The Project Gutenberg EBook of The American Jew as Patriot, Soldier and
Citizen, by Simon Wolf

This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere in the United States and most
other parts of the world at no cost and with almost no restrictions
whatsoever.  You may copy it, give it away or re-use it under the terms of
the Project Gutenberg License included with this eBook or online at
www.gutenberg.org.  If you are not located in the United States, you'll have
to check the laws of the country where you are located before using this ebook.

Title: The American Jew as Patriot, Soldier and Citizen

Author: Simon Wolf

Editor: Louis Edward Levy

Release Date: October 16, 2014 [EBook #47135]

Language: English

Character set encoding: ISO-8859-1

*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK AMERICAN JEW, PATRIOT, SOLDIER, CITIZEN ***




Produced by Moti Ben-Ari and the Online Distributed
Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net. and the Online
Distributed Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net.






book cover

[i]

The American Jew
as
Patriot, Soldier and Citizen.

[ii]


Statue of Religious Liberty
STATUE OF RELIGIOUS LIBERTY,
Fairmount Park, Philadelphia.

[iii]

THE
AMERICAN JEW
AS
Patriot, Soldier and Citizen

BY
SIMON WOLF

EDITED BY
LOUIS EDWARD LEVY

PHILADELPHIA
THE LEVYTYPE COMPANY
PUBLISHERS

NEW YORK—CHICAGO—WASHINGTON
BRENTANO'S
1895

[iv]


[v]

"And Ye shall know the Truth and the Truth shall make you free."—John, viii, 32.

To All
Who Love and Seek the Truth
This Work is Dedicated
BY
The Author.

[vi]


[vii]

Editor's Preface.

It were an error to suppose that prejudice is always the offspring of ignorance, inasmuch as the reverse is very frequently true. Not seldom is ignorance the result of prejudice, through a willful refusal to recognize such facts as run counter to the latter. A more accurate simile would, therefore, be the likening of prejudice and ignorance to twins, of whom either may be the precursor of the other, and either one the stronger of the two. The prejudices which follow ordinary ignorance give way readily before increasing knowledge of the truth, but where prejudice is the elder of the twin vices, it is usually the most obstinate as well. "None so blind as those who will not see" is an old aphorism whose truth is universally recognized. This obstinate kind of prejudice is usually but a form of self-conceit, as the latter, in turn, is but another form of ignorance.

To combat one of the most obstinate of all obstinate prejudices, and to promote enlightenment on a subject whereof ignorance has become unpardonable, has been undertaken by Hon. Simon Wolf in the work before us. His impelling motive has been to enforce a recognition of the Jewish people as a militant factor in the upbuilding of the State, and of Judaism as a primal force in the furtherance of civilization, and he has chosen as his weapons the simple truth of history and the testimony of leaders among men.

A notable French writer remarks that "La vérité historique[viii] devrait être non moins sacrée que la religion."[1] His words are just; the truth of history should, indeed, be no less sacred than that of religion. If this is true, and few or none will be found to dispute the proposition, then the records of historic truth may be regarded as part of the gospel of humanity. Such they are, in fact; as the truths of history become disentangled from the maze of sophistry and falsehood in which the passions and follies of mankind envelop them, they teach us first of all the lesson of charity and good-will to men.

The light of historic truth has been concentrated by Mr. Wolf on the part taken by his co-religionists in the development of our great republic. He shows us that the Jewish people of the New World, like their ancestors and brethren of the Old, have been unfailing in their devotion to their country's cause; that they have performed an ample part in the conquest of our liberties and have fully shared in the struggles for the preservation of our institutions. He proves beyond cavil that from an early stage of our history down to the present day, men of the Hebrew race and faith have been counted in the van of the country's progress and in the forefront of its defense, and having proved this fact by historic records and a demonstration of the truth, his task is done.

That this task was self-imposed but adds to the debt which the American Jewish community owes to Mr. Wolf for its accomplishment. It was undertaken in the spirit which has animated him throughout a long career of public usefulness, a spirit of loyalty to the faith that is in him, to his fellow-Israelites and to the land of his adoption. It has been done with all the thoroughness that an earnest purpose could impart to it, with a comprehensiveness in keeping with that purpose, and withal, in a spirit free from any shadow of sordidness or motive of self-interest. Mr. Wolf seeks no pecuniary profit from the unstinted labors he has given to this cause, not even the return of the sums expended by him in the tedious and often costly collection of his data. Whatever of monetary reward may inure to his work has been dedicated by him to the orphaned wards of the B'nai B'rith, whose asylum in Atlanta he helped to found, and of which he has long been the directing spirit and official head.

[ix]

The work of gathering the material for this book having been accomplished by Mr. Wolf, the less onerous task of editing and collating it has been entrusted by him to the present writer. In the execution of the work thus outlined for me I have been guided by the spirit with which the author had imbued it, and in my introductory references to the successive subjects of the volume, I have sought to briefly elucidate the author's theme. In common with him, I have to express my regret that the army lists compiled herein remain incomplete notwithstanding his unsparing efforts to perfect them. On the other hand, the more general subject, the place of the Jewish people in the history of mankind, their influence on the current of affairs, their attitude before the world and towards it, are demonstrated by a consensus of many-voiced opinion, gathered from unquestionable sources, in such abundance and of such extent that only its necessary curtailment afforded difficulty. This varied material has been subjected to a careful reconsideration, and in eliminating some portions and including others, I have sought to render the whole in harmony with the key-note which Mr. Wolf had sounded.

Louis Edward Levy.

Philadelphia, October, 1895.

FOOTNOTE:

[1] Histoire de Jules César, par Napoleon III, Préface.

[x]


[xi]

Table of Contents.

 PAGE
Dedicationv
Editor's Prefacevii
Introduction1-11
Jewish Patriots of the Revolutionary Period
(Introductory)12-13
A Sketch of Haym Salomon14-26
Other Jewish Contributors to the Colonial Treasury26
Incidents Illustrative of American Jewish Patriotism27-43
Jewish Soldiers in the Continental Armies44-52
Correspondence between George Washington
and Hebrew Citizens, etc.53-61
"Exegi Monumentum Aere Perennius"62-66
Jewish Soldiers in the War of 1812 and the
Mexican War67-75
United States Regular Army76-80
United States Navy81-86
A Page from the Secret History of the Civil[xii]
War (Introductory)87-90
A Remarkable Episode91-97
Jewish Soldiers in the Civil War (Introductory)98-105
Medals of Honor106-108
Families of "Brothers-in-Arms"109-111
Jewish Staff Officers in the Union Army112-113
Jewish Staff Officers in the Confederate Army114-115
Jewish Officers in the Confederate Navy116
Lists of Jewish Soldiers in the Union and
Confederate Armies during the Civil
War, Classified according to States and
Alphabetically arranged117-409
Soldiers of the Civil War, Unclassified as
to Commands410-422
Addenda to Lists of Soldiers423
Statistical Data424
Jewish Patriotism in Civil Life425-441
Jews in Latin-American Settlements (Introductory)442
Sketches of Jewish Loyalty, Bravery and Patriotism
in the South American Colonies
and the West Indies443-484
Jews in the Armies of Europe485-487
The Jewish People before the World488-522
Russia's Crime against the Jews and Civilization[xiii]
(Introductory)523-527
Official Report of Ambassador White to Secretary
of State Gresham, with Notes527-543
The Russian Jewish Refugees in America, Considered
in Connection with the General
Subject of Immigration in its Historical
and Economic Aspects544-564
Conclusion565-566
Index567-576
Errataxv

[xiv]


[xv]

ERRATA.

[Of the various errors inevitably incident to a work of this character, the following are noted as especially requiring correction.]

Page 4, line 20, instead of "Charles RAUM," read "Charles BAUM."

Page 26, line 14 from bottom of page, instead of "Isaac MORRIS," read, "Isaac MOSES."

Page 200, line 2, instead of "WASHINGTON," read "BALTIMORE."

Page 424, under "STATISTICAL," "Other Soldiers (indicated in Addenda)," should be "13" instead of "12," making the total "8258," instead of "8257."

Page 428, line 25, instead of "1872" read "1870."

[xvi]


B'nai B'rith Orphan's Home
B'NAI B'RITH ORPHANS' HOME, ATLANTA, GA.

[xvii]

B'NAI B'RITH ORPHANS' HOME, ATLANTA, GA.

The Orphan Home of the Order of B'nai B'rith at Atlanta, Ga., for the benefit of which Mr. Wolf has devoted the net income of the present publication was instituted in 1876, under the auspices of District Grand Lodge No. 5, comprising the States of Maryland, Virginia, North and South Carolina and Georgia, and the District of Columbia. The present building was dedicated in 1889. Its benefits are not restricted to the membership of the Order which maintains it, children of all Jews residing within the territory named being admitted to its shelter. There are now sixty children cared for in the institution, and a large number are waiting to be admitted when the new wing now in course of erection is completed. This addition is calculated to cost some $25,000, and when finished will enable this Home to adequately meet the existing requirements and bring it to a foremost rank with institutions of this character. It is managed by a Board of Control consisting of thirteen members, of which Mr. Wolf, to whose efforts the existence of the Home is primarily due, has been chairman since its foundation. The administration of the Home is supervised by a local Board of Managers, of which Hon. Joseph Hirsch is Chairman.

[xviii]


[1]

INTRODUCTION.

In December, 1891, there was printed in the North American Review a letter in reply to certain statements of a contributor to a previous number of the same magazine regarding the services of American Jewish citizens as soldiers in the Civil War. Under the caption "Jewish Soldiers in the Union Army," the writer, after denying the statement that Generals Rosecrans and Lyon were of Jewish birth, proceeds as follows: —

"I had served in the field about eighteen months before being permanently disabled in action, and was quite familiar with several regiments; was then transferred to two different recruiting stations, but I cannot remember meeting one Jew in uniform, or hearing of any Jewish soldier. After the war, for twenty-five years, I was constantly engaged in traveling, always among old soldiers, but never found any who remembered serving with Jews. I learned of no place, where they stood, shoulder to shoulder, except in General Sherman's department, and he promptly ordered them out of it for speculating in cotton and carrying information to the Confederates. If so many Jews fought so bravely for their adopted country, surely their champion ought to be able to give the names of the regiments they condescended to accept service in," etc., etc.

A statement of this nature, logically inconclusive and practically absurd as it is, might well, under ordinary conditions have been left unnoticed. Under ordinary conditions a reply of any kind to such a tissue of misstatements, would but have dignified it beyond reason, and but helped, perhaps, to save it and its author from oblivion. But the conditions were[2] not ordinary, but most unfortunately, otherwise. It was at a time when the public mind throughout the civilized world was wrought to a high pitch of excitement by the flaunting villainy of the Russian government in the outrageous persecution of its Jewish subjects, when the wave of anti-Semitism was at floodtide in Germany, and was flowing high in France, and when bigots like Stoecker, fools like Ahlwardt, and knaves like Drumont, were finding imitators on both sides of the Atlantic. Here in our country, public attention was being centered on the Jewish refugees from Russia, and the Jewish people throughout the land were massing their strength to cope with the problems which Muscovite tyranny had set before them. In the midst of this agitation, the magazine article referred to, slurring the Jewish people as it did, attracted unusual attention, and being widely quoted and commented on by the newspaper press, it attained a degree of publicity out of all proportion to its merits or its authorship.

Under these circumstances I felt myself impelled to reply to the writer in the North American Review, and at once sent to that magazine a letter embodying a statement of a few indisputable facts bearing on the subject. This statement the publishers of the magazine declined to print on the ground that they had received so many articles on the subject that they could not undertake to discriminate in favor of any one of them, and that they would therefore publish none. My cursorily compiled citations were, however, published at the time in the Washington Post, and as germane to my present subject I reprint them in the main, as follows:—

"Has this much-traveled and keen observer, Mr. Rogers, ever heard of General Edward S. Salomon, who enlisted as Lieutenant-Colonel of the 82d Illinois? He became Colonel of the regiment after Colonel Frederick Hecker's retirement, was made Brigadier-General, was subsequently appointed by General Grant governor of Washington Territory, and, at present residing in San Francisco, has been Department [3]Commander of the Grand Army of the Republic, and is recognized as one of the bravest and most gallant officers that ever sat in saddle. This encomium I have from the lips of General Grant himself, and it will be cheerfully endorsed by General O. O. Howard, or by any of the officers yet living who served with him. In the same regiment, as I have learned from General Salomon, were more than one hundred private soldiers and subalterns of Jewish faith. General L. C. Newman, of the city of New York, who was fatally wounded in the first battle of the Rebellion, died in the city of Washington, while President Lincoln, who had brought Newman's commission as Brevet Brigadier-General, was with him at his bedside. General Leopold Blumenberg, of Baltimore, who, as Major of his regiment, was severely wounded at the battle of Antietam, and crippled for life and who was subsequently brevetted for his meritorious services, was one of the most loyal and brave of officers. Colonel M. M. Spiegel, of the 120th Ohio, who was severely wounded before Vicksburg, was entreated to retire from the army, but continued in the service and was killed in the campaign of General Banks, in Louisiana. Lieutenant Sachs, of the 32d Indiana, in command of a company of his regiment at Green River, in 1862, stood single-handed and alone against a company of Texas Rangers, and after killing and wounding eight of his assailants, fell riddled to death. His heroism and bravery had meanwhile given the command time to rally, and they thereupon dispersed the enemy. Captain A. Hart, of the 73d Pennsylvania, now of this city, who was Adjutant of his regiment, was severely wounded in the early part of the war, and is now a pensioner of the United States. Lieutenant Henry Franc, of the Kansas Volunteers, living in this city to-day, did splendid service. Judge. P. J. Joachimson, Lieutenant-Colonel of the 59th New York; Isidore Pinkson, Henry Pinkson and Moses Landauer, of the 110th New York; Captain Lyon and Lieutenant Ababot, of the 5th New York Cavalry; Theodore Wise, of the same regiment; Herman White, and A. T. Gross, of the 2d Maryland, and I. Feldstein, now a member of Koltes Post, New York, acquitted themselves with ample credit in their respective spheres. The 11th New York was more than half composed of men of Jewish faith. In the 2d Pennsylvania Artillery, serving under Captain R. M. Goundy, who lives in this city, there were three Jewish soldiers; Lieutenant Liebschutz, who served throughout the war and was promoted for gallantry on the field, now living in this city to-day; Leo Karpeles, who is now a clerk in the Post Office Department, to whom a special medal was awarded by Congress for bravery and for the capture with his own hands of rebel flags on the field of battle, and Simon Stern, who died [4]lately in this city and whose widow has been granted a pension. George Stern, who died from disease contracted in the service, also left a widow, now pensioned. Dr. A. Behrend, of this city, who served in our army with great ability, not only as a hospital steward, but as an officer in the field, tells me that in 1863 a general order was issued permitting Jews to be furloughed over their Holy Days, and that at Fairfax Seminary he furloughed eleven on that occasion. Dr. Herman Bendall, of Albany, a prominent citizen of that city, was promoted to the grade of Lieutenant-Colonel in recognition of his meritorious services and was subsequently appointed by General Grant superintendent of Indian affairs of Arizona. Jacob Hirsch, of this city, died from disease contracted in the service and his orphan children are now receiving a pension for their father's sacrifice; Captain Cohn, of New York City, now connected with the Baron de Hirsch Trust Fund, was as brave an officer as ever did duty. M. L. Peixotto, of the 103 Ohio (a brother of the well-known Benjamin F. Peixotto), died last year in consequence of wounds received and disease contracted in the service. Mr. Bruckheimer, now a practicing physician in this city, Charles Raum, one of our leading merchants, Mr. Hoffa, Sol Livingston, M. Erdman, M. Augenstein, and S. Goodman, all of this city, Edward S. Woog, a clerk in the Interior Department; Morris Cohen, clerk in the War Department; Henry Blondheim, of Alexandria, Va., were soldiers in the late war. Captain Morris Lewis, of the 18th New York Cavalry, now living in this city, served on General Kearney's staff; he receives a special pension, having been shot through the body and paralyzed in his lower limbs. August Bruckner was killed at the second battle of Bull Run. Colonel M. Einstein and Colonel M. Friedman, both of Philadelphia, commanded regiments; Uriah P. Levy was Commodore of the United States Navy. Jacob Hayes, of the city of New York, Mr. Phillips, son of the sexton of the Portuguese congregation of that city, E. J. Russell, of the 19th Indiana, a resident of this city, and so severely wounded as to render him almost incapable of work; L. Myers, of the same regiment, and Julius Steinmeyer, of the 7th United States Infantry "stood shoulder to shoulder" at the front. General William Meyer, editor of several New York papers, served with credit and distinction during the draft riots in the city of New York, and has in his possession an autograph letter from President Lincoln thanking him for his eminent services during those hours of darkness. William Durst, of Philadelphia, is one of the few survivors of the memorable fight between the Monitor and the Merrimac; when volunteers were called for he went to his duty with death staring him in the face, and Admiral Worden himself told me some months ago that Durst was a man of distinguished [5]bravery, whose services should be specially recognized by Congress. Major Joseph G. Rosengarten, of Philadelphia, is a soldier of national reputation and an author of ability, whose brother Adolph G. Rosengarten was killed at Stone River while acting as staff officer. Quartermaster Rosenfield, of the 13th Kansas, not only discharged the duties of that office with ability, but served also in the ranks. Lieutenant Rosenberg, of this city, is now dead, and his widow is pensioned. Colonel H. A. Seligson, who died some two months ago, led a Vermont regiment during the war, and achieved a high reputation as a soldier. Captain Frederick Leavy, of the 1st New York Infantry; Captain Max Conheim, of New York, and now of San Francisco, and Major H. Kœnigsberger, of Cincinnati, were officers of distinction, and so, too, were David Ezekiel and Lieutenant Louis Blumenthal, of New Hampshire. Sergeant Elias Leon Hyneman, of the 5th Pennsylvania Cavalry, was one of the heroes of the war, in which he served from the beginning. In June, 1864, during a cavalry sortie about Petersburg, while his command was retreating before the main body of the enemy, he hurried to the relief of a dismounted and wounded comrade. He lifted him into his own saddle and enabled him to escape, and started to make his own way on foot. On his way he met another comrade, barefooted and bleeding; he took off his own boots and gave them to the sufferer. But he himself was captured, and after months of agony in Andersonville, he died.

Frederick Kneffler, a resident of Indianapolis, attained the rank of Major General; he commanded the 79th Indiana, and was conspicuous for bravery at the battle of Chickamauga. As a further list of officers and privates in the various commands, I may yet add the names of Lieutenant Suldman, 44th New York; Captain Gremitz, 62d Pennsylvania; Corporal Gisner, 142d Pennsylvania; Lieutenant Evan Davis, 115th Pennsylvania; Sergeant Myers, 62d Pennsylvania; Captain A. Goldman, 17th Maine; Lieutenant A. A. Rinehard, 148th Pennsylvania; Lieutenant Nieman, 103d New York; M. S. Asher, 103d New York; Lieutenant George Perdinger, 39th New York; Lieutenant Philip Truffinger, 57th New York; Lieutenant Herman Musschel, 68th New York; Lieutenant Herman Krauth, 103d New York; Lieutenant Julius Frank, 103d New York; Captain H. P. Schwerin, 119th New York; Julius Niebergall, Levi Kuehne and Henry Luterman, all of the New York 3d Artillery, and Lehman Israels, Lieutenant in the 58th New York.

It must be taken into account that when the War of the Rebellion broke out the number of Jews in the United States was quite limited; according to the census taken in 1876 by [6]Mr. William B. Hackenburg, of Philadelphia, and myself, in behalf of the Union of American Hebrew Congregations, there were then in the United States, fifteen years after the war commenced, only 250,000 Jews. It is altogether doubtful whether there were more than 150,000, if that many, when hostilities commenced. The proportion of Jewish soldiers is, therefore, only large, but is perhaps larger than that of any other faith in the United States. I have been told by one of the Jewish soldiers in this city, one who bears the scars of the war, that there were at least, as far as he could judge—and he had experience during the whole conflict—from 6,000 to 8,000 soldiers of the Jewish faith in the Union Army alone. I am not prepared to assert this number, but would not be surprised if it were found to be correct.

The animus of the writer in the North American Review is indicated by the words, "Except in General Sherman's Department, and he promptly ordered them out of it for speculating in cotton and conveying information to the Confederates." This statement is made with the same disregard of facts as are others in the article referred to, for while a few Jews may have violated the laws of war by running the blockade or furnishing information to the enemy, it was no more than others of other races and religious faiths did under like circumstances, even to a larger degree: and why the Jews as a class should be held up to the contempt and scorn of the world in consequence of the want of patriotism of a few of their number, is to me a profound mystery, and can only be explained upon the theory that inculcated prejudice is stronger than the desire for fair play or the regard for justice. No one for a moment would charge a particular class of Christians with want of honesty because one or more of their number had violated law. The War Department records and the Treasury files will furnish ample evidence of the fact that many of the sins that were committed by others were heaped upon the shoulders of the Jews. It has always been an easy thing to strike at the minority and from time immemorial the prejudice against the Jew has been made a convenient vehicle for furthering malignant purposes and selfish ends.

Having enjoyed the friendship of President Grant and of General Sherman (I was for eight years officially connected with the former, and for a time on intimate social terms with the latter), I can state that I had repeated conversations with them regarding "Order No. 11," which was issued over the signature of General Grant, but of which he, at the time, had absolutely no knowledge. This fact I proved conclusively during the presidential campaign of 1888, when political capital was being made against General Grant among the Jews. By both generals I [7]was assured that there had been a great deal of misinformation on the subject, and, that if they could permit themselves to speak of the facts as they were known to them it would not be the Jews who would be shown to have been derelict but a large number of Christians, many of whom had come highly recommended. It was the latter who were abusing the privilege accorded to them by the authorities at Washington and who had given both generals a great amount of trouble and annoyance.

I admit that it is unfortunate that the writer of the earlier article in the North American Review, whose statements otherwise deserve the fullest consideration, should have been led into so glaring an error as to name Generals Lyon and Rosecrans as Jewish soldiers. While we would have no objection to classing them among our American citizens of Jewish faith, we can substantiate our case very well without doing so, as the cursory list which I have cited will abundantly show. But while admitting the error of the earlier writer I cannot allow the statement of the latter one, with its implication that there was no one of Jewish faith who battled for the Union, to go unchallenged. The Jewish cemeteries of this city, and of every other large city in the land, contain the remains of brave men of Jewish birth who are not forgotten on Decoration Day by their surviving comrades of Christian faith; and what these men recognize the American people will not ignore.

The armies of every country afford ample proof of Jewish patriotism and valor. Even in benighted and tyrannical Russia, where, to a large extent they are soldiers by compulsion—50,000 or 60,000 of them—their officers have uniformly admitted that in battle there were no braver men than the Jews. The late Franco-German war afforded instances of distinguished heroism on the part of Jewish officers and soldiers in both armies. The Italian army and the French army to-day contain a large contingent of Jewish officers and privates who are not only respected, but honored by their compatriots. In the Turkish army some of the leading officers are of Jewish faith. Patriotism, however, is not confined to the field of battle; in private life, from time immemorial, acts have been performed of greater service, possibly, than any in the field, showing greater powers of endurance and evincing higher virtues than were ever recorded in the annals of war. During our late conflict many who remained at home made sacrifices of the most heroic character, and did their duty cheerfully and with alacrity, and I know of none who did their part more fully than the citizens of the United States of Jewish faith. In fact, the history of the Jewish people is one long tragedy of personal sacrifice and heroism. But as I wish to trespass no longer on [8]the columns of your valuable paper, I beg leave to close with this simple statement; that it seems to me high time for Americans of all faiths to frown down all attempts that have for their object the lowering and humiliation of any class of our citizens."

Simon Wolf.

Finding that my letter had been copied extensively, not only by the Jewish press, but by leading newspapers in the country, and favorably commented on generally, I determined to give to the world, as complete as I might find possible, a list of American citizens of Jewish faith who had "stood shoulder to shoulder" on the field of battle, and to add thereto the record of some typical instances of exceptional energy and public spirit in the civil walks of life.

What I had anticipated and supposed would be an easy task, requiring probably no more than six months at the utmost, has taken more than four years of continuous work, notwithstanding the assistance I received from many quarters, and I am even now compelled to give this work to the public in an inadequate form, with the feeling that it is incomplete and that much more should have been made of it.

The difficulties in the way of completing fully and accurately such a compilation as I have here attempted will scarcely be realized by those who have not undertaken a similar task. The work was begun nearly thirty years after the close of the war, when many of those whose names were to be gathered were dead, and many others dispersed throughout our vast domain and beyond our borders. In response to three successive calls made through the leading newspapers of the country, I received, indeed, a large number of replies, but after all, the great majority even of the survivors failed to respond, and of the data that reached me much could not be classified. Nearly a thousand names are accordingly placed in the unclassified list.

By far the majority of the names herein included were[9] furnished by the soldiers themselves or their relatives, but a large number of them were sent to me by army comrades of the men referred to. Some of these may be incorrectly quoted both as to their names and the commands with which they were connected, but these errors may scarcely be considered as affecting the general result, so far at least as numbers are concerned. It was naturally impossible to verify all the notices sent to me, and this compilation must therefore, in the very nature of the case, be more or less imperfect and incomplete, but I may say without hesitation that the work is free from all errors which could be eliminated through a patient and cautious scrutiny. Several hundred names of soldiers from Indiana alone were finally excluded from my present lists, notwithstanding their pronounced Jewish character, such as Marks, Abrahams, Isaacs and others of a similar strain, whose owners were ascertained by my correspondents to be non-Jews, while on the other hand many soldiers bearing names of decidedly non-Jewish derivation were authenticated as Jews. If many whose names should be included fail to see them on this "roll of honor" the fault is at all events not mine, and the earnest effort which I have given to this work, wholly a "labor of love" on my part, leaves me free from the necessity of offering apology for whatever errors of omission or of commission may remain in it. The public records could not be utilized, because our army lists, unlike those of foreign powers, make no registry of the religious faith of the enrolled soldiers. I should, in this connection, urge upon my readers to aid me with such corrections of these army lists as they may be able to furnish, with the view to the record being perfected as far as may be, in a future edition of this book.

Unsatisfactory and at times discouraging as has been my task and its outcome, I have yet had at times the pleasure of obtaining and recording data of a most gratifying character. One of the most pleasing results of my labors is the fact that I am able to present a list of fourteen Jewish families that contributed to[10] the Union and Confederate armies no less than fifty-one soldiers. Three, four, five brothers; a father and three sons, a father and four sons, volunteers in a deadly strife, leaving their homes and kindred, breaking their family ties to face privation, disease, wounds and death, sacrificing all to fight with their compatriots for the cause which they deemed right.

My primary purpose has been to show that the Jewish people throughout the land not only took a share in the struggle which has ended so beneficently as to have brought prosperity to both antagonists and dispelled the cause of discord, but that they took their full share, and it is now conclusively shown that the enlistment of Jewish soldiers, north and south, reached proportions considerably in excess of their ratio to the general population. This fact had become apparent before my present work had been systematically begun, as I indicated in my letter to the Washington Post, quoted above, but the lists obtained by me, incomplete as they must inevitably be, make up a number that leaves no reasonable doubt on this subject. This fact, in view of statements minimizing the numbers of Jewish soldiers of the late war, or denying the existence of any at all, cannot be too strongly emphasized. To complete, however, my ultimate purpose of presenting a consideration of the Jew as citizen and philanthropist as well as patriot and soldier, I have herein collated a symposium of expressions on this comprehensive subject from sources at once authoritative and unbiased. I have included in this collection of views and reviews, the carefully considered statements of many of the foremost men of modern times, statesmen and soldiers, philosophers, divines, writers and other leaders of public opinion, as widely divergent in locality as they are unanimous in sentiment. Among these I have included only such as are entirely non-Jewish in their origin, men whose thoughts are the expressions of well-disciplined minds, and whose opinions are the deliverances of an impartial judgment.

[11]

I gladly record my obligations to the Grand Army of the Republic for the aid afforded me in obtaining information through the machinery of its organization, and to General J. B. Gordon, of the Confederate Memorial Association, for a like co-operation. To the Union of American Hebrew Congregations, to the Independent Order of B'nai B'rith, and to the Jewish Publication Society of America, I am indebted for contributions to the cost of publication and for other aid in the prosecution of my work.

I owe my thanks to Captain Eugene H. Levy, Mr. George Alexander Kohut and Mr. Max J. Kohler, of New York, to Messrs. Lewis Abraham and L. Lichtenstein, of Washington, for their assistance, and especially to Colonel F. C. Ainsworth, of the War Department, for the loan of Records. To Mr. Henry S. Morais' recent historical work on "The Jews of Philadelphia," I am much indebted for valuable data, and other important materials have been gleaned from Mr. Isaac Markens' compendious work on "The Hebrews in America." To the Jewish press I owe acknowledgement for many welcome items of information and for repeated expressions of encouragement.

Finally, among my obligations to numerous correspondents in different parts of the country are those which I owe to many soldiers of Christian faith, some of them officers of distinguished rank, who afforded me much valuable information and who added, in almost every case, some warm expression of their sympathy and good-will.

Signature of Simon Wolf

Washington, D. C., June, 1895.


[12]

JEWISH PATRIOTS OF THE REVOLUTIONARY PERIOD.

