Project Gutenberg's The Sperry Gyro-Compass, by The Sperry Gyroscope Co.

This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere in the United States and most
other parts of the world at no cost and with almost no restrictions
whatsoever.  You may copy it, give it away or re-use it under the terms of
the Project Gutenberg License included with this eBook or online at
www.gutenberg.org.  If you are not located in the United States, you'll have
to check the laws of the country where you are located before using this ebook.



Title: The Sperry Gyro-Compass

Author: The Sperry Gyroscope Co.

Release Date: May 12, 2016 [EBook #52053]

Language: English

Character set encoding: UTF-8

*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE SPERRY GYRO-COMPASS ***




Produced by deaurider, RichardW, and the Online Distributed
Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net (This file was
produced from images generously made available by The
Internet Archive)






The Sper­ry Gyro-Com­pass, by The Sper­ry Gyroscope Co.

Copyright, 1920
THE SPERRY GYROSCOPE COMPANY
BROOKLYN, N. Y., U. S. A.
DESIGNED, ENGRAVED
AND PRINTED BY
ROBERT L. STILLSON
COMPANY NEW YORK
The Sperry Gyro-Compass
THE SPERRY GYROSCOPE CO.
MAIN OFFICE AND FACTORY
MANHATTAN BRIDGE PLAZA.
BROOKLYN, N.Y.
Man’s first venture in shipbuilding was the Raft.
THE SPERRY GYROSCOPE COMPANY
Boston, Mass.
60 VIRGINIA STREET
Great Lakes District
828 GUARDIAN BUILDING
Cleveland, Ohio
San Francisco, Cal.
52 DAVIS STREET
Main European Office: THE SPERRY GYROSCOPE COMPANY, Ltd., 15 Victoria Street, London, S. W. 1
—REPRESENTATIVES—
France Holland Norway
COMTE A. DeCHAMBURE
37, Rue Bergere
Paris
TECHNISCH BUREAU VAN LEENT
Nassaukade 17
Ryswyk
OTTO PLATOU
Skovveien 39
Christiania
Italy Japan
GEORGES BREITTMAYER
20, Rue Taitbout
Paris
F. P. CAMPERIO
Via Bagutta 24
Milan
MITSUI & CO., LTD.
Tokyo
Sweden
F. J. DELVES
20, Rue Taitbout
Paris
GRAHAM BROS.
Stockholm
MITSUBISHI ZOSEN KAISHA, LTD.
Tokyo
(For Ship Stabilizer)
Spain Denmark Chili, Peru & Bolivia
F. WEYDMANN
Victoria 2
Madrid
C. KNUDSEN
11 Kobmagagade
Copenhagen
WESSEL DUVAL & CO.
25 Broad Street
New York
An inflated ox-skin Balsa of earliest times.
THE
SPERRY GYROSCOPE
COMPANY
Manufacturers of
GYRO-COMPASSES
GYRO SHIP STABILIZERS
GUN-FIRE CONTROL APPARATUS
NAVIGATIONAL INSTRUMENTS
NAVAL AND COMMERCIAL SEARCHLIGHTS
The ancient Egyptians built boats of rushes.

Putting the Earth to Work

W

HEN the earth was thrown off from the sun and commenced rotating about its own axis, there was developed a force generated by the earth’s rotation. For countless centuries this force has been at work, but no one has ever been able to harness it to serve the purposes of man. But now, through the efforts of Foucault, Hopkins, Sperry, and other noted scientists, this force has been put to work. It serves to direct a thousand ships in their courses.

Of course, this is not the only force which has been used to guide ships. Since 1297 A.D. mariners have used magnetic attraction as the force by which to guide their vessels. For centuries seafaring men sailed only in wooden ships, and were therefore satisfied with the magnetic compass. Then came steam and steel. Navigation then instead of being a hit or miss game of chance became the exact art of directing a ship by the shortest possible course in the quickest possible time.

Now that ships cost millions of dollars to build and thousands of dollars per day to operate, time has become the most essential element in navigation. The development of ships from the sailing vessel to the ocean greyhound has been one of the marvels of modern times. But the development of the magnetic compass has not kept pace with the development of the ships which rely upon it. Many of the great trans-Atlantic liners are guided by practically the same type of compass as that which Columbus used on the Santa Maria. The compass on the wooden Santa Maria pointed to magnetic north with a fair degree of accuracy, but the compass on the steel greyhounds must contend with many distractions.

Bearing Repeater on Upper Bridge.

For years magnetic compass designers spent their efforts to produce compensating devices that would annul the effects of all external influences, so that the magnetic compass would be free to indicate only the direction of the earth’s magnetic lines. Very little has been done to improve the compass itself—it still depends upon the attraction of the Magnetic North Pole. The Sperry Gyro-Compass differs in principle from any other compass. It is not magnetic. It derives its directive force, not from magnetic attraction, but from the earth’s rotation.

The Vikings crossed the Atlantic in open ships.

There is certainly a crying need for this new type of compass. A ship now-a-days costs millions of dollars and carries cargoes usually equal in value to that of the ship. It has been estimated that inaccuracies in navigation attending the use of the magnetic compass cause a yearly loss of ships to the value of $70,000,000. No estimate can possibly be made on the value of lives lost on these ships.

Millions of dollars are spent each year on charts, lighthouses, buoys, geodetic and hydrographic surveys, and on compilation of notices to mariners. Notwithstanding all of these, ships must ultimately depend upon their compasses for their safety and efficiency of navigation.

Inaccuracies in navigation can be eliminated by the use of a reliable compass. The Sperry Gyro-Compass puts the earth to work. It utilizes a force which is as unvarying as the law of gravity, a force that cannot be interfered with by any other influence.

How the Earth’s Rotation Is Utilized

Any wheel rotating at a high speed about its own axis, and free to place itself in any plane, is called a Gyroscope. The Gyroscope is the instrument which utilizes the earth’s rotation as a force to direct the course of ships.

Suppose you were to place such a small wheel supported by its axis upon a larger wheel which also is revolving. The rotation of the larger wheel would so influence the smaller wheel that its axis would point in the same direction as the axis of the larger wheel. Why this is the case does not concern us here. Let it suffice that the larger wheel will cause the smaller wheel to behave in this manner. This is in accordance with a natural law. This law operates as unfailingly as the law which causes an unsupported body to fall to the ground.

Preparing Master Compass for Test.

Suppose the larger wheel happens to be the earth, which in reality is a revolving wheel. Suppose further, the small wheel is a Sperry Gyro-Compass. In accordance with this natural law just outlined the smaller wheel, or Gyro-Compass, will point its axis in the same direction as the axis of the earth, or, in other words, to the true or geographical North Pole. This explanation of the principle of gyroscopic motion is necessarily crude. The principle itself has been established beyond any reasonable doubt. It can be proved by mathematics to the satisfaction of the most exacting scientist and has been demonstrated, throughout the navies of the world, to practical seamen.

The final result is that we have a principle which enables us to construct an instrument which will place itself in the true geographic north and south meridian, and that it responds to no influence or impulse other than the earth’s unvarying rotation.

Galley-slaves drove the Triremes of ancient Rome.
FIGURE 1.
The Earth Surrounded By Rotating Wheels As It Appears To An Imaginary Observer Looking At It From The Side.
FIGURE 2.
The Earth Surrounded By Rotating Wheels As It Appears To An Imaginary Observer Looking Directly At The South Pole
A War-ship, “when knighthood was in flower”.

How a Compass is Used

T

HE purpose of a compass is to indicate direction. The relative position of the North Pole to any point on the earth’s surface is called North. We figure all direction from this conception. This geographical North Pole is called the True North. About 800 miles from this True North Pole is a spot which has a strange magnetic attraction. The needle of the magnetic compass, if undisturbed by local influences, points to this spot, and not to the True North Pole. This spot is called the Magnetic North Pole. This mysterious attractive spot is not stationary. It moves about from year to year within a wide circle.

Master Compasses Awaiting Shipment.

Inasmuch as the navigator must refer to True North, he must determine the angle or variation between True North and Magnetic North as indicated by his magnetic compass. This determination is made comparatively easy by using charts which express in degrees the difference between Magnetic North and True North for any point on the earth’s surface.

