field. Elisha’s name meant God of Salvation. It becomes Eliseus in the New Testament, but has been very seldom repeated; though it is possible that the frequent Ellis of the middle ages may spring from it. Here, too, it may be best to mention the prophetic name by which the Humanity of the Messiah was revealed to Isaiah—Immanuel (God with us), _Imm_ meaning with; _an_ being the pronoun. The Greeks appear to have been the first to take up this as a Christian name, and Manuel Komnenos made it known in Europe. The Italians probably caught it from them as Manovello; and the Spaniards and Portuguese were much addicted to giving it, especially after the reign of Dom Manoel, one of the best kings of the noble house of Avis. Manuelita is a feminine in use in the Peninsula. When used as a masculine, as it is occasionally in England and France, the first letter is generally changed to _E_.[15] ----- Footnote 15: _Proper Names of the Bible_; Michaelis; Grimm, _Deutsche Mythologie_. SECTION IV.—_Joshua, &c._ A still more sacred personal Divine Name was revealed to Moses upon Mount Horeb—the name that proclaimed the eternal self-existence of Him who gave the mission to the oppressed Israelites. The meaning of that Name we know, in its simple and ineffable majesty; the pronunciation we do not know, for the most learned doubt whether that the usual substitute for it may not be a mistake. The Jews themselves feared to pronounce it commonly in reading their scriptures, and substituted for it Adonai, that which is indicated by the ‘LORD,’ in capital letters in our Bibles, while the French try to give something of the original import by using the word _l'Éternel_, and thus the tradition of the true sound has been hidden from man, and all that is known is that the three consonants employed in it were J, or rather Y V H. Yet, though this holy name was only indicated in reading, it was very frequent in combination in the names of the Israelites, being the commencement of almost all those that with us begin with _je_ or _jo_, the termination of all those with _iah_. Nay, the use of the name in this manner has received the highest sanction, since it was by inspiration that Moses added to Hoshea, salvation—the syllable that made it Jehoshea or Joshua, “the Lord my salvation,” fitly marking out the warrior, who, by Divine assistance, should save Israel, and place them safely in the promised land. That name of the captain of the salvation of Israel seems to have been untouched again till the return from the captivity, when probably some unconscious inspiration directed it to be given to the restorer of the Jews, that typical personage, the high priest, in whom we find it altered into Jeshua; and the Greek soon made it into the form in which it appears as belonging to the author of the book of Ecclesiasticus, and which, when owned by the apostate high priest, under Antiochus Epiphanes, was made by him from Jesus into Jason, to suit the taste of the Greek rulers. It had become common among the Jews; it was the current name for the ancient Joshua, when it was assumed by Him Who alone had a right to it. A feast in honour of that Name “to which every knee shall bow,” has been marked by the Western Church, and it is probably in consequence of this that the Spanish Americans actually have adopted this as one of their Christian names—a profanation whence all the rest of Christendom has shrunk. There too _a_ and _ita_ are added to it to make it feminine. In the unfortunate son and grandson of the good Josiah (yielded to the Lord), we see some curious changes of name. The son was called both Eliakim and Jehoiakim, in which the verb meant “will establish or judge;” the only difference was in the Divine Name that preceded it. This miserable prince died during the first siege of Jerusalem, and his son Jehoiachin (appointed of the Lord), reigned for three months till the city was taken, and he was carried away to Babylon. The above-mentioned seems to have been his proper name, but he was commonly called Jeconiah, and Jeremiah denounces his punishment without the prefix, as “this man Coniah.” After the death of Nebuchadnezzar, Jehoiachin was brought out of prison, and lived in some degree of ease and favour at Babylon; and by Greek authors a sort of compromise was made between his name and his father’s, and he becomes sometimes Jeconias, and sometimes Joacim. There was an early tradition that Joachim had been the name of the father of the Blessed Virgin, but her private history did not assume any great prominence till about 1500, and in consequence the names of her parents are far less often used before than after that era. Her mother’s name, as we shall see, had a history of its own; and was earlier in general use than that of her father, which scarcely came into England at all, and was better known to us when Murat ascended the throne of Naples than at any other time. Being however found in the apocryphal Gospels, it was in use in the Greek Church, and is therefore to be found in Russia. Its forms are, ┌────────────────┬────────────────┬────────────────┬────────────────┐ │ German. │ Bavarian. │ Frisjan. │ Swiss. │ │Joachim │Jochum │Hime │Jocheli │ │Jochim │Jochem │ │ │ │Achim │ │ │ │ │Chim │ │ │ │ ├────────────────┼────────────────┼────────────────┼────────────────┤ │ Spanish. │ French. │ Italian. │ Danish. │ │Joaquim │Joachim │Gioachimo │Joachim │ │Joquim │ │Gioachino │Johum │ │Joa │ │Giovachino │ │ ├────────────────┼────────────────┼────────────────┼────────────────┤ │ Russian. │ Polish. │ Lett. │ Illyrian. │ │Joachim │Jachym │Juzziz │Accim │ │Akim │ │Jukkums │Jacim │ └────────────────┴────────────────┴────────────────┴────────────────┘ The Germans, French, and Portuguese have the feminine Joachime, Joaquima; or, in Illyrian, Acima.[16] The Book of Judges has not furnished many names to collective Europe. Caleb, the faithful spy, who alone finally accompanied Joshua into the Land of Promise out of all the 600,000 who had come out of Egypt, had a name meaning a dog, seldom copied except by the Puritan taste, and only meeting in one language a personal name of similar signification, namely, the Irish _cu_ (gen.) _con_. Caleb’s daughter, Achsah, probably from the shortness and pretty sound of her name, which means a tinkling ornament for the ancle, has a good many namesakes in remote village schools, where it is apt to be spelt Axah. Tirzah (pleasantness) was one of those five daughters of Zelophehad, whose heiresship occupies two chapters of the Book of Numbers. She probably was the origin of Thirza, the name of Abel’s wife in Gessner’s idyll of the _Death of Abel_, a great favourite among the lower classes in England, whence Thyrza has become rather a favourite in English cottages. Gideon (a feller or destroyer) seems by his martial exploits to have obtained some admirers among the Huguenots of the civil wars of France, for Gédéon was in some small use among them. The name of the mighty Nazarene, whose strength was in his hair, is not clearly explained. Schimschon seems best to represent the Hebrew sound, but the Greek had made it Σαμψσων; and our translation, Samson. Some translate it splendid son, others as the diminutive of sun. The Greek Church and her British daughter did not forget the mighty man of valour, and Samson was an early Welsh Bishop and saint, from whom this became a monastic appellation, as in the instance of Mr. Carlyle’s favourite Abbot Samson. The French still call it Simson, which is perhaps more like the original; and our Simpson and Simkins may thus be derived from it, when they do not come from Simon, which was much more frequent. The name of the gentle and faithful Ruth has never been satisfactorily explained. Some make it mean trembling; others derive it from a word meaning to join together; and others from Reûth (beauty), which is perhaps the best account of it. In spite of the touching sweetness of her history, Ruth’s name has never been in vogue, except under the influence of our English version of the Bible. Perhaps this may be the fittest place to mention the prevalence of names taken from the river Jordan during the period of pilgrimages. The Jordan itself is named from Jared (to descend), and perhaps no river does descend more rapidly throughout its entire course than does this most noted stream, from its rise in the range of Libanus to its fall in the Dead Sea, the lowest water in the world. To bathe in the Jordan was one of the objects of pilgrims, and flasks of its water were brought home to be used at baptisms—as was done for the present family of Royal children. It was probably this custom that led to the adoption of Jordan as a baptismal name, and it is to be supposed that it was a fashion of the Normans, since it certainly prevailed in countries that they had occupied. In Calabria, Count Giordano Lancia was the friend of the unfortunate Manfred of Sicily, and recognized his corpse. Jourdain was used in France, though in what districts I do not know, and Jordan was at one time recognized in England. Jordan de Thornhill died in 1200; Jordan de Dalden was at the battle of Lewes in 1264, and two namesakes of his are mentioned in the pedigree of his family. Jordan de Exeter was the founder of a family in Connaught, who became so thoroughly Hibernicized, that, after a few generations, they adopted the surname of, Mac Jordan. Galileo dei Gailïlei probably took both his names from Galilee, which comes from _Galil_, a circle. Bethlem Gabor will seem to the mind as an instance of Bethlehem (the place of bread), having furnished Christian names for the sake of its associations, and Nazarene has also been used in Germany. ----- Footnote 16: Dr. Pusey’s _Commentary on the Prophets_; Kitto’s _Biblical Dictionary_; Jameson’s _Legends of the Madonna_; Michaelis. SECTION V.—_Names from Chaanach._ Perhaps no word has given rise to a more curious class of derivatives than this from the Hebrew Chaanach, with the aspirate at each end, signifying favour, or mercy, or grace. To us it first becomes known in the form of Hannah, the mother of Samuel, and it was also used with the Divine syllable in the masculine, as Hananeel, Hanani, Hananiah, or Jehohanan, shortened into Johanan. Exactly the same names were current among the Phœœœœœœnicians, only we have received them through a Greek or Latin medium. Anna, the companion sister of Dido, was no doubt Hannah, and becoming known to the Romans through the worship paid to her and Elisa by the Carthaginians, was, from similarity of sound, confused by them with their Italian goddess, Anna Perenna, the presiding deity of the circling year (_Annus_). Virgil, by-and-by, wove the traditions of the foundation of Carthage, and the death of Dido, into the adventures of Æneas; and a further fancy arose among the Romans that after the self-destruction of Dido, Anna had actually pursued the faithless Trojan to Italy, and there drowned herself in the river Numicius, where she became a presiding nymph as Anna Perenna! A fine instance of the Romans' habit of spoiling their own mythology and that of every one else! Oddly enough, an Anna has arisen in Ireland by somewhat the same process. The river Liffey is there said to owe its name to Lifé, the daughter of the chief of the Firbolg race being there drowned. In Erse, the word for river was Amhain, the same as our Avon; but on English tongues Amhain Lifé became Anna Liffey, and was supposed to be the lady’s name; another version declared that it was Lifé, the horse of Heremon the Milesian, who there perished. Hanno, so often occurring in the Punic wars, was another version of the Hebrew Hanan, and the far-famed Hannibal himself answered exactly to the Hananiah or Johanan of the Holy Land, saying that it was the grace of Baal that unhappily he besought by his very appellation. The Greeks called him Annibas, and the Romans wavered between Annibal and Hannibal as the designation of their great enemy. In the latter times of Rome, when the hereditary prænomina were discarded, Annibal and Annibalianus were given among the grand sounds that mocked their feeble wearers, and Annibale lingered on in Italy, so as to be known to us in the person of Annibale Caracci. It is a more curious fact, however, that Hannibal has always been a favourite with the peasantry of Cornwall. From the first dawn of parish registers Hannyball is of constant occurrence, much too early, even in that intelligent county, to be a mere gleaning from books; and the west country surname of Honeyball must surely be from the same source. A few other eastern names, though none of them as frequent or as clearly traced as the present, have remained in use in this remote county, and ought to be allowed due weight in favour of the supposed influence of the Phœnician traders over the races that supplied them with tin and lead. The usual changes were at work upon the Jewish names Hannah and Hananiah. Greek had made the first 'Anna, the second Ananias, or Annas. Indeed Hannah is only known, as such, to the readers of the English version of the Bible, from whom the Irish have taken it to represent their native Ainè (joy). All the rest of Europe calls her, as well as the aged prophetess in the temple, Anne. The apocryphal Gospels which gave an account of the childhood of the Blessed Virgin, called her mother Anna, though from what tradition is not known. St. Anna was a favourite with the Byzantines from very early times; the Emperor Justinian built a church to her in 550, and in 710 her relics were there enshrined. From that time forward Greek damsels, and all those of the adjoining nations who looked to Constantinople as their head, were apt to be christened Anna. In 988, a daughter of the Emperor Basil married and converted Vladimir, Grand Prince of Muscovy, whence date all the numerous Russian Annas, with their pretty changes of endearment. The grand-daughter of this lady, Anne of Muscovy, sister of Harald Hardrada’s Elisif, carried her name to France, where it grew and flourished. St. Anne became the patron saint of Prague, where a prodigious festival is yearly holden in her honour, and great are the rejoicings of all the females who hear her name, and who are not a few. It was from Prague that the Bohemian princess, Anne of Luxemburg, brought it to England, and gave it to her name-child, Anne Mortimer, by whom it was carried to the house of York, then to the Howards, from them to Anne Boleyn, and thereby became an almost party word in England. Abroad it had a fresh access of popularity from a supposed appearance of the saint to two children at Auray, in Brittany, and not only was the Bretonne heiress, twice Queen of France, so named, but she transferred the name to her god-sons, among whom the most notable was the fierce Constable, Anne de Montmorency. Her Italian god-daughter, Anna d'Este, brought it back to the House of Guise, and shortly after a decree from Rome, in 1584, made the name more popular still by rendering the feast obligatory, and thenceforth arose the fashion of giving the names of the Blessed Virgin and her mother in combination, as Anne Marie, or Marianne. This is usually the source of the Marianne, Mariana, or Manna, so often found on the continent; in England, Marianne is generally only a corruption of Marion, and Anna Maria is in imitation of the Italian. Hardly susceptible of abbreviation, no name has undergone more varieties of endearment, some forms almost being treated like independent names, such as the Annot of Scotland, an imitation of the French Annette, showing the old connection between France and Scotland; and in the present day, there has arisen a fashion of christening Annie, probably from some confusion as to the spelling of Ann or Anne. All these Annes can distinctly be traced from the Byzantine devotion to the mother of the Blessed Virgin spreading westwards, and at Rome magnified by Mariolatry. There are however what seem like forms of Anne in the West before the adoption of the name from Russia and Bohemia. Welsh Angharawd (far from shame), which is treated as Anne’s equivalent. The Scottish Annaple and Annabella are likewise too early to come from St. Anne, and are probably either from Ainè (joy), a favourite name in early Gaelic times, or from the Teutonic Arnhilda—Eagle heroine. Annabella by no means is to be explained to mean fair Anna, as is generally supposed. _Bellus_ did, indeed, signify handsome in Latin, and became the _beau_ and _belle_ of French, but the habit of putting it at the end of a name, by way of ornament, was not invented till the late period of seven-leagued names of literature. Annys, or Anisia, is a separate name with a saint in the Greek calendar, and was used in England from the Norman Conquest down at least to 1690. Mr. Bardsley thinks, however, that this was really Agnes; and certainly the unfortunate Scotchwoman, who was supposed to have raised the tempest before the wedding of James VI., is called indifferently Agnes or Annis Simpson. ┌────────────┬────────────┬────────────┬────────────┬────────────┐ │ English. │ Scotch. │ French. │ Spanish. │ Italian. │ │Hannah │Hannah │Anne │Ana │Anna │ │Anna │Anne │Annette │Anita │Annica │ │Anne │Nannie │Nanette │ │Nanna │ │Nan │Annot │Nanon │ │Ninetta │ │Nancy │ │Ninon │ │ │ │Nanny │ │Ninette │ │ │ │ │ │Nichon │ │ │ │ │ │Nillon │ │ │ ├────────────┼────────────┼────────────┼────────────┼────────────┤ │ German. │ Dutch. │ Danish. │ Swiss. │ Bavarian. │ │Anne │Anna │Anna │Anne │Anne │ │Annchen │Antje │Annika │Annali │Annerl │ │ │Naatje │ │Nann │Nannerl │ │ │Annechet │ │Nanneli │ │ ├────────────┼────────────┼────────────┼────────────┼────────────┤ │ Bohemian. │ Russian. │ Servian. │ Lusatian. │ Lett. │ │Ana │Anna │Anna │Anna │Anne │ │Ancika │Anninka │Anuschka │Hanna │Annusche │ │Anca │Anjuska │Aneta │Hanzyzka │ │ │ │Anjutka │Anica │Hancicka │ │ │ │Annuschka │Anicsika │ │ │ │ │ │Anka │ │ │ ├────────────┴────────────┼────────────┴────────────┼────────────┤ │ Lithuanian. │ Hungarian. │ Polish. │ │Ane │Annze │Anna │Panni │Anna │ │Anikke │ │Nani │Panna │Anusia │ └────────────┴────────────┴────────────┴────────────┴────────────┘ Ἰώαννα, or Ἰαννης, for the masculine, Ἰώαννα for the feminine, were already frequent among the natives of Judea, though they appear not to have been used in the family of Zacharias when he was commanded so to call his son. The Evangelist who was surnamed Mark, and Joanna the wife of Herod’s steward, both had received their names independently, and thus Joannes became a most universal baptismal name, given from the first in the East and at Rome. There were many noted bishops so called in the fourth century, the earliest time when men began to be baptized in memory of departed saints, rather than by the old Roman names. The first whose name is preserved is Joannes of Egypt, one of the hermits of the Thebaïd; the next is the great deacon of Antioch, and patron of Constantinople, Joannes Chrysostomos (John of the golden mouth), whose Greek surname, given him for his eloquence, has caused him to be best known as St. Chrysostom, and has perpetuated in Italy, Grisostomo; in Spain, Crisostomo; whilst the Slavonian nations translate the name and make it Zlatoust. At Constantinople, the patriarch St. Joannes the Silent, at Rome, the martyr Pope St. Johannes I., at Alexandria, the beneficent patriarch St. Joannes the Almoner, all renewed the popularity of their name. The last mentioned was originally the patron of the order of Hospitallers, though when these Franks were living at enmity to the Greek Church, they discarded him in favour of the Baptist. Each of the two Scriptural saints had two holidays,—the Baptist on the day of his nativity, and of his decollation; the Evangelist, on the 27th of December, as well as on the 6th of May, in remembrance of his confession in the cauldron of boiling oil. Thus the festivals were so numerous that children had an extra chance of the name, which the Italians called Giovanni, or for short, Vanni; and the French, Jehan. It was still so infrequent at the time of the Norman Conquest, that among the under-tenants in Domesday Book, to 68 Williams, 48 Roberts, and 28 Walters, there are only 10 Johns, but it was flourishing in the Eastern Church, where one of the Komneni was called, some say from his beauty, others from the reverse, Kaloioannes, or handsome John, a form which was adopted bodily by his descendants, the Komneni of Trebizond. It had come into Ireland at first as Maol-Eoin (shaveling, or disciple of John), the Baptist sharing with St. Patrick the patronage of the island; but Shawn or Seoin soon prevailed in Ireland, as did Ian in Scotland; but not till the Crusades did French or English adopt it to any great extent, or the English begin to Anglicize it in general by contracting the word and writing it John. The misfortunes of the English Lackland and of the French captive of Poictiers caused a superstition that theirs was an ill-omened royal name, and when John Stuart came to the Scottish throne, he termed himself Robert III., without, however, averting the doom of his still more unhappy surname. It did not fare amiss with any Castilian Juan or Portuguese Joâo; and in Bohemia a new saint arose called Johanko von Nepomuk, the Empress’s confessor, who was thrown from the bridge of Prague by the insane Emperor Wenzel for refusing to betray her secrets. As St. Nepomucene, he had a few local namesakes, who get called Mukki or Mukkel. The original word is said to mean helpless. Double names, perhaps, originated in the desire to indicate the individual patron, where there were many saints of similar name, and thus the votaries of the Baptist were christened Gian Battista, or Jean Baptiste, but only called by the second Greek title—most common in Italy—least so in England. ┌──────────┬──────────┬──────────┬──────────┬──────────┬──────────┐ │ English. │ French. │ Spanish. │ Italian. │ Swiss. │ Polish. │ │Baptist │Baptiste │Bautista │Battista │Bisch │Baptysta │ │ │Batiste │ │ │Bischli │ │ └──────────┴──────────┴──────────┴──────────┴──────────┴──────────┘ The Illyrians, using the word for christianizing instead of that for baptizing, make the namesakes of the Baptist Kerstiteli. It was probably in honour of St. John the Evangelist’s guardianship of the Blessed Virgin that her name became commonly joined with his. Giovanni Maria Visconti of Milan, appears in the fifth century, and Juan Maria and Jean Marie soon followed in Spain and France. Johann was the correct German form, usually contracted into Hans; and it was the same in Sweden, where Johann I., in 1483, was known as King Hans; and in Norway, Hans and Jens, though both abbreviations of Johan, are used as distinct names, and have formed the patronymics, Hanson and Jensen, the first of which has become an English surname. Ivan the Terrible, Tzar of Muscovy, was the first prince there so called, though the name is frequent among all ranks, and the sons and daughters are called Ivanovitch and Ivanovna. Rare as patronymic surnames are in France, this universal name has there produced Johannot, while the contraction is Jeannot, answering to the Spanish Juanito and the patronymic Juanez. Jan is very frequent in Brittany, where the diminutive is Jannik. Jock is the recognized Scottish abbreviation, and it would seem to have been the older English one according to the warning to Jockey of Norfolk, at Bosworth. Jack sounds much as if the French Jacques had been his true parent; but “sweet Jack Falstaff, old Jack Falstaff” has made it alienable from John. Though Joanna was a holy woman of the Gospel, her name did not come into favour so early as the male form, and it is likely that it was adopted rather in honour of one of the St. Johns than of herself, since she is not canonized; and to the thirty feasts of the St. Johns, in the Roman calendar, there are only two in honour of Joannas, and these very late ones, when the name was rather slipping out of fashion. Its use seems to have begun all at once, in the twelfth century, in the south of France and Navarre, whence ladies called Juana in Spanish, Jehanne or Jeanne in France, came forth, and married into all the royal families of the time. Our first princess so called was daughter to Henry II., and married into Sicily; and almost every king had a daughter Joan, or Jhone, as they preferred spelling it. Joan Makepeace was the name given to the daughter of Edward II., when the long war with the Bruces was partly pacified by her marriage; and Joan Beaufort was the maiden romantically beloved by the captive James I. The Scots, however, usually called the name Jean, and adopted Janet from the French Jeanette, like Annot from Annette. The various forms and contractions are infinite:— ┌────────────┬────────────┬────────────┬────────────┬────────────┐ │ English. │ Scotch. │ Welsh. │ Breton. │ Gaelic. │ │John │John │Jan │Jan │Ian │ │Johnny │Johnnie │Jenkin │Jannik │ │ │Jack │Jock │ │ │ │ │Jenkin │ │ │ │ │ ├────────────┼────────────┼────────────┼────────────┼────────────┤ │ Erse. │ German. │ Danish. │ Dutch. │ Belgian. │ │Shawn │Johannes │Johan │Jan │Jehan │ │Eoin │Hans │Janne │Jantje │Jan │ │ │Hanschen │Jens │ │Hannes │ │ │ │Hans │ │Hanneken │ │ │ │Jantje │ │Hanka │ ├────────────┼────────────┼────────────┼────────────┼────────────┤ │ Bavarian. │ Swiss. │ French. │ Spanish. │Portuguese. │ │Johan │Johan │Jean │Juan │Joao │ │Hansl │Han │Jeanno │Juanito │Joaninho │ │ │Hansli │Jehan—_old_ │ │Joanico │ │ │Hasli │ │ │Joaozinho │ ├────────────┼────────────┼────────────┼────────────┼────────────┤ │ Italian. │Modern Greek│ Russian. │ Polish. │ Bohemian. │ │Giovanni │Ιωαννης │Ivan │Jan │Jan │ │Gianni │Jannes │Vanja │Janek │ │ │Gian │Giannes │Vanka │ │ │ │Giovanoli │Giankos │Ivanjuschka │ │ │ │Giannino │Giannakes │Vanjuschka │ │ │ │Vanni │Joannoulos │Vanjucha │ │ │ │Nanni │Nannos │ │ │ │ │Gianozzo │ │ │ │ │ ├────────────┼────────────┼────────────┼────────────┼────────────┤ │ Slavonic. │ Illyrian. │ Lett. │Lithuanian. │ Esthonian. │ │Jovan │Jovan │Janis │Jonas │Johan │ │Ivan │Jovica │Janke │Ancas │Hannus │ │Janez │Jvo │Ans │Jonkus │Ants │ │ │Jveica │Ansis │Jonkutti │ │ │ │Jvic │ │Enseliss │ │ │ │ │ │Enskis │ │ ├────────────┼────────────┼────────────┴────────────┴────────────┤ │ Hungarian. │ Lapp. │ │ │Janos │Jofan │ │ │Jani │Jofa │ │ └────────────┴────────────┴──────────────────────────────────────┘ Jessie, though now a separate name, is said to be short for Janet. Queen Joans have been more uniformly unfortunate than their male counterparts. Twice did a Giovanna reign in Naples in disgrace and misery; and the royalty of poor Juana la Loca in Castille was but one long melancholy madness. There have, however, been two heroines, so called, Jeanne of Flanders, or Jannedik la Flamm, as the Bretons call her, the heroine of Henbonne, and the much more noble Jeanne la Pucelle of Orleans. The two saints were Jeanne de Valois, daughter of Louis XI., and discarded wife of Louis XII., and foundress of the Annonciades, and Jeanne Françoise de Chantel, the disciple of St. François de Sales. Johanna is a favourite with the German peasantry, and is contracted into Hanne. It was not till the Tudor period, as Camden states, that Jane came into use; when Jane Seymour at once rendered it so fashionable that it became the courtly title; and Joan had already in Shakespeare’s time descended to the cottage and kitchen. ┌────────────┬────────────┬────────────┬────────────┬────────────┐ │ English. │ Scotch. │ German. │ Dutch. │ French. │ │Johanna │Joanna │Johanna │Jantina │Jeanne │ │Joanna │Jean │Hanne │Janotje │Jehanne │ │Joan │Jeanie │ │Jantje │Jeannette │ │Jane │Jenny │ │ │Jeannetton │ │Jone │Janet │ │ │ │ │Jenny │ Jessie │ │ │ │ │ │(Gael.) │ │ │ │ │Janet │ │ │ │ │ │Janetta │Seonaid │ │ │ │ ├────────────┼────────────┼────────────┼────────────┼────────────┤ │ Spanish. │Portuguese. │ Italian. │ Russian. │ Polish. │ │Juana │Jovanna │Giovanna │Ivanna │Joanna │ │Juanita │Johannina │Giovannina │Zaneta │Hanusia │ │ │ │ │Anniuscka │Anusia │ ├────────────┼────────────┼────────────┼────────────┼────────────┤ │Slovak. │ Illyrian. │ Bulgarian. │ Lusatian. │ │ │Jovana │Ivana │Ivanku │Hanka │ │ │Janesika │Jovana │ │ │ │ │Ivancica │Jovka │ │ │ │ │ │Ivka │ │ │ │ └────────────┴────────────┴────────────┴────────────┴────────────┘ SECTION VI.—_David._ “The man after God’s own heart” was well named from the verb to love, David, still called Daood in the East. It was Δαυὶδ in the Septuagint; Δαβὶδ and Δαυεὶδ in the New Testament; and the Vulgate made it the name well known to us. The Eastern Church, in which the ancient Scriptural names were in greater honour than in the West, seems to have adopted David among her names long before it was revived among the Jews, who never seem to have used it since the days of their dispersion. It has always been common among the Armenians and Georgians. Daveed is frequent in Russia, in honour of a saint, who has his feast on the 29th of July; and in Slavonic it is shortened into Dako; in Esthonia it is Taved; in Lusatia, Dabko. The influence of eastern Christianity is traceable in the adoption of David in the Keltic Church. Early in the 6th century, a Welshman of princely birth (like almost all Welsh saints), by name David, or Dawfydd, lived in such sanctity at his bishopric of Menevia, that it has ever since been known as St. David’s, the principal Welsh see having been there transplanted from Caerleon in his time. Dewi was the vernacular alteration of his name, and the Church of Llan Dewi Brevi commemorates a synod held by him against the Pelagians. Dafod, or Devi, thus grew popular in Wales, and when ap Devi ceased to be the distinction of the sons of David—Davy, Davis, and Davies became the surname, Taffy the contraction, and Tafline or Vida the feminine. The Keltic bishop was revered likewise in Scotland, and his name was conferred upon the third son of Malcolm Ceanmohr, the best sovereign whom Scotland ever possessed, and whom she deservedly canonized, although his Protestant descendant James VI. called him “a sore saint to the crown,” because of his large donations of land to the clergy—at that time the only orderly subjects in the country. Affection and honour for the royal saint filled the Lowlands with Davids, and this has continued a distinctively Scottish name. The Anglicizing Irish took David as the synonym of Dathi (far darting); and Diarmaid (a freeman); and the Danes made it serve for Dagfinn (day white).[17] ----- Footnote 17: _Proper Names of the Bible_; Rees, _Welsh Saints_; Jones, _Welsh Sketches_; O'Donovan, _Irish Names_; _Seven Champions of Christendom_. SECTION VII.—_Salem._ It is remarkable to observe how the longing for peace is expressed in the names of almost every nation. The warlike Roman may be an exception, but the Greek had his Eireneos; the German, his Friedrich; the Kelt, his Simaith; the Slave, his Lubomirski; testifying that even in the midst of war, there was a longing after peace and rest! And, above all, would this be the case with the Hebrew, to whom sitting safely and at peace, beneath his own vine and his own fig-tree, was the summit of earthly content. Schalem (peace)! By the Prophet-King it was bestowed upon the two sons to whom he looked for the continuance of his throne, and the continuance of the promises of ‘peace,’—Absalom (father of peace), and afterwards with a truer presage, Salomo, or Solomon, (the peaceful)! Long before his time, however, Welsh and Breton saints had been called Solomon, as well as one early Armorican prince; and likewise an idiot boy, who lived under a tree at Auray, only quitting it when in want of food, to wander through the villages muttering “Salaum hungry”—the only words, except _Ave Maria_, that he could pronounce. When he died, the neighbours, thinking him as soulless as a dog, buried him under his tree; but, according to the legend, their contempt was rebuked by a beauteous lily springing from his grave, and bearing on every leaf the words _Ave Maria_. Certain it is that an exquisite church was there erected, containing the shrine of Salaun the Simple, who thus became a popular saint of Brittany, ensuring tender reverence for those who, if mindless, were likewise sinless, and obtaining a few namesakes. Salomon and Salomone are the French and Italian forms; and Solomon is so frequent among the Jews as to have become a surname. Russia and Poland both use it, and have given it the feminines, Ssolominija and Salomea; but Schalem had already formed a true feminine name of its own, well known in Arabic literature as Suleima, Selma, or Selima. But returning to the high associations whence the names of Christians should take their source, we find Salome honoured indeed as one of the women first at the sepulchre; and it is surprising that thus recommended, her name should not have been more frequent. It sometimes does occur in England, and Salomée is known in France; but it is nowhere really popular except in Switzerland, where, oddly enough, Salomeli is the form for the unmarried, and Salome is restricted to the wife. In Denmark, similarity of sound led Solomon to be chosen as the ecclesiastical name, so to speak, of persons whose genuine appellation was Solmund, or sun’s protection. Perhaps it was in consequence that the Lord Mayor of London, of 1216, obtained the name of Solomon de Basing. The county of Cornwall much later shows a Soloma.[18] It is a question whether Lemuel be another name for Solomon. It means “to God,” or “dedicated to God,” and was a favourite at one time with Puritan mothers. Swift made it famous; but Lemuel Gulliver was by no means an improbable north country name, and Lemuel is not wholly disused even now. ----- Footnote 18: _Proper Names of the Bible_; Souvestre, _Derniers Bretons_. SECTION VIII.—_Later Israelite Names._ By the time the kingdom was established most of the Israelite names were becoming repetitions of former ones, and comparatively few fresh ones come to light, though there are a few sufficiently used to be worth cursorily noting down. Hezekiah meant strength of the Lord, and in the Greek became Ezekias. Ezekiel is like it, meaning God will strengthen. The great prophet who was the chief glory of Hezekiah’s reign was Isaiah (the salvation of the Lord), made by Greek translators into Esaias, and thence called by old French and English, Esaie, or Esay. The Russians, who have all the old prophetic names, have Eesaia; but it is not easy to account for the choice of Ysaie le Triste as the name of the child of Tristram and Yseulte in the romance that carried on their history to another generation, unless we suppose that Ysaie was supposed to be the masculine of Yseulte! the one being Hebrew, and meaning as above, the other Keltic, and meaning a sight. Contemporary with Hezekiah, and persecuted by the Assyrian monarch when he returned to Nineveh after the miraculous destruction of his host, was the blind Israelite of the captivity whose name is explained to have been probably Tobijah (the goodness of the Lord), a name occurring again in the prophet Zechariah, and belonging afterwards to one of the Samaritan persecutors. Probably, in Greek, came the variation of the names of the father and son; perhaps the latter was once meant for Tobides, the son of Tobias. The marvellous element in the book of Tobit gained for it much popularity; scenes from it appeared in art. Thus Tobias had a diffusion in the later middle ages much greater than the names of his contemporaries of far more certain history, and in Ireland Toby has enjoyed the honour, together with Thaddeus and Timothy, of figuring as an equivalent for Tadgh, a poet. ┌──────────┬──────────┬──────────┬──────────┬────────────┬────────────┐ │ English. │ French. │ Swiss. │ Hamburg. │ Italian. │ Russian. │ │Tobias │Tobie │Tobies │Tewes │Tobia │Tobija │ │Tobit │ │Tebes │ │ │Tobej │ │Toby │ │Tebos │ │ │ │ │ │ │Beiali │ │ │ │ └──────────┴──────────┴──────────┴──────────┴────────────┴────────────┘ Hephzibah (my delight is in her), was the wife of Hezekiah, and it may have been in allusion to her that Isaiah spoke of the land being called Hephsibah. It has been rather a favourite name in America, where it gets turned into Hepsy. As Judah sinned more and more and her fate drew on, Jeremiah stood forth as her leading prophet. His name meant exalted of the Lord, and became Jeremias in the Greek, Jeremy in vernacular English. As the name of some of the early eastern saints it has had a partial irregular sort of use in the West, and is adopted direct from the prophet in the Greco-Slavonic Churches. The French, struck by the mournful strain of the prophet, use Jeremiade to express a lamentation; and the English are rather too ready to follow their example. Jeremy is considered as another variety of equivalent for the Gaelic Diarmaid, and this has led to the frequency of Jerry among families of Irish connection. In Switzerland, Jeremias is contracted into Meies or Mies; in Russia it is Jeremija; but nowhere has it been so illustrious in modern times as in the person of our own Jeremy Taylor. The king whom Jeremiah saw led into captivity was Zedekiah (justice of the Lord). The prophet of the captivity, Daniel, bore in his name an amplification of that of Dan (a judge). The termination signified God the judge, and the alias Belteshazzar, imposed upon him by the Chaldean monarch, is considered to translate and heathenize the name, making Bel the judge. It is observable that Daniel never calls himself thus, though he gives these heathen titles to his three companions. Daniel has always flourished as a name in the East. Daniel and Verda (a rose), were martyred by Shapoor in 344; another Daniel was crazy enough to succeed Simeon Stylites on his pillar; and thus the Armenian, Montenegrin, and Slavonian races are all much attached to Daniela, or Daniil, as they call it in Russia; or in Esthonia, Taniel or Tanni. The Welsh adopted it as Deiniol, the name of the saint who founded the monastery of Bangor, the High Choir, in the sixth century, and it was thus known to the Bretons; and in Ireland it was adopted as the equivalent to Domnall, Donacha, and other names from Don (or brown-haired), thus causing Dan to be one of the most frequent of Irish contractions. St. Jerome “transfixed with a dagger”—with his pen—the additional chapters of the Book of Daniel relating to the story of Susanna, to show that he did not regard it as genuine, but, like the story of Judith, it was greatly more popular than the narratives in the canonical books, and was commemorated in ballad, mystery, tapestry, and painting. The name was properly Schuschannah (a lily), though we know it as Susannah. It belonged to one of the holy women at the sepulchre, and it was likewise in the calendar, for two virgin martyrs, named Susanna, had suffered in the times of persecution, and though not commemorated in the Western Church, Queen Susanna, the “Lily of Tiflis,” had died for the truth in the hands of Mahometans. The name has been chiefly popular in France and Switzerland, as in England. The Swiss contraction, Züsí-Ketti, for Susanne-Catherine, is quaint.[19] ┌───────────────┬───────────────┬───────────────┐ │ English. │ German. │ Bavarian │ │Susannah │Susanne │Susanne │ │Susan │Suschen │Sanrl │ │Susie │Suse │Sandrl │ │Sukey │ │ │ │Sue │ │ │ ├───────────────┼───────────────┼───────────────┤ │ Swiss. │ French. │ Lithuanian. │ │Susanne │Susanne │Zuzane │ │Zosa │Suzette │ │ │Zosel │Suzon │ │ │Zösel │ │ │ └───────────────┴───────────────┴───────────────┘ This may be the best place to mention the Aramean Tabitha, explained by St. Luke as the same as Dorcas (a roe or gazelle), the Greek word being from its full dark eye. Tabitha and Dorcas both have associations unsuited to the “dear gazelle.” As the charitable disciple raised by St. Peter, her names were endeared to the Puritans. Of the minor prophets, the names have been little employed. Joel meant strong-willed; Amos, a burthen; Obadiah, servant of the Lord, has been slightly more popular, perhaps, in honour of him who hid the prophets in a cave, with whom the mediæval imagination confounded the prophet, so that loaves of bread are the emblem of Obadiah in ancient pictures of the twelve prophets. Even the Abbacuc, as the Apocrypha calls him, who, in the story of _Bel and the Dragon_ is carried off by the hair to feed Daniel in the den of lions, seems to have been likewise supposed to be the same person in the strange notions of Scripture history that once floated among our forefathers. The name of Abacuck, or Habbakkuk, was conferred upon a child by one of the last persons one would have suspected of such a choice, namely, Mary, Queen of Scots. On her way to mass, she was waylaid by one of her caterers, who acquainted her that he had a child to be baptized, and desired her to give the name. “She said she would open the Bible in the chapel, and whatever name she cast up, that should be given to the child;” and for the child’s misfortune it proved to be ‘Abacuck!’ The name comes from the verb to clasp, and means embracing. Micah is a contraction of Micaiah, and means “Who is like unto the Lord.” Nahum—to us connected with “Tate and Brady”—was consolation; Nehemiah expanded it, adding the Divine termination; Zephaniah is, protected of the Lord; Haggai (festival of the Lord), called Aggae, when brought through a Greek medium, is rather a favourite in Russia. Zachariah (remembrance of the Lord), has been more in favour. After belonging to a king of Israel and to the priest murdered by King Jehoash, it came forth after the captivity as Zechariah with the prophet; and in the New Testament, as Zacharias, names the father of the Baptist; and the mysterious martyr who was to fill up the measure of the iniquity of the Jews; and again appears as Zaccheus, the publican of Jericho. It was rather frequent among Eastern Christians, and belonged to the pope who first invited the Franks into Italy to protect him from the Lombards; nor has it ever quite died away in the West, although nowhere popular. ┌───────────────┬───────────────┬───────────────┬───────────────┐ │ English. │ French. │ Italian. │ Danish. │ │Zacharias │Zacharie │Zaccaria │Sakerl │ │Zachary │ │ │ │ │Zach │ │ │ │ ├───────────────┼───────────────┼───────────────┼───────────────┤ │ Bavarian. │ Russian. │ Slavonic. │ Illyrian. │ │Zachereis │Sacharija │ │Sakarie │ │Zacherl │Sachar │Charija │Zaro │ │Zacher │ │ │Zako │ │Zaches │ │ │ │ │Zach │ │ │ │ └───────────────┴───────────────┴───────────────┴───────────────┘ Of those to whom these later prophets were sent, Ezra’s name is thought to be the same as that of Zerah, son of Judah, the rising of light, from whom likewise Heman, the writer of the 88th Psalm, is termed the Ezrahite. The name of Ezra is hardly to be recognized in that of Esdras, as the Greek translators rendered it.[20] The house of Aphrah, mentioned in the Prophet Micah, means the house of dust, or ashes, and the Puritans, with their love of piteous names, adopted Aphra as a name. As well it appears as ‘Dust’ and ‘Ashes’ in actual English.[21] ----- Footnote 19: _Proper Names of the Bible_; Jones, _Welsh Sketches_; Michaelis; O'Donovan; Butler. Footnote 20: _Proper Names of the Bible_; Michaelis; Chambers, _Records of Scotland_. Footnote 21: Bardsley, _Puritan Nomenclature_. SECTION IX.—_Angelic Names._ We have thrown these together, because, though our common term for those spiritual messengers is Greek, yet all the other words for them, as well as the three individual angelic designations that have come into use as baptismal names, are derived from the Hebrew. Moreover, the first of these belonged to the last of the prophets, Malach-jah, the angel or messenger of God. It has even been thought by some commentators that this title of the prophet was the quotation of his own words, “Behold, I send my messenger (or Malachi) before my face.” Malachi would never have been a modern name, but for the Irish fancy that made it the equivalent of Maelseachlain, the disciple of St. Sechnall, or Secundus, a companion of St. Patrick; and as the era of him who is now called King Malachi with the collar of gold, was particularly prosperous, the name has come into some amount of popularity. The Septuagint always translated Malach by Ἀγγελος, even in that first sentence of the prophet, which in our version bears his name. Angelos had simply meant a messenger in Greek, as it still does; but it acquired the especial signification of a heavenly messenger, both in its own tongue, and in the Latin, whither Angelus was transplanted with this and no other sense. Angelos first became a name in the Byzantine Empire. It probably began as an epithet, since it comes to light in the person of Konstantinos Angelos, a young man of a noble family of Philadelphia, whose personal beauty caused him, about the year 1100, to become the choice of the Princess Theodora Komnena. It is thus highly probable that Angelos was first bestowed as a surname, on account of the beauty of the family. They were on the throne in 1185, and Angelos continued imperial till the miserable end of the unhappy Isaac, and his son, Alexios, during the misdirected crusade of the Venetians. Angelos thus became known among the Greeks; and somewhere about 1217, there came a monastic saint, so called, to Sicily, who preached at Palermo, and was murdered by a wicked count, whose evil doings he had rebuked. The Carmelites claimed St. Angelo as a saint of their order, and his name, both masculine and feminine, took hold of the fancy of Italy, varied by the Neapolitan dialect into Agnolo or Aniello—_e. g._, the wonderful fisherman, Masaniello, was, in fact, Tomasso Angelo; by the Venetian into Anziolo, Anzioleto, Anzioleta; and by the Florentine, into Angiolo, Angioletto, and thence into the ever-renowned contraction Giotto, unless indeed this be from Gotofredo. It passed to other nations, but was of more rare occurrence there, except in the feminine. The fashion of complimenting women as angels, left the masculine Ange to be scantily used in France, and Angel now and then in England; but in Italy alone did Angiolo, and its derivative Angelico, thrive. All the other countries adopted the feminine, either in the simple form or the diminutive, or most commonly, the derivative, Angelica (angelical), noted in romance as the faithless lady, for whose sake Orlando lost his heart, and his senses. She was a gratuitous invention of Boiardo and Ariosto; whose character for surpassing beauty made her name popular, and thus Angelica and Angelique have always been favourites. ┌───────────────┬───────────────┬───────────────┐ │ English. │ German. │ French. │ │Angela │Engel │Angele │ │Angelot │Engelchen │Angeline │ │Angelina │Angelina │Angelique │ │Angelica │Angelica │ │ ├───────────────┼───────────────┼───────────────┤ │ Italian. │ Polish. │ Bohemian. │ │Angiola │Ancela │Anjela │ │Angioletta │ │Anjelina │ │Angelica │ │Anjelika │ │Agnola │ │ │ │Anzioleta │ │ │ └───────────────┴───────────────┴───────────────┘ Angel was most often a man’s name in England. We find it at Hadleigh, Suffolk, in 1591, and sometimes likewise in Cornwall. Archangel has even been used as an English name. The mysterious creatures that are first mentioned as “keeping the way of the tree of life,” then were represented in the tabernacle overshadowing the ark, and afterwards were revealed in vision to the Prophet Ezekiel and to the Apostle St. John, combined in their forms the symbols of all that was wisest, bravest, strongest, and loftiest in creation—the man, the lion, the ox, and eagle. In the lands where Art made the Cherub a mere head with wings, Cherubino arose as a Christian name, for it is hardly ever to be met with out of Spain and Italy. Equally misused is Seraph—now a lady’s name, as Seraphine in France; Serafina, in Spain and Italy. The word seraph, or saraph, signifies burning, or fiery, and would apply to that intensity of glory that Ezekiel struggles to express in the cherubim by comparisons to amber and to glowing embers, or to their intense fervour of love. Three individual angels have been revealed to us by name as of the seven that stand in the presence of God, and foremost of these is Michael (who is like unto God), he who was made known to Daniel as the protector of the Jewish people; to Zechariah, as defending them from Satan; to St. Jude, as disputing with Satan for the body of Moses; and to St. John, as leading the hosts of Heaven to battle with the adversary and prevailing over him. His name would have seemed in itself fit only for an archangel, yet before apparently he had been made known, it had been borne by the father of one of David’s captains, and by a son of Jehoshaphat, and it was almost the same as Micaiah, the name of him who foretold the destruction of Ahab. Constantine the Great dedicated a church in his new city in honour of St. Michael, the archangel, and thenceforth Mickaelion, or Mikael, have been favourites with all branches of the Eastern Church. An appearance of the archangel in Colosse led the way to another legend of his descent upon Monte Galgano in Apulia, somewhere about 493. Then came a more notable vision, seen by Gregory the Great himself, of the angel standing with outstretched sword on the tomb of Adrian, which has ever since been called the castle of St. Angelo. In 706, St. Michael was again seen to take his stand upon the isolated rock on the Norman coast, so noted as the fortress and convent of Mont St. Michel. Moreover tradition placed him upon the Cornish rock,— “When the great vision of the guarded mount Looked towards Namancos and Bayona’s hold.” He was above all others the patron of the Christian warrior; his armour-clad effigy was seen in almost every church; the young knight was dubbed in his name, as well as that of the national saint; and since the prevalence of saintly names, his name has been frequently bestowed. It is, perhaps, most common in the Greek and Slavonic countries; but Ireland makes great use of it; and Italy has united it with the epithet angel, in the one distinguished instance of Michelangelo Buonarotti. ┌───────────────┬───────────────┬───────────────┬───────────────┐ │ English. │ French. │ Spanish. │ Italian. │ │Michael │Michel │Miguel │Michele │ │Mick │Michon │ │ │ │Mike │Michau │ │ │ ├───────────────┼───────────────┼───────────────┼───────────────┤ │ German. │ Dutch. │ Swedish. │ Russian. │ │Michael │Michiel │Mikael │Michail │ │Micha │Micheltje │Mikel │Michaila │ │Micha │ │Mikas │Misha │ │ │ │ │Mischenka │ │ │ │ │ │ ├───────────────┼───────────────┼───────────────┼───────────────┤ │ Slavonic. │ Servian. │ Lett. │ Hungarian. │ │Miha │Miljo │Mikkelis │Mihaly │ │Mihal │Miho │ │Mihal │ │Mihaljo │Misa │ │Miska │ │ │Mijailo │ │ │ └───────────────┴───────────────┴───────────────┴───────────────┘ There is some confusion in the German mind between it and the old _michel_ (mickle, large), which, as a name, it has quite absorbed. It has the rare feminines, ┌──────────────────┬──────────────────┬──────────────────┐ │ French. │ Russian. │ Portuguese. │ │Michelle │Micheline │Miguella │ │Michée │Mikelina │ │ └──────────────────┴──────────────────┴──────────────────┘ Legend has been far less busy with Gabriel, “the hero of God;” the angel who strengthened Daniel, and who brought the promise to Zacharias and to the Blessed Virgin. His name is chiefly used by the Slavonians; and in Hungary we find it in combination with Bethlehem, belonging to that noted chieftain, Bethlem Gabor. It was known and used everywhere, however; and the Swedish house of Oxenstjerna considered it to have been the saving of their line from extinction, all their sons having died in the cradle, owing, it was thought, to Satan’s strangling them; till at length one was named Gabriel; and having thus obtained the protection of the guardian angel, survived to be the ancestor of the minister of the great Gustavus. The feminine, Gabrielle, has been a favourite in France ever since la belle Gabrielle gave it a reputation for beauty. ┌────────────┬────────────┬────────────┬────────────┬────────────┐ │ English. │ German. │ Bavarian. │ Swiss. │ Italian. │ │Gabriel │Gabriel │Gabe │Gabëler │Gabriello │ │Gab │ │Gaberl │ │ │ ├────────────┼────────────┼────────────┼────────────┼────────────┤ │ Russian. │ Polish. │ Illyrian │ Lett. │ Hungarian. │ │Gavrül │Gabryel │Gabriel │Gaberjels │Gabriel │ │Gavrila │ │Gavrilo │Gabris │Gabor │ │ │ │Gavril │ │ │ │ │ │Gavro │ │ │ ├────────────┴────────────┴────────────┴────────────┴────────────┤ │ FEMININE. │ ├────────────┬────────────┬────────────┬────────────┬────────────┤ │ French. │ German. │ Slavonic. │ │ │ │Gabrielle │Gabriele │Gavrila │ │ │ │ │ │Gavra │ │ │ └────────────┴────────────┴────────────┴────────────┴────────────┘ Raphael (the medicine of God), is the angel who guided Tobias and healed his father. Italy and Spain are the countries where his name is most used, and well it may, in the first named, after the fame of him who has made it the highest proverb in art. It hardly varies, except by the double _ff_ Italian, and the single one of Spain, to supply its Greek φ. I have heard of a girl at Mentone called Ravelina, probably Raffaellina.