The keen and responsive sense of duty with which, through Torah and Talmud, the Jewish character is so deeply imbued, has never failed to become manifest when occasion has called it forth. Jews have never been wanting in patriotism and though a peace-loving people, (the very mission of Israel being peace, and good-will towards neighbors a cardinal teaching of Judaism) they have always espoused, eagerly and earnestly, the cause of their countrymen. The heroism and self-devotion which marks the course of Jewish history from the earliest Biblical records, emblazoning the era of the Maccabees, signalizing the Roman period and illuminating the Dark Ages, has found many a worthy example in these modern days. We have here to deal with the records of but one country, yet these records are replete with instances of bravery and undaunted courage, of earnest devotion and of faithful service performed by men of Israel in behalf of this land of their adoption. These records begin at a time before the Revolutionary epoch, when the Jewish settlers in America were very few indeed. At the date of the first census, in 1790, just after the close of the Revolution, when the total population of the country was figured at almost 4,000,000, the number of Jewish inhabitants could scarcely be estimated at 3,000, or only one to 1,330 of the population.[2]

The dearth of accessible records of a detailed character rendered it practically impossible to present more than a very imperfect list of the Jewish participants in the Revolutionary struggle. However, sufficient data are at hand to prove conclusively that the Jewish colonists of that period, comparatively recent settlers and few in number as they were, furnished, as usual in all struggles for liberty and freedom, more than their proportion of supporters to the colonial cause. They not only risked their lives in the war for independence, but aided materially with their money to equip and maintain the armies of the Revolution. That they took their part in the earliest stages of resistance to the encroachments of the mother country is proved by the signatures to the Non-Importation Resolutions of 1765. Nine Jews were among the signers of these resolutions, the adoption of which was the first organized movement in the agitation which eventually led to the independence of the colonies. The original document is still preserved in Carpenter's Hall, in Philadelphia, and following are the names of the Jews on that early roll of patriots:

[13]

Benjamin Levy, Samson Levy, Joseph Jacobs, Hyman Levy, Jr., David Franks, Mathias Bush, Michael Gratz, Barnard Gratz, Moses Mordecai.

With these as worthy precursors of the Jewish patriots of the Revolution we may proceed to note the list of Jews whose names have come to us from the Revolutionary period, through various published sources, as men of special distinction among their fellows. One of the most notable of these was Haym Salomon, a man who, while not the only Jewish patriot that lavished his ample fortune in behalf of liberty and independence, yet stands out as so unique a figure in the history of the American Revolution that the record of his part in the making of that history may well take precedence. Fragmentary presentations of this subject have been made in public documents and in historic essays at various times since the submission by Salomon himself of his memorial to the Continental Congress in August, 1778.[3] However, as embracing a succinct statement and detailed review of the whole matter to the present time, the following paper from the "Publications of the American Jewish Historical Society" (No. 2, 1894) may be quoted in full:—

FOOTNOTES:

[2] According to a careful estimate by Mr. Isaac Harby, in 1826, there were then, nearly forty years after the Revolution, not over 6,000 Jews in the United States.

[3] See Markens, "The Hebrews in America" (New York, 1888), and Morais, "Jews of Philadelphia" (Philadelphia, 1894).


[14]

A SKETCH OF HAYM SALOMON.

From an Unpublished MS. in the Papers of Jared Sparks.

[Contributed by Herbert B. Adams, Ph. D., Professor in the Johns Hopkins University. With Notes by J. H. Hollander.]

In the fall of 1841, Jared Sparks, while professor of history in Harvard College, was delivering a course of lyceum lectures in New York City upon the American Revolution. His remarks upon the services of certain public men of the period excited deep interest in the mind of a Jewish hearer, Mr. Haym M. Salomon, who wrote to and afterwards called upon Mr. Sparks in reference to the patriotic activity of Haym Salomon, a contemporary and associate of Robert Morris, James Madison, Edmund Randolph and other distinguished publicists of the Revolutionary period. At the request of Mr. Sparks, Mr. Salomon prepared certain memoranda of the eminent services of his father, Haym Salomon, and this manuscript passed into the possession of Mr. Sparks.

The interview and the information thus obtained seem to have made a profound impression upon Mr. Sparks. He mentioned something of the above matter to Mr. Joshua I. Cohen, of Baltimore, and almost a quarter of a century after the original interview, under date of October 29, 1865, Mr. Cohen wrote to Mr. Sparks as follows:

"You may probably recollect a conversation I had with you many years ago during a visit to Cambridge, in which I mentioned that Judge Noah, of New York, was then engaged in gathering together the facts and memorials of the part which our people, the Israelites, took in our Revolutionary struggle, and you kindly offered to him through me the use of your biographical series for any memoirs he might prepare on the subject. The death of Judge Noah, not long after, put an end to the project. I mentioned to you a military company that was formed in Charleston, S. C., composed almost exclusively of[15] Israelites, of which my uncle was a member, and which behaved well during the war. Major Frank, one of Arnold's aids, was spoken of, and also Haym Salomon and others. In connection with Mr. Salomon you expressed yourself very fully, and, in substance (if I recollect correctly), that his association with Robert Morris was very close and intimate, and that a great part of the success that Mr. Morris attained in his financial schemes was due to the skill and ability of Haym Salomon. I do not pretend to quote your language, but only the idea. The matter was brought up to my mind recently by the marriage of a great-grandson of Mr. Salomon to a niece of mine, one of the young ladies of our household."[4]

The original sketch of Haym Salomon thus prepared by his son was found in a somewhat mutilated condition by Professor Herbert B. Adams, of the Johns Hopkins University, among the Sparks Papers, which had been entrusted to his care during the preparation of "The Life and Writings of Jared Sparks," published in 1893 by Houghton, Mifflin & Co. The manuscript was stitched to other papers and had been apparently cut down somewhat in order to make it more uniform in size with the smaller sheets. This fact will explain certain tantalizing, but apparently brief omissions in the text. The appended copy of the manuscript is furnished by Professor Adams with the full consent of the Sparks family.


[16]

Haym Salomon, who died in Philadelphia, then the metropolis of the United States, January, 1785, was the fellow-countryman and intimate associate of the Polish Generals Pulaski and Kosciuszko, and was first publicly known in 1778, when he was taken by the British General Sir H. Clinton in New York on charges that he had received orders from General Washington to burn their fleets and destroy their store-houses, which he had attempted to execute to their great injury and damage. He was accordingly imprisoned, treated inhumanly, and ordered to suffer military death. From the sacrifice of his life, with which he was threatened in consequence of the sentence, he escaped by means of a considerable bribe in gold. This is corroborated from his letter to his brother-in-law, Major Franks, dated soon after in Philadelphia, in which his intimacy is stated with the brave General McDougall, who then commanded the American army in the neighborhood of New York, and with whom it appears he must have been in co-operation in order to drive ... away from the comfortable quarters, which the maritime and military positions of that city so happily promised them after its abandonment by the friends of the Revolution.[5]

[17]

A few days after his escape from the merciless enemy he safely arrived in Philadelphia, where he was welcomed and esteemed as one devoted to the principle ... [MS. cut off.]

We then find him meriting the well-placed confidence and affection of the patriots who had been distinguished in the Revolutionary Congress of 1776; also the great men who were famous in those succeeding sessions, 1780, '81, '82, '83 and '84, as furnished us by such circumstantial testimony as yet remains of that immortal body of devoted patriots.

It is seen as soon as the generous monarch of France agreed to furnish the expiring government of that day with means to reanimate their exertions in the glorious cause. It was he who was charged with the negotiation of the entire amount of those munificent grants of pecuniary supplies from the government of France and Holland.[6]

In 1783-4, after the satisfactory close of these truly confidential services, he is found to have made considerable advances, moneys, loans, &c., to Robert Morris, of the Congress of the Declaration of '76. To General Miflin, to General St. Clair, to General Steuben, to Colonel Shee, to Colonel Morgan, Major McPherson, Major Franks, and many other officers such sums as they required. And as it regarded the deputies to the Continental Congress, [to] the amiable Judge Wilson (another member of the session of '76) considerable loans.[7]

[18]

To the immortal delegation from Virginia, namely, Arthur Lee, Theodore Bland, Joseph Jones, John F. Mercer and Edmund Randolph, liberal supplies of timely and pecuniary aid, and we find it declared by one of the most accomplished, most learned and patriotic members of the succeeding sessions of the Revolutionary legislature, James Madison, that when by the ... [MS. cut off] pecuniary resources of the members of Congress, both public and private, were cut off, recourse was had to Mr. Salomon for means to answer their current expenses, and he was always found extending his friendly hand.[8]

The exalted and surviving delegate of the Revolutionary Congress above alluded to, who has since that period been promoted for two successive terms to the chief magistracy of these States, in his letter on the subject of the character of Mr. Haym Salomon, testifies fully as to the unquestionable uprightness of his transactions, as well as the disinterestedness of his "friendship," and also his "intelligence," and which no doubt from his confidential intercourse with the foreign ambassadors made his communications serviceable to the public safety.[9] That conferences were sought with him by the great men of the time is proved from the existence of a note in the handwriting of another member of the Congress of Declaration, the incorruptible President Reed.

[19]

His services to the cause of his country were not confined to aiding the native agents of our own government, but he was the most confidential friend and timely adviser to the agents, consuls, and ambassadors representing the interests of the kings of those countries then in our alliance, as it appears from the amount of specie granted for the service of the army and hospital of Rochambaud, and large sums appear to have been received from him by Chevalier De La Luzerne, Marbois, consul-general, De La Forest, John ... [MS, cut off], recollected by the elders of the nation as the active agents of the good French king.[10]

As to the minister of the King of Spain, then the richest of the European monarchs. The amount granted him was expressly to relieve the wants, conveniences and necessities of this ambassador, whose king was then countenancing the Revolution in this country, but with whose European dominions all intercourse was stopped, and in regard to the monies so furnished, whether Mr. S. was ever repaid by Spain is a matter of as much uncertainty as that regarding the considerable sums advanced to other Revolutionary agents.[11]

[20]

It appears that the death of Mr. S. after a short and severe illness was quite as unexpected as calamitous to his family, leaving no will nor relatives in this country competent to take charge of his estate, at this difficult period of the unsettled state of the jurisprudence of the country, being four years prior to the formation of the Constitution of the United States.

A letter from him yet exists, dated in New York a few days previous to his return and death, directed to the agent of his house in Philadelphia, in which he speaks of the full competency of his fortune and his intention of retiring from business. An additional inducement no doubt was owing to the impaired state of his health from the great exertions he had made to promote the views of the Revolution, and which letter further declares that he had many claims uncollected due him,[12] and spoke of the quantities of public securities and government papers which ... [MS. cut off]. Of this latter, on examination of a list deposited in the Probate Office, it appears there was upwards of $300,000, more than $160,000 of which were of certificates of the Loan Office of the Treasury and the army.[13]

[21]

At his decease the management of his estate passed into the hands of strangers, all of whom not very long after became either bankrupts or died, as well as Mr. Macrea,[14] his chief clerk, who had committed suicide about the same period. Consequently the books and papers have nearly been all lost, and the obscurity into which these matters are thrown is increased in consequence of the destruction by the British of many of the public archives of that period, during the invasion of the city of Washington by their army during the last war.[15] And such were the effects of those unfortunate circumstances to the heirs that when the youngest son became of age nothing was obtained from the personal estate of this munificent and patriotic individual in Philadelphia. And no other inheritance now survives to the offspring except the expectation of the grateful remembrance of a just and generous republic.

It ought not to be forgotten, that although he endorsed a great portion of those bills of exchange for the amount of the loans and subsidies our government obtained in Europe, of which he negotiated the entire sums, and the execution of which duty occupied a great portion of his valuable time from '81 to '83, still there was only charged scarcely a fractional percentage to the United States, although individuals were willing to pay him ... [MS. cut off] for his other negotiations and guarantee. And it is known that he never caused the loss to the government of one cent of those many millions of his negotiations, either by his own mismanagement or from the credit he gave to others on the sales he made of those immense sums of foreign drafts on account of the United States.[16]

[22]

We find that immediately after the peace of '83, when foreign commerce could securely float again on the ocean, that he resumed his business as a merchant for the few remaining months of his life, trading to foreign countries, which may be collected from the few original letters (that are preserved) bearing date [of] London, Holland and Spain, and from the return of the large ship Sally from Spain to his consignment a few weeks succeeding his death, on which cargo and hull he was interested in the sum of 40,000 florins; his estate on the expedition sustained almost total loss, owing to the failures and disasters among merchants of those days, to whom the property had been consigned and by whose advice it had been undertaken.

He was most friendly in aiding those other commercial citizens and merchants who recommenced trading after the war had closed. One remarkable instance [that] may be noted among others was the case of Mr. Willing's house, the head of which was the president of the National Bank, and whose active partner was the Superintendent of Finance. The firm traded under the name of Willing, Morris & Swanick. To them he made a loan of his name to obtain 40,000 dollars in specie in one amount from the bank. A second loan of his name in addition of 24,000 specie dollars also, a few months preceding his death, for both of which considerable accommodations of credit at this eventful period of our commercial history he never changed them one cent of consideration.[17]

[Copy of an authentic certificate from the Register's Office in Philadelphia shewing the amount of public securities[18] and Revolutionary papers left by the deceased Haym Salomon at his death and from which personal estate mentioned in said certificate not a cent was ever received by any of his heirs.]

[23]

"58Loan Office Certificates$110,233.65.
19Treasury                "18,259.50.
2Virginia State        "8,166.48.
70Commissioners     "17,870.37.
 Continental Liquidated199,214.45.
  ——————
  $353,744.45.

"Seal

"I certify that the above writing is a true extract from the original inventory and appraisement of the personal estate of Haym Salomon deceased filed in the register's office Philadelphia on the 15th February, 1785.

(Signed)    John Geyer, Register.

Given under my hand and seal of office this 28th May, A. D. 1828."

[Extract from a Certificate.]

The father of Mr. Haym M. Salomon was the deceased Haym Salomon, Esq., who died in Philadelphia, January 6, 1785, and who is found to have exhibited the most ardent personal devotion to the cause of the Revolution.

On investigating such of the memoranda and papers regarding his civil services in that era of our history which have accidentally been preserved and now submitted, I find the following facts.

By an affidavit made in New York, January, 1778, before Alderman Matthews, certified on its back by William Claygen, military secretary to Major-General Horatio Gates, dated at the encampment White Plains, August 15, 1778, it appears that so early as the year 1775, Mr. S. was in controversy with the enemies of the projected Revolution.

New York, May 9, 1828.

(Signed)      Wm. H. Bell.

The affidavit further states that it had been alleged against him in New York that he was charged by General Washington to execute an enterprise as hazardous to the safety of his person[24] and life as it was most important to the interests of the Revolutionary army. Supposed to be the enterprise for which he was condemned to death by the British General Clinton, as mentioned in the first part of this memorandum.

The two infant sons which Mr. Salomon (at the age of 45) left at his death were Ezekiel and Haym. Ezekiel was he (the eldest) who in 1807, in charge of a large amount of American property, was (with many other American citizens whose cargoes as well as his own was sequestered at Leghorn by the French) placed in much perplexity, but through the spirited remonstrance which he made to the Tuscan and French Governments, succeeded in procuring its release. He subsequently was charged with the government of the U. S. Branch Bank at New Orleans, and while in the successful application of the duties of his office died in 1821.

Haym M., the youngest son and sole survivor of the male part of the family, has been engaged in commercial pursuits for many years past, for particulars of which see letter from Hon. Johnson, Esq., who for eight years was the representative in Congress from New York, the Empire City of the United States, and now[19] one of the chief officers in the Custom House of that city.[20]

Bibliographical Note.

Little of the mass of original material at one time in existence relative to the life and activity of Haym Salomon can now be located. Mr. William Salomon, of New York, a great-grandson of Haym Salomon, writes in response to a recent inquiry as follows: "I am under the impression that all the papers bearing on the services of Haym Salomon in the cause of the Revolution which were not lost when he died intestate (and a few months before Haym M. Salomon was born) came into Haym M. Salomon's possession, but unfortunately his descendants have been deprived of that valued inheritance by reason of their disappearance while in the custody of the Government. All I ever discovered among my father's papers was a letter from either President Tyler or Polk (I cannot remember positively which, and the letter is not now within easy reach) stating that papers my grandfather, Haym M. Salomon, desired to have returned could not be found in the Department where they had been placed."

[25]

Some further details of the strange negligence to which this unfortunate loss is due may be found in the Senate Committee Report to the 31st Congress on the claim of H. M. Salomon. The timely services rendered by Haym Salomon to James Madison during the sessions of the Constitutional Convention in Philadelphia are specifically indicated in the published letters of Madison; see Gilpin, Madison Papers, Vol. I., pp. 163, 178-9. Mr. Herbert Friedenwald, of Philadelphia, has recently found among the records of the Continental Congress an interesting Memorial of Haym Salomon, submitted to the Congress in August, 1778; see Publications of American Jewish Historical Society, I., 87. The main sources of information relative to the life of Haym Salomon are thus the secondary Congressional Committee Reports upon the claims of his descendants for indemnity for money advanced to the United States Government during the Revolution. These, in the order of their presentation, are as follows:[21]

1. Report on Claim of Haym M. Salomon. Rep. F. A. Tallmadge. April 26, 1848. 3 pp. House Reports, No. 504, 30th Cong., 1st Sess., Vol. III.

2. Report on Claim of H. M. Salomon. Senator J. D. Bright. July 28, 1848. 3 pp. Senate Reports, No. 219, 30th Cong., 1st Sess.

3. Report on Claim of H. M. Salomon. Senator I. P. Walker. August 9, 1850. 7 pp. Senate Reports, No. 177, 31st Cong., 1st Sess., Vol. I.

4. Report on Claim of Haym M. Salomon. Senator Charles Durkee. March 9, 1860. 10 pp. Senate Reports, No. 127, 36th Cong., 1st Sess., Vol. I.

5. Report on Claim of Haym M. Salomon. Senator M. S. Wilkinson. July 2, 1862. 5 pp. Senate Reports, No. 65, 37th Cong., 2d Sess.

6. Report on Petition of Haym M. Salomon. June 24, 1864. 4 pp. Senate Reports, No. 93, 30th Cong., 1st Sess.

The second, third, fifth and sixth of the above reports have been reprinted in pamphlet form, presumably for private circulation. During the first session of the 29th Congress, the Senate Committee of Claims unanimously agreed upon a report similar to that adopted by the House Committee of the 30th Congress, but too late for presentation. Another report was drawn up during the second session of the same Congress, placed on file, but never adopted. It was largely embodied in the Senate Report to the 31st Congress; see Senate Report to the 31st Congress.[26] The last sentence of the Report to the 38th Congress: "except the report of this committee made at the last session," and several paragraphs inserted in the Report to the 37th Congress as statements of "the committee of the last Congress," indicate the presentation of additional reports. No positive evidence of their existence has, however, been found. At the second session of the 52d Congress (February 24, 1893), a bill was presented to the House, ordering that a gold medal be struck off in recognition of services rendered by Haym Salomon during the Revolutionary War, in consideration of which the Salomon heirs waived their claims upon the United States for indemnity. The measure was reported favorably by the House Committee on the Library, but too late for consideration. The Report (No. 2556; to accompany H. R. 7896) summarizes the efforts made in previous Congresses, and reprints in full the Senate Report to the 37th Congress.

OTHER JEWISH CONTRIBUTORS TO THE COLONIAL TREASURY.

The monetary contribution by Haym Salomon to the successful issue of the Revolutionary struggle was doubtless the largest made by any individual, but while it is the most signal instance of its kind, it does not stand alone. Haym Salomon was not the only Jew who showed his earnestness in behalf of freedom by a jeopardy or sacrifice of fortune. Among the signers of the Bills of Credit for the Continental Congress in 1776 were Benjamin Levy, of Philadelphia and Benjamin Jacobs, of New York; and Samuel Lyon, of the same city, was among the signers of similar bills in 1779. Isaac Morris, also of Philadelphia, and who, after the Revolutionary War, was one of the incorporators of the Bank of New York, contributed three thousand pounds sterling (£3000) to the colonial treasury, and still another Philadelphian, Hyman Levy, repeatedly advanced considerable sums for the support of the army in the field. A yet more notable instance of patriotic devotion was that of Manuel Mordecai Noah, of South Carolina, who not only served in the army as officer on Washington's staff, and likewise with General Marion, but gave of his fortune twenty thousand pounds (£20,000) to further the cause in which he was enlisted. Many minor cases of a similar order could be cited, but only the more important instances, such as are of public record, have here been adduced.

FOOTNOTES:

[4] See Adams, Life and Writings of Jared Sparks, Vol. II., p. 564. From the general tenor of the letter, it seems probable that Mr. Sparks, during his extensive researches into the historical records, public and private, of the United States, had encountered other evidence of the services of Haym Salomon. This inference is partially corroborated by a passage in a letter written by Mr. Sparks from Cambridge on May 7, 1845, to Mr. Haym M. Salomon, apparently in connection with the first memorial to Congress: "Among the numerous papers that have passed under my eye I have seen evidences of his [Haym Salomon's] transactions, which convince me that he rendered important services to the United States in their pecuniary affairs." See Report on Claim of H. M. Salomon; Senate Reports, No. 177, 31st Cong., 1st Sess., Vol. I. It is not, however, impossible that only the present manuscript may be here referred to.

[5] It is probable that Haym Salomon's first encounter with the British Government took place several years before 1778. The Senate Report to the 31st Congress (supra) states that: "As early as 1775 he became obnoxious to the British Government, and was imprisoned in New York, sharing the privations and horrors of the sufferers confined in a loathsome prison called the Provost." Essentially the same fact is repeated in later Reports, and is specifically presented in certified form in a later part of the present paper.

The Memorial of Haym Salomon to the Continental Congress (see Bibliographical Note, infra) is of such immediate interest in connection with the circumstances of his escape from New York as to permit partial citation. It sets forth: "That your Memorialist was some time before the Entry of the British Troops at the said City of New York and soon after taken up as a Spy and by General Robertson committed to the Provost. That by the Interposition of Lieut-General Heister (who wanted him on account of his knowledge in the French, Polish, Russian, Italian &c. Languages) he was given over to the Hessian Commander who appointed him in the Commissary Way as purveyor chiefly for the Officers. That being at New York he has been of great Service to the French and American prisoners and has assisted them with Money and helped them off to make their Escape. That this and his close connexions with such of the Hessian Officers as were inclined to resign and with Monsieur Samuel Demezes has rendered him at last so obnoxious to the British Head Quarters that he was already pursued by the Guards and on Tuesday the 11th inst. he made his happy Escape from thence." The Memorial bears date of August 25, 1778, thus indicating the precise time of Salomon's departure from New York as August 11, 1778.

[6] For details see Report to 31st Congress. The exact location of this and other Congressional Reports is given in the Bibliographical Note appended to the paper.

[7] This is corroborated by a letter from the eminent jurist, Henry Wheaton, to Haym M. Salomon. Among "the patriots of the Revolution who were compelled to sacrifice their private pursuits to the public," Mr. Wheaton mentions Judge Wilson, "who must have retired from public service if he had not been sustained by the timely aid of your father, administered with equal generosity and delicacy." See Report to 31st Congress.

[8] Under date of August 27, 1782, Mr. Madison wrote from Philadelphia to Edmund Randolph: "I cannot in any way make you more sensible of the importance of your kind attention to pecuniary remittances for me than by informing you that I have for some time been a pensioner on the favor of Haym Salomon, a Jew Broker." See Gilpin, Madison Papers, I., 163. During the following month Mr. Madison's position seems to have grown more aggravated, for, on September 24, he declared: "I am relapsing fast into distress. The case of my brethren is equally alarming." Ibid, p. 176. Assistance in sufficient amount was still not forthcoming, and a week later, September 30, 1782, he acknowledged to Mr. Randolph the local source of his benefactions as follows: "I am almost ashamed to acknowledge my wants so incessantly to you, but they begin to be so urgent that it is impossible to suppress them. The kindness of our little friend in Front street, near the coffee-house, is a fund that will preserve me from extremities, but I never resort to it without great mortification, as he obstinately rejects all recompense. The price of money is so usurious that he thinks it ought to be extorted from none but those who aim at profitable speculations. To a necessitous delegate, he gratuitously spares a supply out of his private stock." Ibid, pp. 178-179.

There seems little doubt but that the "little friend in Front street" is meant to indicate Haym Salomon. This view is taken by the Congressional committees and by Madison's biographer; see Gay, Life of James Madison, p. 25. The fact that the first Philadelphia City Directory was issued in 1785, and that Haym Salomon died on January 6 of that year (vide infra), renders direct verification impracticable. Search among the Philadelphia newspapers of the period would probably determine the point once for all.

[9] The writer of the MS. is probably quoting from memory from a letter written by Mr. Madison from Montpelier, on February 6, 1830, to Mr. Haym M. Salomon, in connection with claims upon Congress for indemnity. The Senate Report to the 31st Congress preserves the following paragraph of this letter: "The transactions shown by the papers you enclosed were the means of effectuating remittances for the support of the delegates [to Congress], and the agency of your father therein was solicited, on account of the respectability and confidence he enjoyed among those best acquainted with him."

The Report to the 37th Congress mentions among the various letters received by Haym M. Salomon relative to the justice of his claim, one from James Madison, in 1827, who, among other things, stated: "The transactions shown by the papers you enclose were for the support of the delegates to Congress, and the agency of your father therein was solicited on account of the respect and confidence he enjoyed among those best acquainted with him,' etc., and concludes with the wish that the memorialist might be properly indemnified."

The resemblance between the two paragraphs is so striking as to make it probable, despite the discrepancy in dates, that the same communication is referred to.

[10] The Report to the 31st Congress states: "On the accession of the Count de la Luzerne to the embassy from France, Mr. Salomon was made the banker of that government.... He was also appointed by Monsieur Roquebrune, treasurer of the forces of France in America, to the office of their paymaster-general, which he executed free of charge."

[11] Details of the assistance so rendered are given in the Report to the 31st Congress. Mr. Salomon, it is said, "maintained from his own private purse Don Francesco Rendon, the secret ambassador of that monarch for nearly two years, or up to the death of Mr. S., during which Rendon's supplies were cut off." A striking passage is quoted in the same Report from a letter said to have been written in 1783 by Rendon to the Governor-General of Cuba, Don José Marie de Navarra: "Mr. Salomon has advanced the money for the service of his most Catholic Majesty and I am indebted to his friendship in this particular, for the support of my character as his most Catholic Majesty's agent here, with any degree of credit and reputation; and without it, I would not have been able to render that protection and assistance to his Majesty's subjects which his Majesty enjoins and my duty requires." The statement is also made that: "Moneys thus advanced to the amount of about 10,000 Spanish dollars remained unpaid, when Mr. Salomon died shortly after."

[12] Mr. Henry S. Morais, in his history of "The Jews of Philadelphia," notes as follows: (p. 24.) "The amount has been variously given at as much as $600,000 and more. Hon. Simon Wolf, of Washington, D. C., in February, 1892, presented a complete and elaborate statement of this question, based upon official documents, in an article (entitled, "Are Republics Ungrateful?") published in the Reform Advocate, of Chicago."

In another note on the same subject Mr. Morais states: "Mr. Salomon's loan and its accruing interest would now (1893) amount to over $3,000,000." Haym M. Salomon, a son of the philanthropist, and who kept a store on Front street, vainly endeavored to obtain payment of his just claim, notwithstanding that it was favorably reported to the U. S. Senate in 1850. In this report it was said: "Haym Salomon gave great assistance to the government by loans of money and advancing liberally of his means to sustain the men engaged in the struggle for independence at a time when the sinews of war were essential to success."

[13] For a summary of the account see the certificate appended, infra. Some few further details of the inventory are given in the Committee Report to the 30th Congress.

[14] "Mr. McCrea," in the Report to the 31st Congress.

[15] Mr. Joseph Nourse, Register of the Treasury of the United States from 1777 to 1828, wrote from Washington in 1827, to Mr. H. M. Salomon: "I have cast back to those periods when your honored father was agent to Office of Finance; but the inroads of the British army in 1814 deprived us of every record in relation to the vouchers of the period to which I refer." See for details, Report to 31st Congress; also Bibliographical Note.

[16] For details, see Report to 31st Congress.

[17] Hon. Simon Wolf, of Washington, D. C., in an article in The Reform Advocate of Chicago (see Bibliographical Note), calls attention to the fact that Professor Sumner—the most recent biographer of Robert Morris—in his "The Financier and the Finances of the American Revolution," makes no mention of the services of Haym Salomon. Mr. Wolf adds: "When I called Mr. Sumner's attention to it he answered in a letter which I received to-day, that, he had supposed that Mr. Salomon had been paid long since, and was surprised at the statement which I made."

[18] Not a penny of the large sums represented by these securities has ever been repaid to the heirs of the philanthropist and patriot who so generously aided the Revolutionary cause, and the fact is but another instance of the ingratitude of republics. The remissness of the people's representatives in the adjustment of private claims has been but too often flagrantly demonstrated, but there is not to be found on the public records a more signal case of public injustice. When to pay a debt is everybody's business, then it is apparently forever nobody's business to do so, and thus it happens that popular governments fail utterly in cases of this nature, where a monarchy would hasten to do justice.

[19] Circa 1842.

[20] A third child of Haym Salomon was a daughter, Sallie Salomon, who married Joseph Andrews. Their son, Joseph I. Andrews, married Miriam Nones, of New York, a daughter of Major Benjamin Nones of Revolutionary fame. The daughter of this union, Louisa Andrews, is now Mrs. E. L. Goldbaum, of Memphis, Tenn. Mr. Goldbaum kindly writes me: "We have in our possession life-size oil paintings of Joseph Andrews, son-in-law of Haym Salomon, and of his wife Sallie Andrews, née Sallie Salomon."

[21] Poore, Descriptive Catalogue of the Government Publications of the United States (Washington, 1885), pp. 558, 565, 593, 762, 807, 828.


[27]

INCIDENTS ILLUSTRATIVE OF AMERICAN JEWISH PATRIOTISM.

[A paper written for the American Jewish Historical Society by Max J. Kohler.]

In the present article, the writer proposes to set forth several incidents in our history not otherwise connected with each other than the above title indicates, but all tending to show that the Jew has ever been ready to battle for the cause of his adopted country, be his domicile where it may. Our subjects herein had differing views as to what patriotism demanded. We shall speak of French Jews battling for France, of English Jewish Colonists championing England's cause, and of American Jews fighting for American liberty and glory, yet all were equally patriots. In selecting the incidents to be set forth herein the writer has confined himself exclusively to matters which he believes are either wholly unknown to the Jewish historian or only partially or imperfectly known; no treatment of the main subject, other than these incidents may furnish, will be attempted.

