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Title: The New England Historical & Genealogical Register, Vol 1, No. 3

Author: Various

Editor: William Cogswell

Release Date: December 24, 2015 [EBook #50758]

Language: English

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VOL. I.       JULY, 1847.       NO. 3.


THE

NEW ENGLAND

Historical & Genealogical Register:

PUBLISHED QUARTERLY,

UNDER THE DIRECTION OF THE


NEW ENGLAND HISTORIC, GENEALOGICAL SOCIETY.

---

REV. WILLIAM COGSWELL, D. D., EDITOR.

---

BOSTON:
SAMUEL G. DRAKE, PUBLISHER,
No. 56 Cornhill.
1847.

---

Coolidge & Wiley, Printers, 12 Water Street.

CONTENTS.

(Portrait of John Endecott, Governor.)

[Pg 201]

NEW ENGLAND

HISTORICAL AND GENEALOGICAL REGISTER.

JULY, 1847.

VOL. I.

NO. 3.

It is now upwards of two centuries and a quarter since the despotic sway of the English Sovereigns over the consciences of their subjects, induced all who entertained different sentiments from those of the established church, to turn their eyes towards the wilderness of America, as an asylum from the unnatural persecutions of the Mother Country.

With this in view, some of the principal men among those who had already sought a refuge in Holland, commenced treating with the Virginia Company, and at the same time took measures to ascertain whether the King would grant them liberty of conscience should they remove thither. They ultimately effected a satisfactory arrangement with the Company, but from James they could obtain no public recognition of religious liberty, but merely a promise, that if they behaved peaceably he would not molest them on account of their religious opinions.

On the 6th of September, 1620, a detachment from the Church at Leyden set sail from Plymouth for the Virginia territory, but owing to the treachery of the master,[2] they were landed at Cape Cod, and ultimately at Plymouth, on the 11th day of December following. Finding themselves without the jurisdiction of the Virginia Company, they established a distinct government for themselves.

[202]

In the year 1624, the success of this plantation was so favorably represented in the West of England, that the Rev. John White, a distinguished minister in Dorchester, prevailed upon some merchants and others to undertake another settlement in New England. Having provided a common stock, they sent over several persons to begin a plantation at Cape Ann, where they were joined by some disaffected individuals from the Plymouth settlement. This project was soon abandoned as unprofitable, and a portion of the settlers removed westward within the territory of Naumkeag, which then included what is now Manchester. By the intercession and great exertions of Mr. White, the project of a settlement in that quarter was not altogether relinquished, but a new company was soon afterwards formed. One of this company, and the principal one to carry its objects into immediate effect, was the subject of this Memoir. He was in the strictest sense of the word a Puritan,—one of a sect composed, as an able foreign writer has said, of the "most remarkable body of men which perhaps the world has ever produced. They were men whose minds had derived a peculiar character from the daily contemplation of superior beings and eternal interests. Not content with acknowledging in general terms an overruling Providence, they habitually ascribed every event to the will of the Great Being for whose power nothing was too vast, for whose inspection nothing was too minute. To know him, to serve him, to enjoy him, was with them the great end of existence. They rejected with contempt the ceremonious homage which other sects substituted for the homage of the soul. On the rich and the eloquent, on nobles and priests, they looked down with contempt; for they esteemed themselves rich in a more precious treasure, and eloquent in a more sublime language; nobles by the right of an earlier creation, and priests by the imposition of a mightier hand."

John Endecott, whose name is so intimately associated with the first settlement of this country, and with whose early history his own is so closely interwoven, that, in the language of the late Rev. Dr. Bentley,[3] "above all others he deserved the name of the Father of New England," was born in Dorchester, Dorsetshire, England, in the year 1588. He was a man of good intellectual endowments and mental culture, and of a fearless and independent spirit, which well fitted him for the various and trying duties he was destined to perform. Of his early life, and private and domestic character, little[203] is known; neither are we much better informed as to his parentage, except that his family was of respectable standing and moderate fortunes. He belonged to that class in England called esquires, or gentlemen, composed mostly at that period of the independent landholders of the realm. With the exception, therefore, of a few leading incidents, we are reluctantly obliged to pass over nearly the whole period of Mr. Endecott's life, previous to his engaging in the enterprise for the settlement of New England. History is almost silent upon the subject, and the tradition of the family has been but imperfectly transmitted and preserved. His letters, the only written productions which are left us, furnish internal evidence that he was a man of liberal education and cultivated mind. There are proofs of his having been, at some period of his life, a surgeon;[4] yet, as he is always alluded to, in the earliest records of the Massachusetts Company, by the title of Captain, there can be no doubt whatever that at some time previous to his emigration to this country, he had held a commission in the army; and his subsequently passing through the several military grades to that of Sergeant Major-General of Massachusetts, justifies this conclusion, while the causes which led to this change in his profession cannot now be ascertained.

While a resident in London, he married a lady of an influential family, by the name of Anna Gouer, by whom, it is understood, he had no children. She was cousin to Matthew Cradock, the Governor of the Massachusetts Company in England. If tradition be correct, the circumstances which brought about this connection were similar to those which are related of John Alden and Miles Standish. Some needle-work, wrought by this lady, is still preserved in the Museum of the Salem East India Marine Society.[5] Mr. Endecott was also a brother-in-law of Roger Ludlow, Assistant and Deputy Governor of Massachusetts Colony, in the year 1634, and afterwards famous for the distinguished part he took in the government of Connecticut.

But Mr. Endecott's highest claim to distinction rests upon the fact that he was an intrepid and successful leader of the Pilgrims, and the earliest pioneer of the Massachusetts settlement under the Patent. His name is found enrolled among the very foremost of that noble band, the fathers and founders of New England—those pious and devout men, who, firm in the faith of the gospel, and trusting in [204]God, went fearlessly forward in the daring enterprise, and hewed their homes and their altars out of the wild forest, where they could worship "the God of their fathers agreeably to the dictates of their own consciences." Such was the persecution to which the Non-conformists in England were at this period subjected, that the works of nature were the only safe witnesses of their devotions. Deriving no honor, so far as we know, from illustrious ancestry, Mr. Endecott was the architect of his own fame, and won the laurels which encircle his name amid sacrifices, sufferings, and trials, better suited to adorn an historical romance, than to accompany a plain tale of real life.

Under the guidance and influence of the Rev. Mr. Skelton, he embraced the principles of the Puritans; and in the beginning of the year 1628, associated himself with Sir Henry Roswell, Sir John Young, Simon Whetcomb, John Humphrey, and Thomas Southcoat, in the purchase of a grant, "by a considerable sum of money," for the settlement of the Massachusetts Bay, from the Plymouth Council in England. This grant was subsequently confirmed by Patent from Charles I. Mr. Endecott was one of the original patentees, and among the first of that company who emigrated to this country.

Whatever may have been the objects of the first settlers generally in colonizing New England, there can be no doubt that his was the establishment and enjoyment of the gospel and its ordinances, as he supposed, in primitive purity, unmolested. With him it was wholly a religious enterprise.

He sailed from Weymouth, in the ship Abigail, Henry Gauden, master, on the 20th of June, 1628, and arrived in safety at Naumkeag, the place of his destination, on the 6th of September following. The company consisted of about one hundred planters.

The following extract from "Johnson's Wonder-Working Providence" will illustrate the estimation in which he was held at this period. "The much honored John Indicat came over with them, to governe; a fit instrument to begin this Wildernesse-worke; of courage bold, undaunted, yet sociable, and of a cheerfull spirit, loving and austere, applying himselfe to either as occasion served. And now let no man be offended at the Author's rude Verse, penned of purpose to keepe in memory the Names of such worthies as Christ made strong for himselfe, in this unwonted worke of his.

"John Endicat, twice Governur of the English, inhabiting the Mattachusets Bay in N. England.

To this company, under Endecott, belongs the honor of having formed the first permanent and legally recognized settlement of the Massachusetts Colony. We do not say that they were the first white men who ever trod the soil; for we know when Endecott landed on these shores, he found here a few fishermen and others, the remnant of a planting, trading, and fishing establishment, previously commenced at Cape Ann, under the auspices of some gentlemen belonging to Dorchester, his native place, but soon abandoned for want of success. Their leader, the Rev. John Lyford, had already emigrated to Virginia, and those of that company who removed their effects to Salem, consisted at that time of some five or six persons, most of whom were seceders from the settlement at Plymouth. They were, however, only sojourners, disaffected with the place, and requiring all the interest and entreaties of the Rev. John White, a noted minister in Dorchester, to prevent them from forsaking it altogether, and following Mr. Lyford to Virginia.[6] But higher motives and deeper purposes fired the souls and stimulated the hearts of Mr. Endecott and his friends to commence a settlement, and to form new homes for themselves and their posterity in this wilderness, before which the mere considerations of traffic and gain sink into comparative insignificance. It was the love of religion implanted deep in the heart, that gave impulse and permanency to the settlement at Naumkeag, and the Massachusetts Colony generally; and the commencement of this era was the arrival of Endecott with the first detachment of those holy and devout men who valued earthly pursuits only so far as they were consistent with religion. It was also at this period that a sort of definite reality was imparted to this region. Previously to this it had been viewed as a sort of terra incognita, situated somewhere in the wilderness of America. But the arrival of the Pilgrims at this time dispelled the uncertainty in which it had before been wrapped, and at the same time threw[206] around it the warmest sympathies and most earnest solicitude of large numbers who had now become deeply interested in its welfare. We, therefore, consider the landing of Endecott at this place, as emphatically the commencement of its permanent settlement, as an asylum for the persecuted and oppressed of the Mother Country. All previous visitors were comparatively adventurers, with motives and purposes widely different from those of that little band who first rested upon this spot on the 6th of September, 1628. On that day, so to speak, was breathed into the settlement of Naumkeag the breath of life, and it became as it were endued with a living soul, folding within its embrace the dearest interests and most cherished rights of humanity, unrivalled in the interest she will ever excite as the most ancient town in the Massachusetts Patent.

On Mr. Endecott's arrival, he made known to the planters who preceded him, that he and his associate patentees had purchased all the property and privileges of the Dorchester partners, both here and at Cape Ann. He shortly after removed from the latter place, for his own private residence, the frame house, which a few years before had been erected there by the Dorchester Company. It was a tasteful edifice, of two stories high, and of the prevailing order of architecture at that period, called the Elisabethean, which was but of slight remove from the Gothic. Some of its hard oak frame may still be found in the building at the corner of Washington and Church streets, Salem, commonly known at this day as the "Endicott House."

The alteration which now took place in the affairs of the infant colony did not meet with favor from the first planters, and for a while prevented perfect harmony from prevailing in the settlement. "One of the subjects of discord was the propriety of raising tobacco, Mr. Endecott and his council believing such a production, except for medicinal purposes, injurious both to health and morals." Besides this, they probably viewed with no favorable eye the agreement in sentiment between Mr. Endecott and the Plymouth Church as to the propriety of abolishing the ritual forms of worship of the Church of England; for an adherence to which they had already been obliged to leave the Plymouth settlement. Mr. Endecott represented these difficulties to the home government; and in answer to his communication they say, "That it may appear as well to all the worlde as to the old planters themselves, that we seke not to make them slaves, as it seems by your letter some of them think themselves to be become by means of our patent, they[207] are allowed to be partakers with us in all the privileges we have with so much labor and intercession obtained from the King; to be incorporated into the society, and enjoy not only those lands which formerly they have manured, but such a further proportion as the civil authorities think best." They were also allowed the exclusive privilege of raising their favorite weed—tobacco.

The Company's Court in London, actuated by that true sense of justice which ever marked its deliberations, were determined not to trespass on any of the rights of the aborigines; and to this purpose in their first two communications to Mr. Endecott, they desired him to take especial care, "that no wrong or injury be offered by any of our people to the natives there," and to satisfy every just claim which might be made by them to the territory of Naumkeag and the plantation generally. To this record the sons of the Pilgrims have ever turned with peculiar pride and exultation. And, says Felt, "From his well-known promptitude and high sense of equity, there can be no doubt that Mr. Endecott fulfilled every iota of such instructions." In his first letters to the home government, he suggested various things to advance the interests of the Colony; such as the manufacture of salt, cultivation of vineyards, sending over fruit-stones and kernels, grain for seed, wheat, barley, and rye; also certain domesticated animals; all of which were shortly after transported to this country.

The answer to this letter bears the date of April 19, 1629, wherein they inform him, that the Company "are much enlarged since his departure out of England," and for strengthening their grant from the Council at Plymouth, they had obtained a confirmation of it from his Majesty by his Letters Patent, under the broad seal of England; incorporating them into a body politic, with ample powers to govern and rule all his Majesty's subjects that reside within the limits of their plantation; and that, in prosecution of the good opinion they have always entertained of him, they have confirmed him Governor of the Colony. No adventitious circumstances of fortune or birth aided him in his appointment to this, even then responsible office; for although the Colony was at this time few in numbers and feeble in effort, yet in its success were involved the most momentous interests, and every thing depended upon the right impulse and direction being given to its affairs. In the words of the Record, "having taken into due consideration the meritt, worth, and good desert of Captain John Endecott, and others lately gone over from hence, with purpose to resyde[208] and continue there, wee have with full consent and authoritie of this Court, and ereccon of hands, chosen and elected the said Captain John Endecott to the place of present Governour of said Plantation." They further speak of the confidence they repose in him, in thus committing the affairs of the Colony into his hands. Gov. Cradock also compliments him upon his motives and conduct; and the Company inform him, that they are disappointed of the provisions ordered to be sent for himself and Mrs. Endecott, but (God willing,) they purpose to send them by the next vessel. It is also believed that at this time Mr. Endecott ordered the fruit-trees, which afterwards constituted his orchard upon the farm granted him in 1632, of which one venerable patriarch, the celebrated old pear-tree, yet remains, having withstood the "peltings of pitiless storms" for upwards of two hundred winters, and still dropping down its rich fruit into the bosoms of his distant descendants.

In a second letter, dated the 28th of May following, the Company remark: "Wee have sithence our last, and according as we there advised, at a full and ample Court assembled elected and established you, Captain John Endecott, to the place of present Governour of our Plantation there, as also some others to be of the Council with you, as more particularly you will perceive by an Act of Court herewith sent, confirmed by us at a General Court and sealed with our common seal."

The model of the Government established by this "Act of Court," consisted of a Governor, and twelve persons as a Council, styled "The Governour and Council of London's Plantation in the Mattachusetts Bay in New England." They were to elect a Deputy-Governor, for the time being, from among their number; were authorized also to choose a Secretary and other needful officers. They were empowered to fill vacancies in their body, occasioned by death or otherwise. The Governor, or in his absence the Deputy, might call Courts at pleasure, and they had power to establish any laws not at variance with those of England; "to administer justice upon malefactors, and inflict condign punishment upon all offenders." To make an act valid, the Governor or his Deputy was always to vote with the majority. A form of oath was sent over at this time to be administered to Mr. Endecott as Governor, and one also for the other officers of the government. He took the oath and was inducted into office. Here, then, we conceive, is direct and incontrovertible testimony that Endecott was appointed the first Governor of Massachusetts under its Colonial[209] Charter from the King. It is so stated by Joselyn, Hutchinson, and Prince. He received the Charter, and the documentary evidence of his constitutional authority as Governor, both at the same time. To Mr. Endecott was given, to act under it, all the powers which his immediate successors ever exercised. They were conferred upon him too, by the same body who subsequently elected Mr. Winthrop to that office. The abolishment of the board of control in England, and the transfer of "the government of the plantation to those that shall inhabit there," and instead of choosing the Colonial Governors in Old England by members of the Company there, to choose them by members of the same Company who were in New England, could not weaken the validity of his claim to be considered the first Governor of the Massachusetts Colony.