[22] ----- Footnote 22: Smith, _Dictionary of the Bible_; _Proper Names of the Bible_; Williams, _Commentary on the Gospels_; Jameson, _Sacred and Legendary Art_; Ruskin, _Modern Painters_; Marryat, _Sweden_. PART II. NAMES PROM THE PERSIAN. SECTION I.—_The Persian Language._ Scanty as are the Christian names derived from the Persian race, they are very curious and interesting, partly on account of the changes that they have undergone, and still more because the language whence they are derived belongs to the same group as our own, and testifies in many of its words to the common origin. To begin with the sovereign to whom all alike look up; him who is “called by name in the book of Isaiah,” as the shepherd who should restore Judah after the Captivity. Kuru is a name said to be older than the Sanscrit and of unknown signification; although some derive it from Khur, one name for the sun. Kureish was the original form; Koreish to the Hebrews; Kyros to the Greeks, whence the Romans took the Cyrus by which he is known to Europe. His only namesake in his own line was he who invited the 10,000 from Greece and perished at Cunaxa, and of whom is told the story of his willing acceptance of the water of the river Kur or Cyrus, whose name sounded like his own. When the Sassanids revived the old Achæmenid names they pronounced the royal word as Khoosroo, and the Byzantines recorded it as Chosröes, when Chosröes Nushirvan, or the magnanimous, almost rivalled the glory of his ancestor—Kai Khoosroo, as the _Shahnameh_ called him. Not only had the fire-worshippers revived the name, but it had been borne by various Christians in the East, one of whom, a physician of Alexandria, suffered in one of the persecutions, having been detected in visiting a Christian prisoner. He was buried at Canope, in Egypt, and was called in the Coptic calendar Abba Cher, or Father Cyrus; in the Greek, Abba Cyrus. His relics were afterwards transported to Rome, where the Church built over them was called, by the Italians, Saint Appassara. Like a fixed star, the original Cyrus had shone through adjacent darkness, evident by his lustre, but his lineaments lost in distance, and thus Ferdosi makes him a mere mythical hero. Herodotus copied some distorted tradition; Xenophon pourtrayed imaginary perfection in his _Cyropædia_; and moderns have taken even greater liberties with him. _Artaban, ou le grand Cyrus_, the ponderous romance of Mlle. de Scudery, was a stately French tale of love and war, containing a long amorous correspondence between Cyrus and his beloved, the model and admiration of the _précieuses_ in their glory, and absolutely not without effect upon nomenclature. In one village in Picardy there still exist living specimens of Oriane, Philoxène, Célamire, Arsinoe, Calvandre, all derived from vassals named by their enthusiastic seigneurs in honour of the heroines of the fashionable romances, and still inherited by their posterity long after the seigneurs and the heroines are alike forgotten. Either from his being mentioned in the Bible, or from the _Cyropædia_, Cyrus has had some currency as an English baptismal name.[23] ----- SECTION II.—_Esther._ Khshayarsha, from _Kshaya_ (a king), and _arsha_ (venerable), was the word that was converted in Hebrew into Achashverosh, and in our Bible into Ahasuerus, while the Greeks called it Xerxes. In Illyria people are christened from him Kserksas, and called Sersa, and a few seekers of Scripture names, chiefly in America, have called their sons Ahasuerus, in common life Hazzy. The reigning wife of Xerxes is known to have been Amestris, the daughter of an Achæmenian noble, and she might well have been Vashti, set aside only for a time when the address of the nobles gained a victory over her. The fair daughter of the tribe of Benjamin, whose royalty ensured her people’s safety, was in her own tongue Hadassah, or the Myrtle; some say, Atossa; but the Persian epithet by which we know her may have been taken from _satarah_, a word showing the ancient union of the languages, since Aster is Arab and Greek; and from thence and the Latin _stella_ have sprung the modern _étoile_, _estrella_, star, _stern_, _stjorna_, which the Septuagint gave as Ἑστὴρ, the Romans as Esthera and Hestera; whence the occasional variations in English of Esther or Essie, and Hester or Hetty. Not till the days of Racine was Esther much in vogue. The tragedian, being requested to write a sacred drama to be acted by the young ladies of St. Cyr, chose this subject in compliment to Madame de Maintenon, as the faultless Esther preferred before the discarded Vashti, namely, Madame de Montespan! Esther thereupon became a favourite lady’s name in France, and vied in popularity with the cumbrous splendours taken from the Scudery cycle of romance. At the same time it was borne by the two ladies who had the misfortune to be the object of Dean Swift’s affection, Esther Johnson and Esther Vanhomrigh, whom he called, one by the Latin name Stella; the other, by the generic title of our finest English butterflies, Vanessa. Estrella was the heroine of a Spanish pastoral, whence the Abbé Florian borrowed his theatrical shepherdess Estelle, which thus became a French name, though chiefly on the stage, and both Estelle and Stella are sometimes used as Epiphany names for girls. Roschana, as it is now pronounced, is still common in Persia, and means the dawn of day. Roxane and Statire, as rival heroines of Racine, became proverbs in France for the stately or the languishing form of tragedy dame. Roxana, or Roxy, is one of the favourite American grandiloquent style of names. PART III. CHAPTER I. NAMES PROM THE GREEK. Passing from Persian to Greek names, we feel at once that we are nearer home, and that we claim a nearer kindred in thoughts and habits, if not in blood, with the sons of Javan, than with the fire-worshippers. The national names are thus almost always explicable by the language itself, with a few exceptions, either when the name was an importation from Egypt or Phœnicia, whence many of the earlier arts had been brought. Each Greek had but one name, which was given to him by his father either on or before the tenth day of his life, when a sacrifice and banquet was held. Genealogies were exceedingly interesting to the Greeks, as the mutual connection of city with city, race with race, was thus kept up, and community of ancestry was regarded as a bond of alliance, attaching the Athenians, for instance, to the Asiatic Ionians as both sons of Ion, or the Spartans to the Syracusans, as likewise descended from Doros. Each individual state had its deified ancestor, and each family of note a hero parent, to whom worship was offered at every feast, and who was supposed still to exert active protection over his votaries. The political rights of the citizens, and the place they occupied in the army, depended on their power of tracing their line from the forefather of a recognized tribe, after whose name the whole were termed with the patronymic termination _ides_ (the son of). This was only, however, a distinction, for surnames were unknown, and each man possessed merely the individual personal appellation by which he was always called, without any title, be his station what it might. Families used, however, to mark themselves by recurring constantly to the same name. It was the correct thing to give the eldest son that of his paternal grandfather, as Kimon, Miltiades, then Kimon again, if the old man were dead, for if he were living it would have been putting another in his place, a bad omen, and therefore a father’s name was hardly ever given to a son. Sometimes, however, the prefix was preserved, and the termination varied, so as to mark the family without destroying the individual identity. Thus, Leonidas, the third son of Anaxandridas, repeated with an augmentative his grandfather’s name of Leo (a lion), as his father, Anaxandridas, did that of _his_ own great grandfather, Anaxandras (king of man), whose son Eurycratidas was named from his grandfather Eurycrates. A like custom prevailed among the old English. After the Romans had subdued Greece and extended the powers of becoming citizens, the name of the adopting patron would be taken by his client, and thus Latin and Greek titles became mixed together. Later, Greek second names became coined, either from patronymics, places, or events, and finally ran into the ordinary European system of surnames. Among the names here ensuing will only be found those that concern the history of Christian names. Many a great heart-thrilling sound connected with the brightest lights of the ancient world must be passed by, because it has not pleased the capricious will of after-generations to perpetuate it, or so exceptionally as not to be worth mentioning. Some of the female Greek names were appropriate words and epithets; but others, perhaps the greater number, were merely men’s names with the feminine termination in _a_ or _e_, often irrespective of their meaning. Some of these have entirely perished from the lips of men, others have been revived by some enterprising writer in search of a fresh title for a heroine. Such is Corinna (probably from Persephone’s title Κόρη (Koré), a maiden), the Bœotian poetess, who won a wreath of victory at Thebes, and was therefore the example from whom Mdme. de Staël named her brilliant Corinne, followed in her turn by numerous French damsels; and in an Italian chronicle of the early middle ages, the lady whom we have been used to call Rowena, daughter of Henghist, has turned into Corinna; whilst Cora, probably through Lord Byron’s poem, is a favourite in America. Such too is Aspasia (welcome), from the literary fame of its first owner chosen by the taste of the seventeenth century as the title under which to praise the virtues of Lady Elizabeth Hastings. In the _Rambler_ and _Spectator_ days, real or fictitious characters were usually introduced under some classical or pastoral appellation, and ladies corresponded with each other under the soubriquets of nymph, goddess, or heroine, and in virtue of its sound Aspasia was adopted among these. It has even been heard as a Christian name in a cottage. “Her name’s Aspasia, but us calls her Spash.”[24] ----- Footnote 23: Rawlinson, _Herodotus_; Malcolm, _Persia_; Le Beau, _Bas Empire_; Rollin, _Ancient History_; Butler, _Lives of the Saints_; Dunlop, _History of Fiction_. Footnote 24: Bishop Thirlwall, _Greece_; Smith, _Dictionary of Greek and Roman Antiquities_; Lappenberg, _Anglo-Saxons_. CHAPTER II. NAMES FROM GREEK MYTHOLOGY. SECTION I. Greek appellations may be divided into various classes; the first, those of the gods and early heroes are derived from languages inexplicable even by the classical Greeks. These were seldom or never given to human beings, though derivatives from them often were. The second class is of those formed from epithets in the spoken language. These belonged to the Greeks of the historical age, and such as were borne by the Macedonian conquerors became spread throughout the East, thus sometimes falling to the lot of early saints of the Church, and becoming universally popular in Christendom. Of others of merely classic association a few survived among the native Greeks, while others were resuscitated at intervals; first, by the vanity of decaying Rome; next, by the revival of ancient literature in the Cinque-cento; then, by the magniloquent taste of the Scudery romances in France; again, in France, by the republican mania; and, in the present time, by the same taste in America, and by the reminiscences of the modern Greeks. After the preaching of the Gospel, Greece had vigour enough to compose appropriate baptismal names for the converts; and it is curious to observe that no other country could have ever been so free from the trammels of hereditary nomenclature, for no other has so complete a set of names directly bearing upon Christianity. So graceful are they in sound as well as meaning, and so honoured for those who bore them, that many have spread throughout Europe. Lastly, even modern Greek has thrown out many names of graceful sound, which are, however, chiefly confined to the Romaic. SECTION II.—_Names from Zeus._ At the head of the whole Greek system stands the mighty Zeus (Ζεύς), a word that has been erected into a proper name for the thundering father of gods and men, whilst the cognate θεὸς (theos) passed into a generic term; just as at Rome the Deus Pater (God-Father), or Jupiter, from the same source, became the single god, and _deus_ the general designation. All come from the same source as the Sanscrit Deva, and are connected with the open sky, and the idea of light that has produced our word day. We shall come upon them again and again; but for the present we will confine ourselves to the personal names produced by Zeus, in his individual character, leaving those from Theos to the Christian era, to which most of them belong. Their regular declension of Zeus made _Dios_ the genitive case; and thus Diodorus, Diogenes, &c., ought, perhaps, to be referred to him; but the more poetical, and, therefore, most probably the older, form, was _Zenos_ in the genitive; and as Dios also meant heaven, the above names seem to be better explained as heaven-gift and heaven-born, leaving to Zeus only those that retain the same commencement. Ζηνὼν, or, as it is commonly called, Zeno, was a good deal used in Greece throughout the classical times, and descending to Christian times, named a saint martyred under Gallienus, also a bishop of Verona, who left ninety-three sermons, at the beginning of the fourth century, and thus made it a canonical name, although the rules of the Church had forbidden christening children after heathen gods. Except for the Isaurian Emperor Zeno, and an occasional Russian Sinon, there has not, however, been much disposition to use the name. Zenobios, life from Zeus, is by far the easiest way of explaining the name of the brilliant Queen of Palmyra; but, on the other hand, she was of Arabian birth, the daughter of Amrou, King of Arabia, and it is highly probable that she originally bore the true Arabic name of Zeenab (ornament of the father); and that when she and her husband entered on intercourse with the Romans, the name Zenobia was bestowed upon her as an equivalent, together with the genuine Latin Septima as a mark of citizenship. When her glory waned, and she was brought as a prisoner to Rome, she and her family were allowed to settle in Italy; and her daughters left descendants there. Zenobius, the Bishop of Milan, who succeeded St. Ambrose, bore her name, and claimed her blood; and thus Zenobio and Zenobia still linger among the inhabitants of the city. The romance of her story caught the French fancy, and Zénobie has been rather in fashion among modern French damsels. A Cilician brother and sister, called Zenobius and Zenobia, the former a physician and afterwards Bishop of Ægæ, were put to death together during the persecution of Diocletian, and thus became saints of the Eastern Church, making Sinovij, Sinovija, or for short, Zizi, very fashionable among the Russians. It is much more difficult to account for the prevalence of Zenobia in Cornwall. Yet many parish registers show it as of an early date: and dear to the West is the story of a sturdy dame called Zenobia Brengwenna, (Mrs. Piozzi makes the surname Stevens,) who, on her ninety-ninth birthday, rode seventeen miles on a young colt to restore to the landlord a 99 years' lease that had been granted to her father, in her name, at her birth. Probably Zenaïda means daughter of Zeus. Although not belonging to any patron saint, it is extensively popular among Russian ladies; and either from them, or from the modern Greek, the French have recently become fond of Zenaïde.[25] ----- Footnote 25: Smith, _Dictionary_; Butler, _Lives_; Gibbon, _Rome_; Miss Beaufort, _Egyptian Sepulchres and Syrian Shrines_; Hayward, _Mrs. Piozzi_. SECTION III.—Ἡρα—Hera. The name of the white-armed, ox-eyed queen of heaven, Ἡρα or Ἡρη (Hera or Heré), is derived by philologists from the same root as the familiar German _herr_ and _herrinn_, and thus signifies the lady or mistress. Indeed the masculine form ἥρως, whence we take our hero, originally meant a free or noble man, just as _herr_ does in ancient German, and came gradually to mean a person distinguished on any account, principally in arms; and thence it became technically applied to the noble ancestors who occupied an intermediate place between the gods and existing men. The Latin _herus_ and _hera_ are cognate, and never rose out of their plain original sense of master and mistress, though the _heros_ was imported in his grander sense from the Greek, and has passed on to us. It is curious that whereas the wife of Zeus was simply the lady, it was exactly the same with Frigga, who, as we shall by-and-by see, was merely the Frau—the free woman or lady. Hera herself does not seem to have had many persons directly named after her, though there was plenty from the root of her name. The feminine Hero was probably thus derived,—belonging first to one of the Danaïdes, then to a daughter of Priam, then to the maiden whose light led Leander to his perilous breasting of the Hellespont, and from whom Shakespeare probably took it for the lady apparently “done to death by slanderous tongues.” It is usual to explain as Ἡρα-κλῆς (fame of Hera) the name of the son of Zeus and Alcmena, whose bitterest foe Hera was, according to the current legends of Greece; but noble fame is a far more probable origin for Herakles, compound as he is of the oft-repeated Sun-myth mixed with the veritable Samson, and the horrible Phœnician Melkarth or Moloch, with whom the Tyrians themselves identified Herakles. A few compounds, such as Heraclius, Heraclidas, Heracleonas, have been formed from Herakles, the hero ancestor of the Spartan kings, and therefore specially venerated in Lacedæmon. The Latins called the name Hercules; and it was revived in the Cinque-cento, in Italy, as Ercole. Thus Hercule was originally the baptismal name of Catherine de Medici’s youngest son; but he changed it to François at his confirmation, when hoping to mount a throne. Exceptionally, Hercules occurs in England; and we have known of more than one old villager called Arkles, respecting whom there was always a doubt whether he were Hercules or Archelaus. Hence, too, the name of the father of history, Herodotus (noble gift); hence, likewise, that of Herodes. Some derive this last from the Arab _hareth_ (a farmer); but it certainly was a Greek name long before the Idumean family raised themselves to the throne of Judea, since a poet was so called who lived about the time of Cyrus. If the Herods were real Edomites, they may have Græcized Hareth into Herodes; but it is further alleged that the first Herod, grandfather of the first king, was a slave, attached to the temple of Apollo at Ascalon, taken captive by Idumean robbers. Hateful as is the name in its associations, its feminine, Herodias, became doubly hateful as the murderess of John the Baptist. SECTION IV.—_Athene._ The noble goddess of wisdom, pure and thoughtful, armed against evil, and ever the protector of all that was thoughtfully brave and resolute, was called Αθήνη (Athene), too anciently for the etymology to be discernible, or even whether her city of Athens was called from her, or she from the city. Many an ancient Greek was called in honour of her, but the only one of these names that has to any degree survived is Athenaïs. There were some Cappadocian queens, so called; and so likewise was the daughter of a heathen philosopher in the fourth century, whom the able Princess Pulcheria selected as the wife of her brother Theodosius, altering her name, however, to Eudocia at her baptism. It must have been the Scudery cycle of romance that occasioned Athenaïs to have been given to that Demoiselle de Mortémar, who was afterwards better known as Madame de Montespan. Athenaios (Athenian), Athenagoras (assembly of Athene), Athenadgoros (gift of Athene), were all common among the Greeks. Athene’s surname of Pallas is derived by Plato from πάλλειν, to brandish, because of her brandished spear; but it is more likely to be from πάλλαξ (a virgin), which would answer to her other surname of παρθένος, likewise a virgin, familiar to us for the sake of the most beautiful of all heathen remains, the Parthenon, as well as the ancient name of Naples, Parthenope. This, however, was a female name in Greece, and numerous instances of persons called Parthenios and Palladios attest the general devotion to this goddess, perhaps the grandest of all the imaginings of the Indo-European. There is something absolutely satisfactory in seeing how much more the loftier and purer deities, Athene, Apollo, Artemis, reigned over Greek nomenclature than the embodiments of brute force and sensual pleasure, Ares and Aphrodite, both probably introductions from the passionate Asiatics, and as we see in Homer, entirely on the Trojan side. An occasional Aretas and Arete are the chief recorded namesakes of Ares, presiding god of the Areopagus as he was; and thence may have come the Italian Aretino, and an Areta, who appears in Cornwall. Aphrodite seems to have hardly one derived from her name, which is explained as the Foam Sprung.[26] ----- Footnote 26: Smith, _Dictionary of Greek and Roman Mythology_; Le Beau, _Bas Empire_; Gladstone, _Homer_. SECTION V.—_Apollo and Artemis._ The brother and sister deities, twin children of Zeus and Leto, are, with the exception of Athene, the purest and brightest creations of Greek mythology. The sister’s name, Artemis, certainly meant the sound, whole, or vigorous; that of the brother, Apollōn, is not so certainly explained; though Æschylus considered it to come from ἀπόλλυμι, to destroy. They both of them had many votaries in Greece; such names as Apollodorus (gift of Apollo), Apollonius, and the like, arising in plenty, but none of them have continued into Christian times, though Apollos was a companion of St. Paul. The sole exception is Apollonia, an Alexandrian maiden, whose martyrdom began by the extraction of all her teeth, thus establishing St. Apolline, as the French call her, as the favourite subject of invocation in the toothache. Abellona, the Danish form of this name, is a great favourite in Jutland and the isles, probably from some relic of the toothless maiden. The Slovaks use it as Polonija or Polona. The votaries of Artemis did not leave a saint to perpetuate them; but Artemisia, the brave queen of Halicarnassus, had a name of sufficient stateliness to delight the _précieuses_. Thus Artémise was almost as useful in French romances as the still more magnificent Artémidore, the French version of Artemidorus (gift of Artemis). It was a late fancy of mythology, when all was becoming confused, that made Apollo and Artemis into the sun and moon deities, partly in consequence of their epithets Phœbus, Phœbe, from φάω (to shine). The original Phœbe seems to have belonged to some elder myth, for she is said to have been daughter of Heaven and Earth, and to have been the original owner of the Delphic oracle. Afterwards she was said to have been the mother of Leto (the obscure), and thus grandmother of Apollo and Artemis, who thence took their epithet. This was probably a myth of the alternation of light and darkness; but as we have received our notions of Greek mythology through the dull Roman medium, it is almost impossible to disentangle our idea of Phœbus from the sun, or of Phœbe from the crescent moon. In like manner the exclusively modern Greek φωτεινή (bright), Photinee, comes from φώς phos (light), as does Photius, used in Russia as Fotie. Strangely enough, we find Phœbus among the mediæval Counts of Foix, who, on the French side of their little Pyrenean county were Gaston Phœbus; on the Spanish, Gastone Febo. Some say that Phœbus was originally a soubriquet applied to one of the family on account of his personal beauty, though it certainly was afterwards given at baptism; others, that it was an imitation of an old Basque name. Phœbe was a good deal in use among the women of Greek birth in the early Roman empire; and “Phœbe, our sister,” the deaconess of Cenchrea, is commended by St. Paul to the Romans; but she has had few namesakes, except in England; the Italian Febe only being used as a synonym for the moon. Cynthia was a title belonging to Artemis, from Mount Cynthus, and has thence become a title of the moon, and a name of girls in America. Delia, another title coming from Delos, the place of her nativity, has been preferred by the Arcadian taste, and flourished in shepherdess poems, so as to be occasionally used as a name in England, but more often as a contraction for Cordelia. Delphinios and Delphinia were both of them epithets of Apollo and Artemis, of course from the shrine at Delphi. Some say that shrine and god were so called because the serpent Python was named Delphinè; others, that the epithet was derived from his having metamorphosed himself into a dolphin, or else ridden upon one, when showing the Cretan colonists the way to Delphi. The meaning of _Delphys adelphus_ is the womb; and thus the Greeks believed Delphi to be the centre of the earth, just as the mediæval Christians thought Jerusalem was. It is from this word that delphis (a brother) is derived, and from one no doubt of the same root, that was first a mass, and afterwards a dolphin, the similarity of sound accounting for the confusion of derivatives from the temple and the fish. Again, the dolphin is said to be so called as being the fish of the Dolphièm god. It was probably as an attribute of the god that Delphinos was used as a name by the Greeks; and it makes its first appearance in Christian times in two regions under Greek influence, namely, Venice and Southern France, which latter place was much beholden for civilization to the Greek colony of Massilia. Dolfino has always prevailed in the Republic of St. Mark; and Delphinus was a sainted bishop of Bourdeaux, in the fourth century, from whom many, both male and female, took the name, which to them was connected with the fish of Jonah, the emblem of the Resurrection. In 1125, Delfine, heiress of Albon, married Guiges, Count of Viennois. She was his third wife; and to distinguish her son from the rest of the family, he was either called or christened, Guiges Delphin, and assumed the dolphin as his badge, whence badge and title passed to his descendants, the Counts Dauphins de Viennois. The last of these left his country and title to Charles, son of King Jean of France; and thence the heir-apparent was called the Dauphin. Dalphin appears at Cambrai before 1200; and Delphine de Glandèves, sharing the saintly honours of her husband, Count Elzéar de St. Sabran, became the patroness of the many young ladies in compliment to _la dauphine_. It is startling to meet with ‘Dolphin’ as a daughter of the unfortunate Waltheof, Earl of Mercia; but unless her mother, Judith, imported the French Delphine, it is probable that it is a mistake for one of the many forms of the Frank, Adel, which was displacing its congener the native Æthel. Indeed, Dolfine, which is very common among German girls now, is avowedly the contraction of Adolfine, their feminine for Adolf (noble wolf). SECTION VI.—_Hele._ The sun-god who drove his flaming chariot around the heavenly vault day by day, and whose eye beheld everything throughout the earth, was in Homer’s time an entirely different personage from the “far darting Apollo,” with whom, thanks to the Romans, we confound him. Helios was his name, a word from the root _elé_ (light), the same that has furnished the Teutonic adjective _hell_ (bright or clear), and that is met again in the Keltic _heol_ (the sun). This root ele (heat or light) is found again in the Greek name of the moon, Sēēlēnē once a separate goddess from Artemis. One of the Cleopatras was called Selene; but it does not appear that this was used again as a name till in the last century, when Selina was adopted in England, probably by mistake, for the French Céline, and belonged to the Wesleyan Countess of Huntingdon. From ēlē again sprang the name most of all noted among Greeks, the fatal name of Ἑλένε, Helene, the feminine of Helenos (the light or bright), though Æschylus, playing on the word, made it ἑλένας (the ship-destroying). “Wherefore else this fatal name, That Helen and destruction are the same.” A woman may be a proverb for any amount of evil or misfortune, but as long as she is also a proverb for beauty, her name will be copied, and Helena never died away in Greece, and latterly was copied by Roman ladies when they first became capable of a little variety. At last it was borne by the lady who was the wife of Constantius Chlorus, the mother of Constantine, and the restorer of the shrines at Jerusalem. St. Helena, holding the true cross, was thenceforth revered by East and West. Bithynia on the one hand, Britain on the other, laid claim to have been her birth-place, and though it is unfortunately most likely that the former country is right, and that she can hardly be the daughter of “Old King Cole,” yet it is certain that the ancient Britons held her in high honour. Eglwys Ilan, the Church of Helen, still exists in Wales, and the insular Kelts have always made great use of her name. Ellin recurs in old Welsh pedigrees from the Empress’s time. Elayne is really the old Cambrian form occurring in registers from early times, and thus explaining the gentle lady Elayne, the mother of Sir Galahad, whom Tennyson has lately identified with his own spinning Lady of Shalott. Helen, unfortunately generally pronounced Ellen, was used from the first in Scotland; Eileen or Aileen in Ireland. Nor are these Keltic Ellens the only offspring of the name. Elena in Italy, it assumed the form of Aliénor among the Romanesque populations of Provence, who, though speaking a Latin tongue, greatly altered and disguised the words. Indeed there are some who derive this name from έλεος (pity), but there is much greater reason to suppose it another variety of Helena, not more changed than many other Provençal names. Aliénor in the land of troubadours received all the homage that the Languedoc could pay, and one Aliénor at least was entirely spoilt by it, namely, she who was called Eléonore by the French king who had the misfortune to marry her, and who became in time on English lips our grim Eleanor of the dagger and the bowl, the hateful Aquitainian grandmother, who bandies words with Constance of Brittany in _King John_. Her daughter, a person of far different nature, carried her name to Castille, where, the language being always disposed to cut off a commencing _e_, she was known as Leonor, and left hosts of namesakes. Her descendant, the daughter of San Fernando, brought the name back to England, and, as our “good Queen Eleanor,” did much to redeem its honour, which the levity of her mother-in-law, the Provençal Aliénor of Henry III., had greatly prejudiced. Eleanor continued to be a royal name as long as the Plantagenets were on the throne, and thus was widely used among the nobility, and afterwards by all ranks, when of course it lost its proper spelling and was turned into Ellinor and Elinor, still, however, owning its place in song and story. Annora, frequent in Northern England, was the contraction of Eleanora, and was further contracted into Annot. Also Ellen was Lina, or Linot. ┌───────────────┬───────────────┬───────────────┬───────────────┐ │ Greek. │ Latin. │ English. │ Scotch. │ │Ἑλένη │Helena │Helena │Helen │ │ │ │Helen │Ellen │ │ │ │Elaine │ │ │ │ │Ellen │ │ │Ἑλένἰσκη │ │Eleanor │ │ │ │ │Elinor │ │ │ │ │Nelly │ │ │Ἑλεναιαι │ │Leonora │ │ │ │ │Annora │ │ │ │ │Annot │ │ │ │ │Lina │ │ │ │ │Linot │ │ ├───────────────┼───────────────┼───────────────┼───────────────┤ │ Irish. │ German. │ Italian. │ Spanish. │ │Helena │Helène │Elena │Helena │ │ │ │ │ │ │Eileen │Eleonore │Eleonora │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │Nelly │Lenore │Leonora │Leon │ ├───────────────┼───────────────┼───────────────┼───────────────┤ │ Russian. │ Polish. │ Slavonic. │ Servian. │ │Jelena │Helena │Jelena │Jelena │ │ │Helenka │Jela │Jela │ │ │ │Jelena │Jelika │ │ │ │Jela │ │ │ │ │Jelika │ │ │ │ │Lenka │ │ │ │ │Lencica │ │ ├───────────────┼───────────────┼───────────────┼───────────────┤ │ Lett. │ Esthonian. │ Ung. │ Albanian. │ │Lena │Leno │Ilona │ │ │ │ │Ljena │ │ │ │ │Lenia │ │ └───────────────┴───────────────┴───────────────┴───────────────┘ Meantime the Arragonese conquests in Italy had brought Leonora thither as a new name independent of Elena, and it took strong root there, still preserving its poetic fame in the person of the lovely Leonora d'Este, the object of Tasso’s hopeless affection. To France again it came with the Galigai, the Maréchale d'Ancre, the author of the famous saying about the power of a strong mind over a weak one; and unpopular as she was, Léonore has ever since been recognized in French nomenclature, and it went to Germany as Lenore. The Greek Church was constant to the memory of the Empress, mother of the founder of Constantinople, and Helena has always been frequent there. And when the royal widow Olga came from Muscovy to seek instruction and baptism, she was called Helena, which has thus become one of the popular Russian names. It is sometimes supposed to be a translation of Olga, but this is a mistake founded on the fact that this lady, and another royal saint, were called by both names. Olga is, in fact, the feminine of Oleg (the Russian form of Helgi), which the race of Rurik had derived from their Norse ancestor, and it thus means holy. Sweden also has a Saint Helene, who made a pilgrimage to Rome, and was put to death on her return by her cruel relations in 1160. Her relics were preserved in Zealand, near Copenhagen, making Ellin a favourite name among Danish damsels. Helena has a perplexing double pronunciation in English, the central syllable being made long or short according to the tradition of the families where it is used. The Greek letter was certainly the short _e_, but it is believed that though the quantity of the syllable was short, the accent was upon it, and that the traditional sound of it survives in the name of the island which we learnt from the Portuguese. SECTION VII.—_Demeter._ Among the elder deities in whom the primitive notion of homage to the Giver of all Good was lost and dispersed, was the beneficent mother Demeter (Δημητήρ). Some derive the first syllable of this name from γῆ (the earth), others from the Cretan δήαι (barley), making it either earth mother, or barley mother; but the idea of motherhood is always an essential part of this bounteous goddess, the materializing of the productive power of the earth, “filling our hearts with food and gladness.” Formerly Demeter had numerous votaries, especially among the Macedonians, who were the greatest name-spreaders among the Greeks, and used it in all the “four horns” of their divided empire. It occurs in the Acts, as the silversmith of Ephesus, who stirred up the tumult against St. Paul, and another Demetrius is commended by St. John. The Latin Church has no saint so called; but the Greek had a Cretan monk of the fourteenth century, who was a great ecclesiastical author; and a Demetrios, who is reckoned as the second great saint of Thessalonika. Hence Demetrios is one of the most popular of names in all the Eastern Church, and the countries that have ever been influenced by it; among whom must be reckoned the Venetian dominions which considered themselves to belong to the old Byzantine empire till they were able to stand alone. Dimitri has always been a great name in Russia. The Slavonian nations give it the contraction Mitar, and the feminine Dimitra or Mitra. The modern Greek contraction is Demos. In some parts of Greece, Demeter was worshipped primarily as the gloomy winterly earth, latterly as the humanized goddess clad in black, in mourning for her daughter, whence she was adored as Melaina. Whether from this title of the goddess or simply a dark complexion, there arose the female name of Melania, which belonged to two Roman ladies, grandmother and granddaughter, who were among the many who were devoted to the monastic Saint Jerome, and derived an odour of sanctity from his record of their piety. Though not placed in the Roman calendar, they are considered as saints, and the French Mélanie and the old Cornish Melony are derived from them. On the contrary, her summer epithet was Chloe, the verdant, as protectress of green fields, and Chloe seems to have been used by the Greeks, as a Corinthian woman so called is mentioned by St. Paul, and has furnished a few scriptural Chloes in England. In general, however, Chloe has been a property of pastoral poetry, and has thence descended to negroes and spaniels.[27] ----- Footnote 27: Smith, _Dictionary_; Keightley’s _Mythology_; Montalembert, _Monks of the West_; Michaelis. SECTION VIII.—_Dionysos._ The god of wine and revelry appears to have been adopted into Greek worship at a later period than the higher divinities embodying loftier ideas. So wild and discordant are the legends respecting him, that it is probable that in the Bacchus, or Dionysos, whom the historical Greeks adored, several myths are united; the leading ones being, on the one hand, the naturalistic deity of the vine; on the other, some dimly remembered conqueror. Dionysos has never been satisfactorily explained, though the most obvious conclusion is that it means the god of Nysa—a mountain where he was nursed by nymphs in a cave. Others make his mother Dione one of the original mythic ideas of a divine creature, the daughter of Heaven and Earth, and afterwards supposed to be the mother of Aphrodite. Names given in honour of Dionysos were very common in Greece, and especially in the colony of Sicily, where Dion was also in use. Dionysios, the tyrant, seemed only to make the name more universally known, and most of the tales of tyranny clustered round him—such as the story of his ear, of the sword of Damocles, and the devotion of Damon and Pythias. In the time of the Apostles, Dionysius was very frequent, and gave the name of the Areopagite mentioned by St. Paul, of several more early saints, and of a bishop who, in 272, was sent to convert the Gauls, and was martyred near Paris. The Abbey erected on the spot where he died was placed under the special protection of the Counts of Paris; and when they dethroned the sons of Charlemagne and became kings of France, St. Denys, as they called their saint, became the patron of the country; the banner of the convent, the Oriflamme, was unfurled in their national wars, and _Mont joie St. Denys_ was their war-cry. St. Denys of France was invoked, together with St. Michael, in knighting their young men; and St. Denys of France was received as one of the Seven Champions of Christendom. The Sicilians, having a certain confusion in their minds between the champion and the tyrant of Syracuse, have taken San Dionigi for their patron; he is also in high favour in Portugal as Diniz, and in Spain as Dionis. Denis is a very frequent Irish name, as a substitute for Donogh; and, to judge by the number of the surnames, Dennis, Denison, and Tennyson or Tenison, it would seem to have been more common in England than at present. The Russians have Dionissij; the Bohemians, Diwis; the Slavonians, Tennis; the Hungarians, Dienes. The feminine is the French Denise; English, Dionisia, Donnet, Dennet or Diot, which seem to have been at one time very common in England.[28] ----- Footnote 28: Liddell and Scott, Keightley, Michaelis, Smith. SECTION IX.—_Hermes._ The origin is lost of the name of Hermes, the swift, eloquent, and cunning messenger of Zeus; but it is supposed to come from hĕra (the earth), and was called Hermas, Hermes, or Hermeias. A long catalogue of Greeks might be given bearing names derived from him; and it was correctly that Shakespeare called his Athenian maiden Hermia. Hermas is mentioned in the Epistle to the Romans, and is thought to be the same with the very early Christian author of the allegory of _The Shepherd_, but his name has not been followed. Hermione was, in ancient legend, the wife of Cadmus, the founder of Thebes, and shared his metamorphosis into a serpent. Afterwards, another Hermione was the daughter of Helen and Menelaus, and, at first, wife of Neoptolemus, though afterwards of Orestes, the heroine of a tragedy of Euripides, where she appears in the unpleasant light of the jealous persecutor of the enslaved Andromache. Hermione is generally supposed to be the same as the Italian Erminia and the French Hermine; but these are both remains of the Herminian gens, and are therefore Latin. Hermocrates, Hermagoras, Hermogenes, every compound of this god’s name prevailed in Greece; but the only one that has passed on to Christianity is Hermolaos (people of Hermes), a name that gave a saint to the Greek Church, and is perpetuated in Russia as Ermolaï.[29] Descending from the greater deities of Olympus, we must touch upon the Muses, though not many instances occur of the use of their names. Μοῦσαι (Mousai), their collective title, is supposed to come from μάω (mao), to invent; it furnished the term mousikos, for songs and poetry, whence the Latin _musa_, _musicus_, and all the forms in modern language in which we speak of music and its professors. Musidora (gift of the Muses) was one of the fashionable poetical soubriquets of the last century, and as such figures in Thomson’s _Seasons_. As to the individual names, they have scarcely any owners except Polymnia, she of many hymns, whose modern representative, Polyhymnia, lies buried in a churchyard on Dartmoor, and startles us by her headstone. The West Indian negresses, sporting the titles of the ships of war, however, come out occasionally as Miss Calliope, Miss Euterpe, &c. The only Muse who has left namesakes is hardly a fair specimen; for Urania (the heavenly), her epithet, as the presiding genius of astronomers, is itself formed from one of the pristine divinities of Greece, himself probably named from heaven itself, of which he was the personification. Οὐρανός (Ouranos), Uranus, is in Greek both the sky and the first father of all. The word is probably derived from the root _or_, which we find in ὄρος (a mountain), and ὄρνυμι (to raise), just as our heaven comes from to heave. Uranius was not uncommon among the later Greeks, especially in Christian names; a Gaulish author was so called, and it was left by the Romans as a legacy to the British. It makes its appearance among the Welsh as Urien, a somewhat common name at one time. “Brave Urien sleeps upon his craggy bed;” but Camden, or some one else before him, thought proper to identify it with George, which has led to its decay and oblivion. Urania was revived in the days of euphuistic taste, when Sir Philip Sidney called himself Sidrophel, and the object of his admiration, Urania; it became a favourite poetic title both in England and France, and in process of time, a family name. Θάλεια (Thaleia), though both Muse of Comedy, and one of the Three Graces, and signifying bloom, has not obtained any namesakes, though both her sister Graces have. These nymphs were the multiplied personifications of Χάρις (Charis) grace, beauty, or charity. The Greeks were not unanimous as to the names or numbers of the Charites; the Athenians and Spartans adored only two, and the three usually recognized were defined by Hesiod. Thalia (bloom), Aglaia (brightness), Euphrosyne (mirth, cheerfulness, or festivity). It has been almost exclusively by Greeks that the name has been borne; it was a great favourite among the Romaic Greeks, figuring again and again amongst the Porphyrogenitai, and to this present day it is common among the damsels of the Ionian Isles. I have seen it marked on a school-child’s sampler in its own Greek letters. In common life it is called Phroso. In Russia it is Jefronissa. The other Grace, Aglaia, comes to light in Christian legend, as the name of a rich and abandoned lady at Rome, who, hearing of the value that was set on the relics of saints, fancied them as a kind of roc’s egg to complete the curiosities of her establishment, and sent Boniface, both her steward and her lover, to the East to procure some for her. He asked in jest whether, if his bones came home to her, she would accept them as relics; and she replied in the same spirit, little dreaming that at Tarsus he would indeed become a Christian and a martyr, and his bones be truly sent back to Rome, where Aglaia received them, became a penitent, took the veil, and earned the saintly honours that have ever since been paid to her. It is unfortunate for the credibility of this story that the date assigned to it is between 209 and 305, a wide space indeed, but one in which relic worship had not begun, and even if it had, the bones of martyrs must have been only too plentiful much nearer home. However, the French have taken up the name of Aglaë, and make great use of it. A few ancient Greeks had names compounded of Charis, such as Charinus, and Charilaus, the nephew of Lycurgus; but it was reserved for Christianity to give the word its higher sense. Charis, through the Latin caritas, grew to be the Christian’s Charity, the highest of the three Graces: Faith, Hope, Love, that had taken the place of Bloom, Mirth, and Brightness. And thus it was that, after the Reformation, Charity, contracted into Cherry, became an English Christian name, perhaps in remembrance of the fair and goodly Charity of the House Beautiful, herself a reflex of the lovely and motherly Charissa, to whom Una conducted the Red Cross Knight. Chariton, Kharitoon, in Russian, is a name in the Greek Church, from a confessor of Sirmium, who under Aurelius was flogged with ox-hides and imprisoned, but was liberated on the Emperor’s death, and made a pilgrimage to Jerusalem. Perhaps this is the place, among these minor mythological personages, to mention that Zephyr (the West wind) has absolutely a whole family of name-children in France, where Zephirine has been greatly the fashion of late years.[30] ----- Footnote 29: Keightley’s _Mythology_; Cave’s _Lives of the Fathers_; Smith, _Dictionary_; Potter’s _Euripides_. Footnote 30: Smith, _Dictionary_; Keightley, _Mythology_; Montalembert. SECTION X.—_Heroic Names._ Not very many of the heroic names—glorious in poetry—have passed on; but we will select a few of those connected with the siege of Troy, and handed on upon that account. Mostly they were not easy of comprehension even to the Greeks themselves, and were not much copied among them, perhaps from a sense of reverence. It was only in the times of decay, and when the recollection of the fitness of things was lost, that men tried to cover their own littleness with the high-sounding names of their ancestors. Moreover, by that time, Greek associations were at a discount. Rome professed to descend from Troy, not from Greece; and, after her example, modern nations have tried to trace themselves back to the Trojan fugitives—the Britons to Brut, the French to Francus, &c.