Such a chart is shown in Figure 3. Also on each chart used by a navigator for a particular locality there is marked a compass rose in which is recorded the variation for that exact spot as of a certain date, and in addition the rate at which the variation changes annually, Figure 4.

Navigation along a coast line where sights can be taken on buoys or lighthouses is simple, and is termed “piloting.” This, of course, can be done without the aid of a compass.

Upon getting to open sea the mariner checks his position in a similar manner, by observing the position of his ship in relation to the position of the sun, moon or stars. Between observations the position of a ship is determined by “dead reckoning.” The distance it has traveled from the last known position is measured by the ship’s log and the direction is indicated by the compass. Very often for days at a time, owing to weather conditions, it is impossible to get an observation or sight on a celestial body. During this run the navigator is dependent entirely upon the compass. The slightest error in the compass, due to variation or deviation, in such circumstances will cause the ship to be miles out of its course, and the actual position will be far from the calculated position.

Crusaders sailed to Palestine in ships like this.
 Figure 3, Figure 4.
The Santa Maria carried Columbus to the new world.

The Ideal Compass

I

F you were to conceive of a compass which would be free from all the troubles and errors found in most compasses, which would relieve you of all the worry and care the present compass requires, a compass which would be accurate and reliable, a compass which would be the Ideal Compass under all conditions, you would undoubtedly conceive of a compass that had the following characteristics:

Comparison of the Magnetic Compass with the Sperry Gyro-Compass

Let us compare the Magnetic Compass with the Sperry Gyro-Compass and determine which more nearly approaches the Ideal Compass.

True North

The Magnetic Compass

The Mag­ne­tic Com­pass does not point to True North, it points to Mag­ne­tic North, which is about 800 miles from the True North Pole.

The Sper­ry Gyro-Com­pass

The Sperry Gyro-Com­pass, which is not a Mag­ne­tic Com­pass, and is not af­fect­ed by a mag­ne­tism of any sort, and de­rives its di­rec­tive force from the earth’s ro­ta­tion, points True North. It does not point to the Mag­ne­tic North Pole.

A Galleon, the treasure ship of the Spanish Main.

Freedom From Calculation

Every time a ship’s course is laid or changed, or its po­si­tion noted, the nav­i­ga­tor must make and apply cal­cu­la­tions to cor­rect the er­rors caused by var­i­a­tion of the earth’s mag­netic fields, and dev­i­a­tion due to local con­di­tions about the ship. Mis­takes are fre­quent­ly made in ap­ply­ing the cor­rec­tion fac­tors by ap­ply­ing them to the wrong side. An er­ror is thus in­tro­duced, which in mag­ni­tude is twice the cor­rec­tion factor. Ins­tances are re­port­ed of ships being 200 miles out of their courses as a result.

The Gyro-Compass re­quires no cor­rec­tions since it is un­dis­turbed by var­i­a­tions or any local mag­ne­tic con­di­tions. The read­ing in­di­ca­ted by the Sper­ry Gyro-Com­pass is not ap­prox­i­mate—it is ab­so­lute­ly and im­me­diate­ly cor­rect. It is not ne­ces­sary to cor­rect the course every few hours for var­ia­tion—the nav­i­ga­tor is freed from the ne­ces­si­ty of ma­king cal­cu­la­tions.

Freedom From Compensation

After the nav­i­ga­tor has made cal­cu­la­tions for the dev­i­a­tion er­rors of the Mag­ne­tic Com­pass, they must be ap­plied by means of man­i­pu­la­ting the soft iron globes and com­pen­sa­ting mag­nets. This is an op­er­a­tion re­quir­ing such a high de­gree of skill that only trained men called Com­pass Ad­just­ers are qual­i­fied for the work.

The oc­cas­ion­al turn­ing of a thumb nut is the only com­pen­sa­tion nec­es­sary in the use of a Sper­ry Gy­ro-Com­pass. No tables or curves are re­quired. The ship’s Nav­i­gat­ing Of­ficer makes this ad­just­ment with ease.

A Ship of the Line, the dreadnought of former days.

Freedom From Checking Deviation

Each time a com­pass is com­pen­sa­ted it is nec­es­sary to check the com­pen­sa­tion by check­ing the dev­i­a­tion on var­ious head­ings. This may be done by the use of de­flec­tor mag­nets. A more exact method is to swing the ship in a circle while bear­ings are taken of a known object on land and the dev­i­a­tion noted on var­ious head­ings. The sun is often taken as a ref­er­ence point for this pur­pose.

It is never nec­es­sary to swing ship or to cor­rect the Gyro-Com­pass for eith­er var­i­a­tion or dev­i­a­tion of any kind. Where a Gyro-Com­pass and a mag­netic com­pass are both used on a ship, the ship may be swung to cor­rect the mag­net­ic com­pass—the Gy­ro-Com­pass fur­nish­ing true head­ings. The time re­quired is thereby ma­ter­i­ally short­ened.

Influences Due to Magnetism of the Ship

When a steel ship is build­ing a sub­per­ma­nent mag­ne­tism is in­duced in its keel, hull, and plates. It causes a com­pass dev­i­a­tion classed as “semi­cir­cu­lar.” This dev­i­a­tion must be com­pen­sat­ed for.

As a ship moves through the earth’s mag­ne­tic fields in its vary­ing quan­ti­ties and dir­ec­tions, a tem­por­ary and varying mag­ne­tism is in­duced in the soft iron of the ship. The re­sul­tant dev­i­a­tion is classed as “quad­ran­tal,” and must be com­pen­sat­ed for.

The Sper­ry is not a Mag­ne­tic Com­pass. Ham­mer­ing, riv­e­ting, and mov­ing through mag­netic fields may in­duce mag­ne­tism in the ship, but will have no ef­fect upon the Sper­ry Gyro-Com­pass.

There is no con­di­tion of the ship or cargo for which the Gyro-Com­pass must be cor­rec­ted.

An American Clipper, highest type of sailing ships.

Influences Due to Cargo

Change in the char­acter or dis­pos­i­tion of the cargo of the ship causes a change in the mag­net­ic fields sur­round­ing the com­pass. These changes must be com­pen­sat­ed for.

The Sper­ry Gy­ro-Com­pass is not af­fect­ed by any cargo. A cargo of iron ore has no more ef­fect upon it than a cargo of cot­ton. You could even carry a load of strong mag­nets with­out caus­ing the slight­est dev­i­a­tion.

Influences Due to Temperature Changes

Changes in the temp­er­a­ture of the stack, due to shift­ing of the wind and force of draft, vary its mag­net­ic char­ac­ter­ist­ics. Cons­e­quent­ly the Mag­netic Com­pass is af­fected.

Temp­er­a­ture changes do not in­flu­ence the Sper­ry Gy­ro-Com­pass.

No mat­ter what the con­di­tions are that change the mag­net­ic char­ac­ter­is­tics of the stack, ship or cargo, they can­not af­fect the Gy­ro-Com­pass, as it has noth­ing what­ev­er to do with mag­ne­tism.

Fulton’s Clermont ushered in the age of steam.

Influences Due to Roll and Pitch of the Ship

The Magnetic Compass

Another error, called heel­ing error, is caused by the change in the dis­pos­i­tion of the material of the ship with ref­er­ence to the com­pass. It is brought about when the ship rolls. For example, a ship heading on a northerly course would, if rolled to port, place all magnetic material of the ship to the east­ward of the compass. This pulls the north end of the com­pass to the east­ward. The action and effect would be just opposite to this on a roll to the star­board. The result is that the needle is caused to oscil­late in either direc­tion. The helms­man in his attempt to keep “on” will cause the ship to traverse a sinuous course.

The card and needle of the mag­netic compass are placed in a bowl filled with a liquid. The purpose in so doing is to make the action of the card some­what slug­gish, so that it will not follow very slight magnetic dis­trac­tions or ship move­ments. Every time the course of the ship is changed the slug­gish action, due to adhesion between the bowl, liquid and card, pulls the com­pass off the mer­i­di­an. Of­ficial test has shown that from three to four minutes are re­quired for the com­pass to over­come this “lag.” The “lag” is some­what less in the dry card compass.