It was well for Mr. Endecott that he possessed an ardent and sanguine temperament, which nothing could daunt, otherwise the innumerable discouraging circumstances which met him in this, his new abode, in every form, amid sickness, death, and privations of every kind, well suited to appal the stoutest hearts, would no doubt have wrought their effects upon him, to the prejudice of the whole plantation. But such was the energy and firmness of his character, aided, no doubt, by a religious enthusiasm, which induced the belief that it was the purpose of God to give them the land of the heathen as an inheritance, that neither his faith nor confidence in the ultimate success of the undertaking ever for a moment forsook him. In every crisis, this little band looked to him, as the weather-beaten and tempest-tossed mariner looks to his commander, next to God, for encouragement and support; and they did not look in vain. Such was the great mortality among them, during the first winter after their arrival, arising from exposure to the rigors of an untried climate, and their being badly fed and badly lodged, that there were scarcely found in the settlement well persons enough to nurse and console the sick. To enhance their distress, they were destitute of any regular medical assistance. In this painful dilemma a messenger was despatched by Mr. Endecott to Gov. Bradford, of the Plymouth settlement, to procure the necessary aid; and Doctor Samuel Fuller, the physician, who was a prominent member and deacon of the Plymouth Church, was sent among them. During his visit, Mr. Endecott was called by Divine Providence to suffer one of the heaviest of earthly afflictions, in the death of his wife, the partner of all his sorrows, who had forsaken home, kindred, and the sympathy of friends, and consented to share with him the cares and privations[210] incident to a new settlement. Surrounded by savages, and from the circumstances of the case, placed in a great degree beyond the pale of civilized society, her sympathy and counsel must necessarily have been very dear to him. She must have entwined herself about his affections, as the tender ivy winds itself round the lordly oak. Her slender and delicate frame was not proof against the rigors of a New England climate. Born and nurtured in the midst of luxury and ease, she could not withstand the privations and hardships of her new home, and she fell a victim to her self-sacrificing disposition. Painful indeed must have been the parting, and severe the trial to Mr. Endecott. Under the influence of the feelings which this affliction produced, he wrote the following letter to Gov. Bradford:—

The foregoing epistle is alike honorable to the head and heart of Mr. Endecott. Humble, devout, and chastened feelings pervade it throughout. It speaks a mind sensibly alive to religious impressions. The sentiments here expressed cannot fail to find a response in the hearts of all reflecting men, in this and succeeding generations. The magnitude of the undertaking in which they were engaged, the[211] necessity of union in their efforts, and the impossibility of success without direct divine assistance, are here represented in language appropriate and devout.

Whether Mr. Endecott carried into execution his design intimated in this letter, of making Gov. Bradford a visit "shortly," is uncertain. On the 27th of May, 1629, in a communication to the authorities at home, he complained that some persons in his jurisdiction disregarded the law of 1622, for the regulation of trade with the Indians, and "desiring the Company would take the same into their serious consideration, and to use some speedy means here for reformation thereof." A petition was in consequence presented to the King, who in compliance therewith issued a new proclamation, forbidding such disorderly trading. These steps were no doubt taken in reference to the associates of one Thomas Morton, whose residence at Mount Wollaston, or Merry Mount, now Quincy, he visited shortly after his arrival in this country. This man and his associates had alarmed all the well-disposed settlers, from Piscataqua to Plymouth, by selling arms and ammunition to the Indians, indulging themselves in dissipation, and otherwise endangering the peace and welfare of New England. The object of Mr. Endecott's visit was to rectify abuses among the remaining confederates, Morton himself having been already apprehended, and sent home to England for trial. He went there, we are told, in the "purefying spirit of authority," and caused their May-pole to be cut down, to which they had been in the habit of affixing pieces of satirical composition against those who opposed their wishes and practices, and "rebuked the inhabitants for their profaneness, and admonished them to look to it that they walked better." He also changed the name of the place, and called it Mount Dagon. The precise period of this visit is not known, and it is not improbable that Mr. Endecott extended his journey at the time to Plymouth Colony. However this may be, a warm friendship soon grew up between Gov. Bradford and himself, which continued without interruption for the remainder of their lives.

As yet no steps had been taken in the Colony towards the establishment of a reformed Church for propagating the gospel, which they professed above all to be their aim in settling this Plantation. June 30th, 1629, the Rev. Francis Higginson arrived at Naumkeag, and the Rev. Mr. Skelton, the early friend and spiritual father of Mr. Endecott, arrived about the same time. They had been sent over by the home government. Mr. Higginson thus speaks of his[212] reception by Mr. Endecott: "The next morning (30th) the Governor came aboard to our ship, and bade us kindly welcome, and invited mee and my wiffe to come on shore and take our lodgings at his house; which we did accordingly." The settlement, we are told, then consisted of "about half a score of houses, with a fair house, newly built, for the Governor. We found also abundance of corne planted by them, very good and well liking. Our Governor hath a store of green pease growing in his garden, as good as ever I eat in England. *  *  *  * Our Governor hath already planted a vineyard, with great hopes of increase; also mulberries, plums, raspberries, currants, chesnuts, filberts, walnuts, small nuts, hurtleberries, and haws of white thorn, near as good as our cherries in England—they grow in plenty here."

Shortly after the arrival of Mr. Higginson and Mr. Skelton, the necessary measures were taken preparatory to the settlement of a religious congregation in accordance with the views of the Puritans. In this they were aided by Mr. Endecott, and the most intelligent of the colonists. Having first concluded a satisfactory form of church government and discipline, which was submitted to Mr. Endecott for approval, the 6th of August, 1629, just eleven months after his arrival, was the time selected for this "little band of devout Pilgrims to enter into solemn covenant[7] with God and one another, and also for the ordaining of their ministers." By Mr. Endecott's order, a solemn day of "humiliation" had been held on the 20th of July preceding, for the choice of pastor and teacher. An important step was about to be taken—a new priesthood was about to be established—all allegiance to, or alliance with, any other church on earth was about to be dissolved! It was a subject of momentous concern with the Colonists, and called into exercise all their moral heroism and spiritual courage. Mr. Bradford, the Governor of the Plymouth Colony, came here by sea, and arrived just in season to give the right hand of fellowship. Of all that little band, gathered together on this occasion, none felt a deeper interest, or took a more responsible part, than the subject of this Memoir.[8]

[213]

We now approach an important event in the history of the Colony—the removal of its entire government to New England. Gov. Cradock, with whom the idea appears to have originated, acquainted the Proprietors, at a meeting of the Court, July 28, 1629, that, for the purpose of advancing the interests of the Plantation, and inducing and encouraging persons of worth and quality to transport themselves and their families thither, as well as for other weighty reasons, it was proposed to transfer the entire government to this country, and continue it no longer in subjection to the Company in England. Soon after this communication, an agreement to that effect was drawn up at Cambridge, and among those who signed it was their future governor, John Winthrop. It was one of the stipulations that they should settle their affairs so as to be ready for the voyage hither by the first of March. This appears to have been the first connection Mr. Winthrop had with the settlement of this soil. On the 29th of August following, at a meeting of the Court of Proprietors, in London, this change in the government was decided upon. On the 16th of October, at another meeting of the Court, it was conceived "fitt that Capt. Endecott continue the government there, unless just cause to the contrarie." But on the 20th of the same month, Gov. Cradock informed the Proprietors that in accordance with the alteration of the government now about to take place, it was necessary to elect a new Governor, Deputy, and Assistants; when John Winthrop was put in nomination, and unanimously chosen Governor. In like manner, John Humphrey was chosen "Deputy-Governor," and Sir Richard Saltonstall, Matthew Cradock, John Endecott, with fifteen others, were chosen a board of "Assistants."

On the 12th of June, 1630, the ship Arbella, Capt. Milburne, having on board Gov. Winthrop and company, and a duplicate Charter of the Colony, of the same tenor and form as Gov. Endecott's, arrived at Naumkeag, having sailed from Cowes March 29. Mr. Endecott, who had already been apprized that he was shortly to be superseded in the Governorship of the Plantation, repaired on board to welcome the new Governor, and offer him and his friends the hospitalities of his house. Among the distinguished personages were Isaac Johnson and his wife, the Lady Arbella, daughter of the Earl of Lincoln. Speaking of Mr. Endecott's visit, Gov. Winthrop says, "Wee that were of the Assistants and some other gentlemen and some of the women, returned with him to Nahumkeck, where we supped on good venison pastry and good beer." At the time of the arrival of the new Governor, wholesome and salutary laws for[214] the government of the Colony had been instituted by Endecott, under the authority given him by the Charter, and the settlement had already assumed the condition of a well-organized and regulated body politic. A church, with faithful ministers, which they professed to value above all temporal interests and earthly grandeur, had also been established, and the wheels of government were moving on harmoniously, upon a safe and sure foundation. Under this state of things, Endecott now surrendered the civil power into the hands of Gov. Winthrop, and took upon himself the more humble appointment of one of the Assistants. Yet "the principles of Winthrop's administration," says the Annalist of Salem, "were like those which had directed the course of his predecessor. The commencement of legislation, which was to have an important part in promoting social freedom, that has spread and is spreading in the world, began at Naumkeag, under Endecott, and was continued by his worthy successor."

Soon after the arrival of Gov. Winthrop, the new settlers began to be dissatisfied with Salem, as the capital of the Colony. It did not combine, in their opinion, sufficient advantages of location, soil, and natural means of defence. A party, therefore, was sent to explore the country westward, to discover, if possible, some more suitable situation. It had been the darling object with Endecott to make Salem the seat of government; he, however, bowed in submission, and continued his efforts to advance the common weal.

On the 18th of August, 1630, Gov. Endecott entered into a new matrimonial alliance with Elisabeth Gibson of Cambridge, England. This lady probably came over in the ship with Gov. Winthrop, and the marriage ceremony was performed by him and the Rev. Mr. Wilson, afterwards pastor of the first church in Boston. This connection appears to have been a happy one, although there was a much greater disparity in their ages than prudence and judgment would seem to allow—the difference being about twenty-six years.

Such was his ardent and growing attachment to the place of his adoption, that when it was decided in December, 1630, to fortify Newton, now Cambridge, for the seat of government, and to build houses, and move their military stores to that place next spring, he could not be prevailed upon to quit his accustomed residence. All the members, except himself and Mr. Sharp, who was about returning to England, agreed to do so; but Mr. Endecott excused himself upon the ground that he had so formed his connections in Salem, that it would be attended with great inconvenience.

[215]

On the 3rd of July, 1632, the Court of Assistants granted Mr. Endecott three hundred acres of land, called by the Indians in English, "Birchwood," afterwards known as his "Orchard Farm." It was situated between two and three miles in a northerly direction from the main settlement at Salem, upon a tongue of land bounded on the north, south, and east by rivers, or more properly inlets of the sea, and on the west by the main land. Even at that early period, it was one of the most desirable situations in that vicinity. Though at some distance from the place which was afterwards selected for the seat of the government, and where the Court House was erected, yet he was in the centre of the population, being by land nearer to the shores than he was to the cultivated farms around him. It was many years after he established himself at this beautiful place, so near all the streams which passed through the adjacent country, before any incorporation separated Salem from the Merrimack. For twenty years Salem bounded on Andover. The spot then was the best he could have chosen. On a commanding eminence, which overlooked the country for some distance around, and about one eighth of a mile from one of the inlets, he built his house, and commenced in earnest the cultivation of his farm. Although the ploughshare has frequently passed over it, yet part of the cellar of this house is plainly discernible at the present day. It is a romantic situation, and denotes him to have been a man of much discrimination and taste in matters of this kind. On his farm he lived in a sort of feudal style, surrounded by his servants.

In front of his mansion house, and immediately upon the southern slope of a gentle declivity, he planted his far-famed orchard, which gave the name to his farm. The tradition that the Governor always pointed out his dial, which bears the date of 1630, as denoting the age of his orchard, seems to indicate that the trees were removed hither from his town residence. Here, too, it is said, he introduced, for medicinal purposes, as well as ornament to his garden, the "white-weed," which has since become so detrimental to the hay-fields of our farmers.

His usual mode of transporting himself and family to and from this place, was at first by water, and he was as often visited by his friends in this way, as in any other. The inlet before the mansion house had nothing to interrupt it—the passage was open to the bay, and at that early period must have been delightfully romantic. The shores on either side thickly clothed with wood, whose dark images were reflected in the still waters beneath them, were picturesque in[216] the extreme. The bold jutting headlands, on some parts of the passage, lent a sublimity to the prospect, which was continually varying by the winding and circuitous course of the stream.[9] There was nothing to break the stillness, or disturb the quiet which reigned around, save the dashings of their own little boat amid the waters, or the heavy plunge of some lordly sea-bird, in his gyratory wanderings in pursuit of prey. The smoke from the humble and solitary wigwams of the Indians, thinly scattered along the margin of the waters, with an occasional glimpse at their tawny inhabitants, as they stealthily watched the passing boat from their leafy hiding-places, or listlessly reclined under the shadow of some wide-spreading oak, heightened the effect, and diversified the scene. Within the last half-century, the ruins of some of these wigwams might have been seen,[10] and could not have failed to excite most melancholy reflections respecting the wretched fate of these natural lords of the soil, throughout our vast country.

August 2, 1634, Mr. Endecott was called to mourn the death of his early and particular friend, the Rev. Mr. Skelton, who had become endeared to him as his spiritual guide, in first opening to his view the way of truth while in England, and who had followed him to this country to counsel and direct him in paths of piety and happiness. This event must have been to him a severe affliction.

About this time a Military Board of Commissioners, with almost unlimited powers, was established by the General Court, and Mr. Endecott was appointed one of its members.

On the 18th of September, this same year, the Colony was thrown into consternation, and alarmed for its liberties, by the news from England, that a commission had been granted to two Archbishops, and ten others of the Council, conferring on them the authority to regulate the Plantations of New England; to establish and maintain the Episcopal Church in this country; to recall its Charter; remove its Governors; make its laws; hear and decide its legal cases; and appoint its punishments, even death itself.[11] Intelligence was also received at the same time, that a new Governor was being secretly conveyed to Massachusetts, with orders which, if executed, would prostrate all its civil and ecclesiastical rights. Gov. Cradock had already informed them that the King's Council had demanded [217]their Charter. Such was the universal anxiety this news awakened, that the idea of resistance appears immediately to have possessed the minds of the inhabitants,[12] and the fortifications were hastened forward, and an assessment laid of an additional rate of five hundred pounds for defence. These tidings were received with indignant feelings by Mr. Endecott. He saw by this step that all their dear-bought privileges, purchased at such immense sacrifices, which none could better appreciate than himself, were about to be violently, as with a ruthless despotism, wrested from them. His independent spirit could not quietly brook such high-handed infringements upon their chartered rights, and he resolved in all the affairs of the Colony, in which he had any share or influence, to pursue that course which he deemed most for her interests, whether it led him over plains or mountains, through flowers or thorns. There was exhibited in his actions, on all occasions, a fortitude, which shows him formed for great emergencies. Probably under the influence of feelings produced by this intelligence, and excited by that ardent zeal which marked his character through life, he shortly after cut the red cross from the King's colors, deeming it a relic of Popish idolatry. This bold and daring act was considered an insult, as well to the established Church of England, as to the King himself; and the Colony dared not refrain from taking cognizance of it, lest it should call down upon their heads the vengeance of the whole British hierarchy. There is ample evidence in the records of the Colony, that most of the principal men, including Governor Winthrop,[13] agreed with him on this subject, in sentiment and feeling. "The only difference between him and others was, he manifested his opinions by his acts, while they, with more prudence and safety, retained theirs in secret." Had it not been for fear of the consequences, instead of being censured, his conduct would have been openly applauded. His boldness of action was made known in England, and looked upon there in the light of rebellion. It was the first blow struck in defiance of royal authority, and would no doubt have cost Mr. Endecott his life, had it not been for those troubles which were then beginning to gather thickly, like a tempest, about the devoted head of the unfortunate Charles I., and which eventually burst upon it with a fury which nothing could resist, involving in its course the ruin of his government, and the destruction of his own life. The sword, with which [218]this rebellious act is said to have been performed by Mr. Endecott, has been preserved, and is now in possession of one of the family, to whom it has descended in direct line, by right of primogeniture. It is a plain, unornamented rapier, emblematical of the Puritan simplicity of our Forefathers.