—and thus Trojan names have been more in vogue than Greek. However, be it observed that the Trojan names are Greek in origin. The Trojans were of Pelasgic blood, as well as most of their opponents; but they were enervated by residence in Asia, while the superior race of Hellenes had renovated their Greek relatives; making just the difference that the Norman Conquest did to the English Saxon in opposition to his Frisian brother. One of these inexplicable names was borne by Ἀχιλλεύς (Achilleus), the prime glory of Homer and of the Trojan war. The late Greek traditions said that his first name had been Ligyron, or the whining, but that he was afterwards called Achilles, from Α privative and χέιλη (cheile), lip; because he was fed in his infancy on nothing but lions' hearts and bears' marrow. This legend, however, looks much as if the true meaning of the word had been forgotten, and this was a forgery to account for it. However this may be, modern Greece and France alone repeat the name, and it is much disguised by the French pronunciation of Achille. A martyr in Dauphiné was called Achilles; and an Achilla appears, as a lady, early in the Visconti pedigree. Gallant Hector, who, perhaps, is the most endearing of all the Trojan heroes, from the perfection of his character in tenderness, devotion, and courage, and the beautiful poetry of his parting with his wife and son, bore a name that is an attribute of Zeus, Ἕκτωρ (holding fast), _i. e._, defending, from Ἕχω (hecho), to have or to hold—a word well-befitting the resolute mainstay of a falling cause. Italy, where the descent from the Trojans was early credited and not, perhaps, impossible, is the only country where his name has been genuinely imitated, under the form of Ettore. The Hector of Norway is but an imitation of the old Norse Hagtar (hawk of Thor), and the very frequent Hector of Scotland is the travestie of the Gaelic Eachan (a horseman). In like manner the Gaelic Aonghas (excellent valour) and the Welsh Einiawn (the just), are both translated into Æneas; indeed it is possible that the early Welsh Saint, Einiawn, may indeed have been an Æneas; for, in compliment to the supposed descent of the Julii from Æneas, this name is very common in the latter times of the empire: it appears in the book of Acts, and belonged to several writers. Latterly, in the beginning of the classical taste of Italy, the name of Enea Silvio was given to that Piccolomini who afterwards became a pope. This form is in honour of that son of Æneas and Lavinia who was said to have been born in a wood after his father’s death. A son of the Earl of Hereford was called Æneas (temp. Ed. III). The pious Æneas owes his modern fame to Virgil. In the time of Homer, even his goddess-mother had not raised him into anything like the first rank of the heroes who fought before Troy. His name in the original is Αἰνείας (Aineias), and probably comes from αἰυέο (aineo), to praise. The poem that no doubt suggested the _Æneid_, the Homeric story of the Greek wanderer, contains some of those elements that so wonderfully show the kindred of far distant nations. We are content to call this wonderful poem by something approaching to its Greek title, though we are pleased to term the hero by the Latin travestie of his name—Ulysses, the consequence, it is supposed, of some transcriber having mistaken between the letters Δ and Λ. The Romans, likewise, sometimes called him Ulixes; the Greek σσ and ξ being, by some, considered as the same letter. Οδυσσεύς (Odysseus), his true name, is traced to the root δυς (dys), hate, the Sanscrit _dvish_, and from the same source as the Latin _odio_. Italians talked of Uliseo, and Fenelon taught the French to honour his favourite hero as _le fils du grand Ulisse_; but the only place where the name is now used is Ireland, probably as a classicalism for the Danish legacy of Ulick—Hugleik, or mind reward. The Irish Finnghuala (white shoulders) was not content with the gentle native softenings of her name into Fenella and Nuala, but must needs translate herself into Penelope; and it is to this that we owe the numerous Penelopes of England, down from the Irish Penelope Devereux, with whom is connected the one shade on Sidney’s character, to the Pen and Penny so frequent in many families. The faithful queen of Ithaca was probably named Πηνελόπη, or Πηνελόπεια, from her diligence over the loom, since πήνη (pēnē) is thread on the bobbin, πηνίζομαι is to wind it off; but a later legend declared that she had been exposed as an infant, and owed her life to being fed by a kind of duck called πηνέλοψ (penelops), after which she was therefore called. This has since been made the scientific name of the turkey, and translators of Christian names have generally set Penelope down as a turkey-hen, in oblivion that this bird, the D'Inde of France, the _Wälsche Hahn_ of Germany, always in its name attesting its foreign origin, came from America 3000 years after the queen of Ithaca wove and unwove beneath her midnight lamp. Her son Telemachus (distant battle) had one notable namesake in the devoted hermit who for ever ended the savage fights of the amphitheatre; but, though Télémaque was a triumph of genius and tender religious feeling in spite of bad pseudo-classical taste, has not been again repeated. Cassandra appears in Essex in 1560, and named the sister of Jane Austen. CHAPTER III. NAMES FROM ANIMALS, ETC. SECTION I.—_The Lion._ Much of the spirit of the nation is to be traced in the animals whence their names are derived. The Jew, whose temper, except when thoroughly roused, was peaceful and gentle, had hardly any save the names of the milder and more useful creatures: the ewe, the lamb, the bee, the fawn, &c. The Indo-European races, on the other hand, have the more brave and spirited animals, many of them running through the entire family of nations thus derived, and very possibly connected with that ‘beast epic,’ as Mr. Dasent calls it, which crops out everywhere; in the East, in apologues and fables; and towards the West, in ‘_mahrchen_,’ according to the expressive German term. It is just as if in the infancy of the world, there was the same living sympathy with the animal creation that we see in a young child, and that the creatures had at one time appeared to man to have an individual character, rank, and history of their own, explained by myths, in which these beings are the actors and speakers, and assumed a meaning divine, symbolic, didactic, or simply grotesque, according to the subsequent development of the peoples by whom they were handed down. The lion is one of these universal animals, testifying how long dim memories of the home in Asia must have clung to the distant wanderers. Leon, or Leo, was early a favourite name among the Greeks; and Herodotus thinks, on account of its meaning, that the captive Leo was the first victim of the Persians. It passed on in unceasing succession through Greeks of all ranks till it came to Byzantine emperors and Roman bishops. Two popes, to whom Rome owed the deepest debt of gratitude—to the one, for interceding with Attila; to the other, for turning away the wrath of the Saracens—were both called Leo, and it thus became a favourite on the papal throne, and was considered to allude to the Lion of the Tribe of Judah, which was therefore sculptured on St. Peter’s, in the time of the Medicean Leo X. Leone, and Léon, and Léonie have continued in use in France and Italy. The word has been much compounded from the earlier Greek times, Leontius, Leontia, whence the modern French Léonce. The name Leonidas, the glorious self-devoted Spartan, after entire desuetude, has been revived in Greece and America. The Romanized Britons adopted the Lion name, which amongst them became Llew, the Lot of the romances of the Round Table. Here likewise figured the gallant Sir Lionel, from whom Edward III., in chivalrous mood, named his third son, the ancestor of the House of York. An unfortunate young Dane, to whom the Dutch republic stood sponsor, received the name of Leo Belgicus. The Slavonic forms are Lev, Lav, and Lew, which, among the swarms of Jews in Poland, have become a good deal confounded with their hereditary Levi. Leandros, Leander, as we call it, means lion-man. Besides the unfortunate swimming lover whose exploit Byron imitated and Turner painted, it belonged to a sainted bishop of Seville, who, in 590, effected the transition of the Spanish Visigoths from Arianism to orthodoxy. Very likely his name was only a classicalizing of one of the many Gothic names from _leut_ (the people), which are often confused with those from the lion; but Leandro passed on as a Christian name in Spain and Italy. The name Leocadia, a Spanish maiden martyred by the Moors, had probably some connection with a lion; but it cannot be traced in the corrupted state of the language. Léocadie has travelled into France. The Slavonians have Lavoslav (lion-glory), which they make the equivalent of the Teutonic Liutpold or Leopold, really meaning the people’s prince. Löwenhard (the stern lion, or lion strong), was a Frank noble, who was converted at the same time as his sovereign, Clovis, and became a hermit near Limoges. Many miracles were imputed to him, and St. Leonard became a peculiarly popular saint both in France and England. Leonard is a favourite name in France; and has some popularity in England, chiefly, it is said, in the north, and in the Isle of Wight. Lionardo is Italian, witness Lionardo da Vinci; and, according to Gil Blas, Leonarda is a Spanish feminine; Germany has in surnames Lenhardt, Lehnart, Leinhardt, Lowen; Italy invented the formidable Christian name, Brancalleone (Brachium leonis), or arm of a lion; and Bavaria has Lowenclo (lion-claw). ┌────────────┬────────────┬────────────┬────────────┬────────────┐ │ English. │ French. │ German. │ Swiss. │ Italian. │ │Leonard │Léonard │Leonhard │Liert │Lionardo │ │ │Leunairs │Lienhard │Liertli │ │ │ │Launart │Lienl │Lienzel │ │ └────────────┴────────────┴────────────┴────────────┴────────────┘ SECTION II.—_The Horse._ The horse is as great a favourite as the lion, and is prominent in many a myth from the Caspian to the Frozen Ocean. His name in Sanscrit _açva_, in Zendish _esp_ or _asp_, comes forth in the Greek ἵππος or ἵkkoς, showing its identity with the Latin _equus_, the Gaelic _each_, and it may be with the Teutonic _hengst_. Among these various races it is the Persian, the Greek, and the Gael who have chiefly used the term for this noble animal in their nomenclature. The Persian feminine Damaspia is said exactly to answer to the Greek Hippodameia, the female of Hippodamus (horse-tamer), and Hippos forms part of far too many Greek names to be here enumerated, except where they have become popular elsewhere. One would have imagined that Hippos and λύω (to destroy) must have suggested the name of Hippolytus, the son of Theseus, who was destroyed by his own horse, terrified by a sea monster; but, on the other hand, he appears to have been named after his mother Hippolita, the beautiful queen of the Amazons, whom Shakespeare has shown us hunting in his wondrous Attic forest. However this may be, Hippolytus has many namesakes; among them an early Christian writer, and also a priest at Rome, who in the year 252 was condemned by the persecuting judge to die the death his name suggested. The Christians buried him in a catacomb, which bears his name. Sant’Ippolito became a parish church at Rome, and of course gave a title to one of the cardinals, and Ippolito and Ippolita have always been fashionable Italian names. He was also the patron of horsemen and horses, and the latter were solemnly blessed in his name. Xanthippe’s name is feminine of Xanthippus (a yellow horse!) What a pity it was not a grey one! The Persian Aspamitras (horse-lover) exactly corresponds to the Greek Φίλιππoς (loving horses). Thus were named many obscure kings of Macedon, before that sagacious prince who prepared the future glories of his son by disciplining his army, and crushing Greece in spite of those indignant orations of Demosthenes, which have made Philippics the generic term for vehement individual censure. Macedon, by colonizing the East, spread Philippos over it, and thus was named the apostle of Bethsaida, and likewise one of the deacons, chosen for his ‘Grecian’ connections. The apostle was martyred at Hierapolis; nevertheless an arm of his, according to the Bollandists, was brought to Florence from Constantinople, in 1205, and made Filippo, Filippa, Lippo, Pippo, Pippa, great favourites in Northern Italy. Greece and her dependent churches always used the name of Philip, or Feeleep, as they call it in Russia; and it was the eldest son of the Muscovite Anne, Queen of Henri I., who was the first Philippe to wear the crown of France. He transmitted his name to five more kings, and to princes innumerable, of whom one became Duke of Burgundy. His descendant, the half Flemish, half Austrian Philippe the handsome, married Juana la Loca of Castille and Aragon, and their grandson was known as Felipe II. in Spain. During his brief and ill-omened stay in England, he was godfather to Philip Sidney, whose name commemorated the gratitude of his mother to the King Consort for having interceded for the life of his father the Duke of Northumberland. Philip, in both genders, was, however, already common in England. Queen Philippe, as she called herself, our admirable Hainaulter, was the god-daughter of Philippe de Valois, her husband’s rival; and many a young noble and maiden bore her honoured name, which one female descendant carried to Portugal, and another to Sweden, where both alike worthily sustained the honour of Plantagenet. The name of Philippe is particularly common in the Isle of Jersey, so that it has become a joke with sailors to torment the inhabitants by calling them Philip as they would term an Irishman Paddy. Filippo is additionally popular in Italy at present from the favourite modern Saint Filippo Neri.[31] ┌────────────┬────────────┬────────────┬────────────┬────────────┐ │ English. │ Scotch. │ French. │ German. │ Italian. │ │Philip │Phillipp │Philippe │Philipp │Filippo │ │Phil │ │Philipot │Lipp │Pippo │ │Phip │ │ │Lipperl │Lippo │ │Philipp │ │ │ │ │ │Lipp │ │ │ │ │ │Lipperl │ │ │ │ │ ├────────────┼────────────┼────────────┼────────────┼────────────┤ │Portuguese. │ Spanish. │ Russian. │ Lett. │ Hungarian │ │Felippe │Felipe │Feeleep │Wilips │Fülip │ │Felipinho │ │ │Lipsts │ │ │Felipe │ │ │ │ │ ├────────────┴────────────┴────────────┴────────────┴────────────┤ │ FEMININE │ ├────────────┬────────────┬────────────┬────────────┬────────────┤ │ English. │ French. │Portuguese. │ Dutch. │ Italian │ │Philippa │Philippine │Felipa │Pine │Filippa │ │ │Flipote │ │ │Pippa │ └────────────┴────────────┴────────────┴────────────┴────────────┘ Footnote 31: Rawlinson’s _Herodotus_; Keightley’s _Mythology_; Butler; Michaelis. SECTION III.—_The Goat._ The goat (αἴξ) stands out prominently in northern mythology, though there scarcely, if at all, used in nomenclature. In Greek mythology he appears, though not distinctly, and the names derived from him are manifold. The goat was the standard of Macedon (the rough goat was the King of Grecia), as Daniel had announced while Greece was yet in her infancy, and Macedon in barbarism, not even owned as of the Hellenic confederacy. The unfortunate posthumous son of Alexander was therefore called Aigos, or Ægos, in addition to his father’s name. The aigis, ægis, or shield of Pallas Athene, though said to bear the gorgon’s head, was probably at first a goat skin. From it is formed Aigidios, Ægidius. In 475, there was an Ægidius, a Roman commander in Gaul, who was for a time an independent sovereign, ruling over both Romans and Franks. About two centuries later, an Athenian, as it is said, by name Ægidius, having worked a miraculous cure by laying his cloak over the sick man, fled to France to avoid the veneration of the people, and dwelt on the banks of the Rhone, living on the milk of a hind. The creature was chased by the king of France, and, flying wounded to her master, discovered him to the hunters. Thenceforth he has been revered as St. Giles, and considered as the patron of numbers thus called. Now, is Giles a contraction of Ægidius, or is it the corruption of the Latin Julius; or, again, is it the Keltic Giolla, a servant, or the Teutonic Gils, a pledge? Every one of these sounds more like it than the Greek word, and it does seem probable that the Athenian, if Athenian he were, was seized upon as patron by aliens to his name, and then cut down to suit them. However, Ægidius continued to be treated as the Latin for Giles; Egidio became an Italian name; and as St. Giles was patron of Edinburgh, Egidia was used by Scottish ladies; one of the sisters of King Robert II. was so called, and even now it is not quite extinct.[32] SECTION IV.—_The Bee._ The word μείλα (soothing things) gave the verb μειλίσσω, or μελίσσω (melisso), to soothe or sweeten, whence the name of honey, and of the honey-bee. Melissa was sometimes said to have been the name of the nymph who first taught the use of honey, and bees, perhaps from their clustering round their queen, became the symbol of nymphs. Thence Melissa grew to be the title of a priestess as well as a lady’s name in classic times. Melissa was invented by the Italian poets as the beneficent fairy who protected Bradamante, and directed Ruggero to escape from Atlante, and afterwards from Alcina, upon the hippogriff. Thus she entered the domain of romance, and became confounded with the Melusine and Melisende, who had risen out of the Teutonic Amalaswinth; and Melisse and Melite were adopted into French nomenclature. Akin to Melissa is Γλυκηρά (Glykera), the sweet. This was not a feminine in good repute in ancient Athens, but it has since belonged to a saint of the Greek Churches, namely, the daughter of Macarius, thrice consul, who in the time of Antoninus suffered torments for a long time at Trajanopolis; and Gloukera is prevalent in Russia; and Glykera, or Glycère, in France.[33] ----- Footnote 32: Keightley’s _Fairy Mythology_; Croker’s _Fairy Legends_; Tooke’s _History of Russia_; Butler. Footnote 33: Liddell and Scott; Professor Munch; Junius. SECTION V.—_Names from Flowers._ It was not common in Greece to name persons from flowers, but two names in occasional use are connected with legends of transformation, though in each case it is evident that the name belonged originally to the flower, and then was transferred to the man. Thus the Narcissus, named undoubtedly from ναρκάω (narkao), to put to sleep, has become the object of a graceful legend of the cold-hearted youth, for whose sake the nymph Echo pined away into a mere voice, and in retribution was made to see his own beauty in the water and waste from hopeless love for his own image, until his corpse became the drooping golden blossom, that loves to hang above still pools of water, like the “dancing daffodils” of Wordsworth. Narcissus seems to have been a name among the Greek slaves of the Romans, for we twice find it belonging to freedmen of the Emperor. St. Narcissus was Bishop of Jerusalem in 195, and presided at the council that fixed the great festival of the Resurrection on a Sunday instead of on the day fixed by the full moon like the Jews. The Russians call it Narkiss; the Romans, Narcisso; and it has even been found belonging to an English peasant. Hyacinthus (Ὑάκινθος) was a beautiful Spartan youth, who, being accidentally killed by Apollo in a game with the discus, was caused by the sorrowing divinity to propagate from his blood a flower bearing on its petals either his initial Υ or the αί (alas), the cry of lamentation. A yearly feast was held at Sparta in honour of Hyacinthus, and his name was perpetuated till Christian times, when a martyr bore it at Rome, and thus brought it into favour in Italy as Giacinto; also a Polish Dominican Jacinthus in the thirteenth century, is commemorated as the Apostle of the North, because he preached Christianity in great part of Russia and Tartary; but curiously enough it is in Ireland alone that Hyacinth has ever flourished as a man’s name, probably as a supposed equivalent to some native Erse name. There it is very common among the peasantry, and is in common use as Sinty, while in France, Italy, and Spain, though apparently without a saintly example of their own sex, Jacinthe, Giacinta, and Jacinta are always feminine, and rather popular peasant names. Ῥόδος (Rhodos), the rose, is a word connected in its source with the origin of the Teuton _roth_, Keltic _ruadh_, and Latin _rufus_. Roses are the same in almost every tongue, and they almost always suggest female names; of which the most interesting to us is Rhoda, “the household maid, of her own joy afraid,” who “opened not the gate for gladness” when she knew the voice of St. Peter as he stood without the door after his release from prison and death. Her name, as a Scripture one, has had some use in England, though, in general, the Roses of each country have grown upon their own national grafts from the one great stock, or, more strangely, are changed from horses. Φύλλις (Phyllis), a green leaf or bough, has another story of transformation. She was a Thalian damsel who hung herself because her lover did not keep his promise of returning to marry her, and was accordingly changed into an almond tree. Phyllis was the name of Domitian’s nurse, and in process of time found her way among the dramatis personæ of Arcadian poetry; and arrived at being somewhat popular as a name in England. CHAPTER IV. HISTORICAL GREEK NAMES CONSISTING OF EPITHETS. SECTION I.—_Agathos._ After passing from the fascinating but confused tales and songs that group around the ship Argo, the doomed family of Œdipus, and the siege of Troy, the Greeks are well-nigh lost for a time, but emerge again in the full and distinct brilliancy of the narratives of Herodotus and his followers, who have rendered their small aggregate of fragmentary states and their gallant resistance to Asiatic invasion the great nucleus of interest in the ancient world. In the days of these wise and brave men, the nomenclature was, for the most part, expressive and appropriate, consisting of compounds of words of good augury from the spoken language, and, usually, as has been before shown, with a sort of recurring resemblance, from generation to generation, so as to make the enumeration of a pedigree significant and harmonious. Of these was ἀγαθός (the good), precisely the same word as our own _good_ and the German _guth_, only with the commencing α and a Greek termination. Classical times showed many an Agathon, and Agathias, and numerous compounds, such as Agathocles (good fame), to be repeated in the Teutonic Gudred, and other varieties; but the abiding use of the word as an European name was owing to a Sicilian girl, called Agatha, who in the Decian persecution was tortured to death at Rome. Sicily considered her as one of its guardian saints. Thus, the festival day of this martyred virgin is observed by both the Eastern and Western Churches, and her name is found among all the nations that ever possessed her native island. Greece has transmitted it to Russia, where the _th_ not being pronounceable, it is called Agafia; and the masculine, which is there used, Agafon; and the Slavonian nations derive it from the same quarter. The Normans adopted it and sent it home to their sisters in Neustria, where it was borne by that daughter of William the Conqueror who was betrothed to the unfortunate Earl Edwin, and afterwards died on her way to a state marriage in Castille. In her probably met the Teutonic Gytha and the Greek Agatha, identical in meaning and root, and almost in sound, though they had travelled to her birth-place in Rouen by two such different routes from their Eastern starting-place. Agatha was once much more common as a name than at present in England, and seems still to prevail more in the northern than the southern counties. Haggy, or Agatha, is the maid-servant’s name in Southey’s _Doctor_, attesting its prevalence in that class before hereditary or peculiar names were discarded as at present. France did not fail to take up Agatha. Spain had her Agatha like that of the Italians, both alike omitting the _h_ of θ. Portugal makes it Agneda; and the only other change worth noting is that the Letts cut it short into Apka. Aristos (best) was a favourite commencement with the Greeks. Aristides, most just of men, was thus called the son of the best. He has reappeared in his proper form in modern Greece; as Aristide in republican France; as Aristides in America. Aristobulus (best counsel) came originally from an epithet of Artemis, to whom Themistocles built a temple at Athens, as Aristoboulè, the best adviser. It was very common in the various branches of the Macedonian empire, and was thus adopted in the Asmonean family, from whom it came to the Herodian race, and thence spread among the Jews. In the Epistle to the Romans, St. Paul sends his greetings to the household of Aristobulus; and Welsh ecclesiastical antiquaries endeavour to prove that Arwystli, whom the Triads say was brought by Bran the blessed to preach the Gospel in Britain, was the same with this person. Aristarchus (best judge) is also a Scriptural name; and besides these we have Aristocles (best fame), Aristippos (best horse), Aristagoras (best assembly), and all the other usual Greek compounds among the Greeks. Perhaps this is the fittest place to mention that Arethusa is in use among the modern Greeks, and interpreted by them to mean the virtuous, as coming from this source. Aretino has been used in Italy.[34] ----- Footnote 34: Smith; Jameson; Rees, _Welsh Saints_. SECTION II.—_Alexander, &c._ Conquering Macedon was the portion of Greece, if Greece it could be called, that spread its names most widely and permanently; and as was but right, no name was more universally diffused than that of the great victor, he who in history is as prominent as Achilles in poetry. Ἀλέξανδρος (Alexandros), from ἀλέξω (alexo), to help, and ἄνδρες (andres), men, was said to have been the title given to Paris by the shepherds among whom he grew up, from his courage in repelling robbers from the flocks. It was afterwards a regular family name among the kings of Macedon, he who gave it fame being the third who bore it. So much revered as well as feared was this mighty conqueror, that his name still lives in proverb and song throughout the East. The Persians absolutely adopted him into their own line, and invented a romance by which ‘Secunder’ was made the son of a native monarch. Among the eastern nations, Iskander became such a by-word for prowess, that even in the sixteenth century the Turks would find no greater title of fear for their foe, the gallant Albanian, Georgios Kastriotes, than Skander Beg, or Lord Alexander. Not only did the great conqueror possess many namesakes,—as indeed, there is a story that all the children born the year of his conquest of India were called after him,—but Alexandros was already frequent in Greece; and among the kingdoms formed out of the fragments of his empire, it recurred so as to become usual all over the Græcized East. Even the Maccabean Jews used it, and it was common in Judea, as well as elsewhere, in the time of the Gospels, so that a large proportion of saints and martyrs bore it and handed it on, especially in Greece and Italy. A pope, martyred in the second century, rendered it a papal assumed name; and the Italians used it frequently as Alessandro, shortened into Sandro. Nowhere, however, is it so thoroughly national as in Scotland, imported thither, apparently, with other Greek names, by Margaret Ætheling, who learnt them in the Hungarian court where she was born and brought up. Her third son was the first of the three Scottish Alexanders, under whom the country spent her most prosperous days. No wonder his namesakes were numerous. In the Highlands they came to be Alaster, and formed the surname MacAlister; in the south, the contractions were Alick, Saunders, or Sandy, and the feminine Alexa, Alexandrina, and Alexandra, are chiefly German and Russian, though now and then occurring in France. The first half of this name, Alexios, a defender, was in use in ancient Greece, where it belonged to a noted sculptor. Its saintly honours did not begin till the fifth century, when a young Roman noble, called Allexius or Alexis, is said to have been so much bent on a monastic life, that being compelled by his parents to marry, he fled away on his wedding day, and lived seventeen years in a convent in Syria; but, finding his reputation for sanctity too much for his humility, he came home in guise of a poor pilgrim, and spent another seventeen years as a beggar maintained on the scraps of his father’s kitchen, and constantly mocked and misused by the servants, until in his dying moments, he made himself known to his parents. His church at Rome, called St. Alessio, gives a title to a cardinal; and his day, July 17th, is observed by the Greeks as well as the Romans; and yet so strange is his history that it almost seems as if it might have been one of those instances in which an allegory acquired the name of a real saint, and attached itself to him as a legend. Alessio has in consequence always been an Italian name, and with the family of the Komnenoi, Alexios came into use among the Byzantine Greeks, with whom it was very frequent. Alexia is often found as a lady’s name in old records and accounts of the middle ages; but it is apparently intended merely as the Latin equivalent for Alice, which we shall show by-and-by to have had an entirely different origin. ┌────────────┬────────────┬────────────┬────────────┬────────────┐ │ English. │ Scotch. │ French. │ Italian. │Spanish. │ │Alexander │Alexander │Alexandre │Alessandro │Alejandro │ │Alex │Alick │ │ │ │ │ │Sanders │ │ │ │ │ │Sandy │ │ │ │ │ │Sawny │ │ │ │ │ │Elshender │ │ │ │ │ │Elshie │ │ │ │ │ │Alaster │ │ │ │ ├────────────┼────────────┼────────────┼────────────┼────────────┤ │ Russian. │ Polish. │ Slavonic. │ Ung. │ │ │Aleksander │Aleksander │Aleksander │Sandor │ │ │Ssachka │Leszek │Skender │ │ │ │Ssaschinka │ │ │ │ │ ├────────────┴────────────┴────────────┴────────────┴────────────┤ │ FEMININE │ ├────────────┬────────────┬────────────┬────────────┬────────────┤ │ English. │ Italian. │Portuguese. │ Spanish. │ │ │Alexis │Alessio │Aleixo │Alejo │ │ │Alexis │ │ │ │ │ │Alexe │ │ │ │ │ ├────────────┼────────────┼────────────┼────────────┼────────────┤ │ Russian. │ Slavonic. │ Servian. │ Lusatian. │ Hungarian. │ │Alexei │Ales │Aleksa │Alex │Elek │ │Alescha │Leks │ │Halex │ │ │ │ │ │Holex │ │ └────────────┴────────────┴────────────┴────────────┴────────────┘ SECTION III.—_Anēr, Andros._ We come to the names derived from ἀνήρ, gen. ἀνδρός (anēr, andros), a man. The word itself has connections in the Sanscrit _nara_, and Zend _ner_; but its compounds are all from its oblique cases. The most interesting of these is formed by the corrupt Greek dialect used in Syria, namely, that which fell to Ανδρέας (Andreas), the Galilean fisherman, whom the Church Universal reveres as one of the foremost in the Glorious Company of the Apostles. The saint was martyred at Patras in Achaia, whence some of his relics were carried in the fourth century to Scotland, and were thus the occasion of St. Andrew’s becoming the Metropolitan see. Shortly after, the vision of Hungus, King of the Picts, of St. Andrew’s Cross, promising him victory, rendered the white saltire the national ensign, and St. Andrew became not only the patron saint, but in due time the knightly champion of Scotland, and made Andrew one of the most universal of names, and the patronymic Anderson very common. The other relics went first to Constantinople, and after the taking of that city, were dispersed through Europe. Philip the Good, of Burgundy, obtained some of them, and made St. Andrew the patron of the order of the Golden Fleece, and Andreas became a frequent Flemish and Dutch name. It has a feminine in the countries where it is most popular, and its variations are as follows:— ┌───────────────┬───────────────┬───────────────┬───────────────┐ │ English. │ Scotch. │ Dutch. │ Danish. │ │Andrew │Andrew │Andreas │Anders │ │Andy │Dandie │Andries │ │ │ │ │Andries │ │ ├───────────────┼───────────────┼───────────────┼───────────────┤ │ French. │ German. │ Italian. │ Spanish. │ │André │Andreas │Andrea │Andres │ │Andrien │ │ │ │ ├───────────────┼───────────────┼───────────────┼───────────────┤ │ Russian. │ Slavonic. │ Polish. │ Bohemian. │ │Andrej │Andrej │Andrezej │Ondrej │ │ │Andias │Jedrzej │ │ │ │Necek │ │ │ │ │Andrejeek │ │ │ ├───────────────┼───────────────┼───────────────┼───────────────┤ │ Lusatian. │ Esthonian. │ Hungarian. │ Lapland. │ │Handrej │Andras │Andras │Anta │ │Rajka │Andrus │Bandi │Attok │ │Hendrijshka │ │ │Ats │ └───────────────┴───────────────┴───────────────┴───────────────┘ The feminines are the French Andrée and Italian Andreana. The Russians use Andrean as an equivalent for Henry! Andronicus, man’s victory, was a great favourite, and occurs in St. Paul’s Epistle to the Romans, probably having belonged to a Corinthian who had gone from the busy city of traffic on the Isthmus to the great Capital of the world. The name continued among the Greeks, and belonged to numerous emperors, but has not been subsequently in much favour. SECTION IV.—_Eu._ The word εὖ (well or happily) was the commencement of many a name of good augury from the earliest times, and mingles as much among Christian as among classical associations. Thus in company with ἄγγελος, angelos (a messenger), it formed evangelus, happy messenger, or bearer of good tidings, the first time applied to a shepherd, who brought to Ephesus the tidings of a quarry of beautiful marble for the building of the temple that was the glory of the city and of all Asia. Adored with heroic honours as he was, the title must have seemed to the Ephesian Christians, above all, to befit those spiritual shepherds who brought the best of tidings, and Evangelista became the term for a preacher, as Evangelium of his doctrine, both becoming in time restricted to the four-writers of the personal history of our Lord, and their narrative, as being the very core and centre of the Good Tidings. Evangelista was an old Italian name; and Longfellow appears to have invented Evangeline for the heroine of his poem, whence many of the name have sprung up in America. Εὔχειρ (Eucheir), dexterous hand, was no doubt at first a mere epithet of a sculptor, but afterwards considered as a name, and belonging to no less than four distinguished sculptors of ancient Greece. Thence the Latinized Eucherius, which belonged to a Bishop of Lyons, a great author of ecclesiastical works, who died about A.D. 450; from him comes the Portuguese Euchario, the Italian Eucario, the French Euchaire, the Russian Jevcharij, the Polish Euckary. Εὐδώρη (Eudora), happy gift, was one of the Nereids, and afterwards did duty as Eudore in French romance. Eudocia and Eudoxia are so much alike as to be often confused, but have different significations. The first is Εὐδοκία (approval), the second Εὐδοξία (good fame of glory). Both were great favourites with the Greek empresses, and were assumed by imperial brides possessed of some appellation not supposed to befit the purple. Saints of the Greek Church handed Eudokhia on into Russia, where it has been worn upon the throne, and becomes in common parlance Jevdoksija. Εὐγενή (Eugenes), well born, was a very old Greek author; but Eugenios was the more usual form in classical times, and was carried on as Eugenius by the Romans. St. Eugenius was an African Confessor, and another Eugenius was Bishop of Toledo in 646. Both these gave much popularity to their name; the first in the East, the second in Italy, where Eugênio came to that high-spirited Savoyard who, growing weary of lingering at the court of Louis XIV., and hearing himself called _le petit Abbé du Roi_, rendered the sound of Prince Eugène dear to Austria and England; terrible to France and Turkey. Foe as he was, it is to his fame that the great popularity of Eugène in France is owing, whilst even in the country for which he fought Eugen is far less common. The Russians have it as Jevgenij; and the Servians as Djoulija; indeed, well may these last remember the gallant prince who turned back the wave of Turkish invasion. Eugenius stands forth again and again in the early roll of Scottish kings, but whether these sovereigns ever lived or not, their appellation was certainly not Eugenius, nor any corruption from it; but the Keltic Eoghan, Ewan, or Evan, still extremely common in the Highlands, and meaning a young warrior, though, after the favourite custom of the Gael, Anglicized and Latinized by names of similar sound. The Welsh Owain or Ywain appears to have had the same fate, as the first means a lamb; but this is not equally certain, as the British had many Latin and Greek names current among them, and this _may_ be a corruption of Eugenius. Eugenia was a virgin Roman martyr, of whom very little is known; but this convenient feminine for Eugène has been in favour in the countries where the masculine was popular, and the Empress Eugénie rendered it the reigning name in France. The names beginning with this favourite adverb are almost beyond enumeration, and it is only possible to select those of any modern interest. Εὐνίκη (Eunike), Eunice, happy victory, was one of the fifty Nereids, from whom the name passed to Greek women, and thus to Eunice, the Jewish mother of Timothy, whence this has become a favourite with English lovers of Bible names. John Bunyan would have been reminded of his town of _Fair Speech_ by the number of Greeks called by words of this signification: Eulalius, Eulogius, Euphemius, all with their feminines, besides Euphrasia. The feminines were more enduring than the masculines. Eulalia was a child of ten or twelve years old, who, with that peculiar exaggeration of feeling that distinguishes Spanish piety, made her escape from the place of safety where her parents had taken refuge, entered Merida, and proclaiming herself a Christian, was martyred with the utmost extremity of torture in the persecution of Diocletian, and was sung by the great Christian poet Prudentius, himself a Spaniard. His verses spread her fame into the East, where the Russians carry on her name as Jevlalija; the Servians, as Evlalija or Lelica. Another virgin martyr of the same name, under the same persecution, died at Barcelona, whence her relics spread into Guienne and Languedoc, and thus named the villages of Ste. Olaille, Ste. Aulazie, and Ste. Aulaire, the last a familiar seignoral title! Eulalia and Eulalie have been often used in Spain and France, and the former is found in the register of Ottery St. Mary, Devon—also frequently in Cornwall. Euphemia originally meant at once fair speech and abstinence from the reverse, so that almost in irony it signified silence, and was applied to the stillness that prevailed during religious rites, or to the proclamation of silence. The Euphemia who was the parent of the wide-spread name, was a virgin-martyr of Bithynia, whose legend of constancy, unshaken and invulnerable, alike by lion and flame, strongly impressed both the East and the West. Jevfimija, in Russia; Jeva, in Servia; Bema, in Lusatia; and Pimmie, in Lithuania. Then she is almost as much changed as by the Effie and Phemie of Scotland, which together with Euphame have prevailed since very early times. It is a question whether this Scottish Euphame were really one of the Greek names brought from Hungary by Queen Margaret, or if it be only another attempt to translate the Keltic Aoiffe. In the Highlands, however, the name is called Oighrigh; which, to English eyes and ears, seems equally distant from either Aoiffe or Euphemia. The church of Santa Eufemia at Rome gives title to a cardinal, and has spread the name in Italy and France. It remains somewhat doubtful whether Eustace should be referred to Εὐστᾶθηος (steadfast), or to Εὔσταχος (happy in harvest). The Eostafie, or Eustathius, of the Greco-Slavonic Church, certainly has the same festival-day (September 20th) as the Eustachius of the Latin; but the Latin Church has _likewise_ a St. Eustachius, a different personage with a different day. He of September 20th was a Roman soldier, who lived and suffered under the Emperor Adrian, but his wild poetical legend is altogether a work of the Western mind. It begins like that of St. Hubert, with his conversion by the apparition of a crucifix planted between the horns of a stag, and a voice telling him that he should suffer great things. A soldier saint was sure to be a great favourite in the middle ages, and the supposed transport of St. Eustace’s relics to St. Denis, in very early times, filled France with Eustache, and thence Eustace, Wistace, or Huistace, as English tongues were pleased to call it, came over in plenty at the Norman Conquest. Eustace ‘Comes,’ who holds land in Domesday Book before the Conquest, must have been he of Boulogne who had such a desperate quarrel with the Godwin sons. There were six householders of this name after the Conquest, and they, or their descendants, sometimes called their daughters Eustachie, or Eustachia. Eustachia, a kinswoman of Henry II., married Geoffrey de Mandeville; and Eustacie was once in favour in France; but all these have a good deal lost their popularity, though we sometimes hear of Eustace in these days. The Bavarian contraction is Staches. Eusebius and Eusebia mean gentle or holy, and have not been frequent.[35] SECTION V.—_Hieros._ The word ἵερος (hieros), sacred, gave the term for a priest, or any other person or thing set apart, and thus formed several names in the family of the kings of Syracuse, Hieron, Hieracles (holy fame), Hieronymus, _i. e._ Ἱερώνυμος (with a holy name). These continued in use among the Greeks, and came at length to that Dalmatian scholar and hermit, Eusebius Hieronymus Sophronius, who is reckoned as one of the greatest of the Latin fathers. As a saint of high reputation, his name underwent the Italian process of changing its aspirate into a _G_, and he became San Geronimo, or even Girolamo, whence the French took their frequent Jerome, and we followed their example. The Germans did indeed hold fast to Hieronymus; and the old English reformers would quote St. Hierom; but Jerome is the abiding name by which the saint, his namesakes, and the friars who took his rule are called. In Ireland, Jerome, like Jeremiah and Edward, has been forced into representing the good old Keltic Diarmaid. ┌───────────────┬───────────────┬───────────────┬───────────────┐ │ English. │ Portuguese. │ Spanish. │ Italian │ │Hierom │Jeromino │Jeromo │Geronimo │ │ │Hieronimo │Jeromino │Girolamo │ ├───────────────┼───────────────┼───────────────┼───────────────┤ │ French. │ Russian. │ Polish. │ Servian │ │Jerôme │Jeronim │Hieronim │Jerolim │ │ │ │Hirus │Jerko │ └───────────────┴───────────────┴───────────────┴───────────────┘ In Cambrai, Hieronome was the form, with the Hieronomette for a feminine; and among the Swinburnes of Yorkshire, in the seventeenth century, Jeronima thrice occurs.[36] ----- Footnote 35: Liddell and Scott; Smith; Jameson; Sir Isumbras; Ellis, _Domesday Book_; Michaelis. Footnote 36: Grimm; Smith; Scott. SECTION VI.—_Pan._ A few words beginning with πᾶς (all) must here be mentioned, such as Pankratios (all ruling). A boy thus called is said to have suffered at Rome, in his 14th year, in 304, under Diocletian. Even in the time of Gregory of Tours, it was supposed that certain vengeance followed false oaths made at his shrine, and his relics were therefore very valuable. A present of some from Pope Vitalian to our King Oswy brought St. Pancras into fashion in England, and Pancrace and Pancragio have also named many churches in France and Italy. The lily called _pancratium_ claims by its name to excel all others. Πανταλέων, Pantaleon (altogether a lion), was one of the numerous Christian physicians who suffered martyrdom. He died at Nicodemia, but his relics were brought to Constantinople, and thence to France, where he is the chief saint of the largest church at Lyons, and he is the patron of doctors next after St. Luke. His name was in use in France and Italy before. As a peasant name, he fell, with Arlechino and Colombina, into comedy. His dress was on the stage made to fit tight to his body, as if all in one piece, and he was always a feeble old man, whence Shakespeare speaks of the lean and slippered pantaloon. Thence again, when the entire leg was covered by the trousers instead of by stockings and breeches meeting at the knee, the name of pantaloon was applied to the new garment. Νίκη (victory) was an auspicious word, which, being of feminine gender, as befitted a goddess, was a favourite close for women’s names; such as Stratonike (army victory), Φερενίκη, Pherenike (bringing victory). Berenike was the Macedonian pronunciation of this last, and was in constant use among princesses of the two Greek kingdoms of Syria and Egypt. From these ladies, those of the Herod family took the name, and thus it was borne by that Bernice who heard St. Paul’s defence. Oddly enough, the peasants of Normandy are fond of calling their daughters Berenice. Veronica is sometimes said likewise to be a corrupt form. In men’s names Nike was the prefix, as in Nikon, Niklias, Nikodemos (conquering people), Nikolaos (Νίκολαος), a word of like meaning. This last, after belonging to one of the seven first deacons, and to the founder of a heresy doomed in the Apocalypse, came to the Bishop of Myra, from whom it acquired a curious legendary fame that made it universal. St. Nicholas is said to have supplied three destitute maidens with marriage portions by secretly leaving money at their window, and as his day occurred just before Christmas, he thus was made the purveyor of the gifts of the season to all children in Flanders and Holland, who put out their shoe or stocking in the confidence that Santa Klaus or Knecht Clobes, as they call him, will put in a prize for good conduct before the morning. The Dutch element in New England has introduced Santa Klaus to many a young American who knows nothing of St. Nicholas or of any saint’s day. Another legend described the saint as having brought three murdered children to life again, and this rendered him the patron of boys, especially school-boys. A saint of both the East and West, with a history so endearing, and legends still more homely and domestic, Nicholas was certain of many followers throughout Christendom, and his name came into use in Europe among the first of the sainted ones. To us it came with the Norman Conquest, though not in great abundance, for only one Nicolas figures in Domesday Book, but his namesakes multiplied. The only English pope was Nicolas Breakspear; and Nicole or Nicola de Camville was the brave lady who defeated the French invaders at Lincoln, and secured his troublesome crown to Henry III. She deserves to have had more ladies called after her in her own country, but the feminines are chiefly confined to France, where, in the fifteenth century, its contraction was beatified in the person of a shoemaker’s daughter, Collette Boilet, who reformed the nuns of St. Clara, and died in the odour of sanctity. The southern nations almost always contract their names by the omission of the first syllables, as the northern ones do by leaving out the latter ones; and thus, while the English have Nick, the Italians speak of Cola, a contraction that became historical when the strange fortunes of “Cola di Rienzi, the tribune of the people,” raised him to his giddy height of honour, and then dashed him down so suddenly and violently, that “You unfortunate Rienzi” has ever since been a proverbial expression of pity in Italy. The French language generally has both varieties of contractions, perhaps according as it was influenced by the Provençal or the Frank pronunciation, and thus its Nicolas becomes Nicole or Colas, sometimes Colin. Thence it has been suggested that Colin Maillard, or blind-man’s-buff, may be Colin seeking Maillard, the diminutive of Marie, which would drolly correspond to the conjecture that the “N or M” of our catechism and marriage service, instead of being merely the consonants of _nomen_, stand for Nicholas and Mary as the most probable names. The French Colin is probably Nicolas, and is the parent of all the Arcadian Colins who piped to their shepherdesses either in the rural theatricals of the ancient regime, in Chelsea china, or in pastoral poetry. The Scottish Colin may, perhaps, have been slightly influenced by French taste, but he bears no relation to Nicolas, being, in fact, formed from the Irish missionary, Saint Columba. The true Scottish descendant of the patron of scholars is to be found in that quaint portrait, Baillie Nicol Jarvie. The _h_ with which Nicolas is usually spelt in English was probably introduced in the seventeenth century, which seemed to think good spelling consisted in the insertion of superfluous letters. Niel, a pure Keltic word, which was adopted by the Northmen, and became naturalized in Scandinavia and Normandy, has also been translated by Nicolas, but quite incorrectly. Nils is the only _real_ Nicolaus except Klaus used in the North, though Niel, and even Nigel, are sometimes confounded with it. Denmark has had a King Klaus; otherwise this popular name has only been on the throne in the instance of that great Tzar whom we had respected till the last year of his life, when his aggression forced us into war. ┌───────────────┬───────────────┬───────────────┬───────────────┐ │ English. │ Scotch. │ French. │ Danish. │ │Nicholas │Nicol │Nicolas │Nikolaus │ │Nick │ │Nicole │Niklaas │ │Nicol │Colas │Colin │Klaus │ │ │ │ │Nils │ ├───────────────┼───────────────┼───────────────┼───────────────┤ │ Dutch. │ German. │ Bavarian. │ │ │Niklaas │Nikolaus │Niklau │Swiss. │ │Klasse │Niklas │Nickel │Chlaus │ │ │Klaus │Likelas │ │ │ │Nikolaus │Klasl │ │ │ │Niklas │ │ │ │ │Klaus │ │ │ ├───────────────┼───────────────┼───────────────┼───────────────┤ │ Italian. │ Portuguese. │ Russian. │ Slavonic. │ │Nicola │Nicolaio │Nikolaj │Nikola │ │Nicolo │ │Nikolascha │Miklaoz │ │Cola │ │Kolinka │ │ │ │ │Kolja │ │ ├───────────────┼───────────────┼───────────────┼───────────────┤ │ Polish. │ Lett. │ Finland. │ Ung. │ │Mikolej │Klavinsh │Laus │Mikos │ │ │Klassis │Nilo │ Lapland. │ │ │ │Niku │Nikka │ └───────────────┴───────────────┴───────────────┴───────────────┘ The German Sieg answers exactly to the Greek Nike. With the _a_ before it, which in Greek contradicts the ensuing word, like the Latin _in_, and Teutonic _un_, we have Ἀνίκητoς, Aniketos, Anicetus, unconquered, the name of a pope, a friend of St. Polycarp, and an opponent of heresy, whence he is a saint both of East and West, and is called Aniceto at Rome, Anicet in France, and Anikita in Russia.[37] ----- Footnote 37: Liddell and Scott; Rollin; Jameson; Butler; Michaelis; Ellis, _Domesday Book_; Warton, _English Poetry_. SECTION VII.