I.
Colonel David S. Franks.

Members have no doubt still fresh in mind the interesting items relating to Col. Franks, set forth by Dr. Herbert Friedenwald and Prof. M. Jastrow in No. 1 of our "Proceedings." Since then other data have been collected and published in regard to the Franks family, to which I will merely refer; (see the very interesting article on the History of the Jews of Montreal, prepared for the Montreal Daily Star, December 30, 1893, and repeated in the American Israelite in January, 1894, which has been attributed to Rev. Dr. Meldola de Sola; and also an article on Rebecca Franks by the present writer, which appeared in the American Hebrew, November 9, 14, 21, and also in pamphlet reprint). In the present paper, Colonel[28] Franks' early career in Canada will be chiefly dealt with, the documents herein cited demonstrating the correctness of Dr. Friedenwald's theory (p. 76) that Franks was drawn into the Revolutionary contest through pure patriotism and interest in the struggle which was being carried on south of his earlier domicile. A contemporary periodical furnishes the data I refer to; it is entitled: "The Remembrancer or Impartial Repository of Public Events." Part I, for 1776, London, 1776, pp. 100-6. (The narrative is somewhat condensed herein, but the documents are set forth in their entirety.)

"On May 2, 1775, the bust of the king at Montreal was found daubed over and indecently ornamented, the words, "This is the pope of Canada and the fool of England," being written upon it in French. A reward of 100 guineas was offered for the discovery of the perpetrator, and much indignation was expressed among the French inhabitants, eager to manifest their loyalty to England, one French gentleman even expressing his opinion that the act ought to be punished by hanging. Upon hearing this severe opinion, a young English merchant of the name of Franks, who had settled at Montreal and who at that time happened to be near the speaker, replied to him in these words: 'In England men are not hanged for such small offenses,' which he repeated twice or three times. This provoked M. de B——(the former speaker) to such a degree, that, after giving the young man much opprobrious language, he at last proceeded to blows, and struck him in the face and pulled him by the nose; upon which the other gave him a blow that knocked him down. The next day, May the 3d, upon a complaint of M. de B—— to three officers of justice of a new order, called the Conservators of the Peace for the District of Montreal, not of the blow he had received from Franks (for to this he was conscious he had given occasion by striking him first) but of the words pronounced by the latter, 'that in England people were not hanged for such small offenses,' the Conservators issued the warrant hereunder following for committing young Franks to prison. He was accordingly carried thither by a party of soldiers with bayonets fixed, and £10,000 bail, that was offered to procure his liberty, and be security for his appearance to take his trial for the offence, was refused. And there he continued for a week, at the end of which time, the same Conservators of the Peace (by the direction, as it is supposed, of Governor Carleton) ordered him to be discharged without any bail at all."

[29]

The following are the official documents, in translation:

"District of Montreal.

"By John Fraser, John Marteilhe and Réné Ovide Hertel de Rouville, Esquires, Judges and Conservators of the Peace in the District of Montreal:

"Whereas, Francis Mary Picote de Bellestre, Esquire, has made oath on the holy gospels that on Tuesday the second day of this present month of May, as he was standing still in the street to hear a proclamation published, concerning those wretches who had insulted his Majesty's bust, he had openly declared that he thought they deserved to be hanged: and that thereupon one Salisbury Franks had answered with surprise, 'that it was not usual to hang people for such small offences and that it was not worth while to do so,' and that he had repeated those words several times, and with a loud voice.

"We, having regard to the said complaint, and considering that every good subject ought to look upon the said insult to his Majesty's bust as an act of the most atrocious nature, and deserving of the utmost abhorrence, and that therefore all declarations made in conversation that tend to affirm it to be a small offence, ought to be esteemed criminal: Do, for these reasons, authorize and command you to convey the said Salisbury Franks to the prison of the town to be there detained, till he shall be thence discharged according to law. And for so doing, this warrant shall be your justification.

"Given at Montreal, under our hands and seals, on the third day of May, 1775.

(Signed)

John Fraser,
John Marteilhe,
Hertel de Rouville."

The warrant to the jailor we omit, but the warrant for his discharge follows:

"To the keeper of the jail in Montreal.

"Whereas David Salisbury Franks is now in your custody, in virtue of our warrant duly sealed and signed; these are now to command you to forbear detaining any longer the said David Salisbury Franks, but to suffer him to go at large wherever he pleases and that without fees. And for so doing, this will be your sufficient warrant.

"Given under our hands and seals at Montreal, on the 9th day of May, 1775."

(Signed as above).

[30]

It will be noticed that the warrant of release gives the full name of Franks and leaves it clear that he was the future American patriot. It should also be noticed that he is described as an Englishman, pointing to that country as the common home of the various members of the family of that name in America. (Compare Life of Peter Van Schaack, p. 143, and Kamble Papers, for references to Franks' family home, a mansion near London). Also that the amount of bail offered for young Franks, £10,000, was extraordinarily large for those days.

It is not proposed herein to repeat the interesting incident in the career of Arnold's aide-de-camp which others have set forth so well. Their accounts may, however, be supplemented by the following. It seems that Franks gave testimony to Mrs. Arnold's innocence of all complicity in her husband's treason. This fact is cited in a note in the present writer's sketch of Rebecca Franks (p. 12), but the original authority, the preface to the privately printed Shipper papers, he has thus far been unable to consult. After the inquiry into Franks' conduct,—occasioned by the suspicions aroused against him on account of Arnold's treason—had been held in accordance with his demand, Franks appears to have been sent to Europe with important dispatches to Jay and Franklin, with instructions to await their orders. In a letter from Robert Morris to Franklin, dated Philadelphia, July 13, 1781, we read: "The bearer of the letter, Major Franks, formerly an aide-de-camp to General Arnold, and honorably acquitted of all connection with him after a full and impartial inquiry, will be able to give you our public news more particularly than I could relate them." (Diplomatic Correspondence, edited by Sparks, Vol. XI, p. 382). His conduct in France and Spain appears to have been very creditable; Jay speaks very highly about his discretion and tact and he seems to have won the particular regard of the Count of Florida Blanca, the Spanish Minister, with whom Jay was negotiating. (See "Diplomatic Correspondence of the U. S.," edited by F. Wharton, Vol. IV, 752-754, 756-757, 764-784, V, 121. Thompson Papers (N. Y. Hist. Soc. Collections, 1878), p. 183. Accounts of the U. S. during the Administration of the Superintendent of France, 1781-1784). As noted by Dr. Friedenwald, Franks was sent by Congress to Europe[31] again in 1784, this time to deliver a triplicate of the definitive treaty of peace to our ministers plenipotentiary. Further details about this trip are alluded to in "Military Journal of Major E. Denny" (Pa. Hist. Society, Pub. 1860) p. 415, where letters from Frank's associate, Col. Harman, are quoted, and in a letter written by Harman to a Philadelphia merchant, Jonathan Williams, in 1790, wherein he sends his regards to Franks, and alludes to the "gay moments we passed together in France, particularly the civilities received from you at St. Germain, where I dined with you in company with Mr. Barclay and Col. Franks" (p. 461). Not less interesting is the narrative of an encounter with Major Franks in 1787, by Dr. Cutler, on a trip to Philadelphia: "July 12th. Made our next stay at Bristol. Dined in company with the passengers in the stage, among whom were General Armstrong and Col. Franks. General Armstrong is a member of Congress with whom I had a small acquaintance at New York; Franks was an aide of General Arnold at the time of his desertion to the British. Both of them high bucks, and affected, as I conceived, to hold the New England states in contempt. They had repeatedly touched my Yankee blood, in their conversation at the table; but I was much on the reserve until, after we had dined, some severe reflections on the conduct of Rhode Island, and the Insurgency in Massachusetts—placing the two States in the same point of light—induced me to observe that 'I had no doubt but that the conduct of Rhode Island would prove of infinite service to the Union; that the insurgency in Massachusetts would eventually lead to invigorate and establish our government; and that I considered the State of Pennsylvania—divided and distracted as she was then in her Councils, the large County of Luzerne on the eve of an insurrection—to be in as hazardous a situation as any one on the Continent.'

"This instantly brought on a warm fracas indeed. The cudgels were taken up on both sides: the contest as fierce as if the fate of empires depended on the decision. At length victory declared in our favor. Armstrong began to make concessions. Franks, with more reluctance, at length gave up the ground. Both acknowledged the New England States were entitled to an equal share of merit with any in the Union, and[32] declared they had no intention to reflect. We had the satisfaction to quit the field with an air of triumph, which my little companion enjoyed with a high relish; nor could he forget it, all the way to Philadelphia. But we parted with our antagonists on terms of perfect good humor and complaisance. My companion frequently afterwards mentioned the pleasure it gave him to see Armstrong and Franks, "so completely taken down," as he expressed it, which led me to conclude he was of the party opposed to them in the political quarrels of Philadelphia." (Historical magazine, Third Series, Vol. II, pp. 84-85).

But let us pass from Franks to another Canadian.

II.
Chevalier de Levis.

The student of Canadian history is very familiar with the name of Levis, which bids fair to be perpetuated in several geographical names in that country. The name was borne by Henri de Levis, Duke of Vontadour, Viceroy of Canada for some time after 1626, but was rendered more famous through the brilliant career of his relative, the Chevalier de Levis, Montcalm's able lieutenant, subsequently his successor as commander of the French forces in Canada, and still later Marshal of France. Numerous striking illustrations of his gallantry and chivalry are extant, and it is suggestive that Montcalm should have spoken some of his last words, in praise of "his gallant Chevalier de Levis," for whose talents and fitness for command he expressed high esteem. The writer hereof does not claim that either of these two de Levis' were Jews, but he does believe that they were of Jewish descent, less on account of their family name than on account of the following curious explanation of it: "A family that considered itself to be the oldest in Christendom. Their chateau contained, it was said, two pictures: one of the Deluge in which Noah is represented going into the Ark, carrying under his arm a trunk on which was written: 'Papiers de la maison de Levis.' The other was a portrait of the founder of the house, bowing reverently to the Virgin, who is made to say: 'Couvrez-vous, mon cousin.' 'It is for my own pleasure, my cousin,' replied the descendent of Levi."

[33]

(Compare Horace Walpole's Letters, Kingsford's History of Canada, Vol. I, p. 77, Parkman's Montcalm and Wolfe, I, 150, 360, 363, 378-379, 455, 478, 466; II. 308, 312, 354).

III.
Lopez and Hart, of Newport.

In the last volume of our "Proceedings" and also in Judge Daly's work, numerous references are to be found to the interesting career of Aaron Lopez, of Newport, whom the present writer has described as probably the richest and most successful Jewish man of affairs who lived in this country before the Revolution. It may be remembered that Lopez was one of a number of Jewish residents of Newport who found it necessary to flee from that city at the beginning of the war, when the British forces moved against the city. Lopez withdrew to Leicester, Massachusetts, with his family, and remained there until May, 1782. (Daly's Jews in North America, p. 86). Short as was his stay there, however, he left a noble memorial of his sojourn behind him, as appears from the following extract from the Diary of a journey from Plymouth to Connecticut by Samuel Davis in 1789. (Mass. Hist. Society Proceedings, 1869-1870, p. 11). "Leicester is situate on very high ground. The Meeting house is a decent edifice, very illy painted. Near it is the Academy, founded by the late Mr. Lopez, a worthy merchant of the Jewish tribe. It is a long building of two stories, with a cupola and bell, and two entrances, fronted by porticos; appears to be decaying. Mr. James observed at Worcester, that he supposed the preceptor and pupils would be removed to a handsome new school house in that town."

But Newport contained many Tories as well as Patriots, many of whom must to-day be regarded as no less patriotic than those whom we designate by that term. It is, therefore, not surprising to find Jewish Tories there, and one of the number appears to have been a martyr to his views, as the following item shows: "Mr. Isaac Hart, of Newport R. I., formerly an eminent merchant and ever a loyal subject, was inhumanly fired upon and bayoneted, wounded in fifteen parts of his body, and beat with their muskets, in the most shocking manner in[34] the very act of imploring quarter, and died of his wounds a few hours after, universally regretted by every true lover of his King and country." (Account of the attack on Fort St. George, Rivington's Gazette, December 2, 1780).

To leave no doubt as to his faith, the following item, (from Du Simmitiaire, MSS., 1769) accompanies the preceding one in the Magazine of American History (Vol. III, p. 452): "At Mr. Isaac Hart's, a Jew, living at the Point, in Newport, R. I., there is a portrait of the late Czar, Peter I, done, I believe, by Sir Godfrey Kneller."

IV.
Some New York Jewish Patriots.

The number of New York Jews who served their country by risking life or fortune in its behalf is well-nigh legion. Hundreds upon hundreds of instances have been set forth from time to time, covering a time from the early colonial period, as appears particularly from another paper by the present writer, through the Revolutionary struggle down to our own day. But little cause can be assigned for distinguishing a few from the many in the present article unless it be the probability that the instances to be referred to herein are but little known. It should be of interest to notice, for instance, that the decision reached in 1770 to make more stringent the Non-Importation Agreement, which the colonists adopted to bring England to terms on the taxation question, had among its signers Samuel Judah, Hayman Levy, Jacob Moses, Jacob Myers, Jonas Phillips, and Isaac Seixas (New York Gazette and Weekly Post Boy, July 23, 1770).

The victory won by the Jewish Patriots over the loyalists in the New York Jewish Congregation at the outbreak of the Revolution, which induced the majority to determine to disband the congregation for country's sake, has been well described in a former article in our Society's periodicals and the names of the patriots who, in consequence, fled to Philadelphia on the approach of the British to New York are known. In another paper, the writer hereof enumerates some of the less known but possibly equally patriotic Jewish Loyalists, who remained in the city. It appears, however, that even the Jewish[35] cemetery was to witness the strife and struggles of war, for we read that a battery to overlook the East River and prevent British ships from entering into it "is planned in some forwardness at the foot of the Jews' Burying Ground," in March, 1776. (N. Y. Hist. Soc. Collection Pub. Fund Series, Vol. III, pp. 354, 355).

During the war of 1812, the New York Jews appear to have again manifested their love of country, and one of their number, Col. Nathan Myers, was even in command of a brigade stationed near the City of New York in the beginning of the war. (Guernsey; "New York City during the War of 1812," pp. 86, 436-7). Others manifested their patriotism by bringing pecuniary sacrifices, as did Herman Hendricks in 1813. In February of that year, Congress passed an act authorizing a loan of $16,000,000, but less than $4,000,000 were subscribed. It was then that New York merchants came to the rescue by subscribing for the bonds, in spite of the sacrifices that were made in view of the fact that the government could not obtain money except at a discount of 15 per cent. Hendricks subscribed for $40,000 of the bonds, being one of the largest individual subscribers. (Scoville: The Old Merchant of New York City. First Series, pp. 329-333.)

Among those who served under Col. Myers in this War, was probably Samuel Noah, a cousin of Mordecai M. Noah, who led a most eventful life, which has been chronicled in a very interesting way by Gen. George W. Cullom in his "Biographical Sketches of Deceased Graduates of the United States Military Academy." We quote the account in full:


"Samuel Noah.

"Class of 1807.

"Died March 10, 1871, at Mount Pulaski, Ill., aged 92.

"Samuel Noah, who was born July 19, 1779, in the City of London, died March 10, 1871, at Mount Pulaski, Logan county, Illinois, at the advanced age of nearly 92, he having been for several years the senior surviving graduate of the United States Military Academy. He was of Jewish descent, and was a cousin of Mordecai M. Noah, formerly consul to[36] Tunis, and for many years the editor of various New York journals.

"When twenty years old he emigrated to this country, and after a residence of several years in New York City, solicited a midshipman's appointment, but not succeeding, accepted, May 5, 1805, that of a cadet in the First Regiment of Artillery. Being intelligent and a good penman, he was often selected as amanuensis to the Superintendent of the Military Academy, and frequently acted as Judge Advocate or Recorder of Courts at West Point. Upon graduation, Dec. 9, 1807, preferring the Infantry arm, he was promoted an ensign in the Second Regiment, which, after a tedious journey, he joined at Cantonment, Columbia Springs, in the rear of Fort Adams, Miss. Here he devoted his leisure hours to the study of the early campaigns of Napoleon, who was then the military prodigy of the world; but this fascinating occupation was soon interrupted by his having to watch smugglers on the Florida frontier and march from one unhealthy camp to another in the Gulf States. During these migrations he met Captain Winfield Scott just after his duel near Natchez with Dr. Upshur (brother of the Secretary of State blown up on board the Princeton), Lieutenant James Gibson, subsequently killed at the sortie from Fort Erie, Gen. James Wilkinson, Captain Edmond P. Gaines, Gen. Wade Hampton, and other since famous officers of whom he had many anecdotes to relate. Wearied finally with slow promotion, and disgusted that ignorant civilians were appointed to rank him, he resigned March 13, 1811, his commission of First Lieutenant in the Army.

"Soon after this period a Mexican deputation from the Junta of Coahuila, Gen. Bernado Guiteras and Captain Manscac arrived at Natchitoches, where Lieutenant Magee, a graduate of 1809, was stationed, and offered him the command with the rank of Colonel of the combined forces there assembled of Mexicans and Anglo-Americans. After Magee assumed the command, Noah, allured by visions of a golden future, joined, as First Lieutenant, this little undisciplined Falstaffian regiment on the Brazos river, while on its march to Fort Bahia, which it entered Nov. 14, 1812; but no sooner was the fort in possession of the Patriot Army than the Spanish royalists besieged it[37] with a force of five times the strength of the garrison. In this struggle poor Col. Magee sickened and died, and was buried with the honors of war during the enemy's cannonade, a six-pounder ball lodging close to the grave. After the siege was raised, March 28, 1813, and the patriots reinforced, this little army, with Noah in command of its rear guard, pursued and routed the Royalists, April 4, 1813, in a sharp combat near San Antonio, and three days later entered the capital of Texas, Salcido, the governor, surrendering at discretion with his entire force.

"Informed soon after of the declaration of war by the United States against Great Britain, Noah, true to the flag of his adopted country, left Texas, and, escaping through many perils by flood and field, reached the city of Washington, where he was most sadly disappointed in not being re-commissioned by President Madison in the United States Army. Nothing daunted, however, he proceeded to New York, and volunteered his services as a private soldier with Captain Benjamin Dunning's company for the defence of Brooklyn, then being fortified by Gen. Joseph G. Swift, to repel an anticipated descent of the British on Long Island at Sag Harbor. His services here and at Harlem Heights, to the close of the war, in aid of the militia force, were most zealous and untiring, his military education, practical knowledge and quick intelligence proving powerful auxiliaries to his patriotic devotion to duty. After the termination of Noah's military career, he taught school near Goshen, New York, till 1820; then for two years was in England, being present at the trial of Queen Caroline and the Coronation of George the Fourth; resumed school teaching and was employed in various academies in Virginia until May 24, 1848; and subsequently resided with a faithful friend at Mount Pulaski, Logan county, Ill., where he died. The romantic record of Samuel Noah's early life is full of wild adventure and thrilling incidents; his after history was a curious medley, almost the very counterpart of the vicissitudes to which Gil Blas was exposed; and his declining years were an old age of poverty, with little relief even from sources upon which he confidently counted to ease his weary journey to the grave."

In this connection reference would also seem to be in order to[38] some New York Jews who served in the Mexican War, one of them with particular distinction and honor. This list includes Sergeant Jacob David, Sergeant Samuel Henry, and Private Abraham Adler (killed); Corporal Jacob Hirshhorn and Private Otto Neubauer, Phillip Myers, and Jacob Lema, Mark Kahn, Alexander Simm, John Myers, James Hart and William Hart, ---- Myers, Marx M. Hart, Henry Phillips, Joseph Henriques, and Jacob C. Somers. (See article by the present writer in American Hebrew, February 9, 1894.)

V.
Some Baltimore Jews.

Turning next to Baltimore, two interesting incidents are in point. The one carries us back to Revolutionary times, and is to be connected with the name of Jacob Hart, one of a number of patriotic merchants of Baltimore; whether he was the only Jew in the group is unknown. The incident is briefly referred to as follows, in a letter written by Lafayette to Washington, April 18, 1781. (Memoirs, Correspondence and Manuscripts of General Lafayette, Vol. I, page 403.) "To these measures for punishing deserters, I have added one which my feelings for the sufferings of the soldiers and peculiarity of their circumstances have prompted me to adopt. The merchants of Baltimore lent me a sum of about £2000 which will procure some shirts, linen, overalls, shoes and a few hats; the ladies will make up the shirts, and the overalls will be made by the detachment, so that our soldiers have a chance of being a little more comfortable. The money is lent upon my credit, and I become security for the payment of it in two years' time, when, by the French laws, I may better dispose of my estate. But before that time, I shall use my influence with the French court, in order to have this sum of money added to any loan Congress may have been able to obtain from them." The following entry "Accounts of the United States with the Superintendent of Finance" (Robert Morris) serves to identify the merchants: "May 27, (1782) Jacob Hart and others for the Repayment of Money Loaned the Marquis de Lafayette at Baltimore—7256 dollars." Further details appear from the following passages[39] in the Journals of Congress, Vol. VII p. 86: "Thursday, May 24, 1781. On the report of the committee to whom was referred a letter of April 22 from Maj. Gen. the Marquis de la Fayette:

Resolved, That Congress entertains a just sense of the patriotic and timely exertions of the merchants of Baltimore who so generously supplied the Marquis de la Fayette with about 2000 guineas, to enable him to forward the detachment under his command; That the Marquis de la Fayette be assured that Congress will take proper measures to discharge the engagement he has entered into with the merchants."

Compare with this an article on "Old Maryland Homes and Ways," by John W. Palmer, in the Century, December 1894, p. 258. Markens in his "Hebrews in America" (p. 93) briefly refers to the incident, describing Hart as a Hebrew of German birth, who came to this country in 1775; he was the father-in-law of Haym M. Salomon, son of the patriot, Haym Salomon. Certainly not less interesting, though less well known, is the following incident in the Mexican War, which is translated from the "Allgemeine Zeitung des Judenthums," Vol. X p. 508, August 24, 1846: "The New York Herald of July 15, (1846) contains the following item, in reference to the call for 50,000 volunteers to join the army against Mexico: Baltimore July 3. Among the companies which have been formed here, a volunteer corps of Jews attracts particular attention. Although composed for the most part of immigrants, they have given, by the raising of this company, to fight with the native militia on behalf of our institutions, a splendid instance of their love and devotion for these and for their new fatherland. Yes, their love for the fame and independence of our country has been displayed all the more pointedly as they have organized their company by selecting one not of their faith as their chief officer, namely, Captain Carroll, who was paymaster of the Fifth regiment, but willingly resigned his position to accept the command of this patriotic company of volunteers. Its other officers are: Mr. Levi Benjamin, first lieutenant; Joseph Simpson, second lieutenant; Samuel G. Goldsmith, third lieutenant; S. Eytinge, first sergeant; Dr. J. Horwitz, surgeon." An examination of the copy of the Herald thus referred to, fails to show[40] the English original of the above item; either the date or the name of the paper is incorrectly cited, though the facts are no doubt correctly given.

VI.
South Carolina Jewish Patriots.

The following item from an article by Rev. Isaac Leeser, in The Occident, Vol. XVI, p. 142 (1858) gives in some little detail a story since then oft repeated; the primary authorities for the incident are still unknown to the writer thereof: "A company of soldiers who did good service in the defence of Charleston Harbor were nearly all, if not all Jews. The names of Daniel W. Cardozo, Jacob I. Cohen, Sr., and Isaiah Isaacs, we think, must have been on the roll of that company. Relations or descendants of all of these are still to be found among our most respectable families. Sheftall Sheftall, Isaac N. Cardozo, a brother of David, and Colonel Bush, occur to us just now as brave soldiers in the Revolution, and no doubt many others are known to other persons." Compare with this the following passage from a speech of Col. J. W. D. Worthington on the Jew Bill, Maryland, 1824 (Speeches on the Jew Bill, etc., by H. N. Brackenridge, Phila. 1829, p. 115): "Here is another paper which contains the names of a corps of volunteer infantry, in Charleston, South Carolina, in February, 1779. It was composed chiefly of Israelites, residing in King's Street and was commanded by Captain Lushington, and afterward fought under Gen. Moultrie at the Battle of Beaufort." Also Westcott's "Persons Who Took the Oath of Allegiance to Pennsylvania." "Abraham Seixas, formerly an officer in the Militia of Charleston, South Carolina, lately arrived in this city, Philadelphia; Merchant, May 31, 1782."

VII.
Mordecai Sheftall, of Savannah, Georgia.

We may fittingly close this paper with an account of a Jewish patriot of the Revolution who held important and responsible positions under both Congressional and Georgia State control,[41] and who had occasion to find that the Sovereign will often decline to pay even the most bona fide debts, where powerful influence to force bills for their payment through Congress is wanting. One of the witnesses in the Court Martial Proceedings, of Major General Howe, in 1780, (N. Y. Hist. Soc. Collections, 1879, pp. 260-263, 301) was Mordecai Sheftall, who was Deputy Commissary General of Issues to the Continental troops in Georgia during the period of the British invasion of that State, and also Commissary General of Purchase and Issues to the Militia. He testified to various measures he had recommended for removing supplies from positions of danger, to prevent their falling into the hands of the British, and it is very suggestive that these provisions should be referred to in the Index, under the heading: "Jewish Thrift," (Collections, 1880, p. 461). In his defence, General Howe referred to him as follows: "Mr. Sheftall, the Deputy Commissary General of Issues, has been brought by the prosecutors to prove upon me, as I suppose, a neglect of the public stores. I have ever had a favorable opinion of Mr. Sheftall, as an honest man, and from the testimony of such, I know I have nothing to fear; his evidence, therefore, is in my favor. Many measures, however, were pursued that Mr. Sheftall might have had no knowledge of." Mr. Sheftall's was one of the earliest Jewish families in Georgia, and various items in regard to his character and standing are collated in Judge Daly's work (p. 70, et seq.), where his name is, erroneously, it seems, spelt Sheftail. On page 72 reference is made to Cushman Polack, who was also a witness in the Howe trial, (pp. 264-5) he having been a private in the militia in Georgia at the same time; his name is there spelt "Coshman Pollock". Markens also adds, on what authority I am unable to state, (p. 49) that when the British took possession of Savannah, December 29, 1778, Mordecai Sheftall, with his son Sheftall Sheftall, endeavored to make his escape, but was compelled to surrender by a body of Highlanders. He was taken to the guard-house, where the officer in charge was instructed to guard him well, as he was "a great rebel." There he was confined with a number of soldiers and negroes without a morsel to eat until a Hessian officer named Zeltman, finding he could speak his language, removed him to his quarters and[42] permitted him to communicate with his wife and son. In an interesting narrative, published many years ago, Mr. Sheftall states that he was treated with abuse by Captain Strarhope of the "Raven" sloop of war, and he and his son were ordered on board the prison ship. His name, with the inscription, "Chairman Rebel Provisional Committee," is enrolled on the list of those who were selected as coming under the Disqualifying Act of July, 1780, and thus rendered "incapable of holding or exercising any office of trust, honor or profit in the Province of Georgia."

The writer hereof believes that, until now, no particulars have been known to the Jewish historian in regard to a claim urged by Sheftall, and afterwards his widow, before Congress. It appears that he presented a petition to the House of Representatives on March 29, 1792, asking for a settlement of his accounts as Deputy Commissary General of Issues for the Southern Department during the Revolutionary War with Great Britain. The claim was referred to the Secretary of the Treasury, who reported it to the next Congress, though the nature of his report is not known to the writer. In the fourth Congress the petition was referred to the Committee on Claims, which reported it back to the House, February 11, 1797. In the House List of Private Claims (Vol. III, p. 305-6), this report is marked "adverse." No authority seems to exist for this statement. In fact, another claim reported at the same time was rejected at once, but the Sheftall claim was referred to the Committee of the Whole on the following Wednesday, but on that day it does not appear to have been considered. In the Seventh Congress, Frances, widow of Mordecai Sheftall, renewed her husband's petition and it was again referred to a committee. This committee's report was read and considered on April 3, 1802, but further Consideration was postponed till the 4th Monday of November following, which was practically equivalent to killing the measure, as Congress never meets in ordinary session in November. (Journals of Congress, House, Second, 1st Session, p. 554; Third, 1st Session, pp. 77-8; Fourth, 1st Session, p. 451; Fourth, 2d Session, p. 691; Seventh, 1st Session, 136, 177, Carpenter; American Senator, III, 449-50). No further information as to the claim is at hand. From the persistence[43] in pressing it, it must be concluded that some substantial sum was involved. It may be that it was rejected because the United States declined to assume liability for the acts of the State of Georgia, there having been a series of controversies between the State and General Government as to the liability of the latter for military services and expenditures incurred in behalf of the former. At any rate, the claim does not appear to have been paid, and like the Haym Salomon claim, is another illustration of our country's ingratitude to those who made sacrifices for it of worldly goods and life and limb in its hours of need.


[44]

JEWISH SOLDIERS IN THE CONTINENTAL ARMIES.

Scant and unsatisfactory as are the army records of the Revolutionary period, enough of an authentic character has been preserved to fully sustain the statement of Solomon Etting, who, writing in Baltimore in 1824, notes that among the soldiers of the Revolution "were many Hebrews who were always at their post and always foremost in all hazardous enterprises." This almost contemporary notice emanates from a Jew whose father had served in the Continental army from the beginning of the Revolution to the capture of Charleston, and who, through the prominence of his family had been brought in contact with many of the distinguished participants in the momentous struggle.

The active co-operation of Jewish citizens in the non-importation movement of 1763 has already been adverted to, but even before that time we find references to prominent Jewish participants in the public defense. In 1754, during the French and Indian War, Isaac Myers, a Jewish citizen of New York, called a town meeting at the "Rising Sun" Inn and organized a company of bateau men of which he became captain. Two other Jews are named as taking part in the same war, both of whom served in the expedition across the Allegheny mountains in the year above noted. It is altogether probable that these three were not the only Jewish soldiers of that early war, but only these have left traces of their presence. In the following year, 1755, when the colonies were agitated by the disastrous ending of the Braddock campaign and the incipient movement toward federation, we find a Jew, Benjamin Cohen, a member of the Provincial Council of Pennsylvania and Attorney-General of the colony.

The chronicles of the Revolutionary War afford a considerable and in many respects an interesting list of Jewish names. A few of the more prominent of these have already been mentioned[45] under preceding heads, and others cited on the records are here added in alphabetical order:

Captain Noah Abraham

was called out with the battalion of Cumberland County Militia, of Pennsylvania, "by an order from Council, July 28, 1777."