While these events were passing in this country, the Puritans in England were experiencing the most unmitigated persecution, at the hand of Archbishop Laud and his confederates. As their numbers increased, the various modes of punishment were multiplied; exorbitant fines were imposed; the pillory witnessed bloody scenes of human agony and mutilation; the scaffold and dungeon had their victims; the lash, the shears, and the glowing iron were most cruelly applied to individuals of this proscribed sect.[14] But the faith of the Puritans rose superior to oppression, and could not be overcome. The most bloody persecution served only to add new converts to their cause.

In 1636, Mr. Endecott was appointed an Assistant, and was also sent on an expedition against the Indians on Block Island and in the Pequot country, he acting as General of all the forces in the detachment. During this year his views relative to the cross in the King's colors triumphed over all considerations, and the Military Commissioners ordered it to be left out. On the ensigns at Castle Island, in Boston harbor, they substituted the King's arms for the cross.

During the year 1641, Mr. Endecott was chosen Deputy-Governor, and was continued in office for the two succeeding years. He was also appointed one of a committee to dispose of all lands or other property belonging to the company at Cape Ann; and was commissioned by the Court, in conjunction with two others, Mr. Downing, the brother-in-law of Gov. Winthrop, and Mr. Hathorne, to procure the transcription of nineteen copies of the laws, liberties, and forms of oaths, and to subscribe them with their own hands, the Court having decreed that no copies should be considered authentic which were without their signatures.

In 1642, he was chosen one of the Corporation of Harvard College.

Passing over some minor things in the life of Governor Endecott, we arrive at the year 1644, when his increasing influence and popularity ensured his election as Governor, and Mr. Winthrop was chosen Deputy-Governor. The claim of Salem to be made the seat of government, was now again revived, and it would be fair to infer from his well-known attachment to the place, that the project met[219] with his hearty coöperation. But the effort was not successful, and Boston still continued to be the capital. The Governor's salary was one hundred pounds.

During this year of his administration, improvements in the mode of transacting business in the Legislature were introduced. The Magistrates and Deputies, for the first time, now held their sessions apart, and it required the concurrence of both bodies, to make an act valid. The office of a speaker to the Deputies was also this year ordained, and filled by an Essex man, Mr. William Hathorne.

The conflicting claims of D'Aulney and La Tour, two Frenchmen at Acadia, which had produced considerable excitement, were finally settled during this year, by the government of France supporting the claim of D'Aulney. His deputy came to Boston, and concluded a treaty with Gov. Endecott, which was subsequently ratified by the Commissioners of the United Colonies of New England.

The year following, (1645) Mr. Endecott was succeeded as Governor by Mr. Dudley. Other offices of honor and trust, however, awaited him. He was this year appointed Sergeant Major-General of Massachusetts, the highest military office in the Colony. He had previously held a commission of Colonel in the first regiment formed in Salem, Saugus, Ipswich, and Newbury, in 1636, when John Winthrop, Jr., son of the Governor, was his Lieutenant-Colonel. He was also elected an Assistant, and one of the United Commissioners.

In 1648, he was continued an Assistant, Sergeant Major-General, and Commissioner for the Province.

Upon the death of Governor Winthrop, which took place on the 26th of March, 1649, at the age of 61, Mr. Endecott was again chosen Governor, to which office he was annually elected until the time of his death, with the exception of the years 1650 and 1654, when he held that of Deputy-Governor. This was an eventful period in the history of the Colony, as well as of the Mother Country. The violent death of Charles I., the usurpation of Cromwell, and the restoration of the Stuart family, took place while he was at the head of public affairs. The difficulties and perplexities of his situation during this period were very great. But all his public acts were marked with a moderation and wisdom which do honor to him as an experienced statesman. Had he possessed less integrity or firmness, had his mind been at all vacillating, the consequences might have been affectingly disastrous to the best interests of the Colony.

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In the year 1652, under his administration, a mint was established in the Colony, for coining shillings, six-pences, and three-pences. No other of the American Colonies, it is believed, ever presumed to coin metal into money. Though unlawful, it was passed over by Cromwell and the Parliament, and continued after the Restoration, for more than twenty years.

About the year 1655, Gov. Endecott removed from Salem to Boston, upon the request of the General Court that he would do so, "if his own necessary occasions would permit." Although the reasonableness of this request must have been apparent to him, the step could not have been taken without strong feelings of repugnance. It must have been a severe struggle for him to have separated himself from the place of his adoption, towards which he had ever felt and exhibited the most ardent attachment. His residence in Boston was on the beautiful lot lately owned and occupied by Gardner Green, now Pemberton Square.[15]

Governor Endecott had now (1657) entered upon his seventieth year, with a shattered constitution, and health seriously impaired, as we learn by the following letter to Mr. John Leverett, the Colonial Agent in England.

During the principal part of Gov. Endecott's administration, and particularly from 1655 to 1660, the Colony, "under his prudent and equal government," made rapid progress in all things necessary to its respectability and importance. Its population and wealth rapidly increased; its trade flourished; and its foreign intercourse became every day more widely extended. Free admission was allowed to vessels of all nations, and the importations of all commodities was subject to no incumbrance or restraint. The Colony took no notice of any act respecting navigation, or other laws made in England for the regulation of trade. They were never recognized as in force here, unless required by their own legislature.

In 1658, the Court granted Gov. Endecott, "for his great service, the fourth part of Block Island." At this time he was also elected President of the body of Colonial Commissioners. He now held the double office of Governor of Massachusetts and President of the United Colonies.

His conduct towards the aborigines, that much abused and injured people, was always marked with forbearance, lenity, and mildness. To his eldest son John, the Indians in 1660 gave a tract of land, which grant he applied to the Court to confirm. The Court declined taking such power on itself; but at the same time, however, it passed the highly complimentary resolve:

The Court, "considering the many kindnesses which were shown the Indians by our honored Governor in the infancy of these Plantations, for pacifying the Indians, tending to the common good of the Planters; and in consideration of which the Indians were moved to such a gratuity unto his son, do judge meet to give the petitioner four hundred acres of land."

Though Governor Endecott removed from Salem to Boston in 1655, yet neither he nor Mrs. Endecott removed their connection with the Salem church, until November, 1664. A large and brilliant comet made its appearance on the 17th of November of this year, and continued to the 4th of February following. It was the general belief of that period, that comets were omens of great evil. One appeared just before the death of that distinguished divine, the Rev. John Cotton; and the death at this time of their aged[222] Governor, and the troubles with which the Colony met the next year from the King's Commissioners, Hutchinson informs us, tended to confirm the people in their opinion.

We are told that "old age and the infirmities thereof coming upon him, he fell asleep in the Lord on the 15th of March, 1665," at the age of 77, "and was with great honour and solemnity interred at Boston," on the 23rd of the same month. His death was easy and tranquil. Tradition has handed down the fact, that the "Chapel Burying-Ground" was the place of his interment. But the exact spot is not now known. No stone marks the resting-place of this intrepid Father of New England.[17] Yet his name alone will ever be a monument to his memory, more enduring than marble, and as imperishable as the granite hills of his adopted country.

Gov. Endecott came to this country in 1628, at the age of 40, and died in 1665, at the age of 77. During these thirty-seven years he was nearly all the time in public life, and for about seventeen years, or nearly half the whole period, he was Governor of the Colony. He was longer at the head of the administration than any other Governor of Massachusetts.

He was a man of highly respectable natural talents, good education, a zealous Puritan, a brave man, a decided patriotic republican, a friend of learning and religion, a lover of God and his country.

We frankly acknowledge that the conduct of Gov. Endecott in the religious intolerance of his day, may be considered a stain upon his escutcheon. Yet, while we admit that those severe measures which were adopted, especially when contrasted with the present unrestrained exercise of religious freedom in our country, were great blemishes on his administration, we think they certainly ought not to be regarded as such on his moral character. It was not the cause of religion alone, which was thought to be endangered by the dissemination and triumph of such principles as were then advanced; but the overthrow of all civil government was looked upon as the ultimate result. Besides, the whole responsibility and obloquy of this dark page in our early history, should not be thrown upon him. True, he was the official organ through which was carried into effect the established laws of the Colony, and vox populi was believed to be vox Dei. But so far as he was individually concerned, we think his motives were pure and elevated, and that all his actions were[223] based upon principle. Without doubt he partook largely of the prevailing prejudices of the day; and the wild spirit of fanaticism found in him a strenuous and energetic opponent. But we hold that all men should be judged according to the light of the age in which they live, and the influences with which they are surrounded. In this dread of unlimited toleration he was not alone; it was the prevailing temper of the times, and the errors in this respect, in which he shared in common with the wise and good of his day, arose rather from an error in judgment than any obliquity of heart.

It has been remarked by a recent writer, that "Governor Endecott was undoubtedly the finest specimen to be found among our Governors of the genuine Puritan character,—of a quick temper, which the habit of military command had not softened,—of strong religious feelings, moulded on the sterner features of Calvinism; resolute to uphold with the sword what he received as gospel truth, and fearing no enemy so much as a gainsaying spirit." "He was a very virtuous gentleman," says Secretary Morton, "and was greatly beloved of the most, as he well deserved." "In his public and private relations," says the Annalist of Salem, "he was a man of unshaken integrity. For my country and my God, was the motto inscribed upon his motives, purposes, and deeds. That he had his imperfections, there is no doubt; but that he exhibited as few of them under his multiplied duties, as the most excellent men would in his situation, is equally correct. His many exertions for the prosperity of Salem, and his ardent attachment to it, should impress his name and worth upon the hearts of its inhabitants, so long as its existence continues."

Thus lived and thus died, one of the principal founders and firmest pillars of New England.

At his decease he left a widow and two sons. The elder son left no children;—the younger was a physician, and resided in Salem. He was twice married; and a family of five sons and five daughters survived him. His second wife was Elisabeth, daughter of Governor Winthrop, and widow of the Rev. Antipas Newman of Wenham.

There exists a perfect genealogy of the Governor's family, so far as relates to his descendants in New England. We hope to publish it in our next number.

The Governor, and all his descendants, to the third generation, (1724,) spelt their names Endecott; since then an i has been substituted for the e in the second syllable.

There is an original portrait of the Governor in possession of one[224] of the family, taken the year he died. By this we learn that his countenance was open, energetic, and independent, possessing much individuality of expression, and in perfect harmony with the character of the man. According to the custom of the age, he wore mustaches, and a tuft of hair upon his chin. The miniature likeness which accompanies this Memoir was engraved from this portrait, and is considered an excellent resemblance, and was presented by the family to the New England Historic Genealogical Society, Boston, at their solicitation.

We Covenant with our Lord, and one with another; and we do bind ourselves in the presence of God, to walk together in all his ways, according as he is pleased to reveal himself unto us in his blessed word of truth; and do explicitly, in the name and fear of God, profess and protest to walk as followeth, through the power and grace of our Lord Jesus Christ.

We avouch the Lord to be our God, and ourselves to be his people, in the truth and simplicity of our spirits.

We give ourselves to the Lord Jesus Christ, and the word of his grace, for the teaching, ruling, and sanctifying of us in matters of worship and conversation, resolving to cleave unto him alone for life and glory, and to reject all contrary ways, canons, and constitutions of men, in his worship.

We promise to walk with our brethren, with all watchfulness and tenderness, avoiding jealousies and suspicions, back-bitings, censurings, provokings, secret risings of spirit against them; but in all offences to follow the rule of our Lord Jesus, and to bear and forbear, give and forgive, as he hath taught us.

In public or private, we will willingly do nothing to the offence of the church; but will be willing to take advice for ourselves and ours, as occasion shall be presented.

We will not in the congregation be forward, either to show our own gifts and parts in speaking or scrupling, or there discover the weakness or failings of our brethren; but attend an orderly call thereunto, knowing how much the Lord may be dishonored, and his gospel and the profession of it slighted, by our distempers and weaknesses in public.

We bind ourselves to study the advancement of the gospel in all truth and peace, both in regard to those that are within or without; no way slighting our sister churches, but using their counsel as need shall be; not laying a stumbling-block before any, no, not the Indians, whose good we desire to promote; and so to converse as we may avoid the very appearance of evil.

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We do hereby promise to carry ourselves in all lawful obedience to those that are over us, in Church or Commonwealth, knowing how well-pleasing it will be to the Lord, that they should have encouragement in their places, by our not grieving their spirits through our irregularities.

We resolve to approve ourselves to the Lord in our particular callings, shunning idleness as the bane of any state; nor will we deal hardly or oppressingly with any, wherein we are the Lord's stewards.

Promising also unto our best ability to teach our children and servants the knowledge of God, and of his will, that they may serve him also; and all this not by any strength of our own, but by the Lord Christ, whose blood we desire may sprinkle this our Covenant made in His Name.

In preparing this article we have consulted various writers on the subject of Heraldry, and not only selected our thoughts from theirs, but used their language when it appeared best adapted to our object. For a more full account of Heraldry in all its branches, we refer our readers to Guillim's Banner Displayed, Camden's British Remains, Kent's Grammar of Heraldry, Edmonson's Complete Body of Heraldry, Leigh's Accidence of Armorie, Playfair's British Baronetage, Burke's Peerage and Baronetage, Noble's History of the College of Arms, Lower's Curiosities of Heraldry, Dallaway's Inquiries, Newton's Display of Heraldry, Broun's Baronetage, Collins's Peerage of England, Betham's Baronetage of England, and the various Encyclopædias.

DEFINITION.

Heraldry is the science of conventional distinctions impressed on shields, banners, and other military accoutrements; or it is the art of armory and blazoning, or the knowledge of what relates to the bearing of arms, and the laws and regulations appertaining thereto. Arms in heraldry are ensigns armorial or marks of honor borne upon shields, banners, and coats of mail, in order to distinction. The science of Heraldry consists particularly in the appropriation of figurative representations, designed, by suitable emblems, to exhibit the achievements of valor, the descent of hereditary honors, and the distinctions appertaining to nobility.

The Degrees of Honor existing in England in 1597, were nine; of which five were noble, as Gentleman, Esquire, Knight, Baron, and Lord; and four were excellent, as Earl, Marquess, Duke, and Prince.—The Degrees of Honor existing in the British nation in 1847 are eleven; namely, Gentleman, Esquire, Knight, Baron, Baronet, Lord, Viscount, Earl, Marquess, Duke, and Prince.