—_Polys._ Πoλύς (Polys), much, very, or many, was a frequent opening for Greek names. Polydoros (Πoλύδωρος), many-gifted, was the youngest and last survivor of the sons of Priam; and as mediæval Europe had a strong feeling for the fate of Troy, and the woes of ‘Polydore’ had an especial attraction for them, so Polidoro was revived in Italy, and has never quite died away. His sister Polyxena, the feminine of very hospitable, had an equally piteous fate, being slain by the Greeks at the tomb of Achilles. According to the legends of the Eastern Church, a lady named Eusebia (gentle), who had been born at Rome, fled from an enforced marriage with a king, and took refuge, first at Alexandria, and then in the Isle of Cos, where she was called Xena, or the stranger. She founded a monastery at Mylassa in Caria, and there died in the 5th century. Kseenia, as she is called in Russia, has many namesakes, and probably was made ornamental by being lengthened into Poliksenja, which is likewise in use, with the contraction Polinka; and Polixene has also been used from an early period in Germany. Πολύευκτος (Polyeuctos), much longed for, answering to the Desiderio of Italy, and Desirée of France, was an old classic name, and an officer who was martyred in Lesser Armenia about the middle of the third century, was placed in the martyrology of both East and West; but only has namesakes in Russia, where he is called Polieukt. Πολύκαρπος (Polycarpos), that glorious Bishop of Smyrna, “faithful unto death,” and “receiving a crown of life when he played the man in the fire,” has had still fewer imitators of his suitable Christian name, much-fruit. SECTION VIII.—_Phile, &c._ Φίλος (Philos) was a most obvious and natural opening for names. It stood alone as that of several Macedonian ladies, and again with numerous men called Philon. Philemon (loving thought) was the good old Phrygian who, with his wife Baucis, entertained Zeus and Hermes, and were rewarded with safety when their churlish neighbours were destroyed. Philemon was very common among the Greeks, and the Epistle of St. Paul to the Colossian master of the runaway Onesimus, has made it one of the Scriptural names of the English. The Maories call it Pirimona. The Ptolemys of Egypt were particularly fond of surnaming themselves after their love to their relations, though they generally contrived so to treat them as to make the epithet sound ironical: Ptolemy Philadelphos (love brother), _because_ he murdered his brother; Ptolemy Philopater, _because_ he poisoned his father; though at least Philometer does seem to have had a good mother, and to have loved her. Such surnames were imitated by the Greek kings of Pergamus, all of whom were named Attalus, and it was from Attalus Philadelphus, the second of them, that the city of Philadelphia, mentioned in the Apocalypse, took its title. This perished city of brotherly love seemed to William Penn to afford a suitable precedent for the title of the capital of his Quaker colony, which has ever since been Philadelphia. Less happily, Philadelphia has even been used among English women, apparently desirous of a large mouthful of a name. Whether Philadelphia set the fashion, or whether the length of name is the allurement, Americans have a decided turn for all these commencements with ‘Phile’; and Philetus, Philander, &c., are to be found continually among the roughest inhabitants of the backwoods and far-west. With us they are at a discount, probably owing to the fashion of the last century of naming imaginary characters from the qualities they possessed. Philaret, fond of virtue, is however popular in Russia, for the sake of some Eastern saint, who no doubt derived it from Philaretos, a Greek physician. The verb πράσσω (prasso), to do or act, and the substantives πρᾶγμα (pragma), πρᾶξις (praxis), business, were fertile in derivatives. The Christian interest of the words from this source is through Praxedes, who, according to the legend, was the daughter of the house in which St. Peter lodged at Rome, and devoted herself, together with her sister, to attending on Christians in prison, and burying them when they were put to death; a course of life that resulted in a glorious martyrdom. In honour of these two faithful women was built one of the first churches of Rome, consecrated, it is said, as early as 141, and still existing in all the glory of its ancient mosaics. Santa Prassede, as modern Rome terms it, gives title to a cardinal; and the admirable Carlo Borromeo was thus distinguished, deserving, perhaps, more than any other known ‘hinge-priest’ of Rome to be called after the saint of holy activity. Prassede has continued in vogue among Italian women, who frequently learn their names from Roman churches. I have found Plaxy in Cornwall, possibly from this source. Here, too, we should place Anysia (Ἀνύσια), from ἀνύω (anuo), to accomplish or complete. She was a maiden of Thessalonica, put to death there under Maximian. Her day is the 30th of October, in the Greek calendar, and Annusia is a Russian name, but she is not in the Roman calendar; and how the Normans heard of her it is hard to guess, unless it was either from the Sicilian Greeks, or in the Crusades; nevertheless, we are often met by Annys, Anisia, Annice, or Annes, in older pedigrees. The latter form occurs down to 1597 in the registers of the county of Durham. In later times the form was absorbed by Anne. Τροφή, Trophe (food or nourishment), formed Τρόφιμος, Trophimos (the fruitful or nourishing), the name of an old Greek sculptor, and afterwards of the Ephesian companion of St. Paul who was left sick at Miletus. The people at Arles consider that he afterwards preached the Gospel in their city, and have made him the patron of their cathedral; but it is Russia that continues the use of his name as Trofeem.[38] Even among the heathen Greeks, Τρυφή, Tryphe (daintiness, softness, or delicacy), had not a respectable signification. Yet Τρύφον, or Tryphon, was a favourite with persons of inferior rank—artists, architects, and physicians; and in the Decian persecution, a martyr so called was put to the extremity of torture in Bithynia, and has remained highly honoured in the calendar of the Greek Church; Trypho continuing in use as a Russian name. The feminine form, Τρυφαίνα (Tryphæna), was given to two of the daughters of the Ptolemys in Egypt, where it was far from inappropriate; but, probably, the two women whom St. Paul greets so honourably at Rome as Tryphæna and Tryphosa, were either Alexandrian Jewesses whom he had met at Corinth on their way to Rome, or else merely so called as being the daughters of some Tryphon. They were not canonized, and the dainty Tryphæna has only been revived in England by the Puritan taste. SECTION IX.—_Names connected with the Constitution.—Laos, &c._ The democratic Greeks delighted in names connected with their public institutions—ἀγορά (agora), the assembly, δῆμος (dêmos), the public, λαός, also the people, gave them numerous names, with which were closely connected the formations from δίκη (dike), justice, and κλέος (kleos), fame. Λαοδάμας (Laodamas), people-tamer, had a feminine Λαοδάμεια (Laodameia), principally noted for the beautiful legend of her bitter grief for her husband, the first to fall at Troy, having recalled him to earth for three hours under the charge of Hermes. Probably Florence must have had a local saint named Laodamia, for it has continued in vogue there. The demos better answered to the commons; they expressed less the general populace than the whole voting class of free citizens, and were more select. We find them often at the beginning or end of Greek names, like the Theut of the Teutons: Demodokos, people’s teacher; Demoleon, people’s lion; Nikodemos, conquering people, etc. Κλέος (Kleos), fame, from κλείω (kleio), to call, had as many derivatives as the Frank _hlod_, or loud, for renowned, but most of them have passed out of use, though Κλεάνθης (Kleanthes), famous bloom, the name of a celebrated sculptor, so struck the fancy of the French that Cleanthe—their epicene form—was one of the favourite soubriquets for their portraits of living characters. Even Cleopatra (Κλεοπάτρα), fame of her father, with all her beauty and fame, did not hand on the name which she had received in common with a long course of daughters of Egypto-Greek kings. Russia alone accepts it as a frequent Christian name, and it is occasionally to be found in England and America. The wreath of the conqueror was an appropriate allusion to those games where the Greek youth delighted to contend, and very probably the first Stephanos (Στέφανος) was so called by an exulting family whose father had returned with the parsley, or pine-leaf, crown upon his brow, and named the infant in honour of the victory. For Stephanos was an old Greek name, which had belonged among others to a son of Thucydides, before it came to that Hellenist deacon who first of all achieved the greatest of all the victories, and won the crown. Besides St. Stephen’s own day, another on the 3rd of August for “the invention of St. Stephen’s relics,” which were pointed out in a dream to a priest of Caphargamala in the year 415, by no less a person than the Jewish doctor, Gamaliel, in a white robe, covered with plates of gold. The bones were carried to the church on Mount Sion, and thence dispersed into all quarters; even St. Augustin rejoiced in receiving a portion at Hippo, other fragments were taken to the Balearic Isles, while Ancona laid claim to the possession of a bone, carried off at the time of the saint’s martyrdom! No wonder the name is common. Seven saints bore it besides the proto-martyr, and among them, that admirable King of Hungary, who endeared it to his people, and left the crown so highly honoured at Prague. Our name of Stephen is probably due to the acquaintance of the Normans with Ancona, whence William the Conqueror obtained such interest in St. Stephen as to dedicate to him the Abbey built at Caen. There is no instance of the name in Domesday Book, and our king of turbulent memory derived it from his father, the Count de Blois. In the roll of Winchester householders in Stephen’s reign we find, however, already Stephen de Crickeled and “Stephen the Saracen.” Could this last have been a convert brought home from the East, and baptized in honour of the pious Count de Blois, father of the king—perhaps an adherent of the family? It is everywhere in use, varied according to the manner in which the tongue treated the double consonant. The feminine began at Cambrai at least as early as the thirteenth century, and it is frequent in Caen, probably in honour of St. Stephen’s Abbey at Caen. ┌───────────────┬───────────────┬───────────────┬───────────────┐ │ English. │ German. │ French. │ Italian. │ │Stephen │Stephan │Etienne │Stefano │ │ │Steffel │Tiennon │Steffano │ │ │ │Tiennot │ │ │ │ │Estevennes │ │ ├───────────────┼───────────────┼───────────────┼───────────────┤ │ Spanish. │ Portuguese. │ Dutch. │ Russian. │ │Estevan │Estevao │Steven │Stefan │ │Esteban │ │ │Stepan │ │ │ │ │Stenka │ │ │ │ │Stepka │ ├───────────────┼───────────────┼───────────────┼───────────────┤ │ Polish. │ Illyrian. │ Esthonian. │ Hungarian. │ │Sscezepan │Stepan │Tewa │Istvan │ │ ————————— │Stepo │ │ │ │ Lusatian. │Stepko │ │ │ │Scezpan │Stepika │ │ │ │ FEMININE. │ ├───────────────┬───────────────┬───────────────┬───────────────┤ │ English. │ French. │ Portuguese. │ Russian. │ │Stephan │Estephanie │Estephania │Stefanida │ │ │Stefanie │ │———————— │ │ │Etiennette │ │ German. │ │ │Tiennette │ │Stephanine │ └───────────────┴───────────────┴───────────────┴───────────────┘ I venture here to include the numerous names of which the leading word is Ὀλυμπ. They are generally derived from Mount Olympos, the habitation of the gods; but I cannot help thinking them more likely to be connected with the Olympian games, and to have been first invented for children born in the year of an Olympiad. There were numerous varieties, but none have survived except the feminine Olympias, belonging to the proud but much beloved mother of Alexander, and, like all other Macedonian names, spreading through the East. A Byzantine widow, of great piety and charity, who stood faithful to St. Chrysostom during his persecution by the empress, was canonized, and sent Olympias on to be a favourite with the Greeks, so that it flourishes among all ranks in the Ionian Islands. Italy had her Olimpia, probably through the Greek connections of Venice; and the noble and learned Olimpia Morata rendered it famous. It was brought to France by the niece of Mazarin, the Comtesse de Soissons, of evil fame as a poisoner, and yet the mother of Prince Eugène. From her, apparently, Olympe spread among French ladies and long continued fashionable, and Surtee’s _History of the County Palatine of Durham_ mentions an Olympia Wray, married in 1660. Here, too, must be mentioned Milone, though its connection with the subject is only through Milon, the famous Greek wrestler of Crotona, who carried a heifer through the Stadium at Olympia, and afterwards ate her up in a single meal; killed a bull with one stroke of his fist; and finally, was caught by the hands in the recoil of a riven oak, and there imprisoned till eaten by the wolves. Michaelis thinks the root of the word is the same with that of the old German verb _milan_, to beat or crush, the relation of our _mills_. Thence may likewise have come the Latin _Miles_, and the Keltic _Milidh_, both meaning a warrior. Milo belonged to the realms of romance. In the story of the Golden Ass of Apuleius, Milon is the master of the house where the unfortunate hero undergoes his transformation; and having thus entered the world of imagination, Milon, or Milone as Italian poets call him, became a paladin of Charlemagne; Milan was a Welsh knight in one of Marie of Bretagne’s lays; and in a curious old French romance, Miles is the father of two children, one of whom is brought up by a lion, and defended by an ape as his champion. These stories, or their germs, must have struck the Norman fancy, for a Milo appears among the newly installed landholders in Domesday Book, and Milo Fitzwilliam stands early in the Essex pedigrees, but very soon the vernacular form became Miles. Among the Norman settlers in Ireland, Miles was a frequent name; and in the Stanton family, when it had become so thoroughly Hibernicized as to dislike the Norman appellation, one branch assumed the surname of MacAveely, son of Milo, according to the change of pronunciation undergone by Erse consonants in the genitive. Miles or Myles itself was adopted as an English equivalent for the native Erse Maelmordha, or majestic chief, and has now become almost an exclusively Irish name, though sometimes used in England by inheritance from Norman ancestors, and generally incorrectly derived from the Latin _Miles_, whereas its immediate parent is certainly the Greek Milo.[39] ----- Footnote 38: Butler; Surius; Sir Cuthbert Sharpe, _Extracts from Parish Registers_. Footnote 39: Liddell and Scott; Butler; Neale, _Hymns of the Greek Church_; Smith; Dunlop, _History of Fiction_; Hanmer, _Chronicle of Ireland_; _Publications of Irish and Ossianic Societies_. CHAPTER V. CHRISTIAN GREEK NAMES. SECTION I. The names that we place in this class are such as arose under the Christian dispensation. Some, indeed, are older, and many more may be so, and may have been in use among slaves, peasants, and persons of whom history took no cognizance; but the great mass, even if previously invented, were given with a religious meaning and adaptation, and many embodied ideas that no heathen could have devised. Greek, above all others the ecclesiastical tongue, has sent forth more widely diffused names of truly Christian meaning than any other language; the formations of Latin, German, and English, in imitation of these are, in comparison, inharmonious and ungainly, carrying their meaning too openly displayed. Among these are here mixed, when they belong evidently to the same race, the exclusively modern Greek names, which have arisen since Greece and her dependencies ceased to be the great store-house of martyrs and saints, and the dispenser of sacred thought to the Christian world. Many, indeed, of these names may be of equally ancient date, only not belonging to any individual of sufficient renown to have transmitted them to other countries. Perhaps no land has been less beholden to others in her nomenclature than modern Greece. Hebrew names have, indeed, come in through her religion; a very few were accepted from the Latin in the days when Constantinople was the seat of the Roman empire, and when the churches were one; but scarcely one of the wide-spread ‘Frank’ names has ever been adopted by the Greeks. Even in Slavonic Russia the nomenclature remains almost exclusively Byzantine; the native Slave names are comparatively few, and those that come in from other nations are discarded, as at Constantinople, for some supposed Greek equivalent. SECTION II.—_Names from Theos._ Already in speaking of Zeus it has been explained that this and Θεός (Theos) are but differing forms of the same term for Divinity, although one became restricted to the individual Deity; the other was a generic term in heathen days, retaining, however, so much of spiritual majesty that it was employed in the Septuagint to express the true Creator, and thus Christians embraced it as the designation of the supreme object of worship. The word Theos itself had been assumed as a surname by one of the worst of the line of the Syrian Antiochus, and Theon had never been infrequent among the Greeks. Θεόφιλος (Theophilos), God-beloved, to whom is dedicated the Gospel of St. Luke, must have been so called before his Christianity. Thenceforward Theophilus became a name in the Church; but it has been less used on the Continent than in England. There, probably from its occurrence in Holy Scripture, and also from being generally the title of the favourite speaker in religious dialogues, it has been in some use. The feminine, Theophila, was the name of the mother of Sir Joshua Reynolds. ┌───────────────┬───────────────┬───────────────┬───────────────┐ │ English. │ French. │ Italian and │ Portuguese. │ │ │ │ Spanish. │ │ │Theophilus │Théophile │Teofilo │Theophilo │ └───────────────┴───────────────┴───────────────┴───────────────┘ Theokles (Θέοκλής), divine fame, was an ancient heathen name, and it is most probable that Θεκλα (Thekla) is the contraction of the feminine. St. Thekla was said to have been a disciple of St. Paul, at Inconium, and to have been exposed to lions at Antioch. Though they crouched at her feet instead of tearing her, she is considered as the first virgin martyr, and it was deemed that the highest possible praise for a woman was to compare her to St. Thekla. Another Thekla of Alexandria is believed to have been the scribe of that precious copy of the Gospels given by Cyril Lucar to Charles I., and now in the British Museum; and thus Thekla has always had high reputation in the East, though less known in the West, except that ‘Tecla’ is the patroness of Tarragona. ┌───────────────┬───────────────┬───────────────┬───────────────┐ │ German. │ French. │ Italian. │ Russian │ │Thekla │Técla │Tecla │Tjokle │ └───────────────┴───────────────┴───────────────┴───────────────┘ Θεόδορος (Theodoros), and Θεόδορα (Theodora), divine gift, are the most usual of these names; the first universal in the East and West, the second prevalent in the Eastern Church, but less common in the Western than the incorrect feminine Dorothea. There were numerous saints called Theodorus; the favourite of the West being he of Heraclea, a young soldier, who burnt the temple of Cybele, and was martyred in consequence. The Venetians brought home his legend, and made him their champion and one of their patron saints, whence Teodoro has prevailed in the city of the Doge; and from a church dedicated to him at Rome the Spaniards must have taken their Teodor, the French their Théodore, and the Germans the similar Theodor, which has always been frequent there. The ancient Britons must have known and used this name; for among their host of obscure saints of princely birth appears Tewdwr; and the Welsh made so much use of this form that when the handsome Owen ap Tewdwr won the heart of the widow of Harry of Monmouth, Tudor was an acknowledged surname, and in two generations more it became a royal one. Here, however, the Theodores are a recent introduction. They seem only to have been really hereditary in Wales, Greece, and Venice. By Greece is also meant all those Greco-Slavonic countries that received their nomenclature from Constantinople, in especial Russia, where the _th_ is exchanged for _ph_, so as to produce the word Feodor; and the Germans, receiving it again, spell it Pheodor. ┌───────────────┬───────────────┬───────────────┬───────────────┐ │ Welsh. │ French. │ Portuguese. │ Spanish │ │Tewdwr │Théodore │Theodoro │ and Italian. │ │ ——————— │ │ │Teodoro │ │ English. │ │ │ │ │Theodore │ │ │ │ ├───────────────┼───────────────┼───────────────┼───────────────┤ │ German. │ Hamburg. │ Russian. │ Polish. │ │Theodor │Tedor │Feodor │Feodor │ │Pheodor │Tetje │Fedor │ │ ├───────────────┼───────────────┼───────────────┼───────────────┤ │ Slavonic. │ Illyrian. │ Lett. │ Hungarian. │ │Todor │Todor │Kodders │Twador │ │ │Toso │Kwedders │ ————————— │ │ │ │ │ Finland. │ │ │ │ │Theotari │ └───────────────┴───────────────┴───────────────┴───────────────┘ The feminine Theodora has two independent saints, a martyr and a Greek empress. It suffers no alterations except the Russian _F_ at the commencement, and is not common except in the East. The West prefers the name reversed, and rendered incorrect. Dorotheus and Theodorus may indeed be exact equivalents; but the invention of Theodora makes the giver feminine instead of the gift. It is the beauty of the legend of St. Dorothea that has made her name so great a favourite. Never did pious fancy form a more beautiful dream than the story of the Cappadocian maiden, who sent the roses of paradise by angelic hands as a convincing testimony of the joy that she was reaping. The tale is of western growth, and the chief centre of St. Dorothea’s popularity as a patroness was in Germany; but the name was likewise in great favour in England, where Massinger composed a drama on her story. Dorothy was once one of the most usual of English names; and ‘Dolly’ was so constantly heard in every household, that it finally became the generic term for the wooden children that at least as late as the infancy of Elizabeth Stuart, were called babies or puppets. In the days of affectation, under the House of Hanover, Dorothy fell into disuse, but was regarded as of the same old Puritan character as Abigail or Tabitha. Probably from the influence of German literature, the German contraction Dora, or more properly Dore, has come in as almost an independent name, which, perhaps, ought to be translated as simply a gift, though often used as a contraction for Dorothea. The fashion has again come round, and Dorothy has become the favourite name. In the last century, Dorinda was a fashionable English fancy embellishment, Doralice a French one—perhaps from the German Dorlisa—Dorothea Elisa. The Russian Darija is reckoned as a translation; but it does not seem probable, for the patroness of this latter was an Athenian lady, martyred with her husband, Chrysanthus, at Rome, and buried in a catacomb, which was opened in the days of Constantine the Great. The modern Greeks call the name, Thorothea. ┌───────────────┬───────────────┬───────────────┬───────────────┐ │ English. │ French. │ German. │ Bavarian. │ │Dorothea │Dorothée │Dorothea │Derede │ │Dorothy │Dorette │Dore │Duredel │ │Dolly │Doralice │Dorlisa │Durl │ │Dora │Dorothea │ │ │ │Dorinda │Dore │ │ │ │ │Dorlisa │ │ │ ├───────────────┼───────────────┼───────────────┼───────────────┤ │ Swiss. │ Dutch. │ Danish. │ Spanish. │ │Torli │Dört │Daarte │Dorotea │ │ │Dortchen │ │ │ ├───────────────┼───────────────┼───────────────┼───────────────┤ │ Portuguese. │ Italian. │ Russian. │ Polish. │ │Dorothe │Dorotea │Dorofei │Dorota │ │ │ │Darija │Dorosia │ │ │ │Darha │ │ │ │ │Daschenka │ │ │ │ │Dorka │ │ ├───────────────┼───────────────┼───────────────┼───────────────┤ │ Illyrian. │ Lusatian. │ Lett. │ Esthonian. │ │Doroteja │Dora │Darte │Tigo │ │Dora │Horta │Tike │Tio │ │Rotija │Horteja │Tiga │ │ │Horta │Vortija │ │ │ ├───────────────┼───────────────┼───────────────┼───────────────┤ │ Lithuanian. │ Ung. │ │ │ │Urte │Doroltya │ │ │ └───────────────┴───────────────┴───────────────┴───────────────┘ Before leaving the word _doros_, we may mention the name Isidoros, a very old and frequent one among the ancient Greeks, and explained by some to mean Gift of Isis; but this Egyptian deity is an improbable origin for a name certainly in use before the Greek kingdom in Egypt was established, and it seems more satisfactory to refer the first syllable to ἰς (strength), a word which when it had its digamma was Γις, exactly answering to the Latin _vis_ (force or strength). It commenced many old Greek names, but none that have passed on to Christian times except Isidorus, which was first borne by one of the grim hermits of Egypt, then by an Alexandrian author, and then by three Spanish bishops of Cordova, Seville, and Badajos. They probably received it as a resemblance of the Gothic names beginning with _eisen_ (iron). In consequence, Isidoro and the feminine Isidora have continued national in Spain, and Isodoros in Greece, whence Russia has taken Eesidor. Theodotos (God-given) was in common use among the Greeks of the early empire, and apparently in Spain was corrupted into Theodosius, since Spain was the native land of him who rendered this form illustrious. Theodosia has been in favour in many parts of Europe, copied probably from some of the Byzantine princesses. The canonized personages of the masculine and feminine forms are, however, by no means imperial; the one being a hermit, the other a virgin martyr. Theone is also a German feminine. ┌───────────────┬───────────────┬───────────────┬───────────────┐ │ English. │ │ French. │ Italian. │ │Theodosius │ │Théodose │Teodosia │ ├───────────────┼───────────────┼───────────────┼───────────────┤ │ English. │ Italian. │ Russian. │ Illyrian. │ │Theodosia │Teodosia │Feodosia │Desse │ └───────────────┴───────────────┴───────────────┴───────────────┘ The entire race of Greek words thus derived must be carefully distinguished from the Gothic ones, which at first sight appear to resemble them: such as Theodoric, Theudebert, &c., but are all, in fact, taken from the Teuton word _Theut_ (the people). Of Theophanos we shall speak among the names taken from sacred festivals, but we must not leave these titles of pious signification without mentioning Τιμόθεος (honour God), from τιμὴ (honour or worship), the noun formed from τίω (to honour or esteem), connected of course with the Latin _timor_ (fear). Timotheus had been in use even in heathen times, as in the case of Alexander’s musician. But probably it was with a full religious meaning that the good Eunice chose it for that son who was to be the disciple of St. Paul and the first bishop of Ephesus. From him, and from several subsequent Saints, the East and West both learnt it, but at the present day it flourishes chiefly in Russia as Teemofe. In Ireland, it was taken as one of the equivalents of the native Tadgh (a bard), and the absurdities of Irish Tims have cast a ridiculous air over it, mingled with the Puritan odour of the Cromwellian days, such as to lower it from the estimation its associations deserve. Mr. Timothy Davison, in 1670, named his daughter Timothea, but happily his example does not seem to have been followed.[40] ┌───────────────┬───────────────┬───────────────┬───────────────┐ │ English. │ French. │ Italian. │ Russian. │ │Timothy │Timothée │Timoteo │Timofei │ │Tim │ │ │Timoscha │ ├───────────────┼───────────────┼───────────────┼───────────────┤ │ Polish. │ Slavonic. │ Lett. │ │ │Tymotensz │Timoty │Tots │ │ │Timoty │ │ │ │ └───────────────┴───────────────┴───────────────┴───────────────┘ ----- Footnote 40: Smith; Jameson; Butler; Liddell and Scott; Hartwell Horne, _Introduction to the Bible_; Le Beau, _Bas Empire_; Michaelis. SECTION III.—_Names from Christos._ The Greek verb χρίω (chrio), to touch, rub, or anoint, formed the term Χριστός, which translated the old Hebrew prophetic Messiah (the Anointed), and thence became the title of the Saviour, the very touch-stone of faith. Therefore it was that at Antioch the disciples came to be called Χρίστιανοι (Christianoi), a Greek word with a Latin termination, the title that they accepted as their highest glory, and which has ever since been the universal and precious designation of a believer. The first person who is known to have been baptized after this title, was St. Christina, a Roman virgin of patrician birth, who was martyred in 295. Her marvellous legend declares that she was thrown into lake Bolsena, with a mill-stone round her neck, but that she floated to the surface, supported by angels, and that she was at last shot to death with arrows. She is therefore, of course, patroness of Bolsena and of the Venetian States, where Cristina is frequent; and her fame travelled to Greece, Bohemia, and Hungary, from which last place the Atheling family brought it to England and Scotland in the person of Christina, Abbess of Romsey. Christian, like the other Greek names of this importation, took deep root in Scotland, where Kirstin is its abbreviation among the peasantry; and Christina, or Stine, and Tine, is common in Germany. John Bunyan’s Christiana, as the feminine of his allegorical Christian, has made this form the most common in England. Christine, either through Germany or Scotland, found its way to Scandinavia, where the contraction is Kirste, or Kirstine. Being vigorous name-makers at the time of their conversion, the Northmen were not content to leave this as a mere lady’s name inherited from the saint, but invented for themselves a masculine Christian, or Christiern as they call it in Denmark, which has belonged to many a sovereign in that kingdom, where it is especially national, and contracts into Kirsten. Christabel was already a name before Coleridge’s time. It is to be found in Cornwall, in 1727, and in the North of England. It occurs at Crayke, in Yorkshire, between 1538 and 1652. ┌───────────────┬───────────────┬───────────────┬───────────────┐ │ English. │ German. │ French. │ Swedish. │ │Christian │Christian │Chrestien │Kristian │ │ │ │Chrétien │ │ ├───────────────┼───────────────┼───────────────┼───────────────┤ │ Danish. │ Netherlands. │ Dantzig. │ Frisian. │ │Christian │Kerstan │Zan │Tsassen │ │ │Karston │ —————— │Tziasso │ │ │Krischân │ Dutch. │Zasso │ │ │Kruschan │Korstiaan │Sasze │ ├───────────────┼───────────────┼───────────────┼───────────────┤ │ Swiss. │ Polish. │ Slavonic. │ Illyrian. │ │Krista │Krystyan │Kristijan │Kristian │ │Chresta │ │ │Kersto │ │Chresteli │ │ │Hristo │ ├───────────────┼───────────────┼───────────────┼───────────────┤ │ Lusatian. │ Bulgarian. │ Lett. │ Esthonian. │ │Khrystjan │Krustjo │Kristo │Kersti │ │Kristo │ │Skersto │ —————— │ │Kito │ │ │ Hungarian. │ │ │ │ │Kerestel │ ├───────────────┴───────────────┴───────────────┴───────────────┤ │ FEMININE. │ ├───────────────┬───────────────┬───────────────┬───────────────┤ │ English. │ French. │ German. │ Bulgarian. │ │Christiana │Christine │Christiane │Khrustina │ │Christian │ │Christine │ —————— │ │Christina │ │Stine │ Lithuanian. │ │Chrissie │ │Tine │Krikszte │ │Xina │ │Kristel │ │ ├───────────────┼───────────────┼───────────────┼───────────────┤ │ Portuguese. │ Spanish. │ Italian. │ Danish. │ │Christinha │Cristine │Cristina │Karstin │ ├───────────────┼───────────────┼───────────────┼───────────────┤ │ Slavonic. │ Lusatian. │ Lett. │ Esthonian. │ │Kristina │Krystla │Kristine │Kirstin │ │Kina │Kita │Kersti │Kirste │ │ │Kitka │Skersten │ │ └───────────────┴───────────────┴───────────────┴───────────────┘ From the same holy title was derived that of Χριστοφόρος (Christ-bearer), claimed by many an early Christian as an expression of his membership, as St. Ignatius on his trial spoke of himself as Θεοφορος. To this title was attached the beautiful allegory of the giant ever in search of the strongest master, whom he found at last in the little child that he bore on his shoulders over the river. Simplicity soon turned the parable into credited fact, and St. Christopher became the object of the most eager veneration, especially as there had been a real martyr so called, and mentioned in the Mozarabic service-book. He was put to death in Lycia, and his relics were supposed to have been at first at Toledo and afterwards at St. Denis. The sight of St. Christopher’s image was thought to be a protection from sickness, earthquake, fire, or flood, for the rest of the day, and it was therefore carved out and painted in huge proportions outside churches and houses, especially in Italy, Spain, and Germany. The cumbrous length is cut down in England into Kit, Kester, and Chris. The modern Greeks shorten Christophoros into Christachi. The two feminine are the German Christophine and English Christophera. ┌───────────────┬───────────────┬───────────────┬───────────────┐ │ English. │ Scotch. │ French. │ Swedish. │ │Christopher │Christopher │Christophe │Kristofer │ │Kester │Christal │ │Kristofel │ │Kit │ │ │ │ │Chris │ │ │ │ ├───────────────┼───────────────┼───────────────┼───────────────┤ │ Netherlands. │ German. │ Swiss. │ Italian. │ │Toffel │Christoph │Chrestoffel │Cristoforo │ │Toff │Stoffel │Stoffel │Cristovano │ │ │Stoppel │ │Gristovalo │ ├───────────────┼───────────────┼───────────────┼───────────────┤ │ Portuguese. │ Spanish. │ Russian. │ Polish. │ │Christovao │Cristoval │Christofer │Kristof │ │ │ │Christof │ │ ├───────────────┼───────────────┼───────────────┼───────────────┤ │ Lusatian. │ Lett. │ Lithuanian. │ │ │Kitto │Kristoppis │Kristuppas │ │ │ │Kristagis │ │ │ └───────────────┴───────────────┴───────────────┴───────────────┘ Christopher was once far more common in England than it is at present. In the list of voters at Durham in the year 1500, there were thirteen Christophers, and in 1813 there were as many as ten. The Germans have also Christophilon, meaning, loved by Christ.[41] ----- Footnote 41: Milman, _Christianity_; Liddell and Scott; Jameson. SECTION IV.—_Sophia._ Perhaps we ought to consider Sophia (Σοφία) as one of the words most closely connected with divine attributes, since its use as a name was owing to the dedication of that most gorgeous of Christian temples by which Justinian declared that he had surpassed Solomon. It was called, and it has borne the title through its four hundred years of bondage to Islam, Sta. Sophia (the holy wisdom of God), that figurative wisdom whom Christians considered the Book of Proverbs to point out as the Word of God. Moreover, the words of the ‘Preacher,’ in the Book of Ecclesiasticus, “Wisdom (Σοφία) is the mother of fair Love and Hope and holy Fear,” suggested an allegory of a holy woman with three daughters so called, and thus, in compliment, no doubt, to the glorious newly-built church, the niece of Justinian’s empress, afterwards wife to his nephew and successor, was called Sophia, a name which thenceforward became the fashion among the purple-born daughters, and spread from them among the Slavonian nations, who regarded Constantinople as the centre of civilization. Through these Slavonians Sophia spread to Germany. A Hungarian princess was so called in 999; another, the daughter of King Geysa, married Magnus of Saxony, in 1074, and Saxony scattered its Sophias in the next centuries all over the neighbouring states and into Denmark, where it has always been a royal name. Very nearly had the Electress Sophia brought it to our throne, and though the unhappy Sophia Dorothea of Zelle never took her place in the English Court, her grand-daughters made it one of the most fashionable ladies' names under the House of Hanover; and though its reign has passed with the taste for ornamental nomenclature, yet the soft and easy sound of Sophy still makes her hold her own. ┌────────────┬────────────┬────────────┬────────────┬────────────┐ │ English. │ French. │ German. │ Danish. │ Frisian. │ │Sophia │Sophie │Sophia │Saffi │Vye │ │Sophy │ │Fieke │ │ │ ├────────────┼────────────┼────────────┼────────────┼────────────┤ │ Italian. │ Russian. │ Polish. │ Lett. │ Hungarian. │ │Sofia │Ssofija │Zofia │Sappe │Zsofia │ │ │Ssonia │Zosia │Wike │Zsofe │ │ │Ssoniuska │ │ │ │ └────────────┴────────────┴────────────┴────────────┴────────────┘ SECTION V.—_Petros._ Great is the controversy that hangs on the form of Πέτρος, the surname divinely bestowed upon the faithful disciple Simon Barjona, when he made his great confession of faith in the Godhead and Messiahship of his Master. “Thou art _Petros_ (a stone), and on this _Petra_ (a rock) I will build my Church,” are the words. The apostle was sometimes called in his own lifetime by the Hebrew or Syriac equivalent Κηφᾶς, or Cephas; but Petros, or Petrus, being both Greek and Latin words, he went down to posterity thus distinguished. Many a Pietro was called after him in Italy, to be cut down into Piero or Pier, and amplified into Pietruccio, or Petruccio and Petraccio. The devout Spaniards caught up the name, and had many a Pedro, nay, three Pedros at once were reigning at a time in three Peninsular kingdoms, and the frequency of Perez as a surname shows how full Spain is of the sons of Pedro. France had many a Pierre, Pierrot, or, in Brittany, Perronnik. Perrault, a common surname, may be a derivation from it, as is St. Pierre, one of the territorial designations. Before the Revolution, La Pierre and La France were the unvarying designations of the two lackeys that every family of any pretension always kept in those days of display. England had Peter, which Peter-pence, perhaps, hindered from being a favourite, and borrowed from the French, Piers and Pierce. Feories is the Irish version of Pierce. Pedder or Peer are both much used in the North, and Peter in Germany; while the great Muscovite made Petr notable in his empire. The Irish, regardless of the true history of Patricius, want to make St. Patrick a namesake of St. Peter, and therefore the Paddys own not only their national apostle, but the prince of apostles, for their patrons. The feminines of Peter are Petronilla, said to have been his daughter, and whence has come Petronilla in Spanish, Petronille shortened into Nille in Norway, Pernel or Parnel, once exceeding common, though now forgotten, in England; but other female names have been made direct from that of the saint, Peronetta in Italy, Perretta in France, and even Petrina in Scotland and Sweden. ┌───────────────┬───────────────┬───────────────┬─────────────────┐ │ English. │ French. │ Swedish. │ Danish. │ │Peter │Pierre │Per │Peder │ │Piers │Pierrot │ │ │ │Pierce │Perrin │ │ │ │ │Peire │ │ │ ├───────────────┼───────────────┼───────────────┼─────────────────┤ │ Dutch. │ Italian. │ Spanish. │ Portuguese. │ │Pieter │Pietro │Pedro │Pedro │ │Piet │Piero │ │Pedrinho │ │ │Pier │ │ │ │ │Pietruccio │ │ │ ├───────────────┼───────────────┼───────────────┼─────────────────┤ │ Russian. │ Polish. │ Illyrian. │ Lusatian. │ │Petr │Picti │Petai │Pjeti │ │Petruscha │Pies │Pero │Petsch │ │Petrinka │ │Petrica │Peto │ │ │ │Pejo │ │ ├───────────────┼───────────────┼───────────────┼─────────────────┤ │ Bulgarian. │ Lett. │ Esthonian. │ Kelt. │ │Petur │Peteris │Pedo │Pétar } _Erse_ │ │Petko │ │Pet │Feoris } │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │Per } _Breton_│ │ │ │ │Petrik } │ ├───────────────┴───────────────┴───────────────┴─────────────────┤ │ FEMININE. │ ├───────────────┬───────────────┬───────────────┬─────────────────┤ │ English. │ French. │ Italian. │ Portuguese. │ │Petrina │Perette │Petronilla │Petronilha │ │Petronella │Petronelle │ ———————————— │ ———————————— │ │Pernel │Petrine │ German. │ llyrian. │ │ │ │Petronille │Petra │ │ │ │Nelle │Petrija │ │ │ │Nillel │Petrusa │ └───────────────┴───────────────┴───────────────┴─────────────────┘ SECTION VI.—_Names of Immortality._ Rejoicing that “life and immortality had been brought to light” quickly broke out in the very names given to Christians at their baptism, and full of import were the appellations invented in these early ages of the Church, to express the joyful hope of everlasting life. Even in the Sanscrit, _a-mrita_ expresses the elixir of life, “the amreeta cup of immortality,” which terminates the woes of Kailyal in the _Curse of Kehama_, and according to Hindoo myth was produced by the celebrated churning of the ocean. The name is traced to _a_ privative and _mri_, a word to be met with again in _mors_, _murder_, &c., and the notion of a water of life continued to pervade all the Indo-European races. Among the Greeks this life-giving elixir was ἀμβροσία (ambrosia), immediately derived from ἄμβροτος (immortal), a word from the same source. In various legends this ambrosia served to express the human craving for heavenly and immortal food, until at length, in later times, ambrosia came to be regarded as the substantial meat of the gods, as nectar was their drink. It was reserved for Christianity to proclaim the true ambrosia, the veritable food of Paradise, and thus it was that Ambrosios became a chosen name, borne in especial by that great Archbishop of Milan, who spent one of the most illustrious lives recorded in Church history. The Church has never forgotten this great saint; and Milan, where his own liturgy has never been discontinued, is especially devoted to her Sant' Ambrogio, but his history is perhaps a little too much in the clear light of day to afford the convenient shadow requisite for name-spreading legend, and his name has but moderate popularity. Already, as we may suppose, his fame had spread to Britain when Aurelius Ambrosius, the brave champion who so long withstood the Saxon invaders, bore it and left it to the Welsh as Emrys. ┌────────────┬────────────┬────────────┬────────────┬────────────┐ │ English. │ French. │ Italian. │ Spanish. │ Russian. │ │Ambrose │Ambroise │Ambrogio │Ambrosio │Amvrossij │ │Brush │ │ │ │ │ ├────────────┼────────────┼────────────┼────────────┼────────────┤ │ Polish. │ Bohemian. │ Lusatian. │ Hungarian. │ Welsh. │ │Ambrozij │Ambroz │’Bros │Ambrus │Emrys │ │ │ │Mros │ │ │ │ │ │Brosk │ │ │ │ │ │Mrosk │ │ │ └────────────┴────────────┴────────────┴────────────┴────────────┘ In the same spirit was formed Ἀθανασίος (Athanasios), from the word θάνατος (death). The Undying was in itself a name of good hope for a Christian, and it became dear to the Church at large through the great Alexandrian patriarch, the bulwark of the faith. It is in the East that his name has been kept up; the West, though of course knowing it and using it for him individually, shows few namesakes except in Italy, where it is probably a remnant of the Greek influence upon Venice and Naples. The feminine Atanasia is, I believe, solely Italian. ┌───────────────┬───────────────┬───────────────┬───────────────┐ │ French. │ Italian. │ Russian. │ Servian. │ │Athanase │Atanasio │Afanassij │Atanacko │ │ │Atanagio │ │ │ └───────────────┴───────────────┴───────────────┴───────────────┘ So again the new Christians took the old word ἀνάστασις (meaning an awakening or raising), from ἀνίστημι (to make to stand up), and used it to signify the Resurrection; then formed from Ἀναστάσιος (Anastasios), of the Resurrection,—having the elements of the Resurrection within him or her, for the feminine Anastasia was as early and as frequent as the masculine. Indeed the strange caprices of fate have decreed that, though the masculine form is exceedingly common all over the Eastern Church, it should, in spite of three saints in the calendar, one of papal dignity, be almost unused in the West, except in Bavaria, whilst the feminine, borne by two virgin martyrs, is prevalent everywhere, and chiefly in Ireland. England once used the name more than at present, and then Anglicized it into Anstace. Anstiss, Anstish, Anstyce, all occur frequently as _female_ names in the elder pages of a Devonshire parish register, where Anstice is now a surname. Anstis Squire is in the Froxfield register in 1587, and the name must once have been much more usual. ┌───────────────┬───────────────┬───────────────┬───────────────┐ │ French. │ Italian. │ Polish. │ Bavarian. │ │Anastase │Anastagio │Anastazij │Anastasl │ │ │ │ │Stas │ │ │ │ │Stasl │ │ │ │ │Stasi │ ├───────────────┴───────────────┴───────────────┴───────────────┤ │ FEMININE. │ ├───────────────┬───────────────┬───────────────┬───────────────┤ │ English. │ Irish. │ French. │ Russian. │ │Anastasia │Anastasia │Anastasie │Anastasia │ │Anstace │Anty │ │Nastassja │ │ │Stacy │ │Nastenka │ └───────────────┴───────────────┴───────────────┴───────────────┘ Amongst these well-chosen baptismal titles may be mentioned Ζωή (Life), no doubt given as meaning that the principle of Eternal Life was then implanted. It is strange that neither the Eastern nor Western calendar shows a Zoë, though a woman thus entitled was said to have been cured of dumbness by a miracle of St. Sebastian, and afterwards to have been the first of the martyrs in the persecution in which he died, about the year 286. After this, Zoë became frequent among the women of the Greek Church, belonging to many of the royal ladies of the Blachernal, among others to her who endeavoured to shake the constancy of the sea-king, Harald Hardrada, to his Muscovite Elisif. From the lower empire it travelled to Russia, where Zoia is at present very common, and in the time of romantic interest in the new Greek kingdom, Zoé became fashionable in France, and still is much used there.[42] ----- Footnote 42: Liddell and Scott; Southey, Notes to _Curse of Kehama_; Snorre, Sturleson, _Heimskringla_; Le Beau, _Bas Empire_. SECTION VII.—_Royal Names._ Σέβας (Sebas), awe or veneration, was compounded into the word Σεβαστός (Sebastos), as a translation for Augustus, the imperial title coined by Octavianus to express his own peculiar sacred majesty. It was not, however, apparently used for the original Augustus; at least St. Luke calls him Αὔγουστος; and its technical use probably did not begin till the division of the empire by Diocletian, and his designation of two emperors as Augusti or Sebastoi, with their heirs as Cæsars. Subsequently to this arrangement no one would have dared to assume the name so intimately connected with the jealous wearers of the purple; and, accordingly, it was a contemporary of the joint emperors, who is the martyr-saint of this name—Sebastianus, a soldier at Rome, who, when other Christians fled, remained there to encourage the flock in the first outburst of the last persecution. He endured a double martyrdom; first, by the well-known shower of arrows directed against him; and next, after his recovery under the care of a pious widow, who had carried away his supposed corpse to bury it, he defied the emperor again, and was beaten to death in the arena by clubs. ┌───────────────┬───────────────┬───────────────┬───────────────┐ │ English. │ French. │ Italian. │ Spanish. │ │ │ │ │ │ │Sebastian │Sebastien │Sebastiano │Sebastian │ │ │Bastien │Bastiano │ │ │ │ │Basto │ │ ├───────────────┼───────────────┼───────────────┼───────────────┤ │ Portuguese. │ German. │ Norse. │ Bavarian. │ │Sebastião │Sebastian │Sebastian │Bastian │ │Bastiao │Bastian │Baste │Basti │ ├───────────────┼───────────────┼───────────────┼───────────────┤ │ Swiss. │ Russian. │ Slavonic. │ Hungarian │ │Bastia │Ssevastjan │Bostjan │Sebestyen │ │Bastiali │ │Bostej │ │ │Bascho │ │ │ │ ├───────────────┴───────────────┴───────────────┴───────────────┤ │ FEMININE. │ ├───────────────┬───────────────┬───────────────┬───────────────┤ │ German. │ French. │ Russian. │ Bohemian. │ │Sebastiane │Sebastienne │Ssevastjana │Sebesta │ └───────────────┴───────────────┴───────────────┴───────────────┘ Devout women buried him in the catacombs, and his name slept for at least a hundred years till Pope Damasus built a church over his catacomb, which has ever since been called after him, and subsequent popes made presents of his relics to Tuscany, France, and other countries. A notion arose, Mrs. Jameson thinks, from his arrows reminding the classical world of the darts of Apollo, that he was connected with pestilence. His name is thus found all over Europe, though less commonly in England and the Protestant parts of Germany than farther south. Indeed its especial home is Portugal, where it must have been specially cherished in memory of the rash Don Sebastião, the last of the glorious House of Avis, for whose return from the fatal African campaign his country so long looked and longed. More ancient was the term βασιλεύς (basileus), a king or prince, properly answering to the Latin _rex_, as did Sebastos to Augustus, but usually applied in the Greek-speaking countries to the emperor. Thence came many interesting words, such as the term used in the empire for courts of royal judgment, Basilica, whence upon their conversion into places of Christian worship, the title Basilicon became synonymous with church. So, too, that royal-looking serpent who was supposed to wear a crown on his head, and to kill with a look, was the basilisk; and the familiar basilicon ointment was so termed as being fit for a king. Βασίλειος (kingly) was not infrequent among the early Christians, and gained popularity through that great father of the Church, the Bishop of Neo-Cæsarea, as well as other more obscure saints. It is extremely common in the Eastern Church, and especially in Russia, where the first letter suffers the usual change into _V_. The feminine, Basilia, is still in use among the modern Greeks, and once even seems to have been known among English ladies, since the sister of Earl Strongbow is thus recorded in history, but its use has died away amongst us. ┌────────────┬────────────┬────────────┬────────────┬────────────┐ │ English. │ French. │ Italian. │ Russian. │ Polish. │ │Basil │Basile │Basilio │Vassilij │Bazyli │ │ │Basine │ │Vasska │ ———————— │ │ │ │ │ │ Illyrian. │ │ │ │ │ │Vassilij │ │ │ │ │ │Vaso │ └────────────┴────────────┴────────────┴────────────┴────────────┘ SECTION VIII.