2015-06-18 06:34:00,280 DEBUG #22428 === Building rdf ===
2015-06-18 06:34:00,280 INFO #22428 Making pg22428.rdf
2015-06-18 06:34:00,339 INFO #22428 Done pg22428.rdf
2015-06-25 06:13:55,898 DEBUG #22428 === Building rdf ===
2015-06-25 06:13:55,898 INFO #22428 Making pg22428.rdf
2015-06-25 06:13:55,972 INFO #22428 Done pg22428.rdf
2015-07-02 06:29:16,104 DEBUG #22428 === Building rdf ===
2015-07-02 06:29:16,105 INFO #22428 Making pg22428.rdf
2015-07-02 06:29:16,192 INFO #22428 Done pg22428.rdf
2015-07-09 06:45:38,293 DEBUG #22428 === Building rdf ===
2015-07-09 06:45:38,293 INFO #22428 Making pg22428.rdf
2015-07-09 06:45:38,373 INFO #22428 Done pg22428.rdf
2015-07-12 02:03:27,468 DEBUG #22428 === Building txt.utf-8 ===
2015-07-12 02:03:27,469 DEBUG #22428 Start of retrieval
2015-07-12 02:03:27,499 DEBUG #22428 ... got mediatype text/plain from guess_type
2015-07-12 02:03:27,499 DEBUG #22428 ... creating new parser for file:///public/vhost/g/gutenberg/html/files/22428/22428-8.txt
2015-07-12 02:03:27,500 DEBUG #22428 GutenbergTextParser.pre_parse () ...
2015-07-12 02:03:27,500 DEBUG #22428 Requesting iterlinks for: file:///public/vhost/g/gutenberg/html/files/22428/22428-8.txt ...
2015-07-12 02:03:27,500 DEBUG #22428 End of retrieval
2015-07-12 02:03:27,500 INFO #22428 Creating plain text file: /public/vhost/g/gutenberg/html/cache/epub/22428/pg22428.txt.utf8
2015-07-12 02:03:27,500 DEBUG #22428 Fetching file:///public/vhost/g/gutenberg/html/files/22428/22428-8.txt ...
2015-07-12 02:03:27,568 INFO #22428 Got charset ISO-8859-1 from pg header
2015-07-12 02:03:27,568 DEBUG #22428 Trying to decode document with charset iso-8859-1 ...
2015-07-12 02:03:27,617 INFO #22428 Done plain text file: /public/vhost/g/gutenberg/html/cache/epub/22428/pg22428.txt.utf8
2015-07-12 02:03:27,618 INFO #22428 Creating Gzip file: /public/vhost/g/gutenberg/html/cache/epub/22428/pg22428.txt.utf8.gzip
2015-07-12 02:03:27,618 INFO #22428 Adding file: /public/vhost/g/gutenberg/html/cache/epub/22428/pg22428.txt.utf8
2015-07-12 02:03:27,911 INFO #22428 Done Zip file: /public/vhost/g/gutenberg/html/cache/epub/22428/pg22428.txt.utf8.gzip
2015-07-12 02:03:27,913 DEBUG #22428 === Building epub.images ===
2015-07-12 02:03:27,914 DEBUG #22428 Start of retrieval
2015-07-12 02:03:27,932 DEBUG #22428 ... got mediatype text/html from guess_type
2015-07-12 02:03:27,933 DEBUG #22428 ... creating new parser for file:///public/vhost/g/gutenberg/html/files/22428/22428-h/22428-h.htm
2015-07-12 02:03:27,933 DEBUG #22428 HTMLParser.pre_parse () ...
2015-07-12 02:03:27,933 DEBUG #22428 Fetching file:///public/vhost/g/gutenberg/html/files/22428/22428-h/22428-h.htm ...
2015-07-12 02:03:28,027 DEBUG #22428 Got charset iso-8859-1 from html meta
2015-07-12 02:03:28,028 DEBUG #22428 Trying to decode document with charset iso-8859-1 ...