ORIGIN AND HISTORY.

Arms may belong to individuals, to families, or to countries.[226] Badges and emblems on shields and helms occurred in the earliest times. In Numbers, (chap. i: 52,) the children of Israel are enjoined to pitch their tents, "every man by his own camp and every man by his own standard," with the ensigns of his father's house. The Greek and Roman poets speak of paintings and devices on shields and helmets. These symbols were, moreover, hereditary. Thus Xenophon relates that the kings of the Medes bore a golden eagle on their shields. Suetonius asserts that Domitian had a golden beard for his coat of arms; and Tacitus says of the ancient Germans, that they marked their shields with brilliant colors, and that certain standards were borne before them in battle. Notwithstanding these traces of armorial bearings in the ancient world, our heraldry is no older than the tournaments. That armory first became common and regulated by certain rules at these solemn festivals, is corroborated by the following reasons. In the first place, we find no tomb or monument with escutcheons, older than the eleventh century. The most ancient monument of this kind is said to be the bearings of a certain Varmond, count of Vasserburg, in the church of St. Emmeran, at Ratisbon. The shield is coupé of argent and sable; over it is a lion, with the words "Anno Domini MX." On most of the other tombs, even of the eleventh century, no arms are found; and the use of them seems to have first become common in the twelfth century. The first pope who can be proved to have had a coat of arms, is Boniface VIII., who filled the papal see from 1294 to 1303. All the earlier papal arms are the fanciful inventions of later flatterers. On coins, also, no armorial ensigns are found till the thirteenth century. A second proof of our assumed origin of coats of arms is the word blason, which denotes the science of heraldry in French, English, Italian, and Spanish. This word has most probably its origin in the German word blasen, (to blow the horn;) for whenever a new knight appeared at a tournament, the herald had to sound the trumpet, and, because all appeared with close visors, to proclaim and explain the bearing of the shield or coat of arms belonging to each. Because this was performed by the herald, this knowledge was called heraldry; and because, in doing so, he blew the trumpet, it was called blazoning the arms. That this was a prevailing practice at tournaments, may be proved from the poetry of the Troubadours of the twelfth and thirteenth centuries. Thence it came, that those knights, whose right to appear at tournaments had already been announced by blazoning their arms, bore two trumpets on their crest. From the Germans, this custom was transmitted to the French; for there is no doubt, that tournaments were usual in Germany much earlier than in France. But the French carried to far greater perfection the tournament, and the blazon or heraldry connected with it, as they did the whole system of chivalry. Since, moreover, the French language prevailed at the court of the Norman kings in England, pure French expressions have been preserved in British heraldry. Thus the green tincture, (color,) in a coat of arms, is[227] termed vert, (though in French sinople, which originally denoted a reddish brown;) bright red is termed gueules, probably with an allusion to the bloody revenge of wild animals, which play so conspicuous a part in heraldry; the divided shield is, moreover, called coupé; and passant, regardant, dormant, couchant, &c., are used. German heraldry, on the contrary, contains almost pure German expressions. In a coat of arms, the helm is placed upon the shield, and the latter is surrounded by the wreath. At a tournament, the mantle of the knight, with the helm and shield, was suspended in the lists. The colors or tinctures of the shields had their foundation in the custom of the most ancient Germans, of giving their shields various colors—a custom which received a tender meaning in the tournaments of the middle ages; the knight, bound to defend the honor of dames, and devote himself to their protection, wearing their colors on his shield. By degrees, the partitions or sections on shields came into use; for when, as often occurred, a knight was the champion of several ladies, he bore several colors on his shield, which had therefore to be divided into fields. When the martial youth of almost all Europe left their homes, about the end of the eleventh century, inspired with religious enthusiasm, to conquer the Holy Land, the use of arms became still more general and necessary. In order to distinguish the nations, armies, and families, the princes and commanders chose their symbols, sometimes in commemoration of the exploits and events of the campaign, or of the dignity of the commander, and sometimes from mere fancy or passing humor.

BLAZONING, HISTORIFYING, AND MARSHALLING ARMS.

Blazoning is the methodical description of a bearing. In the first place, the shield is described according to its tinctures, figures, and partitions. The inferior parts of an escutcheon are then blazoned—the helm, with its insignia, which are trumpet, wings, and plumes, men and animals, or their members; then the wreath and its tinctures; after which the coronet cap, &c.; finally the supporters, the mantle, the device, and other secondary things. Such terms for the color must be used as are agreeable to the station and quality of the bearer. All persons below the degree of noble must have their coats blazoned by colors and metals; noble men by precious stones; and kings and princes by planets.

In emblazoning shields of arms, metals, colors, and furs are used to depict the device, the technical terms of which are these;—of metals, gold, called or, and silver, argent, only are employed;—of colors, red, called gules, blue, azure, black, sable, green, vert, and purple, purpure;—and of furs, principally the skin of the little animal called ermine, and a combination of grey and white squirrel skins, called vair.

In blazoning arms it is an established rule with heralds, that animals are always to be interpreted in the best sense, that is, according to their most noble and generous qualities, that the most honor[228] may redound to the bearers. Thus the fox, being reputed witty and given to filching for his prey, if this be the charge of an escutcheon, we are to conceive the quality represented to be his wit and cunning, and not his theft.

All savage beasts are to be figured in their fiercest action: as a lion erected, his mouth wide open, his claws extended; and thus formed he is said to be rampant. A leopard or wolf is to be portrayed going as it were pedetentim, which form of action suits their natural disposition, and is called passant. The gentler kinds are to be set forth in their noblest and most advantageous action, as a horse running or vaulting, a greyhound coursing, a deer tripping, a lamb going with smooth and easy pace.

Every animal is to be represented as moving or looking to the right side of the shield; and it is a general rule, that the right foot be placed foremost, because the right side is reckoned the beginning of motion. The upper part is nobler than the lower, and things that are constrained either to look up or down, ought rather to be designed looking upwards. We observe however that notwithstanding such precepts of Guillim and other masters of armory, there are lions passant, couchant, dormant, as well as rampant, and most animals in arms look down and not up. Birds are esteemed a more honorable bearing than fish, and wild and ravenous birds than tame ones. When their bills and feet are of a different color from the rest, they are said to be membered. Birds of prey are more properly said to be armed. In the blazoning of fowls much exercised in flight, if the wings be not displayed, they are said to be borne close, for example, he beareth an eagle, a hawk, or a swallow, close. Fish are borne different ways, upright, embowed, extended, endorsed, surmounted of each other, fretted, triangled. Those borne feeding should be termed devouring. Those borne directly upright are termed Hauriant, and those borne traverse the escutcheon, naiant.

To historify, in heraldry, is to explain the history of a coat of arms, its origin, and the changes it has undergone. If the herald is to explain a bearing historically, he must show that this figure is the proper emblem of the family or country. He derives, for instance, from historical sources, the proof that the double-headed eagle of the Roman king was first introduced in the beginning of the fourteenth century, under Albert I., and that previously, from the time of Otho II., the royal eagle had but one head; that the three leopards in the English arms were first derived in 1127, under Henry I., from the Norman house.—The marshalling of arms consists in the preparation of new escutcheons. In this matter, the herald either follows the orders of a sovereign, or he invents the idea, and makes the plan of the escutcheon according to his own judgment, or he composes a new escutcheon from several coats of arms.

DIFFERENT KINDS OF ARMS.

In heraldic science, arms are distinguished by different names,[229] to denote the causes of their being borne, such as arms of dominion, of pretension, of concession, of community, of patronage, of family, of alliance, of succession, and of assumption. Those of dominion and sovereignty are those which emperors, kings, and sovereign states constantly bear, being, as it were, annexed to the territories, kingdoms, and provinces they possess. Thus there are the arms of England, of France, of the United States, &c. Arms of pretension are those of kingdoms, provinces, or territories, to which a prince or lord has some claim, and which he adds to his own, although such kingdoms or territories are possessed by another prince or lord. Arms of concession, or augmentation of honor, are entire arms, as the fortress of Gibraltar on the escutcheon of Lord Heathfield. Arms of community belong to bishoprics, cities, companies, &c. Arms of patronage, to governors of provinces, lords of manors, &c. Arms of family are the property of individuals; and it is criminal in any persons not of the family to assume them. Arms of alliance show the union of families and individuals. Arms of succession are taken up, by those who inherit certain estates, manors, &c., either by will, entail, or donation, and which they impale or quarter with their own. This multiplies the titles of some families from necessity, and not from ostentation. Arms of assumption, or assumptive arms, are taken up by the caprice or fancy of persons who assume them without a legal title. They are also such as a man of his proper right may assume, with the approbation of his sovereign and of the king of arms.

PARTS OF A COAT OF ARMS.

The parts of arms are the escutcheon, the tinctures, charges, and ornaments. Heralds distinguish nine different points in escutcheons, in order to determine exactly the positions of the bearing they are charged with, as in the figure.

A, dexter chief; B, precise middle chief; C, sinister chief; D, honor point; E, fess point; F, nombril point; G, dexter base; H, precise middle base; I, sinister base. The tinctures mean the variable hue common both to the shields and their bearings; and there are seven tinctures—yellow or gold, expressed by dots; white or argent; red, by perpendicular lines; blue or azure, by horizontal lines; purple, by diagonal lines from right to left; green, by the same from left to right; black by horizontal and perpendicular lines crossing; and orange and blood colors are expressed by diagonal lines crossing each other. The charges are the emblems occupying the field of the escutcheon, or any part of it. All charges are distinguished by the name of honorable ordinaries, sub-ordinaries, and common charges. Honorable ordinaries, the principal charges in heraldry, are made of lines only, which, according to their disposition and form, receive different names.[230] Sub-ordinaries are ancient heraldic figures frequently used in coats of arms, and which are distinguished by terms appropriated to each of them. Common charges are composed of natural, artificial, and even imaginary things, such as stars, animals, trees, ships, &c. The ornaments that accompany or surround escutcheons were introduced to denote the birth, dignity, or office of the person to whom the arms appertain. They are used both by clergy and laity. Those most in use are of ten sorts; namely, crowns, coronets, mitres, helmets, mantlings, chapeaux, wreaths, crests, scrolls, and supporters. The crest is the highest part of the ornaments of a coat of arms. It is called crest from the Latin word crista, which signifies a comb or tuft, such as many birds have upon their heads, as the peacock, &c. Crests were anciently marks of great honor, because they were worn only by heroes of great valor and high rank, that they might be the better distinguished in an engagement, and thereby rally their men if dispersed. They are at present considered as mere ornaments. The scroll is an ornament usually placed below the shield and supporters, containing a motto or sentence, alluding to the bearing or to the bearer's name.

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With the highest satisfaction we announce to the publick, that the Convention of this commonwealth, on Wednesday last, at five o'clock, P. M. ASSENTED TO the CONSTITUTION, proposed by the late federal Convention. On this pleasing event, WE DO HEARTILY congratulate the publick, and do express our sincere wishes, that the general joy which it has diffused through all ranks of citizens, may be an auspicious omen of the superiour advantages which will undoubtedly result from the establishment of such a federal government as this constitution provides.

Immediately on the news of this joyful decision being announced, the bells in every publick building in this metropolis began to ring, and continued to sound the glad tydings for two hours. At sun set the Convention adjourned: after which, a multitude of people, from all quarters, moved into State-Street, where they manifested the joy they felt from this event, by incessant tokens of approbation, and loud huzzas. The bells of the North church continued to chime harmonious peals of gratulations the whole night, and part of the next day. Illuminations were made and other insignia of joy exhibited.

The yeas and nays, on the question of adoption, being taken, agreeably to the orders of the day, were as follows, viz.

YEAS.

NAYS.

The open, manly and honourable conduct of the gentlemen who composed the minority, in the great question on Wednesday, taken in the honourable convention, was very different from the turbulent opposers of the constitution in Pennsylvania, who, not content with their declamatory and odious protest against its adoption, are now endeavouring to involve their country in all the horrours of a civil war, by exciting tumult and insurrection. On the vote of adoption being declared,

Honourable mr. White rose, and said, that notwithstanding he had opposed the adoption of the constitution, upon the idea that it would endanger the liberties of his country, yet, as a majority had seen fit to adopt it, he should use his utmost exertions to induce his constituents to live in peace under, and cheerfully submit to it.

He was followed by mr. Widgery, who said, that he should return to his constituents, and inform them, that he had opposed the adoption of this constitution, but that he had been overruled, and that he had been carried by a majority of wise and understanding men: that he should endeavour to sow the seeds of union and peace among the people he represented—and that he hoped, and believed, that no person would wish for, or suggest the measure of a PROTEST; for, said he, we must consider that this body is as full a representation of the people, as can be conceived.—— After expressing his thanks for the civility which the inhabitants of this town have shewn to the convention, and declaring, as his opinion, that they had not in the least influenced the decision; he concluded by saying he should support, as[235] much as in him lay, the constitution, and believed, as this state had adopted it, not only 9, but the whole 13, would come into the measure.

General Whitney said, that though he had been opposed to the constitution, he should support it as much as if he had voted for it.

Mr. Cooley, (Amherst) said, that he endeavoured to govern himself by the principles of reason, that he was directed to vote against the adoption of the constitution, and that in so doing, he had not only complied with his direction, but had acted according to the dictates of his own conscience; but that as it has been agreed to by a majority, he should endeavour to convince his constituents of the propriety of its adoption.

Doctor Taylor, also said, he had uniformly opposed the constitution, that he found himself fairly beat, and expressed his determination to go home, and endeavour to infuse a spirit of harmony and love, among the people.

Other gentlemen expressed their inclination to speak, but it growing late, the convention adjourned to Thursday morning, at ten o'clock.

Let this be told to the honour of Massachusetts; to the reputation of her citizens, as men willing to acquiesce in that republican principle, of submitting to the decision of a majority.

Yesterday, A. M. the Convention met, according to adjournment, when a vote was passed for proceeding in procession to the state-house, and there to declare the ratification of the FEDERAL CONSTITUTION, which that honourable body, on Wednesday last, by a majority of NINETEEN assented to, in behalf of the commonwealth of Massachusetts. About 12 o'clock, the procession moved from their place of session, preceded by the honourable vice-president of the Convention. His excellency the president being seated in an elegant vehicle, was drawn by THIRTEEN patriotick and publick spirited MECHANICKS, who thus expressed their love and respect for a man who ever loved and respected his country.

The procession having arrived at the state-house, entered the senate-chamber, from which his excellency the president, the vice-president, secretary, high-sheriff of the county of Suffolk, and other respectable characters, went out upon the balcony of the state-house, from whence his excellency the president addressed the multitude who had assembled below, in a short speech, preparatory to what they were about to hear declared. The high-sheriff then declared the federal constitution adopted and ratified by the Convention of the commonwealth of Massachusetts.

After which the whole assembly testified their approbation by the loudest huzzas.

An elegant repast being provided for the occasion in the senate-chamber, the Convention, and a great number of other gentlemen, partook thereof, and exhibited such marks of satisfaction, as fully evinced, that this joyful event would tend to give vigour and energy to our future continental administrations. After dinner the following toasts were drank, viz.

1. His excellency the president and convention of Massachusetts.

2. The president and members of the late continental convention.

3. The states that have adopted the federal constitution.

4. A speedy accession to the union by those states who are yet to deliberate upon the proposed constitution.

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5. May the same candour, and liberality, which has so conspicuously distinguished the minority of Massachusetts, prevail thro' every state in the union.