—_Irene._ In heathen days Εἰρήνη (Eirene), peace, was personified and adored as a goddess; in Christian times, when peace on earth was preached, it was formed into a name—that which we know as Irene. Irene was the pious widow, whose care revived St. Sebastian after his first martyrdom, and in 303, three sisters, Agape (love), Irene, and Chionia underwent martyrdom at Thessalonica, but Irene seems to have absorbed almost all the subsequent honour, although Agapè is occasionally to be found in modern Greece, and formed the masculine surname Agapetus, once the property of a pope, and still used in Russia. Irene was extremely frequent among the Greek empresses, and belonged to the lady who would fain have added herself to the list of Charlemagne’s many wives. Thence the Russians have it as Eereena, and in that ancient Greek colony at Sorrento, where the women’s features so strongly recall their Hellenic descent, Irene is continued as one of their baptismal names. Thence was derived the name of the great father of the Church, Εἰρηναῖος (Eirenaios), Irenæus; but few of the fathers had popular names, and Irenæus has been little copied, except in Eastern Europe, where the Russians call it Irinej, and the Hungarians, Ernijó. The Teuton _fried_ and Slavonic _mir_ have been infinitely more fruitful in names than the Greek Irene, and as to the Roman _pax_, its contributions to nomenclature are all posthumous. Erasmus comes from ἰράω (íráo), to love, and is related to Eros. The first Erasmus was tortured to death in Diocletian’s persecution, at Formici, whence his relics were transferred to Gaeta, and he there became the patron of the Mediterranean sailors, who used to invoke him as St. Ermo or St. Elmo, at the approach of a storm, and he thus was thought to send the pale pure electric light that shimmers on the topmast, warning the sailor of the impending storm. The name of Erasmus was assumed by the learned Dutchman, under the belief that it translated his name of Gerhard (_really_ spearhard), and from him Rasmus and Asmus are common in Holland, and Rasl has somehow found its way to Bavaria. Russia, too, has Jerassom, but this name lies in doubt between Erasmus and Gerasimus (the venerable), one of the early ascetics of Palestine. Gelasius, the laugher, was the name of a pope, and for that reason was considered as appropriate and ecclesiastical. It has had the strange lot of being used in Ireland as the substitute for their native name of Giolla Iosa, or servant of Jesus, and was actually so used by the Primate reigning at the time of the English annexation of Ireland.[43] ----- Footnote 43: Le Beau; Smith; Michaelis. SECTION IX.—_Gregorios._ Γρηγόριος (Gregorios), came from γρηγορέω, a late and corrupt form of the verb ἐγείρω (to wake or watch). A watchman was a highly appropriate term for a shepherd of the Church, and accordingly Gregorios was frequent among early bishops. Gregorios Nazianzen the friend of St. Basil, Gregorios Thaumaturgos or the wonder-worker, and others of the same high fame, contributed to render it highly popular in the East, and in the West it was borne by the great pope, for whose sake it became a favourite papal title, so that it has been borne by no less than sixteen occupants of the chair of St. Peter. It has, however, been far less popular among those who own their sway than among the Eastern Christians who are free from it, and though we find it in Scandinavia, this is only as a modernization of the Norse Grjotgard, while the Macgregors of Scotland draw their descent not from Gregory, but from Grig or Gairig, a Keltic word meaning the fierce.[44] ┌───────────────┬───────────────┬───────────────┬───────────────┐ │ English. │ French. │ Italian. │ Danish. │ │Gregory │Gregoire │Gregorio │Gregos │ │ │ —————————— │ │Gregus │ │ │ German. │ │ —————————— │ │ │Gregor │ │ Swedish. │ │ │Gregus │ │Greis │ ├───────────────┼───────────────┼───────────────┼───────────────┤ │ Russian. │ Polish. │ Bohemian. │ Slavonic. │ │Grigorij │Grzegorz │Rehor │Gregor │ │Grischa │ │ │Grega │ │ │ │ │Gorej │ ├───────────────┼───────────────┼───────────────┼───────────────┤ │ Illyrian. │ Lett. │ Lithuanian. │ Hungarian. │ │Gregorije │Grigg │Greszkus │Gergelj │ │Gerga │ │Grygallis │Gero │ └───────────────┴───────────────┴───────────────┴───────────────┘ ----- Footnote 44: Michaelis; Butler. SECTION X.—_Georgos._ The Maronite Christians have a tradition that Georgos was a Christian sentinel at Damascus, who connived at the escape of St. Paul, when he was let down in the basket, and was therefore put to death; but whether this be true or false, among what may be called the allegorical saints of the Greek Church, one of the most noted is our own patron Γῆ (Ge), earth, and ἔργω (ergo), anciently Γέργω (fergo), descended from the same source as our own verbs to work and to urge, formed Γεωργός (earthworker or husbandman). A Cappadocian saint and martyr, of whom nothing was known but that he had been a soldier and died in the last persecution, bore the name of Georgios, and was deeply reverenced in the East, where Constantine erected a church in his honour at Byzantium. As in the case of St. Christopher, and probably of St. Alexis, this honoured name became the nucleus of the allegory, of the warrior saint contending with the dragon, and delivering the oppressed Church, and of course the lovers of marvel turned the parable into substance. In 494, Pope Gelasius tried to separate the true Georgius from the legend, which he omitted from the offices of the Church, but popular fancy was too strong for the pope, and the story was carried on till the imaginations of the Crusaders before Jerusalem fixed upon St. George as the miraculous champion whom they beheld fighting in their cause, as Santiago had done for Galicia. Thereby Burgundy and Aquitaine adopted him as their patron saint; and the Burgundian Henry carried him to Portugal, and put that realm under his protection; as a hundred years later Richard I. did by England, making “St. George for merry England” the most renowned of battle-cries. From Burgundy he was taken by the Germans as a patron; and Venice, always connected with Greece, already glorified him as her patron, so that “In the name of St. George and St. Michael I dub thee knight,” was the formulary throughout half Europe, and no saint had so many chivalrous orders instituted in his honour. Still the name was less early used in the West than might have been expected, perhaps from the difficulty of pronunciation. Georgios always prevailed in the East, and came to Scotland in the grand Hungarian importation, with the ancestor of the House of Drummond, who bear three wavy lines on their shield in memory of a great battle fought by the side of a river in Hungary, before the Atheling family were brought back to England, attended by this Hungarian noble. On the usurpation of Harold, he fled with them to Scotland, and there founded a family where the Eastern Christian name of George has always been an heir-loom. It was probably from the same Hungarian source that Germany first adopted Georg, or Jürgen, as it is differently spelt, and thence sent it to England with the House of Brunswick; for, in spite of George of Clarence, brother of Edward IV., and a few other exceptions, it had been an unusual name previously, and scarcely a single George appears in our parish registers before 1700, although afterwards it multiplied to such an extent as to make it doubtful whether George, John, or Charles be the most common designation of Englishmen. The feminine is quite a modernism. The first English lady on record, so called, was a godchild of Anne of Denmark, who caused her to be christened Georgia Anna. The name had, however, previously existed on the Continent. Venice took its Giorgio direct from Greece, but the name was not popular elsewhere in Italy; and at Cambrai, an isolated instance occurs in the year 1300, nor has it ever been common in France. The Welsh Urien (Uranius) descends from heaven to earth by considering George as his equivalent. The Irish translate the name into Keltic as Seoirgi.[45] ┌───────────────┬───────────────┬───────────────┬───────────────┐ │ English. │ Scotch. │ French. │ Italian. │ │ │ │ │ │ │George │George │Georges │Giorgio │ │Georgy │Geordie │Georget │ │ ├───────────────┼───────────────┼───────────────┼───────────────┤ │ Spanish. │ Portuguese. │ Wallachian. │ Provençal │ │Jorge │Jorge │Georgie │Jortz │ │ │Jorgezinho │ │ │ ├───────────────┼───────────────┼───────────────┼───────────────┤ │ German. │ Frisian. │ Bavarian. │ Swiss. │ │Georg │Jurgen │Görgel │Jörg │ │Jurgen │Jurn │Gergel │ │ ├───────────────┼───────────────┼───────────────┼───────────────┤ │ Swedish. │ Danish. │ Dutch. │ Russian. │ │Göran │Georg │Georgius │Gayeirgee │ │ │Jorgen │Joris │Georgij │ │ │ │Jurriaan │Jurgi │ │ │ │Jurria │Egor │ │ │ │ │Egorka │ ├───────────────┼───────────────┼───────────────┼───────────────┤ │ Polish. │ Bohemian. │ Slavonic. │ Illyrian. │ │Jerzy │Jiri │Jurg │Giuraj │ │ │ │Jurck │Giuro │ │ │ │ │Giuko │ │ │ │ │Djuradj │ │ │ │ │Djurica │ │ │ │ │Juro │ │ │ │ │Jurica │ ├───────────────┼───────────────┼───────────────┼───────────────┤ │ Lusatian. │ Lett. │ Lithuanian. │ Esthonian. │ │Juro │Jorrgis │Jurgis │Jurn │ │Jurko │Jurrusch │Jurguttis │ │ ├───────────────┴───────────────┴───────────────┴───────────────┤ │ FEMININE. │ ├───────────────┬───────────────┬───────────────┬───────────────┤ │ English. │ French. │ German. │ Portuguese. │ │Georgiana │Georgine │Georgine │Georgeta │ │Georgina │Georgette │ │ —————————— │ │ │ │ │ Illyrian. │ │ │ │ │Gjurjija │ │ │ │ │Gjurgjinka │ └───────────────┴───────────────┴───────────────┴───────────────┘ ----- Footnote 45: Liddell and Scott; Jameson; Butler; Michaelis; O'Donovan. SECTION XI.—_Barbara._ Of the four great virgin saints, revered with almost passionate affection in the Roman Catholic Church, each has been made the representative of an idea. Probably Agnes, Barbara, Katharine, and Margaret were veritable maidens who perished in the early persecutions, and whose lives, save for some horrible incident in their tortures, were unknown; but around them crystallized the floating allegories of the Church, until Agnes became the representative of the triumph of innocence, Margaret of the victory through faith, Katharine of intellectual, and Barbara of artistic devotion. There was a speedy lapse from the allegory to the legend, just as of old, from the figure to the myth; and the virgins' popularity in all countries depended, not on their shadowy names in the calendar, but on the implicitly credited tales of wonder connected with them. Barbara was said to be a maiden of Heliopolis, whose Christianity was revealed by her insisting that a bath-chamber should be built with three windows instead of two, in honour of the chief mystery of the Creed. Her cruel father beheaded her with his own hands, and was immediately destroyed by thunder and lightning. Here, of course, was symbolized the consecration of architecture and the fine arts to express religious ideas, and St. Barbara became the patroness of architects, and thence of engineers, and the protectress from thunder and its mimic, artillery. The powder room in a French ship is still known as _la sainte Barbe_. Her name has thus been widely spread, though chiefly among the daughters of artificers and soldiers, seldom rising to princely rank. Barbara is the feminine of βάρβαρος (a stranger), the term applied by the Greeks to all who did not speak their own tongue. Horne Tooke derives it from the root _bar_ (strong), and thinks it a repetition of the savage people’s own reduplicated bar-bar (very strong); but it is far more probably an imitation of the incomprehensible speech of the strangers; as, in fact, the Greeks seem rather to have applied it first to the polished Asiatic, who would have given them less the idea of strength than the Scyth or the Goth, to whose language _bar_ belonged in the sense of force or opposition. It is curious to observe how, in modern languages, the progeny of the Latin _barbarus_ vary between the sense of wild cruelty and mere rude ignorance, or ill-adapted splendour. ┌───────────────┬───────────────┬───────────────┬───────────────┐ │ English. │ Scotch. │ French. │ Italian. │ │Barbara │Babie │Barbe │Barbara │ │Bab │ │ │ │ │Barbary │ │ │ │ ├───────────────┼───────────────┼───────────────┼───────────────┤ │ Danish. │ German. │ Swiss. │ Russian. │ │Barbraa │Barbara │Baba │Varvara │ │ │Barbeli │Babali │Varinka │ │ │Barbechen │Babeli │ │ ├───────────────┼───────────────┼───────────────┼───────────────┤ │ Slavonic. │ Illyrian. │ Bohemian. │ Lusatian. │ │Barbara │Barbara │Barbora │Baba │ │Barba │Varvara │ │Babuscha │ │Barbica │Bara │ │ │ │ │Vara │ │ │ │ │Barica │ │ │ ├───────────────┼───────────────┼───────────────┼───────────────┤ │ Lett. │ Lithuanian. │ Hungarian. │ │ │Barbule │Barbe │Borbola │ │ │Barbe │Barbutte │Boris │ │ │Babbe │ │ │ │ └───────────────┴───────────────┴───────────────┴───────────────┘ The true old English form is Barbary. It appears thus in all the unlatinized pedigrees and registers; and the peasantry still call it so, though unluckily it is generally turned into Barbara in writing.[46] ----- Footnote 46: Jameson; Horne Tooke; Michaelis. SECTION XII.—_Agnes._ The word ἄγος (agos), a thing to which religious awe attaches, gave the adjective ἄγνος (agnos), sacred or pure, whence was named the tree whose twigs the Greek matrons strewed on their beds during the festival of Demeter, and which the Romans called by a reduplication of its title in both languages, the Agnus Castus. Agnus, the Latin for a lamb, is said to have come from the consecration of those creatures to sacred purposes; and thence, too, came Agnes, the name of the gentle Roman maiden, the place of whose martyrdom named the church of Sant' Agnese. It is said to have been built by Constantine the Great only a few years after her death, on the spot where she was put to the utmost proof; and it retains an old mosaic, representing her veiled only by her long hair, and driven along by two fierce soldiers. Another very ancient church of Sant' Agnese covers the catacomb where she was interred, and she has always been a most popular saint both in the East and West, but most especially at her native city. There a legend became current, probably from her name, that as her parents and other Christians were weeping over her grave in the catacomb, she suddenly stood before them all radiant in glory, and beside her a lamb of spotless whiteness. She assured them of her perfect bliss, encouraged them, and bade them weep no more; and thus in all later representations of her, a lamb has always been her emblem, though it does not appear in the numerous very early figures of her that are still preserved. A saint who was the object of so many legends could not fail of numerous votaries, and Agnes was common in England and Scotland, and was a royal name in France and Germany. The Welsh form is Nest. A Welsh Nest was the mother of Earl Robert of Gloucester. Iñes, as the Spaniards make it, indicating the liquid sound of the _gn_ by the cedilla, gained a mournful fame in Portugal by the fate of Iñez de Castro, and Iñesila has been derived from it, while the former English taste for stately terminations to simple old names made the word Agneta. It is more common in Devonshire than in other counties. In Durham, there is a curious custom of calling any female of weak intellect, “a Silly Agnes.” Italy has invented the masculine Agnolo and Agnello, often confounded with Angelo, and used as its contraction.[47] ┌───────────────┬───────────────┬───────────────┬───────────────┐ │ English. │ Welsh. │ Manx. │ French. │ │Agnes │Nest │Nessie │Agnes │ │Aggie │ │ │Agnies │ │Agneta │ │ │ │ ├───────────────┼───────────────┼───────────────┼───────────────┤ │ Italian. │ Spanish. │ Portugues │ Swedish. │ │Agnese │Ines │Inez │Agnes │ │Agnete │Inesila │ │Agneta │ │Agnesca │ │ │ │ ├───────────────┼───────────────┼───────────────┼───────────────┤ │ Danish. │ Russian. │ Polish. │ Slavonic. │ │Agnes │Agnessa │Agnizka │Neza │ │Agnete │Agnessija │ ————————— │Nezika │ │ │ │ Bohemian. │ │ │ │ │Anezka │ │ ├───────────────┼───────────────┼───────────────┼───────────────┤ │ Servian. │ Lett. │ Esthonian │ Lithuanian. │ │Janja │Agnese │Neto │Agnyta │ │ ————————— │Nese │ │ │ │ Lusatian. │ │ │ │ │Hanza │ │ │ │ └───────────────┴───────────────┴───────────────┴───────────────┘ ----- Footnote 47: Jameson; Brand, _Popular Antiquities_; Liddell and Scott; Michaelis. SECTION XIII.—_Margaret._ No name has been the occasion of more pretty fancies than Μαργαρίτης (a pearl), itself taken from the Persian term for the jewel, Murvarid (child of light), in accordance with the beauteous notion that the oysters rising to the surface of the water at night and opening their shells in adoration, received into their mouths drops of dew congealed by the moon-beams into the pure and exquisite gem, resembling in its pure pale lustre nothing so much as the moon herself, “_la gran Margherita_,” as Dante calls her. The thought of the pearl of great price, and of the pearl gates of the celestial city, no doubt inspired the Christian choice of Margarite for that child of light of the city of Antioch in Pisidia, whose name as virgin martyr standing in the Liturgy without any authentic history, became, before the fifth century, the recipient of the allegory of feminine innocence and faith overcoming the dragon, even as St. George embodied the victory of the Christian warrior. Greek though the legend were, as well as the name, neither flourished in the Eastern Church; but Cremona laid claim to the maiden’s relics, and Hungary in its first Christianity eagerly adopted her name, and reckons two saints so called in the eleventh century, besides having sent forth the sweet Margaret Ætheling, the wife of Malcolm Ceanmohr, the gentle royal saint of the Grace Cup, who has made hers the national Scottish female name. From Scotland it went to Norway with the daughter of Alexander III., whose bridal cost the life of Sir Patrick Spens; and it had nearly come back again from thence with her child, the Maid of Norway; but the Maid died on the voyage, and Margaret remained in Scandinavia to be the dreaded name of the Semiramis of the North, and was taken as the equivalent of Astrid and of Grjotgard. From Cremona Germany learnt to know the child-like Margarethe, one of the saints and names most frequently occurring there; and Provence, then an integral part of the Holy Roman Empire, likewise adopted her. From her was called the eldest of the four heiresses of Provence, who married St. Louis, leaving Marguérite to numerous French princesses. Her niece, the daughter of Henry III., was the first English Margaret; but the name was re-imported from France in the second wife of Edward I., and again in Margaret of Anjou, from whom was called Margaret Beaufort, mother of Henry VII., and founder of the Lady Margaret professorship. In her grand-daughter, Margaret Tudor, it ceased to be royal in England, though it had taken root among the northern part of the population, while, strangely enough, it hardly ever occurs among the southern peasantry. The Italian reverence for Margherita, or Malgherita, as they called her, was increased by the penitence of Margherita of Cortona, whose repentance became so famed that she was canonized. Many are the contractions of this favourite name, since it is too long for the popular mouth. The oldest is probably the Scottish Marjorie, as Bruce’s daughter was called, and which cut down into Maisie, the “proud Maisie” of the ballad, and later into Mysie, and was treated as a separate name. Mr. Lower tells us that the surname of Marjoribanks is derived from the barony of Raltio, granted to Marjorie Bruce on her marriage with the High Steward of Scotland. Margaret turned into Meg before the time of “Muckle-moued Meg of the Border,” and this as well as Maggie was shared with England, which likewise had Margery and Marget, as well as the more vulgar Peggy and Gritty, and likewise Madge. The French contraction was in the sixteenth century Margot, according to the epitaph, self-composed, of the Austrian, Flemish, or French damsel, who was so nearly Queen of Spain: “Ci gît Margot, la gentille demoiselle, Qui a deux maris et encore est pucelle.” But Gogo is not an improvement. Marcharit is the Breton form. In Germany Grethel figures in various ‘_Mahrchen_,’ but Gretchen is now most common, and is rendered classical by Goethe. Mete in the time of Klopstock’s sway over the lovers of religious poetry was very fashionable; and Meta almost took up her abode in England, though the taste for simplicity has routed her of late. Denmark, where the Semiramis of the North has domesticated the name, calls it Mette and Maret, and places it in many a popular tale and ballad as Metelill, or little Margaret. Even the modern German Jews use it and call it Marialit; and the Vernacular Gaelic contraction used in Ireland is Vread, though Mairgreg is the proper form.[48] ┌───────────────┬───────────────┬───────────────┬───────────────┐ │ English. │ Scotch. │ French. │ Italian. │ │Margaret │Margaret │Marguérite │Margherita │ │Margaretta │Marjorie │Margot │Malgherita │ │Margery │Maisie │Margoton │Ghita │ │Maggy │Maidie │Goton │Rita │ │Meggy │Maggie │Gogo │ │ │Madge │Meg │ │ │ │Marget │May │ │ │ │Peggy │ │ │ │ │Gritty │ │ │ │ │Meta │ │ │ │ ├───────────────┼───────────────┼───────────────┼───────────────┤ │ Spanish. │ German. │ Swiss. │ Danish. │ │Margarita │Margarethe │Margarete │Margarete │ │ ————————— │Grete │Gretli │Mette │ │ Portuguese. │Gretchen │ │Maret │ │Margarida │Grethe │ │Melletel │ │ │Grethel │ │ │ │ │Grel │ │ │ │ │Marghet │ │ │ │ │Mete │ │ │ ├───────────────┼───────────────┼───────────────┼───────────────┤ │ Polish. │ Bohemian. │ Slavonic. │ Finland. │ │Margareta │Markota │Marjarita │Reta │ │Malgorzata │ │Marjeta │ │ │Malgosia │ │ │ │ ├───────────────┼───────────────┼───────────────┼───────────────┤ │ Lett. │ Esthonian. │ Lithuanian. │ Hungarian. │ │Margrete │Maret │Magryta │Margarta │ │Greta │Kret │Gryta │Margit │ │Maije │Krot │Greta │ │ │Madsche │ │ │ │ └───────────────┴───────────────┴───────────────┴───────────────┘ Footnote 48: Reeves, _Conchology_; Liddell and Scott; Butler; Michaelis; Grimm; Weber, _Northern Romance_. SECTION XIV.—_Katharine._ The maiden martyr, whose name was chosen as the centre of the allegory of intellectual religion, was Καθαρινή (Kathariné), Catharina in Latin, from a virgin martyr of Alexandria, whose history being unknown, became another recipient of a half-allegorical legend. It is not found recorded earlier than the eighth century, and, indeed, the complete ignorance of the state of the Roman empire, shown by making her the daughter of a king of Egypt, argues its development at a very late period. Her exceeding wisdom, her heavenly espousals, her rejection of the suit of Maximus, the destruction of the wheels that were to have torn her in pieces, her martyrdom by the sword, and the translation of her body by angels to Mount Sinai, are all familiar through the numerous artistic works that have celebrated her. The legend is thought to have grown up to its full height among the monks of the convent that bears her name at the foot of Mount Sinai. And the many pilgrims thither had the zest of a new and miraculous legend, such as seems always to have been more popular than the awful truth beside which it grew up; but it never obtained credit enough in the East to make Katharina come into use as a name in the Greek Church, and it was only when the Crusaders brought home the story that it spread in ballad and mystery throughout the West. Indeed, the name did not prevail till it had been borne by the Italian devotee, Santa Caterina of Sienna, who tried to imagine the original Katharina’s history renewed in herself, and whose influence is one of the marvels of the middle ages. Before this, however, the fair Katharine, Countess of Salisbury, had been the heroine of the Garter, and John of Gaunt had named the daughter, who, as Queen of Castille, made Catalina a Spanish name, whence it returned to us again with Katharine of Aragon; but in the mean time Catherine de Valois, the Queen of Henry V., had brought it again from France. The cause of the various ways of spelling this word would appear to be that the more ancient English made no use of the letter _K_, which only came in with printing and the types imported from Germany. Miss Catherine Fanshaw wrote a playful poem in defence of the commencement with _C_, avouching _K_ to be no Saxon letter, and referring to the shrewish Katharina and the Russian empress as examples of the bad repute of the _K_; but her argument breaks down, since the faithful Spanish Catalina, as English queen, wrote herself Katharine, while the ‘Shrew’ in Italy could only have been Caterina, and the Russian empress is on her coins Ekaterina. On the whole, Katherine would seem properly to be a namesake of the Alexandrian princess, Catherine, the Votaress of Sienna. No name is more universal in all countries and in all ranks, partly from its own beauty of sound, partly from association, and none has more varied contractions. Our truest old English ones are Kate and Kitty—the latter was almost universal in the last century, though now supplanted by the Scottish Katie and the graceful Irish Kathleen. Catherine has even produced a masculine name. Perhaps Anne and Mary are the only others which have been thus honoured; but the sole instance is Caterino or Catherin Davila, the historian, who had the misfortune to have Catherine de Medici for his godmother. ┌───────────────┬───────────────┬───────────────┬───────────────┐ │ English. │ Scotch. │ Irish. │ Welsh. │ │Katharine │Catharine │Kathleen │Cathwg │ │Catherine │Katie │Katty │ │ │Catharina │ —————————— │ │ —————————— │ │Kate │ Dutch. │ │ Bret. │ │Kitty │Kaat │ │Katel │ │Katrine │Kaatje │ │Katelik │ ├───────────────┼───────────────┼───────────────┼───────────────┤ │ French. │ Portuguese. │ Spanish. │ Italian. │ │Cathérine │Catharine │Catalina │Caterina │ │Catant │ │ │ │ │Caton │ │ │ │ │Gaton │ │ │ │ │Trinette │ │ │ │ │Cataut │ │ │ │ ├───────────────┼───────────────┼───────────────┼───────────────┤ │ Swedish. │ Danish. │ German. │ Dantzic. │ │Katarina │Kathrina │Katharine │Trien │ │Kajsa │Karina │Kathchen │Kasche │ │Kolina │Karen │Kathe │ │ │ │Kasen │Thrine │ │ ├───────────────┼───────────────┼───────────────┼───────────────┤ │ Bavarian. │ Swiss. │ Russian. │ Polish. │ │Katrine │Kathri │Ekaterina │Katarnyna │ │Kadreinl │Kathrili │Katinka │Kasia │ │Treinel │Tri │Katinsha │ │ │Kadl │Trili │Katja │ │ │Kattel │Trine │ │ │ │Ketterle │Hati │ │ │ │ │Hatili │ │ │ ├───────────────┼───────────────┼───────────────┼───────────────┤ │ Slovak. │ Illyrian. │ Esthonian. │ Hungarian. │ │Katrina │Katarina │Katri │Katalin │ │Katra │Katica │Kaddo │Kati │ │Katrej │ │Kats │Katicza │ └───────────────┴───────────────┴───────────────┴───────────────┘ SECTION XV.—_Harvest Names._ From θέρω (to heat) was derived θέρος (summer), which, in sunny Greece, came likewise to mean the summer crop, just as in Germany _Herbst_ serves for both autumn and harvest. θερίζω (to reap or gather in the crop), and from this verb comes the pretty feminine Theresa, the reaper. “The first to bear the predestined name of Theresa,” as Montalembert says, was a Spanish lady, the wife of a Roman noble called Paulinus, both devotees under the guidance of St. Jerome, whose writings most remarkably stamped the memory of his friends upon posterity; and this original Theresa was copied again and again by her own countrywomen, till we find Teresa on the throne of Leon in the tenth century. The name was confined to the Peninsula until the sixteenth century, when that remarkable woman, Saint Teresa, made the Roman Catholic Church resound with the fame of her enthusiastic devotion. The Spanish connection of the House of Austria rendered it a favourite with the princesses both of Spain and Germany. The Queen of Louis XIV. promoted it in France as Thérèse, and it is specially common in Provence as Térézon, for short, Zon. The empress-queen greatly added to its fame; and it is known everywhere, though more in Roman Catholic countries and families than elsewhere. That it nowhere occurs in older English pedigrees is one of the signs that it was the property of a saint whose claims to reverence began after the Reformation. ┌───────────────┬───────────────┬───────────────┬───────────────┐ │ English. │ French. │ Portuguese. │ Spanish. │ │Theresa │Thérèse │Theresa │Teresa │ │Terry │Térézon │ │Teresita │ │Tracy │Zon │ │ │ ├───────────────┼───────────────┼───────────────┼───────────────┤ │ Italian. │ German. │ Hamburg. │ Bavaria. │ │Teresa │Theresia │Tresa │Res’l │ │Teresina │ │Trescha │ │ ├───────────────┼───────────────┼───────────────┼───────────────┤ │ Bohemian. │ Slavonic. │ Illyrian. │ Hungarian. │ │Terezie │Terezija │Tereza │Terezia │ │ │ │Terza │Threzsi │ └───────────────┴───────────────┴───────────────┴───────────────┘ The real popularity of the word, witnessed by its many changes of sound, is, be it observed, in those Eastern domains of the empress where her noble spirit won all hearts to the well-remembered cry “_Moriamur pro Rege nostrâ Maria Theresa_.” Eustaches has already been explained as one of these harvest names. And to these may be added that of the old Cypriot shepherd hermit Σπυρίδων (Spiridōn), from σπυρίς (a round basket). He was afterwards a bishop, and one of the fathers of Nicea, then going home, died at a great age, asleep in his corn field; in honour of whom Spiridione, or Spiro, as the Italianized Greeks call it, is one of the most popular of all names in the Ionian Islands, and has the feminine Spira.[49] ----- Footnote 49: Liddell and Scott; Montalembert; Surius; Anderson, _Genealogies_. SECTION XVI.—_Names from Jewels._ Margaret, which has been spoken of elsewhere, is the most noted of jewel names, and it probably suggested the few others that have prevailed. Σμάραγδος (Smaragdos) is supposed to have been named from μαίρω or μαρμαίρω (to twinkle or sparkle), whence the dog-star was called Μαῖρα (Maira). This beauteous precious stone, bearing the colour of hope, was further recommended to Christians because the rainbow of St. John’s vision was “in sight like unto an emerald.” Thus, Smaragdos was one of the early martyrs; and the same occurs occasionally in early times, once as an exarch of Ravenna; but it was never frequent enough to be a recognized name, except in two very remote quarters, namely, as the Spanish Esmeralda and the Cornish Meraud, the last nearly, if not quite, extinct. The Sapphire was erased for ever from the nomenclature of Christians by the fate of the unhappy Sapphira, except that Σαπφήρω (Sapphēro), a name thus derived, is used among the modern Greeks of the Ionian Islands; and so also is Διαμάντω (Diamanto). For want of a better place, the Italian name Gemma must here be mentioned, though purely Latin, and coming from a word meaning the young crimson bud of a tree, though since used for a gem or jewel. In Erse Gemlorg, gem-like, is almost exactly the same in sound and spirit. Moreover, both precious metals are used as female names in modern Greece, Ἀργύρω (Argyro), silver, connecting itself with the Arianwen, or silver lady, of Wales; and Χρυσωῦχα (Chrysoucha) from Χρυσός (Chrysós), gold. This latter word has formed many other names, beginning from Chryses and his daughter Chryseis, whose ransom was the original cause of “Achilles' wrath of mighty woes the spring.” In the soubriquet of Chrysostomos, or Golden Mouth, we have already seen it, and it is found also in Χρύσανθος (Chrysanthos), golden flower, the husband of Saint Daria, in whose honour prevails the Bavarian Chrysanth or Santerl. Muriel, an old English name, comes from μύρον (myrrh). Both it and Meriel were once common, and have lately been revived.[50] ----- Footnote 50: Smith, _Life of Chaucer_; Butler; Michaelis. SECTION XVII.—_Kosmos and Damianos._ The pursuit of the relics of saints had already begun even in the fourth century. No church was thought thoroughly consecrated save by the bones of some sainted Christian, and it was during the first fervour that led men to seek the bodies of the martyrs in their hiding-places, that St. Ambrose discovered the bodies of two persons at Milan, whom a dream pronounced to be Kosmos and Damianos, two martyred Christians. They, of course, were placed among the patrons of Milan, and their names became favourites in Italy. Kosmos originally meant order; but, having been applied to the order of nature, has in our day come usually to mean the universe. Cosimo, or Cosmo, as the Italians called it, was used at Milan and Florence, where it gained renown in the person of the great man who made the family of Medici eminent, and who prepared the way for their aspirations to the elevation that proved their bane and corruption. France calls the word Côme without using it as a name, and Russia adopts it as Kauzma. Damianos was from the verb δαμάω, identical with our own tame, which we have already seen in composition. He had a good many chivalrous namesakes, as Damiano, Damiao, Damien, and the Russians call him Demjan. The old Welsh Dyfan is another form strangely changed by pronunciation. SECTION XVIII.—_Alethea, &c._ Ἀλήθεια (Aletheia), truth, came from α and λήθω (to hide), and thus means openness and sincerity. When it first came to be used as a name is not clear. Aletha, of Padua, appears in 1411; and the princess, on whose account Charles I., when Prince of Wales, made his journey to Spain, was Doña Maria Aletea. About that time Alethea made her appearance in the noble family of Saville, and either to a real or imaginary Alethea were addressed the famous lines of the captive cavalier:— “Stone walls do not a prison make, Nor iron bars a cage.” Moreover, in 1669, Alethea Brandling, at the age of nine, was married to one Henry Hitch, esq., and the name occurs several times in Durham pedigrees. As far as the English Alethea is concerned, she is probably the alteration of an Irish name, for she chiefly belongs to the other island, and is there called Letty. What feminine it was meant to translate must be uncertain, perhaps Tuathflaith (the noble lady). Tom Moore called his Egyptian heroine Atethe, from the adjective, and this has been in consequence sometimes used as a name. The name Althea must not be confounded with it. This last is Ἄλθεια (wholesome). It belonged of old to the unfortunate mother of Meleager, and now designates a genus of mallows, in allusion to their healing power. We find the prefix πρό, forming part of the word προκοπή (progress), whence the name Προκόπιος (Prokopios); in Latin, Procopius, progressive. It was the name of a martyr under Diocletian, in Palestine, and is a favourite in the Greek Church. The short-lived successor of Jovian was so called; also the great Byzantine historian; and now Prokopij is very common among the Russian clergy; and Prokop or Prokupek has found its way into Bohemia. Russia, likewise, uses in the form of Prokhor, the name of Próchorus (Πρόχορας), one of the seven deacons, and much Græcized indeed must the imaginations of his Jewish parents have been when they gave him such an appellation, signifying the leader of the choral dances in the Greek theatres. PART IV. CHAPTER I. LATIN NOMENCLATURE. Hitherto we have had to deal with names at once explained by the language of those who originally bore them. With a very few exceptions, chiefly in the case of traditional deities, the word has only to be divided into its component parts, and its meaning is evident, and there was a constant fabrication of fresh appellations in analogy with the elder ones, and suited to the spirit of the times in which they were bestowed. But on passing the Gulf of Adria we come upon a nation of mingled blood, and even more mingled language, constantly in a condition of change; their elder history disguised by legends, their ancient songs unintelligible to the very persons who sang them, their very deities and rites confused with those of Greece, till they were not fully understood even by their most cultivated men; and their names, which were not individual but hereditary, belonging to forgotten languages, and often conveying no signification to their owner. The oldest inhabitants of Italy are thought to have been Pelasgi, which is argued, among other causes, from the structure of the language resembling the Greek, and from the simple homely terms common to both; but while the Pelasgi of the Eastern Peninsula became refined and brought to perfection by the Hellenes, the purest tribe of their own race, those of the Western Peninsula were subjected to the influence of various other nations. In the centre of Italy the Pelasgians appear to have been overrun by a race called Oscans, Priscans, or Cascans, who became fused with them, and called themselves Prisci Latini, and their country Latium or Lavinium. Their tongue was the elder Latin, and the Oscan is believed to have supplied the element which is not Greek, but has something in common both with Kelt and Teuton. These Latins were, there can be no doubt, the direct ancestors of the Romans, whose political constitution, manners, and language, were the same, only in an advanced condition. Roman legend and poetry brought the fugitive Æneas from Troy to conquer Latium, and found Alba Longa; and after the long line of Alban kings, the twins, Romulus and Remus, founded the City of the Seven Hills, and filled it with Latins, _i. e._ the mixed Pelasgic and Oscan race of Latium. The first tribe of pure Oscans who came in contact with the Romans were the Sabines, who, after the war begun by the seizure of the Sabine women, made common cause with Rome, and thus contributed a fresh Oscan element to both blood and language. The Oscan race extended to the South, divided into many tribes, and their language was spoken in a pure state by the southern peasantry far on into Roman history. The numerous Greek colonies which caused the South to be termed Magna Græcia, became in time mingled with the Oscans, and gave the whole of Apulia, Bruttium, and Calabria, a very different character from that of central Italy. Northward of Latium was the powerful and mysterious race calling themselves the Raseni, and known to the Romans as Tusci. They are usually called Etruscans, and their name still survives in that of Tuscany. They are thought by some to have been Keltic, but their tongue is not sufficiently construed to afford proof, and their whole history is lost. Their religion and habits were unlike those of their Roman neighbours, and they were in a far more advanced state of civilization. In the time of Tarquinius Priscus they obtained considerable influence over Rome, many of whose noblest works were Etruscan; and though this power was lost in the time of Tarquinius Superbus, and long wars were waged between Rome and Etruria, the effects of their intercourse lasted, and many institutions were traceable to the Etruscan element. Of the Roman families, some considered themselves descended from different Latin tribes, others from Sabines, others from Etruscans; and their genealogy was carefully observed, as their political position depended upon it. Their nomenclature was, in fact, the immediate parent of our own. Every Roman citizen had necessarily two names. The second of these was the important one which marked his hereditary position in the state, and answered to our surname. It was called the _nomen_, or name, _par excellence_, and was inherited from his father, belonging also to the entire _gens_, or tribe, who considered themselves to have a common ancestor, and who, all alike, whether wealthy or otherwise, took the rank of their gens, whether patrician, equitial, or plebeian. The daughters of the gens were called by the feminine of its name, and sometimes took that of the gens of their husband, but this was not always the custom. Besides these large tribes, there were lesser ones of families. If an ancestor had acquired an additional appellation, whether honourable or ludicrous, it passed to all his male descendants, thus distinguishing them from the rest of their gens, and was called the cognomen. For instance, after Marcus Manlius had saved the capitol, Capitolinus would be the cognomen not merely of himself but of his posterity. Clients and freedmen took the gentile name of their patron, and when the freedom of Rome was granted to a stranger, he took the gentile name of him from whom it was received, thus infinitely spreading the more distinguished nomina of the later republic and early empire, and in the Romanized countries gradually becoming the modern hereditary surname, the convenience of the family distinction causing it to be gradually adopted by the rest of the world. When the last of a gens adopted the son of another clan to continue his line, the youth received the nomen and one or more cognomina of his new gens, but brought in that of his old one with the augmentative _anus_. As for instance, Publius Æmilius Paullus being adopted by Publius Cornelius Scipio Africanus, became Publius Cornelius Scipio Africanus Æmilianus, and his daughter was simply Cornelia. Again, Caius Octavius, as adopted into the Julian gens, became Caius Julius Cæsar Octavius; and the emperors being all adopted, arrived at such a multitude of names that the accumulation was entirely useless, and they were called by a single one. Added to all these family names, each man had his own individual name, which was bestowed in later times, or more properly registered when, at the age of fourteen, he laid aside the childish tunic and bulla, or golden ball, which he had worn from infancy, put off the toga prætextala, and assumed the _toga virilis_, or manly gown, white edged with purple, which was the regular official Roman dress. In the latter days, the prænomen was given on the eighth day, with a lustratio or washing of the infant. There was a very small choice of Roman prænomina, not above seventeen; an initial was sufficient to indicate which might be intended, nor did ladies receive their feminines in the earlier times. By which name a man might be called was arbitrary; the gentile name was the distinction of rank, and perhaps the most commonly used by his acquaintance, unless the tribe were very large, when the cognomen would be used; and among brothers the prænomen was brought in first as the Christian name is with us. The great Marcus Tullius Cicero was called Cicero by those who only knew him politically, while to his correspondents he was Tullius; his son, of the same name, was termed Marcus Cicero; his brother, Quintus Cicero; and Caius Julius Cæsar figures in contemporary correspondence as C. Cæsar. In Christian times, the lustratio at the giving of the prænomen became Holy Baptism, thus making our distinction between baptismal and hereditary names. The strict adherence to the old prænomina had been already broken into, especially in favour of women, who had found the universal gentile name rather confusing, and had added to it feminine prænomina or agnomina, had changed it by diminution or augmentation, or had taken varieties from the other gentes to which they were related. Christianity had given individuality to woman, and she was no longer No. 1, or No. 2, the property of the gens. Significant names, Greek names, or saintly ones were chosen as prænomina, and the true Christian name grew up from the old Roman seventeen. Besides these, the numerous slaves, who formed a large part of the Roman population, had each a single name. Some of these were in their own language, disguised by Latin pronunciation; others were called by Greek or Latin words; others bore their masters' names. Many of these slaves were among the martyrs of the Church, and their names were bestowed on many an infant Christian. Others were afterwards formed from significant Latin words, but far fewer than from Greek words, the rigid hereditary customs of Latin nomencloture long interfering with the vagaries of invention, and most of these later not being far removed from classical Latinity. It should be observed that the original Latin word, especially if descriptive or adjectival, usually ends in _us_, representing the Greek ος, and in the oblique cases becoming _i_ and _o_—in the vocative _e_. When it was meant to signify one of or belonging to this first, the termination was _ius_—thus from Tullus comes one belonging to Tullus—Tullius, in the vocative _i_; and again, one of the gens adopted into another, would become Tullianus,—Tullus, Tullius, Tullianus. The diminutive would be _illus_, or _iolus_, and in time became a separate name: Marcus, Marcius, Marcianus, Marcellus. In the adoption of Latin by the barbarous nations, the language was spoken without the least attention to declension; the Italians and Spanish used only the dative termination, making all their words end in _o_; but the former preserving the nominative plural _i_, and the latter the accusative plural _os_, while the French stopped short at the simple elementary word, and while finishing it in writing with an _e_, discarded all pronunciation of its termination. The vocative was their favourite case in pronunciation, and has passed to us in our usual terminal _y_. The _a_ of feminine names was retained by Italy and Spain; cut off by France, Germany, and England.[51] ----- Footnote 51: Niebuhr, _Rome_; Arnold, _Rome_; Smith, _Dictionary of Greek and Roman Antiquities_; Max Müller. CHAPTER II. LATIN PRÆNOMINA. SECTION I.—_Aulus, Caius, Cnæus, Cæso._ For the sake of convenient classification, it may be best to begin the Latin names with the original prænomina and their derivatives, few in number as they are, and their origin involved in the dark antiquity of the Roman pre-historic times. The chief light thrown upon them is in a work entitled _De Factis Dictisque Memorabilibus_, compiled by one Marcus Valerius Maximus, in the Augustan age, to which is appended a dissertation on Roman prænomina of doubtful authorship; but whether this be by Valerius himself, or by his abridger and imitator, it is the earliest information we possess as to these home appellations of the stern conquerors of the world. Caius, or Caiius as the elders spelt it, was one of the most common of all Roman prænomina, and was pronounced Gaius, as it is written in St. Paul’s mention of “Gaius mine host.” Men indicated it by the initial C; women who bore it, used the same C reversed (ↄ) on coins or inscriptions. Valerius, or his imitator, deduces it from _gaudium parentum_, the parents' joy, but it is more probably from the root-word _gai_. When a Roman marriage took place with the full ceremonies such as rendered divorce impossible, the names Caius and Caia always stood for those of the married pair in the formulary of prayer uttered over them while they sat on two chairs with the skin of the sheep newly sacrificed spread over their heads; and when the bride was conducted to her husband’s house, spindle and distaff in hand, she was demanded who she was, and replied, “Where thou art Caius, I am Caia;” and having owned herself his feminine, she was carried over his threshold, to prevent the ill omen of touching it with her foot, and set down on a sheepskin within. From this rite all brides were called Caiæ. It is said that it was in honour of Tanaquil, whose Roman name was Caia Cæcilia, and who was supposed to be the model Roman woman, fulfilling the epitome of duties expressed in the pithy saying, _Domum mansit, lanam fecit_ (she staid at home and spun wool), and was therefore worshipped by Roman maids and matrons. The Romans introduced Caius into Britain, and the Sir Kay, seneschal of Arthur’s court, who appears in the romances of the Round Table, was probably taken from a British Caius; but the Highland clan, Mackay, are not sons of Caius, but of Ey. It was probably from a word of the same source, that the Italian town and promontory of Caieta were so called, though the Romans believed the name to be taken from Caieta, the nurse of Æneas, a dame who only appears among Latin authors. The city has become Gaeta in modern pronunciation, and from it has arisen the present Italian Gaetano. Who first was thus christened does not appear, but the popularity of the name began on the canonization of Gaetano di Thienna, a Vicentine noble and monk, who, in 1524, instituted the Theatine order of monks. He himself had been called after an uncle, a canon of Padua, learned in the law; but I cannot trace Gaetano back any further. It is in right of this saint, however, that it has become a great favourite in Italy. The Portuguese call it Caetano, the Spaniards, Cajetano; the Slavonians (who must have it through Venice), Kajetan or Gajo. It was a family name in Dante’s time, and his contemporary, Pope Boniface VIII., of whom he speaks with some scorn, had been Benedetto Gaëtano.[52] ┌───────────────┬───────────────┬───────────────┬───────────────┐ │ English. │ Welsh. │ French. │ Italian. │ │Lucy │Lleulu │Lucie │Lucia │ │Luce │ │Luce │Luzia │ │Lucinda │ │ │ │ ├───────────────┼───────────────┼───────────────┼───────────────┤ │ Russian. │ Polish. │ Hungarian. │ Spanish. │ │Luzija │Lucya │Lucza │Lucia │ └───────────────┴───────────────┴───────────────┴───────────────┘ ----- Footnote 52: Smith; Diefenbach, _Celtica_; Butler; Michaelis. SECTION II.