The Sperry Gyro-Compass

Not only is the Sperry Gy­ro-Com­pass unaf­fec­ted by mag­ne­tic con­di­tions, re­sult­ing from the heel­ing error, but before being placed upon the ship it is tested for days under con­di­tions sim­u­lat­ing the mo­tion of the ship in the most severe storm.

A ship steered by the Gyro-Compass trav­erses a straight line course; the Gyro-Com­pass does not os­cil­late with the rol­ling of the ship. It is not nec­es­sary for the helms­man to use as much helm to keep the ship on her course. A great saving is made in the use of the steering engine.

There is no “lag” in the Sper­ry Gy­ro-Com­pass, be­cause it does not leave the mer­i­dian, no mat­ter which way or how quick­ly the ship may turn or zig-zag. Ex­haus­tive tests have been con­duct­ed on com­pas­ses installed on torpedo boat des­troy­ers. Even when zig-zag­ging at top speed in heavy seas the Gy­ro-Com­pass shows no “lag.”

Trav­e­ling the straight line course instead of the sin­u­ous course, ships equipped with the Sper­ry Gy­ro-Com­pass have saved from one to ten per cent in time over the average sched­ule time re­quired to cov­er their courses when steering by the mag­ne­tic com­pass.

The Savannah, first steamship to cross the ocean.

Warning of Unreliability

Due to mag­net­ic storms and any num­ber of other causes the mag­net­ic com­pass may at any time be dis­trac­ted so that it does not in­di­cate cor­rect­ly. Dis­tur­bances are ex­tran­eous and their di­rec­tion and mag­ni­tude can­not be de­ter­mined. The nav­i­gat­or is cons­tant­ly sub­ject to the feel­ing that his comp­ass may not be ac­cu­rate—that he can­not de­pend on it.

About the only thing that will cause an er­ror in the Gy­ro-Com­pass is the fail­ure of the el­ect­ri­cal power sup­ply. Should this con­tin­gen­cy oc­cur an elec­tric bell warns the nav­i­ga­tor. Any dis­tur­bances must orig­i­nate with the mas­ter com­pass and can be quick­ly and ac­cu­rate­ly lo­cated.

The Sperry Gyro-Compass unfailingly points True North under all conditions of weather, ship or cargo. It relieves the navigator of calculation of errors, and tiresome compass compensations. It makes a great saving in time required to “swing ship.” The Sperry Gyro-Compass is, therefore, the Ideal Compass.

The Great Eastern laid the first Atlantic cable.

Advantages Attending the Use of the Sperry Gyro-Compass

D

URING the construction of a steel ship it is usual to build it on ways the direction of which lie in the East-West line. Should the ways be placed in a North-South line the riveting on the keel and plates tends to help the molecules of metal to place themselves parallel to the magnetic lines of force, and magnetize the metal. When placed in the East-West line the molecules of metal in the plates are at right angles to the magnetic lines of force, and are not as easily magnetized. The use of the Gyro-Compass eliminates the necessity of placing the ways in the East-West line.

After a large ship has been launched, and during the fitting out period, it is often necessary to have it swung end for end in order to neutralize or equalize the magnetism induced by the earth’s magnetic field. To swing a large ship end for end costs anywhere from one thousand ($1000) to three thousand ($3000) dollars. The Gyro-Compass is unaffected by any magnetic phenomena, and is so dependable that it makes the swinging of the ship unnecessary.

In constructing a ship it is customary to make all metal parts within approximately ten (10) feet of the magnetic-compass stand of bronze, brass or other non-magnetic material. The proximity of magnetic metals seriously affects the accuracy of the compass. All electric leads are run so as to clear the vicinity of the compass, as the magnetic fields set up by such conductors seriously influence the compass needle. Actual experience is on record that the total installation cost of the Sperry Gyro-Compass has been saved many times over by the elimination of special metals and special run of electric leads.

Gyro-Compass School for
Training Ship’s Officers and Men.

Before starting on a long voyage, es­pec­ial­ly with a new ship using the mag­ne­tic compass, it is cust­o­mary to swing the ship through a comp­lete circle to check dev­i­a­tion. To swing ship it is first nec­es­sary to pick out a suit­able ob­ject on land having a known bear­ing to the ship. This object is used as a ref­er­ence point. If at sea ob­ser­va­tions are taken on the sun. The ship is then swung through 360 degrees, stop­ping usually on each 15-degree head­ing, and noting the dev­i­a­tion. A table is made up showing the deviation on each of these headings. An attempt is then made to so adjust or manipulate the compensating magnets to eliminate the error found. The ship must then again be swung through 360 degrees, stopping at headings as before to check the applied compensation.

A Stern-wheeler of early steam-boating days.
Figure 5. Errors of Magnetic Compass Cause Departure From Desired Course.

On some ships it is the custom to check the deviation by the deflector magnet method. The ship in this case is put on a certain heading and a magnet placed to one side of the compass and the deviation noted. The same magnet is then placed at an equal distance to the opposite side and the deviation noted. The difference, if any, between the readings is the deviation on that particular course.

With either meth­od of check­ing for dev­i­a­tion, con­sid­er­able time is used. It is not nec­es­sary to check for dev­i­a­tion or ap­ply any com­pen­sa­tion to the Gyro-Com­pass, as it is not mag­net­ic. In fact the Gy­ro-Com­pass has noth­ing what­ever to do with magnetism.

Steering Repeater in Wheel House.

When at sea the Gyro-Compass af­fords the means of keep­ing to the straight-line, true course. The line A B, Figure 5, shows the straight-line course from the port of New York to the port of Liver­pool. The line A C E B shows, with exag­ger­a­tion, the actual course steered due to com­pass and other er­rors. At the point E the ship’s position was checked by observation of a celestial body. The line E B represents the new course set to bring the ship to her destination. This is an occurrence which sometimes happens not once but often during a voyage.

It is evident that a loss of time is in­volved when the ship leaves her straight line course. The in­her­ent ac­curacy of the Sper­ry Gy­ro-Com­pass en­ables the ship to keep to the straight line course, and also to steer di­rect­ly on true courses.

By keeping on a straight line course the ship is en­abled to make a good many more miles on the same num­ber of rev­o­lu­tions or turns of the pro­pel­ler. Under ex­actly the same weath­er con­di­tions a 16,000 ton lin­er made 370 miles in 24 hours at an av­er­age of 86.95 rev­o­lu­tions per min­ute per mile when steered by a mag­ne­tic com­pass, and the same lin­er made 377 miles with 85.61 rev­o­lu­tions per min­ute per mile when steered by the Gy­ro-Com­pass. This sav­ing amounts to eas­ily $50 per day for this ship. Dur­ing her elev­en-day voy­age she saved $550. At this rate of sav­ing the Gy­ro-Com­pass equip­ment is soon paid for.

The Turbinia was the first turbine steamer.

The Sperry Gyro-Compass does not oscillate with the rolling of the ship, or in other words, has no heeling error. The use of the helm is greatly diminished. Records show that on one trans-Atlantic liner a saving of 24 percent in the revolutions of the steering engine, when steered by Gyro-Compass, was effected. One of the largest trans-Atlantic liners reports that but one-third of the helm is used when the ship is steered by Gyro-Compass.

High Potential Test on Repeaters.

This saving in the use of the steering engine gives actual proof that the ship navigated by a Gyro-Compass steers a straight line course. It further proves that the ship does not divert its slip-stream as often—the power output of the main engines is thereby reduced.

Records taken on a well-known passenger liner show that in making her regular trip between New York and Jacksonville, Florida, she saved more than two hours due to steering by a Sperry Gyro-Compass. A saving of 3,410 turns of her propeller was also effected. These savings were made even with much greater than the usual draft.

Records taken by means of the Sperry Recording Compass show that when the helmsman is given a certain course he can keep the ship one and one-half degrees nearer the course when steering by the Gyro-Compass than when steering by magnetic compass.

The Gyro-Compass can make great savings in money both in construction and operation of the ship. These factors are perhaps trivial when compared with the safety factor introduced by the use of the Sperry Gyro-Compass.