6. May the United States of America be as distinguished for their increase in agriculture, arts and manufactures, as they are for their attachment to justice and the liberties of mankind.

7. The great and magnanimous ally of the United States of America—his most Christian majesty.

8. The United Netherlands.

9. May the States of America be the asylum of every distressed son of liberty, throughout the world.

10. May the flag of American commerce be displayed in every quarter of the globe.

11. May the landholders of America soon experience the happy effects intended by the proposed constitution.

12. May the nations of the world, who would be our rivals in trade, soon find their disappointment in the energy of our councils.

13. May peace, liberty, and safety, be the perpetual birthright of an American.

It seems that the joy which the adoption of the proposed constitution has diffused, is not only general, but sincere and grateful.—The rising sun of yesterday's morn, by its brightness and refulgent beams, seemed to break forth, from the dusky horizon, with uncommon grandeur, partaking, as it were, of the joy in which an event so propitious immersed the souls of the people. The bells of all the churches, &c. in town, began ringing at early dawn, and continued, most of them without intermission, thro' the day, and part of last evening.

The hardy sons of Neptune, seemed not to be insensible of the importance of this great event; for having procured a boat, which they fixed on a sled, they continued to draw it through the town till near the close of the day, frequently huzzaing, and loudly exulting in the anticipation of reviving and flourishing commerce. In the boat was displayed the flag of the United States, and musick, which kept continually playing.

In a cart, drawn by five horses, the British flag was displayed, and insulted by numbers placed in the cart, armed with muskets, who repeatedly discharged the contents of them through the tattered remnant, in contempt of that faithless nation, whose exertions have been unremitted since the peace, to cramp our commerce and obstruct all our nautical proceedings.

Repeated marks of joy were exhibited during the course of the day by the lovers and well wishers of our country, but we believe none will exceed the exhibition which is to take place this day, as will appear by the following

NOTICE

TO THE TRADESMEN.

THE COMMITTEE of MECHANICKS appointed at their meeting the 7th. ult. present their compliments to the several TRADESMEN, MECHANICKS, and ARTIZANS of every description in the town of Boston, and request their attendance at Faneuil Hall, this morning, at NINE o'clock, in order to form and proceed in GRAND[237] PROCESSION therefrom, to testify their approbation of the ratification of the Federal Constitution, by the Convention of this commonwealth the 6th instant.

They recommend that the procession be formed as follows—First, a plough, drawn by a horse, with husbandmen carrying proper utensils—Then the tradesmen, &c. of the town, each with some tool, decorated; to proceed by trades; each trade with one person at its head. With the ship-builders, &c. will be a boat, drawn by horses, properly manned. They request that the procession may be as full as possible; that the several drummers, fifers, and other musicians in the town, will join the procession, with their instruments.

The rout of the procession will be mentioned at the Hall.

Boston, February 7, 1788.

BY JAMES C. ODIORNE, M. A.

(Continued from page 136.)

TABLE LEGEND:
A = Order of Settlement.
B = Names of Ministers.
C = Denomination.
D = Churches.
E = Graduated.
F = Settled.
G = Died or Resigned.

(To be concluded.)

BY THE REV. JONATHAN FRENCH OF NORTH HAMPTON.

(Continued from page 157.)

[245]

THE WOLCOTT FAMILY.

INTRODUCTORY REMARKS.

Henry Wolcott was the first of the Wolcott Family who settled in New England. He owned a considerable landed property in his native country, which he held in capite, part of which he sold about the time he left England; the rest of the estate was sold at sundry times by himself and his descendants; the last remains were sold since the Declaration of Independence, by Henry Allen, Esq., of Windsor, who claimed it by female descent. From circumstances it seems probable that the family are of Saxon origin. Mr. Wolcott, to avoid the ecclesiastical hierarchy of the English Church, was induced to come into this country. He first settled at Dorchester, where he continued till 1636, when he came with the first settlers to the town of Windsor, and with four other gentlemen, namely, Mr. Ludlow, Mr. Newberry, Mr. Stoughton, and Major Mason, undertook the settlement of that town, to which they gave the name Dorchester. The towns of Hartford and Wethersfield were settled the same year, though the town which is now called Windsor was, upon the first emigration, by far the most considerable. Previous to this settlement on Connecticut River, one had been made at Springfield, under the patronage of Mr. Pynchon; and an earlier settlement, with commercial views, had been made at Saybrook, by Mr. Fenwick, agent to Lords Say and Seal and Brook. Those who settled on Connecticut River, in the year 1636, were united with the people of Massachusetts in religious and civil polity, and seem to have been much under their influence till 1638, when they adopted a civil constitution for themselves, and Mr. Ludlow was chosen their first Governor, and Mr. Wolcott a magistrate, then called an Assistant, to which office he was annually chosen till his death, in 1655. His eldest son Henry was one of the Patentees, whose name is inserted in the Charter granted by Charles II. Mr. Ludlow went to the West Indies, and left no posterity in this country. Major Mason, it is said, had no male posterity. The descendants of the others are well known in Windsor.

GENEALOGY.

Henry Wolcott, Esq., was born A. D. 1578; and on or about the year 1607, married Elisabeth Sanders, who was born in 1589. He lived in Tolland, near Taunton in Somersetshire, England, till the year 1630, and then to avoid persecution, came with his family into New England, and settled at Dorchester. In the year 1636, he went with his family to Windsor in Connecticut. Mr. Wolcott, Mr. Ludlow, Mr. Newberry, Mr. Stoughton, and Major Mason, were the five gentlemen that undertook the settling of the town. Mr. Wolcott was one of the first magistrates in the Colony of Connecticut; he lived in that post in Windsor, till he died, May 30, 1655. His wife died July 7, 1655, and she and her husband lie buried in one tomb in Windsor. Their children were

[252]

The children of Henry, son of Henry, by his wife, Sarah Newberry, were

The children of Henry, son of Henry, son of Henry, by his wife Abigail Goss, were

The children of John, son of Henry, son of Henry, by his wife, Mary Chester, were

The children of John, son of John, son of Henry, son of Henry, by his wife, Hannah Newberry, were

The children of John, son of John, son of John, son of Henry, son of Henry, by Mary Hawley, were

The children of Benjamin, the son of John, son of John, son of John, the son of Henry, the son of Henry, by Abigail Pinney, were

The children of Charles, the son of John, son of Henry, son of Henry, were

The children of Samuel, son of Henry, son of Henry, were

The children of Samuel, son of Samuel, son of Henry, son of Henry, were

The children of Josiah, son of Henry, son of Henry, were, by Penelope Curwin, his wife,

by Mrs. Mary Treat,

The children of John, son of Josiah, son of Henry, son of Henry, were

The children of George, son of Henry, were

The children of Simon, son of Henry, by Martha Pitkin, his wife, were

The children of Simon, son of Simon, son of Henry, by Sarah Chester, were

The children of Henry, son of Simon, son of Henry, were

Henry, son of Henry, son of Simon, son of Henry, had

The children of Gideon, the son of Henry, son of Simon, son of Henry, were, by Abigail Mather,

by Naomi Olmsted,

The children of Samuel, son of Gideon, son of Henry, son of Simon, son of Henry, by Jerusha Wolcott his wife, were

The children of William, son of Simon, son of Henry, by Abiah Hawley, his wife, were

The children of William, son of William, son of Simon, son of Henry, by Abigail Abbot, his wife, were

The children of Ephraim, son of William, son of Simon, son of Henry, by Mary Kellogg, his wife, were

[254]

The children of Roger, son of Simon, son of Henry, by Sarah Drake, his wife, were

The children of Roger, son of Roger, son of Simon, son of Henry, by Mary Newberry, his wife, were

The children of Roger, son of Roger, son of Roger, son of Simon, son of Henry, by Dorcas Burnham, his wife, were

The children of Roger, son of Roger, son of Roger, son of Roger, son of Simon, son of Henry, by Mary Steel, his wife, were

The children of Epaphras, son of Roger, son of Roger, son of Simon, son of Henry, by Mabel Burnham, his wife, were

The children of Parmenio, son of Roger, son of Roger, son of Simon, son of Henry, by Mary Ballard, his wife, were

The children of James, son of Epaphras, son of Roger, son of Roger, son of Simon, son of Henry, by Miriam Munsell were

The children of Alexander, son of Roger, son of Simon, son of Henry, were, by Lydia Atwater, his wife,

by Mary Richards,

The children of Jeremiah, son of Alexander, son of Roger, son of Simon, son of Henry, by Sarah Goodsale, his wife, were

The children of Simon, son of Alexander, son of Roger, son of Simon, son of Henry, by Lucy Rogers, his wife, were

The children of George, son of Alexander, son of Roger, son of Simon, son of Henry, by T—— Rowland were

The children of Christopher, son of Alexander, son of Roger, son of Simon, son of Henry, by Lucy Parsons, his wife, were

The children of Alexander, son of Alexander, son of Roger, son of Simon, son of Henry, by Frances Burbanks, his wife, were

The children of Guy, son of Alexander, son of Roger, son of Simon, son of Henry, by Abigail Allyn, his wife, were

The children of Erastus, son of Roger, son of Simon, son of Henry, by Jerusha Wolcott, his wife, were

The children of Erastus, son of Erastus, son of Roger, son of Simon, son of Henry, by Chloe Bissell, his wife, were

The children of Albert, son of Erastus, son of Roger, son of Simon, son of Henry, by Hannah Loomis, his wife, were

The children of Oliver, son of Roger, son of Simon, son of Henry, by Lorana Collins, his wife, were

[256]

THE MINOT FAMILY.

BY LEMUEL SHATTUCK, ESQ.

(Concluded from page 178.)

FIFTH GENERATION.

(23)   V.  George Minot [57—3] d. in Dorchester, Nov. 10, 1744, a. 41. He m. Abigail Fenno, Dec. 24, 1729. After his death she m. William Tucker of Milton. They had

(24)   V.   Dea. George Farrar m. Mary Barrett [61—1] and lived in Lincoln. He d. of the small-pox, May 28, 1777, a. 73. She d. Sept. 25, 1778, in her 73d year. The children were

(25)   V.   Oliver Barrett [64—4] lived in Bolton, where he d. April 4, 1788, a. 76. He m. Hannah Hunt of Concord, Dec. 8, 1738, who d. April 7, 1774, a. 57. They had

(26)   V.   Capt. Humphrey Barrett [65—5] lived in Concord, where he d. March 24, 1783, in his 68th year. He m. his cousin, Elisabeth Adams, [86—2] Dec. 9, 1742. She d. June 5, 1791, in her 70th year. The children were

[257]

(27)   V.   Col. Charles Prescott m. Elisabeth Barrett, [66—6] and lived in Concord. He represented the town nine years, was Justice of the Peace and intrusted with many important offices. He d. Feb. 2, 1779, a. 68. She d. April 23, 1799, aged 82. They had 7 children;

(28)   V.   John Barrett [67—7] lived in the north part of Concord as a farmer. He m. Lois Brooks, Nov. 15, 1744, and had

Another daughter m. a Chamberlain, another m. a Boynton, and another d. single.

(29)   V.   Benjamin Barrett [61—1] lived in Concord, where he d. Oct. 23, 1738, having had three children, names given below. He m. Rebecca Jones, who, after Mr. Barrett's death, m. Jonas Prescott of Westford, Dec. 25, 1740.

The last two settled in Ashby.

(30)   V.   Dea. Thomas Barrett [70—2] d. in Concord, June 20, 1779, a. 72, on the place where his father lived. He and his brother Col. James, did a large business and left a large estate. He m. Mary Jones. They had 7 children, as follows;

(31)   V.   Col. James Barrett [71—3] was the distinguished commander of the Provincial troops in the battle of Concord, when the first forcible resistance was made to the British, at the commencement of hostilities in the American Revolution, on the 19th April, 1775. He died April 11, 1779, a. 68. The following epitaph is on his gravestone in Concord.

Here rests
in hope the body of
Col. James Barrett
who departed this life
[258]April 11th, 1779, in the 69th year of his age.
Sudden the summons came and quick the flight;
We trust to be with Christ in relms of light.
In public and private life he was courteous, benevolent,
and charitable. His fidelity, uprightness and
ability in various offices and employments, justly
procured him esteem. For many years he represented this
Town in General Court. He early stepped forward in
the contest with Britain and distinguished himself in the
cause of America. His warm attachment to and careful
practice of the religion of Christ compleated his worth as
a Christian and with his other virtues preserve his memory
and keep it with that of the just which is blest.

He m. Rebecca Hubbard, Dec. 21, 1732. Her mother was Rebecca Bulkeley, a daughter of Capt. Joseph, granddaughter of Hon. Peter, and great-granddaughter of Rev. Peter Bulkeley the first minister of Concord. She d. Oct. 18, 1806, a. 90. They had the following children; namely,

(32)   V.   Dea. Samuel Farrar of Lincoln m. Lydia Barrett, [72—4] Jan. 12, 1732. He d. April 17, 1783, a. 75. She d.         Children,

(33)   V.   Dr. Timothy Minot [77—1] gr. H. C., 1747. He was a physician in Concord, where he d. July 25, 1804, a. 78. He m. Mary Martin, daughter of Rev. John Martin of Northborough. She d. Dec. 23, 1801. Children,

(34)   V.   Tilly Merrick m. Mary Minot, [78—2] and settled in Concord. They had

(35)   V.   Maj. John Minot [80—1] m. Sarah Stow of Marlborough, Jan. 26, 1744, lived in Concord, where he d. July 31, 1802, a. 85. She d. Feb. 11, 1796, a. 75. They had

(36)   V.   Benjamin Prescott, Esq., of Salem, who gr. H. C., 1736, m. Rebecca Minot, [81—2] Nov. 26, 1741. He d. Aug. 18, 1778, a. 61. She d. Oct. 8, 1761, a. 41. They had the following children;

(37)   V.   Capt. James Minot [82—3] m. for his 1st wife Rebecca Stow of Merrimac, and for his 2nd wife, a daughter of Col. Blanchard of Tyngsborough. He d. Aug. 2, 1773, a. 47. She d. Feb. 9, 1767, a. 37. They had the following children, of whom I have not been able to obtain many particulars.

(38)   V.   Rev. Josiah Sherman, minister of Woburn, m. Martha Minot, [83—4] Jan. 24, 1757. A biographical notice of Mr. Sherman is in the American Quarterly Register, Vol. XI., p. 188. They had the following children, born in Woburn, and perhaps others.