Aaron Benjamin,

Ensign of 8th Connecticut Regiment, January 1, 1777; Second Lieutenant, February 14, 1778; First Lieutenant, May 7, 1778; Regimental Adjutant, April 1, 1780, to January, 1783; transferred to 5th Connecticut Regiment January 1, 1781; transferred to 3d Connecticut Regiment January 1, 1783; retained in Swift's Connecticut Regiment June, 1783, and served to November 3, 1783; Lieutenant-Colonel of 37th United States Infantry March 11, 1813; honorably discharged June 15, 1815; died January 11, 1829.

Samuel Benjamin,

Ensign of 8th Massachusetts Regiment January 1, 1777; Second Lieutenant October 3, 1777; First Lieutenant March 28, 1779, served to June, 1783.

Joseph Bloomfield,

Captain of 3d New Jersey Regiment February 9, 1776; Deputy Judge Advocate-General November 17, 1776, to October 29, 1778; Brigadier-General United States Army March 27, 1812; honorably discharged June 15, 1815; died October 3, 1823.

Moses Bloomfield,

(New Jersey) Hospital Surgeon May 14, 1777; Hospital Physician and Surgeon October 6, 1780; resigned December 13, 1780; died August 14, 1791.

Henry Pike Bush

is recorded as a soldier in the "Associators and Flying Camp," Pennsylvania.

Colonel Solomon Bush

was an officer in the Pennsylvania Militia (1777-1778), whose record is highly creditable and whose services won [46]for him a well-deserved promotion. He was appointed Deputy Adjutant General of the Militia of the State on July 5, 1777. As to his subsequent career in the army, no stronger testimony could be desired than that set forth in the resolution adopted by the Supreme Executive Council of Pennsylvania, at its session on Wednesday, October 20, 1779. It reads thus:

"The petition of Major Solomon Bush, in the militia of this State, being read, and due inquiry having been made into the circumstances of his case, it appears that Major Bush has, on many occasions, distinguished himself in the public service, especially in the winter of 1776, when the service was critical and hazardous.

"That he entered again into the said service in the summer of 1777, when General Sir William Howe invaded the State and the militia were called out pursuant to the resolutions of Congress and the requisition of His Excellency, General Washington; and in the month of September, 1777, acting as Deputy Adjutant General, he was dangerously wounded in a skirmish between the militia and the advance of the British Army, his thigh being broken and he brought off with great difficulty; that being carried to his father's house, on Chestnut Hill, and incapable of being moved, he fell into the hands of the British Army, when it moved up to Whitemarsh, in December, 1777, who took his parole; That he has ever since been confined with his wound, and incapable of performing any military duty, or acquiring a livelihood, but on the other hand, his situation attended with much difficulty and expense.

"All which circumstances being considered, and that the said Major Bush being at the time of receiving his wounds in Continental Service and now a prisoner of war.

"Resolved, That he be recommended to the especial notice of the Honourable Board of War, in order to obtain pay and rations equal to his rank; and that this Board in consideration of the services and sufferings of Major Bush, will permit him to draw from the State store, from time to time, such articles as may be necessary for his comfortable Subsistence and Support."

[47]

That Major Bush had already been promoted to the rank of Lieutenant-Colonel, is evidenced by another resolution, complimentary to him, adopted by the same Council seven days later, when he was "recommended to the Honourable the Board of War, for pay and rations accordingly." Again on November 5, 1785, the Council, over which Benjamin Franklin then presided, passed an order for the payment of a pension due to Lieutenant-Colonel Bush.

Major Lewis Bush

became First Lieutenant of the 6th Pennsylvania Battalion on January 9, 1776 and Captain the following June. He was transferred to Colonel Thomas Hartley's Additional Continental Regiment January 13, 1773 and was commissioned Major, March 12, 1777. That he proved a brave soldier, his efficient service in a number of battles affords ample evidence. At the battle of Brandywine, September 11, 1777, he was fatally wounded, and four days later he died.

Jonas Bush

was in the roll of revolutionary soldiers, but there is no information given as to his rank or date of enlistment.

Jacob I. Cohen

in 1783 went to Charleston, S. C., and during the campaign which followed, took part as a volunteer soldier in the Continental army, serving under Moultrie and Lincoln. Frequent references to Mr. Cohen are found in the Madison papers, and his valuable services are repeatedly adverted to.

Philip Jacob Cohen

became so distinguished for the services he rendered to the Colonies that he was singled out by the British authorities through a special order depriving him of the right of holding or exercising any office of trust, honor or profit in the Province of Georgia.

Mordecai Davis,

Ensign of 2nd Pennsylvania Battery January 5, 1776; died on August 12, 1776.

[48]

Reuben Etting

was a clerk in Baltimore at the time of the battle at Lexington. Although only 19 years of age, he enlisted in a Maryland company, which hastened north to join the forces of Congress. He served in various battles and was taken prisoner by the British at the surrender of Charleston. When released from imprisonment by exchange he was broken in health from ill treatment in prison and exposure on the field. He was a captain of the Independent Blues in 1798, and Marshal of Maryland, appointed by President Jefferson.

Solomon Etting,

a native of York, Pennsylvania, appears as one of the committee of citizens appointed to forward resolutions to Washington expressive of disapprobation of a proposed treaty with Great Britain. Subsequently settled in Baltimore and became President of the Municipal Council.

Colonel Isaac Franks,

who then lived in Philadelphia, entered the army shortly after the battle of Lexington. He became aide-de-camp to General Washington, holding the rank of colonel, and serving throughout the war. After the Revolution Colonel Franks became the incumbent of various civil offices, among them Prothonotary of the Supreme Court of Pennsylvania, being appointed to that position on February 18, 1819. His residence in Germantown was for some time occupied by President Washington.

Colonel David S. Franks, Aide-de-camp. See sketch on p. 27.

Michael Gratz,

of Philadelphia, aided the Colonists in the Revolutionary war. He was one of the signers of the Non-Importation Resolutions (October 20, 1765), after the passage of the Stamp Act, and was among the most active, patriotic and respected Israelites of Philadelphia, being a conspicuous character in public affairs.

Bernard Hart

was Quartermaster of a brigade of State troops during the Revolution.

[49]

Michael Hart,

a public spirited and leading citizen of Easton, Pa., of whom it is recorded:

"Let it be remembered that Michael Hart was a Jew, practically pious, a Jew reverencing and strictly observant of the Sabbath and Festivals; dietary laws were also adhered to. * * * Mark well that he, Washington, the then honored as 'first in peace, first in war, and first in the hearts of his countrymen,' even during a short sojourn, became for the hour the guest of the worthy Jew."

Moses Hammer

enlisted as a private in the 1st Pennsylvania Battalion November 15, 1775.

David Hays, Jr.,

was an active participant in the struggle for independence and served with the Colonial Army on Long Island. In retaliation for his patriotic services the Tories burned his house and store. Prior to the Revolution he was one of the Commissioners appointed by the British authorities to lay out public lands. All of his family sided with the Colonists during the War of Independence.

David Hays and Jacob Hays,

father and son, fought in various of the battles for independence.

Colonel Isaacs,

of North Carolina Militia; wounded and taken prisoner at Camden August 16, 1780; exchanged July, 1781.

Moses Isaacks,

one of the early settlers of Newport, R. I., was an active supporter of the Army of the Revolution. He had the honor of receiving General Washington as a guest at his house.

Solomon Isaac

enlisted as a private in the 6th Pennsylvania Battalion, company of Capt. Robert Adams, February 6, 1776.

[50]

Isaac Israel,

2nd Lieutenant of 8th Virginia Regiment, February 9, 1776; 1st Lieutenant, January, 1777; Captain, November 23, 1777; transferred to 4th Virginia Regiment, September 14, 1778.

Joseph Israel

volunteered as a soldier during the Revolution.

Jacob Leon

was an officer on the staff of General Pulaski.

Jacob De Leon,

of Charleston, S. C., was a distinguished officer of the War of the Revolution. He served as captain on the staff of General de Kalb, and when the latter was mortally wounded at the battle of Camden, S. C., de Leon in company with Major Benjamin Nones and Captain Jacob de la Motta, of the staff, carried de Kalb from the field.

Asher Levy,

Ensign of 1st New Jersey Regiment, September 12, 1778; resigned June 4, 1779.

Nathaniel Levy,

of Baltimore, served under Lafayette during the Revolutionary War.

Israel de Lieber

was a soldier of the Revolutionary War, who rose from the ranks to military positions of honor and trust.

Jacob Moser,

Captain of 6th Pennsylvania Regiment, February 15, 1777; retired, July 1, 1778.

Benjamin Moses

served on the staff of General Pulaski.

Isaac Moses,

of Philadelphia, advanced three thousand pounds when Robert Morris undertook to raise money to prosecute the War of Independence; he was active in the Jewish communities of New York and Philadelphia.

[51]

Emanuel de la Motta

served in the Revolution and in the War of 1812. In recognition of his valor as displayed in battle he was promoted from the ranks to a military position of honor.

Jacob de la Motta

was a captain on the staff of General Pulaski.

Manuel Mordecai Noah,

of South Carolina, (1747-1825) patriot and soldier; heretofore referred to as having contributed twenty thousand pounds to the support of the American army; served with General Marion, also on the staff of General Washington.

Major Benjamin Nones,

a native of Bordeaux, France, came to Philadelphia in 1777. He served at various times on the staff of General Lafayette and on that of General Washington. He had previously been a private under General Pulaski, and had, as he writes, "fought in almost every action which took place in Carolina, and in the disastrous affair of Savannah, shared the hardships of that sanguinary day." He became major of a Legion of four hundred men attached to Baron De Kalb's command and composed in part of Hebrews. At the battle of Camden, S. C., on August 16, 1780, when the brave De Kalb fell mortally wounded, Major Nones, Capt. Jacob De la Motta and Capt. Jacob de Leon bore their chief from the battlefield.

Major Nones rendered many conspicuous services, civil and military, to his adopted country.

Abraham R. Rivera

was a member of the artillery corps of Newport, R. I., in 1790.

Philip Moses Russel

was born 1745, and resided in Germantown, Pa. When the war broke out in the Spring of 1775 he enlisted as surgeon's mate under the command of General Lee, serving about ten months. After the British occupation of Philadelphia, in September, 1777, he became surgeon's [52]mate to Surgeon Norman, of the Second Virginia Regiment.

Russell went into winter quarters with the army at Valley Forge, 1777-1778. An attack of sickness, which impaired both his sight and hearing, forced him to resign in August, 1780. He received a letter of commendation from General Washington, "for his assiduous and faithful attentions to the sick and wounded."

Ezekiel Sampson,

Lieutenant of Baldwin's Artillery, Artificer Regiment, May to December, 1775.

Joseph Sampson,

2nd Lieutenant of Cotton's Massachusetts Regiment, May to December, 1775.

Abraham Seixes, was a lieutenant in the Georgia Brigade of the Continental Army.

Mordecai Sheftall. See biographical sketch, p. 40.


[53]

CORRESPONDENCE BETWEEN GEORGE WASHINGTON AND HEBREW CITIZENS.

[Papers collated by Lewis Abraham, Esq., and presented at the meeting of the American Jewish Historical Society, at Washington, December 27th, 1894.]

When Washington had concluded his labors in the field of war and had attained deserved civic honors, and when laurels were showered upon him from all quarters the Hebrews joined their fellow-citizens in felicitating the hero and statesman.

The following correspondence is collated from The United States Gazette, of 1790; a partial file of this paper can be found in the Congressional Library. It is strange that the letters are not all to be found in books in which the Washington correspondence are compiled.

The original letter addressed to the "Beth Elohim" congregation of Charleston, S. C., was carefully preserved among the many other valuable records of that city, but was destroyed by the great fire of 1838. The Mayor of Charleston endeavored to obtain a copy from the general government, but after a thorough examination of the records, no such document could be found. After a prolonged search, however, the present writer was enabled to discover the missing document, and was well rewarded with the thanks of the authorities of Charleston. (Year-Book of the City of Charleston for 1884, page 280.)

The "Address from the Hebrew Congregation of the City of Savannah, Ga., to George Washington, the First President of the United States," presented by Mr. Jackson, one of the representatives from Georgia.

Sir: We have long been anxious of congratulating you on your appointment, by unanimous approbation, to the Presidential dignity of this country and of testifying our unbounded confidence in your integrity and unblemished virtue. Yet however exalted the station you now fill, it is still not equal to [54]the merit of your heroic services through an arduous and dangerous conflict which has embosomed you in the hearts of her citizens.

Our eccentric situation, added to a diffidence founded on the most profound respect, has thus long prevented our address, yet the delay has realized anticipation, given us an opportunity of presenting our grateful acknowledgements for the benediction of Heaven through the magnanimity of federal influence and the equity of your administration.

Your unexampled liberality and extensive philanthropy have dispelled that cloud of bigotry and superstition which has long, as a vail, shaded religion—unrivetted the fetters of enthusiasm—enfranchised us with all the privileges and immunities of free citizens, and initiated us into the grand mass of legislative mechanism. By example you have taught us to endure the ravages of war with manly fortitude, and to enjoy the blessings of peace with reverence to the Deity and with benignity and love to our fellow-creatures.

May the Great Author of the world grant you all happiness—an uninterrupted series of health—addition of years to the number of your days, and a continuance of guardianship to that freedom which under auspices of Heaven your magnanimity and wisdom have given these States.

Levi Sheftall, President.
In behalf of the Hebrew Congregations.

To which the President was pleased to return the following reply: (Printed in Jared Sparks collection, Vol. XII, p. 185).

To the Hebrew Congregations of the City of Savannah, Georgia:

Gentlemen: I thank you with great sincerity for your congratulations on my appointment to the office which I have the honor to hold by the unanimous choice of my fellow-citizens, and especially the expressions you are pleased to use in testifying the confidence that is reposed in me by your congregations.

As the delay which has naturally intervened between my election and your address has afforded me an opportunity for appreciating the merits of the Federal Government and for communicating your sentiments of its administration, I have rather [55]to express my satisfaction rather than regret at a circumstance which demonstrates (upon experiment) your attachment to the former as well as approbation of the latter.

I rejoice that a spirit of liberality and philanthropy is much more prevalent than it formerly was among the enlightened nations of the earth, and that your brethren will benefit thereby in proportion as it shall become still more extensive; happily the people of the United States have, in many instances exhibited examples worthy of imitation, the salutary influence of which will doubtless extend much farther if gratefully enjoying those blessings of peace which (under the favor of heaven) have been attained by fortitude in war, they shall conduct themselves with reverence to the Deity and charity toward their fellow-creatures.

May the same wonder-working Deity, who long since delivered the Hebrews from their Egyptian oppressors, planted them in a promised land, whose providential agency has lately been conspicuous in establishing these United States as an independent nation, still continue to water them with the dews of heaven and make the inhabitants of every denomination participate in the temporal and spiritual blessings of that people whose God is Jehovah.

G. Washington.

Address of the Newport Congregation to the President of the United States of America:

Sir: Permit the children of the stock of Abraham to approach you with the most cordial affection and esteem for your person and merit, and to join with our fellow-citizens in welcoming you to Newport.

With pleasure we reflect on those days of difficulty and danger when the God of Israel, who delivered David from the peril of the sword, shielded your head in the day of battle; and we rejoice to think that the same spirit which rested in the bosom of the greatly beloved Daniel, enabling him to preside over the province of the Babylonian Empire, rests and ever will rest upon you, enabling you to discharge the arduous duties of the Chief Magistrate of these States.

Deprived as we hitherto have been of the invaluable rights [56]of free citizens, we now—with a deep sense of gratitude to the Almighty Disposer of all events—behold a government erected by the majesty of the people, a government which to bigotry gives no sanction, to persecution no assistance, but generously affording to all liberty of conscience and immunities of citizenship, deeming every one of whatever nation, tongue, and language equal parts of the great governmental machine.

This so ample and extensive Federal Union, whose base is philanthropy, mutual confidence and public virtue, we cannot but acknowledge to be the work of the Great God who rules in the armies of the heavens and among the inhabitants of the earth, doing whatever seemeth to Him good.

For all the blessings of civil and religious liberty which we enjoy under an equal benign administration, we desire to send up our thanks to the Ancient days, the great Preserver of men, beseeching Him that the angel who conducted our forefathers through the wilderness into the promised land may graciously conduct you through all the difficulties and dangers of this mortal life; and when, like Joshua, full of days and full of honors, you are gathered to your fathers, may you be admitted into the heavenly paradise to partake of the water of life and the tree of immortality.

Done and signed by order of the Hebrew Congregation in Newport, Rhode Island.

Moses Seixes, Warden.

Newport, August 17, 1790.


Washington's reply to the Hebrew Congregation in Newport, R. I.:

Gentlemen: While I receive with much satisfaction your address replete with expressions of esteem, I rejoice in the opportunity of assuring you that I shall always retain grateful remembrance of the cordial welcome I experienced on my visit to Newport, from all classes of citizens.

The reflection on the days of difficulty and danger, which are past, is rendered the more sweet from a consciousness that they are succeeded by days of uncommon prosperity and security.

If we have wisdom to make the best use of the advantages with which we are now favored, we cannot fail, under the just [57]administration of a good government, to become a great and happy people.

The citizens of the United States of America have a right to applaud themselves for having given to mankind examples of an enlarged and liberal policy, a policy worthy of imitation. All possess alike liberty of conscience and immunities of citizenship.

It is now no more that toleration is spoken of as if it were by the indulgence of one class of people that another enjoyed the exercise of their inherent natural rights, for, happily, the Government of the United States, which gives to bigotry no sanction, to persecution no assistance, requires only that they who live under its protection should demean themselves as good citizens in giving it on all occasions their effectual support.

It would be inconsistent with the frankness of my character not to avow that I am pleased with your favorable opinion of my administration, and fervent wishes for my felicity.

May the children of the stock of Abraham who dwell in this land continue to merit and enjoy the good will of the other inhabitants, while every one shall sit in safety under his own vine and fig tree, and there shall be none to make him afraid.

May the Father of all mercies scatter light, and not darkness, upon our paths and make us all in our several vocations useful here, and in his own due time and way everlastingly happy.

G. Washington.

The address of the Hebrew Congregations in the cities of Philadelphia, New York, Richmond, and Charleston, to the President of the United States:

Sir: It is reserved for you to unite in affection for your character and person every political and religious denomination of men, and in this will the Hebrew congregations aforesaid yield to no class of their fellow-citizens.

We have hitherto been prevented by various circumstances peculiar to our situation from adding our congratulations to those which the rest of America have offered on your elevation to the chair of the Federal Government. Deign, then, illustrious sir, to accept this our homage.

The wonders which the Lord of Hosts hath worked in the [58]days of our forefathers have taught us to observe the greatness of His wisdom and His might throughout the events of the late glorious Revolution; and, while we humble ourselves at His footstool in thanksgiving and praise for the blessing of His deliverance, we acknowledge you, the leader of American armies, as His chosen and beloved servant. But not to your sword alone is present happiness to be ascribed; that, indeed, opened the way to the reign of freedom, but never was it perfectly secure until your hand gave birth to the Federal Constitution and you renounced the joys of retirement to seal by your administration in peace what you had achieved in war.

To The Eternal God, who is thy refuge, we commit in our prayers the care of thy precious life; and when, full of years, thou shalt be gathered unto thy people, 'thy righteousness shall go before thee,' and we shall remember, amidst our regret, "that the Lord hath set apart the godly for Himself," whilst thy name and thy virtues will remain an indelible memorial on our minds.

Manuel Josephson.

For and in behalf and under the authority of the several congregations aforesaid.

Philadelphia, December 13, 1790.


The President was pleased to reply to the foregoing as follows:

Answer—To the Hebrew Congregations in the cities of Philadelphia, New York, Charleston, and Richmond:

Gentlemen: The liberality of sentiment toward each other, which marks every political and religious denomination of men in this country, stands unparalleled in the history of nations.

The affection of such a people is a treasure beyond the reach of calculation, and the repeated proofs which my fellow-citizens have given of their attachment to me and approbation of my doings, form the purest source of my temporal felicity. The affectionate expressions of your address again excite my gratitude and receive my warmest acknowledgement.

The power and goodness of The Almighty, so strongly manifested in the events of our late glorious revolution, and His [59]kind interposition in our behalf, have been no less visible in the establishment of our present equal government. In war He directed the sword, and in peace He has ruled in our councils. My agency in both has been guided by the best intentions and a sense of duty I owe to my country.

And as my exertions have hitherto been amply rewarded by the approbation of my fellow-citizens, I shall endeavor to deserve a continuance of it by my future conduct.

May the same temporal and eternal blessings which you implore for me, rest upon your congregations.

G. Washington.

The foregoing expressions of the father of his country to his Hebrew fellow-citizens may be appropriately supplemented by the following correspondence of patriots of the early days of the United States.

In 1818 the Mill Street Synagogue was consecrated. Mordecai M. Noah delivered an eloquent address on the occasion, and sent copies thereof to distinguished statesmen. Among the replies received were the following, which are worthy of preservation:

Copy of a Letter from Thomas Jefferson.[22]
Monticello, May 28, 1818.

Sir:—I thank you for the discourse on the consecration of the Synagogue in your city, with which you have been pleased to favor me. I have read it with pleasure and instruction, having learnt from it some valuable facts in Jewish history which I did not know before. Your sect by sufferings has furnished a remarkable proof of the universal spirit of religious intolerance inherent in every sect, disclaimed by all while feeble, and practiced by all when in power. Our laws have applied the only antidote to this vice, protecting our religious, as they do our civil rights, by putting all on an equal footing. But more remains to be done, for although we are free by the law, we are not so in practice; public opinion erects itself into an Inquisition, and exercises its office with as much fanaticism as fans the flames of an Auto-de-fe.

[60]

The prejudice still scowling on your section of our religion, although the elder one, cannot be unfelt by yourselves; it is to be hoped that individual dispositions will at length mould themselves to the model of the law, and consider the moral basis, on which all our religions rest, as the rallying point which unites them in a common interest; while the peculiar dogmas branching from it are the exclusive concern of the respective sects embracing them, and no rightful subject of notice to any other; public opinion needs reformation on that point, which would have the further happy effect of doing away the hypocritical maxim of "intus et lubet, foris ut moris." Nothing, I think, would be so likely to effect this, as to your sect particularly, as the more careful attention to education, which you recommend, and which, placing its members on the equal and commanding benches of science, will exhibit them as equal objects of respect and favor. I salute you with great respect and esteem.

(Signed)

Thomas Jefferson.

M. M. Noah, Esq.


Copy of a Letter from James Madison, Esq., on the same subject.
Montpelier, May, 15, 1818.

Sir:—I have received your letter of the 6th, with the eloquent discourse delivered at the consecration of the Synagogue. Having ever regarded the freedom of religious opinions and worship as equally belonging to every sect, and the secure enjoyment of it as the best human provision for bringing all, either into the same way of thinking, or into that mutual charity which is the only proper substitute, I observe with pleasure the view you give of the spirit in which your sect partake of the common blessings afforded by our Government and laws.

As your foreign mission took place whilst I was in the administration, it cannot but be agreeable to me to learn that your accounts have been closed in a manner so favorable to you.

(Signed)

James Madison.

[61]

Copy of a Letter from John Adams, Esq.

Quincy, July 31, 1818.

Sir:—Accept my best thanks for your polite and obliging favor of the 24th, and especially for the discourse inclosed. I know not when I have read a more liberal or more elegant composition.

You have not extended your ideas of the right of private judgment and the liberty of conscience, both in religion and philosophy, farther than I do. Mine are limited only by morals and propriety.

I have had occasion to be acquainted with several gentlemen of your nation, and to transact business with some of them, whom I found to be men of as liberal minds, as much honor, probity, generosity and good breeding, as any I have known in any sect of religion or philosophy.

I wish your nation may be admitted to all privileges of citizens in every country of the world. This country has done much. I wish it may do more, and annul every narrow idea in religion, government, and commerce. Let the wits joke; the philosopher sneer! What then? It has pleased the Provident of the 'first cause,' the universal cause, that Abraham should give religion, not only to Hebrews, but to Christians and Mahometans, the greatest part of the modern civilized world.

(Signed)

John Adams.

FOOTNOTE:

[22] Travels in England, France, Spain and the Barbary States in the years 1813-14 and 15. By Mordecai M. Noah; New York and London, 1819. Appendix, pp. xxv and xxvi.


[62]

EXEGI MONUMENTUM ÆRE PERENNIUS.

The Statue of Jefferson.

[A paper read before the Jewish Historical Society, December 27, 1894, by Lewis Abraham, Esq.]

In accordance with a resolution offered by Senator Justin S. Morrill, of Vermont, while he was a member of the House of Representatives, in 1864, "that each State should be permitted to send the effigies of two of her chosen sons, in marble or bronze, to be placed permanently here," the old Hall of Representatives is fast becoming an American memorial chamber.

Several statues, purchased by the United States, have been deposited there, and many of the States have taken advantage of the privilege and have honored their distinguished dead in the manner suggested by the resolution of Congress.

There is, however, one splendid work of art in the corridor that has a peculiar history. It was a gift to the Government. All the others have been paid for by Congress or the several State Legislatures. The bronze statue of Thomas Jefferson, by David d'Angers, a French sculptor, was presented to Congress by an Israelite, Lieutenant (afterward Commodore) Uriah Phillips Levy, of the United States Navy, in 1833, but was not formally accepted until forty years thereafter.

Originally it stood in the rotunda, but was removed from there and for many years remained in the grounds in front of the Presidential Mansion. After its acceptance in 1874, upon motion of Senator Sumner, it was finally located in its present position. It represents the author of the Declaration of Independence as just having signed that instrument of American Liberty. The pedestal is a superb piece of work, executed by Struthers, of Philadelphia, in four varieties of marble. It was the first piece of statuary ever owned by the Government, and is dedicated by the donor to his fellow citizens. Upon the scroll which Jefferson holds in his hand is engraved a verbatim copy[63] of the Declaration of Independence, with fac-simile signatures of John Hancock and Thomas Jefferson.

The Levy family were intimate personal friends of the great framer of our Magna Charta and second President, and after his death became the owners of his old family seat, Monticello. There is a special significance in the gift and in the sentiment it conveys, and the co-religionists of Levy remember with pardonable pride that this piece of statuary, symbolizing the grand declaration of human equality and honoring one of the greatest of the men who erected the fabric of American Liberty, was the free-will offering of one of their people.

Bunker Hill Monument,

The commemoration of the first battle field of the Revolutionary War by a monument was made possible through a liberal contribution by Judah Touro. The proceedings of the Committee charged with the erection on Bunker Hill of a memorial to the patriots and heroes who laid the foundation of the Union, include a grateful acknowledgment of Touro's assistance.

The history of the monument, published by George Washington Warren, contains the following statement (page 283): "It was confidentially communicated to the Directors by Mr. William Appleton that whenever the Association, in addition to a like offer of Mr. Lawrence, should have money enough within ten thousand dollars ($10,000) to finish their work, Judah Touro would give that sum. It was a noble offer, and coming from a resident of a distant State, curiosity was excited."

Then follows a biographical sketch of this eminent citizen, concluding as follows: "He was one of that smallest of all classes into which mankind can be divided—of men who accumulate wealth without even doing a wrong, taking an advantage, or making an enemy; who become rich without being avaricious: who deny themselves the comforts of life, that they may acquire the means of promoting the comfort and elevating the condition of their fellowmen."

To complete the monument a fair (at which delegates from all the States attended) was held in Boston by ladies in aid of the building fund. The delegation from Louisiana, in their capacity as representatives of that State, purchased the fine[64] model of the monument which adorned the Charleston table and they caused it to be transported to New Orleans and to be placed, in honor of Judah Touro, in one of the public buildings where it remained until it was destroyed with the building by fire.

In the abstract of donations (page 311) received from private sources, the gross sum is stated as $55,153.27, of which Judah Touro donated $10,000.

At a meeting of the Board of Directors the following resolutions were unanimously adopted:

"Resolved, That the Directors receive the contribution of Mr. Touro with sentiments of deep and grateful respect, considering it as a testimonial of his regard for the principles and the contest for which, and its successful issue, the monument is intended to commemorate, and his affectionate recollection of the friends of his youth and the place of his early residence.

"Resolved, That John Quincy Adams, Daniel Webster, Joseph Story, Edward Everett and Franklin Dexter be appointed a committee to prepare an inscription for a tablet to be placed in the monument stating the object for which it is erected and recording the liberality of Judah Touro and Amos Lawrence, and the successful exertions of the daughters of those patriots whose memory we would perpetuate—donations and labor which have placed in the possession of the Directors a fund sufficient to complete this memorial of one of the most important events in the history of our country." (Page 312.)

On June 17, 1843, a banquet was held in Fanueil Hall, to celebrate the completion of the monument. Governor Marcus Morton, who was suffering from indisposition, was unable to attend, but sent a letter which was read. The two great benefactors of the Association were remembered by the following: (Page 330.)

"Amos and Judah, venerated names,
Patriarch and Prophet press their equal claims,
Like generous coursers running 'neck and neck,'
Each aids the work by giving it a check.
Christian and Jew, they carry out one plan,
For though of different faiths each is in heart a MAN."

[65]

Statue of Religious Liberty, Centennial Celebration, 1876.

One hundred years elapse, with their cares and joys, jeopardy and success, and America celebrates the centennial year of its existence by a grand exhibition in the city where is deposited the liberty bell that proclaimed "liberty throughout the land unto all the inhabitants thereof." The massive engine that moves obedient machinery sings a pæan to the Republic!

The nimble shuttle and the agile loom weave chaplets and trophies! Lightning-flashes leap from fathomless seas and speak with living fire congratulations of emperors, kings, and potentates! Human handicrafts, from Occident to Orient, delve and build, and fuse and shape tributes of felicitation to the glory and honor of praise, aye, even worship, of the land of Washington!

Fairmount Park blazes with the light of human advancement in science and art, literature, education and religion; and, with humility be it stated, no portion of God's footstool is more to be credited with aiding and nurturing the progress of the century than the land of Washington and Jefferson and Franklin.

There, on the Centennial grounds, the Israelites of the United States, through one of their organizations, "the Sons of the Covenant," placed their homage. It is in the shape of a group of statuary in Carrara marble styled

RELIGIOUS LIBERTY.

It was executed in Rome, by one of their own people, Moses Ezekiel, a native of Richmond, Virginia. Upon the pedestal is an inscription, neither narrow in scope nor sectarian in spirit. The promoters of this tribute felt the eloquence of the Bill of Human Rights they desired to typify, and simply transcribed the clause of the Constitution which reads:

Congress Shall Make no Law Respecting
an Establishment of Religion or Prohibiting
the free Exercise Thereof.