Due to the elim­i­na­tion of the many un­cer­tain­ties of the mag­netic com­pass, insurance com­pan­ies are fav­or­ably dis­posed toward the use of the Sper­ry Gy­ro-Com­pass, which ul­ti­mate­ly will re­sult in a re­duc­tion of in­sur­ance rates.

The use of the Sper­ry Gy­ro-Com­pass elim­in­ates in­ac­cu­ra­cies due to nav­i­ga­tion, there­by sav­ing time, in­suring the ship, the car­go, and the lives of pas­sen­gers and crew.

Sper­ry Gy­ro-Com­pas­ses are op­er­at­ing on many of the world’s larg­est and fast­est pas­sen­ger lin­ers and car­go ships. These ships are ma­king sav­ings every day of fuel used and time re­quired to make their courses. The nav­i­ga­tors using these com­pas­ses find that they can come very much nearer their cal­cu­lat­ed po­si­tions when steer­ing by the Gy­ro-Com­pass. The Gy­ro-Com­pass makes the art of nav­i­ga­tion more exact.

The Sperry Gyro-Compass is the only one to pass the service tests in the world’s navies.

Schooners are economical, needing but small crews.

The Sperry Gyro-Compass Equipment

T

HE equipment which applies the principle set forth in a practical way consists of:

  • 1.The Master, True North Compass.
  • 2.Comp­ass Con­trol-Pan­el—for con­trol­ling the elec­tric cur­rent.
  • 3.Re­peat­ers—op­er­ated from the Mas­ter Com­pass, and in­di­ca­ting its exact read­ing at any ins­tant.
  • 4.Mo­tor-gen­er­a­tor—for con­vert­ing the ship’s cur­rent into cur­rent of proper char­ac­ter­is­tics for spin­ning the gyro wheels and op­er­a­ting the re­peat­ers.
  • 5.Stor­age Bat­tery—for emerg­en­cy op­er­a­tion of the equip­ment in case of fail­ure of the ship’s sup­ply.

The function of each piece of equipment and its relation to other parts is shown on pages 22 and 23.

The Master Compass

The Master Gyro-Compass is contained within a binnacle stand, with glass dome top.

Using Bearing Repeater at Sea.

As shown in the pho­to­graphs and sec­tion­al view, the twin gyro-wheels are sup­port­ed from a frame-work which is in turn set in gim­bal rings. The out­er gim­bal ring is at­tached to the bin­nacle stand by means of a num­ber of sup­port­ing springs. The springs are pro­vid­ed for pro­tect­ing the com­pass against sud­den jars and vi­bra­tions. Fig­ure 18 shows a pho­to­graph of the top view, while the wheels are shown from be­low in Figure 16.

A diagrammatic representation of the Sperry Gyro-Compass is shown in plan view in Figure 17. The elevation, or side view, is shown in Figure 15. These drawings show the working parts of the Gyro-Compass. Each of the twin gyro-wheels is enclosed in a case, which is in turn suspended from the main frame and spider.

The wheels are spun at a high speed in unison by means of electricity. The force of the earth’s rotation combines with the force resulting from the rotating wheels. The resultant action of these two forces is that both wheels turn their axes directly into, or parallel with, the earth’s north and south meridian. The compass card, of course, also turns and indicates direction by comparing the stationary “lubber line,” representing the ship’s head, with the compass card.

The trade of China is carried
 in clumsy Junks.
Figure 6. Control Panel. Figure 8. Master Compass. Figure 9. Storage Battery.
Figure 7. Motor Generator.
Steel Square-riggers still
 compete with steamers.
Figure 10. Repeater on Steering Stand. Figure 11. Repeater, Bulkhead Type. Figure 12. Bearing Repeater in Pelorus Stand.
The Dhow is the trading ship of East Africa.
Figure 14.

A single gyro-wheel would cons­ti­tute a sat­is­fact­ory sta­tion­ary, or “land com­pass.” On ship­board the roll, yaw and pitch of the ship would impose ad­di­tion­al duty on a single wheel. It would have to point not only True North, but also offset the effect of the sea. One of the two wheels is ar­ranged to always point True North, while its twin wheel op­poses and neutralizes all in­fluences other than the force of the earth’s rotation. The force of both wheels is utilized in seeking the mer­i­dian.

The Master Gyro-Compass is a marvel of mech­an­ical per­fec­tion and rug­ged­ness. Every ro­tat­ing or re­volv­ing part moves upon special bearings to reduce friction. It should be noted also that the gyro-wheels do not directly operate the compass card. The compass card is turned by a small electric motor (Azimuth Motor), Figure 17. The slightest change in position between the wheels and card operates the “trolley” or electrical contact, which controls the Azimuth Motor. The card is made to “shadow” the wheels. The follow-up is so close that the card frame has been called the “phantom.”

An electrical transmitter, Figure 17, is operated by the movement of the card. This transmitter is the means by which the repeaters are kept in unison with the movements of the Master Gyro-Compass, and made to show the exact reading at any instant. Again the Azimuth Motor furnishes the very slight amount of power required to operate this device.

Figure 13.

The Master Compass is placed near the center of the ship at the water line. At this point the effect of rolling is at a minimum. It is, however, not necessary to place it exactly at this position. Figure 13 shows the approximate location of the various pieces of equipment aboard ship.

An indispensable link between producer and consumer.

The Repeaters

A familiar application of the repeater principle is that used in hotels and public buildings, where a number of repeater clocks are operated from one master instrument. Likewise, the repeater used upon the bridge, the bearing repeater, and the one at the after steering station, are all operated by electricity in perfect unison with the Master Gyro-Compass and show the exact reading of the Master at any instant. Repeaters are operated by a small electric motor within each case, controlled by the transmitter at the Master Gyro. In designing the repeaters particular attention has been given to the electrical circuits so as to make all connections water, spray and condensation proof. Stuffing tubes of improved design are used at all outlets and entrances.

A miniature electric lamp within the repeater supplies the necessary illumination of the dial. The illumination can be brightened or dimmed by turning the switch handle on the face of the terminal box.

The repeaters are supplied in three styles:

Special stands or fixtures can be supplied if necessary.

A metal “non-reflection” cover is supplied which can be fitted to either the bridge or the after steering repeaters. The cover has adjustable doors and a hood. Its object is to exclude all light from the top glass of the repeater except at the lubber’s line. No light will be reflected into the eyes of the helmsman. The doors can be closed until a very small sector of the repeater dial appears at the lubber’s line. Experience has proved that it is easier to watch and concentrate when only a small portion of the dial is visible. A magnifying glass can be used in conjunction with the cover so that the repeater indication can be read at a distance.

Bearing Repeater with
Sperry Azimuth
Circle.

The bridge and after steering repeaters are mounted on ad­just­able brack­ets. The position of the repeater can be changed so as to allow a full face view of the dial from almost any angle.

The bearing repeater is of great aid to the navigator. The repeater is mounted within the stand and, of course, shows the exact reading of the Master Compass. In taking a bearing on a distant object or a sun azimuth it is not necessary to first set the “dumb” compass to correspond with the main com­pass. A cons­tant true ind­i­ca­tion is af­ford­ed.

Installation of the bear­ing re­peat­er can be made in such a po­si­tion on the up­per bridge so that it may be used for steering from that position as well as for taking bearings. A special pelorus stand cover can be supplied with windows to allow steering with the cover on, so as to protect the repeater from spray and the weather.

The light unsinkable Kayak of the Eskimo.
Figure 15.
Figure 16.
An Ore-steamer of the American Great Lakes.
Figure 17.
Figure 18.
The great painted War-Canoe of Alaskan Indians.

An improved design of azimuth circle is furnished which fits directly over the top of the repeater. Figures 24 and 26, on page 30, show the azimuth circle and bearing repeater in use, taking a bearing on a distant object, and on the sun respectively. This azimuth circle is so constructed as to bring the object, the spirit level and dial within the field of vision concurrently. The bearing can be taken with great accuracy. There is no possibility of the Master Compass changing its position while the pelorus is in use. Such an occurrence is not uncommon when using the ordinary pelorus or “dummy” compass.