(39)   V.   Lt. Ephraim Minot, [84—5] d. in Concord, Sept. 30, 1794, a. 53. He was an officer, and was wounded in the battle of Princeton. He m. Abigail Prescott, who d. Feb. 27, 1825, a. 78. Their children were

(40)   V.   Capt. Daniel Adams [85—1] removed from Lincoln, the place of his birth, to Townsend, where he d. Oct. 10, 1795, in his 75th year. He represented the town in General Court, and held many important civil and military offices. He was thrice married. 1. To Kesia Brooks, daughter of Benjamin Brooks of Townsend, previously of Concord, March 1, 1744. She d. in childbirth, Aug. 21, 1754, having had 6 children, 5 of whom survived her. 2. To Mehitable Crosby of Townsend,[260] by whom he had 10 children. She d. April 4, 1783, a. 49. 3. Widow Sarah Phelps of Lancaster, Jan. 30, 1784. His children were as follows;

(41)   V.   Capt. Joseph Adams [87—3] d. in Lincoln, March 28, 1807, a. 83. He m. 1. Mary Eveleth of Stow, 1746. She d. July 10, 1791, a. 66, having had 11 children. He m. 2. Mrs. Priscilla Reed Martin, July 23, 1795. Children,

(42)   V.   Capt. Nathan Brown m. Rebecca Adams, [88—1] March 10, 1749. He d. in Lincoln, Oct. 13, 1781. She afterwards m. Solomon Foster, Nov. 15, 1790. She d. Dec. 24, 1811, a. 84. Children,

(43)   V.   James Adams [89—5] m. 1. Kezia Conant, Jan. 15, 1756, by whom he had 3 children. She d. Aug. 22, 1765, in her 37th year.[261] He m. 2. Delia Adams, daughter of Edward Adams of Sudbury, June 5, 1766, by whom he had 12 children. She d. in Boston, Dec. 9, 1813, a. 70, and was buried in Lincoln. He d. in Lincoln, March 10, 1805, a. 71. His children were

(44)   V.   Abel Miles m. Lydia Adams, [90—6] Feb. 26, 1756. He removed from Concord to New Ipswich, N. H., where he d. Dec. 6, 1814, a. 81. She d. March 20, 1804, a. 68. He had the following children, all born in Concord;

(45)   V.   John Adams [91—1] lived in Lincoln. He m. 1. Lucy Hubbard, Dec. 12, 1749, who d. Dec. 24, 1791, and 2. Beulah Baker, Feb. 20, 1794. He had the following children,

(46) Rev. William Lawrence, minister of Lincoln, m. Love Adams, [94—2.] He d. April 11, 1780, a. 56. She d. Jan. 3, 1820, a. 95. (See Hist. Concord, p. 304.) They had children,

(47) Capt. Jonas Minot [108—2] m. 1. Mary Hall, daughter of Rev. Willard Hall of Westford. She was b. July 30, 1738, and d. Nov. 3, 1792, in her 49th year. He m. 2. Mrs. Mary Dunbar, widow of Rev. Asa Dunbar of Salem. She d. in Boston, Aug. 2, 1830, a. 82. He d. in Concord, March 20, 1813, a. 78. A great part of Wilmot, N. H., was granted to him.

(48) Dea. George Minot [111—5] settled in the eastern part of Concord. He commanded a company in the Revolution, at Saratoga, (the taking of Burgoyne,) and in several other places; and was a highly meritorious officer. He was chosen deacon of the church, Aug. 3, 1779, and continued in office until his death, which took place April 13, 1808, a. 65. He m. 3 wives, all by the name of Barrett. His 1st wife was Rebecca, daughter of Col. James Barrett, [184—4] whom he m. Jan. 17, 1765, and who d. March 3, 1775, a. 33. His 2nd wife was Elisabeth, daughter of Humphrey Barrett, [151—1] whom he m. Dec. 12, 1776, and who d. April 10, 1789, a. 45; and his 3d wife was Lydia, daughter of John Barrett and widow of Silas Mann. [169—3] He had the following children all by his first wife;

(49)   V.   Stephen Minot [115—1] m. Sarah Clark, only daughter of Jonas Clark, Esq., of Boston, June 10, 1736. He d. Sunday, Jan. 14, 1787, a. 75. He graduated H. C. 1730, and was a merchant of Boston. His wife d. June 10, 1783, in her 64th year. They had the following children;

(50)   V.   Jonathan Minot [130—4] lived in Westford, where he d. Feb. 7, 1806, a. 83. He married Esther Proctor of Chelmsford, who d. March 30, 1808, a. 83. They had

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THE PARSONS FAMILY.[21]

As it respects the origin of the name of Parsons, some have supposed that it was derived from the word parson, a clerical title, given from the fact that a clergyman is the principal person in the church. Hence in law he is termed ecclesiæ persona, and has full possession of all the rights of a parochial church. The s is added for euphony's sake, or from the fact that the individual was the parson's son.

Others have derived it from the word parish, as parish-son, meaning the son of some parish, one supported or educated by the parish.

And others again have supposed that the name is the same with Person, Peerson, Pierson, and Pearson, modified in the spelling.

Peirson or Peerson is derived, according to Camden, from son of Peter or Peterson, the former coming originally from the French word, Pierre.

It does not appear that there has ever been any attempt to collect even the materials for a history of the English family of Parsons, so far as has come to our knowledge, notwithstanding there have been many individuals among them of great distinction; as knights, baronets, and noblemen. Those of the name are, and have been for a long period, found in several counties; as Devonshire, Buckinghamshire, Nottinghamshire, Oxfordshire, &c.

Prior to 1672, Andrew Parsons, gent., was of Somersetshire, and Philip Parsons, gent., of Worcestershire. But the earliest record we have noticed is in

1290. Walter was then a resident of Mulso in Ireland. How long before this he or his ancestors went there we know not. The name is still extant there, and something above one hundred years ago, Bishop Gibson remarked, (in his edition of Camden's Britannia,) "The honorable family of Parsons have been advanced to the dignity of Viscounts, and more lately, Earls of Ross."

1481. Sir John was Mayor of Hereford, who had for his armorial bearings, Gules, a leopard's head between three crosses patee, fitched in the foot ar.—Crest, a halberd headed az. embued gules.

1546. Robert, afterwards the noted Jesuit, was born this year, and died April 18, 1610, a. 64. He appears to have been the first of note of his family. His father lived near Bridgewater, Eng., at a place called Netherstoway. Robert was educated at Balliol College, Oxford, and was early distinguished for his abilities, but being accused of some irregularities he forsook his country and resided for a time at Antwerp, Louvain, Padua, Rome, Paris and Valladolid. Becoming a convert to the Romish faith, he propagated that doctrine with all his ability, and was no small instrument in stirring up the benighted vassals of Philip II. to attempt the conquest of his native country. The event of that attempt will always be viewed with an intensity of interest.

How much Father Parsons had to do in circulating the Pope's bulls and inflammatory tracts in England at the period of the Armada can never be known, but from his knowledge of the country, the people,[264] and their language, it is not unlikely that his agency was by no means inconsiderable. Fuller, in speaking of the fierceness of the battle between the fleets observes, that "bullets did not fly about so much at sea, as bastardly libels did by land; so fitly called, because none durst father them."

He established an English college at Rome and another at Valladolid, for such of his countrymen as might follow him, or come otherwise into exile. He published several works, but that by which he is best known is entitled "Leicester's Commonwealth," which, though abounding with misstatements, vague rumors, and base insinuations, was nevertheless a work of great ability. And although the pen of Sir Philip Sidney was exercised in its refutation, he is not considered to have completely effected his object. This most singular book of Father Robert was first printed in 1641, and in less than 70 years had become so rare that an edition of it was published, purporting to have been printed from a newly discovered manuscript, and passed current as such without detection, it is believed. To the original edition is appended a poem, entitled "Leycester's Ghost," a great literary curiosity. An extract from the poem is as follows:

1556. Francis was vicar of Rothwell in Nottinghamshire. There is a wood called Parsons' wood, in the hundred of Nassaburgh, in the same county.

1618. Bartholomew appears as the author of three sermons—"First Fruits of the Gentiles," 4to. In 1616, "Assize Sermon," 4to. 1631, "Dorcas, or a Perfect Patterne of a True Disciple," Sermon, 4to. Oxford.

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1634. About this year Thomas Parsons was knighted by Charles I. The foregoing engraving represents his arms, still retained in the family in the United States, and by his descendants in London, among whom were Sir John and Sir Humphrey; the former, Lord Mayor of that city in 1704, the latter, in 1731 and 1740. The same coat of arms is also retained by the branch of the Parsons family now long resident in Barbadoes.

Langley in Buckinghamshire was long a seat of a family of the name, but they seem to have abandoned it about the end of the 17th century for a residence in Nottinghamshire. The first of this family whose descendants we can trace appears to have been

Ralph, of Northampton, who had a son

John, who lived at Boveney, Co. Bucks, who had by his wife, dau. of —— Cutler, Esq.,

John of Boveney and Langley, who m. Elisabeth, the sole heiress of Sir John Kidderminster, and had,

1. Charles, b. 1625, d. without issue.
2. William, and three daughters.

This William, the only surviving son, m. Elisabeth, dau. and heiress of Sir Lawrence Parsons, by whom he had two sons; one a Colonel, d. without issue, and John, his successor. William Parsons (the father) was made a baronet by Charles II. for his adherence to the cause of his father, Charles I. He was somewhat conspicuous during the interregnum, as may be inferred from his granting a pass to one of the gentlemen of the privy chamber, to proceed to Ireland. The gentleman, however, having been taken by the parliament officers, was, Carte says, put to the rack, "to make him confess." This circumstance is supposed to have given Butler the ground he has taken in these lines in his Hudibras:

Sir Thomas Parsons of Great Milton in Oxfordshire, (before mentioned,) m. in 1614, Catharine, a dau. of Edward Radcliff of London, son of Alderman Radcliff, by whom he had Robert, Thomas, Richard, Anthony, and six daughters. He was the son of Thomas of the same place, by his first wife, Judith Garbrand of the city of Oxford, who also had a daughter Amy, m. to Richard Alworth of Turford, Buckinghamshire. His second wife was Sarah, dau. of Edmund Waller of Costell, by whom he had three sons, John, Edmund, Francis, and two daughters, Elisabeth, m. Anthony Radcliff of Chalford, Co. Bucks, and Ann, wife of Richard Baldwin of Beaconsfield, in the same county.

The grandfather of Sir Thomas was Thomas of Great Milton, who m. Catharine, dau. of Hester Sydenham, by whom he had Thomas, Hugh, and Richard.

Richard m. Miss —— Pierpont, and had a son John of London, who m. 1. a dau. of Joshua Whistler, by whom he had a daughter Catharine; he m. 2. Mary Gualter of London. Some of this family were among the early emigrants to America.

The first of the name we find in New England is Joseph, Springfield, 1636, where he appears as a witness to the deed from the Indians[266] of the lands of that place and vicinity to William Pynchon and others, on the fifteenth of July. There appear, however, soon after, at the same place, Hugh and Benjamin. And family tradition relates that Joseph and Benjamin were brothers, that they were born in Great Torrington, near Exeter, Devonshire, England, who, with other children, accompanied their father to New England, about the year 1630. It is probable that they came over with Mr. Pynchon.

Joseph,³ (2) who m. Elisabeth Strong, had,

Samuel,² (4) who settled in Durham, Ct, had,

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Joseph,³ (12) who m. Elisabeth Thompson, had,

His children by his first marriage were,

Benjamin,² (3) of Enfield, who m. Sarah Keep, had,

Samuel,² (6) of Enfield, who m. Hannah, dau. of Luke Hitchcock of Springfield, had,

Ebenezer,² (7) of West Springfield, who m. Margaret Marshfield, had,

Rev. Jonathan Parsons³ (31) of Newburyport had 13 children, 6 of whom d. in infancy. Those who married were,

Hugh Parsons appears on the town records of Springfield, 27. 8, (27 Oct.) 1645. How long before that he was resident there does not appear, though it is quite probable he was among the first inhabitants. Whether Hugh were a brother of Benjamin and Joseph, or what relationship he may have borne to them, nothing has yet come to our knowledge to enable us to determine; yet he was probably the older brother of those, and so we shall consider him until we are otherwise assured. Mr. Parsons married Mary Lewis on the date above mentioned, by whom he had,

About this point of time began the troubles and trials of this devoted family, and here, on the Springfield town records stands the following sad entry:

"Joshua Parsons, son of Hugh was killed by Mary Parsons his wife, 4. 1. 1651."

Singular as it may now seem, and notwithstanding the above entry, fair and legible at this day upon the records, an attempt was soon after made to throw the cause of the death of the son upon the father, and[275] that he had effected it by witchcraft! We will not now enlarge on this subject, as we propose to publish at some future time an article on witchcraft in our country, and its unhappy effects.

P. S. We originally intended to have given in this number the genealogy of the branch of the family of Parsons settled at Gloucester, but for want of room, and some materials, are obliged to defer it to a future one; meanwhile we hope the descendants of Jeffrey Parsons, (the progenitor of this branch,) will forward us all the facts they possess concerning it, that it may be rendered as complete as possible. For the information of those concerned, it may be proper to state, that we have a copy of the pedigree which was in the possession of the late William Parsons, Esq., of Boston, which, though extensive as it respects the names of the descendants, is very defective in dates and names of places. In these particulars we especially want information.

It is said that this Bible was brought from England to America by the Pilgrim Fathers, who landed from the ship Mayflower, at Plymouth, Ms., December 22, A. D. 1620.

The title-page of the Testament[23] part of this Bible is in the following words, viz.—

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Family Record in the Bible.

We Elisha Bradford and Bathshua Le-brocke, were married, September, y^e 7th, Anno Domini 1718. (?)

Account of the births, of all our children.

The foregoing title-page and Family Register were transcribed for and at the request of Alden Bradford, Esq., Feb. 22, 1842,

By his humble servant,
WILLIAM ELLIS.

Dr. James Jackson was the first physician who settled in Rochester. He went from Connecticut, but in what year he went and how long he lived in the town, is not known.

Dr. James How was the son of Deacon How of Methuen, and brother of David How, Esq., of Haverhill, Ms. He went to Rochester about the year 1777, and practised in his profession till near the time of his death, in 1807. He was a Representative to the State Legislature several years, and was elected a member of the N. H. Medical Society in 1791, soon after the Charter was granted. He was also surgeon's mate in the army of the Revolution. He died at the age of 53.

Dr. Samuel Pray was born at South Berwick, Me., July 3, 1769. He received his preparatory education at Dummer Academy, Newbury, Ms., in the years 1784, '85, and '86, studied medicine with Dr. Jacob Kittredge of Dover, three years, and commenced the practice of[277] his profession in September, 1792, at Rochester, where he has resided about fifty-five years. He united with a number of physicians in the old County of Strafford in 1811, who constituted the Strafford District of the N. H. Medical Society, of which he was Secretary several years. He was elected a Fellow of the N. H. M. Society in 1816, and has been one of the Censors for Strafford District. Dec. 14, 1821, he was elected an Honorary Member of the Medical Society at Dartmouth College.

Dr. Timothy F. Preston went to Rochester in the year 1807, and resided in town about a year, and then returned to New Ipswich, his native place.

Dr. John Perkins went to Rochester in 1807, and resided there till 1815, when he moved with his family to Jaffrey. It is not known where he received his education.

Dr. Asa Perkins went from Dover, his native place, to Rochester, in 1816, and resided there two years, and then returned to Dover, where he now resides. He is the son of William Perkins, who was a merchant in Dover, and who died several years since. The Doctor studied medicine with Dr. Jabez Dow of Dover. He was born April 5, 1793. Having abandoned his profession, he entered into mercantile business.

Dr. James Farrington went to Rochester in August, 1818, and has resided in town, to this time [1847]. He was born at Conway, October, 1791, and is the third son, now living, of Jeremiah Farrington, late of Conway, who emigrated when a young man from Concord, N. H., and with several others formed a settlement upon the banks of the Saco river, in that section of the country then called by the Indians Pequawket, now Conway and Fryeburg; and grandson of Stephen Farrington, who was one of the first settlers of Concord, and whose wife was a sister of Jonathan and Samuel Bradley, who, with Obadiah Peters, John Bean, and John Lufkin, were massacred by the Indians, Aug. 11, 1746, between Concord and Hopkinton, and to whose memory a granite monument has been erected on the spot where the massacre was perpetrated, by their surviving relatives. He received an academic education at Fryeburg Academy, where in 1814 he was prepared to enter college. He commenced the study of medicine under the tuition of Dr. Moses Chandler of Fryeburg, Me., February, 1815, and concluded his term of study under the instruction of Dr. Jabez Dow of Dover, in February, 1818. He was examined in the science of medicine and surgery by the Censors of the N. H. Medical Society, Drs. Crosby and Pray, July 18, 1818, and commenced practice in Rochester on the 9th of August following. He is a Fellow of the N. H. Medical Society, and has been Censor and a Counsellor of the Society, and for several years President of the Strafford District Society. He has been a Representative and Senator in the State Legislature, and in 1837 was elected a member of the 25th Congress of the United States. In 1845 he was appointed by the Executive of the State one of the Trustees of the N. H. Asylum for the Insane.