An eminent and thoughtful foreigner, a statesman of world-wide fame, passing through Fairmount Park, earnestly gazed[66] at the marble group, and exclaimed: "If the Centennial Exhibition of 1876 resulted in this work of art and did nothing else, the American people should be satisfied. I, the subject of a monarch, salute the Nation that makes this creation possible."[23]

FOOTNOTE:

[23] The statue of Religious Liberty was erected by the Independent Order of B'nai B'rith, pursuant to the resolution to that effect, adopted by the General Convention of the Order at Chicago in 1874. Of that Convention Hon. Simon Wolf was President, and the adoption of the measure by the Convention, as well as the eventual success of the undertaking through the active support of the various lodges, were due mainly to Mr. Wolf's indefatigable efforts.—Ed.


[67]

JEWISH SOLDIERS IN THE WAR OF 1812, AND IN THE MEXICAN WAR.

It is questionable whether the Jewish population of the American Union kept pace with the general increase during the time from the close of the Revolutionary struggle to the middle of the present century. Certain it is that at a comparatively developed period, in 1824, Solomon Etting estimated the Jewish population of Maryland as "at least 150," and that of the United States as "at least 6000,"[24] while another experienced publicist, Isaac Harby, estimates it, as we have seen, (note, page 12), at "not over 6000" in 1826. Up to the close of the Eighteenth Century the Jewish immigrants to this side of the Atlantic were derived almost entirely from the Sephardic stock, mainly indeed from England and Holland and their colonial dependencies, and these, from the comparative paucity of numbers at their source, could not, in the very nature of things, have been very numerous. Of the Jewish colonists of the time of the Revolution, some, who had remained loyal to the mother country, went back to England or to the West Indies after the war was over, and the number of these, though quite limited, was but little overbalanced by the new arrivals. The emigration of the German Jews remained altogether sporadic throughout the period of the Napoleonic wars, because of the almost insuperable obstacles which hindered their departure, and for a time thereafter they were content to remain at home in view of the great political concessions which they had gained from the German rulers in return for their valor and heroic sacrifices in defense of the fatherland. The increase of the Jewish population in this country was thus limited mainly to the surplus of births over deaths until some time[68] after the close of the War of 1812. In the course of the reaction against the innovations of liberalism which ensued after 1820, the hardly-gained political rights of the German Jews were gradually curtailed or entirely withdrawn, and at this time the Jews of the German maritime cities began to emigrate to the United States in increasing numbers. It was not, however, until after the revolution of 1848 and the beginning of steam navigation on the Atlantic, that any considerable exodus took place. At the time of the Mexican War, in 1846, the Jewish population of the United States was probably not greater in proportion than that estimated for the period of the Revolutionary War. In point of fact, at the time of the second war with Great Britain, and likewise also at the date of the Mexican War, the Jewish element composed as yet only a minute fraction of the general population, and no very considerable number of Jewish names are to be looked for in the army lists of those two wars. At the same time it remains to be added that the lists here given for both the wars referred to are not at all complete, comprising for the most part only the names of such individuals as left notable evidence of their presence in the ranks.


WAR OF 1812.

Private Jacob Appel,

served in Captain Samuel Borden's Company, 4th Detachment, Pennsylvania.

Private Jacob Bachman and

Private Samuel Bachman,

served in Captain Peter Nungesser's Company, 2nd Regiment, Volunteer Light Infantry, Pennsylvania.

Brigadier-General Joseph Bloomfield,

in command of Military District No. 4, embracing Pennsylvania, Delaware and Western New Jersey.

[His military record is included in the list of Jewish soldiers in the American Revolutionary War].

[69]

Israel I. Cohen

was a member of Captain Nicholson's Company of Maryland Fencibles, and served in the defense of Fort McHenry.

Mendes I. Cohen,

brother of the above, volunteered for the defense of Baltimore and also served at Fort McHenry during the memorable bombardment.

Sergeant Samuel Goodman,

served in Captain George Zieber's Company, 1st Regiment, 2nd Brigade, Pennsylvania, under Lieutenant-Colonel Jeremiah Shappel.

Second Lieutenant Benjamin Gratz

served in company of Pennsylvania Volunteers commanded by Captain John Swift, 1813.

Corporal Abraham Gunsenhouser,

served in Captain Jacob Wentz's Company—3d Company, 52d Regiment, Pennsylvania.

Private Jacob Haas

served in Captain George Dinckey's Company, 18th Section of Riflemen from Pennsylvania.

Jacob Hays,      } father and son served in N. Y. commands.
Benjamin Hays, }

Private Ezekiel Jacobs

served in Captain Florence Cotter's Company, 1st Detachment, 1st Brigade, Pennsylvania.

Private Henry Loeb.

served in Captain Jacob Ashey's Company, 1st Regiment of Pennsylvania.

First Lieutenant Isaac Mertz

served in Captain Middleswarth's Company, Battalion of Riflemen from Pennsylvania.

Lieutenant David Metzler

Corporal Daniel Metzler

served in Captain Nicholas Beckwith's (Fifth Battalion) Company from Pennsylvania.

[70]

Private Joseph Metzgar

served in Captain Adam Diller's Company, 2nd Brigade, Pennsylvania.

Ensign Samuel Meyer

served in Captain George Hess's Company of Riflemen from Northampton County, Pennsylvania.

Private Jacob Miller

served in Captain Nickolaus Derr's Company, 101st Regiment, from Pennsylvania.

Private Jacob Miller

served in Captain John Christian's Company, 2nd Regiment from Pennsylvania.

Private Abraham Mitchell

served in the Pennsylvania line.

Myer Mordecai

served among Pennsylvania Volunteers.

Private Isaac Moser

served in Captain John Christian's Company, 2nd Regiment from Pennsylvania.

Sergeant Jacob Moser

served in Captain J. Bakeoven's Company, 2nd Brigade, from Pennsylvania.

Captain Myer Moses

was commissioned from South Carolina.

Captain Mordecai Myers,

13th Pennsylvania Infantry; wounded at Chrysler's Field.

Colonel Nathan Myers

was in command of a brigade stationed near the City of New York.

Adjutant Isaac Myers

served in 1st Regiment of Pennsylvania.

Jonas Phillips

served in Captain John Linton's Company in the Battalion of Philadelphia Militia, under Colonel William Bradford, Pennsylvania.

[71]

Joseph Phillips

served in the Pennsylvania line.

Private Samuel Phillips

served in Captain Florence Cotter's Company, 1st Detachment of 1st Brigade, Pennsylvania.

Private Jacob Rosensteel

served in Captain John Williamson's Company, 2nd Brigade, Pennsylvania Militia, under Brigadier-General Richard Crooks.

David G. Seixas

served from Pennsylvania. He was instrumental in founding the Pennsylvania Institution for the Deaf and Dumb, and won esteem by his philanthropy. [A sketch of his career is published elsewhere in this work.]

Private Abraham Shatz

served in Captain George Zieber's Company, 1st Regiment, 2nd Brigade, Pennsylvania, under Lieutenant-Colonel Jeremiah Shappel.

Private Sigfried Solomon

served in Captain George Dinckey's Company, 18th Section of Riflemen, from Pennsylvania.

Judah Touro

enlisted as a volunteer in the American Army, under General Andrew Jackson; was severely wounded in the battle of New Orleans, January 1, 1815; rendered many services as patriot and philanthropist, as detailed elsewhere in this work.

Private Samuel Wamser and Private Michael Wolf

served in Captain George Zieber's Company, 1st Regiment, 2nd Brigade, Pennsylvania, under Lieutenant-Colonel Jeremiah Shappel.

Corporal Samuel Weiss

served in Captain John M. Buckius's Company, 2nd Brigade, Pennsylvania.

[72]

Private Jacob Wolf

served in Captain Samuel Wilson's Company of Militia, from Buck's County, Pennsylvania.

Private Jacob Wolf

served in Captain John Christian's Company, 2nd Regiment, from Pennsylvania.

Isaac De Young

Company A, 3d New Jersey Artillery, enlisted when only a boy; wounded in the groin at Lundy's Lane in a bayonet charge.

Private Abraham Yuxsheimer

served in Captain Nickolaus Derr's Company, 101st Regiment, from Pennsylvania.


MEXICAN WAR.

Sergeant Abraham Adler,

New York Volunteers; killed in action.

Samuel Bein.

First Lieutenant Levi Benjamin, Maryland Militia, 1846.

Eugene Joseph Chimene,

served with Sam Houston, in the Texan War.

Sergeant Jacob David, New York Volunteers.

Joseph Davis, Co. D, 12th Regiment.

General David De Leon

was born in South Carolina in 1822. In the Mexican War he twice took the places of commanding officers who had been killed or disabled by wounds. He acted with such gallantry and ability as to twice receive the thanks of the United States Congress. In February, 1861, he resigned his rank as Surgeon and Major in the United States Army and was appointed first Surgeon General of the Armies of the Confederacy.

[73]

Colonel Leon Dyer,

Quartermaster-General of the State of Louisiana; subsequently held the same rank under General Winfield Scott.

Gabriel Dropsie, Co. E, 1st Pennsylvania Regiment.

Herman Ehrenberg

fought under Fannin at Goliad.

Albert Emanuel,

in Captain Kimball's Company, 2d Regiment of Texas Volunteer Cavalry.

S. Eytinge, Maryland Militia, 1846.

Marcus Flendrowitz,

wounded in action.

David Friedman.

Third Lieutenant —— Goldsmith, Maryland Militia, 1846.

James Hart, New York Volunteers.

William Hart, New York Volunteers;

lost a leg at Cherubusco.

Sergeant Marx M. Hart, New York Volunteers.

Sergeant Joseph Henriques, New York Volunteers.

Sergeant Samuel Henry, New York Volunteers.

Corporal Jacob Hirschhorn, 1st New York Volunteers.

Surgeon J. Horwitz, Maryland Militia, 1846.

Philip Horwitz.

Colonel S. M. Hyams.

Samuel Isaacs, Texas Army, 1836-1837 (Co. D, 10th Infantry.)

Edward J. Johnson

volunteered in Captain King's Company during Texas revolution; killed at Goliad, March 27, 1836.

Mark Kahn, New York Volunteers.

[74]

Davis S. Kauffman,

aide to General Douglas, wounded at the battle of Neches; was Speaker of the Texas Assembly and advocated its annexation; was member of Congress from Texas from date of annexation (1846) to his death in 1851.

Nathan Klugan.

—— Kohn, Texas Spy Company (at San Jacinto).

D. I. Kokernot,

fought at Anahuac; also at the Grass battles, 1835, and in Texan War, 1836.

Jacob Leva, New York Volunteers.

William Malloy Levi.

Surgeon-General Moses Albert Levy,

in Sam Houston's Army, in service throughout the Texas-Mexican War. Colonel Johnson's report of the capture of San Antonio, December 15, 1835, stated: "Doctors Levy and Pollard deserve my warmest praise for their unremitted attention and assiduity."

Doctor Isaac Lyons,

of Charleston, served as Surgeon-General under General Tom Green, in the Texan War of 1836.

Benjamin H. Mordecai,

served under General Fannin.

Lieutenant-Colonel Israel Moses,

promoted from Assistant Surgeon; served also in Civil War.

M. K. Moses,

served under General Fannin.

John Myers, New York Volunteers.

Philip Myers, New York Volunteers.

Sopphe Myers, New York Volunteers.

Otto Neubauer, New York Volunteers.

Henry Phillips, New York Volunteers.

George Riell, New York Volunteers.

[75]

Elias Schoenberg.

Lieutenant Henry Seeligson,

Galveston Cadets, was appointed First Lieutenant of that Company when the Mexican invasion of Galveston was threatened. In the Mexican War of 1846 he enlisted in Captain McLean's Company, and subsequently volunteered in Captain Bell's Regiment, which was ordered to join the command of General Taylor, en route for Monterey. He bore so conspicuous a part in the battle at that point that he was sent for by General Taylor and highly complimented; being offered a Lieutenancy in the 2d Dragoons. At the outbreak of the Civil War, he enlisted in the Confederate Army, joining a Cavalry Company commanded by Captain Woodward.

Henry Siesel.

Alexander Simm, New York Volunteers.

Second Lieutenant Joseph Simpson, Maryland Militia, 1846.

Jacob C. Somers, New York Volunteers.

Assistant Surgeon Henry H. Steiner,

with rank of Captain.

Adolphus Sterne,

joined the American settlers in their early struggles against the Mexicans; took part in the Fredonian War; he was captured by the Mexicans and sentenced to be shot, but was subsequently released. He served in both lower and upper Houses of the Texas Legislature, previous to annexation.

Seligman Strauss.

Captain Michael Sztyfft,

served on the staff of General Zachary Taylor.

J. Valentine, Palmetto Regiment, South Carolina.

Sergeant Alexander B. Weinberg, New Jersey Battalion.

Henry Wiener,

fought in the battle of Buena Vista.

A. Wolf,

killed at the storming of the Alamo, in the Texan War, December, 1835.

FOOTNOTE:

[24] Replies to inquiries of Colonel W. G. Worthington, quoted by the latter in his advocacy of the enfranchisement of the Jews of Maryland. ("Speeches on the Jew Bill in the House of Delegates of Maryland," by H. M. Brackenridge, Philadelphia, 1829).


[76]

UNITED STATES REGULAR ARMY.

The following list comprises names of Jewish soldiers on the rolls of the standing army of the United States, from the earliest period of the Republic to our present time. It is more or less incomplete, as only those have been included whose identity has been sufficiently established.

The roster includes the names of men in every branch of the service, many with a distinguished and all of them with honorable records.

E. Abraham, Co. H, 16th Regiment.

Surgeon Morris Joseph Asch,

brevetted Captain and Major for meritorious services; served in all from August 5, 1861 to March 31, 1873.

Post Surgeon Daniel M. Appel,

with rank of Captain; entered army in 1876, and now in service.

Assistant Surgeon Aaron H. Appel,

with rank of Captain; entered army in 1887.

J. Bergman, Co. B, 1st Dragoons.

David Behrenberg, 18th Infantry;

served five years.

Assistant Surgeon M. Block, 14th Infantry.

W. Blondheim, Co. B, 14th Infantry.

William Harris Boas, Co. I, 3d Infantry.

Alexander Borg, 2d Infantry.

Isaac H. Brandon, 12th Infantry.

I. M. Brandon, 12th Infantry.

---- Chappell, Co. C, 10th Infantry.

A. E. Cohen, Co. G, 17th Infantry.

George Cohen, 7th Infantry.

[77]

Herman Cohen, 13th Infantry.

Lieutenant Hyman Cohen.

Joseph Cohen, Co. F, 1st Artillery.

Leopold Cohen, general service.

Morris Cohen, War Department.

Sergeant Morris Cohen, 3d Dragoons,

enlisted as Private.

R. P. Cohen, 5th Infantry.

Benjamin David, Co. I, 2nd Artillery.

Henry M. Davis, 2nd Battalion, 18th Infantry.

Surgeon Abraham Deleon.

Simon H. De Young, 4th Infantry.

Brevet Lieutenant-Colonel Franx Mark Etting,

served from 1861 to 1868. Chief Paymaster of the Army from 1864 to 1867.

Brevet Captain D. I. Ezekiel, 4th Infantry,

Promoted from private on account of bravery displayed in battle; was seriously wounded.

Max Feldman, 2nd Artillery.

Jacob Gabriel, 5th Artillery,

killed at Cedar Mountain.

S. Gerstman,

served five years.

N. Gleiser, Co. G, 10th Infantry.

Charles Goldsmith, 8th Infantry.

Ellis M. Gotthold,

1st Artillery. Served five years; mustered out as Corporal; the recipient of a medal from the Chamber of Commerce, New York City.

Lieutenant Harry J. Hirsch,

entered army in 1891; now in service.

Theodore Joseph, Co. H, 10th Infantry.

[78]

C. G. Jacobs, 13th Infantry.

Jacob Jacobson.

Michael Jacobson, Ordnance Corps.

Oscar Jacoby, 2nd Artillery.

---- Kosminski.

Max Leppowitz, Co. B, 14th Artillery.

Benjamin Levi, Co. B, 14th Artillery.

Captain Chapman Levy.

Henry J. Levy, Hospital Steward.

John Levy, 19th Infantry.

Albert Lieber, 10th Infantry.

Aaron Livingstin, 2nd Infantry.

A. Mantner, 4th Artillery.

Simon Marks,

served in General Custer's Cavalry Division.

Major Abraham A. Massias,

1st Lieutenant of Riflemen, 1808; Captain, 1809, afterwards Major; promoted Paymaster in United States Army in 1820.

H. Mendel, Co. A, 4th Cavalry.

M. Mendel,

served thirty years in the United States Army, retiring as Quartermaster Sergeant.

Heinrich Meerholz, Co. D, 10th Infantry.

Captain Otto E. Michaeles, Ordnance Department.

C. Miltenberger, Co. B, 9th Infantry.

Surgeon Philip Minis.

Major Alfred Mordecai,

a recognized authority in the military world in the field of scientific research, and in the practical application of mechanical science to the art of war; he served in the Mexican War, and was sent by our Government, together with [79]General George B. McClellan, and Major Richard Delafield, to witness and report upon the operations in the Crimea. Major Mordecai was the author of "Reports of Experiments on Gunpowder," an "Ordnance Manual," and other works.

Colonel Alfred Mordecai, Jr.,

entered the army as Lieutenant in 1861; served in Civil War in various capacities; has been an instructor at the Military Academy, West Point; promoted for meritorious and faithful services; is now in command of National Armory, at Springfield, Massachusetts.

J. F. Moses, Battery A, 4th U. S. Artillery.

A. S. Nelson, Co. G, 15th Infantry.

1st Lieutenant George J. Newgarden, M. D., now in service.

Michael Newman, 5th Cavalry.

Moses Newman, 13th Infantry.

Cadet Samuel Noah, 1st Artillery.

Julius Oppenheimer, F, 5th Artillery.

Lieutenant Louis Ostheim,

entered army in 1883; has been in command of various forts and now in service.

Sergeant Oscar Pollack, 2nd Cavalry,

served nine years; enlisted as private; wounded; killed in the fight with the Sioux at Wounded Knee.

Sergeant —— Pollock, 7th Cavalry.

Killed at Wounded Knee.

George Poppers, 3d Infantry.

Max Reece, Co. B, 4th Artillery.

A note attached to his discharge reads: "A sober, faithful, intelligent, brave and excellent soldier."

1st Sergeant Samuel Reis, Company C, U. S. Cavalry.

Served ten years. Discharged for disability to serve any longer.

Adolph Ressie, Co. K, 10th Infantry.

[80]

Isaac Rice, 10th Infantry.

D. S. Rœdelsheimer.

E. Rose, 10th Infantry.

---- Rosenfeld, Co. C, 10th Infantry.

David Rosenheim, 1st Infantry.

John Rosenthal, Ordnance Corps.

Nathan Schœnfarber, Co. G, 14th Infantry.

Elias Schumacher, Co. C, 2nd Infantry.

Isaac Smith, Co. H, 11th Infantry.

J. Sommer, Co. E, 4th Infantry.

Major and Paymaster Justus Steinberger.

[See Record in Civil War List.]

Julius Steinmeyer, 7th Infantry.

Joseph Sturmer, Co. G, 10th Infantry.

Surgeon G. Waage.

Israel Waterman,

in Civil War; transferred from ranks of 40th Regiment of Pennsylvania Volunteers November 9, 1862.

Meyer Weiler, Co. A, 13th Infantry.

Marcus Weiler, Co. F, 13th Infantry,

wounded at Vicksburg.

Joseph Wenk, —— Cavalry.

Wilem West, Fort Lyon, Colorado.

discharged for disability incurred in service—(1882-1884).

Emanuel Wodick, Co. K, 10th Infantry.

Adam Wolf, 2nd Infantry.

Isaac Wolf.

L. W. Worstman,

Chief Telegraph Operator, Military Department.


[81]

UNITED STATES NAVY.

The spirit of devotion to this country and its interests always manifested by its Jewish inhabitants has not failed to leave its impress on the rolls of the United States Navy. From the time of the organization of that branch of the national defense many Jews have been present in the service. That they did their full duty the records indisputably show, and from the man before the mast to flag officer, from stoker to chief engineer, sons of Israel have given their efforts in behalf of the American cause. At the time of our Civil War their ranks were especially reinforced, and at the present day a considerable number of Jews are at posts of duty on the vessels of our navy.

Instances of personal distinction on the part of these defenders are numerous, but specific reference need here be made only to the great advance accomplished by Uriah Phillips Levy in behalf at once of the Navy and of humanity at large, by the abolition through his influence of the degrading practice of corporal punishment in the navy of the United States. He had long opposed the brutal system of flogging, and when promoted to the position of Flag Officer—the highest rank registered before the Civil War—he used his authority to promote the self-respect and well being of the sailors of his fleet. The records of others besides Commodore Levy are creditable in a high degree, and all comprised in the list are examples of men who devote to the cause in which they are enlisted "their lives, their fortunes and their sacred honor."

S. American, U. S. Gunboat Seneca.

Benjamin Abrahams, Acting Assistant Paymaster.

Simon Arnbach, Mexican War.

Solomon Asher, U. S. Gunboat Wissahickon,

promoted to Acting Assistant Yeoman (1862-1863).

Paymaster Jonas Barnett, U. S. Steamer Essex,

lost his life by falling from the rigging of his vessel while at sea.

Lieutenant Henry Barnett.

[82]

Major David M. Cohen,

fourteen years an officer of the U. S. Marine Corps; appointed Lieutenant, 1855, subsequently appointed Major and placed on retired list on account of physical disability.

Jacob da Silva Solis Cohen,

Acting Assistant Surgeon under Rear-Admiral S. F. Du Pont (1861-1864).

Midshipman Joseph Cohen (1826).

Gustave Duval, U. S. Steamer Pawnee.

William Durst, U. S. Monitor,

one of the few survivors of the memorable fight between the Monitor and the Merrimac. Admiral Worden expressed himself that Durst was not only a brave, fearless and patriotic man, but eminently worthy to be recognized by some action on the part of Congress (1862-1864).

Charles Edelman, U. S. Steamer Ohio.

Jonathan Manly Emanuel,

Past Assistant Engineer, served under Commodore Mead. Twice shipwrecked (1862-1891).

Purser Gratz Etting.

Captain Henry Etting,

entered as Midshipman, promoted to Purser, Navy Paymaster and retired with the rank of Captain—1818-1861.

Lieutenant Theodore Minis Etting,

was appointed Acting Midshipman when a little over sixteen years old, promoted Midshipman, Ensign, Navy Paymaster, Lieutenant (1862-1877).

Acting Ensign Isaac N. Goldsmith,

Mate, Acting Ensign (1863-1865).

Mate Nathan A. Goldsmith,

(1864-1866).

Jerome Haas.

Lieutenant E. C. Hamburger;

promoted step by step, finally commissioned Lieutenant.

[83]

Captain Levi Myers Harby (1793-1870).

At the age of fourteen he was Midshipman in the U. S. Navy. During the War of 1812-1814, he was captured by the British and confined for eighteen months in "Dartmoor Prison," from which he finally escaped by swimming. In December, 1823, he served as sailing-master on the U. S. Vessel Beagle. He served for fifty-two years under the U. S. flag and rose to the rank of Captain. He participated in the Texan War of Independence and in the Mexican War. He also served in the Seminole War of Florida, and had command of a vessel in the expedition against the pirates of Algiers and Tripoli. On leave of absence he also fought in the Bolivian War of Independence. In 1861 he resigned his commission and entered the Confederate service with the rank of Commodore, distinguishing himself as Commander of the Neptune, capturing the Harriet Lane at Galveston, Texas. He was subsequently in command of a fleet of Confederate gunboats on the Sabine River.

Solomon Harby,

died in the service.

J. Harrison, U. S. Steamer North Carolina.

Samuel Herford, U. S. Steamers Richmond and Wyoming.

Frederic D. Henriques,

Acting Second Assistant Engineer (1864-1865).

Midshipman Israel Israel,

midshipman (1813-1818).

Midshipman Joseph Israel,

distinguished himself, died in the service (1801-1804).

Jacob Jacobs, U. S. Steamer Portsmouth,

was on board the Ida when she was blown up by a torpedo.

Augustus Jacobson,

transferred from Twenty-seventh Pennsylvania Regiment.

Midshipman and Master Henry M. Jacoby, Shenandoah, Wachusett, Worcester, Yantic, Lackawanna (1866-1883).

[84]

Surgeon Gershom R. Jacques,

promoted from Surgeon's Mate to Surgeon (1800-1808).

Mate Samuel Jessurun (1863-1864).

S. S. Krauss, U. S. Steamer Raritan,

served four years.

C. C. Keane.

David J. King, U. S. Steamer Wissahickon.

Isaac M. King.

Nathan Lang.

Alexander A. Lazarus, U. S. Steamer Horace Beals, also Rhode Island.

Henry Levi, U. S. Steamer Princeton,

transferred to New Ironsides, Vandalia, etc. (1862-1865).

Master Mears Levy (1812-1813).

Second Assistant Engineer Charles H. Levy (1857-1861).

Mate Charles Levin (1870-1874),

died during his service.

M. Lindheim, Pocahontas.

Henry Lyons.

Commodore Uriah Phillips Levy,

one of the best known American naval officers of former days. At the time of his death, 1862, he was the highest ranking officer in the U. S. Navy. He served in the War of 1812, being the master of the brig of war Argus, which ran the blockade to France with Mr. Crawford, the American Minister to that country, on board. The Argus destroyed twenty-one British merchantmen. In recognition of his valuable services to the nation the Common Council of New York City honored him with "the freedom of the city." Commodore Levy vigorously opposed the application of the lash to seamen. Upon his tombstone at Cypress Hill is recorded the fact that "he was the father of the law for the abolition of the barbarous practice of corporal punishment in the U. S. Navy."

[85]

Captain Jonas P. Levy,

commanded the U. S. Steamer America during the Mexican War and was active in the transportation of U. S. troops to Vera Cruz. At the surrender of that port he was appointed its captain by General Winfield Scott.

Marx Maas, U. S. Gunboat No. 29.

Jacob Maas, Gunboat.

A. Meyer.

Horace Moses,

served in the U. S. fleet during the Mexican War and was Secretary to Captain (afterwards Admiral) S. P. Lee.

Florian Moss,

on Commodore S. F. Du Pont's blockading squadron Vermont and Massachusetts (1862-1865).

Midshipman Philip Moses.

Joseph Moss,

Mate and Acting Ensign, (1861-1863).

Acting Master Edward Moses,

(1862-1864); died while in service.

William Noah.

Louis Newberger, U. S. Gunboat Pawpaw.

Joseph B. Nones, Guerriere.

In 1814, when seventeen years of age, he accompanied Henry Clay, Gallatin and John Quincy Adams on the Frigate John Adams to Europe on the Ghent Mission; severely wounded and obliged to resign from the service (1812-1822).

Master Newman Morris (1801-1803).

Captain Henry Benjamin Nones, Revenue Marine,

promoted from 3d Lieutenant; served from 1831; died in 1868.

Chief Engineer Henry Beauchamp Nones,

served on various vessels; rose from Second Assistant Engineer; has served since 1853.

[86]

Midshipman Jefferson H. Nones, 1840-1846.

Second Assistant Engineer Washington H. Nones (1850-1853),

died while in service.

Midshipman Abram Phillips (1812-1813).

Drowned, 1813.

Paymaster Emanuel J. Phillips.

Captain Isaac Phillips (1798-1799).

Assistant Surgeon Manuel Phillips (1809-1824).

Solomon Pinheiro, Juniata.

Wounded in the attack on Fort Fisher (1863-1866).

Milton Joseph Rosenau,

Past Assistant Surgeon in the Marine Hospital Service.

Acting Ensign Albert P. Sampson (1862-1865).

Acting Ensign Isaac P. Sampson (1863-1865).

J. Schlesinger, U. S. Steamer Pocahontas.

M. J. Siesel, U. S. Steamer Hartford.

Sergeant Siegmund Silverburg, U. S. Marine Corps.

Midshipman Benjamin Solomon (1809-1810).

Purser Ezekiel Solomon (1814-1816).

Charles Stein, Marine Corps,

Died of exposure in the service.

Lieutenant Edward Taussig,

served fourteen years on sea and did seven years' duty on land.

Charles Wiener

served four years.

Leo Wise, U. S. Steamer Springfield.


[87]

A PAGE FROM THE SECRET HISTORY OF THE CIVIL WAR.

As a fitting prelude to the record of Jewish activity in the War of the Rebellion, there may be cited here an episode in its history which has had no counterpart in the course of the world's affairs. Recondite and romantic incidents are present in the annals of all nations, and the history of the Jewish people especially is fraught with many striking instances of unhoped and unexpected deliverance from impending calamity, but they were largely the outcome of times and conditions widely at variance with those of the present day. The narrative of Haym Salomon's sacrifice in behalf of American freedom and the cause of human liberty forms a singular chapter in the annals of the American Revolution. But a yet more remarkable incident, one that appears wholly foreign to the laisser-faire spirit of our modern time, and which is likely in the future to centre a much greater degree of attention than it has yet received, is a transaction that has but lately become part of the history of the Civil War.

On October 2, 1863, the British Government seized in the shipyard of the Lairds, at Birkenhead, two armored vessels which had ostensibly been built for the government of China, but which, according to constantly reiterated reports, had been built for the Southern Confederacy in rebellion against the United States. The contemporary chronicles of the Civil War contain at most only such reports of that incident as became public in the course of the controversy over the subject, but the inner details of the occurrence, notable enough even in its most obvious features, remained for many years a diplomatic secret until revealed by the then Register of the Treasury, Mr. L. E. Chittenden, in his "Recollections of President Lincoln."