An additional graduated ring, Figure 25, is supplied for placing under the azimuth circle so that in case the Gyro-Compass is not operating such, for instance, as when the ship is at anchor, the pelorus can still be used as a “dumb” compass. The main compass setting is made upon the ring, and the azimuth circle used in the usual manner.

The bearing repeater can be furnished with any one of three kinds of azimuth circles. The Ritchie circle is usually supplied. The purchaser also has the option of choosing either the Sperry circle or the Kelvin Azimuth Mirror.

Compass Control-Panel

The compass control-panel provides a means for controlling the various electrical parts of the Gyro-Compass, the storage battery, motor-generator and ship’s supply current. It is very compact, neat, and of good appearance. It receives electrical power from the ship’s mains and distributes it to the motor-generator set, Master Compass and repeater.

The switch panel is made up of black ebony asbestos, mounted upon angle iron. The panel is usually mounted with its back near the bulkheads, but so hinged as to admit of access to its rear.

Motor-Generator

Line of Precision Lathes.

The Mot­or-Gen­er­a­tor sup­plied is an ef­fic­i­ent and ex­cep­tion­al­ly re­li­able piece of equip­ment. Its pur­pose is to con­vert the ship’s sup­ply cur­rent into elec­tric­i­ty of the char­ac­ter­is­tics used in spin­ning the gy­ro-wheels and op­er­a­ting the re­peat­ers.

Stor­age Bat­tery

The complete failure of the electrical plant aboard a modern ship is an event of rare occurrence. If, however, such a contingency should occur, provision has been made for it in the Gyro-Compass equipment by supplying a storage battery of sufficient capacity to operate the entire equipment for a period of two hours. The battery is so connected electrically as to keep itself in a charged condition while the compass is operating under normal conditions.

A Super-dreadnought, the bulwark of sea power.
FIGS. 19, 20, 21, 22, 23. Sperry Gyro-Compass Repeaters.
The Dahabeah is the passenger boat of the Nile.
FIGS. 24, 25, 26. Sperry Gyro-Compass Bearing Repeater With Azimuth Circle.
A fast-steaming hotel for ocean travelers.
FIGS. 27, 28, 29, 30. Bearing Repeater Mounted in Pelorus Stand.
Malay pirates use the swift-sailing Proa.
Figure 31.

Sperry Recording Compass

An outstanding feature of the Gyro-Compass is that it makes possible the recording of the actual courses steered by a vessel. The recording compass is connected to the electrical circuits like a repeater and follows the movements of the Master Compass. It not only indicates the heading at any instant, but also makes a graphic record on a chart. Radial lines on the chart represent the various courses. Concentric circles represent time—each small division five minutes—each large division one hour.

The dial on which the chart is mounted turns with the movements of the master compass bringing the correct course under the marking point. As the time advances a line is marked on the chart showing the exact course steered at a definite time. On starting, the marking arm is at the inner edge, clockwork moves it toward the outer edge with uniform motion.

Figure 32.

The chart shown in Figure 32 forms a valuable record. It was taken on a ship at a time a radio call was received from a burning oil tanker. Being within the distance defined by law, the ship was legally, as well as morally bound to proceed to the distressed ship. The chart shows that the course was altered to go to the tanker’s aid. It also showed the exact time, thereby establishing proof as to the fulfillment of the obligation. A few minutes later another radio call advised that the fire aboard the tanker was extinguished. The chart shows that the course was again altered to bring the vessel back on her original given course.

The Destroyer is the grey-hound of the sea.

The chart further shows the actual courses steered in holding the ship on its given course. It shows just how efficiently each helmsman handles the ship. It provides an excellent method of training helmsmen to use less helm, effecting a saving by less frequent use of the steering engine.

The recording compass is a great aid to the Captain and Navigator in improving the navigating efficiency of the ship.

The recording compass can be supplied as a part of the Gyro-Compass equipment—its additional cost is small when compared to the saving and benefits derived from its use.

Operation

The operation of the Sperry Gyro-Compass is made easy by making all parts as simple as possible.

In starting the equipment it is necessary to turn but one switch. The twin wheels immediately start spinning and will in a short time come up to the normal speed.

After the speed has been attained, a short time is allowed for the wheels to cause their axes to “settle,” or, in other words, to seek and hold the meridian.

In case of failure of the ship’s supply, or other trouble, an audible signal immediately gives indication that something is wrong. This is a decided improvement over the ordinary compass, as no indication is afforded of the presence of factors which cause errors in its reading.

Care

All of the greatest commercial aids require some care, such, for instance, as the telephone, typewriter, adding machine, duplicating machine and so on.

Bearing Repeater Equipped with Windows
 in Storm Cover.

The magnetic compasses aboard ship receive especially watchful attention, to see that they are not meddled or tampered with. As a rule the entire ship’s crew, including the youngest apprentice, knows that the compass must in no way be handled.

It should be remembered that the Sperry Gyro-Compass is a mechanical compass. Although the very best materials, design and skill enter into its construction, it is still liable to failure. Even with that possibility, it is so superior to the magnetic compass that it more than justifies its installation use. In the same way the electric light, although liable to failure, is vastly superior to the old oil lamp. The oil lamps are seldom used, yet they are carried aboard ships for the contingency which might happen. Similarly a failure of the electric or hydraulic steering gear may necessitate the temporary use of the inefficient hand-steering gear.

In Venice, graceful Gondolas
 take the place of cabs.

Fig. 33. Repeater at After Steering Station. Fig. 35. Repeater on Wing of Upper Bridge. Fig. 34. Bearing Repeater on top of Wheel-house.

Steam-yachting is the most costly
 of all sports.
Fig. 37. Bearing Repeater. Fig. 36. Repeater at Steering Station.
The Mediterranean Felucca,
 swift in all weathers.

Fig. 38. Master Compasses on Long Run Floor Test. Fig. 39. Master Compasses under Test on Special Machine constructed to simulate the motion of a Ship in a Heavy Sea.

The Submarine, the unseen terror of the seas.

Sperry Service

W

HEN a Gyro-Compass is sold the interest of The Sperry Gyroscope Company does not cease. Our interest in our customer is only beginning. An experienced service engineer installs every Sperry Gyro-Compass. This engineer is also available to make the first trip with the compass in order to assure its proper operation. After installation the Sperry Service Engineers are available in every large port in the world to come aboard and inspect, clean, repair and overhaul the Gyro-Compass equipment so as to keep it in first class operating condition. A radiogram sent to any of the Sperry Service Stations will bring a Service Engineer to meet your ship. During the first year there is no charge. After this period a reasonable charge is made for the service. Such a charge is similar to that at present made by compass-adjusters.

A list of the Sper­ry Rep­re­sen­ta­tives is giv­en on the tit­le page of this book.

Ritchie Azimuth Circle in
Use on Bearing Repeater.

Work­man­ship

The Sper­ry Gy­ro-Com­pass is an ins­tru­ment of pre­cision. From the work done by the Gy­ro-Com­pass and the ob­jects ac­comp­lished it would be natural to class it as a sci­en­tif­ic ins­tru­ment. It is, however, more than that for the reason that it has been made strong and sturdy for operation under the most severe conditions at sea. The most expert and skilled workmanship is required to combine strength and precision, such as found in the Gyro-Compass. The Sperry organization prides itself upon having the best workmen that can be obtained for their respective vocations.

The materials used are the very best obtainable. The rigid and inflexible set of purchasing specifications insures receiving the best materials.

A well organized inspection force passes upon all material upon its receipt, and through the various manufacturing stages to the final product.

The Sampan shoots the rapids of Japanese rivers.

Testing

Each Sperry Gyro-Compass is on test for several days. During this time it is put through every devisable test to simulate the conditions under which it will have to operate. Figures 38 and 39 show a compass mounted on a stand which is operated by means of motor driven gears, cams, etc., so as to reproduce the roll, pitch and yaw of a ship at sea. Absolute accuracy of the Master Compass and all repeaters while operating under this condition is required.

The purchaser is thereby assured that the compass to be installed upon his ship will have had all manufacturing inaccuracies or so-called “kinks” worked out. A record of the test accompanies each compass.