—_Lucius._ _Lux_ (light) gave the very favourite prænomen Lucius, one born at daylight, or, as some say, with a fair complexion. Many an L at the opening of a Roman inscription attests the frequency of this name, which seems first to have come into Rome with the semi-mythical Lucius Tarquinius Priscus, and was derived from his family by the first Brutus. The feminine Lucia belonged to a virgin martyr of Syracuse, whose name of light being indicated by early painters by a lamp or by an eye, led to the legend that her beautiful eyes had been put out. The Sicilian saints were, as has been already said, particularly popular, and Santa Lucia is not only the patroness of the Italian fishermen, and the namesake of their daughters, but she was early adopted by the Normans; and even in the time of Edward the Confessor, the daughter of the Earl of Mercia had been thus baptized, unless indeed her husband, Ivo Taillebois, translated something English into Lucia. The house of Blois were importers of saintly names, and Lucie, a sister of Stephen, was among those lost in the White Ship. The name has ever since flourished, both in England and France, but was most popular in the former during the seventeenth century, when many noble ladies were called Lucy, but poetry chose to celebrate them as Lucinda, or by some other fashionable variety of this sweet and simple word. The lady has here had the precedence, because of her far greater popularity, but the masculine is also interesting to us. The root _luc_ (light) is common to all the Indo-European languages; and ancient Britain is said to have had a king called Lleurwg ap Coel ap Cyllin, or Llewfer Mawr (the Great Light), who was the first to invite teachers of the Gospel to his country. He is Latinized into Lucius, and this word has again furnished the Welsh Lles. Nothing can be more apocryphal than the whole story, but it probably accounts for the use of Lucius amongst Englishmen just after the Reformation, when there was a strong desire among them to prove the conversion of their country to be anterior to the mission of Augustine. Named at this time, Lucius Cary, Viscount Falkland, rendered the sound honourable, though it has not become common. Lucio, or Luzio, is hereditary in Italy. The Irish Lucius is the equivalent of the native Lachtna and Loiseach. The Lucillian gens of the plebeian order was formed from Lucius, and thence arose Lucilla, borne by several Roman empresses, and by a local saint at Florence; and in later times considered as another diminutive of Lucy. Lucianus, on the other hand, was a derivative, and having belonged to several saints, continued in use in Italy as Luciano or Luziano, whence Lucien the Buonaparte derived the appellation, so plainly marking him, like his brother, as an Italian Frenchified. Luciana has continued likewise in Italy, and was anciently Lucienne in France. Perhaps the English Lucy Anne may be an imitation of it. Lucianus contracted into Lucanus as a cognomen, and thus was named the Spanish poet, Marcus Annæus Lucanus, usually called in English Lucan; but it has a far nearer interest to us. Cognomina in _anus_, contracted into the Greek ας, were frequently bestowed on slaves or freed-men, especially of Greek extraction. These were often highly educated, and were the librarians, secretaries, artists, and physicians of their masters, persons of Jewish birth being especially employed in the last-mentioned capacity. Thus does the third Evangelist, the beloved physician and reputed painter, bear in his name evidence of being a Greek-speaking protégé of a Roman house, Λουκας (Lukas) being the Greek contraction of Lucanus or Lucianus. “His sound hath gone out into all lands,” and each pronounces his name in its own fashion; but he is less popular as a patron than his brethren, though more so in Italy than elsewhere. ┌───────────────┬───────────────┬───────────────┬───────────────┐ │ │ │ │ Spanish and │ │ English. │ French. │ Italian. │ Portuguese. │ │Luke │Luc │Luca │Lucas │ ├───────────────┼───────────────┼───────────────┼───────────────┤ │ German. │ Russian. │ Wallachian. │ Bohemian. │ │Lukas │Luka │Luka │Lukas │ ├───────────────┼───────────────┼───────────────┼───────────────┤ │ Slavonic. │ Lusatian. │ Hungarian. │ │ │Lukash │Lukash │Lukacz │ │ │ │Lukaschk │ │ │ └───────────────┴───────────────┴───────────────┴───────────────┘ Lucretius, the name of a noted old gens, is probably from the same source, though some take it from _lucrum_ (gain). “Lucrece, combing the fleece under the midnight lamp,” that fine characteristic Roman tale, furnished Shakespeare with an early poem; and Lucrezia was one of the first classic names revived by the Italians; and though borne by the notorious daughter of the Borgia, has continued fashionable with them and with the French, who make it Lucrèce; while we have now and then a Lucretia, learnt probably from the fanciful designations of the taste of the eighteenth century.[53] ----- Footnote 53: Smith; Butler; Kitto; Jameson. SECTION III.—_Marcus._ The origin of Marcus, represented by the _M_, so often a Roman initial, is involved in great doubt. It has been deduced from the Greek μαλακὸς (soft or tender), a very uncongenial epithet for one of the race of iron. Others derive it from _mas_ (a male), as implying manly qualities; and others, from Mars, or more correctly, Mavers or Mamers, one of the chief of the old Latin deities. Diefenbach thinks also that it may be connected with the Keltic Marc (a horse), and with the verb to march. It extended into all the provinces, and was that by which John, sister’s son to Barnabas, was known to the Romans. Tradition identifies him with the Evangelist, who, under St. Peter’s direction, wrote the Gospel especially intended for “strangers of Rome,” and who afterwards founded the Church of Alexandria, and gave it a liturgy. In consequence, Markos has ever since been a favourite Greek name, especially among those connected with the Alexandrian patriarchate. In the days, however, when relic-hunting had become a passion, some adventurous Venetians stole the remains of the Evangelist from the pillar in the Alexandrian church, in which they had been built up, and transferred them to Venice. Popular imagination does not seem to have supposed the saints to have been one whit displeased at any sacrilegious robberies, for San Marco immediately was constituted the prime patron of the city; and, having been supposed to give his almost visible protection in perils by fire and flood, the Republic itself and its territory were known as his property, and the special emblem of the state was that shape among the Cherubim which had been appropriated as the token suited to his Gospel, namely, the lion with eagle’s wings, the Marzocco, as the populace termed it, and another such Marzocco figures at Florence. Marco was the name of every fifth man at Venice, and the winged lion being the stamp on the coinage of the great merchant city, which was banker to half the world, a marc became the universal title of the piece of money which, though long disused in England, has left traces of its value in the legal fee of six-and-eightpence. The chief popularity of the Evangelist’s name is in Italy, especially Lombardy; though the Greek Church, as in duty bound, has many a Markos, and no country has ceased to make use of it. Some, such as Niebuhr for his Roman-born son, and a few classically inclined English, have revived the ancient Marcus; but, in general, the word follows the national pronunciation. ┌───────────────┬───────────────┬───────────────┬───────────────┐ │ English. │ French. │ Italian. │ Spanish and │ │ │ │ │ Portuguese. │ │Mark │Marc │Marco │Marcos │ │Marcus │ │ │ │ ├───────────────┼───────────────┼───────────────┼───────────────┤ │ Esthonian and │ Polish and │ Lusatian. │ Hungarian. │ │ Russian │ Bohemian │ │ │ │Mark │Marek │Markusch │Markus │ └───────────────┴───────────────┴───────────────┴───────────────┘ From Marcus sprang the nomen Martius, or, as it was later written, Marcius, belonging to a very noble gens of Sabine origin, which gave a king to Rome, and afterwards was famous in the high-spirited and gentle-hearted Cnæus Marcius Coriolanus. The daughters of this gens were called Marcia, and this as Marzia, Marcie, Marcia, has since been used as the feminine of Mark. From Martius again came Martinus, the name of the Roman soldier who divided his cloak with the beggar, and afterwards became Bishop of Tours, and completed the conversion of the Gauls. He might well be one of the favourite saints of France, and St. Martin of Tours rivalled St. Denys in the allegiance of the French, when kings and counts esteemed it an honour to belong to his chapter; and yet Martin occurs less frequently in French history than might have been expected, though it is to be found a good deal among the peasants, and is a surname. Dante speaks of Ser Martino as typical of the male gossips of Florence; and from the great prevalence of the surname of Martin in England, it would seem to have been more often given as a baptismal name. Martin was a notable king of Aragon; but zealous Romanist countries have perhaps disused Martin for the very reason that Germans love it, namely, that it belonged to “Dr. Martinus Luther,” as the learned would call the Augustinian monk, whose preachings opened the eyes of his countrymen. ┌───────────────┬───────────────┬───────────────┬───────────────┐ │ English. │ French. │ Italian and │ Portuguese. │ │ │ │ Spanish. │ │ │Martyn │Martin │Martino │Martin │ │ │Mertin │ │Martinho │ ├───────────────┼───────────────┼───────────────┼───────────────┤ │ German. │ Swiss. │ Dutch. │ Lett. │ │Martin │Märti │Martijn │Martschis │ │Mertil │Martili │Marten │ ————————— │ │ │ │ ————————— │ Hungarian. │ │ │ │ Swedish. │Martoni │ │ │ │Marten │ │ └───────────────┴───────────────┴───────────────┴───────────────┘ Martina was one of the young Roman girls who endured the fiery trial of martyrdom under the Emperor Decius. Her plant is the maidenhair fern, so great an ornament to the Roman fountains; and her name, whether in her honour, or as the feminine of Martin, is occasionally found in Italy, France, and England. Marcianus was an augmentative of Marcus, whence Marciano or Marcian were formed. Marcellus is the diminutive, and became the cognomen of the great Claudian gens. Marcus Claudius Marcellus was the conqueror of Syracuse, and the last of his direct descendants is that son of Octavia and nephew of Augustus, the prediction of whose untimely death is placed by Virgil in the mouth of his forefather, Anchises, in the Elysian Fields. St. Marcellus was a young Roman soldier who figures among the warrior saints of Venice, and now and then has a French namesake called Marcel. Marcella was a pious widow, whose name becoming known through her friendship with St. Jerome, took the fancy of the French; and Marcelle has never been uncommon among them, nor Marcella in Ireland. Marcellianus, another derivative from Marcellus, was the name of an early pope, whence Marcellin is common in France. From Mars again came Marius, the fierce old warrior of terrible memory; but who, in the form of Mario, is supposed by the Italians to be the masculine of Maria, and used accordingly.[54] ----- Footnote 54: Smith; Diefenbach; Roscoe, _History of Venice_; Grimm; _Transactions of Philological Society_. SECTION IV.—_Posthumus, &c._ Posthumus is generally explained as meaning a posthumous son, from _post_ (after) and _humus_ (ground); born after his father was underground; but there is reason to think that it is, in fact, Postumus, a superlative adjective, formed from _post_, and merely signifying latest; so that it originally belonged to the son of old age, the last born of the family. It became a frequent prænomen by imitation, and in several Roman families was taken as a cognomen. The pseudo Valerius Maximus derives Titus from the Sabine Titurius; others make it come from the Greek τίω (to honour), others from _tutus_ (safe), the participle of _tueor_ (to defend). It was one of the most common prænomina from the earliest times, and belonged to both father and son of the two emperors connected with the fall of Jerusalem. Both were Titus Flavius Sabinus Vespasianus, but the elder is known to us by his cognomen, the younger by his prænomen. Titus should have been a more usual Christian name in honour of the first Bishop of Crete, but it has hardly survived, except in an occasional Italian Tito; and here Dr. Titus Oates gave it an unenviable celebrity. Tita is also sometimes used in Italy. The historian, Titus Livius, has been famous enough to have his name much maltreated, we calling him Livy, the French Tite Live. SECTION V.—_Numeral Names._ Thus far and no farther went Latin invention for at least seven hundred years in the way of individual domestic names. Beyond these ten, the Romans had, with a very few exceptions, peculiar to certain families, nothing but numerals for their sons; some of which became names of note from various circumstances. The words, though not often the names, have descended into almost all our modern tongues. Primus, the superlative of _præ_ (before), _præ_, _prior_, _primus_, was only used as a slave’s name, or to distinguish some person of an elder race. _Sequor_ (to follow) gave Secundus; the feminine of which fell sometimes to the share of daughter No. 2, to distinguish her from the elder sister, who was called by the family name. Men only had it as a cognomen, and that only in the later times. It has passed into our own tongue as well as into the more direct progeny of Latin, but Germany holds out against it. Rome likewise used Secundus in the sense of favourable, much as we speak of seconding in parliamentary language. St. Secundinus was a companion of St. Patrick, called by the Irish St. Seachnall. His disciples were christened Maol Seachlain, pupils of St. Secundinus, a name since turned into Malachi. King Malachi with the collar of gold, is truly the shaveling of the lesser follower. Tertius barely occurs as a Roman name; but Tertia was rather more common than Secunda, and by way of endearment was called Tertulla. From this diminutive arose Tertullus and Tertullianus. The next number is identical in all the tongues, though a most curious instance of varied pronunciation. The _quadra_, or four equal-sided Quartus, only occurs once in St. Paul’s writings, and so far as we know, nowhere else. Quadratus and Quartinus were late nomina. Why Quintus should have been so much more prevalent with the Romans than the earlier numerals does not appear, but it was one of the commonest prænomina, and was always indicated by the initial _Q_; while the Greeks called it Κοίντος. Thence came the Quintian, or Quinctian, gens, an Alban family removed by Tullus Hostilius to Rome, so plain and stern in manners that even their women wore no gold, and principally illustrious in the person of Cæso Quinctius Cincinnatus. An obscure family named Quintianus sprung again from this gens, and in time gave its name to one of the missionary martyrs of Gaul, who, in 287, was put to death at Augusta Veromanduorum on the Somme. His corpse being discovered in 641, the great goldsmith bishop of Noyon, St. Eloi, made for it a magnificent shrine, and built over it a church, whence the town took the name of St. Quentin, and Quentin became prevalent in the neighbourhood. It was also popular in Scotland and Ireland, but it is there intended to represent Cu-mhaighe (hound of the plain), pronounced Cooey. From the diminutive of the Quinctian gens came Quintilius, and thence again Quintilianus, the most noted Roman rhetorician. Pontius is thought to be the Samnite or Oscan word for fifth, related to the Greek _pente_, and Keltic _pump_, five. It was an old nomen among those fierce Italians, and belonged to the sage who gave the wise advice against either sparing or injuring by halves, the Romans at the Caudine Forks. Pontius Pilatus should, it would seem, have brought it into universal hatred, but it probably had previously become hereditary in Spain as Ponce, whence sprang the noble family of Ponce de Leon; the French had Pons; and the Italians, Ponzio, and our _Punch_ is by some said to be another form. It may, perhaps, come from _pons_ (a bridge). Sextus was the prænomen of the hateful son of Tarquinius Superbus, but after him it was disused, although thence arose the Sextian, Sestian, and Sextilian gentes. In later times it came again into use, and a bishop of Rome, martyred under Valerian, was named Sixtus, whence this has grown to be one of the papal adopted names, and is called by the Italians Sisto, whence the Sistine chapel takes its name, and the Dresden Madonna of Raffaelle is called di San Sisto, from the introduction of one of the three sainted popes so termed. The French used to call these saints Xiste. The Latin _septem_ gave Septimus, a name exceptionally used among them, as it is among us, for a seventh son. Some unknown Octavus (the eighth) probably founded the Octavian gens, which had only been of note in Rome for 200 years before Caius Octavius Rufus married Julia, the sister of Cæsar, and their son Caius, being adopted as heir of the Julian line, became C. Julius Cæsar Octavianus, though he afterwards merged this unwieldy title in that of Augustus. Octavius gained a certain renown through him, and Ottavio has passed on in Italy, while eighth sons are perhaps most usually named Octavius. The gentle Octavia, his sister, the most loveable of matrons, has made Ottavia an Italian name, and Octavie is one adopted by modern French taste. October is the eighth month in all modern tongues. Nonnus, from _nonus_, the ninth, is not known as a name till very late, when Latin and Greek names were intermixed. Then it belonged to a poet, at first heathen, afterwards Christian. Nonna was the name to that female slave who wrought the conversion of Georgia to Christianity, and (we believe) has there been continued; and in Rome Nonnius and Nonianus occur in later times as gentile appellations. Nona has been bestowed in England upon that rare personage a ninth daughter. November again bears traces of its having been the ninth month of the Romans, as does December of the tenth. Decimus was a prænomen in the family of Junius Brutus, inherited mayhap from a tenth son, and it was at Decimus Brutus that Cæsar’s dying reproach, _Et tu Brute_, is thought to have been levelled. Decimus and Decima are now and then to be found among us in unusually large families of one sex. Decius was the name of a great plebeian gens, one of the oldest in Rome, and illustrated by the self-devotion of Decius Mus.[55] ----- Footnote 55: Clark, _Handbook of Comparative Grammar_; Liddell and Scott; Facciolati; Junius; Smith; _Publications of the Irish Society_; Butler. CHAPTER III. NOMINA. SECTION I.—_Attius._ The Latin nomina were those that came by inheritance, and denoted the position of the gens in the state, its antiquity, and sometimes its origin. Their derivation is often, however, more difficult to trace than that of any other names, being lost in the darkness of the Oscan and Latin dialects; and in the latter times they were very wide-spread, being adopted by wholesale by persons who received the franchise, as Roman citizens, from the individual who conferred it; and after the time of Caracalla, A.D. 212, when all the free inhabitants of the empire became alike Roman citizens, any person might adopt whatever name he chose, or even change his own if he disliked it. The feminine of this gentile name, as it was called, was the inheritance of the daughters; and on marriage, the feminine of the husband’s nomen was sometimes, though not uniformly, assumed. These names are here placed in alphabetical order, as there seems to be nothing else to determine their position, and it is in accordance with the rigid Roman fashion of regularity. Thus we begin with the Accian, Attian, or Actian gens; one of no great rank, but interesting as having been fixed on by tradition as the ancestry of the great mountain lords of Este, who were the parents of the house of Ferarra in Italy, and of the house of Brunswick, which has given six sovereigns to Britain. Accius is probably derived from Acca, the mother of the Lares, an old Italian goddess, afterwards turned into the nurse of Romulus. Valerius, however, deduces both it and Appius from a forgotten Sabine prænomen Attus. The Appian gens was not a creditable one; but Appia was sometimes the name of mediæval Roman dames. The genealogists of the house of Este say that Marcus Actius married Julia, sister of the great Cæsar, and trace their line downwards till modernized pronunciation had made the sound Azzo. Him whom they count as Azo I. of Este was born in 450, and from him and his descendants Azzo and Azzolino were long common in Italy, though now discarded. SECTION II.—_Æmilius._ Almost inextricable confusion attends the development of the title of one of the oldest and most respectable of the plebeian gentes, namely the Æmilian, anciently written Aimilian. The family was Sabine, and the word is, therefore, probably Oscan; but the bearers were by no means agreed upon its origin, some declaring that it was αἵμυλος (flattering or witty), and called it a surname of their founder, Mamercus, whom some called the son of Pythagoras, others of Numa. The later Æmilii, again, claimed to descend from Aemylos, a son of Ascanius; and others of them, less aspiring, contented themselves with Amulius, the granduncle of Romulus. Can this most intangible Amulius be, after all, a remnant of the Teutonic element in the Roman race, and be the same with the mythical Amal, whence the Gothic Amaler traced their descent? It is curious that _maal_ or _âmal_ means _work_ in Hebrew, while _aml_ is work, likewise, in old Norse, as our _moil_ is in English, though in Sanscrit _amala_ is spotless. Altogether, it seems most probable that the word _mal_ (a spot or stroke) may underlie all these forms, just as it does the German _mal_ (time); that Amal was, in truth, the dimly remembered forefather; and that thus the proud Æmilii of Rome, and the wild Amaler of the forests, bore in their designations the tokens of a common stock. Several obscure saints bore the name of Æmilius or Æmilianus; and Emilij has always been a prevailing masculine name in Russia. In Spain, a hermit, Saint Æmilianus, is always known as St. Milhan. Emilio was of old-standing in Italy; but the great prevalence in France of Émile, of late, was owing to Rousseau’s educational work, the hero of which had numerous namesakes among the children born in the years preceding the Revolution. The feminine had been forgotten until Boccaccio wrote his _Teseide_, and called the heroine Emilia. It was at once translated or imitated in all languages, and became mixed up with the Amalie already existing in Germany. Amalie of Mansfeld lived in 1493; Amalie of Wurtemburg, in 1550; and thence the name spread throughout Germany, whence the daughter of George II. brought it to England, and though she wrote herself Amelia, was called Princess Emily. Both forms are recognized in most European countries, though often confounded together, and still worse, with Amy and Emma. ┌────────────┬────────────┬────────────┬────────────┬────────────┐ │ English. │ French. │ Italian. │ Slovak. │ Lusatian. │ │Emily │Émilie │Emilia │Emilija │Mila │ │Emilia │ │ │Milica │Milka │ └────────────┴────────────┴────────────┴────────────┴────────────┘ SECTION III.—_Antonius._ Two gentes were called Antonius, a word that is not easy to trace. Some explain it as inestimable, but the Triumvir himself chose to deduce it from Antius, a son of Hercules. One of these clans was patrician, with the cognomen Merenda; the other plebeian, without any third name, and it was to the latter that the avenger of Cæsar and lover of Cleopatra belonged—Mark Anthony, Marc Antoine, or Marcantonio, as modern tongues have clipped his Marcus Antonius. The clipping had, however, been already performed before the resuscitation of his evil fame in the fifteenth century, for both his names had become separately saintly, and therefore mutilated; Mark in the person of the Evangelist, Antonius in that of the great hermit of the fourth century—the first to practise the asceticism which resulted in the monastic system. Of Egyptian birth, his devotions, his privations, and his conflicts with Satan, were equally admired in the Eastern and Western Churches, and Antonios has been as common among the Greeks as Antonius among the Latin Christians. St. Antony was already very popular when St. Antonio of Padua further increased the Italian devotion to the name, and Antonio has ever since been exceedingly common in Italy and Spain. Classical pedantry made Antonio Paleario turn it into Aonio in honour of the Aonian choir; but whatever he chose to call himself he made glorious by his life and death. The Dutch seem to have needlessly added the silent _h_, and we probably learnt it from them. The popularity of Antony has much diminished since the Reformation in England, where perhaps it is less used than in any other country. ┌───────────────┬───────────────┬───────────────┬───────────────┐ │ English. │ French. │ Provençal. │ Italian. │ │Antony │Antoine │Antoni │Antonio │ │Anthony │ │ │Tonio │ │Tony │ │ │Tonetto │ │Antholin │ │ │ │ ├───────────────┼───────────────┼───────────────┼───────────────┤ │ German. │ Frisian. │ Dutch. │ Swiss. │ │Antonius │Tönnes │Anthonius │Antoni │ │Tenton │Tonjes │Theunis │Toni │ │Tony │ │Toontje │ │ │ │ │Tool │ │ │ │ │Antoonije │ │ ├───────────────┼───────────────┼───────────────┼───────────────┤ │ Russian. │ Polish. │ Slovak. │ Servian. │ │Antonij │Antoni │Anton │Antun │ │Anton │Antek │Tone │Antonija │ │ │Antos │Tonek │ │ ├───────────────┼───────────────┼───────────────┼───────────────┤ │ Lusatian. │ Lett. │ Esthonian. │ Hungarian. │ │Anto │Antons │Tönnis │Antal │ │Hanto │Tennis │Tonnio │ │ │Tonisch │Tanne │ │ │ │Tonk │ │ │ │ └───────────────┴───────────────┴───────────────┴───────────────┘ The feminine form, Antonia, is very common in Italy and Spain. The Germans have it as Antonie, and this was the original name of Maria Antonia, whom we have learnt to regard with pitying reverence as Marie Antoinette, whence Toinette is a common French contraction. ┌────────────┬────────────┬────────────┬────────────┬────────────┐ │ French. │ Italian. │ Swedish. │ Swiss. │Lithuanian. │ │Antoinette │Antonia │Antonia │Tonneli │Ande │ │Toinette │Antonietta │Antonetta │ │ │ │Toinon │Antonica │ │ │ │ └────────────┴────────────┴────────────┴────────────┴────────────┘ The Aurelian gens was an old Sabine one, and probably derived its name from _aurum_ (gold), the _oro_ of Italy and _or_ of France, though others tried to take it from _Helios_ (the sun). The old name, Aurelia, for a chrysalis was, like it, taken from the glistening golden spots on the cases of some of the butterfly pupæ. The Aurelian gens was old and noble, and an Aurelia was the mother of Julius Cæsar. SECTION IV.—_Cæcilius._ The most obvious origin of the nomen of the great Cæcilian gens would be _cæcus_ (blind); in fact _Cæcilia_ means a slow-worm, as that reptile was supposed to be blind; but the Cæcilii would by no means condescend to the blind or small-eyed ancestor; and while some of them declared that they were the sons of Cæcas, a companion of Æneas, others traced their source to the founder of Præneste, the son of Vulcan, Cæculus, who was found beside a hearth, and called from _caleo_ (to heat), the same with καίω (to burn). There was a large gens of this name, famous and honourable, though plebeian; but rather remarkably, the feminine form has always been of more note than the masculine. As has been before said, Caia Cæcilia is said to have been the real name of Tanaquil, the model Roman matron, patroness of all other married dames; and who has not heard of the tomb of Cæcilia Metella? But the love and honour of the Roman ladies has passed on to another Cæcilia, a Christian of the days of Alexander Severus, a wife, though vowed to virginity, and a martyr singing hymns to the last. Her corpse was disinterred in a perfect state two hundred years after, when it was enshrined in a church built over her own house, which gives a title to a cardinal. A thousand years subsequently, in 1599, her sarcophagus was again opened, and a statue made exactly imitating the lovely, easy, and graceful position in which the limbs remained. This second visit to her remains was not, however, needed to establish her popularity. She is as favourite a saint with the Roman matrons as is St. Agnes with their daughters; and the fact of her having sung till her last breath, established her connection with music. An instrument became her distinguishing mark; and as this was generally a small organ, she got the credit of having invented it, and became the patroness of music and poetry, as St. Katharine of eloquence and literature, and St. Barbara of architecture and art. Her day was celebrated by especial musical performances; even in the eighteenth century an ode on St. Cecilia’s day was a special occasion for the laudation of music; and Dryden and Pope have fixed it in our minds, by their praises, not so much of Cecilia, as of Timotheus and Orpheus. Already, in the eleventh century, the musical saint had been given as a patroness; and the contemporaries, Philip I. of France, and William I. of England, had each a daughter Cécile. From that time, Cécile in France was only less popular than the English Cicely was with all ranks before the Reformation. Cicely Neville, the Rose of Raby, afterwards Duchess of York, called “Proud Cis,” gave it the chief note in England; but her princess grandchild, Cicely Plantagenet, was a nun, and thus did not transmit it to any noble family. After the Reformation, Cicely sank to the level of “stammel waistcoat,” and was the milkmaid’s generic name. And so the gentlewomen who had inherited Cicely from their grandmothers, were ashamed of it; and it became Cecilia, until the present reaction against fine names setting in, brought them back to Cecil and Cecily. In Ireland, the Norman settlers introduced it, and it became Sighile. ┌───────────────┬───────────────┬───────────────┬───────────────┐ │ English. │ French. │ Italian. │ German. │ │Cecilia │Cécile │Cecilia │Cacilia │ │Cecily │ │ │ │ │Cicely │ │ │ │ │Cecil │ │ │ │ │Sisley │ │ │ │ │Sis │ │ │ │ │Sissot │ │ │ │ │Cis │ │ │ │ ├───────────────┼───────────────┼───────────────┼───────────────┤ │ Hamburg. │ Russian. │ Polish. │ Illyrian. │ │Cile │Zezilija │Cecylia │Cecilia │ │ │ │ │Cecilija │ │ │ │ │Cila │ │ │ │ │Cilika │ └───────────────┴───────────────┴───────────────┴───────────────┘ Sessylt, the British form of the masculine, lasted on long in Wales; and the Italians kept up Cecilio. The English masculine Cecil is, however, the surname of the families of Salisbury and Exeter, adopted as a Christian name. Moreover, Cæcilianus is supposed to be the origin of Kilian, one of the many Keltic missionaries who spread the light of the Gospel on the Continent, in the seventh century. St. Kilian is said to have been of Irish birth. He preached in Germany, and was martyred at Wurtzburg; and his name has never quite ceased to be used in the adjacent lands.[56] ----- Footnote 56: Facciolati; Smith; Valerius Maximus; Butler; Jameson; Michaelis; Pott. SECTION V.—_Cœlius._ Cœles Vivenna, an Etruscan general, named the Cœlian hill, and the Cœlian gens, whence the Italians have continued Celio and Celia. In Venice the latter becomes Zilia and Ziliola, and is often to be found belonging to noble ladies and the wives of doges. At Naples it was Liliola, and it seems to be the true origin of Lilian and Lilias. The Irish, too, have adopted it as Sile, or Sheelah, and Célie and Celia have been occasionally adopted by both French and English, under some misty notion of a connection with _cœlum_ (heaven). The prevalence of Celia among the lower classes in English towns is partly owing to the Irish Sheelah, partly to some confusion with Cecilia. Cœlina was a virgin of Meaux, converted to a holy life by St. Geneviève. She is the origin of the French Céline, who probably suggested the English Selina, though, as we spell this last, we refer it to the Greek Selene (the moon). SECTION VI.—_Claudius._ Another personal defect, namely lameness, probably was the source of the appellation of the Claudian gens, although by some the adjective _claudus_ is rejected in favour of the old verb _clueo_, from the same root as the Greek _kleo_, I hear, and _kluo_, I am called, or I am famous, meaning to be called, _i. e._, famed. The Claudii were a family of evil fame, with all the darker characteristics of the Roman, and they figure in most of the tragedies of the city. They were especially proud and stern, and never adopted any one into their family till the Emperor Claudius adopted Lucius Domitius Ahenobarbus, who did not improve the fame of the Claudian surname of Nero. But the reign of the Emperor Claudius and the number of his freedmen, and new citizens, gave his gentile name an extensive vogue, and from his conquests in Britain was there much adopted. Besides, the Claudia who sends her greeting to St. Timothy in St. Paul’s Epistle, is believed to have been the daughter of a British prince and wife of Pudens, whose name is preserved in inscriptions at Colchester. The epigrams of Martial speak of a British lady of the same name, and thus Claudia is marked by the concurrence of two very dissimilar authorities as one of the first British Christians, while the hereditary Welsh name of Gladys, the Cornish Gladuse, corroborate the Christian reverence for Claudia. The masculine form, Gladus, is likewise used, and in Scotland Glaud, recently softened into Claud, is not uncommon. Claudie is very common in Provence. Louis XII., who gave both his daughters male names, called the eldest Claude, and when she was the wife of François I., la Reine Claude plums were so termed in her honour. Her daughter carried Claude into the House of Lorraine, where it again became masculine, and was frequent in the family of Guise. The painter Gelée assumed the name of Claude de Lorraine in honour of his patrons, and thus arose all the picturesque associations conveyed by the word Claude. Claudine is a favourite female Swiss form.[57] ┌──────────┬──────────┬──────────┬──────────┬──────────┬──────────┐ │ English. │ Scotch. │ French. │ Italian. │ Russian. │ Slovak. │ │Claud │Glaud │Claude │Claudio │Klavdij │Klavdi │ │ │ │Godon │ │ —————— │ │ │ │ │ │ │Illyrian. │ │ │ │ │ │ │Klavdij │ │ ├──────────┴──────────┴──────────┴──────────┴──────────┴──────────┤ │ FEMININE. │ ├─────────────────────┬─────────────────────┬─────────────────────┤ │ French. │ Welsh. │ Italian. │ │Claude │Gladys │Claudia │ │Claudine │ │ │ │Claudie │ │ │ └─────────────────────┴─────────────────────┴─────────────────────┘ ----- Footnote 57: Facciolati; Smith; Rees, _Welsh Saints_. SECTION VII.—_Cornelius, &c._ The far more honourably distinguished clan of Cornelius has no traceable origin, unless from _cornu belli_ (a war horn), but this is a suggestion of the least well-informed etymologists, and deserves no attention. Scipio and Sylla were the most noted families of this gens, both memorable for very dissimilar qualities; and Cornelia, the mother of the Gracchi, inherited her name from her father, Publius Cornelius Scipio Africanus I. The centurion of the _Italian_ band was probably a hereditary Roman Cornelius; but earliest gentile Christian though he were, he was not canonized, and the saint of the Western Church is a martyred Pope Cornelius of the third century, whose relics were brought to Compiègne by Charles the Bald, and placed in the Abbey of St. Corneille, whence again a portion was carried to the Chapter of Rosnay, in Flanders. This translation accounts for the popularity of both the masculine and feminine forms in the Low Countries, in both kingdoms of which they constantly are found, and where Cornelius gets shortened into Kees, Knelis, Nöll, or Nelle, and Cornelia into Keetje, or Kee. As an attempt to translate the native Keltic names beginning with _cu_, or _con_, Cornelius, or Corney, is one of the most frequent Irish designations. Nelleson is the Dutch surname, and Nelson is as likely to be thus derived as from the northern Nielson. The Dantzic contraction is Knelz, and the Illyrians call the feminine Drenka! The great Fabian gens was old Latin, and was said by Pliny to be so called from their having been the first to cultivate the bean, _faba_, while others say the true form was _fodius_, or _fovius_, from their having invented the digging of pits, _foveæ_, for wolves, a proceeding rather in character with the wary patient disposition displayed by the greatest man of the race, Quintus Fabius Maximus, whose agnomen of Cunctator so well describes the policy that wasted away the forces of the Carthaginian invader. Fabio has been occasionally a modern Italian name; Fabiola is the diminutive of Fabia; Fabianus the adoptive augmentation, whence the occasional French Fabien, and, more strange to record, the Lithuanian Pobjus. Fabricius is probably from _Faber_ (a workman), but there was no person of note of the family except Caius Fabricius Luscinus, whose interview with Pyrrhus and his elephant has caused him to be for ever remembered. Fabrizio Colonna, however, seems to be his only namesake. _Flavus_ and _Fulvus_ both mean shades of yellow, and there were both a Flavian and a Fulvian gens, no doubt from the complexion of an early ancestor, Flavius being probably a yellow-haired mountaineer with northern blood; Fulvius a tawny Italian. It is in favour of this supposition that Constantius, who brought the Flavian gens to the imperial throne, had the agnomen Chlorus, also expressing a light complexion. Out of compliment to his family the derivatives of Flavius became common, as Flavianus, Flavia, and Flavilla. Flavio is now and then found in modern Italy, and Flavia figured in the poetry and essays of the last century. Fulvia, “the married woman,” as her rival Cleopatra calls her, was the wife of Antony, and gave her name an evil fame by her usage of the head of the murdered Cicero.[58] The Herminian gens is believed to be of Sabine origin, and its first syllable, that lordly _herr_, which we traced in the Greek Hera and Hercules, and shall find again in the German Herman. There is little doubt that the Roman Herminius and the brave Cheruscan chief, whom he called Arminius, were in the same relationship as were the Emilii and Amaler. Herminius is the word that left to Italy the graceful legacy of Erminia, which was in vogue, by inheritance, among Italian ladies when Tasso bestowed it upon the Saracen damsel who was captured by Tancred, and fascinated by the graces of her captor. Thence the French adopted it as Hermine, and it has since been incorrectly supposed to be the Italian for Hermione; indeed, Scott indiscriminately calls the mysterious lady in George Heriot’s house Erminia or Hermione. The Welsh have obtained it likewise, by inheritance, in the form of Ermin, which, however, they now murder by translating it into Emma. Hortensius (a gardener), from _hortus_, a garden, belonged to an honourable old plebeian gens, and has been continued in Italy, both in the masculine Ortensio, and feminine Ortensia, whence the French obtained their Hortense, probably from Ortensia Mancini, the niece of Mazarin. The Horatian gens was a very old and noble one, memorable for the battle of the Horatii, in the mythic times of early Rome. Some explain their nomen by _hora_ (an hour), and make it mean the punctual, but this is a triviality suggested by the sound, and the family themselves derived it from the hero ancestor, Horatus, to whom an oak wood was dedicated. The poet Horace bore it as an adoptive name, being of a freedman’s family. Except for Orazio, in Italy, the name of Titian’s son, it slept till Corneille’s tragedy of _Les Horaces_ brought it forward, and the influence of Orazio made it Horatio in England. Thus the brother and son of Sir Robert Walpole bore it, and the literary note of the younger Horace Walpole made it fashionable. Then came our naval hero to give it full glory, and that last mention of his daughter Horatia seems to have brought the feminine forward of late years. The name is not popular elsewhere, but is called by the Russians, Goratij, by the Slovaks, Orac.[59] ----- Footnote 58: Smith; Butler; Facciolati; _Irish Society_. SECTION VIII.—_Julius._ “At puer Ascanius, cui nunc cognomen Iulo, Additur Ilus erat dum res stetit Ilia regno.” “The boy Ascanius, now Iulus named— Ilus he was while Ilium’s realm still stood,” quoth Jupiter, in the first book of the _Æneid_, whence Virgil’s commentators aver that Ascanius was at first called after Ilus, the river that gave Troy the additional title of Ilium; but that during the conquest of Italy he was termed Iulus, from ιουλος (the first down on the chin), because he was still beardless when he killed Mezentius. The father of gods and men continues: “Nascetur pulchrâ Trojanus origine Cæsar, (Imperium Oceano, famam qui terminet astris,) Julius, a magno nomen Iulo.” “A Trojan, by high lineage shall arise— Cæsar (whose conquering fame the sea and stars shall bound), Called Julius, from Iulus, mighty name.” The Julian gens certainly exceeded Rome in antiquity, and one of their distinguished families bore the cognomen of Iulus; but in spite of Jupiter and Virgil, Livy makes Iulus, or Ascanius, not the Trojan son of Æneas and the deserted Creusa, but the Latin son of Æneas and Lavinia, and modern etymologists hazard the conjecture that Julus may be only a diminutive of dius (divine), since the derivation of Jupiter from Deus pater (father of gods) proves that such is the tendency of the language. The family resided at Alba Longa till the destruction of the city by Tullus Hostilius, and then came to Rome, where, though of very high rank, they did not become distinguished till, once for all, their star culminated in the great Caius Julius Cæsar, after whom the Julii were only adoptive, though Julia was the favourite name of the emperors' daughters, and their freedmen and newly-made citizens multiplied Julius and Julianus throughout the empire. Julius was hereditary throughout the empire, and lingered on long in Wales, Wallachia, and Italy. It is the most obvious source for the French Gilles; though, as has been already said, that word claims to be the Greek Aigidios, and is like both the Keltic Giolla and Teutonic Gil. The modern French Jules and English Julius were the produce of the revived classical taste. The latter belonged to a knight whose family name was Cæsar; and Clarendon tells a story of a serious alarm being excited in a statesman by finding a note in his pocket with the ominous words “Remember Julius Cæsar,” which left him in dread of the ides of March, until he recollected that it was a friendly reminder of the humble petition of Sir Julius Cæsar. ┌───────────────┬───────────────┬───────────────┬───────────────┐ │English. │Welsh. │Breton. │French. │ │Julius │Iolo │Sulio │Jules │ │ │ │Iola │Julot │ ├───────────────┼───────────────┼───────────────┼───────────────┤ │ Italian. │ Spanish and │ German. │ Wallachian. │ │ │ Portuguese. │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │Giulio │Julio │Julius │Julie │ │ │ │ │ —————————— │ │ │ │ │ Slavonic. │ │ │ │ │Julij │ The feminine shared the same fate, being hereditary in Italy, and adopted as ornamental when classical names came into fashion in other countries. The heroine of Rousseau’s _Nouvelle Heloïse_ made Julie very common in France. ┌───────────────┬───────────────┬───────────────┬───────────────┐ │ English, │ French and │ Italian. │ Russian. │ │ Spanish and │ German. │ │ │ │ Portuguese. │ │ │ │ │Julia │Julie │Giulia │Julija │ ├───────────────┼───────────────┼───────────────┼───────────────┤ │ Polish. │ Lett. │ Hungarian. │ Slovak. │ │Julia │Jule │Juli │Iliska │ │Julka │ │Julis │ —————————— │ │ │ │Juliska │ Breton. │ │ │ │ │Sulia │ └───────────────┴───────────────┴───────────────┴───────────────┘ As every family that in turn mounted the imperial throne was supposed to be adopted into the Julian gens, all bore its appellation; and thus it was that out of the huge stock of nomina that had accumulated in the family of Constantius, the apostate bore by way of distinction the adoptive form of Julianus. As the adoptive form this was more widely diffused than Julius itself in the Latinized provinces, and thus came to the Conde Julian, execrated by Spain as the betrayer of his country into the hands of the Moors. To redeem the name of Julian from the unpopularity to which two apostates would seem to have condemned it, it belonged to no less than ten saints, one of whom was the nucleus of a legend afloat in the world. He was said to have been told by a hunted stag that he would be the murderer of his own parents; and though he fled into another country to avoid the possibility, he unconsciously fulfilled his destiny, by slaying them in a fit of jealousy before he had recognized them when they travelled after him. In penance, he spent the rest of his life in ferrying distressed wayfarers over a river, and lodging them in his dwelling; and he thus became the patron of travellers and a saint of extreme popularity. ┌───────────────┬───────────────┬───────────────┬───────────────┐ │ English. │ Scotch. │ Welsh. │ Breton. │ │Julian │Jellon │Julion │Sulien │ ├───────────────┼───────────────┼───────────────┼───────────────┤ │ French. │ Spanish. │ Portuguese. │ Italian. │ │Julien │Julian │Juliao │Giuliano │ │ │ │ │ —————————— │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │Julian │ The feminine was already abroad in the Roman empire in the days of martyrdom, when St. Juliana was beheaded at Nicomedia under Galerius; and in the days of Gregory the Great, her relics were supposed to be at Rome, but were afterwards divided between Brussels and Sablon. She is said to have been especially honoured in the Low Countries, and must likewise have been in high favour in Normandy, perhaps through the Flemish Duchess Matilda. Julienne was in vogue among the Norman families, and belonged to that illegitimate daughter of Henry I. whose children he so terribly maltreated in revenge for their father’s rebellion; and it long prevailed in England as Julyan: witness the heraldic and hunting prioress, Dame Julyan Berners; and, indeed, it became so common as Gillian, that Jill was the regular companion of Jack, as still appears in nursery rhyme; though now this good old form has almost entirely disappeared, except in the occasional un-English form of Juliana. In Brittany, it has lasted on as Suliana, the proper name of the nun-sister of Du Guesclin, who assisted his brave wife to disconcert the night assault of their late prisoner. ┌───────────────┬───────────────┬───────────────┬───────────────┐ │ English. │ French. │ Breton. │ Italian. │ │Julyan │Julienne │Suliana │Giuliana │ │Juliana │ │ │ │ │Gillian │ │ │ │ │Gill │ │ │ │ ├───────────────┼───────────────┼───────────────┼───────────────┤ │ Spanish, │ German. │ Slavonic. │ Hungarian. │ │ Portuguese, │ │ │ │ │and Wallachian.│ │ │ │ │Juliana │Juliana │Julijana │Julianja │ └───────────────┴───────────────┴───────────────┴───────────────┘ Another feminine diminutive, Julitta, was current in the empire in the time of persecution, and belongs in the calendar to a martyr at Cæsarea in Cappadocia, as well as to her who has been already mentioned as the mother of the infant St. Kyriakos, or Cyr, a babe of three years old. She was undergoing torture herself when she beheld his brains dashed out on the steps of the tribunal, and till her own death, she gave thanks for his safety and constancy. Together the mother and child were commemorated throughout the Church; and the church of St. Gillet records her in Cornwall, as does that of Llanulid in Wales. Her name, however, when there borne by her namesakes was corrupted into Elidan. Jolitte was used among the French peasantry, and Giulietta in Italy, whence Giulietta Capellet appears to have been a veritable lady, whose mournful story told in Da Porta’s novel, was adopted by Shakespeare, and rendered her name so much the property of poetry and romance, that subsequently Juliet, Juliette, and Giulietta, have been far more often christened in memory of the impassioned girl, than of the resolute Christian mother.[60] ----- Footnote 59: Butler; Michaelis. Footnote 60: Smith; Facciolati; Michaelis; Pott; Butler; Arrowsmith, _Geography_; Rees; Jameson; _Gesta Romanorum_. SECTION IX.—_Lælius, &c._ Lælius, an unexplained gentile name, left to the Italians, Lelio, which was borne by one of the heresiarchs Socini; also Lelia, in French Lélie, and sometimes confused with the names from Cœlius. It was said that the city of Pompeii was so called from _pompa_, the splendour or pomp with which Hercules founded it. However this might be, it is likely that from it came the nomen of the Pompeian gens, which did not appear in Rome till a late period, and which its enemies declared was founded by Aulus Pompeius, a flute-player. The gallant Cnæus Pompeius won for himself the surname of Magnus, and made sufficient impression on the world to have his name adapted to modern pronunciation by the Pompée of the French, and the English Pompey. When a little negro boy was the favourite appendage of fine ladies of the early seventeenth century, the habit of calling slaves by classical titles, made Pompey the usual designation of these poor little fellows; from whom it descended to little dogs, and though now out of fashion, even for them, it has obtained a set of associations that is likely to prevent that fine old Roman Pompey, surnamed the big, from obtaining any future namesakes, except in Italy, where Pompeio has always flourished, probably from hereditary associations. On Roman authority, the Porcii were the breeders of _porcus_ (a pig), according to the homely, rural, and agricultural designations of old Latinity, which to modern ears have so dignified a sound. It was the clan of the two Catones, but the masculine has not prevailed; though that “woman well reputed, Cato’s daughter” Porcia, or, as the Italians spelt it, Porzia, caused her name to be handed on in her native land, where Shakespeare took it, not only for her, but for his other heroine— “Nothing undervalued To Cato’s daughter, Brutus' Portia;” from whom Portia, as after his example we make it, has become an exceptional fancy name. The Romans thought no scorn of the title of the unclean beast, and three families in other clans likewise bore its name, Verres, Scrofa, and Aper; the last, it is just possible, being the origin of the Sir Bors of the Round Table; in Welsh, Baez. The origin of Sulpicius is not known. It may possibly be connected with the obsolete word that named Sulla, from a red spotted visage; but this is uncertain. There were three saints of the name: Severus Sulpicius, a friend of St. Martin; Sulpicius (called the severe), Bishop of Bourges, in the sixth century; and Sulpicius (called the gentle), also Bishop of Bourges, in the seventh. It is an arm of this last of the three that has led to the consecration of the celebrated church at Paris, in the name of St. Sulpice. In Germany, it is Sulpiz. Terenus (soft or tender) was the origin given by the Romans to the Terentian gens, which produced Terentia, wife of Cicero, called in affection Terentilla, and likewise gave birth to the comic poet, Publius Terentius Afer, known to us as Terence, and to the Germans as Terenz. As a supposed rendering of Turlough, Terence is a very favourite name in Ireland, and is there called Terry, but it prevails nowhere else. The meaning of the name of Sergius is not known, but the Sergian gens was very ancient, and believed itself to spring from the Trojans. From them Cataline descended, and from another branch the deputy Sergius Paullus, from whom some suppose St. Paul to have taken his name. One saint called Sergius was martyred at the city of Rasapha, in Syria; and was honoured by the change of the name of the place to Sergiopolis, in Justinian’s time. His relics are at Rome and at Prague; but a far greater favourite as a namesake is the Russian Ssergie, who founded a monastery near Moscow, and died there in 1292, in the highest esteem for sanctity, so that his monastery is a place of devotional pilgrimage, and Ssergij or Sserezka are favourite names in Russia.