The two vessels had indeed been embargoed by the British Government, but under conditions which had been settled upon by the advisers of the Crown with the almost clearly manifest purpose of permitting the vessels to escape, while at[88] the same time apparently complying with the requirements of international law and the representations of the American Minister. The sympathies of the ruling powers in Great Britain were strongly with the Southern cause; the fact that the success of that cause meant the perpetuation of negro slavery, against which the English people had constantly inveighed, was held by many of the leaders of the party in power to be of small moment in comparison with the advancement of British interests, which these leaders believed would result from the disruption of the American Republic. They were accordingly ready to take advantage of a virtual breach of international comity and law, under cover of a technical compliance with its provisions, and incur the risk of all the terrible outcome of a war between the two great Anglo-Saxon nations of the world. That such a war would surely have resulted if the two armored corsairs had eventually been let loose upon this country, no student of history can doubt. It was being busily fomented by that arch enemy, both of England and America, Napoleon III., who had assiduously been seeking an adequate pretext to recognize the independence of the Confederate States. He was actively conferring with British parliamentary leaders with the purpose of a joint intervention in our struggle, and if these ships were liberated to prey upon our commerce, lift the blockade of the Confederate ports, weaken the Federal power and strengthen that of the Rebellion, he would then assuredly be able to build up his empire in Mexico. That empire was already planted on the soil of the Mexican Republic, and the triumph of the Southern cause meant the success of the foolhardy and villainous undertaking which Napoleon III. had established under Maximilian. If the outcome of British co-operation for the disruption of the American Union were eventually to be a war between England and the United States, it would but be further grist for the mill of the French usurper.

From all of this procession of possible and unmeasured evils it appears that the world was saved through the timely and powerful interposition of a single will. It was the will of a man who was manifestly near enough to the mainspring of affairs to be aware of its primary movements, who was yet so[89] hidden from public view that his action would remain as secret as he himself determined it to be; whose purpose was clearly in opposition to the motives of the ruling powers, and who possessed the means with which to effect his purpose.

Who was it that so signally changed the current of the world's affairs? Whose influence yet remains as mysterious as it was far-reaching? The question has been often asked and still remains unanswered. He still remains unnamed on the page of history. His position, his motive and his means of action appear to be defined, and it was clearly with these considerations in view that Mr. Chittenden wrote the letter which is here subjoined. The "process of exclusion" to which he so pointedly adverts leaves but very few among whom he is to be sought, and to the almost unerring indication which Mr. Chittenden has given is to be added a still nearer one which the author of the present work obtained from another source. Miss Kate Chase, daughter of Salmon P. Chase, the then Secretary of the Treasury, while assuring Mr. Wolf that the name of the mysterious personage was unknown to her, was yet able to inform him that the man was a Jew. That it was a Jew, one well known for his outspoken admiration and love for our country as the home of religious liberty, a man who was not of the unsympathetic government, nor of the hostile aristocracy, nor of the jealous manufacturing class, might well be surmised from all the circumstances of this remarkable occasion, and his identity can scarcely be misinterpreted in the light of Mr. Chittenden's indications.

The following is a copy of Mr. Chittenden's letter, which may well serve as an author's preface to the chapter of his "Recollections" to which it refers, in which the incident is narrated in detail, and which we shall quote in full:

11 Pine St., New York, May 7, 1892.

Dear Sir:—

It would give me great pleasure to answer your letter of April 26th and a large number of others on the same subject. You will readily see that the name may be reached by a process of exclusion as definitely as by its direct statement. The extraordinary character of the incident did not occur to me at the[90] time, or I should have probably suppressed it. As it is I have no alternative but silence.

However, it gives me pleasure to say one thing. The experience of an active life now drawing to its close has taught me that race prejudices have no place in the heart of a true American, and I am certainly not conscious that I have ever entertained a shadow of them against any one of Hebrew origin. On the contrary I have found much in the history of that persecuted race to respect and admire. Illness has delayed this reply to your note.

Yours truly,
L. E. Chittenden.

Mr. Simon Wolf,
Washington, D. C.


[91]

A REMARKABLE EPISODE.

Extract from "Recollections of President Lincoln
and his Administration," by L. E. Chittenden,
his Register of the Treasury.

(Chapter XXV, Pages 197-203. N. Y., Harper & Brothers, 1891.)

Mr. Charles Francis Adams (our minister) had for several weeks been aware, and had communicated the fact to his government, that the Messrs. Laird, extensive ship builders, were building at their yards in Birkenhead, near Liverpool, two armored vessels for the Confederate government. They were to be furnished with powerful engines, and capable of great speed. When completed they were to proceed to a small unfrequented British island in the West Indies, where they were to be delivered to the agents of the Confederacy. They were then to receive their armament, previously sent thither, take their crews on board, and then set forth on their piratical cruises, after the example of the Alabama. After sweeping our remaining commerce from the seas, by burning and sinking every merchantship bearing our flag, they were to come upon our own coast, scatter our blockading fleet, and open all the Southern ports to British commerce, which would no longer be required to take the great risk of breaking the blockade. This feat was to be accomplished by vessels which had never entered a Confederate port, nor, indeed, any harbor which was not covered by the British or some other flag which protected the ironclads against pursuit or capture by vessels of the United States Navy.

Greater danger than these vessels never threatened the safety of the Union. In tonnage, armament and speed, they were intended to be superior to the Kearsarge, and every other vessel of our navy. Their armor was supposed to render them invulnerable. If the blockade was not maintained, an immediate recognition of the belligerent character of the rebels by Great[92] Britain was anticipated. Even if that did not take place, all the cotton gathered in Confederate ports would be released and find a profitable market, while the old wooden vessels, now principally constituting the blockading fleet, would not resist one of these iron-clad vessels long enough for a second broadside.

The impending danger was fully appreciated by Mr. Adams. With his accustomed energy, notwithstanding the secrecy in which all the Confederate movements in Great Britain were shrouded, he had collected and laid before the English authorities clear proofs of the rebel ownership, and intended unlawful purpose of these vessels. He had even procured copies of the contracts under which the Messrs. Laird were building them, and had ascertained that payments on their account had been made from proceeds of cotton owned by the Confederacy. He had represented that the evidence furnished by him, verified by the oaths of credible witnesses, was sufficient not only to justify their seizure, but to secure their condemnation in the courts, and he had insisted with a force apparently unanswerable, that it was the duty of Great Britain to prevent the vessels from leaving the Mersey and setting forth upon their piratical career.

But, unfortunately, the sympathies of the party in power in England were not with the Union cause. It suited the view of of the law-officers of the Crown not to interfere, and to excuse their inaction by raising objections to the legal sufficiency of the evidence. The situation was perfectly comprehended by the President and his Cabinet, but remonstrance appeared to be unavailing, and the departure of the vessels was expected at an early day.

Hopeless as the task appeared to be, neither Mr. Adams nor his active agents relaxed their efforts for a moment. Their recent investigations had been prosecuted with such energy that the minister had finally been able to furnish the British premier with the sworn affidavits of some of the officers and men actually enlisted in Liverpool, and other English cities, for service on these vessels; that the advance payments to these men had been made by Confederate agents, that the ships were to leave the Mersey at an early appointed date for an island[93] near Bermuda; that their guns and ammunition had already been sent thither. Mr. Adams had also secured the names of the ships' officers, with copies of their commissions, bearing the signature of President Davis and the seal of the Confederacy.

The last instalment of affidavits forwarded by our minister proved to be more than the crown lawyers could digest. They covered every defect named in their former objections; they could not be answered even by a special demurrer. They were reinforced by the caustic pen of Mr. Adams, whose arguments so clearly pointed out the duty of the English government in the premises that it would obviously be regarded as conclusive by every one but these lawyers, who possessed the exclusive power to move the slow authorities of the customs to action. The crown lawyers finally decided that the demand of Mr. Adams must be complied with, and that an order must issue, prohibiting the departure of these vessels from the Mersey until the charges of the American minister had been judicially investigated.

There were, however, some incidents attending this most important decision, which prevented its communication from giving to Mr. Adams a satisfaction wholly unalloyed. The decision had been withheld until the vessels were on the very eve of departure. The order must be immediately served, and possession taken by the customs authorities, or the vessels would escape. The crown lawyers, properly enough, observed that the affidavits furnished by Mr. Adams were ex-parte—the witnesses had not been cross-examined. If Mr. Adams should fail to prove his charges by evidence which would satisfy the judicial mind, and the vessels be released, the damages caused by arresting them might be very heavy. It was a settled rule of procedure in the courts in such cases to secure the payment of such damages beyond any peradventure. The restraining order would, therefore, be issued, but it would not be enforced against the vessels until these damages had been secured by a deposit of £1,000,000 sterling in gold coin.

The situation was well known to be critical. Within three days the vessels were to sail for their destination; if necessary, they might sail forthwith. The cable was useless, broken or[94] disabled—and Mr. Adams could not communicate with his own government. Without such communication he had no authority to bind his government as an indemnitor, or to repay the money if he could borrow it. Even if he had the fullest authority, where was the patriotic Briton who would furnish a million pounds on the spur of the moment to a government which was believed by the party in power in Great Britain to be in articulo mortis? Unless, therefore, the crown lawyers supposed our minister to have anticipated their decision by providing himself with this money, they must have known that this condition could not be complied with, and that they might just as well have declined to interfere. If they had intended that these ships should not be prevented from making their intended crusade against our commerce and our cause, no better arrangement could possibly have been devised. It is not to be denied that suspicions existed that such was their purpose.

But the unexpected sometimes happens. The event which prevented these floating engines of destruction from entering upon their intended work was as unanticipated as a miracle. It constituted, possibly, the most signal service ever rendered by a citizen of one country to the government of another. It was all the more noble, because it was intended to be anonymous. The eminently unselfish man who performed it made a positive condition that it should not be made public, that not so much as his name should be disclosed, except to the officers of our government, whose co-operation was required in order to transact the business in a proper manner and upon correct principles. So earnest was his injunction of secrecy that his identity will not even now be disclosed, although he has long since gone to his reward.

Within the hour after the crown lawyers' decision, with its conditions, had been made known to Mr. Adams, and when he had given up all hope of arresting these vessels, a quiet gentleman called upon him and asked if he might be favored with the opportunity of making the deposit of coin required by the order? He observed "that it had occurred to him that if the United States had that amount to its credit in London, some question of authority might arise, or Mr. Adams might otherwise[95] be embarrassed in complying with the condition, especially as communication with his government might involve delay; so that the shortest way to avoid all difficulty would be for him to deposit the coin, which he was quite prepared to do."

Had a messenger descended from the skies in a chariot of fire, with $5,000,000 in gold in his hands, and offered to leave it at the embassy without any security, Mr. Adams could not have been more profoundly surprised. He had accepted the condition as fatal to his efforts; he had concluded that nothing short of a miracle could prevent the departure of the vessels; and here, if not a miracle, was something much like one. He made no secret of the pleasure with which he accepted the munificent offer, provided some method of securing the liberal Englishman could be found. The latter seemed indisposed to make any suggestion on the subject. "It might be proper," he said, "that some obligation might be entered into, showing that the American government recognized the deposit as made on its account; beyond that he should leave the matter wholly in the hands of Mr. Adams."

The existing premium on gold was then about sixty per cent. in the United States. It would have been largely increased by the departure of these ironclads. The "five-twenties" or "sixes" of 1861, as they were popularly called, were then being issued, and were the only securities upon "long time" then authorized by Congress. The best arrangement that occurred to Mr. Adams, and which he then proposed, was that $10,000,000, or £2,000,000, in these bonds, to be held as collateral security for the loan of £1,000,000 in gold, should be delivered to the lender, to be returned when the loan was paid or the order itself was discharged and the coin returned to the depositor. The proposition of Mr. Adams was satisfactory to the gentleman, but he said that to prevent the disclosure of his name the deposit should be made in coupon and not in registered bonds. The coupons were payable to bearer; the registered were required to be inscribed on the books of the Treasury in the owner's name.

Mr. Adams then volunteered the assurance that these bonds, to the amount of $10,000,000, should be transmitted to London[96] by the first steamer which left New York after his despatch concerning the transaction was received at the State Department at Washington.

It was this assurance of Mr. Adams which the President and both of the Secretaries desired should be made good. They regarded the faith of the government as pledged for its performance, and that faith they proposed should not be violated.

All the details of this transaction were not then disclosed. They reached the government in private, confidential despatches from Mr. Adams, some of them long afterwards. The despatch in question was understood to be confidential; certainly that part of it which related to the deposit and security proposed. It was necessarily brief, for in order to reach the steamer the special messenger had to leave London within a very few hours after the proposition of the deposit was made. There was enough in it to show that an inestimable service had been rendered to the country by some one to whom Mr. Adams had pledged the faith of the nation for the transmission of these bonds by the next steamer which left New York. There was no dissent from the conclusion that the pledge of Mr. Adams, if it were in the power of the government, must be performed.


Since the publication of the foregoing facts in Harper's Magazine for May, 1890, I have been solicited by many correspondents to give the name of the gentleman who offered to perform such a signal service to our country. It must be obvious that nothing could give greater pleasure than to publish his name, and to secure for him the enduring gratitude of the American people. I have, however, a special reason for my present determination not to disclose it, nor to permit myself to speculate upon the consequences of the disclosure. When we were informed that the emergency had passed, it became necessary to make a change in the entries of this large amount upon the books of the register. This was found to be a difficult matter, unless a plain statement of the issue, to the gentleman in question, and its purpose was made with its subsequent cancellation. This course I proposed to Secretary[97] Chase. He was decided in his opinion that the value of the service would not have been enhanced if an actual deposit of the money had been required, and that, as the gentleman himself had imposed the obligation, he was the only authority who could possibly release it. While I regarded his conclusion as incontrovertible, I did suggest that our first duty was the official one, to our own obligation to conceal nothing, and to make our official records strictly conform to the fact.

"We should have thought of that at the time," said the Secretary. "We might have declined his offer, coupled as it was with the obligation to conceal his name, but I do not remember that we considered that question. Do you?"

"No," I said. "Nothing was discussed in my presence except the possibility of compliance with his conditions to the letter."

"Then, I think, we must continue to keep his secret whatever the consequences may be, until he releases us from the obligation," was the final conclusion of the Secretary.

I am, I believe, the only survivor of those to whom this gentleman's name was known. I have hitherto declined to discuss the question of his name or its disclosure. I depart from my practice far enough to say that I do not believe he was interested in the price of cotton, or that he was moved in the slightest degree by pecuniary motives in making his offer. More than this, at present, I do not think I have the moral right to say. If I should at any time hereafter see my way clear to a different conclusion, I shall leave his name to be communicated to the Secretary of Treasury, who will determine for himself the propriety of its disclosure.


[98]

JEWISH SOLDIERS IN THE CIVIL WAR.

The consciousness of the imperfect nature of the several rosters included under our present head has been the only influence that has detracted from the satisfaction which the preparation of this work in general has afforded the author. This feeling has already been adverted to in the introduction to this work and will not further be dwelt upon beyond the hope that the present volume may become the forerunner of a more complete and perfected result in the future.[25]

The unquestionably large proportion of Jewish soldiers in both the Union and Confederate armies is vouched for by such statistics as have been thoroughly verified and by the statement of many individual observers. In this connection the following communications to the author may well be quoted as having a definite bearing on this subject, and as coming from sources whose authority is beyond question:

120 Broadway, New York,
December 30th, '91.

My Dear Judge:

I have your favor of the 22nd instant, asking for some expression of opinion from me regarding the bravery and faithfulness of Hebrew soldiers in the War of the Rebellion. There were many Hebrews under me while serving as Brigade and Division Commander; and, while the great lapse of time renders it impossible for me to recall names or recount specific acts of gallantry, I take pleasure in saying that I always found the soldiers of Jewish faith as firm in their devotion to the cause of the country they were serving as any others, and ever ready to perform any duty to which they might be assigned.

[99]

Yours very truly,
J. Stahel.

To Hon. Simon Wolf,
Washington, D. C.


Headquarters Department of the East,
Governor's Island, New York.

January 2d, 1892.

Dear Mr. Wolf:

It is impossible for me to do justice to those who served with me under my command who are known to be of Hebrew extraction. I would hardly be justified without their permission to give their names. I had a Jewish Aide-de-Camp, one of the bravest and best, in the first battle of Bull Run; he is now a distinguished officer of the army, a man of high scientific attainment. I had another aide who was killed at the battle of Chancellorsville, a true friend and a brave officer. Two of my brigade commanders, who answer to the above description, one of whom you have mentioned, served ably and faithfully at Gettysburg and in other great battles of the war. So many of the German officers and men, the Poles and the Hungarians, were of Jewish lineage that I am unable to designate them. I can assure you, my dear sir, that, intrinsically, there are no more patriotic men to be found in the country than those who claim to be of Hebrew descent, and who served with me in parallel commands or more directly under my instructions. I have always greatly esteemed the Jewish people, and in fact, the highest hopes I have in the great future are derived from him whom I think justly claimed to be the spiritual king of the Jews. So far as bravery is concerned, bravery often carries to rashness. History affords no example superior to those of the Maccabees and other leaders of the Jews, back to the time of Jacob, the prince, who prevailed with God.

Very truly yours.

Oliver O. Howard,
Major General U. S. Army.

Simon Wolf, Esq.,
Washington, D. C.


[100]

Further testimony of a like character with reference to the Jews in the Union Army might be adduced from numerous sources if space limits would permit, but the following citations regarding the Jewish soldiers in the Southern Armies are not only warranted by the occasion but by the exceptionally interesting data which they contain.

[From the Nashville American, May 25, 1894.]

"Among the delegates to the recent Convention of the B'nai B'rith there were thirty who were old enough to take up arms during the late war. Of this number twenty-five had shouldered their muskets in defence of their country, twenty-four belonging to the Confederate and one to the Federal Army. This shows that the Israelite is as much of a patriot as any other man when the liberties of his country are endangered. In this connection the following letter will be read with interest."

"Galveston, Texas, May 17, 1894.

Leo N. Levi, Esq., Galveston.

Dear Sir:—

"My attention having been called by you to the published remarks of a writer in disparagement of the patriotism and gallantry of the Jew as a soldier, and having had the honor to command a force composed to a considerable extent of Israelites, I feel impelled by this attempted injustice to the race to give my experience with them as soldiers.

"Under a commission from the Government I organized 'Waul's Texas Legion,' upon the express terms that they were to leave the State, cross the Mississippi River and join in the fray where the blows fell heaviest and thickest. The Legion consisted of ten companies of infantry, five companies of cavalry and two companies of artillery. Two of the infantry companies had a large number of Jews in their ranks, and the largest company in the command—120 men—was officered by Jews, and three-fourths of the rank and file were of that faith. There were also a number of Jews scattered through the command in the other companies.

[101]

"They were all volunteers, and I know there was not a Jew conscript in the Legion. As soldiers they were brave, orderly and well-disciplined and in no respect inferior to the gallant body of which they formed a prominent part. Their behavior in the camp, as in the field, was exemplary. No Jew in the command was arraigned before a court-martial, and, in proportion to their numbers, there were fewer applications for leaves of absence, and their regular habits caused very few of their names to appear on the hospital rolls.

"In battle, without distinction of race or religion, all were apparently willing and eager for the contest. I will say, however, I neither saw nor heard of any Jew shrinking or failing to answer to any call of duty or danger.

"I regret I cannot go more in details, but am unwilling to permit an aspersion that remotely may affect the Jews who served with me to pass unnoticed, as, to a considerable extent, the reputation won by the command and personally obtained by myself was acquired by their conduct, courage and soldierly qualities. I state without hesitation that in no attribute suited to the soldier, whether as an officer or in the ranks, will the Jew suffer by comparison with the best and bravest of our army.

"As these happenings were before your time, I jot down these recollections that you may have the testimony of one Gentile to attest the courage, endurance and patriotism of the Jew as a soldier.

Yours sincerely,
T. N. Waul."

The discussion of the question of Jewish participation in the Civil War elicited the following expression from a Charleston newspaper:

"The list of South Carolina Jews who remained true to their country and to their country's cause in the darkest hours and who proved their fidelity and patriotism by laying down their lives upon the field of battle could be greatly extended. Their names are graven upon many a monument throughout the land, and their prowess in arms is a part of the military glory of the[102] country. As Montaigne says, the virtue and valor of a man consist in the heart and in the will, and by this rule the Hebrew soldiers of South Carolina may be fairly judged. What they had they gave freely to the State and on many a bloody field did they prove the high quality of their courage. They possessed, what Napoleon called "the two o'clock in the morning courage" and they followed the flag with superb loyalty to victory and defeat. When the history of South Carolina's part in the great struggle is written and the books are finally posted, we are sure that the Hebrew soldiers of this State, who wore the grey will have their full meed of praise."


Another communication which is at hand, originally made to one of our Jewish weeklies, may also be quoted as affording an effective side light on our present subject:

"From the beginning of the late war until its close I was connected with the War and Navy Departments of the Confederate States as a contractor for side arms and accoutrements. In this capacity I became acquainted with the organization and direction of the Army and Navy and also became well acquainted with the governing officials of the State, War and Navy Departments.

"Shortly before the Fall Festivals of our Jewish observance in 1864 I came to Richmond, Va., and as usual, met my late old friend, the Rev. Mr. Michelbacher. After receiving an assurance of my readiness to aid him in the purpose which he outlined to me, he detailed his request as follows:

"'There are right around here and in our other armies many Jewish soldiers who would like to keep Rosh Hashanah but especially Yom Kippur according to our law and ritual. I am trying to get a furlough for these soldiers over these Holy Days, but do not know how to go about it. Here is a petition to the Secretary of War; you know him well; will you present it or will you go with me to introduce me? or will you get Mr. Benjamin to recommend it?' I informed Mr. Michelbacher that as far as Mr. Benjamin was concerned it did not come within the scope of his special office; that if his recommendation was needed I could pledge it, and that the whole matter was for Mr. Seddon[103] to decide. Next morning Mr. Michelbacher and myself went to Mr. Seddon, who received us, as he did all his petitioners, with kindness. He read the petition quietly and talked the matter over with us for some time, even at more length than the pressing duties upon him seemed to warrant. After mature deliberation he spoke about as follows: 'Well, gentlemen, as far as I am concerned I will give my consent, but must refer the matter to the Adjutant and Inspector-General. Whatever he does, I will sanction.' He thereupon wrote his endorsement on the petition and Mr. Michelbacher and I took it up to General Cooper, who, like Mr. Seddon, received us kindly, and with great interest discussed the proposition with us. He would gladly, he said, grant the furloughs, but, 'gentlemen,' he added, 'look, we have here a roster of all our soldiers and we know, as far as possible from their names, how many of them belong to your religious denomination, and astonishing it is that we count about 10,000 to 12,000 Jews who are serving in our Army. Now should I grant the furloughs you request, you will readily see, that for the time being, it would perhaps disintegrate certain commands in the field and might work to a bad effect; besides, the commanders of the different army corps should certainly be consulted. On the whole it would be impracticable, as you, Goldsmith (turning to me) will readily acknowledge. In fact,' he pleasantly added, 'you will admit that if your forefathers had fought Titus on the Sabbath day, during the siege of Jerusalem they most certainly would have beaten him. You see, therefore, I cannot conscientiously grant your request.' So it ended, but we had the satisfaction of having learned that out of the small number of Jews then living in the South, it was believed that over 10,000 were serving in the Confederate Army. Those who would not serve left the country. For many of these latter I myself procured passports and permits, deeming it better that they should leave quietly and unmolested than that they should be forced into the ranks where they would have made unwilling defenders of the country.

"I am still a living witness and can, from my own memory, give you many names of gallant Jewish soldiers of the Confederate army. I had ample opportunity to see and to know.[104] Many a wounded Jew have I met in the hospitals of Richmond and administered to his wants, and many a Jewish soldier have I seen walking on his crutch or having his arm in a sling, travelling to and from his command during the war. And I know further that it was simply a sense of loyalty to their homes and their neighbors that prompted them to fight for the South. If not, they could readily have left this country at any time as well as I myself could have done, had I so chosen. But love for our adopted country kept us here and we offered all we had in its behalf.

M. Goldsmith."

The closing paragraph of Mr. Goldsmith's letter is truly expressive of Jewish sentiment. It emphasizes the fact that the Jew, while retaining his racial and religious distinctiveness, identifies himself with the people among whom he dwells, if he is not deliberately excluded from the possibility of doing so. Were further evidence of this required beyond the records of earlier times, a convincing proof can be found in the presence of large numbers of Jews in both the Union and Confederate armies throughout the Civil War.

It should not be overlooked that the profession of arms for its own sake is not distinctively a Jewish trait; the business of war having always been taken up as the means to an end rather than the end itself. This phase of the Jewish character finds a significant expression in the large proportion of Jewish combatants in both the Revolutionary and Civil Wars. In both cases the issue was one in which they felt a deep and abiding interest, and they manifested their earnestness in the most positive manner by taking an active and determined part in the decision of the issue. That interest was far from being prevalent during the War of 1812 and the subsequent war with Mexico. The former lacked the support of a large fraction of the people, being held by the Federal party of that time to be a heedless and needless undertaking, which in many respects it was, and the latter, the Mexican War, was regarded by the anti-slavery Whigs as tending to aggrandize the slave power by an extension of its territory. Both these wars were party measures, and in both a decidedly smaller[105] proportion of Jewish combatants took part than would otherwise have been the case. Where home, or liberty or law is at stake the Jewish people have never been chary of the uttermost sacrifice, and the muster rolls of the armies in the great war between the States afford the fullest evidence of their ample share in its burdens and its sufferings.

FOOTNOTE:

[25] The numerous communications from correspondents in various parts of the country, which are being received while this volume is in course of completion by the printer, renders it altogether probable that the author's hope will be realized. The information conveyed by these correspondents, frequently too late for incorporation in the present work, will be collated with the view to its eventual publication, and all who feel an interest in our present subject, and who can contribute such data as will further the correction of these records, are earnestly requested to communicate their information to the author.


[106]

MEDALS OF HONOR.

(From a paper read by the present author before the American Jewish Historical Society, Washington, D. C., December 26, 1894.)

On the 12th day of July, 1862, President Lincoln gave his approval to an Act of Congress, authorizing the President to cause to be prepared 2,000 "Medals of Honor," to be presented to such non-commissioned officers and privates as would especially distinguish themselves by their gallantry in action, and by other soldierly qualities during the war then in progress.

While I am not prepared to say how many soldiers of Hebrew faith were honored with such medals, I can mention seven who have come under my notice.

First, Leopold Karpeles, Color Sergeant, of the 57th Massachusetts Infantry, at the Battle of North Anna, distinguished himself by a noble defence of the flag under a terrific fire from the enemy. Although seriously wounded, he held the colors aloft until through weakness from loss of blood he had at last to give them to a comrade. Sergeant Karpeles has high testimonials from his superior officers for bravery, daring and discipline, and is at present a clerk in the General Post-Office Department.

Second, Benjamin B. Levy, who enlisted at the age of sixteen as a drummer boy, in the 1st New York Volunteers. He was detailed as Orderly to General Mansfield. While on board the steamer "Express," carrying dispatches to General Wool at Fortress Monroe, the vessel was attacked by the Confederate gunboat, "Seabird." The "Express" with all on board, was in imminent danger of capture, when young Levy saved the steamer by cutting loose a water schooner which was in tow. For his prompt action, Levy was highly complimented by Generals Mansfield and Wool. At Charles City Cross Roads, two of the colors of his regiment were saved by him from capture, for which act he was promoted on the field by General Kearney to[107] Color Sergeant of his regiment. At the expiration of his term, he re-enlisted in the 40th New York (Mozart) regiment, and was seriously wounded at the battle of the Wilderness. He was appointed by President Lincoln to the New York Custom House.

Third, Sergeant Major and Adjutant Abraham Cohn, who enlisted as private in the 6th New Hampshire Infantry. For distinguished services he was gradually promoted to Adjutant; he served until the close of the war. Some time after Adjutant Cohn received the "Medal of Honor," from the Assistant Adjutant General's office, he was addressed the following highly complimentary communication:

Adjutant General's Office,
Washington, August 14, 1879.

The Medal, mentioned within, was given for conspicuous gallantry displayed in the battle of the Wilderness, in rallying and forming disorganized troops, under heavy fire; also for bravery and coolness in carrying orders to the advance lines under murderous fire in the battle of the Mine, July 30, 1864.

(Signed) S. N. Benjamin,
Assistant Adjutant General.

Adjutant Cohn has the most gratifying testimonials from his superior officers. Before enlisting in the 6th New Hampshire he had served in the 68th New York as a private and rose gradually to be captain. Owing to sickness he was honorably discharged, being then, in the opinion of the surgeons, unfit for further duty. Notwithstanding his discharge as Captain, when strong and able again, he re-enlisted as Private, in the 6th New Hampshire, and rose to the rank of Adjutant.

Fourth, David Obranski, of the 58th Ohio Infantry, who received a Medal of Honor for distinguished bravery and coolness under heavy fire at Shiloh, Tennessee, and at Vicksburg, Mississippi.

Fifth, Henry Heller, of Company A, 66th Ohio Infantry. He earned the Medal of Honor for daring bravery at Chancellorsville.

[108]

Sixth, Abraham Grunwalt, of Company G, 104th Ohio Infantry, who earned his Medal of Honor, at Franklin, Tennessee, November 30, 1864 in the capture of Corps headquarters' flag.

Seventh, Corporal Isaac Gans, of the 2nd Ohio Cavalry, who for bravery displayed on the battle-field was appointed escort to the colors captured by the Third Division.


[109]

FAMILIES OF "BROTHERS-IN-ARMS."

[Compiled from a paper read by the present author before the American Jewish Historical Society, Washington, D. C., December 26, 1894.]

One of the most remarkable facts developed by the records of our Civil War, and especially gratifying because unsurpassed, if equalled, is the spontaneous and cheerful alacrity with which our citizens of Hebrew faith entered their country's service in the hour of its need. In a number of families all the male members able to bear arms were enrolled in the army. My list of these may not be complete, and there may be other equally notable examples, but I here name only those which have been definitely reported to me.

North Carolina is to the fore with a host of six militant brothers, united in the cause which they held at heart as well as by the ties of blood. They bear the titular name of the priestly brother of Moses, and their devotion lends it new lustre. The list of these six brothers-in-arms is as follows:

Aaron Cohen,
Jacob H. Cohen,
Julius Cohen,
Edward Cohen,
Gustavus A. Cohen,
Henry M. Cohen.

Mississippi claims a set of five brothers in the field, but, remarkable enough, one of these was arrayed on the side of the Union against his four Confederate brothers, a fair example of the Jewish spirit of loyalty to conviction. The following is the list:

Edward Jonas, 50th Illinois Infantry.
S. A. Jonas,
Julian Jonas,
Major Charles H. Jonas,
Hon. Benjamin F. Jonas (of Louisiana).