Packing

Special care is taken in packing the Gyro-Compass for shipment. Experience gained from the shipment of hundreds of compasses has devised means whereby to insure the safe arrival of all parts so that installation will not be delayed.

In order that no injury may result to any parts, the Gyro-Compass is unpacked under the supervision of the Sperry Service Engineer.

The Sperry Service Organization

The Sperry Service Organization is one which serves in all parts of the world. A corps of Service Engineers, having special training at the factory in all departments relating to the Gyro-Compass, are available in nearly every large port of the world. These engineers are ready to come aboard your ship, to clean, adjust and overhaul the Gyro-Compass, thus relieving the navigator of all care other than the actual use of the Gyro-Compass.

Master Compasses on Testing Machine which simulates the
 Roll, Pitch and Yaw of Ship at Sea.

During the war we had Service Engineers in every port where the ships of the Navy were likely to call. Our men have been in many of the naval actions and have been able to render very con­sid­er­able service on many un­usual oc­cas­ions. For example, it was desired to place an equipment on a British ship which was on her way to the Dardanelles. The Admiralty instructed us by telegram to have an equipment and a Service Engineer meet the ship at the British Naval Station at Malta in the Mediterranean. By sending the equipment with our Service Engineer via a passenger train to the south of Italy and via destroyer to Malta we were able to meet the ship there on the day she arrived. The ship was able to stay only twenty-four hours, and as it took about four days to install the equipment, our engineer remained on board and finished the work while the ship was enroute from Malta to the Dardanelles.

The Whale-back, steadiest of all in rough weather.

This ship, the Inflexible, arrived at the Dardanelles just in time to join in the first naval action directed against the land batteries. During the first part of the engagement our engineer remained with the Master Compass which was installed near the dynamo room. When he saw that it was functioning properly he left it to go on deck and view the action, the effects of which he had become aware of, as a number of shells from the land batteries had hit the ship. Almost immediately after he arrived on deck a torpedo struck the ship directly under the compartment where the Gyro-Compass was located, killing every man in that compartment. Although badly damaged the ship was able to get out of range of the land batteries and reach the naval base near the Dardanelles.

The Gyro-Compass was, of course, almost totally destroyed. Shortly after the action ended our engineer was enabled to get ashore on a Greek island via one of the British destroyers. This island had a telegraph station which he used to cable us that “Equipment No. 286 is under four feet of water,” and that we should have another equipment ready to replace it. We took this telegram to the Admiralty who authorized us to have another equipment prepared to meet this ship at Gibraltar. This we did, again sending a Service Engineer who met the ship at Gibraltar, on her way back to England to be repaired and refitted.

The Sperry Service Organization stands ready to help all ships equipped with a Gyro-Compass at all times, even in emergencies such as those experienced by naval vessels.

Service Given to the World’s Navies by the Gyro-Compass

Steering from Bearing Repeater.

At the time of the battle of Coronel on the west coast of South America, H. M. S. In­vin­ci­ble was being over­hauled at the Ports­mouth Dock­yard in Eng­land. She was im­med­i­ate­ly ord­ered with one other large British ship to South American waters under the com­mand of Ad­mir­al Stur­dee, to re-enforce the British fleet, and then to find and destroy the German ships which had defeated the British at the battle of Coronel. When the overhaul of the Invincible was completed and she was ready to leave the docks, it was at first planned to delay sailing until the ship could be swung and the magnetic compasses compensated. It was decided, however, that although the compasses were badly in need of adjustment it was necessary to save every minute in order to reach South American waters before the German ships could find and destroy the British ships remaining in those waters. The Invincible therefore sailed without adjusting her magnetic compasses and navigated entirely by the Sperry Gyro-Compass from Portsmouth to the Falkland Islands. When an azimuth was finally taken the magnetic compass was found to be out about 22 degrees. The Invincible arrived at the Falkland Islands just in time to coal before the German fleet appeared. If H. M. S. Invincible had not had a Gyro-Compass the probabilities are that she would not have reached the Falkland Islands in time to win the battle which took place almost immediately upon her arrival.

The Coracle of ancient Britain, still used in Wales.

Figure 49 shows a British submarine, a sister ship of the E-11, that entered the Sea of Marmora through the Dardanelles for the purpose of destroying Turkish and German shipping. The E-11 put a torpedo right into Constantinople harbor. The Second Officer of the E-11 in relating this exploit, stated that they steered by the “Sperry” all the way in and out. His remark was that, “It never let me down.”

In this exploit, and many others of a similar nature, the Gyro-Compass was used for all navigation. These extremely daring and hazardous operations would not have been possible without this instrument.

A similar British submarine left Harwich on the east coast of England, and during a period of three weeks made seven patrol trips, and without once seeing the sun, finally returned to Harwich and picked up the buoy at the mouth of the harbor without the least difficulty. The navigation in this case was carried out entirely by the Gyro-Compass.

Repeaters on Test.

Figure 54 is a pho­to­graph of H. M. S. Lion, the flag­ship of Ad­mir­al Beat­ty in the bat­tle of Jut­land. This ship was pro­vid­ed with the Sper­ry Gy­ro-Com­pass equip­ment early in the war. Dur­ing the Jut­land en­gage­ment a fire broke out in a mag­a­zine of the Lion im­med­i­ate­ly be­low the two Mas­ter Com­pas­ses which were lo­cat­ed in one com­part­ment. It be­came so hot that the lead sheath­ing was melt­ed off the elec­tric cab­les and one of the Gy­ro-Com­pas­ses was heat­ed until its parts fused. Notwithstanding this same heat the other compass functioned throughout the entire action. Of the ships engaged in the battle of Jutland practically all except the destroyers were equipped with the Gyro-Compass. Every one of them performed perfectly throughout the action except in the case of the Lion on which one was destroyed by fire.

Hundreds of Sperry Gyro-Compasses are veterans of many battles and encounters under heavy gunfire and adverse conditions.

The Power Boat, small, able, reliable,
 comfortable.

40. R. M. S Bergensfjord. 41. R. M. S. Aquitania. 42. S. S. Lenape. 43. S. S. Conneaut. 44. Yacht Lyndonia.

Ships Equipped with Sperry Gyro-Compass.
Huge Dug-Outs are used on African
 rivers.

45. U.S.S. Pennsylvania—© E. Muller, Jr. 46. U.S.S. Bush. 47. H.M.S. Invincible—© Underwood & Underwood. 48. R. F. La Marsellaise—© Underwood & Underwood. 49. H.M. Submarine E-11—© Underwood & Underwood.

Ships Equipped with Sperry Gyro-Compass.
Great Colliers carry coal for the world’s
 navies.

50. H. I. M. S. Kongo—© Underwood & Underwood. 51. H. M. S. Conte di Cavour—© Underwood & Underwood. 52. U. S. S. Delaware—First Ship to Carry Gyro-Compass. 53. H. M. S. Queen Elizabeth—© Western Newspaper Union. 54. H. M. S. Lion—© Underwood & Underwood.

Ships Equipped with Sperry Gyro-Compass.
Speedy Ice-boats provide thrilling winter sport.
  • Telegrams
    • Inland: SPERIGYCO, Vic, London.
    • Foreign: SPERIGYCO, London.
  • Telephone, 7398 VICTORIA.
THE SPERRY GYROSCOPE COMPANY, LTD.
NEW YORK ‐ LONDON ‐ MILAN ‐ PARIS ‐ PETROGRAD ‐ TOKIO ‐ COPENHAGEN STOCKHOLM ‐ LA HAGUE
15, VICTORIA STREET,
LONDON, S. W.
August 1st. 1916.
B-3909.
The Sperry Gyroscope Company,

NEW YORK.

Gentlemen,

It gives me very great pleasure to inform you that my Company has received from Their Lords Commissioners of the Admiralty, under date 20th July, the following words of commendation:―

“I am to add an expression of Their Lordships’ appreciation of the valuable assistance rendered to the Admiralty by your Company since the outbreak of War, in your very prompt and efficient execution of the important work entrusted to you”.

I might mention that this was the first recommendation given to a private Firm by the British Admiralty for fifteen years, and had to be concurred in by no less than thirty-seven Government Officials.