2015-07-12 02:03:28,055 INFO #22428 Running html thru tidy.
2015-07-12 02:03:28,344 INFO #22428 tidy: Doctype given is "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Strict//EN"
2015-07-12 02:03:28,346 INFO #22428 tidy: Document content looks like XHTML 1.0 Strict
2015-07-12 02:03:28,652 DEBUG #22428 Done parsing file:///public/vhost/g/gutenberg/html/files/22428/22428-h/22428-h.htm
2015-07-12 02:03:28,652 DEBUG #22428 Requesting iterlinks for: file:///public/vhost/g/gutenberg/html/files/22428/22428-h/22428-h.htm ...
2015-07-12 02:03:28,779 DEBUG #22428 End of retrieval
2015-07-12 02:03:28,805 DEBUG #22428 URL: file:///public/vhost/g/gutenberg/html/files/22428/22428-h/22428-h.htm
2015-07-12 02:03:28,805 DEBUG #22428 HTMLParser.parse () ...
2015-07-12 02:03:28,902 ERROR #22428 CSSStyleRule: No start { of style declaration found: '// -->\n /* XML end */\n' [51:1: ]
2015-07-12 02:03:28,902 ERROR #22428 Selector: Unexpected CHAR. [49:5: /]
2015-07-12 02:03:28,902 ERROR #22428 Selector: Unexpected CHAR. [49:6: /]
2015-07-12 02:03:28,902 ERROR #22428 Unexpected token (CDC, -->, 49, 8)
2015-07-12 02:03:28,903 ERROR #22428 Selector: Cannot end with combinator: // -->
/* XML end */
2015-07-12 02:03:28,903 ERROR #22428 SelectorList: Invalid Selector: // -->
/* XML end */
2015-07-12 02:03:28,903 ERROR #22428 CSSStyleRule: No style declaration or "}" found: '// -->\n /* XML end */\n'
2015-07-12 02:03:28,960 WARNING #22428 407 elements having class pagenum have been rewritten.
2015-07-12 02:03:29,181 ERROR #22428 CSSStyleRule: No start { of style declaration found: '// -->\n /* XML end */\n' [51:1: ]
2015-07-12 02:03:29,182 ERROR #22428 Selector: Unexpected CHAR. [49:5: /]
2015-07-12 02:03:29,182 ERROR #22428 Selector: Unexpected CHAR. [49:6: /]
2015-07-12 02:03:29,182 ERROR #22428 Unexpected token (CDC, -->, 49, 8)
2015-07-12 02:03:29,182 ERROR #22428 Selector: Cannot end with combinator: // -->
/* XML end */
2015-07-12 02:03:29,182 ERROR #22428 SelectorList: Invalid Selector: // -->
/* XML end */
2015-07-12 02:03:29,183 ERROR #22428 CSSStyleRule: No style declaration or "}" found: '// -->\n /* XML end */\n'
2015-07-12 02:03:29,397 DEBUG #22428 Splitting file:///public/vhost/g/gutenberg/html/files/22428/22428-h/22428-h.htm ...