South Carolina also had five brothers enrolled in the Confederate army. Their names are:

Percy Moses, Jr.,
Joshua L. Moses,
Horace Moses,
J. Harby Moses,
A. Jackson Moses.

[110]

Georgia mustered a family of four, a father and three sons, bearing the same historic name as their South Carolina comrades:

Raphael Moses, Sr.,
Raphael Moses, Jr.,
Israel N. Moses,
A. L. Moses.

Arkansas furnishes an instance of three brothers, namely:

Peter Cohen,
Jacob Cohen,
Po'el Cohen.

Another trio hail from the South, two from Georgia and one from South Carolina:

Isaac A. Goldsmith,
A. A. Goldsmith,
M. M. Goldsmith.

Virginia sent out another three:

Leopold Levy,
Samson Levy,
Solomon Levy.

Louisiana has also a list of three brothers on her muster rolls:

Eugene H. Levy,
Julius H. Levy,
Joseph C. Levy.

And yet another trio went forth from Alabama:

Mordecai Moses,
Henry C. Moses,
Alfred Moses.

This makes a total of nine families on the Southern side, embracing a membership numbering thirty-five, of whom one was enrolled in the Union army.

The preponderance of such instances in the ranks of the Confederates is due to the fact that the Jews of the Southern States were, in a much larger proportion than those of the North, natives of the soil or residents of long standing. While the Jews were doubtless more numerous at the North than at the South, they were, for the most part, immigrants of a comparatively recent date, and therefore less intensely imbued with the spirit of the conflict.

[111]

On the Union side, New York, the nucleus of the Jewish population of this country, naturally furnished the largest quota of Jewish soldiers, and among them were three bands of brothers; one of the families being reinforced by the presence of the father. The roll is as follows:

First, a family of five:

Leopold Wenk,
August Wenk,
Joseph Wenk,
Julius Wenk,
Aaron Wenk.

Second, a father and his three sons:

Simon Levy,
Benjamin C. Levy,
Albert Levy,

Hon. Ferdinand Levy, Ex-Coroner and present Register of New York City.

Third, a trio of brothers:

Abraham Feder,
Henry Feder,
Adolph Feder.

Pennsylvania also sent three Jewish brothers to the front:

Lyon L. Emanuel,
Louis M. Emanuel,
Jonathan M. Emanuel.

From Ohio we have another list of three brothers who together took part in the War for the Union:

Herman Koch,
Moses Koch,
Joseph Koch.

We have thus a list of five families on the Union side, containing eighteen men, a total for both the Confederate and Union sides of fourteen families sending fifty-three men to the war.


[112]

JEWISH STAFF OFFICERS IN THE UNION ARMY.

Assistant Adjutant-General Myer Asch,

entered the service September 19, 1861, as 2d Lieutenant Company H, 1st New Jersey Cavalry Volunteers; promoted to 1st Lieutenant and Adjutant, December 29, 1861, and Captain, March 24, 1862; served on staff of Major-General John Pope, subsequently appointed Assistant Adjutant-General to Major-General Kautz; also distinguished in other ways; held civic honors, particularly during the Centennial Exhibition of 1876 at Philadelphia.

Doctor Morris J. Asch,

on staff of Major-General Philip H. Sheridan.

Major Newman Borchardt,

enlisted as Private in Company K, 6th New York Volunteers; promoted to serve on staff of Major-General Oliver O. Howard.

Captain Isidore Bush, aide-de-camp to General Fremont.

Captain Max Cohnheim,

enlisted in the 41st New York; promoted with rank of Captain on the staff of General Sigel.

Captain —— Dessauer,

on staff of Major-General Oliver O. Howard; killed at Chancellorsville.

Rev. Jacob Frankel,

of Philadelphia, served as Chaplain of United States Hospitals during the Civil War, by appointment of President Lincoln.

Captain Edward Jonas,

enlisted in Illinois on staff of Major-General Prentice.

[113]

Major M. Lulley,

formerly on staff of Louis Kossuth, during the Hungarian Revolution of 1848; rendered valuable services during the Civil War, under direction of Secretary of War.

Colonel Isaac May,

aide-de-camp to Governor Andrew G. Curtin, of Pennsylvania.

Sergeant Louis H. Mayer,

enlisted in the 27th Ohio Regiment, served on staff of General Pope; also with Generals Rosecrans and Grant, taking part in various campaigns.

Captain Nathan D. Menken,

on staff of Major-General John Pope, as Commander of his body-guard; he sacrificed his life by remaining in Memphis, Tennessee, and tending to the suffering during a terrible visitation of Yellow fever in 1878.

Isaac Moses,

Adjutant-General 3d Army Corps, staff of Major General Heintzelman; subsequently under General Banks.

Captain Julius Spring,

on staff of General Van Buren.

Lieutenant M. Szegely,

on staff of General Sigel.

Major Joseph Franklin Tobias,

aide-de-camp with rank of Major to Major-General D. B. Birney (April 14, 1862—May 16, 1864).


[114]

JEWISH STAFF OFFICERS IN THE CONFEDERATE ARMY.

Jacob Abrams,

on staff of General Elzey.

Doctor I. Baruch, Assistant Surgeon-General.

Marcus Baum,

on the staff of General Kershaw; enlisted as private; wounded at first Battle of Manassas; mentioned in general orders for distinguished bravery; killed at the Battle of the Wilderness.

Captain H. L. Benjamin, General Staff.

Honorable Judah P. Benjamin, Secretary of War.

General David de Leon, Surgeon-General.

The first surgeon-general of the Confederate Army. He was born in South Carolina in 1822. In the Mexican War he twice took the place of commanding officers, who had been killed or wounded and acted with such gallantry and ability as to receive twice the thanks of the United States Congress. In February, 1861, he resigned his rank as Surgeon and Major in the United States Army and was appointed Surgeon-General of the Armies of the Confederacy.

Honorable Edwin de Leon,

Special Confederate States Envoy to Court of Napoleon III.

Captain Joseph Frankland,

on Staff of General Wheeler, 1st Tennessee Battalion of Cavalry; entered as private; promoted step by step; Assistant Provost Marshal.

Orderly Edward Kauffman,

Staff of General Bagly, Green's Brigade.

N. Kraus, Staff of General Miller.

[115]

Lieutenant Alexander Levy,

Richmond, Virginia; Staff of General Magruder; wounded at Big Bethel.

Captain M. Levy,

6th Arkansas, Staff of General Baxton Bragg; Enlisted Co. E, 6th Arkansas.

Lieutenant M. J. Marcus, Staff of General Benning.

Victor Meyer, Staff of General Barksdale.

Assistant-Adjutant-General J. Randolph Mordecai

entered the service of the Confederate States as private in the Washington Artillery, South Carolina, December 19, 1860; shortly afterwards was appointed 2nd Lieutenant, when transferred to the C. S. Army, afterward assigned to duty as Assistant-Adjutant-General to General White's Brigade Light Artillery until July, 1863, to A. A. M., C. S. Army, and assigned to General Taliaford's Division.

Captain A. J. Moses, Staff of General Hannon.

Major Alfred T. Moses, Staff of General R. Taylor;

enlisted Co. E, 6th Arkansas.

Altamont Moses, Military Telegraph Service.

F. J. Moses, Assistant Surgeon.

Colonel Raphael J. Moses, Staff of General Longstreet.

Appointed chief commissary for the State of Georgia. Known to Generals Lee and Longstreet as the "honest commissary." He turned over thirty thousand dollars in gold to General Molyneux at the close of the war on condition that it should be used for the benefit of the Confederate soldiers and Confederate hospitals, which was done.

General A. C. Myers, Quartermaster General C. S. A.

Major J. M. Nanez, Staff of General Longstreet.

Major Isaac Scherck, Staff of General Hardee;

enlisted in Mississippi.

Morris Straus, Staff of General Jenkins;

enlisted in South Carolina.


[116]

JEWISH OFFICERS IN THE CONFEDERATE NAVY.

Lieutenant Barnham.

Perry de Leon, South Carolina.

Captain L. C. Harby, South Carolina.

When South Carolina seceded he resigned his commission in the United States Navy and entered the Confederate service with the rank of Commodore in the Navy and afterwards distinguished himself in the defence of Galveston, when he commanded the Neptune at the capture of the Harriet Lane, and later on when in command of a fleet of gunboats on the Sabine river.

Louis P. Levy, Gunboat Chicora, Virginia;

A midshipman at the age of fifteen.

Midshipman Randolph Lyons;

detailed as Signal Officer on blockade running.

Lazarus Weil, C. S. Navy.

Simon Weil, C. S. Navy.

Isaac Moise, C. S. Navy.

Paymaster I. C. Moses, Navy.

Lieutenant R. J. Moses, Jr., C. S. S. Merrimac, Georgia.

Z. P. Moses, Navy Department.


[117]

LISTS OF JEWISH SOLDIERS IN THE UNION AND CONFEDERATE ARMIES DURING THE CIVIL WAR, CLASSIFIED ACCORDING TO STATES AND ALPHABETICALLY ARRANGED.

ALABAMA.

Name.Rank.Company.Regiment.
 
Abraham, Jacob  3d Infantry
Abraham, Isaac  1st Artillery
Abraham, Joseph B2d Cavalry
Altemount, Simon C12th Infantry
Abraham, D. B1st Cavalry
Altman, ——  12th Infantry
Abraham, A. G6th Infantry
 
Block, Maurice  27th Infantry
Killed at Seven Pines.
Bean, Lewis  33d Infantry
Bamburger, Solomon S.,Major 6th Infantry
Wounded at Seven Pines; after which General
Johnston appointed him Private Secretary.
Blum, Elias  10th Infantry
Wounded at Frazier's Farm.
Benedick, F.  3d Infantry
Bernstein, P.  Eufala Light
   Artillery
Barwald, M. G6th Infantry
Barwald, D.  3d Infantry
 
Cohn, L. J.  3d Infantry
Cohen, Louis  4th Infantry
Coleman, ——Sergeant 6th Infantry
[118]Cahn, Jacob B4th Infantry
Colling, William B4th Infantry
Cahn, S.  3d Infantry
 
Daniel, William A1st Infantry
Captured; died and buried at Woodlawn Cemetery,
Elmira, New York.
Dreyfus, Samuel B1st Artillery
 
Einhorn, Aaron B4th Infantry
Ehlbert, M.  21st Infantry
 
Falk, L. M. D5th Cavalry
Fischer, E.CaptainA12th Infantry
Promoted from private.
 
Goodman, Henry A10th Infantry
Goldstein, Isidore E4th Infantry
Gerson, M. L.  3d Infantry
Gerson, A.  3d Infantry
Goldstein, I. B1st Cavalry
Gutman, Joseph B1st Cavalry
Griel, Louis  14th Infantry
Gutman, Emanuel G10th Infantry
 
Hirschfeld, Jacob E14th Infantry
Killed at Sharpsburg.
Heyman, S. A18th Cavalry
Wounded at New Hope Church; disabled from field
duty; on detached service until surrender.
Herzberg, H.LieutenantJ18th Cavalry
Killed at New Hope Church.
Heyman, Isaac J18th Cavalry
Wounded seven times; promoted on the field of battle
for bravery.
Haas, Siegmund C12th Cavalry
Hartman, Joseph  3d Cavalry
[119]Hirschfielder, Jacob  5th Cavalry
Killed at Gettysburg.
Hofheimer, Henry  Washington Light
   Artillery
Hirscher, E.  3d Infantry
Henlein, A. B4th Infantry
Harrison, Joseph A1st Infantry
Captured; died and buried at Woodlawn Cemetery,
Elmira, New York.
 
Israel, I. D60th Infantry
Captured; died and buried at Woodlawn Cemetery,
Elmira, New York.
 
Jacobson, Joseph A42d Infantry
Jonas, Israel  3d Infantry
Killed in action.
Jacobson, Adolph B20th Infantry
Wounded at Vicksburg, June 14, 1863; served balance of
time in hospital.
Joseph, Leonce G. HTemple's Battery and
   7th Cavalry
Joseph, J.  Lafayette Guard
Jaretzky, Morris G6th Infantry
Jackson,—— G6th Infantry
 
Kohn, Solomon D14th Infantry
Kraus, Lee D7th Infantry
Kohn, Jacob B1st Infantry
Kuleman, E.  3d Infantry
Karcher, E.CaptainA12th Infantry
Promoted from private.
Koffsky, S.LieutenantA12th Infantry
Killed at Seven Pines.
Kern, Simeon K17th Infantry
Klein, Louis EState Reserves
Kaiser, Lazarus M. EState Reserves
Kahn, Karl  23d Infantry
Klein, Abraham A42d Infantry
[120]
Levey, ——  3d Infantry
Lost a leg; subsequently killed.
L'Etondal, E. A12th Infantry
Levis, Lazarus  24th Infantry
Loewi, Henry EState Reserves
L'Etondal, F.Captain 12th Infantry
Promoted for bravery.
Lowenthal, Jacob  12th Infantry
Lewy, Henry  3d Infantry
Levy, B. M.  3d Infantry
Lobman, H.  3d Infantry
Levy, Samuel  3d Infantry
Wounded at Gettysburg.
Loewi, Samuel EState Reserves
Lemlo, L. B1st Cavalry
Leiter, I. B1st Cavalry
Levy, Julian C. E3d Infantry
Killed at battle of Malvern Hill.
Levy, Solomon  3d Infantry,
   (Montgomery Blues.)
 
Moses, Montefiore,Surgeon
Moses, Mordecai}
Moses, Henry C.} Brothers  Infantry
Moses, Alfred}
Meyer, Herman A42d Infantry
Meetif, S. A.  3d Infantry
Marks, SamuelLieutenant 3d Infantry
Myer, Moses B1st Artillery
Myer, Charles A42d Infantry
Myer, Henry B4th Infantry
Mook, A. K11th Infantry
Meyerberg, L.  3d Infantry
Markstein, Max C5th Infantry
 
Neubrik, F.  12th Infantry
 
Pepperman, Marx B1st Cavalry
[121]Pickard, Samuel C12th Infantry
Proskauer, AdolphCaptainA12th Infantry
Entered the Confederate Army as private; was
appointed Color Sergeant; rose to be Captain; was
wounded four times.
 
Richmond, Charles B2d Cavalry
Richards, Julius K44th Infantry
Discharged 1862 for disability.
Raufman, S.  11th Infantry
Rohotsch, ——  3d Infantry
Richard, J. G3d Infantry
Richard, Aaron A44th Infantry
 
Solomon, DavidColonel
Appointed by the Governor of Alabama, as
Aide-de-Camp, with the rank of Colonel.
Steiner, L.  3d Infantry
Sussman, David  27th Infantry
Killed at Seven Pines.
Steiner, M.  3d Infantry
Strassburger, H.Lieutenant 3d Infantry
Sussman, H. B4th Infantry
Schoenbacher, H. B1st Infantry
Straus, I. B1st Infantry
Served until disabled.
Scharf, E. B1st Cavalry
Solomon, Joseph B1st Cavalry
Sulsbacher, A.  4th Infantry
Schalhofer, Philip K8th Infantry
Sterne, Samuel  Eufala Artillery
Wounded at Atlanta.
Stern, Joseph  12th Infantry
Strauss, Leopold  Cavalry
Served three years until disabled by wounds.
Siegel, Moses C12th Infantry
Killed in action.
[122]Somentheil, Jacob C12th Infantry
Schiffmann, Jacob {G3d Infantry
  {A44th Infantry
Killed at Seven Pines.
Siegle, ——  3d Infantry
 
Turgueim, David  3d Infantry
Tanhauser, Gustav  23d Infantry
Killed in action.
 
Ulfelder, M.  3d Infantry
Ullman, William A8th Wheeler
   Cavalry
 
Waldman, L.  3d Infantry
Weil, D.  3d Infantry
Weil, H.  3d Infantry
Wambacher, Louis B20th Infantry
Killed at Vicksburg, June 14, 1863.
Wolf, Max C2nd Infantry
 
Young, L.  3d Infantry
Yaretski, JuliusLieutenant A33d Infantry
Served four years; promoted from private.
 
Zadick, Abraham C2d Cavalry

[123]

ARKANSAS.

Name.Rank.Company.Regiment.
 
Auerbach, A. K.  8th Cavalry
 
Burgauer, I.  Woodruff Battery
Burgauer, E.  Woodruff Battery
Baum, Henry  Woodruff Battery
 
Cohn, Wolf  West's Artillery
Cohen, Albert  6th Infantry
 
Daniel, David  1st Infantry
Dryfus, Marcus  1st Cavalry
Dryfus, Theo.  1st Cavalry
 
Erb, Jacob  1st Cavalry
Erb, S.  1st Mounted Rifles
 
Frank, Isaac  1st Cavalry
Flechter, J. G.Captain A6th Infantry
Franklin, Samuel  1st Cavalry
Fox, W. B2nd Cavalry
Febs, E.  6th Infantry
Frank, I.  4th Cavalry
 
Gans, Morris  Parson's Cavalry
Gates, David AWoodruff Battery
Served four years.
Gates, Ferdinand AMarmaduke Command
Served four years.
Gates, Isaac  Ross Arkansas
Served four years.  Battalion.
Goodman, Herman  1st Infantry
 
Hirschfield, Henry A5th Infantry
Hineman, M. L. A6th Infantry
[124]Heilbroner, Henry  3d Infantry
Hoover, E.  West's Artillery
 
Kempner, Jacob  3d Cavalry
Kalischer, S.  1st Cavalry
Klein, Abraham  3d Cavalry
Kuhn, Sigismund  West's Artillery
Kempner, Jacob  3d Cavalry
 
Levy, Julius A6th Infantry
Killed at Shiloh.
Lewis, L. B4th Infantry
 
Meyer, Henry  34th Infantry
Meyer, Gabriel  4th Infantry
Mock, Moses E6th Infantry
Mook, Samuel  6th Infantry
 
Newman, Myer  19th Infantry
 
Ottenheimer, Philip  1st Infantry
Ottenheimer, Abraham  1st Infantry
 
Pfarffer, Philip  4th Cavalry
Pollock, Abraham  3d Cavalry
Pollock, M.  3d Cavalry
Pollock, Leo  Woodruff's Battery
Pfeifer, Philip  1st Cavalry
 
Rich, Rudolph  6th Infantry
 
Simmons, Jacob  1st Infantry
Stern, Solomon  1st Cavalry
Samuels, J.  3d Cavalry
Simmons, Harvey  1st Infantry
 
Vollener, Louis  4th Infantry
 
Winters, Samuel H6th Infantry
Winters, Moses H6th Infantry

[125]

CALIFORNIA.

Name.Rank.Company.Regiment.
 
Alexander, A. A2nd Infantry
Adler, L.  6th Infantry
 
Bacharach, Joseph A2nd Infantry
 
Cohn, S. B. F6th Infantry
Cohen, SolomonCorporal C3d Infantry
Served three years.
 
Davidson, Solomon  1st Cavalry

An officer of distinction made the following remarks concerning this gallant soldier:

"Personally I know several Hebrews who served in the California regiments known as the 'California Column' but in the long years that have elapsed I have forgotten their names. They were all good, faithful soldiers to the flag they enlisted to defend. One I remember, by name, Solomon Davidson. Comrade Davidson belonged to a cavalry regiment; I think it was the 1st California, ordered for service in Arizona, Texas and New Mexico. That regiment has seen more hard service in the saddle than any other I know of wearing Uncle Sam's uniform. Comrade Davidson was a brave man, carrying dispatches and orders from one part of the command to another, regardless of storms and dangers of Indian ambush so often to be encountered in the Territories. Davidson was a loyal, gallant soldier, and I am glad to be able to say this much for our old Jewish comrades in arms. We knew no distinction on account of birth or religion in the army, but we loved all loyal men who gave their lives to the government in the hour of its need. Let me in conclusion express my conviction that a comparison of services will not be determined detrimentally to our Hebrew comrades."

[126]

Faught, Solomon  1st Infantry
Fox, A. H1st Infantry
Frank, M. F1st Cavalry
 
Guggenheim, Solomon E6th Infantry
 
Harris, David M1st Cavalry
Served three years.
Hoffman, J. D1st Cavalry
Hess, Louis C2nd Cavalry
Heubsman, J. B. C4th Infantry
 
Klaus, Moses B2nd Infantry
 
Lambert, F. H. H1st Infantry
Levick, L. H1st Infantry
 
Miller, Louis  6th Infantry
Meyers, Otto H1st Infantry
Meyer, A. I6th Cavalry
 
Solomon, E. H1st Infantry
Simon, Emil A2nd Infantry
Sichel, Eugene H2nd Cavalry
Simon, Isadore G6th Cavalry
Schiller, HenrySergeantA2nd Cavalry
Entered as private.
 
Toklas, Jacob W.2nd Lieutenant K6th Cavalry
Enlisted as private; promoted for bravery.
Toklas, Ferdinand K6th Infantry
Served three years.
 
Zacharias, Jacob K6th Infantry
Protecting United States Mail
overland from Indian and
Mormon attacks and riot at San Francisco.

[127]

CONNECTICUT.

Name.Rank. Company.Regiment.
 
Cohen, Henry       7th Infantry
Cline, Samuel E26th Infantry
Cantrowitz, Samuel    D10th Infantry
 
Dettelbach, Harry D10th Infantry
Dryfuss, Charles D10th Infantry
 
Hoshland, Nathan I7th Infantry
Harris, Henry D10th Infantry
 
Isaac, Julius D10th Infantry
 
Lauber, Louis D10th Infantry
 
Morris, Simon I20th Infantry
 
Newman, Leon B3d Infantry
 
Rosenthal, Samuel  10th Infantry
Rosenthal, Simon C10th Infantry
 
Straus, Moses  10th Infantry
Schiff, Ludwig D10th Infantry
 
Wolfsohn, S. E7th Infantry
Wertheimer, —— D10th Infantry

[128]

DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA.

Name.Rank. Company.Regiment.
 
Behrend, A., Doctor.
entered as Private,
transferred to 2nd U. S. Regulars,
promoted to Hospital Steward,
Army of the Potomac.
 
Freirick, Charles { BTurner Rifles
  {8th Battalion
 
Mundheim, Lewis  8th Artillery
Junior Vice Commander
Garfield Post No. 7, G. A. R.

FLORIDA.

Name.Rank. Company.Regiment.
 
Cohen, Gus  Milton Artillery
 
Daniel, M. A1st Infantry
Captured; died and buried in
Woodlawn Cemetery, Elmira, New York.

[129]

GEORGIA.

Name.Rank.Company.Regiment.
 
Aaronheim, D. D49th Infantry
Abrams, J. J.  1st Infantry
Abrahams, J. M.  49th Infantry
 
Baer, Samuel  6th Infantry
Served until close of war.
Benjamin, S.  51st Infantry
Brown, M. D2nd Battalion
Brandt, Adolph  5th Infantry
Bloomfield, Isaac A10th Infantry
Bear, Samuel
Killed; buried in Jewish cemetery at
Richmond, Virginia.
 
Coleman, ——  51st Infantry
Cohen, Solomon  51st Infantry
Crone, Herman A20th Infantry
Sixteen years old when enlisted;
taken prisoner at Williamsburg.
Cohen, Philip A8th Infantry
 
Dreyer, Louis A.  1st and 63d
   Infantry
De Young, Harry  2nd Battalion
Davisson, D.  2nd Battalion
Davidson, DavidCaptain 50th Infantry
 
Eichbaum, Joseph  44th Infantry
Wounded several times.
Elkan, M.  63d Infantry
Ehrlich, A.  1st Infantry
Wounded in action.
Eberhart, Jacob G7th Cavalry
Captured; died and buried at
Woodlawn Cemetery, Elmira, New York.
 
Falkner, C.[130] B4th Infantry
Died of wounds received at
Hanover Court House.
Friedenthal, L.  1st Cavalry
Feuchtwanger, ——  2nd Battalion
Foote, Abraham  14th Infantry
Frieslehen, Jacob D4th Infantry
Frank, J.
Killed; buried at Jewish cemetery at
Richmond, Virginia.
 
Goldsmith, M. M.Lieutenant  Home Guards
Killed near Macon, Georgia.
Green, William  57th Infantry
Goodman, Charles  2nd Battalion
Gans, Jacob A4th Infantry
Greenbaum, Jacob  51st Infantry
Killed at Gettysburg.
Goodman, Isaac  3d Battalion
Goldman, Edward A2nd Battalion
Subsequently Drill Officer of
38th North Carolina Infantry.
Geisenheimer, M. B1st Infantry
Goodman, HenrySergeantB14th Infantry
Enlisted as private; wounded
in three actions—Harper's
Ferry, Chancellorsville and the Wilderness.
Goldstein, ——  18th Infantry
Killed in action.
Goldsmith, I.  Wellington Ranger
Died of fever contracted in camp.
 
Haas, Solomon A1st Infantry
Enlisted, 1861; when mustered out,
re-enlisted in  12th Artillery
Hertz, J. H. I2nd Infantry
Hirschler, I. D2nd Infantry
Harris, Elisha  Cobb's Legion
Captured; died and buried at
Woodlawn Cemetery, Elmira, New York
[131]Heyman, Isaac D4th Infantry
Wounded at Malvern Hill.
Hayman, Charles D4th Infantry
General Phil. Cook introduced this soldier to
General Gordon at the reunion of the old brigade
with the words: "General, this was one of the
bravest men in my brigade."
Heyman, A.
Killed; buried at Jewish cemetery at
Richmond, Virginia.
 
Isaacs, A.  46th Regiment
Isaacs, Emanuel  2nd Battery
Isaacs, Isaac  2nd Battalion
Isaacs, M.  13th Battalion
 
Jonas, Siegfried I8th Infantry
Jacobus, Jacob H.Lieutenant 5th Infantry
Killed at Shiloh.
Jackson, I.  51st Infantry
Jacobs, William M.  5th Infantry
 
Koppel, Jacob  5th Infantry
Killed at Shiloh.
Kahn, Moses  5th Infantry
Kohn, Bernard  Cherokee Artillery
Kaufman, Selig A8th Infantry
Kohn, Jacob  63d Infantry
 
Lippman, Julius E12th Infantry
Levy, JacobSergeant 22d Infantry
Wounded; served until close of war.
Levy, Morris  4th Infantry
Lippman, Louis  8th Infantry
Wounded at Bull Run.
Lehman, A.  63d Infantry
Lippman, Jacob  63d Infantry
Levy, Simon  6th Infantry
Served three years.
[132]Levy, NathanLieutenant 5th Infantry
Promoted from the ranks; killed.
Levy, JacobLieutenant 5th Infantry
Enlisted as private; killed at Petersburg.
Leon, Morris  44th Infantry
Promoted from private.
Levy, Dick  10th Infantry
Levy, M. D.  1st Infantry
Leisser, L. A4th Infantry
Wounded at the Wilderness.
Lyon, Leonareande,Colonel
Lyons, James de
Graduate of West Point;
Adjutant of State Troops.
 
Mount, Samuel B.,Lieutenant 9th Infantry
Promoted from the ranks.
Marcus, ——  63d Infantry
Meinhart, Isaac  63d Infantry
Meinhart, Samuel  63d Infantry
Morris, W. C3d Battery
Captured; died and buried at
Woodlawn Cemetery, Elmira, New York.
Mehlinger, J. C2d Battalion
Metzger, Isaac A2d Battalion
Mayer, Gabriel  4th Infantry
Moss, L. A.  4th Infantry
Marcus, M.Captain 15th Infantry
Killed, October 13th, 1864; buried in
Jewish Cemetery at Richmond, Virginia.
Magnus, Solomon  Cherokee Artillery
Killed at Resaca, Georgia.
Manners, Jacob I8th Infantry
Meyer, Bernard A1st Infantry
Killed at Manassas.
Manes, E. H8th Infantry
Color-bearer at 2nd battle of Manassas,
and at Sharpsburg.
[133]Meyer, Simeon  5th Infantry
Mayers, Aaron  Silver Grays
Morris, Philip  Silver Grays
Mayer, IsaacMajor 5th Infantry
Meyer, Lazarus  3d Infantry
Moses, ——LieutenantC2d Battery
Moses, I. Clifton A10th Infantry
Moses, Montefiore J.  2d Infantry
Promoted Surgeon.
Moses, William Moultrie  2d Infantry
Mehlinger, M B4th Infantry
Myers, Bernard  1st Infantry
Killed at Rich Mountain.
Merz, Louis D4th Infantry
Killed at Sharpsburg.
Moise, Edward M.CaptainA10th Infantry
Enlisted in 7th Cavalry; served until surrender;
commanded the 10th; had three horses shot from
under him in one day; commanded the advance in
the Hampton cattle raid; captured 2785 head of
cattle in the rear of General Grant's army in
the fall of 1864.
Moise, A. W.LieutenantH24th Infantry
Enlisted at the age of sixteen years as private in first
battalion of Maryland Cavalry; transferred to 24th
Regiment; wounded at the Wilderness carrying the
colors until disabled; promoted from the ranks.
 
Newman, C.  49th Infantry
 
Popper, I.  63d Infantry
 
Rosenberg, I.  3d Infantry
Killed; buried at Jewish Cemetery at
Richmond, Virginia.
Rush, George W.Captain 22d Infantry
Killed at Petersburg.
[134]Robinson, A.  15th Infantry
Killed in action June 26th, 1863; buried at
Jewish Cemetery, Richmond, Virginia.
Rosenwalt, Lazarus  3d Infantry
Russell, Philip M.  1st Infantry
 
Sherlein, Leopold  5th Infantry
Stern, Isaac A2d Battalion
Wounded at Gettysburg.
Schiff, Joseph C2d Infantry
Sterne, Levi D4th Infantry
Sterne, Anselm D4th Infantry
Wounded by a shell.
Simon, N.  51st Infantry
Segal, M.  50th Infantry
Sylvester, L.  5th Infantry
Sarling, Solomon  5th Infantry
Schiff, Jonas  44th Infantry
Schiff, P.  44th Infantry
Stern, Jacob  63d Infantry
 
Triest, Jacob  13th Battalion
 
Wallerstein, H.  44th Infantry
Wertheimer, Samuel K2nd Infantry
Weil, Jacob  3d Infantry
Wittkowsky, David  51st Infantry
Wittkowsky, AlexanderLieutenant 19th Infantry
Warner, L.  Silver Grays
Wertheimer, Harris  Carten Battalion
   Artillery
Wertheimer, Henry B4th Regiment
Weiss, L.
Killed; buried in Jewish cemetery at
Richmond, Virginia.
 