Dr. Farrington was married, in 1827, to Mary D., eldest daughter of Mr. Joseph Hanson of Rochester, and has four children living; three sons and one daughter. Formerly he had students in medicine, among whom were Dr. Joseph H. Smith, now a successful practitioner in Dover, Dr. Timothy Upham, an eminent physician, late of Waterford, N. Y., and a son of the Hon. Nathaniel Upham, late of Rochester, also Dr. Alfred Upham, now a physician in the city of New York.

Dr. Farrington has had an extensive business in his profession for twenty-five years, and has performed many difficult surgical operations.

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Dr. Calvin Cutter, Dr. Theodore Wells, and a Dr. Turner from Massachusetts, went to Rochester and tarried a short time in 1832 and 1833, and then returned to their native towns.

Dr. Rufus K. Pearl was born at Farmington, Feb. 6, 1815, attended Medical Lectures at Bowdoin and Dartmouth Colleges, and studied medicine with Dr. Wight of Gilmanton. He commenced practice in Rochester in 1840, and being out of health, he left the profession, and has gone into trade in the village of that place.

Dr. John W. Pray is the son of Dr. Samuel Pray of Rochester, with whom he studied medicine. He was born in Rochester, August, 1814, attended Medical Lectures at Dartmouth College, commenced the practice of his profession in Barrington, in 1840, and continued at that place three years, when he returned to Rochester and went into practice with his father.

Dr. Richard Russel moved from Great Falls village to Rochester, about the year 1841, and resided in town about three years, and then returned to Great Falls, in 1844. It is not known when he began the practice of his profession, nor what was his education.

Dr. Jeremiah Garland was born at Strafford, Sept. 23, 1815, and commenced the practice of his profession at Rochester, in 1844. He attended Medical Lectures at New York, in the old medical and surgical institution, and obtained the degree of M. D. at that institution. He studied medicine with Drs. Chadbourne and Haynes of Concord.

HON. NATHAN WESTON OF AUGUSTA, ME.

John Weston, from whom the subject of this memoir is the fourth in descent, came from Buckinghamshire in England to this country, in 1644, at the age of 13. After residing a few years in Salem, he purchased a tract of land in what is now South Reading, Ms., to which he removed, and where he spent the residue of his days. He died in 1723; being more than 90 years of age. It is noted on his gravestone, that he was one of the founders of the church in Reading. A part of his estate remained in the hands of his posterity for over one hundred years. Stephen, his son, was a pious, industrious, and respectable man. He had a farm in Reading, where he died in 1753, at the age of 88.

Stephen, his son, became the owner of a farm in Wilmington, Ms. He was a leading man there, distinguished for his piety, and was for many years Deacon of the church in that town, where he died in 1776, in his 81st year. Nathan, his fifth son, was born at Wilmington, in 1740. He married Elisabeth, the mother of the subject of this Memoir. She was the daughter of Samuel Bancroft, Esq., of Reading, who represented that town for many years in the General Court, and sister of the late Rev. Dr. Bancroft of Worcester. He (Nathan) removed to that part of Hallowell which is now Augusta, in Maine, then a part of Massachusetts, in 1781. He was for several years in the State government of Massachusetts,[279] being, at different times, a member of the House, Senate, and Council of that Commonwealth. He died in 1832, at the advanced age of nearly 93 years.

Nathan Weston, his son and the subject of this Memoir, was born at Hallowell, now Augusta, July 27, 1782. He pursued his studies, preparatory to his entering college, at Hallowell Academy, under the direction of the late Preceptor Moody. He was graduated at Dartmouth College, in 1803. He went immediately into the study of the law. After reading a few months with Benjamin Whitwell, Esq., of Augusta, he entered the office of George Blake, Esq., Attorney for the United States, for the Massachusetts District, at Boston, where he prosecuted his studies, until his admission to the bar, in the county of Suffolk, in July, 1806.

He soon after opened an office at Augusta, but in March, 1807, removed to New Gloucester, in the county of Cumberland, where he continued in full practice in his profession three years, representing that town in 1808, in the General Court of Massachusetts. In June, 1809, he married Paulina B., daughter of the Hon. Daniel Cony, and returned to Augusta, in March, 1810, where he now (1847) resides. He continued the practice of the law until the fall of 1811, when he was made Chief-Justice of the Circuit Court of Common Pleas for the Second Eastern Circuit of Massachusetts, in which he continued to officiate until the separation of Maine, in 1820. He then became one of the Judges of the Supreme Judicial Court, and in October, 1834, he was appointed Chief-Justice of that State, which office he held till October, 1841, when his term of office expired. In 1831, the honorary degree of Doctor of Laws was conferred upon him at Dartmouth College, and afterwards at Waterville and Bowdoin Colleges, Maine.

In February, 1825, at a general meeting of the members of both houses of the Legislature, then sitting in Portland, without distinction of party, he was with great unanimity nominated for the office of Governor, but preferring to remain on the bench, he declined the nomination.

Judge Weston has four sons; Nathan, Daniel Cony, who married Mary C. North, granddaughter of the late General William North of New York, George Melville, and Charles. The first three were educated at Bowdoin College, and are now in the practice of law; one in Augusta, one in Orono, and one in Vassalborough, in Maine. His third son, George Melville, is Attorney for the State for the county of Kennebec. Charles, his fourth son, has been a midshipman in the Navy of the United States. Of his daughters, Paulina Cony died in 1820, aged two years. Two survive, namely, Catharine Martin and Louisa Matilda.

Chief-Justice Weston is not known as the author of any published work, beyond an occasional oration or address, in his younger days; but the decisions of the Supreme Court of Maine, now extended to about twenty volumes, are filled with legal opinions drawn by him, which will remain a monument of his learning and industry.

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HON. RICHARD LAW OF NEW LONDON, CT.

Richard Law was a son of the Hon. Jonathan Law, Governor of Connecticut, and was born at Milford, on the 17th of March, 1733. He was educated at Yale College, where he was graduated in 1751, and where also he received the degree of LL. D. Immediately after graduating, he entered upon the study of the law, in the office and under the instruction of that able jurist and accomplished lawyer, the Hon. Jared Ingersoll; and after a course of studies usual at that day, he was, soon after the age of 21, admitted to the bar, at New Haven; and immediately removed, and settled at New London, where he became highly distinguished in his profession. As an advocate at the bar, his style was pure and correct, but not copious and flowing. He was distinguished more as a learned lawyer, a close logician, a fair special pleader, than an eloquent orator. His talents were better adapted to a court than a jury. He possessed a discrimination, and power of seeing and seizing the great point in the case—the point on which it must turn; and by a course of special pleadings—by drawing on the "heartstrings of the law," he had a faculty of presenting his point, by forming an issue in law for the decision of the court, most favorably for his client; and on such issues, from the logical structure of his mind, he was powerful. He was thoroughly read in the ancient English law authorities; and few American lawyers or jurists, of his day and age, better understood the great principles of the English common law, or could better discriminate between such of those principles as were applicable to the genius of a republican government, and such as were not, than Judge Law. Those which he adopted formed, as it respected the common law, the polestar of his judicial decisions.

After a full and lucrative practice of several years, in consequence of ill health, he was induced to relinquish the bar, and accept a seat as Chief-Judge on the Bench of the County Court for the county of New London. This office he held until May, 1784, when he was appointed one of the Judges of the Superior Court.

In May, 1776, he was chosen an Assistant, a member of the Council or upper house of Assembly, which office he held by annual elections of the freemen, until May, 1786, when an act was passed excluding Judges from a seat in the Legislature.

In 1777, it is believed that at May session, he was appointed by the General Assembly a member of Congress; and continued with little, if any intermission, a member of that body until 1782.

On granting the charter to the city of New London, he was by the freemen in March, 1784, unanimously chosen Mayor; which office he held until his death—a period of nearly twenty-two years.

On the return of peace, after the Revolution, he was appointed with the Hon. Roger Sherman, to revise the code of Statute Laws of the State. This code had not been revised for thirty years, and had accumulated to a great size, from the great variety of statutes[281] enacted in the emergencies of the Revolution. In its subjects of correction, a work of great interest and importance, it required no small ability so to select and discriminate as to give universal satisfaction. In the discharge of which duty he discovered great knowledge of the science of legislation, and the true principles of national government.

In May, 1786, he was appointed Chief-Judge of the Superior Court; and continued in that office until the adoption of the Constitution of the United States; when being by President Washington appointed District Judge of the District of Connecticut, in October, 1789, he resigned the former and accepted the latter, which he held until his death, which occurred at New London, Jan. 26, 1806, in the 73rd year of his age.

Judge Law lived in an eventful period of his country, and of the world; and the many and various important offices which he held and honorably sustained through the course of a long life, better bespeak, than language can express, the character, the worth, and merits of the man.

REV. NAPHTALI SHAW OF BRADFORD, VT.

Naphtali Shaw was born at Bridgewater, Ms., June 20, 1764, and was the fourth son of his parents. His father, who was by occupation a tanner and shoemaker, was William Shaw, who lived in Bridgewater, and married Hannah, daughter of Samuel West, who was a Deacon of the Congregational Church in that place, and lived to be more than eighty years of age. He had five sons and six daughters. At the age of fifteen the subject of this Memoir enlisted as a soldier in the Revolutionary army, and went with others to take Rhode Island, which was in 1779 in possession of the British, but he did not continue long in the service, the object being accomplished. He prepared for college under the instructions of Dr. Crane, a physician of Titicut Parish, and the Rev. Dr. Reed of West Bridgewater. In 1786, he entered the Freshman Class of Dartmouth College, and graduated there in 1790. After receiving his bachelor's degree, he taught school at Easton, Ms., and at Boston, as an assistant of Mr. Caleb Bingham, an instructor of much celebrity. His theological course of study was pursued under the direction of the Rev. Dr. Sanger of Bridgewater, who was in the habit of educating young men for the ministry. He was approbated to preach the gospel, as it was then called, by the Plymouth Association of Ministers, Aug. 1, 1792. Jan. 30, 1793, he was ordained Pastor of the church in Kensington, N. H., where he remained till Jan. 13, 1813, when he was dismissed on account of ill health. His ministry was pacific and useful; peace and harmony were restored, and the cause of education, morals, and religion promoted. His health was such, that upon resignation, he retired from the ministry, and devoted himself to agricultural pursuits, having purchased a farm in the town of Bradford, Vt., where he still lives in the enjoyment of his bodily and mental powers, to a good degree, at the age of 84 years.

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Mr. Shaw married, June 10, 1798, Mary Crafts, daughter of Dr. John Staples Crafts of Bridgewater, who was to him a great blessing. "The greatest blessing," said Martin Luther, "with which a man can be favored is a pious and amiable wife, who fears God and loves her family, with whom he may live in peace, and in whom he may repose confidence." The wife of Mr. Shaw died Jan. 14, 1840. Their children were four;—Thomas Crafts, living in Bradford, Vt., a farmer, and a deacon of the church in that place, who married Sarah Jenkins, by whom he has two daughters, Sarah Jane and Mary Ann; Eliza Park, who married Dea. Randell H. Wild of West Fairlee, who died in Bradford, Dec. 22, 1841, leaving two daughters, Elisabeth and Emily; Samuel West, who married Jerusha Bliss of Fairlee, and died March 12, 1832, leaving no child; Mary Ann, who died July 12, 1808, in childhood.

HON. NAHUM MITCHELL OF PLYMOUTH.

Nahum Mitchell was born in East Bridgewater, Feb. 12, 1769. His father was Cushing Mitchell, son of Col. Edward, grandson of Edward, and great-grandson of Experience, who was one of the Pilgrim forefathers, and arrived at Plymouth in the third ship, the Ann, in 1623. They all lived and died in East Bridgewater, on the spot which their descendants now occupy. His mother was Jennet, daughter of the Hon. Hugh Orr, from Lochwinioch, County of Renfrew, Scotland, who married Mary, daughter of Capt. Jonathan Bass of East Bridgewater, whose father was Dea. Samuel Bass of Braintree, whose father was John, who married Ruth, daughter of the Hon. John Alden, the Pilgrim; and John's father was Dea. Samuel Bass of Braintree, (now Quincy.) Capt. Jonathan Bass's wife was Susanna, daughter of Nicholas Byram of East Bridgewater, whose wife was Mary, daughter of Dea. Samuel Edson of West Bridgewater, and whose father, Nicholas Byram, married Susanna, daughter of Abraham Shaw of Dedham.

Cushing Mitchell's mother was Elisabeth, daughter of Elisha Cushing of Hingham, a descendant from Matthew Cushing, one of the first settlers in Hingham, and ancestor of all of the name in this part of the country, and whose father was Peter Cushing of Hingham in England. Matthew's wife was Nazareth, daughter of Henry Pitcher. Matthew's son Daniel married Lydia, daughter of Edward Gilman, ancestor of all the Gilmans in New England. Daniel's son Daniel, father of Elisha, married Elisabeth, daughter of Capt. John Thaxter of Hingham, son of Thomas, the ancestor of all the Thaxters in this vicinity. Capt. John Thaxter's wife was Elisabeth, daughter of Nicholas Jacob, or Jacobs, of Hingham.

Col. Edward Mitchell's mother was Alice, daughter of Maj. John Bradford of Kingston, son of William, Deputy-Governor, and grandson of William Bradford, the Governor. The Governor's wife was widow Alice Southworth, her maiden name Carpenter. William the Deputy's wife was Alice, daughter of Thomas Richards of Weymouth. Maj. John's wife was Mercy, daughter of Joseph[283] Warren, son of Richard Warren, and his wife Elisabeth, from London. Joseph's wife was Priscilla, daughter of John, and sister of Eld. Thomas Faunce of Plymouth. Col. Edward Mitchell's mother, after the death of his father, married Dea. Joshua Hersey of Hingham.

The subject of this Memoir prepared for college with the Hon. Beza Hayward, in Bridgewater, and entered Harvard College, July, 1785, where he graduated in 1789. He kept school at Weston, while in college, and a few times after graduating, in Bridgewater and Plymouth; and was engaged in instructing part of the time while attending to his professional studies. He read law with the Hon. John Davis, Judge of the District Court of Massachusetts, lately deceased in Boston, but then living in Plymouth, his native place. He was admitted to the bar, Nov. 24, 1792, and settled in the practice of the law in East Bridgewater, his native place.