2015-07-12 02:03:29,398 DEBUG #22428 body tag is {http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml}body
2015-07-12 02:03:29,423 DEBUG #22428 Chunk: size=80081 Split on h3
2015-07-12 02:03:29,423 DEBUG #22428 chunk id is: Page_i
2015-07-12 02:03:29,425 DEBUG #22428 Adding chunk file:///public/vhost/g/gutenberg/html/files/22428/22428-h/22428-h-0.htm.html (80081 bytes) Page_i
2015-07-12 02:03:29,428 DEBUG #22428 Chunk: size=78795 Split on h3
2015-07-12 02:03:29,428 DEBUG #22428 chunk id is: pgepubid00011
2015-07-12 02:03:29,429 DEBUG #22428 Adding chunk file:///public/vhost/g/gutenberg/html/files/22428/22428-h/22428-h-1.htm.html (78795 bytes) pgepubid00011
2015-07-12 02:03:29,432 DEBUG #22428 Chunk: size=77807 Split on h3
2015-07-12 02:03:29,432 DEBUG #22428 chunk id is: pgepubid00029
2015-07-12 02:03:29,433 DEBUG #22428 Adding chunk file:///public/vhost/g/gutenberg/html/files/22428/22428-h/22428-h-2.htm.html (77807 bytes) pgepubid00029
2015-07-12 02:03:29,436 DEBUG #22428 Chunk: size=84316 Split on p
2015-07-12 02:03:29,436 DEBUG #22428 chunk id is: pgepubid00042
2015-07-12 02:03:29,437 DEBUG #22428 Adding chunk file:///public/vhost/g/gutenberg/html/files/22428/22428-h/22428-h-3.htm.html (84316 bytes) pgepubid00042
2015-07-12 02:03:29,440 DEBUG #22428 Chunk: size=60640 Split on div
2015-07-12 02:03:29,440 DEBUG #22428 chunk id is: pgepubid00054
2015-07-12 02:03:29,441 DEBUG #22428 Adding chunk file:///public/vhost/g/gutenberg/html/files/22428/22428-h/22428-h-4.htm.html (60640 bytes) pgepubid00054
2015-07-12 02:03:29,444 DEBUG #22428 Chunk: size=71750 Split on h2
2015-07-12 02:03:29,444 DEBUG #22428 chunk id is: Page_195
2015-07-12 02:03:29,446 DEBUG #22428 Adding chunk file:///public/vhost/g/gutenberg/html/files/22428/22428-h/22428-h-5.htm.html (71750 bytes) Page_195
2015-07-12 02:03:29,449 DEBUG #22428 Chunk: size=61464 Split on div
2015-07-12 02:03:29,449 DEBUG #22428 chunk id is: pgepubid00077
2015-07-12 02:03:29,450 DEBUG #22428 Adding chunk file:///public/vhost/g/gutenberg/html/files/22428/22428-h/22428-h-6.htm.html (61464 bytes) pgepubid00077
2015-07-12 02:03:29,452 DEBUG #22428 Chunk: size=61132 Split on div
2015-07-12 02:03:29,452 DEBUG #22428 chunk id is: pgepubid00090
2015-07-12 02:03:29,453 DEBUG #22428 Adding chunk file:///public/vhost/g/gutenberg/html/files/22428/22428-h/22428-h-7.htm.html (61132 bytes) pgepubid00090
2015-07-12 02:03:29,456 DEBUG #22428 Chunk: size=77258 Split on h3
2015-07-12 02:03:29,456 DEBUG #22428 chunk id is: Page_303
2015-07-12 02:03:29,458 DEBUG #22428 Adding chunk file:///public/vhost/g/gutenberg/html/files/22428/22428-h/22428-h-8.htm.html (77258 bytes) Page_303
2015-07-12 02:03:29,463 DEBUG #22428 Chunk: size=49027 Split on ul.off
2015-07-12 02:03:29,463 DEBUG #22428 chunk id is: pgepubid00119
2015-07-12 02:03:29,464 DEBUG #22428 Adding chunk file:///public/vhost/g/gutenberg/html/files/22428/22428-h/22428-h-9.htm.html (49027 bytes) pgepubid00119
2015-07-12 02:03:29,465 DEBUG #22428 Chunk: size=168173 Split on hr.full
2015-07-12 02:03:29,465 DEBUG #22428 chunk id is:
2015-07-12 02:03:29,465 DEBUG #22428 body tag is {http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml}ul
2015-07-12 02:03:29,476 DEBUG #22428 Chunk: size=102330 Split on li
2015-07-12 02:03:29,477 DEBUG #22428 chunk id is:
2015-07-12 02:03:29,478 DEBUG #22428 Adding chunk file:///public/vhost/g/gutenberg/html/files/22428/22428-h/22428-h-10.htm.html (102330 bytes) None
2015-07-12 02:03:29,484 DEBUG #22428 Adding chunk file:///public/vhost/g/gutenberg/html/files/22428/22428-h/22428-h-11.htm.html (81427 bytes) None
2015-07-12 02:03:29,486 DEBUG #22428 Adding chunk file:///public/vhost/g/gutenberg/html/files/22428/22428-h/22428-h-12.htm.html (29628 bytes) None
2015-07-12 02:03:29,493 DEBUG #22428 Dropping property position
2015-07-12 02:03:29,494 DEBUG #22428 Dropping property position
2015-07-12 02:03:29,497 DEBUG #22428 Dropping property position
2015-07-12 02:03:29,574 INFO #22428 Creating Epub file: /public/vhost/g/gutenberg/html/cache/epub/22428/pg22428-images.epub
2015-07-12 02:03:29,762 DEBUG #22428
Contributions to the Theory of Natural Selection
A Series of Essays
CONTRIBUTIONS TO THE THEORY OF NATURAL SELECTION. A Series of Essays. BY ALFRED RUSSEL WALLACE, AUTHOR OF “THE MALAY ARCHIPELAGO,” ETC., ETC.