Very truly yours,
THE SPERRY GYROSCOPE COMPANY LTD.
illegible signature
Managing Director.
TRANSCRIBER'S NOTE

Original spelling and grammar are generally retained. Illustrations are moved from inside paragraphs to between paragraphs.

Page 21. The second and third list items under the heading "The Sperry Gyro-Compass Equipment" were incorrectly labeled "3." and "2.", in that order. These labels were corrected.






End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of The Sperry Gyro-Compass, by 
The Sperry Gyroscope Co.

*** END OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE SPERRY GYRO-COMPASS ***

***** This file should be named 52053-h.htm or 52053-h.zip *****
This and all associated files of various formats will be found in:
        http://www.gutenberg.org/5/2/0/5/52053/

Produced by deaurider, RichardW, and the Online Distributed
Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net (This file was
produced from images generously made available by The
Internet Archive)


Updated editions will replace the previous one--the old editions will
be renamed.

Creating the works from print editions not protected by U.S. copyright
law means that no one owns a United States copyright in these works,
so the Foundation (and you!) can copy and distribute it in the United
States without permission and without paying copyright
royalties. Special rules, set forth in the General Terms of Use part
of this license, apply to copying and distributing Project
Gutenberg-tm electronic works to protect the PROJECT GUTENBERG-tm
concept and trademark. Project Gutenberg is a registered trademark,
and may not be used if you charge for the eBooks, unless you receive
specific permission. If you do not charge anything for copies of this
eBook, complying with the rules is very easy. You may use this eBook
for nearly any purpose such as creation of derivative works, reports,
performances and research. They may be modified and printed and given
away--you may do practically ANYTHING in the United States with eBooks
not protected by U.S. copyright law. Redistribution is subject to the
trademark license, especially commercial redistribution.

START: FULL LICENSE

THE FULL PROJECT GUTENBERG LICENSE
PLEASE READ THIS BEFORE YOU DISTRIBUTE OR USE THIS WORK

To protect the Project Gutenberg-tm mission of promoting the free
distribution of electronic works, by using or distributing this work
(or any other work associated in any way with the phrase "Project
Gutenberg"), you agree to comply with all the terms of the Full
Project Gutenberg-tm License available with this file or online at
www.gutenberg.org/license.

Section 1. General Terms of Use and Redistributing Project
Gutenberg-tm electronic works

1.A. By reading or using any part of this Project Gutenberg-tm
electronic work, you indicate that you have read, understand, agree to
and accept all the terms of this license and intellectual property
(trademark/copyright) agreement. If you do not agree to abide by all
the terms of this agreement, you must cease using and return or
destroy all copies of Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works in your
possession. If you paid a fee for obtaining a copy of or access to a
Project Gutenberg-tm electronic work and you do not agree to be bound
by the terms of this agreement, you may obtain a refund from the
person or entity to whom you paid the fee as set forth in paragraph
1.E.8.

1.B. "Project Gutenberg" is a registered trademark. It may only be
used on or associated in any way with an electronic work by people who
agree to be bound by the terms of this agreement. There are a few
things that you can do with most Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works
even without complying with the full terms of this agreement. See
paragraph 1.C below. There are a lot of things you can do with Project
Gutenberg-tm electronic works if you follow the terms of this
agreement and help preserve free future access to Project Gutenberg-tm
electronic works. See paragraph 1.E below.

1.C. The Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation ("the
Foundation" or PGLAF), owns a compilation copyright in the collection
of Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works. Nearly all the individual
works in the collection are in the public domain in the United
States. If an individual work is unprotected by copyright law in the
United States and you are located in the United States, we do not
claim a right to prevent you from copying, distributing, performing,
displaying or creating derivative works based on the work as long as
all references to Project Gutenberg are removed. Of course, we hope
that you will support the Project Gutenberg-tm mission of promoting
free access to electronic works by freely sharing Project Gutenberg-tm
works in compliance with the terms of this agreement for keeping the
Project Gutenberg-tm name associated with the work. You can easily
comply with the terms of this agreement by keeping this work in the
same format with its attached full Project Gutenberg-tm License when
you share it without charge with others.

1.D. The copyright laws of the place where you are located also govern
what you can do with this work. Copyright laws in most countries are
in a constant state of change. If you are outside the United States,
check the laws of your country in addition to the terms of this
agreement before downloading, copying, displaying, performing,
distributing or creating derivative works based on this work or any
other Project Gutenberg-tm work. The Foundation makes no
representations concerning the copyright status of any work in any
country outside the United States.

1.E. Unless you have removed all references to Project Gutenberg:

1.E.1. The following sentence, with active links to, or other
immediate access to, the full Project Gutenberg-tm License must appear
prominently whenever any copy of a Project Gutenberg-tm work (any work
on which the phrase "Project Gutenberg" appears, or with which the
phrase "Project Gutenberg" is associated) is accessed, displayed,
performed, viewed, copied or distributed:

  This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere in the United States and
  most other parts of the world at no cost and with almost no
  restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or re-use it
  under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included with this
  eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org. If you are not located in the
  United States, you'll have to check the laws of the country where you
  are located before using this ebook.

1.E.2. If an individual Project Gutenberg-tm electronic work is
derived from texts not protected by U.S. copyright law (does not
contain a notice indicating that it is posted with permission of the
copyright holder), the work can be copied and distributed to anyone in
the United States without paying any fees or charges. If you are
redistributing or providing access to a work with the phrase "Project
Gutenberg" associated with or appearing on the work, you must comply
either with the requirements of paragraphs 1.E.1 through 1.E.7 or
obtain permission for the use of the work and the Project Gutenberg-tm
trademark as set forth in paragraphs 1.E.8 or 1.E.9.

1.E.3. If an individual Project Gutenberg-tm electronic work is posted
with the permission of the copyright holder, your use and distribution
must comply with both paragraphs 1.E.1 through 1.E.7 and any
additional terms imposed by the copyright holder. Additional terms
will be linked to the Project Gutenberg-tm License for all works
posted with the permission of the copyright holder found at the
beginning of this work.

1.E.4. Do not unlink or detach or remove the full Project Gutenberg-tm
License terms from this work, or any files containing a part of this
work or any other work associated with Project Gutenberg-tm.

1.E.5. Do not copy, display, perform, distribute or redistribute this
electronic work, or any part of this electronic work, without
prominently displaying the sentence set forth in paragraph 1.E.1 with
active links or immediate access to the full terms of the Project
Gutenberg-tm License.

1.E.6. You may convert to and distribute this work in any binary,
compressed, marked up, nonproprietary or proprietary form, including
any word processing or hypertext form. However, if you provide access
to or distribute copies of a Project Gutenberg-tm work in a format
other than "Plain Vanilla ASCII" or other format used in the official
version posted on the official Project Gutenberg-tm web site
(www.gutenberg.org), you must, at no additional cost, fee or expense
to the user, provide a copy, a means of exporting a copy, or a means
of obtaining a copy upon request, of the work in its original "Plain
Vanilla ASCII" or other form. Any alternate format must include the
full Project Gutenberg-tm License as specified in paragraph 1.E.1.

1.E.7. Do not charge a fee for access to, viewing, displaying,
performing, copying or distributing any Project Gutenberg-tm works
unless you comply with paragraph 1.E.8 or 1.E.9.

1.E.8. You may charge a reasonable fee for copies of or providing
access to or distributing Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works
provided that

* You pay a royalty fee of 20% of the gross profits you derive from
  the use of Project Gutenberg-tm works calculated using the method
  you already use to calculate your applicable taxes. The fee is owed
  to the owner of the Project Gutenberg-tm trademark, but he has
  agreed to donate royalties under this paragraph to the Project
  Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation. Royalty payments must be paid
  within 60 days following each date on which you prepare (or are
  legally required to prepare) your periodic tax returns. Royalty
  payments should be clearly marked as such and sent to the Project
  Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation at the address specified in
  Section 4, "Information about donations to the Project Gutenberg
  Literary Archive Foundation."