Judge Mitchell was Justice of the Circuit Court of Common Pleas for the Southern Circuit, from 1811 to 1821, inclusive, being Chief-Justice during the last two years of that time. He was Representative to General Court from Bridgewater seven years between 1798 and 1812; Representative in Congress from Plymouth District two years, from 1803 to 1805; Senator from Plymouth County two years, 1813 and 1814; Counsellor from 1814 to 1820, inclusive; Treasurer of the Commonwealth five years, from 1822 to 1827; Representative to General Court from Boston, 1839 and 1840, in which place he then resided. He was appointed by the Governor one of the Commissioners for settling the boundary lines between Massachusetts and Rhode Island; and afterwards, for settling the line between Massachusetts and Connecticut; and was Chairman of the first Commissioners for exploring and surveying the country from Boston to Albany for a railroad route, 1827, and is a member of the Massachusetts Historical Society, and has been Librarian and Treasurer of that institution. He was also several years President of the Bible Society in Plymouth county.

Judge Mitchell married, in 1794, Nabby, daughter of Gen. Silvanus Lazell of East Bridgewater, and has 5 children, Harriet, Silvanus L., Mary Orr, Elisabeth Cushing, James Henry. Harriet married the Hon. Nathaniel M. Davis, Esq., of Plymouth; Silvanus L. married Lucia, daughter of Hon. Ezekiel Whitman of Portland, Me., Chief-Justice of Court of Common Pleas; Mary O. married David Ames, Jr., Esq., of Springfield; Elisabeth C. married Nathan D. Hyde of East Bridgewater; James Henry married Harriet Lavinia, daughter of John Angier of Belfast, Me., and is a merchant in Philadelphia; Silvanus L. was graduated at H. C., 1817, and he and his brother-in-law, Hyde, went into business as merchants at East Bridgewater, and thence removed to Boston.

Judge Mitchell wrote a short History of Bridgewater, which was published in 1818, in the Collections of the Massachusetts Historical Society, Vol. VII., 2nd series. He has since published an enlarged History of the Early Settlement of that Town, with a particular Genealogy or Family Register of the Early Settlers.

Dated January 27, 1716.

1. Agreeably to what is written 1 Chron. xxviii, 9, My dear Son, know thou the God of thy father, & serve him with a perfect heart, and with a willing mind. If thou seek him, he will be found of thee; but if thou forsake him, he will cast thee off for ever.

2. Think often of thine own frailty, and of the uncertainly and emptiness of all Sublunary Enjoyments. Value not Self upon riches. Value not thy Self upon any worldly advancement whatsoever. Let faith and Goodness be thy treasure. Let no happiness content and Sattisfie thee but what secures the favour and peace of God unto thee.

3. Remember thy baptism, acquaint thy Self well with the nature and obligations of that Ordinance. Publickly renew thy baptismall Covenant. Renew it Seasonably in thy early Days with humility and thirsty desires to enjoy Communion with God in the ordinance of the Lord's Supper and in all Approaches before God therein bringing faith and Love and a Self abasing Sence of thine own Emptiness and unworthyness.

4. Prize and Esteem the holy word of God infinitly before the finest of Gold. Reverence it with thy whole heart, read it constantly with seriousness, and great delight. Meditate much upon it, make it thy Guide in all thy wayes, fetch all thy Comforts from thence, and by a religious and holy walk, establish thine Interest in the blessed and glorious Promises therein contained.

5. Remember the Sabbath day to keep it holy. Reverence God's Sanctuary. In prayer, in Singing, in hearing God's word Read or preached, and in every public administration Wait upon God with outward Reverence and true devotion in thine heart, Remembering that holyness for ever becomes God's house. When in thy more private retirements, Still let it be thy Care to Sanctifie God's Sabbath. Be watchfull therefore over thine heart and over thy thoughts. Call to mind and run over what thou hast heard in God's house. Read Savoury books. Catechise thy Self, and others too when God gives Opportunity.

6. Take care of thy health, avoid all Excess in eating and in drinking, in taking thy pleasure, and in all innocent Recreations whatsoever. Let not immoderate heatt and Colds needlessly Expose thy body.

7. Beware of Passion. Let not Anger and Wrath infect thine heart, suffer wrong with Patience, Rather than to right thy Self by unchristian methods, or by suffering thy spirit to be out of frame.

8. Labour to establish thy Self and begg of God that he would Establish thee in the grace of Chastity, keep thine heart clean and Chast, keep thy Tongue clean and Chast, keep thine hands clean and Chast, keep thine Eyes clean and Chast. Never trust to thy Self to be thy keeper, avoid temptations to uncleaness of every nature, be[285] watchfull over thy Self night and day, but in the midst of all Let thine heart be with God, and be thou much in prayer, that God would be thy keeper. Let all the incentives to Lust as farr as may be, be avoided by thee.

9. Speak the Truth alwayes. Let not a Lye defile thy Lips, be content with Suffering rather than by telling the Least Lie to Save thy Self. Beware of Shuffling off by disimulation.

10. Let Pride be an abomination in thy Sight. Cloth thyself with humility. Let humility be thine under Garment. Let humility be thine upper Garment.

11. Despise no man, let the State of his Body or mind or other circumstances of his, be what they will, still reverence humanity, consider who made thee to differ.

12. Be just to all men; be thou courteous and affable to all men; render not Evil for Evil, but recompense evil with Good. Owe no man any thing but Love.

13. Be thou compassionate, tender hearted, and mercifull; do good to all men, be rich in good works, ready to distribute, willing to communicate; for with such sacrifices God is evermore well pleased.

14. Avoid sloth and idleness, give thy Self to thy Studys; converse with such Authors as may tend to make thee wise and good and to forward thy growth in true wisdom and goodness.

15. Acquaint thy Self with History; know something of the Mathematicks, and Physick; be able to keep Accompts Merchant like in some measure; but let Divinity be thy main Study. Accomplish thy Self for the worke of the Ministry, begg of God that he would incline thine heart therto, and accept thee therin, and if it shall please God thus to Smile upon thee, aspire not after great things; let the Providence of God chuse for thee, and let the Flock have the Love of thy heart; be Solicitous for their Spirituall good, and for the glory of God; and let thy Aims be this way in all thy private meditations, and public administrations, all the dayes of thy Life.

My dear Child, be of a Catholick Spirit.

Chronologically arranged.

(Continued from p. 74.)

1648.

Oct. 11, Rev. Henry Green of Reading.

1649.

March 26, Gov. John Winthrop of Boston, b. Jan. 12, 1588, d., a. 61.

Aug. 25, Rev. Thomas Shepard of Cambridge, b. Nov. 5, 1605, d., a. 44.

1650.

Sept. 11, Atherton Hough of Boston, an Assistant.

1651.

Aug. —, William Thomas, an Assistant of Plymouth Colony, d., a. 77.

1652.

Aug. 24, Adam Winthrop, Esq., of Boston, d., a. 33.

Sept. 14, Capt. Bozoun Allen of Boston, formerly of Hingham.

Dec. 23, Rev. John Cotton of Boston d., a. 67. (The old "Boston Book" says, Mr. Cotton d. 15th of 10th month.)

1653.

Jan. 18, Capt. William Tyng of Boston, Treasurer of the Colony.

July 31, Gov. Thomas Dudley of Roxbury d., a. 77.

Rev. Nathaniel Ward, first minister of Ipswich, d. in England, a. 83.

Nov. 8, Rev. John Lothrop of Barnstable.

Oct. 8, Hon. Thomas Flint of Concord.

1654.

Jan. —, John Glover of Dorchester, an Assistant.

Gov. John Haynes of Hartford, Ct.

July 23, William Hibbins, an Assistant, d. at Boston.

Dec. 9, Gen. Edward Gibbons of Boston.

1655.

May 8, Edward Winslow of Plymouth d. on board the Fleet, a. 61.

July 3, Rev. Nathaniel Rogers of Ipswich d., a. 57.

Rev. Daniel Maud of Dover, N. H. He had taught a school for some years in Boston before he went to Dover.

Henry Wolcott, the ancestor of the governors of Connecticut by this name, d., a. 78.

1656.

Capt. Miles Standish of Duxbury d., a. ab. 72.

Capt. Robert Bridges of Lynn, an Assistant.

1668? Rev. Peter Prudden of Milford, Ct., d., a. 56.

March 23, Capt. Robert Keaine, merchant in Boston.

Oct. 22, Rev. James Noyes of Newbury d., a. 48.

[287]

1657.

Jan. 7, Gov. Theophilus Eaton of Connecticut d., a. 66.

March —, Gov. Edward Hopkins d. in London, a. 57.

George Fenwick, the first settler of Saybrook, d. in England.

May 9, Gov. William Bradford of Plymouth, d., a. 69.

1658.

Rev. Ralph Partridge of Duxbury.

John Coggan of Boston.

1659.

Feb. 27, Rev. Henry Dunster of Scituate d., (buried at Cambridge.)

March 9, Rev. Peter Bulkley of Concord d., a. 77.

April 10, Rev. Edward Norris of Salem d., a. ab. 70.

Sept. 29, John Johnson of Roxbury.

1660.

Oct. 16, Rev. Hugh Peters executed in England, a. 61.

1661.

Jan. 23, Rev. Ezekiel Rogers of Rowley, a. 70.

Sept. 17, Maj. Gen. Humphrey Atherton of Dorchester. He was killed by a fall from his horse on Boston Common, when on his return from a military review on the Common. Mr. Savage and the inscription on his tombstone say, that he died on the 16th, but other authority,[25] and incontrovertible, says, on the "17th at about 1 o'clock, after midnight."

Dec. 28, Rev. Timothy Dalton of Hampton d., a. ab. 84.

1662.

March 1, Rev. Ralph Smith d. at Boston.

March 30, Rev. Samuel Hough, minister of Reading, d. in Boston.

June 14, Sir Henry Vane executed in England, a. 50.

Oct. —, William Pynchon d. at Wraisbury, Bucks, a. 72.

1663.

——, Thomas Camock, nephew of the Earl of Warwick, d. in Scarborough, Me. If he is the same who is named in the 2nd charter of Virginia, 1609, he was quite advanced in years.

Rev. Richard Denton of Stamford, Ct., [ab. 1663.]

April 5, Rev. John Norton of Boston, a. 57.

June 12, Rev. John Miller d. at Groton.

July 5, Rev. Samuel Newman of Rehoboth, a. 63.

July 20, Rev. Samuel Stone of Hartford.

1665.

Jan. 9, Rev. Samuel Eaton of New Haven.

March 15, Gov. John Endecott of Boston, a. 77.

July 15, Capt. Richard Davenport, killed by lightning at Castle William, a. 59.

Rev. Adam Blackman of Stratford.

Dr. John Clark of Boston, a. 66.

The following is an extract from "A new description of the world,—London, printed for Hen. Rhodes, next door to the Swan Tavern, near Brides-Lane, in Fleet-Street, 1689."

We were carelessly looking over a genealogy of the "Minot Family" in the second number of the "New England Historical and Genealogical Register," when suddenly our eyes were suffused with tears, as they rested on the following sentence in the catalogue of the children of Capt. John Minot, who died in Dorchester, 1669:

What a history is there in these few words about Martha Minot, who lived almost two centuries ago! The mind runs back in a moment to those times, when almost all New England was a wilderness—to those days of the old Indian wars, when no man could be a "captain" without being a man of some rank and consequence. Just after the close of King Philip's war, when the villages of New England were all in peace, Capt. John Minot's daughter Martha, twenty-one years of age, and having come into possession of her share of her father's estate, had plighted her troth to one she loved, and was expecting to be married too, when disease fastened upon her young frame, and would not be repelled. In the chill November air, when

she faded like a leaf. And at her burial there followed, nearer than brother or sister, nearest to the hearse, the one whom, of all the living, she loved most, from whom to part had been to her more painful than the death-pang, and who had been in her thoughts till "the love-light in her eye" was extinguished. That single item in her directions for her funeral, that "John Morgan, Jr., be all over mourning, and follow next after me," tells the whole story.

Nothing seems, at first sight, less interesting or less instructive, than a genealogical table, a mere register of names and dates. But such a passage as that which we have quoted—so picturesque, so suggestive, so touching, so dramatic—when it occurs in the midst of these dry records, throws out an electric light at every link in the chain of generations. Each of those names in the table is the memorial—perhaps the only memorial—of a human heart that once lived and loved; a heart that kept its steady pulsations through some certain period of time, and then ceased to beat and mouldered into dust. Each of those names is the memorial of an individual human life that had its joys and sorrows, its cares and burthens, its affections and hopes, its conflicts and achievements, its opportunities wasted or improved, and its hour of death. Each of those dates of "birth," "marriage," "death,"—O how significant! What a day was each of those dates to some human family, or to some circle of loving human hearts!

To read a genealogy then may be, to a thinking mind, like walking in a cemetery, and reading the inscriptions on the gravestones. As we read, we may say with the poet—

The presence of death drives the mind to thoughts of immortality. Memorials of the dead are memorials not of death only, but of life. They lived, and therefore they died; and as the mind thinks of the dead gathered to their fathers, it cannot but think of the unseen worlds which they inhabit. All these names are memorials of human spirits that have passed from time into eternity. Ready or unprepared, in youth or in maturity, in childhood or in old age, they went into eternity, as we are going.

[291]

The genealogical chapters in Genesis and Chronicles are commonly and very naturally regarded as being almost if not quite an exception to the testimony, "All Scripture is profitable for doctrine, for reproof, for correction, for instruction in righteousness." But the story is told of a man who had long been irreligious and thoughtless, that in some vacant hour he happened to open his Bible, and began to read the catalogue of antediluvians, in the fifth chapter of Genesis. As he read that one lived so many years and he died, and another lived so many years and he died, the uniformity of the record arrested his attention, his mind was awakened to new thoughts of the significancy of death and life, and thus he was led to realize the ends of his existence, and to dedicate himself, in penitence and trust, to a forgiving God.—New York Evangelist.

BY THE LATE JOHN FARMER, ESQ.

The American Loyalists, or Biographical Sketches of Adherents to the British Crown in the War of the Revolution; alphabetically arranged; with a preliminary Historical Essay. By James Sabine. Boston: Charles C. Little and James Brown. MDCCCXLVII.

A Genealogical and Biographical Sketch of the Name and Family of Stetson; from the year 1634 to the year 1847. By John Stetson Barry. "Virtus nobilitat omnia." Boston: Printed for the author by William A. Hall & Co. 1847.

An Oration delivered before the New England Society in the city of New York, December 22, 1846. By Charles W. Upham. New York: Published by John S. Taylor, Brick Church Chapel, 151 Nassau Street. 1847.

A Sermon preached at Northwood, N. H., March 12, 1847, on the death of Dea. Simon Batchelder. By Elliot C. Cogswell, Pastor of the Congregational Church. Published by request. Concord: Printed by Morrill, Silsby, & Co. 1847.

A Discourse delivered before the Rhode Island Historical Society, on the evening of Wednesday, January 13, 1847. By Hon. Job Durfee, Chief-Justice of Rhode Island. Published at the request of the Society. Providence: Charles Burnett, Jr. 1847.

A Sketch of the History of Newbury, Newburyport, and West Newbury, from 1635 to 1845. By Joshua Coffin, A. B. S. H. S.

Boston: Published by Samuel G. Drake, No. 56 Cornhill. Printed by George Coolidge. 1845.

Brookline Jubilee. A Discourse delivered in Brookline, at the request of its Inhabitants, on 15 March, 1847, the day, which completed half a Century from his Ordination, by John Pierce, D. D., fifth minister of the first Congregational Church and Society in said town. Boston: James Munroe and Company. MDCCCXLVII.

A Discourse on the Cambridge Church-Gathering in 1636; delivered in the First Church, on Sunday, February 22, 1846. By William Newell, Pastor of the First Church in Cambridge. Boston: James Munroe and Company. 1846.

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