PREFACE.
PREFACE TO THE SECOND EDITION.
CONTENTS.
I. ON THE LAW WHICH HAS REGULATED THE INTRODUCTION OF NEW SPECIES.[A]
Geographical Distribution dependent on Geologic Changes.
A Law deduced from well-known Geographical and Geological Facts.
The Form of a true system of Classification determined by this Law.
Geographical Distribution of Organisms.
Geological Distribution of the Forms of Life.
High Organization of very ancient Animals consistent with this Law.
Objections to Forbes’ Theory of Polarity.
Rudimentary Organs.
Conclusion.
II. ON THE TENDENCY OF VARIETIES TO DEPART INDEFINITELY FROM THE ORIGINAL TYPE.[D]
Instability of Varieties supposed to prove the permanent distinctness of Species.
The Struggle for Existence.
The Law of Population of Species.
The Abundance or Rarity of a Species dependent upon its more or less perfect Adaptation to the Conditions of Existence.
Useful Variations will tend to Increase; useless or hurtful Variations to Diminish.
Superior Varieties will ultimately Extirpate the original Species.
The Partial Reversion of Domesticated Varieties explained.
Lamarck’s Hypothesis very different from that now advanced.
Conclusion.
III. MIMICRY, AND OTHER PROTECTIVE RESEMBLANCES AMONG ANIMALS.
Importance of the Principle of Utility.
Popular Theories of Colour in Animals.
Importance of Concealment as Influencing Colour.
Special Modifications of Colour.
Theory of Protective Colouring.
Objection that Colour, as being dangerous, should not exist in Nature.
Mimicry.
Mimicry among Lepidoptera.
Lepidoptera mimicking other Insects.
Mimicry among Beetles.
Beetles mimicking other Insects.
Insects mimicking Species of other Orders.
Cases of Mimicry among the Vertebrata.
Mimicry among Snakes.
Mimicry among Birds.
Mimicry among Mammals.
Objections to Mr. Bates’ Theory of Mimicry.
Mimicry by Female Insects only.
Cause of the dull Colours of Female Birds.
Use of the gaudy Colours of many Caterpillars.
Summary.
General deductions as to Colour in Nature.
Conclusion.
IV. THE MALAYAN PAPILIONIDÆ OR SWALLOW-TAILED BUTTERFLIES, AS ILLUSTRATIVE OF THE THEORY OF NATURAL SELECTION.
Special Value of the Diurnal Lepidoptera for enquiries of this nature.
Question of the rank of the Papilionidæ.
Distribution of the Papilionidæ.
Definition of the word Species.
Laws and Modes of Variation.
Variation as specially influenced by Locality.
Remarks on the facts of Local variation.
Mimicry.
Concluding remarks on Variation in Lepidoptera.
Arrangement and Geographical Distribution of the Malayan Papilionidæ.
Range of the Groups of Malayan Papilionidæ.
Remarkable Peculiarities of the Island of Celebes.