[61] ----- Footnote 61: Butler; Michaelis; Smith; Facciolati; Courson, _Peuples Bretons_; Pott; Valerius Maximus. SECTION X.—_Valerius._ Deep among the roots of Indo-European tongues lies the source of our adverb _well_, the German _wohl_, Saxon _wel_, Gothic _waila_, an evidently close connection of the Latin verb _valeo_ (to be well); and which the Keltic _gwall_ links again with the Greek καλός (well, or beautiful), related to the Sanscrit _kalya_ (healthy, able, or well). _Valeo_ was both to be sound and to be worth, and to the old Roman a sound man was necessarily _valiant_, worth something in the battle; and _valor_, which to them and the Italians is still value, is to the chivalrous French and English _valour_. This word of well-being named the old Sabine Valerian gens, one of the most noble and oldest in Rome, who had a little throne to themselves in the Circus, and were allowed to bury their dead within the walls of the city. The simple masculine form of the name had but two saints, and they were too obscure to be much followed, though Valère and Valerot as surnames have risen from it in France. The feminine of it was in honour at Rome for the sake of Valeria, the public-spirited lady who took the lead in persuading the mother of Coriolanus to intercede with her son to lay his vengeance aside and spare his mother-city; Valérie is a favourite French name, but the compounds of this word have had far greater note. Valerianus, the adoptive name, was borne by Publius Sicinius Valerianus, that unhappy persecuting emperor who ended his career as a stepping-stone to Shahpoor. Saint Valerianus was Bishop of Auxerre, and though properly Valérien in French, Valerian in English, was probably the patron of the Waleran, or Galeran, occurring in the middle ages, chiefly among the Luxembourgs, Counts of St. Pol. Valentinianus has been continued by the Welsh in the form of Balawn. Valentinus was a Roman priest, who is said to have endeavoured to give a Christian signification to the old custom of drawing lots in honour of Juno Februata, and thus fixed his own name and festival to the curious fashion prevailing all over England and France, of either the choice of a “true Valentine,” or of receiving as such the first person of the opposite sex encountered on that morning. These customs increased the popularity of Valentine and Valentina, the latter being more probably used as the feminine of the former, than as the name of an obscure martyr who died under Diocletian. Valentina Visconti was the wife of the Duke of Orleans, brother of Charles VI. of France, and as one of the bright lights in a corrupt court, merited that her name should have become more permanent than it has been. The Slavonic contractions of the masculine are curious. Lower Lusatia makes it Batyn, Tyno, Bal, and Balk; Lithuanian, Wallinsch; and Hungary, Balint.[62] It is not easy to separate the idea of Virginia from _virgo_ (a virgin), especially since Sir Walter Raleigh gave that name to his American colony in honour of the Virgin Queen, and it was probably under this impression that Virginie was made by Bernardin de St. Pierre, the heroine of his tropical Arcadian romance, which reigned supreme over French, English, and German imaginations of a certain calibre, and rendered Virginie triumphant in France, and a name of sentiment in England. Nay, had the true Virginia lived and died a couple of centuries earlier, her story would have passed for a myth expressed in her appellation; but the fact is, that she derived it from a good old plebeian gens, who formerly spelt themselves Verginius, thus connecting themselves with _ver_ (the spring), Persian _behar_, Eolic Βεαρ, the old Greek Γέαρ, and with all its kindred of _virga_ (a rod, or green bough), _vireo_ (to flourish), _viridis_ (green); and again with the more remote descendants of these words in modern Europe—_vert_, _verdure_, _il vero_, &c. Virginio was a name in the Orsini family, but otherwise it has not been kept up. ----- Footnote 62: Liddell and Scott; Pott; Facciolati; Smith; Arnold; Jones, _Welsh Sketches_; Brand, _Popular Antiquities_; Michaelis. CHAPTER IV. COGNOMINA. SECTION I. Roman cognomina were originally neither more nor less than nick-names, sometimes far from complimentary, but for the sake of convenience, or of honourable association, continued in the family. Sometimes they were adjectives, such as Asper (the rough), Cæcus (the blind), Brutus (the stupid). Sometimes they were suggested by the appearance, such as Naso (the nose), or Scævola (the left-handed), the soubriquet earned by that Mutius who seared his right hand in the fire to prove to Porsenna what Roman constancy was. Sura (the calf of the leg), Sulla (the red-pimpled), Barbatus (the bearded), Dentatus (the toothed), Balbus (the stammerer), and even Bibulus and Bibacula (the drunkard). Sometimes, like some of the gentle nomina previously mentioned, they came from animal or vegetable, connected in some way with the ancestor, either by augury, chase, or culture, such as Corvinus, from _corvus_ (a raven), Buteo (a buzzard), Lentulus (a bean), Piso, from _pisum_ (a pea), Cicero (a vetch), Cæpio, from _cæpe_ (an onion). Others were from the birthplace of the forefather, such as Hadrianus, Albinus; others were the ablative case of the name of the tribe to which the gens belonged, as Romilia, or Palatina. Sometimes a _cognomen secundus_, or agnomen, was superadded in the case of distinguished personages, in memory of their services, such as Coriolanus, Capitolinus, Africanus, Asiaticus. The latest example of an agnomen of victory was Peloponnesiacus, which was conferred in 1688 by the Venetian Republic upon Francesco Morosini, the conqueror of the Morea. Whatever the cognomen,—fortuitous, derisive, or honourable,—it remained attached for ever to the family, and served to designate that section of the gens, but did not naturally descend to females; though in the latter and more irregular periods, when the gentes were so extensive that the feminine was no distinction, they were usually assumed by the daughters of the house, and altered to suit their construction. _Ater_, black, was the source of the name of Adria in Picenum, whence was called Adriatic Sea. A family of Ælii, migrating through Spain, were known by the cognomen of Adrianus, or Hadrianus, both place and name being usually spelt with the aspirate. The Emperor Publius Ælius Hadrianus built our famous northern wall, still called after him, as is the city of Adrianople; but he failed in imposing his gentile name of Ælia upon Jerusalem. The Italian surname of Adriani is probably derived from the original city. An Adrianus was the first abbot of St. Augustin’s, Canterbury, and another was first bishop of Aberdeen; but the most popular St. Adrianus was an officer in the imperial army who was converted by the sight of the martyrdoms under Galerius, and was martyred himself at Nicomedia, whence his relics were taken to Constantinople and to Rome, and thence again to Flanders, where they were transported from one abbey to another, and supposed to work such miracles that Adrianus has ever since been a universal name in the Low Countries, where it gets contracted into Arje, or Janus, while the more northerly nations call it, in common use, Arrian, or Arne. The French make it Adrien, and have given it the feminine Adrienne; and the Italians have not unfrequently Adriano and Adriana. In Russia it is Andreïän. Aquila (an eagle) was a cognomen in several Roman families, either from augury or from the national feature. It reminds us of the Greek _Aias_, and of many of the Teuton names beginning with _ar_. Aquila was a companion of St. Paul; and another Aquila, under Hadrian, wavered long between Judaism and Christianity, and translated the Old Testament into Greek; but Aquila has not been followed save here and there in England and America as a Scripture name. Agrippa was not well understood by the Romans themselves, though they settled that it meant one born with his feet foremost. The explanation we quote from Professor Aufrecht: “He (Gellius) ascribes to that preposterous birth all the calamities which befell the world through Agrippa’s ill-starred descendants. ‘To fall on one’s feet’ was therefore no auspicious event in Italy. But how can we possibly reconcile that signification with the etymology? I think the legs peep out of the _pp_, and that _ppa_ is probably a contraction of _peda_. In Greek Ἀκρόπους means only ‘the beginning or tip of the foot;’ but it might as well have signified an individual, who, on entering this shaky world of ours, philosophically chose to take a firm ‘stand-point,’ rather than begin by a foolish act, and plunge into it headlong.” It was at first a prænomen, but became a cognomen in the clan of Menenius and of many others. Marcus Vipsanius Agrippa was the friend and son-in-law of Augustus. From him the Herods called themselves Agrippa; and his daughter was the first of those ladies named Agrippina, whose tragic stories mark the early years of the Roman empire. Cornelius Agrippa was probably assumed by the learned man of Cologne, who has connected it in the popular mind with alchemy and necromancy. St. Agrippina was martyred at Rome under Valerian, and her remains being transferred to Girgenti in Sicily, she became known to the Greeks. Her name is used in Russia in the softened form of Agrafina, and the rude contraction Gruscha or Grunja. Some suggest that Agrippa may be the Greek ἀργίπους (swift-footed). The city of Alba Longa doubtless took its first name from that universal word that named the Alps, the Elbe, Elves, Albion, and Albin from their whiteness, and left _albus_ still the adjective in Rome. Legend declared that the city was called from the white sow with fifty piglings, who directed Æneas to its site; but, however this might be, it was the source of the family of Albinus in the Postumian gens, whence, slightly altered, came the name of the soldier Albanus, the British martyr, whose death led to the change from Verulamium to St. Albans, and from whom we take the English Christian name of Alban. Another St. Albanus, or Abban, was an Irish bishop, consecrated by St. Patrick, and probably the source of the Scottish Christian name Albany, which was often used as a rendering of the Keltic Finn, also meaning white. Another Albanus, or Albinus, of a British family, established in Armorica, was a monastic saint and bishop of Angers, naming the family of St. Aubin; and perhaps William de Albini, the ancestor of the Howards. The modern English feminine Albina, or Albinia, must have been formed as a name of romance from some of these. SECTION II.—_Augustus._ Augustus is the agnomen conferred by the senate upon the second Cæsar, meaning reverend or set apart, and was selected as hedging him with majesty, though not offending the citizens with the word king. It is closely related to _avigur_ or _augur_, which the Romans said was “_ob avium garritus_” because the augur divined by the chatter of birds; while others make it come from _augeo_ (to increase); but it is not impossible that it may be related to the Teuton _æge_ (awe). At Rome, after Diocletian, the Augustus was always the reigning emperor, the Augusta was his wife; and no one presumed to take the name till the unfortunate Romulus Augustus, called Augustulus in contempt, who ended both the independence of Rome and the empire with the names of their founders. ┌───────────────┬───────────────┬───────────────┬───────────────┐ │ English. │ French. │ German. │ Lett. │ │Augustus │Auguste │August │Aujusts │ │Gussy │ │ │Justs │ │ │ │ ———————— │ ———————— │ │ │ │ Russian. │ Hungarian. │ │ │ │Avgust │Agoston │ ├───────────────┴───────────────┴───────────────┴───────────────┤ │ FEMININE. │ ├───────────────┬───────────────┬───────────────┬───────────────┤ │ English. │ German │ Italian. │ Lusatian. │ │Augusta │Auguste │Augusta │Avgusta │ │Gussie │Asta │ │Gusta │ │ │Guste │ │Gustylka │ │ │Gustel │ │ │ └───────────────┴───────────────┴───────────────┴───────────────┘ The Welsh formed the name of Awst from Augustus; but it does not seem to have been elsewhere used, except as an epithet which the flattering chroniclers bestowed upon Philippe III. of France, until about the middle of the sixteenth century, a fancy seized the small German princes of christening their children by this imperial title. August of Anhalt Plotzgau appears in 1575—seven years earlier, August of Braunsweig Luneburg. Then August of Wolfenbüttel names his daughter Anne Augusta; and we all recollect the Elector Johann August of Saxony, memorable as the prisoner of Charles V. Thenceforth these names flourished in Germany, and took up their abode in England with the Hanoverian race. The diminutive had, however, been adopted under the Roman empire in later times, and was borne by the great Father Augustinus of Hippo, and his namesake, the missionary of the Saxons. This was chosen by a Danish bishop as a Latinization of his proper name of Eystein (island stone); and it has always been somewhat popular, probably owing to the order of Augustin or Austin Friars, instituted in honour of the first St. Augustin, and once the greatest sheep owners in England. S ┌───────────────┬───────────────┬───────────────┬───────────────┐ │ English. │ French. │ German. │ Spanish. │ │Augustin │Augustin │Augustin │Augustino │ │Austin │ │ │ │ ├───────────────┼───────────────┼───────────────┼───────────────┤ │ Portuguese. │ Italian. │ Polish. │ │ │Agostinho │Aogostino │Agostin │ │ ├───────────────┴───────────────┴───────────────┴───────────────┤ │ FEMININE. │ ├───────────────┬───────────────┬───────────────┬───────────────┤ │ Irish. │ French. │ German. │ Italian. │ │Augusteen │Augustine │Augustine │Agostina │ │ │ │Stine │ ————————— │ │ │ │ │ Portuguese. │ │ │ │ │Agostinha │ └───────────────┴───────────────┴───────────────┴───────────────┘ SECTION III.—_Blasius._ Some consider Blasius to be a mere contraction of the Greek _basilios_ (royal); but long before that name prevailed, at least among historical personages, we hear of Blatius, Blattius, or Blasius, as a man of Salapia, in Apulia, whose name seems to have signified a babbler. Nevertheless, Blasio was a surname in the Cornelian gens, and Blasius was Bishop of Sebaste, in Nicomedia, where he was martyred in 316. In the time of the Crusades, his relics were imported from the East, he became patron of the republic of Ragusa; and from a tradition that he had been combed to death with iron combs, such an implement was his mark, and he was the favourite saint of the English wool-staplers. The only vestige of this as a name in England is, however, in Goldsmith’s _Madam Blase_; but in Spanish Blas is used, as no reader of _Gil Blas_ can forget. Blasius is found in Bavaria; and Plase, Blase, Bleisig, and Bläsing, are surnames thence derived. ┌───────────────┬───────────────┬───────────────┬───────────────┐ │ English. │ French. │ Spanish. │ Portuguese. │ │Blaze │Blaise │Blas │Braz │ │Blase │Blaisot │ │ │ ├───────────────┼───────────────┼───────────────┼───────────────┤ │Italian. │ German. │ Dutch. │ Russian. │ │Biagio │Blasius │Blaas │Vlassij │ │Biasio │Blasi │ │Vlass │ │Baccio │Blasol │ │ │ ├───────────────┼───────────────┼───────────────┼───────────────┤ │ Servian. │ Illyrian. │ Hungarian. │ │ │Blazej │Blasko │Balás │ │ │ │Vlaho │ │ │ │ │Bearck │ │ │ └───────────────┴───────────────┴───────────────┴───────────────┘ The Germans have even the feminine Blasia.[63] ----- Footnote 63: Smith; Brand; Michaelis. SECTION IV.—_Cæsar, &c._ No cognomen has ever been so much used as that of Cæsar, which first began in the Julian gens, nearly two centuries before the time of the great Dictator. Some derived it, like Cæso, from _cædo_ (to cut); others said that the eyes of the first owner of it were unusually blue (_cæsius_), or that his hair (_cæsaries_) was wonderfully profuse; and a fourth explanation declared that it was the Moorish word for an elephant, which one of the Julii had slain with his own hand in Africa. However this might be, adoption into the family of Cæsar was the means of obtaining that accumulation of magisterial offices that placed the successor of Julius at the head of affairs, civil and military; and whilst habits of republican equality were still retained by the emperors, Cæsar was merely used as their designation. After the first twelve, adoption could no longer be strained into any fiction of the continuance of the Julian clan, and Cæsar became more properly a title. After the new arrangement of the empire under Diocletian, Augustus was the title of the emperor who had become an actual monarch, and Cæsar of the heir to the empire with considerable delegated power. In consequence, when Charlemagne relieved Rome from the attacks of the Lombards, the pope, as the representative of the S.P.Q.R., created him Cæsar, and the title has been carried on among his German representatives as Kaiser, though no elected “King of the Romans” might assume this sacred title until he had been crowned by the pope’s own hand. As a Christian name it has seldom occurred. Cesare Borgia was named, like many Italians of his date, in the classical style, but no one wished to inherit it from him, and it is seldom found except in France as Cesar; though in some counties of England the peasantry give it in baptism, having taken it, perhaps, from the surname Cæsar. The only feminine I can find is Cesarina Grimaldi, in 1585. Kaiser occurs in the same manner in Germany. Camilla was a warlike Volscian nymph, dedicated to the service of Diana, and celebrated in the _Æneid_. Her name is said to have been Casmilla, and to have been given as meaning that she was a votaress of Diana. It is believed to be an Etruscan word, and the youth of both sexes were termed Camilli and Camillæ when employed in any solemn office; and thus Camillus became a name in the gens of Furius, and was noted in him who saved the capitol. Nymphs always had an attraction for the French, and a Camille figures in Florian’s romance of _Numa Pompilius_, while Camilla was adopted in the rage for classical names which actuated the English after the Reformation, and in some few families it has been handed on to the present day. Camillo was revived with classical names in Italy; and at the time of the Revolution, Camille was very fashionable in France. Camilla is still very common in the Abruzzi, its old classic ground. Clemens came in so late that it hardly deserves to be called a cognomen, but we find it as the third name of Titus Flavius Clemens, Vespasian’s nephew, who was put to death by Domitian, on a charge of atheism, like others who went over to the Jewish superstition, _i. e._ to Christianity. A very early church at Rome is dedicated to him, and he is thought by some to be the same as the Clemens mentioned by St. Paul (Phil. iv. 3), author of two epistles, and first of nine bishops of Rome so called. Another great Father, St. Clemens of Alexandria, was likewise of the same name; besides a martyr of Ancyra, all called from the adjective _clemens_, which has much the same meaning as its derivative clement in all modern tongues. Its origin is uncertain: some saying it meant of clear mind, others of inclining mind; but the substantive Clementia was a personified idea, worshipped at Rome as a goddess, bearing a cup in one hand and a lance in the other. “Your Clemency” became a title of the emperors, and we find the orator Tertullus even addressing it to Felix. It is possible that it was thus that Clemens first passed to the emperor’s kinsman. There is a pretty legend that St. Clement was martyred by being beheaded, and thrown into the sea, where a shrine (I think of coral) was formed round his head, and he thus became the patron of sailors, above all, of Danes and Dutchmen. In Germany Clemens has preserved its Latin form, but cuts down into Klenim, Mente, Menz, Mentzel; as in Denmark into Klemet and Mens. The English surname, Mence, may perhaps be from this source; and Clement and Clementi are French and Italian surnames, as Clement and Clemente are the Christian ones. Italy probably first modernized the abstract goddess into Clemenza, whence France took up Clémence, while Germany invented Clementine for the feminine, whence our Clementina, rendered popular for a time in honour of the Italian lady in _Sir C. Grandison_. The Russians have Kliment, the Hungarians Kelemen, and the Esthonians contract the name into Lemet. It must have been from the Dutch connections of eastern England, that Clement and Clemency were both at one time frequent.[64] ----- Footnote 64: Smith; Cave; Marryat, _Jutland_; Michaelis. SECTION V.—_Constantius._ Constantius arose likewise as late as any cognomen deserving to be reckoned. It comes from _constans_ (constant), a word meaning holding together firmly, and compounded of _con_ (together), and _stans_, the participle of the verb _sto_ (I am, or I stand). So late, indeed, did Constantius become prominent in history in the person of Flavius Valerius Constantius, that he does not even seem to have had a prænomen, and his sons and grandsons varied the cognomen by way of distinction into Constans and Constantinus. Of these the first Christian emperor rendered the diminutive glorious, and though it has not been much copied in the West, Κονστάντινος is one of the very few Latin names that have been Latinized among the Greeks, as well it might be, in memory of the emperor who transported the seat of empire to a Greek city, and changed its appellation from Byzantium to Constantinopolis. Constantius Chlorus was very popular in Britain, and—as has been said before—the belief that his wife Helena was of British birth, held the island firm in its allegiance till the death of the last emperor who claimed kindred with him. And then Constantius and Constantinus were names assumed by the rebels who first began to break the bonds of union with the empire, as if the sound were sure to win British hearts. Indeed, Cystenian has never entirely disappeared from the Welsh nomenclature, nor Kusteninn from Brittany. Perhaps one charm of the name to a Kelt was its first syllable, which resembles the _con_ or _cu_ (wisdom or _hound_), which was one of their favourite beginnings. The Constantines of Hector Boece’s line of Scottish kings are ornamental Congals and Conchobars; and, in like manner, Ireland has turned many a Connal and Connor into Constantine in more modern times, accounting for the prevalence of the trisyllabled Roman as a surname. In Russia Konstantin has been carried on, especially since the days of Catharine II., as a witness to the continuation of the Byzantine empire in that of Muscovy; and here and in the other Slavonian countries alone does it really prevail as a popular name, frequent enough for vernacular contractions, such as Kostja, Kosto, Kostadin. The feminine of both names was used by the daughters of the imperial family, and Constantia continued among the Provençal ladies, so as to be brought to the throne of France by the termagant Constance of Provence, wife to that meek sovereign, Robert the Pious. She is said to have insisted on his composing a Latin hymn in her honour, when he, not being in a mood for flattery, began to sing “_O constantia martyrum_” which she took as a personal compliment. Constance has ever since been a royal and noble name in France, but the unfortunate Breton duchess, mother of Arthur, probably received it as a supposed feminine to Conan, the name of her father. Italy made it Gostanza, and the Sicilian mother of Frederick II. transmitted it to Germany as Constanz, or Stanze. Her great granddaughter, the heiress of Manfred’s wrongs, took it to Spain as Constanza, the traces of which we see in the Custance, by which Chaucer calls that excellent daughter of Pedro the Cruel, who was the wife of John of Gaunt. After her time it was common in England, and it is startling to find a real Constance de Beverley in disgrace in the reign of Henry VIII., not, however, for forging Marmion’s letters, but for the much more excusable misdemeanour of attending the Marchioness of Exeter in a stolen visit to the Nun of Kent. In the times immediately after the Reformation, Constance died away, then came forth as Constantia in the Minerva press, and at present reigns among the favourite fancy names. Kostancia, Kotka, Stanca are used in the Slavonian countries, but far less commonly than the masculine Constantine, which is almost entirely disregarded by the Teuton side of Europe. SECTION VI.—_Crispus, &c._ Crispus (curled, or wrinkled), the same word which has produced our crisp; and the French _crépé_ (applied to hair), became a cognomen, and in late times produced Crispinus and Crispinianus, two brothers who accompanied St. Quentin when he preached the Gospel in France. They settled at Soissons, and there, while pursuing their mission, supported themselves by making shoes until their martyrdom, A.D. 287. Shoemakers, of course, adopted them as their patrons, and theirs was a universal holiday. “Oh! that we now had here But one ten thousand of those men in England Who do no work to-day.” That day being the 25th of October, that of the battle of Agincourt, of which King Henry augurs— “And Crispin, Crispian, shall ne’er go by, From this day to the ending of the world, But we in it shall be remembered.” Crispin has never been a frequent Christian name, but it has become a surname with us, and the French have Crêpin, Crêpet, and the Italians Crispino. _Crispin_ is still the French for a shoemaker’s last. Crêpin means a little stool which the Irish call a creepeen. Drusus, a cognomen in the Livian gens, was only accounted for among the Romans by a story that its first owner took it from having killed a chieftain in Gaul named Drausus. This word is explained by comparative philologists as firm or rigid in Keltic, _Drud_, strong, in Welsh, _droth_ in Erse. Either the Gaul was the real cause of the surname, or it is an instance of the Keltic element in old Italian. It is hardly worthy of notice, except that, in imitation of the sister and daughter of his patron Caligula, Herod Agrippa called his daughter by the feminine diminutive Drusilla, by which she appears by the side of Felix, hearing but little regarding the discourse of St. Paul. The name of Felix himself was an agnomen frequently assumed by peculiarly fortunate individuals. It meant happy, and has given rise to all manner of words of good augury in the modern languages. No less than eleven saints so called are numbered in the Roman calendar, and yet it has never been a popular name, though sometimes occurring in Spain and France in the original form, and as Felice in Italy. The feminines, Felicia and Félise, in England and France, have been constructed from it, and Felicia was Queen of Navarre in 1067; but the abstract idea, Felicitas (happiness), once worshipped as a goddess at Rome, named the slave-martyr of Carthage, who suffered with St. Perpetua. There was another Felicitas who, with her seven sons, under Antoninus Pius, presented a Christian parallel to the mother in the Maccabees. Felicità in Italy, and Félicité in France, are the votaries of one or others of these. Felix is adopted in Ireland as a substitute for Feidlim or Phelim (ever good). Faustus and Faustina are formed exactly in the same spirit of good augury, and Fausto is sometimes an Italian name.[65] ----- Footnote 65: Facciolati; Diefenbach; Smith; Butler; Anderson: _Irish Society_; Grimm. SECTION VII.—_Galerius, &c._ The Teutonic _helm_ (protection), turned in the Latin pronunciation into _galea_ (helmet), named the persecuting Emperor Galerius, and continued in Lombardy till it formed that of Galeazzo, which became notable among the Visconti of Milan, and was called by the French Galeas. Old Camden augured that the first Galearono was so called from all the cocks in Milan crowing at the time of his birth, and certainly, unless the frequent Roman cognomen Gallus indicates a partly Gallic extraction, it would either be one of the farming names, and show that the owner was notable for his poultry, or be a differently spelt variety from Galea or helmet. Galileo, Galilei, and Galeotti are all Italian continuations of this old Latin name—that is, if the great astronomer’s name be not in honour of Galilee. It is also possible that it may be connected with the Keltic _Gal_ (courage, or a stranger), which occurs again as the Irish saint who founded an abbey in Switzerland; but more of this in Keltic regions of names. Niebuhr considers the Prisci to have been the original Latin tribe, whose name acquired its sense of age from their antiquity, just as Gothic was at one time a French and English synonym for antiquated. Priscus was the Porcian cognomen, probably denoting the descent of the gens from the Prisci; and he whom we are accustomed to call Cato the elder, as a translation of Marcus Porcius Priscus Cato, was the first to add the second cognomen, the meaning of which is wary, from Catus, probably a contraction from Cautus (cautious). Priscus and Prisca are both found in the Roman martyrology; but to us the most interesting person thus named is Priscilla, the fellow-worker of St. Paul, in honour of whom this diminutive has had some prevalence in England, though somewhat of a puritan kind. Sabinus, of course indicating a Sabine family, occurs among the Flavii, and many other gentes. Sabina was the second name of that Poppæa, Nero’s wife, whose extravagances have become a proverb, who bathed in asses' milk, and shod her mules with gold. As a frequent cognomen, this was the name of many other women, and specially of a widow who was converted by her maid, Seraphia, to the Christian faith, and was martyred in Hadrian’s persecution. There is a church at Rome dedicated to her, which was formerly the first “Lent station,” a fact which commended her to the notice of the Germans, and has made Sabine frequent among them. Sabina is often found among the peasantry about Gloucester, but it is possible that this may be a corruption of Sabrina (the Severn). Serenus (serene, or good-tempered) was an old cognomen, and two saints were so called. Serena was the niece of Theodosius, and wife of Stilicho. Her appellation was chosen by Hayley for the heroine of his _Triumphs of Temper_; but it is more often imaginary than real. In Norway, however, it has been revived as an ornamental form of Siri, the contraction of Sigrid. Scipio means nothing but a staff; but it is a highly honourable title, since it was given to one of the Cornelii, who served as the staff of his old blind father; and the same filial piety distinguished the great Africanus when, at seventeen, he saved the life of his father in the battle of the Ticinus. Distinguished as is the cognomen it has not often been followed, though Scipione has occasionally occurred in Italy, and if Gil Blas may be trusted, in Spain. Traherne, an old Welsh name, is formed from Trajanus, which belonged to others besides the emperor, whose noble qualities had made such an impression on the Italian mind as to have led to the remarkable tradition that St. Gregory the Great had obtained permission to recall him from the grave, and convert him to the true faith. Torques (a neck-chain) gave the cognomen Torquatus to the fierce Lucius Manlius, who, having slain a gigantic Gaul in single combat, took the gold chain from about his neck, and hung it on his own; and who afterwards put his son, Titus Manlius Torquatus, to death for the breach of discipline in accepting a like challenge from a Tusculan noble. Torquato Tasso is the sole modern instance of the recurrence of the surname of this “Roman Father,” the northern Torquil being from an entirely different source, _i.e._ Thorgils (Thor’s pledge).[66] ----- Footnote 66: Pott; Michaelis; Camden; Diefenbach; _Philological Society_; Niebuhr; Butler; Dante; Arnold. SECTION VIII.—_Paullus and Magnus [small and large]._ The precedence must be given to the _less_ on account of its far greater dignity. There can be no doubt that the cognomen Paullus, or Paulus, the contraction of Pauxillus, originated with one of the Æmilian gens, who was small in stature. It was common in other gentes, though chiefly distinguished among the Æmilii, and was most probably the name by which “Saul of Tarsus” would have been enrolled as a citizen, either from its resemblance to his Jewish name, or from the person who had conferred liberty upon his parents. ┌───────────────┬───────────────┬───────────────┬───────────────┐ │ English. │ French. │ Italian. │ Portuguese. │ │Pawl │Pol │Paolo │Paulo │ │Paul │Paul │ │ │ │ │Paulot │ │ │ ├───────────────┼───────────────┼───────────────┼───────────────┤ │ Spanish. │ Wallachian. │ German. │ Russian. │ │Pablo │Pawel │Paul │Pavel │ │ │ │ ——————— │Pavlenka │ │ │ │ Dutch. │Pavluscha │ │ │ │Paultje │ │ ├───────────────┼───────────────┼───────────────┼───────────────┤ │ Illyrian. │ Lett. │ Hungarian. │ Lapp. │ │Pavl │Pavils │Pal │Pava │ │Pavle │ │Palko │Pavek │ │Pavo │ │ │ │ ├───────────────┴───────────────┴───────────────┴───────────────┤ │ FEMININE. │ ├───────────────┬───────────────┬───────────────┬───────────────┤ │ Italian. │ Spanish. │ Russian. │ Illyrian. │ │Paola │Pala │Paola │Pava │ ├───────────────┴───────────────┴───────────────┴───────────────┤ │ DIMINUTIVE. │ ├───────────────┬───────────────┬───────────────┬───────────────┤ │ Welsh. │ Italian. │ Spanish. │ Slavonic. │ │Peulan │Paolino │Paulino │Pavlin │ ├───────────────┴───────────────┴───────────────┴───────────────┤ │ FEMININE. │ ├───────────────┬───────────────┬───────────────┬───────────────┤ │ English. │ French. │ Italian. │ German. │ │Paulina │Pauline │Paolina │Pauline │ │ │Paulette │Paoletta │ ——————— │ │ │ │ │ Slavonic. │ │ │ │ │Pavlina │ └───────────────┴───────────────┴───────────────┴───────────────┘ Some, however, imagine that he assumed it out of compliment to the deputy, Sergius Paulus; others, that it was an allusion to his “weakness” of “bodily presence,” or that he took it in his humility, meaning that he was “less than the least of the Apostles.” Be that as it may, he has given it an honour entirely outshining that which is won from the Æmilii, and has spread Paul throughout Europe. The strong presumption that St. Paul preached the Gospel in Spain has rendered Pablo very common there; but, in fact, the name is everywhere more usual than in England, in spite of the tradition that the great Apostle likewise landed here, and the dedication of our great cathedral. Perhaps this may be owing to the fact that twelve other SS. Paul divide the allegiance of the Continent with the Apostle. Paula is not only honoured as his feminine, but as the name of the friend and correspondent of St. Jerome, the mother of Eustochium; and Paola is in consequence found in Italy. Paulinus (the lengthened form) became in Welsh, Pewlin, and also named three saints—among them our first Northumbria, bishop of York; but it has not been followed, except in Italy, by Paolina, and _there_ is, perhaps, a mere diminutive of Paulus. Yet the feminine is far more fashionable; and Paulina, Pauline, Paolina, are the favourite forms everywhere occurring. Perhaps Pauline became the more popular in France for the sake of that favourite grandchild whose Christian name is almost the only one mentioned in Madame de Sévigné’s letters. It was the only form commonly recognized in France; but it seems that the sister of Napoleon was commonly called Paulette in her own family. The direct Italian diminutive always seems to be a greater favourite with the southern blood than its relative from the northern _chen_. The adjective of size is another word of universal kindred, though not always with the same meaning. The Sanscrit _mahat_, and Persian _mi_ or _meah_, are close connections of the Gothic _mikils_ (which survives in mickle and muckle, and has furnished our much), and of the Greek μεγαλος or μεγας, and Roman _magnus_ and Slavonic _magi_. All these possibly may be remotely connected with the verb _magan_ (may), which is the source of _macht_ (might) in all Teutonic tongues. Magnus was an agnomen added as a personal distinction, as in the case of Pompey. It was never a name till long after the Roman empire was over, when Karl der Grösse, as his Franks called him, had been Latinized into Carolus Magnus, and honoured by the French as Charlemagne. St. Olaf of Norway was known to be a great admirer of Charlemagne, whose example he would fain have imitated, and his followers, by way of a pleasant surprise and compliment to him, before they woke him to announce to him the birth of his first son, christened the child, as they thought, after the latter half of the great Emperor Carolus Magnus. That child became a much-beloved monarch, under the denomination of King Magnus Barefoot, from his having established his identity on his return from Ireland, by the ordeal of walking unshod over red-hot ploughshares. In honour of his many excellencies, as King of Norway, the entire North uses his name of Magnus, and transplanted it to Ireland, where it flourished under the form of Manus, until it became the fashion to ‘Anglicize’ it into Manasses. The Scottish islands, where the population is Norse, likewise use Magnus as a baptismal name; and the Lapps have turned it into Manna, or Mannas. Maximus was likewise properly an individual agnomen of size, or of victory, as with Fabius Maximus; but it came to be a proper name, and was borne by Maximus the Monk, a great Greek ecclesiastic of the sixth century, as well as by many other obscure saints, from whom the Italians derive their Massimo, and the French Maxime, and the Welsh their old Macsen. Maxentius and Maximinus, both named not only persecuting emperors, but Christian martyrs, whence Maxime and Maximien. Maximilianus was one of the Seven Sleepers, but he is not the origin of the German imperial name. According to Camden, this was a compound invented by the Emperor Frederick VII., and bestowed on his son in his great admiration of Fabius Maximus and Scipio Æmilianus. “The Last of the Knights,” with his wild effrontery and spirited chamois-hunting might be despised by the Italians, as _Massimiliano Pochi Danari_; but he was beloved by the Austrians as “Our Max.” His great grandson, Maximilian II., contributed to the popularity of his unwieldy name, and Max continues to be one of the favourite German appellations, from the archduke to the peasant, to the present day; and has even thrown out the feminine Maximiliane. The Poles and Illyrians use _ks_ instead of _x_ in spelling it. SECTION IX.—_Rufus, &c._ Rufus, the red or ruddy, was a cognomen of various families, and was, in fact, one of the adjectives occurring in the nomenclature of almost every nation; and chiefly of those where a touch of Keltic blood has made the hair vary between red and black. Flavius, Fulvius, Rufus, and an occasional Niger, were the Roman names of complexion; and it is curious to find the single instances of Chlorus (the yellow), occurring in the Flavian family. The Biondi of Italy claim to be the Flavii, and thence the Blound, Count de Guisnes, companion of William the Conqueror, took the name now Blount! Rufus is, indeed, the Latin member of the large family of which we spoke in mentioning the Greek Rhoda; and the Kelts had, in plenty, their own Ruadh or Roy; nevertheless, such as fell under Roman dominion adopted the Roman Rufus or Rufinus; and it passed on by tradition in Wales, as Gruffin, Gruffydd, or as the English caught it and spelt it, correctly representing the sound of _dd_, Griffith. It was the name of many Welsh princes, and has passed into a frequent surname. In its Gruffin stage, it passed into the commonwealth of romance. Among the British names that had worked through the lost world of minstrelsy, to reappear in the cycle with which Italian poets graced the camp and court of Charlemagne, is Grifone, a descendant of Bevis of Hampton. By this time, no doubt, his name was supposed to be connected with the Griffin, that creature with _griffes_, or claws; that after having served in earlier times, as with Dante, to represent the Italian idea of the vision of the cherubim, had been gradually degraded to a brilliant portion of the machinery of romance. No doubt the Italians who bore the name of Grifone, thought more of the “right Griffin” and the true knight, than of the ruddy Roman whose Ruffino or Ruffo was still left lingering among them; together with Rufina, the name of a virgin martyr. Rufus is, for some reason or other, rather a favourite at present with our American neighbours. Niger (the black) was a cognomen of various Romans of no great note, and distinguished a teacher from Antioch, mentioned in the Acts. The diminutive Nigellus seems to have been adopted in France, by the Normans, as a translation of the Nial which they had brought from Norway, after having learned it of the Gael, in whose tongue it means the noble. In Domesday Book, twelve proprietors are recorded as Nigel, both before and after the Conquest, being probably Danish Nials thus reduced to the Neustrian French Latin. Of these was Nigel de Albini (_temp._ William I.), and Nigel de Mowbray (_temp._ Henry II.). The influx of Anglo-Normans into Scotland introduced this new-fashioned Nigel, and it was adopted as the English form of Niel, and has since become almost exclusively confined to Scotland, where it is a national name, partly perhaps in memory of the untimely fate of Niel or Nigel Bruce; and among the covenanters, for the sake of the fierce Nigel Leslie, Master of Rothes. It has shared the fate of Colin and of the true Nial, and has been taken for Nicolas. The French used a like name, which Froissart spells Nesle; but this is probably from the inference that a lengthened sound of _e_ infers a silent _s_. CHAPTER V. NAMES FROM ROMAN DEITIES. SECTION I. A short chapter must be given to the modern names that, in spite of the canon prohibiting the giving of names of heathen gods in baptism, are either those of Latin divinities, or are derived from them. These, though few in number, are more than are to be found in the Greek class, from the fact that where a Roman deity had become identified with a Greek one, the Latin name was used throughout Western Europe in all translations, and only modern criticism has attempted to distinguish between the distinct myths of the two races. Most of these are, or have been, in use either in France or England, the modern countries most under the dominion of fancy with regard to names. Aurora (the dawn), so called, it is said, from _aurum_ (gold), because of the golden light she sheds before her, assumed all the legends attached by the Greeks to their Eos, whose rosy fingers unbarred the gates of day. When the Cinque-cento made classic lore the fashion, Aurore came into favour with the fair dames of France, and has ever since there continued in vogue, occasionally passing into Germany. In Illyria, the dawn and the lady are both called Zora, and she in endearment Zorana.[67] Bellona was not a goddess whose name one would have expected to find renewed in Christian times, yet instances have been found of it in England among those who probably had some idea that it was connected with beauty instead of with _bellum_ (war). In effect, hers is not quite a proper name, being really an adjective, with the noun understood, _Bellona Dea_ (the war goddess). An infant born in the streets of Weimar during the sack that followed the battle of Jena was named Angelina Bellona, as having been an angel of comfort to her parents in the miseries of war. She became a great musician, and won renown for her name in her own land.[68] The old Latin deities were often in pairs, masculine and feminine. Divus, that part of their title that is still recognized as belonging to the supernatural, is from the same source as the Sanscrit _deva_, Persian _dev_, Greek δῖος, 0εός, Zeus, and was applied to all. Divus Janus and Diva Jana were one of these pairs, who presided over day and night, as the sun and moon. Divajana became Diana; and as groves were sacred to her, and she was as pure a goddess as Vesta, there was every reason for identifying her with the Greek Artemis, and giving her possession of the temple of Ephesus, and the black stone image that “fell down from Jupiter,” or the sky; she had Apollo given as her fellow instead of Janus, and thenceforth was the goddess of the silver bow, daughter of Jupiter and Latona, as Artemis had been of Zeus and Leto. Her name slept as a mere pagan device till the sixteenth century, when romances of chivalry gave place to the semi-classical pastoral, of which Greece was usually the scene. Jorge de Montemayor, the Spanish gentleman who led the way in this flowery path, named his heroine, Diana, and she was quickly copied by the sponsors of Diane de Poitiers, the fair widow whose colours of black and white were worn by Henry II. of France even to his last fatal tournament. Diane thus became so fashionable in France, that when the Cavalier court was there residing, the English caught the fashion, and thenceforth Lady Dye at times appeared among the Ladies Betty and Fanny of the court. In the lower classes, Diana seems to be at times confused with the Scriptural Dinah, though it may sometimes be adopted as a Bible name, since a peasant has been known to pronounce that he well knew who was “greatest ‘Diana of the Ephesians,’—a great lady of those parts, and very charitable to the poor.” At Rome Jewesses now alone bear it, and Italian Christians consequently despise it, and only give it to dogs. However, in the eighteenth century, a Monna Diana existed at Florence, who is recorded as an example of the benefits of a heavy head wrapper, for a large stone fell upon her head from a building, and she took it for a small pebble! Diana’s fellow, Divus Janus, had a very different career. He was sometimes called Dianus, but much more commonly Janus, and from being merely the sun, he became allegorical of the entire year, and had a statue with four faces for the seasons, and hands pointing the one to 300, the other to 55, thus making up the amount of days then given to the year; and before him were twelve altars, one for each month. He thus presided over the beginning of everything, and the first month of the year was from him called Januarius, as were all gates _jani_, and doors _januæ_; and above all, that gate between the Sabines and the Romans, which was open when they were friends, shut when they were foes. When the two nations had become thoroughly fused together, the gate grew to a temple; but the ceremony of shutting the doors was still followed on the rare occasions when Rome was at peace, and of opening them when at war to let the god go out, as it was now said, to help the Romans. This idea of peace, however, turned Janus into a legendary peaceful monarch, who only wore two heads that he might look both ways to see either side of a question, and keys were put into his hand as the guardian of each man’s gate. His own special gate continued to be called Janicula, and his name passed from the door, _janua_, to the porter, _janitor_; and thence in modern times to St. Peter, who, bearing the keys, was called by the Italians, _il Janitore di Cielo_, and thence the fish, which was thought to bear the mark of St. Peter’s thumb, was _il janitore_, or, as we call it, the John Dory, if not from its gilded scales, _dorée_ or _dorado_. Its Spanish name of San Pedro would favour the janitor theory. The month of Janus, Janvier, January, Gennaro, Januar, has kept its name, like all the other months of the Roman calendar, in spite of the French attempt to displace them with Glacial, Pluvial, &c. Birth in the month of January occasioned the name of Januarius to be given to various persons in the time of the Roman empire, to one of the seven sons of St. Felicitas, to a martyr whose day is the 13th of October, and especially to St. Januarius, of Beneventum, who in the persecution of Diocletian was thrown to wild beasts at Pozzuoli, and on their refusal to hurt him, was beheaded. His blood was already a religious curiosity before the eighth century, when it was thought to have delivered Naples from an eruption of Mount Vesuvius, and it furnishes one of the most questionable and most hotly-defended miracles of the Church of Rome. After this Gennaro cannot fail to be a very frequent Neapolitan Christian name.[69] SECTION II.—_Florentius._ The goddess of flowers was called from their Latin name _flos_, the same that has passed into all European languages except the German. In late times the name of Florus was formed from that of the goddess, and is memorable as that of the procurator, whose harshness drove the Jews to their last rebellion. Flora was probably first used merely as the feminine of Florus. There is a church at Florence to SS. Fiore and Lucilla, otherwise the first occurrence of any variety of Flora is in Roman-Gothic Spain, where the unhappy daughter of Count Julian was called by the Spanish diminutive Florinda, and thus caused the name to be so much detested, that while Spanish ballads called her _la Cava_, the wicked, her Christian name was only bestowed upon dogs, and curiously enough it was the little spaniel (a Spanish breed), for which Flora was considered in England as an appropriate name. A Spanish maiden, however, who was martyred by the Moors in 851, brought Flora into better repute; and Flore became known to the French, though probably first adopted as a romantic epithet; and through the close connection between France and Scotland, it passed to the latter country, the especial land of floral names, and there became frequent as the English equivalent to the Gaelic Finghin. It was spelt as Florie by the island heroine of the '45. Florentius was the natural product of the goddess Flora, and named a female saint, Florentia, martyred with two others, both men, in Diocletian’s persecution in Gaul, and commemorated by a monastery built over the spot. St. Florentius was likewise a Gaul, and was sent by St. Martin to preach in Poitou. His relics were at first at Saumur, but in the eleventh century were taken to Roye, and in the time of Louis XI., were divided between the two cities. As an Angevin saint, he quite accounts for the prevalence of Florence in the masculine gender among the Anglo-Norman nobles of the middle ages; but it soon died away. The recent revival is chiefly owing to the name having been given to English girls born at the Italian city so called, and it has since acquired a deeper and dearer honour in the person of Florence Nightingale. From the city, or else as a diminutive of Florentius, arose Florentinus, a name borne by various distinguished persons in the latter days of the empire, and saintly in the person of a martyr of Burgundy. Florentina was one of the daughters of St. Leander, of Spain, and the relics of these saints scattered the names of Florentin and Florentine over a wide extent in France. Besides these, should be mentioned the romantic name, Blanchefleur. It is given to Sir Trystan’s mother, and probably translates some Keltic name analogous to the Erse Blathnaid, Finbil, and Finscoth, all of which mean white flower. The Irish Florence, or Flory, so common among the peasantry, is intended for Finghin, or Fineen (fair offspring); also for Flann, Fithil, and Flaithri.