* You provide a full refund of any money paid by a user who notifies
  you in writing (or by e-mail) within 30 days of receipt that s/he
  does not agree to the terms of the full Project Gutenberg-tm
  License. You must require such a user to return or destroy all
  copies of the works possessed in a physical medium and discontinue
  all use of and all access to other copies of Project Gutenberg-tm
  works.

* You provide, in accordance with paragraph 1.F.3, a full refund of
  any money paid for a work or a replacement copy, if a defect in the
  electronic work is discovered and reported to you within 90 days of
  receipt of the work.

* You comply with all other terms of this agreement for free
  distribution of Project Gutenberg-tm works.

1.E.9. If you wish to charge a fee or distribute a Project
Gutenberg-tm electronic work or group of works on different terms than
are set forth in this agreement, you must obtain permission in writing
from both the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation and The
Project Gutenberg Trademark LLC, the owner of the Project Gutenberg-tm
trademark. Contact the Foundation as set forth in Section 3 below.

1.F.

1.F.1. Project Gutenberg volunteers and employees expend considerable
effort to identify, do copyright research on, transcribe and proofread
works not protected by U.S. copyright law in creating the Project
Gutenberg-tm collection. Despite these efforts, Project Gutenberg-tm
electronic works, and the medium on which they may be stored, may
contain "Defects," such as, but not limited to, incomplete, inaccurate
or corrupt data, transcription errors, a copyright or other
intellectual property infringement, a defective or damaged disk or
other medium, a computer virus, or computer codes that damage or
cannot be read by your equipment.

1.F.2. LIMITED WARRANTY, DISCLAIMER OF DAMAGES - Except for the "Right
of Replacement or Refund" described in paragraph 1.F.3, the Project
Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation, the owner of the Project
Gutenberg-tm trademark, and any other party distributing a Project
Gutenberg-tm electronic work under this agreement, disclaim all
liability to you for damages, costs and expenses, including legal
fees. YOU AGREE THAT YOU HAVE NO REMEDIES FOR NEGLIGENCE, STRICT
LIABILITY, BREACH OF WARRANTY OR BREACH OF CONTRACT EXCEPT THOSE
PROVIDED IN PARAGRAPH 1.F.3. YOU AGREE THAT THE FOUNDATION, THE
TRADEMARK OWNER, AND ANY DISTRIBUTOR UNDER THIS AGREEMENT WILL NOT BE
LIABLE TO YOU FOR ACTUAL, DIRECT, INDIRECT, CONSEQUENTIAL, PUNITIVE OR
INCIDENTAL DAMAGES EVEN IF YOU GIVE NOTICE OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH
DAMAGE.

1.F.3. LIMITED RIGHT OF REPLACEMENT OR REFUND - If you discover a
defect in this electronic work within 90 days of receiving it, you can
receive a refund of the money (if any) you paid for it by sending a
written explanation to the person you received the work from. If you
received the work on a physical medium, you must return the medium
with your written explanation. The person or entity that provided you
with the defective work may elect to provide a replacement copy in
lieu of a refund. If you received the work electronically, the person
or entity providing it to you may choose to give you a second
opportunity to receive the work electronically in lieu of a refund. If
the second copy is also defective, you may demand a refund in writing
without further opportunities to fix the problem.

1.F.4. Except for the limited right of replacement or refund set forth
in paragraph 1.F.3, this work is provided to you 'AS-IS', WITH NO
OTHER WARRANTIES OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT
LIMITED TO WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY OR FITNESS FOR ANY PURPOSE.

1.F.5. Some states do not allow disclaimers of certain implied
warranties or the exclusion or limitation of certain types of
damages. If any disclaimer or limitation set forth in this agreement
violates the law of the state applicable to this agreement, the
agreement shall be interpreted to make the maximum disclaimer or
limitation permitted by the applicable state law. The invalidity or
unenforceability of any provision of this agreement shall not void the
remaining provisions.

1.F.6. INDEMNITY - You agree to indemnify and hold the Foundation, the
trademark owner, any agent or employee of the Foundation, anyone
providing copies of Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works in
accordance with this agreement, and any volunteers associated with the
production, promotion and distribution of Project Gutenberg-tm
electronic works, harmless from all liability, costs and expenses,
including legal fees, that arise directly or indirectly from any of
the following which you do or cause to occur: (a) distribution of this
or any Project Gutenberg-tm work, (b) alteration, modification, or
additions or deletions to any Project Gutenberg-tm work, and (c) any
Defect you cause.

Section 2. Information about the Mission of Project Gutenberg-tm

Project Gutenberg-tm is synonymous with the free distribution of
electronic works in formats readable by the widest variety of
computers including obsolete, old, middle-aged and new computers. It
exists because of the efforts of hundreds of volunteers and donations
from people in all walks of life.

Volunteers and financial support to provide volunteers with the
assistance they need are critical to reaching Project Gutenberg-tm's
goals and ensuring that the Project Gutenberg-tm collection will
remain freely available for generations to come. In 2001, the Project
Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation was created to provide a secure
and permanent future for Project Gutenberg-tm and future
generations. To learn more about the Project Gutenberg Literary
Archive Foundation and how your efforts and donations can help, see
Sections 3 and 4 and the Foundation information page at
www.gutenberg.org Section 3. Information about the Project Gutenberg
Literary Archive Foundation

The Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation is a non profit
501(c)(3) educational corporation organized under the laws of the
state of Mississippi and granted tax exempt status by the Internal
Revenue Service. The Foundation's EIN or federal tax identification
number is 64-6221541. Contributions to the Project Gutenberg Literary
Archive Foundation are tax deductible to the full extent permitted by
U.S. federal laws and your state's laws.

The Foundation's principal office is in Fairbanks, Alaska, with the
mailing address: PO Box 750175, Fairbanks, AK 99775, but its
volunteers and employees are scattered throughout numerous
locations. Its business office is located at 809 North 1500 West, Salt
Lake City, UT 84116, (801) 596-1887. Email contact links and up to
date contact information can be found at the Foundation's web site and
official page at www.gutenberg.org/contact

For additional contact information:

    Dr. Gregory B. Newby
    Chief Executive and Director
    gbnewby@pglaf.org

Section 4. Information about Donations to the Project Gutenberg
Literary Archive Foundation

Project Gutenberg-tm depends upon and cannot survive without wide
spread public support and donations to carry out its mission of
increasing the number of public domain and licensed works that can be
freely distributed in machine readable form accessible by the widest
array of equipment including outdated equipment. Many small donations
($1 to $5,000) are particularly important to maintaining tax exempt
status with the IRS.

The Foundation is committed to complying with the laws regulating
charities and charitable donations in all 50 states of the United
States. Compliance requirements are not uniform and it takes a
considerable effort, much paperwork and many fees to meet and keep up
with these requirements. We do not solicit donations in locations
where we have not received written confirmation of compliance. To SEND
DONATIONS or determine the status of compliance for any particular
state visit www.gutenberg.org/donate

While we cannot and do not solicit contributions from states where we
have not met the solicitation requirements, we know of no prohibition
against accepting unsolicited donations from donors in such states who
approach us with offers to donate.

International donations are gratefully accepted, but we cannot make
any statements concerning tax treatment of donations received from
outside the United States. U.S. laws alone swamp our small staff.

Please check the Project Gutenberg Web pages for current donation
methods and addresses. Donations are accepted in a number of other
ways including checks, online payments and credit card donations. To
donate, please visit: www.gutenberg.org/donate

Section 5. General Information About Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works.

Professor Michael S. Hart was the originator of the Project
Gutenberg-tm concept of a library of electronic works that could be
freely shared with anyone. For forty years, he produced and
distributed Project Gutenberg-tm eBooks with only a loose network of
volunteer support.

Project Gutenberg-tm eBooks are often created from several printed
editions, all of which are confirmed as not protected by copyright in
the U.S. unless a copyright notice is included. Thus, we do not
necessarily keep eBooks in compliance with any particular paper
edition.

Most people start at our Web site which has the main PG search
facility: www.gutenberg.org

This Web site includes information about Project Gutenberg-tm,
including how to make donations to the Project Gutenberg Literary
Archive Foundation, how to help produce our new eBooks, and how to
subscribe to our email newsletter to hear about new eBooks.