Concluding Remarks.
V. ON INSTINCT IN MAN AND ANIMALS.
How Instinct may be best Studied.
Definition of Instinct.
Does Man possess Instincts.
How Indians travel through unknown and trackless Forests.
VI. THE PHILOSOPHY OF BIRDS’ NESTS.
Instinct or Reason in the Construction of Birds’ Nests.
Do Men build by Reason or by Imitation?
Why does each Bird build a peculiar kind of Nest?
How do Young Birds learn to Build their First Nest?
Do Birds sing by Instinct or by Imitation?
How young Birds may learn to build Nests.
Man’s Works mainly Imitative.
Birds do Alter and Improve their Nests when altered Conditions require it.
Conclusion.
VII. A THEORY OF BIRDS’ NESTS; Showing the relation of certain differences of colour in Female Birds, to their mode of Nidification.
Changed Conditions and persistent Habits as influencing Nidification.
Classification of Nests.
Sexual differences of Colour in Birds.
The Law which connects the Colours of Female Birds with the mode of Nidification.
What the Facts Teach us.
Colour more variable than Structure or Habits, and therefore the Character which has generally been Modified.
Exceptional Cases confirmatory of the above Explanation.
Real or apparent Exceptions to the Law stated at page 240.
Various modes of Protection of Animals.
Females of some Groups require and obtain more Protection than the Males.
Conclusion.
VIII. CREATION BY LAW.
Mr. Darwin’s Metaphors liable to Misconception.
A Case of Orchis-structure explained by Natural Selection.
Adaptation brought about by General Laws.
Beauty in Nature.
How new Forms are produced by Variation and Selection.
The Objection that there are Limits to Variation.
Objection to the Argument from Classification.
The “Times,” on Natural Selection.
Intermediate or generalized Forms of extinct Animals, an indication of Transmutation or Development.
Conclusion.
A Demonstration of the Origin of Species by Natural Selection.
IX. THE DEVELOPMENT OF HUMAN RACES UNDER THE LAW OF NATURAL SELECTION.
Wide differences of opinion as to Man’s Origin.
Outline of the Theory of Natural Selection.
Different effects of Natural Selection on Animals and on Man.
Influence of external Nature in the development of the Human Mind.
Extinction of Lower Races.
The Origin of the Races of Man.
The Bearing of these Views on the Antiquity of Man.
Their Bearing on the Dignity and Supremacy of Man.
Their Bearing on the future Development of Man.
Summary.
Conclusion.
X. THE LIMITS OF NATURAL SELECTION AS APPLIED TO MAN.
What Natural Selection can Not do.
The Brain of the Savage shown to be Larger than he Needs it to be.
The Use of the Hairy Covering of Mammalia.
The constant absence of Hair from certain parts of Man’s Body a remarkable Phenomenon.
Savage Man feels the Want of this Hairy Covering.
Man’s Naked Skin could not have been produced by Natural Selection.
Feet and Hands of Man, considered as Difficulties on the Theory of Natural Selection.
The Origin of some of Man’s Mental Faculties, by the preservation of Useful Variations, not possible.
Difficulty as to the Origin of the Moral Sense.
Summary of the Argument as to the Insufficiency of Natural Selection to account for the Development of Man.
The Origin of Consciousness.
The Nature of Matter.
Conclusion.
NOTES.
NOTE A. (Page 360.)
NOTE B. (Page 365.)
INDEX.