[70] ----- Footnote 67: Keightley; Michaelis. Footnote 68: Keightley; Smith; Key, _Latin Grammar_; Madame Scopenhauer, _Memoirs_. Footnote 69: Keightley; Smith; Bouterwek; _Istoria de Firenze_; Brand; Butler; _Spanish Literature_. Footnote 70: Smith; Butler; _Irish Society_; Pott. SECTION III.—_Laurentius._ It appears natural to refer Laurentius direct to _laurus_ (the bay or laurel); but there is reason to think that it, as well as the tree, must go farther back to the dim vestiges of early Roman mythology. From the Etruscans the Romans learnt the beautiful idea of guardian spirits around their hearths, whom they called by the Etruscan word _lar_ or _lars_; meaning lord or master. The spirits of great statesmen or heroes became public _lares_, and watched over the welfare of the city; those of good men, or of innocent infants under forty days old, were the _lares_ of their home and family. Their images, covered with dogskins, and with the figure of a dog beside them, were placed beside every hearth; and, curiously enough, are the origin of the name dogs, still applied to the supports on either side of a wood fire-place. They were made to partake in every household festival; cups were set apart, in which a portion of every meal was poured out to them; the young bride, on being carried across her husband’s threshold, made her first obeisance to these household spirits of his family; and on the nones, ides, and calends of each month, when the master returned from the war, or on any other occasion of joy, the lares were crowned with wreaths and garlands. Pairs of lares stood in niches at the entrance of the streets; other lares guarded districts in the country; and the lares of all Rome had a temple to themselves, where stood twin human figures with a dog between them. All these wore green crowns on festival days, especially on those of triumph; and thus there can be little doubt that the evergreen whose leaves were specially appropriated to the purpose was thence called _laurus_, as the poplar was from forming people’s crowns. The special feast of the lares was on the 22nd of December, and it was immediately followed by that of a female deity called Lara, Larunda, Larentia, Laurentia, or Acca Laurentia, who was termed in old Latin _genita mana_ (good mother), received the sacrifice of a dog, and was entreated that no good domestic slave might depart. Thus much custom had preserved to the Romans; but when Greek mythology came in, flooding and corrupting all their own, poor Laurentia was turned into a nymph, so given to chattering (λαλιά) that Jupiter punished her by cutting out her tongue and sending her, in charge of Mercury, to the lower world; and the lares, now allowed to be only two, were made into her children and those of Mercury. Another story, wishing to account for all traditions in one, made her into the woman who nursed Romulus and Remus, and thus disposed of her and of the she-wolf at once, and made the twelve rural Lares her sons; whilst a third version degraded her, like Flora, and made her leave all her property to the state, in the time of Ancus Martius. Laurentius does not occur in early history; but it belonged to the gentle Roman deacon who, on the 10th of August, 258, showed the “poor and the maimed, the halt and the blind,” as the treasures of the Church, and was martyred, by being roasted over a fire on bars of iron. Constantine built a church on his tomb, and seven other Churches at Rome are likewise dedicated to him. Pope Adrian gave some of his relics to Charlemagne, who took them to Strasburg, and thus rendered him one of the regnant saints in Germany, where the prevalence of shooting stars on the night of his feast has occasioned those meteors to be called St. Lorenz’s sparks. In fact, his gentle nature, his peculiar martyrdom, and his church at Rome, caused him to be a saint of universal popularity; and a fresh interest was conferred on him, in Spanish eyes, by Philip II.’s belief that the battle of St. Quentin, fought on his day, was won by his intercession, and the consequent dedication of the gridiron-palace convent of the Escurial to him. Besides the original saint, England owns St. Laurentius among the band of Roman missionaries who accompanied St. Augustine, and, in succession, became archbishops of Canterbury. When England, in her turn, sent forth missionaries, another Laurence preached the Word in the North, with such effect as to compel the Trollds themselves to become church builders, much against their will, and to leave his name, cut down into Lars, its primitive form, as a favourite in all Scandinavia. In Ireland, Laurence, whose name I strongly suspect to have been Laghair, a son of Maurice O'Tuathail, of Leinster, was archbishop of Dublin at the time of the conquest by the Norman adventurers, and was thus brought into close connection with Canterbury and with Rome, knitting the first of the links that have made the Irish so abject in their devotion to the Papal See. It was probably on this account that he was canonized, but he was also memorable as one of the builders of St. Patrick’s cathedral at Dublin, and for his charities during a terrible famine, when he supported as many as 300 destitute children. It is he who has rendered Lanty and Larry so common among the Irish peasantry. Besides all these, the modern Venetian saint, Lorenzo Justiniani, worthily maintained the honour of the Christian name already so illustrious in excellence, and it has continued in high esteem everywhere, though, perhaps, less common in England than on the Continent. Germany is the place of its special reign; and in the Harz mountains, to bow awkwardly is called _krummer Lorenz machen_. ┌───────────────┬───────────────┬───────────────┬───────────────┐ │ English. │ Scotch. │ Irish. │ French. │ │Lawrence │Lawrence │Laurenc │Laurent │ │Laurence │Laurie │Lanty │ │ │Larkin │ │Larry │ │ ├───────────────┼───────────────┼───────────────┼───────────────┤ │ Italian. │ Spanish. │ Portuguese. │ Swiss. │ │Lorenzo │Lorenzo │Laurençho │Lori │ │Renzo │ │ │Lenz │ │ │ │ │Enz │ │ │ │ │Enzali │ ├───────────────┼───────────────┼───────────────┼───────────────┤ │ German. │ Wallachian. │ Swedish. │ Danish. │ │Lorenz │Lavrentia │Laurentius │Lorenz │ │ │ │Lars │Lars │ │ │ │ │Lauritz │ ├───────────────┼───────────────┼───────────────┼───────────────┤ │ Norse. │ Russian. │ Polish. │ Bohemian. │ │Laurans │Lavrentij │Vavrzynec │Vavrinec │ │Jörens │ │ │ │ │Larse │ │ │ │ ├───────────────┼───────────────┼───────────────┼───────────────┤ │ Slovak. │ Lithuanian. │ Lapp. │ Hungarian. │ │Lovre │Labrenzis │Laur │Lörencz │ │ │Brenzis │Laures │ │ │ │Lauris │Laura │ │ │ │ │Raulus │ │ └───────────────┴───────────────┴───────────────┴───────────────┘ Some languages have the feminine, but it is not frequent anywhere. The Italian Lorenza is, perhaps, the most frequent. The name of Laura is a great perplexity. It _may_ be taken from Laurus, and ladies so called consider St. Laurence as their patron; but it may also be from the word Laura, the Greek Λαβρα, or Λαυρα, meaning an avenue, the same as labyrinth, and applied to the clusters of hermitages which were the germ of monasteries. Or again, a plausible derivation is that Lauretta might have commemorated the laurel-grove, or Loreto, whither Italian superstition declared that the angels transported the holy house of Nazareth away from the Turkish power on the conquest of Palestine. Those who call the milky-way the Santa Strada di Loretto, might well have used this as one of their varied forms of seeking the patronage of the Blessed Virgin. The chief objection that I can find to this theory is, that the first Lauretta that I have met with was a Flemish lady, in 1162; the next was a daughter of William de Braose, Lord of Bramber, in the time of King John, a period antecedent to the supposed migration of the holy house, which did not set out on its travels till 1294. Others think it the same with Eleonora, which I cannot believe; but, at any rate, it was the Provençal Lora de Sades, so long beloved of Petrarch, who made this one of the favourite romantic and poetical names, above all, in France, where it is Laure, Lauretta, Loulou.[71] ----- Footnote 71: Smith; Keightley; Loudon, _Arboretum_; Butler; Jameson; Grimm; Pott; Michaelis; Dugdale; Hanmer, _Chronicle of Ireland_. SECTION IV.—_Sancus._ Sancus, or Sanco-Sancus, was the divinity who presided over oaths, and guarded the marriage vow and treaties between nations. He was afterwards mixed up with Hercules, and so entirely forgotten that his altar was long supposed to have been an early Christian erection bearing the word sanctus. This word is the past participle of the verb _sancire_ (to decree). It was equivalent to instituted, and was gradually applied to mark the institutions of religion. That “all the congregation are holy,” all under sanctification, all once at least saints, was a faith strong in the Church, and prompted the name of Sanctus among the first Christians. One Sanctus was a deacon of the band of martyrs at Lyons, and another Sanctus was a Christian physician of Otriculum, a city of central Italy, and was put to death under the Antonines. There is some doubt whether he is the same physician of Otriculum who is also called St. Medicus. Sanctus was the favourite patron in Provence, Biscay, and Navarre; and Sancho and Sancha were constantly in royal use in the early kingdoms of the struggling Christians of Spain; though as royalty and nobility became weary of what was national and peculiar, they were left to the peasantry, and would have been entirely forgotten, but for that wonderful personification of the shrewd, prosaic, selfish, yet faithful element in human nature, Sancho Panza, whom Cervantes has made one of the most typical yet individual characters of literature. The Provençals had both the masculine and feminine forms in frequent use; and the co-heiress of Provence, who married our Richard, Earl of Cornwall, king of the Romans, was Sancia, or Sancie; but the name did not take root in England, and sorely puzzled some of our old genealogists, who record the lady as Cynthia, Scientia, or Science. This last name actually occurs several times in the seventeenth century, both in Latin and English, in the register of a small Hampshire parish; but whether meant for Sancha, or chosen in love for abstract knowledge, those who named ‘Science Dear’ alone could tell. Italy, as in duty bound, remembered her saintly physician as Sancto at Rome, and Sanzio with the ‘lingua Toscana,’ where it came as a family name to the greatest of painters.[72] SECTION V.—_Old Italian Deities._ Februus was the old Italian god both of the dead and of fertility, to whom February was sacred. The word is thought to mean purification, but after the Etruscan deities were forgotten, Juno, who had also a share in the month, absorbed it all, and was called Juno Februata. Thence, probably, arose the name of Febronia, a nun of Sibapolis on the borders of Assyria, who suffered horrid torments under her persecutors, and was at last beheaded. She is venerated by the Greek Church on the 25th of June, and suggested to Russia the names Fevronia, or Khevronia. Though not divine, the name of Lavinia should be mentioned here as that of a mythical personage imitated by the moderns, though not by the Romans themselves. In Livy and in Virgil, she is the daughter of King Latinus, and the last wife of Æneas, in whose right he obtained a footing in Italy. Niebuhr and his followers deny her existence, and make her a mere personification of the Latin territory, and whether this be the case or not, hers is certainly a feminine form of Latinus, the _t_ changed to _v_, as happened in other instances. The classical Italians of the Cinque-cento revived Lavinia for their daughters; and by way of recommending the story of the Book of Ruth to the taste of the eighteenth century, Thomson had the audacity to translate the Moabitess into “the lovely young Lavinia,” whence it has happened that this has become rather a favourite with those classes in England who have a taste for many syllables ending in _ia_. Picus was another old Italian deity who used to be represented with a woodpecker on his head. Whether he or the woodpecker first had the name of Picus does not appear; but in English that term passed to the pyot or magpie, and some recurrence to old tradition caused Pico to be revived in Italy in the person of the famous Pico de Mirandola and his namesakes. From _fors_ (chance) came Fortuna, the goddess of prosperity and success. She was said on entering Rome to have thrown away her globe, and shed her wings like a queen-ant, to denote that here she took up her permanent abode. She was adored at Rome as early as the reign of Ancus Martius, and to her was ascribed the success of the women’s entreaty in turning away the wrath of Coriolanus. Her name does not appear to have been used in the heathen times, but in 212 SS. Felix and Fortunatus were martyred at Valence in Dauphiné, and it was probably from the latter that Fortunio became a name among the early Asturian and Navarrese sovereigns. What shall we think of the augury of names when we find in the parish register of St. John’s, Newcastle, on the 20th of June, 1599, the marriage of Umphraye Hairope, husbandman, to Fortune Shafto, gentlewoman? A pair of twins, girls, of the Wycliffe family, born in 1710, were christened Favour and Fortune; and Fortune is a surname in Scotland.[73] ----- Footnote 72: Butler; Keightley; Smith. Footnote 73: Niebuhr; Arnold; Surius; Keightley; Sir O. Sharpe, _Extracts from Parish Registers_. SECTION VI.—_Quirinus._ Quirinus, one of the oldest of the war-gods, was called from the Oscan _quiris_ (a spear), which likewise was the source of the old Roman name of Quirites, and of that of the Quirinal Hill. Spearmen alike were the Quirites and their unconquerable foes; the Gjermanner, the Germans, nay, probably _gher_ and _quiris_ are the very same word, equally related to the Keltic _coir_. Others, however, call Quirinus the mere personified god of the town of Cures. When all had become confusion in the Roman mind as to their old objects of worship, and they had mingled them with “gods whom their fathers knew not,” they took it into their heads that Quirinus was the deified Romulus who had been transported to the skies by his father, Mars, in the middle of a muster of his warriors in the Campus Martius; and when a still later age distrusted this apotheosis, some rationalist Roman suggested that, weary of Romulus' tyranny, the senators had secretly assassinated him during the review, and to prevent detection had cut his body to pieces, each carried a portion home under his toga, and professed to have beheld the translation to the skies. Quirinus had become a cognomen at the Christian era, but first occurs as a Christian name in 304, when St. Quirinus was Bishop of Siscia on the Save, and after a good confession before the tyrant Maximus, was dragged in chains through the cities on the banks of the Danube, and then drowned at Sabaria, now Sarwar. His relics were afterwards taken to Rome, but are now said to be in Bavaria; and in his honour Cyran has become a French name. As a saint connected with Germany, various chapters arose in commemoration of him; and Mrs. Elizabeth Carter describes her meeting with a pretty little _chanoinesse_ at Spa, who wore her medal of St. Quirinus, but was able to give so little account of him that Mrs. Carter, better read in Roman history than in hagiology, concluded him to be the “Saint who built Rome and killed his brother.” Quirinius was the name of the Roman governor whom St. Luke called in Greek Κυρήνιος, and our translators render Cyrenius. The name of Romulus is thought by many to have been a mere myth made out of that of his city Roma, a word that probably signified strength, and was no inappropriate title for that empire of iron. Ῥώμη is the Greek word for strength; the same root is found in the Latin _robur_, and it may be in the Teutonic _ruhm_ (fame). Others say that _groma_ (a cross-road) was the origin of this most famous of all local titles. However this may be, after Romulus Augustulus had seen the twelve centuries of Rome fulfilled, Romolo still lingered on as a name in Italy; the first bishop of Fiesole was thus named, and was so popular at Florence, that Catherine dei Medici was actually christened Romola. When to be a Roman citizen was the highest benefit a man of a subject nation could enjoy, Romanus was treated as a cognomen. Pliny had two friends so called. There are seven saints thus named, and three Byzantine emperors. But when Teuton sway had made a Roman the meanest and most abject epithet, Romain or Romano died away in popularity, and only occurs now and then in French genealogy, though it is still used in Italy. They must not be confounded with Romeo and Romuald, which are genuine Teutonic.[74] ----- Footnote 74: Diefenbach; Arnold; Livy; Butler. SECTION VII.—_Sibylla._ The Sibyls were beings peculiar to Roman mythology, prophetesses half human, half divine, living to a great age, but not immortal. Etymologists used to interpret their name as coming from the Greek Ζεύς and βουλή (Zeus' councils), but it is far more satisfactorily explained as coming from _sabius_, or _sabus_, an old Italian, but not a Latin word, which lives still in the vernacular _Sabio_, thus making Sibulla signify a wise old woman. Old, indeed! for the Cumean Sibyl, who guided Æneas to the infernal regions, was likewise said to be the same who brought the prophetic books for sale to Tarquinius Priscus, and on each refusal of the sum that she demanded for them, carried them off, destroyed one, and brought the rest back rated at a higher price. The single remaining roll bought by the king was said to contain all the mysterious prophecies that were afterwards verified by the course of events, and above all, that prediction of the coming rule of peace, which Virgil, following Theocritus, embodied in his eclogue as fulfilled in Augustus. That eclogue, flattery though it were, won for Virgil his semi-Christian fame, and caused the learned men of Italy to erect the Sibyls into the personifications of heathen presages of Gospel truth— “Teste David cum Sibylla,” as says the glorious hymn uniting the voices of Hebrew and Gentile prophecy; and in this character do Michel Angelo’s magnificent Sibyls adorn the Sistine Chapel; though later painters, such as Guido and Domenichino, made them mere models of female intellectual beauty. Sibilla, probably through the influence of Campania upon nomenclature, early spread as a Christian name. Possibly the word was the more acceptable to Northern ears from its resemblance to the Gothic _sibja_ (peace, or friendship), the word familiar to us as the Scottish _sib_ (related), forming with us the last syllable of gossip, in its old sense of god-parent. Thence came Sippia, Sib, or Sif, the lovely wife of Thor, whose hair was cut off by Lok, and its place supplied by golden tresses, which some consider to mean the golden harvest. Perhaps it was this connection that recommended the Italian Sibila to the Norman chivalry. At any rate, Sibila of Conversana was the wife of Robert of Normandy, and Sibille soon travelled into France, and belonged to that Angevin Queen of Jerusalem, whose many marriages gave so much trouble to the Crusaders. It was very frequent among English ladies of Norman blood; and in Spain, Sevilla, or Sebilla, is frequent in the earlier ballads. Sibella, Sibyl, or Sibbie, is most frequent of all in Ireland and Scotland; but I believe that this is really as the equivalent for the ancient Gaelic Selbhflaith (lady of possessions). Russia has the name as Ssivilla; the Lithuanians call it Bille; and the Esthonians, Pil. Sibilley is the form in which it appears in a Cornish register in 1692; in 1651 it is Sibella.[75] SECTION VIII.—_Saturn, &c._ Saturnus was a mythical king of ancient Italy, peaceful, and given to agriculture, indeed, his name is thought to come from _satus_ (sown). It is very odd that he should have become the owner of all the fame of the Greek Kronos, infanticide, planet rings, and all; but so completely has he seized upon them that we never think of him as the god of seed-time, but only as the discarded king of heaven and father of Jupiter. We should have little to do with him were it not that the later Romans formed from him the name of Saturninus, which belonged to sundry early saints, and furnished the old Welsh Sadwrn. Sylvanus was a deity called from _sylva_ (a wood), the protector of husbandmen and their crops, in the shape of an old man with a cypress-tree in his hand. His had become a Roman name just before the Christian era, and belonged to the companion of St. Paul, who is called Sylvanus in the Epistles, and, by the contraction, Silas in the Acts. This contracted form, Silas, has been revived in England as a Scripture name. St. Sylvanus, or Silverius, was a pope whom his Church esteems a martyr, as he died in the hands of Belisarius; but sylvan, or salvage, was chiefly used in the middle ages to express a dweller in a forest, rude and hardly human. Silvano, Selvaggio, or Silvestro, was generally the name of monsters with shaggy locks, clubs, and girdles of ivy leaves, who appeared in romance; and Guidon Selvaggio was the rustic knight of Boiardo and Ariosto. Occasionally these words became names, and about the year 1200, Sylvestro Gozzolini, of Osimo, founded an order of monks, who, probably, are the cause that Sylvester became known in Ireland as a Christian name, and has come to us as a surname, while the French have it as Sylvestre. The son of Æneas and Lavinia was said to have been born in a wood, and therefore called Æneas Silvius, and his name was given to one of the Piccolomini family, Enea Silvio, afterwards pope; and also belonged to an historian. Sylvain, Sylvan, Sylvius, Sylvia became favourite names for shepherds and shepherdesses in the time of the pastoral romance; Sylvia turned into a poetical name for a country maid, and has since been used as a village Christian name, having been perhaps first chosen by some fanciful Lady Bountiful. CHAPTER VI. MODERN NAMES FROM THE LATIN. There still remain a class of names derived from the Latin, being chiefly Latin words formed into names. Some of them answer to the class that we have called Christian Greek, being compound words assumed as befitting names by early Roman Christians, such as Deusvult. There are fewer of these than of the like Greek designations, both from the hereditary system of nomenclature, and from the language being less suitable for such formations than the Greek, which was so well known to all educated Romans that a Greek appellation would convey as much meaning as a Latin one, and in that partially veiled form that always seems to have been preferred in nomenclature in the later ages of nations. Some, however, either from sound, sense, or association, have become permanent Christian names in one or more nations; and with these, for the sake of convenience, have been classed those formed from Latin roots, and which, though coined when their ancestral language was not only dead but corrupt, are too universal to be classed as belonging to any single country of modern Europe, though sometimes the product of a Romance tongue rather than of genuine Latin, or appearing in cognate languages in different forms; cousins, in fact, not brethren, and sometimes related to uncles sprung from the elder tongue. SECTION I.—_From Amo._ Of these are all the large class of names sprung from _amo_, which has descended into all the Southern languages of Western Europe nearly unaltered. The Gallic Christians seem to have had a particular delight in calling their children by derivatives of this word; for in their early times there occur in the calendar, Amabilis (loveable), Amator (a lover), Amandus (about to be loved), and Amatus and Amata (loved); Amadeus (loving God) seems to have been still older. Out of this collection, St. Amand has survived as a territorial surname; whilst Amanda, from its meaning, was one of the complimentary _noms de plume_ of the eighteenth century; and Amandine is sometimes found in France. Amabilis was a male saint of Riom, known to France as St. Amable; nevertheless, his name passed to Aimable, the Norman heiress of Gloucester, who so strongly protested against accepting even a king’s son without a surname. Her name became on English lips Amabel, which has been handed down unchanged in a few old English families, though country lips have altered it into Mabel, in which form it is still used among the northern peasantry. Ignorant etymologists have tried to make it come from _ma belle_ (my fair one), and lovers of false ornament turn it into Mabella. Nothing is known of the female saint, Amata, or Aimée, but that the people of Northern France used to honour her, and she had namesakes in old French pedigrees, so that there can be little doubt that Norman families brought in the pretty simple Amy that has never been entirely disused, and has been a frequent peasant name in the West of England. St. Amatus, or Amé, was about the end of the seventh century a hermit in the Valais, and afterwards became Bishop of Sion, and was persecuted by one of the Merovingian kings. He thus became the patron saint of Savoy, and for a long succession the Counts were called Amé; but after a time, they altered the name to Amadeus, Amadée, or Amadeo, as it was differently called on the two sides of the mountain principality, and as it has continued to the present time. Amyot and Amyas in England, and in Romance the champion Amadis de Gaul, drew their names from this Savoyard source. This notable knight is believed to have been invented in Spain, and the Italians call him Amadigi. It is possible, however, that he may come from the Kymry, for Amaethon, son of Don, appears in the _Mabinogion_, and was a mystic personage in Welsh mythology. His name meant the husbandman, another offshoot from the universal Amal. He must have been the Sir Amadas of the Round Table. The old English Amicia, so often found in old pedigrees, is probably a Latinizing of Aimée. The most notable instance of it is Amicia, the daughter of the Earl of Leicester, who brought her county to the fierce old persecutor, Simon de Montfort, and left it to the warlike earl, who imprisoned Henry III. His sister carried Amicie into the Flemish family of De Roye, where it continued in use, and it descended again into Amice in England. Amadore was in use in Florence, cut into Dore.[76] ----- Footnote 75: Max Müller, _Science of Language_; Keightley; Ruskin; Grimm; Michaelis. Footnote 76: Butler; Pott; Dugdale; _Mabinogion_; Lady C. Guest; Dunlop, _Fiction_. SECTION II.—_Names from Beo._ The old verb _beo_ (to make happy or bless) formed the participle _beatus_ (happy or blessed), which was applied by the Church to her departed members, and in time was bestowed on the living. Indeed, in France, _béate_ was so often applied to persons who lived in the profession of great sanctity, that _une vieille béate_ has now come to be used in the sense of a hypocritical pretender. St. Beatus, or Béat, was an anchorite near Vendôme, in the fifth century; but we do not find instances of his patronage having been sought for men, though in England Beata is a prevailing female name in old registers and on tombstones up to the seventeenth century, when it dies away, having, I strongly suspect, been basely confounded with Betty. Beata and Bettrys are however still used in Wales. This last stands for Beatrice (a blesser), which seems to have been first brought into this island as a substitute for the Gaelic Bethoc (life), of which more in its place. The original Beatrix, the feminine of Beator (a blesser), is said to have been first borne by a Christian maiden, who, in Diocletian’s persecution, drew the bodies of her martyred brothers from the Tiber, and buried them: afterwards she shared their fate, and her relics were enshrined in a church at Rome, whence her fame spread to all adjacent countries; and her name was already frequent when Dante made the love of his youth, Beatrice Portinari, the theme of his _Vita Nuova_, and his guide through Paradise. Thus it was a truly national name at Florence; and Shakespeare used the Italian spelling for his high-spirited heroine, thus leading us to discard the old Latin _x_. It has been a queenly name in Spain, but less common here than it deserves. ┌────────────┬────────────┬────────────┬────────────┬────────────┐ │ English. │ Welsh. │ French. │ Italian. │ Spanish. │ │Beatrix │Bettrys │Béatrix │Beatrice │Beatriz │ │Trix │ │ │Bice │ │ │Beatrice │ │ │ │ │ ├────────────┼────────────┼────────────┼────────────┼────────────┤ │Portuguese. │ German. │ Russian. │ Slavonic. │ │ │Beatrix │Beatrix │Beatriks │Beatrica │ │ └────────────┴────────────┴────────────┴────────────┴────────────┘ This same _beo_ is said to be the source of _benus_, the old form of _bonus_, which survives in the adverb _benè_. Both adjective and adverb are familiar in their many derivatives in the southern tongues, as well as in the _bonnie_ and _bien_ that testify to the close connection of France and Scotland when both alike were the foes of England. The feminine Bona, or Bonne, was probably first invented as a translation of the old German Gutha; for we find a lady, in 1315, designated as Bona, or Gutha, of Göttingen. Bona was used by the daughters of the Counts of Savoy, and in the House of Luxemburg, and came to the crown of France with the daughter of the chivalrous Johann of Luxemburg, the blind King of Bohemia. St. Benignus, whose name is from the same source, was a disciple of St. Polycarp, and is reckoned as the apostle of Burgundy, where he was martyred, and has been since commemorated by the splendid abbey of St. Benigne, at Dijon, whence it happens that Benin has been common among the peasantry in that part of France, and Benigne is to be found among the string of Christian names borne by the French gentry of the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries. Servia has the feminine form, Benyma, shortening it into Bine. _Benedico_ (to speak well) came to have the technical sense of to bless; and the patriarch of the Western monks rendered Benedictus (blessed) so universally known that different forms of it prevail in all countries, lesser luminaries adding to its saintly lustre. ┌───────────────┬───────────────┬───────────────┬───────────────┐ │ English. │ French. │ Breton. │ Italian. │ │Benedict │Benoît │Bennéad │Benedetto │ │Bennet │ │Bennéged │Betto │ │ │ │ │Bettino │ ├───────────────┼───────────────┼───────────────┼───────────────┤ │ Spanish. │ Portuguese. │ German. │ Swedish. │ │Benedicto │Benedicto │Benedikt │Bengt │ │Benito │Bento │Dix │ │ ├───────────────┼───────────────┼───────────────┼───────────────┤ │ Norse. │ Swiss. │ Russian. │ Polish. │ │Benedik │Benzel │Venedict │Benedykt │ │Benike │Benzli │ │ │ │Bent │ │ │ │ ├───────────────┼───────────────┼───────────────┼───────────────┤ │ Slavonic and │ Lusatian. │ Lithuanian. │ Lapp. │ │ Illyrian. │ │ │ │ │Benedikt │Beniesch │Bendzus │Pent │ │Benedit │ │Bendikkas │Penta │ │Benko │ ———————— │ ———————— │Pint │ │ │Lett. │Hungarian. │Pinna │ │ │Bindus │Benedik │ │ └───────────────┴───────────────┴───────────────┴───────────────┘ There was a Visigothic nun in Spain canonized as Benedicta, but most of the feminines were meant in devotion to the original founder of the Benedictine rule. Indeed, in France, Benedicte must have been far more often assigned on the profession of a nun than have been given in baptism, except when the child was destined from her birth to a conventual life. ┌───────────────┬───────────────┬───────────────┬───────────────┐ │ French. │ Italian. │ Spanish. │ German. │ │Benoîte │Benedetta │Benita. │Benedikta │ │ │Betta │ │Benedictine │ │ │Bettina │ │ │ └───────────────┴───────────────┴───────────────┴───────────────┘ How the localities of these feminines mark the extent of monasticism in modern times! The sister of St. Benedict bore the strange name of Scholastica, a scholar, from _schola_ (school). Monasticism spread the name, but it was never much in vogue, though England shows a Scholastica Conyers, in 1299. Bonifacius (good-worker) was the name of a martyr; then of a pope; and next was assumed by our Saxon Wilfred, when in the sixth century he set out to convert his continental brethren. Perhaps, if he had kept his native name, it would have been more followed, both at home and in Germany; but in both, Boniface has withered away out of use, though Bonchurch, in the Isle of Wight, is a contraction of the Church of St. Boniface, that having probably been the last English ground beheld by the saint when he sailed on his mission. In Italy, however, Bonifacius was a papal name. Bonifazio prevailed among the Alpine lords of Monferrat, and thus is still found in Italy. It has become one of the stock names for the host of an inn, and has named the straits between Sardinia and Corsica. ┌────────────┬────────────┬────────────┬────────────┬────────────┐ │ English. │ Italian. │ Russian. │ Polish. │ Bohemian. │ │Boniface │Bonifacio │Bonifacij │Bonifacij │Bonifac │ │ │Facio │ │ │ │ │ │Bonifazio │ │ │ │ │ │Fazio │ │ │ │ └────────────┴────────────┴────────────┴────────────┴────────────┘ Of modern Italian date and construction is Bonaventura. Its origin was the exclamation of St. Francis on meeting Giovanni de Fidenza, the son of a dear friend: _O buona ventura_ (happy meeting). These words became the usual appellation of young Fidenza, and as he afterwards was distinguished for holiness and learning, and was called the seraphic doctor, he was canonized as San Bonaventura, and has had sundry namesakes in Italy and France; in the latter country being called Bonaventure. Benvenuto Cellini may perhaps be reckoned as one, unless his name be intended to mean welcome without reference to the saint. SECTION III.—_From Clarus._ Clarus (bright or clear) was used by the Romans in the sense of famous, and St. Clarus is revered as the first bishop of Nantes in Brittany, in A.D. 280. Another Clarus, said to have been a native of Rochester, was a hermit, near Rouen, where he was murdered at the instigation of a wicked woman who had vainly paid her addresses to him. Two villages of St. Clair, one on the Epte, the other near Coutance, are interesting as having (one or the other of them) named two of the most noted families in the history of Great Britain, besides the various De St. Clairs of France, who came either from thence or from a third St. Clair in Aquitaine. A Norman family, called from one of these villages, became the De Clares. ‘Red De Clare,’ stout Glo’ster’s earl, the foe of Henry III., was one of them; and his son marrying into the house of Geraldin, in Ireland, received from Edward I. a grant of lands in Thomond, now known from his lordship as County Clare. His heiress carried the county to the De Burghs, and their heiress again marrying Lionel, son of Edward III., the county becoming a dukedom and royal appanage, was amplified into Clarence, and gave title to Clarencieux—king-at-arms, when Thomas, brother of Henry V., was Duke of Clarence—unless this be from Clare, in Suffolk. Clarence as a male Christian name did not solely arise when William IV. was Duke of Clarence, but began as early as 1595, when Clarence Babbington was christened at Hartlepool. Spanish ballad lore gives a daughter, Clara, to Charlemagne, and a son, Don Claros de Montablan, to Rinaldo, and of course marries them; but it is to Italy that the feminine name, so much more universal, is owing. The first Chiara on record was the devoted disciple of St. Francis, who, under his direction, established the order of women following his rule, and called, poor Clares, or sisters of St. Clara. From them the name of Clara spread into the adjoining countries, little varied except that the French used to call it Claire, until recently, when they have added the terminal _a_, just as the English on the other hand are dropping it, and making the word Clare. The Bretons use both masculine and feminine as Sklear, Skleara; and the Finns have the feminine as Lara. The old Latin feminine of words ending in _or_, meaning the doer, was _ix_—_nutor_, _nutrix_—and this became _ice_ in modern Italian. Thus Clarice was probably intended to mean making famous. A lady thus named was the wife of Lorenzo de Medici, and France learnt it probably from her, but made the _c_ silent; and England, picking it up by ear, obtained Clarissa, which, when Richardson had so named the heroine of his novel, was re-imported into France as Clarisse. Clarinda was another invention of the same date. Esclairmonde, a magnificent name of romance, the heroine of _Huon de Bourdeaux_, walked into real life with a noble damsel of the house of Foix, in the year 1229, and was borne by various maidens of that family; but who would have thought of two ladies called Clarimond, in Devonshire, in 1613 and 1630? SECTION IV.—_Columba._ Columba is one of the sweetest and most gentle of all words in sound and sense, yet it has not been in such universal use as might have been expected from its reference to the dove of peace. A virgin martyr in Gaul, and another in Spain, were both called Columba; and Columbina must at one time have prevailed in Italy, as a peasant name, since from the waiting damsel in the impromptu comedies that the poetical Italians loved to act, it passed to the light-footed maiden of modern farce, and now is seldom used save for her and the columbine, the dove-flower, so called from the resemblance of the curled spurs of its four purple petals to doves drinking. It was from his gentle character that Crimthan, the great and admirable son of the House of Neill, was called Columba, a fitting name for him who was truly a dove of peace to the wild Hebrides. In Ireland this good man is generally called St. Columkill, St. Columb of the cell, or monastery, because of the numbers of these centres of Christian instruction founded by him, and he is thus distinguished from a second Columb, called after him. He has, indeed, left strong traces on the nomenclature of the country that he evangelized. Colin, so frequent among the Scots of all ranks, is the direct descendant of Columba, though it is often confounded with the French Colin, from Nicolas, who is the chief Colin of modern Arcadia, and perhaps has the best right to the feminine invention of Colinette. Besides this, it was the frequent custom to be called Gillie-colum and Maol-colm, the disciple, or shaveling, of Columb, from whence arose Malcolm, one of the most national of Scottish names. Colan, probably called after the patron saint of the place, was married at St. Columb Magna, in Cornwall, in 1752; but earlier it was Columb for men, Columba for women, both now disused. Columbanus, another great Irish missionary saint, was probably called, after old Latin custom, by the adoptive formed from Columba. His influence on the Continent, newly broken and almost heathenized by the Teutonic invasions, was so extensive, reaching as it did from Brittany to Switzerland, and still marked by the relics of Irish art in the books of the monasteries of his foundation, that we wonder not to find more traces of his name. His day, November 1st, is called by the Germans St. Colman’s, and it is thought that the surnames Kohl and Kohlmann are remains of his name, as well as the French Coulon. So, too, the Genoese Colon was by historians identified with Columbus, when they Latinized the mariner who “gave a new world to Spain.” Two spots in that new world bear his name, that in Terra Firma, where he landed on his third voyage, and the bishopric newly founded in Vancouver’s Isle. The Slavonian dove is Golubica, a cognate word to this and sometimes used as a name.[77] SECTION V.—_Durans._ Durans (enduring, or lasting) formed the name which no reader of _Don Quixote_ can forget as that of the enduring hero, lying on his back on the marble tomb, in the cave of Montesinos, who uttered that admirable sentiment, “Patience, cousin, and shuffle the cards!” The name of Durandus prevailed in other countries; and Durand, to our surprise, figures constantly in Domesday Book, probably having belonged to French immigrants. A Durand and Marta, who jointly owned a house at Winchester in the reign of Stephen, were almost certainly Provençal, since St. Martha was hardly known except in the scene of her exploit with the dragon. Durand Grimbald is a specimen of a French Christian and English surname then prevailing. Durandus is the Latinized surname of the great French lawyer of the middle ages; and Durandus again is familiar to the lover of mediæval symbolism; but none of these can approach in honour the great Florentine Durante Alighieri, whose glory, _lasting_ like that of Homer and Shakespeare, has made his contracted appellation of Dante stand alone and singly. ----- Footnote 77: Butler; Hanmer, _Ireland_; Chalmer, _Caledonia_; Montalembert; _Ossianic Society_; Pott; Michaelis. SECTION VI.—_Names of Thankfulness._ A great race of Christian names were fabricated, in Latin, after the pattern of the Greek Theophilus, Theophorus, &c., though hardly with equal felicity, and chiefly in the remoter provinces of the West, where Latin was, probably, a matter of scholarship. Thus, in the province of Africa, we find, just before the Vandal invasion, Quodvultdeus (what God wills) and Deogratias (thank God), neither of which had much chance of surviving. Deusvult (God wills), Deusdedit (God gave), and Adeodatus, lived nearer to Italy; indeed, Deusdedit was a pope. Adeodatus or Deodatus (God given) was a Gallic saint, called, commonly, St. Die, and with the other form, Donum Dei, continued in use for children whose birth was hailed with special joy. When Louis VII. of France at length had a son, after being “afflicted with a multitude of daughters,” he called him Philippe Dieudonné; but this grateful name was discarded in favour of the imperial Auguste, by which he is distinguished. Deodati di Gozo, the Knight of Rhodes who slew the dragon, better kept his baptismal name, and it often occurs in Italian history, and is an Italian surname. Deodatus is an occasional name only found in England. The old French knightly name, Dudon, called in Italian romantic poetry Dudone, is, probably, a contraction of Dieudonné, as the surnames Donnedieu, Dondey, Dieudé, can hardly fail to be. Deicola (a worshipper of God) was invented for a pupil of St. Columbanus, who followed his master to France, lived as a hermit, and became the patron-saint of Franche Comté, where boys are still called, after him, Diel or Diez, and girls, Dielle. There is likewise an Italian name Diotisalvi, or God save thee, only to be paralleled by some of our Puritan devices. To these may be added Donatus (given), which evidently was bestowed in the same spirit, though not mentioning the giver. It occurs, like most of this class, in the African province, and belonged to the bishop of Numidia, whose rigour against the penitent lapsed made him the founder of the exclusive schismatical church named after him. Another Donatus was St. Jerome’s tutor; and, before his time, several martyrs had been canonized by his name, and it seems to have prevailed in Gaul and Britain. In Wales it was pronounced Dynawd; and, by the time St. Augustine came to England and disputed with the Cymric clergy, the history of the word had been so far forgotten that Dynawd, abbot of Bangor-Iscoed, was Latinized into Dionothius. Donat, or Donath, is found in Ireland, but it was probably there adopted for the sake of its resemblance to the native Gaelic Don, meaning brown-haired. Donato, likewise, at one time prevailed in Italy, and produced the frequent surname, Donati. Donnet was a feminine in Cornwall in 1755. Desiderius, or Desideratus, was of the same date, and given, in like manner, to express the longing desire or love of the parents towards the child. In fact the word _desiderium_, in Latin, more properly means affection than wish, as we explain its derivatives in modern languages. The Desiderius of history was a brother of Magnentius, the opponent of Constantine, and the Desiderius of the calendar was a bishop of Bourges, in the seventh century; but, in the mean time, the last Lombard king of Italy either had become so Italianized as to adopt it, or else used it as a translation of one of the many Teuton forms of Leofric, Leofwin, &c., for he was known to Italy as Desiderio, to France as Didier; and his daughter, whom Charlemagne treated so shamefully, was Desiderata, Desirata, or Desirée. The latter has continued in use in France, as well as Didier and Didiere; and the masculine likewise appears in the Slavonic countries as Zljeko, and among the Lithuanians as Didders or Sidders. The most learned men were not perfect philologists in the sixteenth century, when they played the most curious tricks with their names. Erasmus began life as Gerhard Gerhardson, signifying, in fact, firm spear, a meaning little suited to his gentle, timid nature. He was better pleased to imagine _ger_ to be the German all, and _ard_ to be _erd_ (earth or nature); of this all-nature he made out that affection embraced all, therefore he called himself Desiderius, and then, wanting another equally sounding epithet, he borrowed Erasmus from the Greek, where it had named an ancient bishop. It came from ἐράω (to love); and thus Desiderius Erasmus, the appellation by which he has come down to posterity, was an ingenious manufacture out of the simple Gerard.[78] ----- Footnote 78: Pott; Butler; Sismondi; _Life of Erasmus_. SECTION VII.—_Crescens, &c._ The verb _cresco_ (to increase or grow) has descended into all our modern languages. It has formed the French _croître_ (to grow), our _increase_ and _decrease_, and our _crescent_. Its participle was already adopted as a name in St. Paul’s time, at least it is thus that his companion, Κρήσκης, is rendered, who had departed to Dalmatia; and a later Crescens is said to have brought about the death of Justin Martyr, in the second century. The occasion, however, of the modern name was one of the many holy women of Sicily—Crescentia, a Christian nurse, who bred-up her charge, the infant Vitus, in her own faith, fled with him to Italy, and was there seized and martyred, under Diocletian. Crescenzia, and the masculine, Crescenzio, prevail in both Naples and Sicily; and the election of the Angevin-Sicilian Carobert, to the throne of Hungary, carried the former thither as Czenzi; whence Bavaria took it as Cresenz, Zenz, Zenzl. SECTION VIII.—_Military Names._ In the slender thread of connection with which we try to unite names given in the same spirit, we put together those that seem to have accorded with the tastes of the Roman army. Thus _eligo_ (to choose), which originally caused the title of Legion, was in the participle _electus_, and thus led to words most familiar to us in the state as political terms, to the theological term elect or chosen for salvation. There is some doubt whether St. John’s third epistle be indeed to a lady called Electa, or to an elect lady, as it is in our version; but when a name from this source next appears, it is among the cultivated Gallo-Romans, when they had gradually worked their way to consideration among the rude Franks, who had nearly trodden out civilization in the conquered country. Eligius was the great goldsmith bishop who designed King Dagobert’s throne, made shrines for almost all the distinguished relics in France, and doubtless enjoyed the fame of having made many more than could have come from his hand. He is popularly called St. Eloy, and some derive from him the Provençal Aloys; but this is far more probably a southern form of Hlodweh, or Louis. The Roman veterans were termed _emeriti_ (having deserved) from _mereor_ (to deserve). From these old soldiers must have come the name Emerentius, which is to be found as Emerenz in Germany, and Emérence in France. St. Emerentiana was said to have been a catechumen, who was killed by soldiers who found her praying on the tomb of St. Agnes. Her name (probably her relics) passed to Denmark, and to Lithuania, where it is called Marenze, and Embrance is the old English feminine. The very contrary, Pacifico (peaceful), is a modern Italian and Spanish name—as Peace is Puritan. Here, too, we place that which the soldier most esteems—_honos_, or _honor_. Honor was a deity in later Rome, but no old classical names were made from him, and Honorius first appears as one of the appellations of the Spanish father of the great Theodosius; then again inherited by that imbecile being, his grandson, the last genuine Roman emperor; also by a niece, called Justa Grata Honoria, who dishonoured all her three honourable names. Yet some lingering sense of allegiance to the last great family that gave rulers to the empire perpetuated their names in the countries where they had reigned; and the Welsh Ynyr long remained as a relic of Honorius, in Wales. Honorine was a Neustrian maiden, slain in a Danish invasion, and regarded as a martyr; so that Honorine prevails in France and Germany, and one of the favourite modern Irish names, is Onora, Honor, or in common usage, Norah. Russia has the masculine as Gonorij; Lithuania, the feminine cut down into Arri. There were two Gallic bishops named Honoratus, whence the French Honoré, which has named a suburb of Paris, and we had one early archbishop of Canterbury so called, from whom we have derived no names, though Honor was revived in England in the days of names of abstract quali