Footnotes
Transcriber's Notes & Errata
Pages
[i]
[ii]
[iii]
[iv]
[v]
[vi]
[vii]
[viii]
[ix]
[x]
[xi]
[xii]
[xiii]
[xiv]
[xv]
[xvi]
[1]
[2]
[3]
[4]
[5]
[6]
[7]
[8]
[9]
[10]
[11]
[12]
[13]
[14]
[15]
[16]
[17]
[18]
[19]
[20]
[21]
[22]
[23]
[24]
[25]
[26]
[27]
[28]
[29]
[30]
[31]
[32]
[33]
[34]
[35]
[36]
[37]
[38]
[39]
[40]
[41]
[42]
[43]
[44]
[45]
[46]
[47]
[48]
[49]
[50]
[51]
[52]
[53]
[54]
[55]
[56]
[57]
[58]
[59]
[60]
[61]
[62]
[63]
[64]
[65]
[66]
[67]
[68]
[69]
[70]
[71]
[72]
[73]
[74]
[75]
[76]
[77]
[78]
[79]
[80]
[81]
[82]
[83]
[84]
[85]
[86]
[87]
[88]
[89]
[90]
[91]
[92]
[93]
[94]
[95]
[96]
[97]
[98]
[99]
[100]
[101]
[102]
[103]
[104]
[105]
[106]
[107]
[108]
[109]
[110]
[111]
[112]
[113]
[114]
[115]
[116]
[117]
[118]
[119]
[120]
[121]
[122]
[123]
[124]
[125]
[126]
[127]
[128]
[129]
[130]
[131]
[132]
[133]
[134]
[135]
[136]
[137]
[138]
[139]
[140]
[141]
[142]
[143]
[144]
[145]
[146]
[147]
[148]
[149]
[150]
[151]
[152]
[153]
[154]
[155]
[156]
[157]
[158]
[159]
[160]
[161]
[162]
[163]
[164]
[165]
[166]
[167]
[168]
[169]
[170]
[171]
[172]
[173]
[174]
[175]
[176]
[177]
[178]
[179]
[180]
[181]
[182]
[183]
[184]
[185]
[186]
[187]
[188]
[189]
[190]
[191]
[192]
[193]
[194]
[195]
[196]
[197]
[198]
[199]
[200]
[201]
[202]
[203]
[204]
[205]
[206]
[207]
[208]
[209]
[210]
[211]
[212]
[213]
[214]
[215]
[216]
[217]
[218]
[219]
[220]
[221]
[222]
[223]
[223A]
[223b]
[224]
[225]
[226]
[227]
[228]
[228A]
[228B]
[229]
[230]
[231]
[232]
[233]
[234]
[235]
[236]
[237]
[238]
[239]
[240]
[241]
[242]
[243]
[244]
[245]
[246]
[247]
[248]
[249]
[250]
[251]
[252]
[253]
[254]
[255]
[256]
[257]
[258]
[259]
[260]
[261]
[262]
[263]
[264]
[265]
[266]
[267]
[268]
[269]
[270]
[271]
[272]
[273]
[274]
[275]
[276]
[277]
[278]
[279]
[280]
[281]
[282]
[283]
[284]
[285]
[286]
[287]
[288]
[289]
[290]
[291]
[292]
[293]
[294]
[295]
[296]
[297]
[298]
[299]
[300]
[301]
[302]
[303]
[304]
[305]
[306]
[307]
[308]
[309]
[310]
[311]
[312]
[313]
[314]
[315]
[316]
[317]
[318]
[319]
[320]
[321]
[322]
[323]
[324]
[325]
[326]
[327]
[328]
[329]
[330]
[331]
[332]
[333]
[334]
[335]
[336]
[337]
[338]
[339]
[340]
[341]
[342]
[343]
[344]
[345]
[346]
[347]
[348]
[349]
[350]
[351]
[352]
[353]
[354]
[355]
[356]
[357]
[358]
[359]
[360]
[361]
[362]
[363]
[364]
[365]
[366]
[367]
[368]
[369]
[370]
[371]
[372]
[372A]
[372B]
[372C]
[373]
[374]
[375]
[376]
[377]
[378]
[379]
[380]
[381]
[382]
[383]
[384]
2015-07-12 02:03:29,768 DEBUG #22428
Public domain in the USA.
http://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/22428
Alfred Russel Wallace
Contributions to the Theory of Natural Selection / A Series of Essays
en
Natural selection
2007-08-29
2015-07-12T06:03:29.611232+00:00
http://www.gutenberg.org/files/22428/22428-h/22428-h.htm