Zitterbart, ——  4th Infantry

[135]

Macon, Georgia, German Artillery.

At the outbreak of the Civil War there existed in Macon, Georgia, an Artillery Company named "The Macon, Georgia, German Artillery," composed entirely of American citizens, of German birth, about one-third being of Hebrew faith. We give the names and positions of a few only, remembered by a survivor.

Name.Rank.
Binswanger, Nathan   2nd Lieutenant
Binswanger, J.Corporal
Binswanger, G.Private
Binswanger, Moses"
Einstein, ——"
Fendig, ——"
Hochser, ——"
Kahn, ——Orderly-Sergeant
Miller, H.Private
Nordlinger, B.Bugler
Nordwalt, A.Private
Sanger, A."
Sanger, R."

1st Camp, Harrison, between Savannah and Brunswick.

2nd Camp, Satilla, near Brunswick, Georgia.

3d Camp, Failfair, near Savannah, Georgia.

Under Brigadier-General Capers. The Company was subsequently transferred to General Walker.


[136]

ILLINOIS.

Name.Rank.Company.Regiment.
Alexander, Isaac  8th Infantry
Asher, JuliusSergeantB9th Infantry
Auerback, Salomon  {10th Infantry
   {31st Infantry
Served until the close of the war.
Abrahamson, Otto E10th Infantry
Arnold, Aaron B12th Infantry
Adler, Charles G14th Infantry
Abraham, August B20th Infantry
Abraham, William  21st Infantry
Wounded at Stone River.
Adler, W. C30th Infantry
Abrams, Samuel  34th Infantry
Ash, David L.1st Lieutenant B37th Infantry
Promoted from the ranks.
Abrams, Frank A39th Infantry
Abrahams, FrederickLieutenant 44th Infantry
Adolph, Jacob  44th Infantry
Arnold, Isaac A.CaptainA46th Infantry
Promoted from 2nd Lieutenant.
Arnold, DavidCaptain 57th Infantry
Promoted from Lieutenant.
Abraham, Jacob  67th Infantry
Ash, Nathan  81st Infantry
Aaron, G. A83d Infantry
Abrahamson, William K84th Infantry
Arnold, Simon  92d Infantry
Aarons, George  120th Infantry
Arnold, Jacob  130th Infantry
Arnold, Reuben E131st Infantry
Adler, Ferdinand  153d Infantry
Asher, Samuel E154th Infantry
[137]Aaron, Julius  156th Infantry
Adler, Henry  3d Cavalry
Arnold, Israel M3d Cavalry
Died in Service.
Alexander, W.  4th Cavalry
Died in camp.
Abrams, HenrySergeant 4th Cavalry
Enlisted as private.
Abraham, Alexander  5th Cavalry
Aaron, William  10th Cavalry
Abrams, H. C11th Cavalry
Ackerman, Jacob H11th Cavalry
Arnold, BenjaminLieutenant 12th Cavalry
Arnold, Abraham  17th Cavalry
Abrahamson, J.  1st Artillery
Adler, DanielCorporal Hershaw Artillery
Adler, DankmarCorporal —— Artillery
 
Behrens, A.  8th Infantry
Berlin, David B8th Infantry
Blind, Philip K8th Infantry
Bachman, Jacob  8th Infantry
Benjamin, Charles A.  13th Infantry
Bernard, George K13th Infantry
Benjamin, W. A13th Infantry
Breslauer, Morris K19th Infantry
Breslauer, Joseph  19th Infantry
Behrends, Bernhart  21st Infantry
Benjamin, John K22d Infantry
Served three years.
Blumenthal, IsidoreCorporalK24th Infantry
Enlisted as private;
served three years.
Blumenthal, Edward K24th Infantry
Bamberger, Alexander K24th Infantry
Baum, BenjaminCorporal 25th Infantry
Enlisted as private.
Benjamin, Jacob  25th Infantry
[138]Brucker, S. S.LieutenantC39th Infantry
Enlisted as private.
Baer, Joseph C39th Infantry
Bien, Frederick G39th Infantry
Bien, David C.  42d Infantry
Baum, Henry  44th Infantry
Bamberger, V.  49th Infantry
Baum, George  49th Infantry
Blum, Gustav  57th Infantry
Bauer, Ferdinand E58th Infantry
Bernhard, Jacob  63d Infantry
Killed in battle.
Bamberger, Salomon A65th Infantry
Bernstein, SamuelSergeantK67th Infantry
Enlisted as private.
Brum, SamuelCaptain 81st Infantry
Wounded at Guntown;
promoted to Captain for bravery on
the battlefield; served three years.
Baum, GeorgeSergeantB82d Infantry
Blum, Louis  82d Infantry
Bauer, Jacob H82d Infantry
Brand, Jacob  82d Infantry
Brede, Charles C82d Infantry
Killed at Chancellorsville.
Burgheim, Herman C82d Infantry
Baum, Charles  112th Infantry
Behrens, Ferdinand E113th Infantry
Bien, Jacob B126th Infantry
Baum, Samuel  142d Infantry
Breslauer, MoritzSergeant 147th Infantry
Baer, Reuben B. D4th Cavalry
Baum, Franklin  4th Cavalry
Baer, Daniel M7th Cavalry
Bauer, Herman  9th Cavalry
Blum, Charles  16th Cavalry
Died of wounds.
Behrens, Heinrich  16th Cavalry
Blum, Louis  16th Cavalry
[139]Blumenberg, Lewis  2d Artillery
 
Coleman, Alexander  8th Infantry
Cornelius, Adolph  9th Infantry
Re-enlisted as Veteran; died of wounds.
Cerff, George  13th Infantry
Killed at Little Rock, Arkansas.
Coleman, Isaac  15th Infantry
Re-enlisted after expiration of term.
Cohn, J. E18th Infantry
Coleman, Henry  18th Infantry
Cornelius, Samuel B26th Infantry
Cauffman, AlbertLieutenantE33d Infantry
Coleman, Isaac D42nd Infantry
Cohen, A. H46th Infantry
Coleman, J.  56th Infantry
Cohn, Friedrich C82nd Infantry
Cohen, Henry K82nd Infantry
Cohen, Jacob H147th Infantry
Cohen, Louis  7th Cavalry
Cohen, William1st LieutenantB12th Cavalry
Promoted from Corporal.
 
Darmstadter, Jacob A8th Infantry
Davidson, Henry  12th Infantry
Died from wounds.
Davidson, Samuel,Assistant-Surgeon14th Infantry
De Wolf, Henry A15th Infantry
David, Daniel  18th Infantry
Daniels, Abraham H29th Infantry
Davidson, Marcus L. G35th Infantry
Daniels, Joseph  35th Infantry
Davidson, David J. F38th Infantry
Killed in action.
Davidson, Benjamin T.SergeantB40th Infantry
De Wolf, DavidCaptain 47th Infantry
Killed at the battle of Corinth.
[140]Daniel, Joseph  49th Infantry
Durst, Jacob G57th Infantry
Daniels, Alexander  65th Infantry
David, E.  65th Infantry
David, Leaser A65th Infantry
Daniel, Jacob K87th Infantry
David, Jacob  97th Infantry
David, Isaac B132nd Infantry
Danielson, Elof I132nd Infantry
David, IsaacCaptain 151st Infantry
Davidson, David  5th Cavalry
Danielson, Gustav B9th Cavalry
De Wolf, William B1st Artillery
Danielson, August  1st Artillery
 
Erlacher, Max D24th Infantry
Esslinger, Joseph  30th Infantry
Engel, Ferdinand H43d Infantry
Engel, Asa  72nd Infantry
Wounded.
Engel, Frank B132nd Infantry
Eckstein, Lewis  3d Cavalry
Einden, SalomonLieutenant 12th Cavalry
Enlisted as private.
Ehrlich, William  12th Cavalry
Engel, Moritz  12th Cavalry
 
Franks, William F8th Infantry
Frank, Joseph  10th Infantry
Re-enlisted as Veteran.
Frank, Philip  12th Infantry
Freeman, Joseph H14th Infantry
Frank, David E.  21st Infantry
Frank, Frederick  28th Infantry
Freeman, Moses C32nd Infantry
Franks, E. S.  39th Infantry
Frank, Carl D43d Infantry
Killed in action.
[141]Frank, Herman  43d Infantry
Badly wounded.
Frankenberg, Eli  46th Infantry
Frank, Simon C57th Infantry
Freeman, J. A66th Infantry
Falkenthal, Adolph D70th Infantry
Friedenberg, Isaac  75th Infantry
Frank, Jacob  76th Infantry
Frank, I. A82nd Infantry
Frank, MeierCaptainC82nd Infantry
Frank, Moritz C82nd Infantry
Frank, MayerCaptainC82nd Infantry

Enlisted at Chicago; was elected Lieutenant of Company C of the 82nd Regiment, in which he served about two years, when he was promoted to Captain. He was at Chancellorsville and Gettysburg from first to last. Subsequently he was appointed Brigade Inspector and ordered West. He took part in the battle of Wauhatchie and at Missionary Ridge, commanding the 80th. He went with Sherman to Knoxville to relieve Burnside. Captain Frank's deeds entitle him to a place among the bravest Captains in the service of the United States. When Captain Frank volunteered to dislodge Confederate sharpshooters, his whole Company to a man followed him. It was subsequent to this act that he was appointed Brigade Inspector. Two horses were shot from under him at the first day's battle at Gettysburg. He scouted for some time in Georgia, Tennessee and Alabama against guerilla chief "Roddy."

Frank, Jesse  86th Infantry
Frank, Isaac  104th Infantry
Frank, DavidSergeantI105th Infantry
Franks, William1st Lieutenant B168th Infantry
Promoted from Corporal.
Frank, Isaac  118th Infantry
Frankenberg, Benjamin  119th Infantry
Died of wounds received in battle.
[142]Frank, Emanuel  130th Infantry
Fishel, Samuel  135th Infantry
Fishel, Daniel  135th Infantry
Frankenberger, David  150th Infantry
Frankenberger, Ephraim  150th Infantry
Frank, Israel 2nd Cavalry
Frank, Noah  3d Infantry
Died in the service.
Freeman, Marcus  7th Infantry
Frank, Henry B9th Infantry
Freund, Ludwig  13th Infantry
Died in the service.
Frank, Philip  2nd Artillery
 
Goldsmith, David H7th Infantry
Greenwall, David A8th Infantry
Gottlob, Theo.Lieutenant 9th Infantry
Gleiser, N. G10th Infantry
Goldsmith, J.Corporal 14th Infantry
At expiration of term re-enlisted as a veteran.
Gottlob, Adolph G14th Infantry
Goldsmith, George  14th Infantry
Goldsmith, Alexander  10th Infantry
Re-enlisted after being honorably discharged.
Wounded in action at Stone River.
Goldsmith, AlexanderCorporalF19th Infantry
Wounded at Stone River, Kentucky.
Goldsmith, Jonas F19th Infantry
Enlisted as private; re-enlisted after being
honorably discharged. Killed at Stone River,
Kentucky.
Goldsmith, Abraham  24th Infantry
Goodman, Daniel E27th Infantry
Goldsmith, Henry K28th Infantry
Gottlieb, Joseph G28th Infantry
Gottshalk, Emanuel H37th Infantry
Goldsmith, Jacob I37th Infantry
Greenebaum, Samuel C39th Infantry
Green, S. W.  42nd Infantry
[143] Greenwalt, Samuel  49th Infantry
Goldsmith, Benjamin F70th Infantry
Goldman, E.  71st Infantry
Gottlob, JosephCaptainI82nd Infantry
Promoted from Lieutenant.
Greenhut, Joseph B.Captain 82nd Infantry

Enlisted as a private at Chicago, April, 1861, in 12th Illinois Infantry, being the second man on the enrollment list of those who enlisted in Chicago for the war. He was promoted to Sergeant, August, 1861; was with the 12th Illinois Regiment through all the campaigns under General Grant, in Kentucky and Tennessee, up to and including the Battle of Fort Donaldson, in February, 1862, at which battle, while storming the Fort and just before its surrender, he was badly shot in the right arm which caused his retirement from the 12th Illinois shortly thereafter. In August, 1862 he was appointed Captain of Company K, 82nd Illinois Infantry, in which Regiment he passed through the various campaigns and battles in Virginia, under Generals Burnside, Hooker and Meade. Captain Greenhut participated in the memorable Battle of Gettysburg, July 1st, 2nd and 3d, 1863. He was then transferred to the staff of Brigade Commander Hecker, being appointed Adjutant-General of the brigade. This brigade, after the Gettysburg Battle, Rosecrans who, with his army, was surrounded at was transferred to the Western army to relieve General Chattanooga, Tennessee. The brigade had a severe battle at Wauhatchie, near Chattanooga, in opening communications with Rosecrans. The same brigade also took a prominent part in the battles of Mission Ridge and Lookout Mountain, as well as shortly thereafter of that of Knoxville, Tennessee. On the retirement of General Hecker, in February, 1864, Captain Greenhut also resigned his position in the army; the following communication being handed him on his [144]retirement, by General McGroarty, who succeeded in the command of the brigade:


"Headquarters 3d Brigade, 3d Division, 11th Corps.
Whiteside, Tenn., February 28th, 1864.

General order No. 9.

Captain Joseph B. Greenhut, of the 82nd Regiment Illinois Volunteers, having tendered his resignation, is, in pursuance of special order, No. 55, Headquarters Department of the Cumberland, February 24, 1864, relieved from duty as Assistant Adjutant-General of this Brigade, and Lieutenant Rudolph Muller is announced as his successor. In parting with Captain Greenhut, the Colonel commanding feels it both a duty and a pleasure to bear testimony to his diligence, zeal and fidelity in the performance of his duty in the office, as well as in the field, and he regrets to see so excellent and brave an officer as Captain Greenhut leave his command.

Matters of important character only could induce Captain Greenhut to leave the army in which he served three long and hard years, taking active part in all the most decisive battles east and west.

To be read on dress parade to the troops to-day.

By order of Colonel McGroarty,
Commanding Brigade and Post.

Rudolph Muller,
1st Lieutenant and A. A. A. General.


Captain Joseph B. Greenhut,
Assistant Adjutant-General, 3d Brigade."


In recent years Captain Greenhut was appointed by Governor Fifer one of the three commissioners to erect a monument on the battle-field of Gettysburg, in honor of the Illinois soldiers who participated in that battle. He delivered the dedicatory address at the unveiling of the monument, September 3, 1891, in the presence of Governor Fifer, and a large multitude of veterans and representative citizens of the State of Illinois, who visited the battle-field on that occasion.

[145]

The Chicago Tribune, of September 4, 1891, prints Captain Greenhut's speech, as follows:

"Friends and Comrades: We are assembled here to-day on the spot where, on the first day of July, 1863, our regiment stood in line, at the beginning of the first day's memorable Battle of Gettysburg. More than twenty-eight years have passed since that eventful struggle, but our memory is refreshed and brightened when we cast our eyes about us and view these familiar surroundings, and we are impressed in part with the feelings which raged in our breasts when we were formed into line on this field to stem the advance of the Rebel Army. It was an herculean task to perform when we consider that only a small portion of our army was in the field on the first day of the battle, while the larger portion of Lee's Army was concentrated on our front and right.

"None of us knew what a hot day's fight was before us when we broke camp at Emmetsburg early on the morning of July 1st, and began our march towards Gettysburg. We had not gone far when orders came to move faster and to be prepared for an engagement. As we approached the town of Gettysburg on the Emmetsburg road, we could hear the first shots that were being fired on the cavalry skirmish lines and soon thereafter received word that the First Corps, which was ahead of us, was already engaging the enemy, and then came the sad news that General Reynolds had been killed. We then moved double-quick through the town to this field where our batteries were placed in position, and at once opened fire on the advancing enemy. I was detailed in command of two companies of our regiment to support Dilger's battery, and I can bear witness to the effective work done by that gallant battery in holding the enemy in check. We were exposed to the fearful cannonade fire which the enemy opened in our front, and by which we had several of our men wounded. We held our ground for a long time against the large force in our front, but later in the afternoon Ewell's corps flanked us on the right, and as our numbers were still entirely too small to combat with the overwhelming forces of the approaching enemy on our right, there was no alternative for us but to retreat through the town and take up a [146]position on Cemetery Hill. It was in this retreat through the town that our regiment suffered most severely, the rebels coming in through the side streets, which compelled us to fight our way through the entire town.

"Besides the killed and wounded we suffered in this street conflict, a number of our officers were cut off and captured by the enemy. It was a fearful struggle against great odds, and as our regiment covered the rear of our brigade in that retreat it has been a surprise to me that we were not entirely annihilated in our endeavors to force our way through the town up to Cemetery Hill. Each one of us can, however, vividly recollect the hair-breadth escapes experienced on that occasion without any allusions on my part. From Colonel Salomon, who had his horse shot from under him in the street, down through the entire rank of officers and men, none will ever forget that terrible day. As soon as we reached Cemetery Hill, we felt that we were in a better position and could resist any further attacks, if they should be made, and the rebels evidently came to that conclusion, as they did not make any further attempt that day.

"During the night we were reinforced by the remainder of our army, which reached Gettysburg from different points and which brought confidence and encouragement to us who had withstood the hardships of the engagement of the first day's battle. When daylight appeared July 2nd, we were prepared and ready for the second day's struggle.

"Early morning hours on the second day were spent in comparative quiet, each army in full view of the other, and each waiting for the other to begin the fight. The rebels, however, who had possession of the town, had filled the houses standing on the outskirts of the town, just below Cemetery Hill, with sharpshooters for the purpose of picking off our officers, whom they could easily spy standing or walking about on the hill. This had become quite troublesome and General Schurz requested Colonel Salomon to send a detail of about one hundred men to dislodge the sharpshooters. I had the honor to command that detail, which was made up of volunteers, and stormed those houses, driving out the sharpshooters and keeping possession of the houses the balance of the day. In [147]making up this detail an incident happened which I shall surely remember as long as I live, and I cannot refrain from referring to it at this time. Brave John Ackerman, a private in my company, who on every previous occasion was the first to respond when volunteers were asked for to engage in some daring work, did not come to the front on this occasion. I was much surprised at his action, and stepped over to speak to him about it. He said to me:

"'Captain, I cannot go with you this time; I feel as though something terrible was going to happen to me to-day.'

"He looked pale and despondent. Believing that he did not feel well, I left him, after saying a few encouraging words to him. Within an hour after I left him, Ackerman was killed, a rebel shell cutting off more than half his head. His remains were buried on Cemetery Hill, close to where he was killed. It is singular, that he is the only one of our regiment killed at Gettysburg whose name appears on any headstone in the National Cemetery.

"The great artillery duel, consisting of the firing of more than 200 cannon, which was the beginning of the second day's battle, was especially severe on the exposed position occupied by the Eleventh Corps on Cemetery Hill, and the rebels seemed determined to dislodge us from our position, but were unsuccessful in their efforts. All of us can recollect the myriads of shells and bombs that flew in our midst and over our heads, dealing out death wherever they struck in our ranks, and few of the headstones which marked the graves in the old cemetery were left unbroken after that shower of shells.

"The terrible charge the rebels made in the evening of the second day to force us from our position on Cemetery Hill has passed into history as one of the most desperate and bloody of this memorable battle. The charge was made from the streets of the town by the rebel brigade known as the 'Louisiana Tigers,' and it is officially stated that out of 1700 men in that brigade less than 300 'Tigers' returned to the town after that charge. The third day's battle was nearly a duplicate of the day previous, our regiment holding the same position on Cemetery Hill and standing the terrible fire of the enemy with the same bravery and gallantry that had characterized our organization [148]from the beginning. We can all recollect how with frantic desperation the rebels tried to dislodge us from the position we occupied, but all their attempts were unavailing, and when the radiant sun sank behind the western horizon after the third day's fight, the rebels signalized their defeat by a hasty retreat southward. We can also vividly remember how light-hearted and joyous we felt on that early Fourth of July morning when we gazed on those fields and hills in our front which only the evening before were full of life, covered with rebel soldiers and cannon, and now looked deserted and forsaken. We then first began to realize the great victory we had won, a victory which I confidently believe was the turning point for the salvation of this country. But while the face of every Union soldier on that morning was glowing with the flush of heroism, there were but few, however, who could pass without sad emotions over the fields which were so thickly strewn with dead and dying that in some places it was impossible to walk without stepping on some of the dead bodies. But these are the consequences of war, and I sincerely hope it may never again become necessary in this glorious country to call out large armies and to bring such great sacrifices in order to perpetuate our liberties and freedom. (Cheers.)

"It is not necessary to-day to eulogize the many brave deeds of the officers and men of our regiment on this battle-field, as the official records bear ample testimony on that subject, and I doubt whether any regiment can show a better record for bravery than the old 82nd Illinois. (Applause.)

"This monument which has been erected through the generosity of the State of Illinois to commemorate the noble deeds of the 82nd Regiment will stand for ages as a tribute of a grateful people to her sons, now living or dead, who participated in this, the greatest battle which was fought during the war for the preservation of the Union. (Cheers.)

"We, the surviving members of the 82nd Regiment, fully appreciate this token erected in our honor by the State of Illinois and in behalf of our comrades I desire to express through his excellency, Governor Fifer, our sincere thankfulness for the same." (Applause.)

[149]

"Mr. Greenhut concluded by paying a handsome compliment to the old Colonel of the 82nd, Colonel E. S. Salomon, and the ceremonies closed with the recitation of a short poem in German by Lieutenant John Baus, of Chicago."

Goodman, Abraham  83d Infantry
Goodman, Lewis  87th Infantry
Goldsmith, W  93d Infantry
Wounded in battle.
Goldsmith, J.  103d Infantry
Goodman, MosesLieutenant 109th Infantry
Goodman, Jacob  116th Infantry
Goldsmith, Joseph D118th Infantry
Goodman, E.  120th Infantry
Goldsmith, David  155th Infantry
Gans, Henry C2d Cavalry
Goldsmith, J.Corporal 4th Cavalry
Gans, Levi  10th Cavalry
Goldsmith, William  10th Cavalry
Goldsmith, G. W. I14th Cavalry
Gotthelf, JosephAdjutant 16th Cavalry
Enlisted as private; promoted for bravery to 1st
Lieutenant and Adjutant. After being mustered out
re-enlisted in 4th Regiment, Hancock's Veteran
Corps; served as Quartermaster Sergeant.
Gotthart, Moritz E2d Artillery
Hays, Benjamin B7th Infantry
Hess, Joseph A8th Infantry
Severely wounded at Fort Donelson.
Hahn, Martin D8th Infantry
Heineman, Henry A9th Infantry
Haas, Ferdinand A9th Infantry
Heineman, J. A9th Infantry
Herrman, Frank B9th Infantry
Hess, Alexander B11th Infantry
Heineman, William A12th Infantry
Killed at Fort Donelson.
[150]Hays, Moses  18th Infantry
Hess, Abraham  19th Infantry
Re-enlisted as a veteran.
Heller, Adolph  19th Infantry
Herrick, C. K.  19th Infantry
Died from wounds received at
Elizabethtown, Kentucky
Heller, Albert  19th Infantry
Hahn, Charles  22nd Infantry
Hays, AbrahamCorporalC25th Infantry
Mustered out as Sergeant.
Hays, Franklin C25th Infantry
Hays, David C25th Infantry
Hays, Henry  25th Infantry
Hess, JacobCorporalA20th Infantry
Hays, Morris  33d Infantry
Hays, Levi  34th Infantry
Hart, Aaron  34th Infantry
Hays, Daniel  35th Infantry
Hoffman, AdolphCaptain 39th Infantry
Promoted from 2nd Lieutenant.
Herrman, M.       } 2 brothers  41st Infantry
Herrman, Henry }  41st Infantry
Heineman, George A43d Infantry
Herrman, Louis B43d Infantry
Hess, Jacob G43d Infantry
Heineman, Henry K43d Infantry
Heilbrun, Joseph  43d Infantry
Hahn, Daniel  44th Infantry
Wounded and captured.
Hess, Aaron B46th Infantry
Hays, Morris C47th Infantry
Hays, B B54th Infantry
Hays, Levi  55th Infantry
Hayman, A. F57th Infantry
Heineman, Joseph A58th Infantry
Heineman, Jacob F58th Infantry
[151]Herrman, Frank  59th Infantry
Hart, Isaac  63d Infantry
Hirsch, Joseph F64th Infantry
Hirsch, Julius  64th Infantry
Hays, Joseph  65th Infantry
Haas, Joseph F65th Infantry
Harris, Charles  66th Infantry
Hays, Isaac  66th Infantry
Heineman, William E67th Infantry
Haas, Morris  72nd Infantry
Haas, Alexander  79th Infantry
Hirschberg, Louis  80th Infantry
Herrman, Julius A82nd Infantry
Herrman, Jacob C82nd Infantry
Hessberger, Leopold C82nd Infantry
Henshall, Alexander C82nd Infantry
Heyman, Jacob C82nd Infantry
Hirschlein, Leopold C82nd Infantry
Hirsch, L. C82nd Infantry
Wounded at Gettysburg.
Hesslein, Isidore C82nd Infantry
Hahn, Isaac  93d Infantry
Hahn, Jacob  93d Infantry
Hirsch, AugustLieutenantC100th Infantry
Hirschberger, AaronLieutenant 107th Infantry
Hirsch, Benjamin  108th Infantry
Hirschberger, Herman  111th Infantry
Hirschman, Jacob H117th Infantry
Herzberger, F.  117th Infantry
Heineman, Henry  120th Infantry
Hess, Jacob  120th Infantry
Harris, Jacob  130th Infantry
Harris, Charles K134th Infantry
Served four years.
Holzman, S. L. A140th Infantry
Hays, JacobCaptain 142nd Infantry
Harris, BenjaminLieutenant 143d Infantry
Herrman, Gottlieb K144th Infantry
[152]
Herrman, Gottlieb K144th Infantry
Hirsch, Henry  152nd Infantry
Herz, David  156th Infantry
Hart, Aaron  1st Cavalry
Herrman, Herman  3d Cavalry
Hirschman, Joseph  3d Cavalry
Herrman, Jacob G5th Cavalry
Hahn, Henry K7th Cavalry
Herold, HermanLieutenant 11th Cavalry
Enlisted as private;
promoted for gallant conduct.
Hahn, Samuel  1st Artillery
Hart, LeviCaptain 1st Artillery
Promoted from 2nd Lieutenant.
Herman, Gottlieb  2nd Artillery
Hess, Henry  2nd Artillery
Hyman, L.  Chicago Board of
   Trade Battery
Isaacs, Joseph F8th Infantry
Israel, Samuel  18th Infantry
Israel, AaronSergeantK23d Infantry
Isenstein, GeorgeCaptain 24th Infantry
Isaacs, Aaron  42nd Infantry
Isaac, Charles  59th Infantry
Isaacson, Isaac  92nd Infantry
Isaacs, W. A.  117th Infantry
Isaac, David  119th Infantry
Israel, W.  12th Cavalry
Jacobs, C.  8th Infantry
Jacobs, BenjaminCorporalG9th Infantry
Killed at Fort Donelson.
Joseph, Joseph H10th Infantry
Jacobs, James A12th Infantry
Jacobson, Fr. D12th Infantry
Jacobs, G.  18th Infantry
Jacobs, DanielCorporalH25th Infantry
Jacobs, Joseph N. A26th Infantry
Jacobs, Samuel  30th Infantry
Jacobs, Fr.  37th Infantry
[153]Jacobs, Elias D38th Infantry
Jacobs, J. B.  38th Infantry
Jacobs, Bernhart  39th Infantry
Jacob, Philip K43d Infantry
Jacobson, Jacob  44th Infantry
Jacobs, Henry K47th Infantry
Jacobson, Jacob  53d Infantry
Jacobs, Abraham  53d Infantry
Jacobs, E.  56th Infantry
Jacobs, Benjamin  57th Infantry
Jacobs, S.  62nd Infantry
Died in the service.
Jacobs, Henry H65th Infantry
Jacob, Aaron  66th Infantry
Jacobs, Samuel F78th Infantry
Jacobson, A. I82nd Infantry
Jacobs, William  93d Infantry
Died in the field.
Jacobson, Charles  94th Infantry
Jacobs, Joseph C98th Infantry
Jacobs, Aaron  98th Infantry
Jacobs, Samuel E98th Infantry
Jacobs, W.Corporal 103d Infantry
Jacobs, Joseph  133d Infantry
Jacobs, Henry C. C134th Infantry
Jacobs, Joseph E.  143d Infantry
Jonas, EdwardCaptain 149th Infantry
Julian, David  153d Infantry
Jacobs, Charles  2nd Cavalry
Jacobs, J.  3d Cavalry
Jacobs, Joseph, Jr. H9th Cavalry
Jacobson, J.  9th Cavalry
Jacobs, Charles H11th Cavalry
Jacobs, CharlesCorporalF11th Cavalry
Jacobs, Henry  11th Cavalry
Jacobs, Alexander  12th Cavalry
Jacobs, Bernhard  12th Cavalry
[154]Jacobs, A.  15th Cavalry
Jacobs, David F. A1st Artillery
Jacobs, Jacob G1st Artillery
Jacobs, David M.  2nd Artillery
Jacobs, Daniel W.  2nd Artillery
Jacobs, Daniel  Chicago Mercantile
   Artillery
Jacobs, C. G.  13th United States
   Infantry
Jonas, EdwardMajor 50th Infantry
Enlisted as private;
promoted to 2nd Lieutenant,
Captain and Major; captured at Shiloh.
 
Kahn, Moses D9th Infantry
Kohn, Edward H12th Infantry
Kurz, Elias C14th Infantry
Katz, Elias C14th Infantry
Kuhn, George  16th Infantry
Kahn, Henry  20th Infantry
Kohn, Henry  24th Infantry
Kaufman, Moritz1st LieutenantH24th Infantry
Promoted from Corporal.
Kaufman, Jacob K24th Infantry
Krauskopf, G.SergeantA39th Infantry
Kaufman, IsaacCorporal 47th Infantry
Kaufman, ReubenCorporal 54th Infantry
King, Louis H57th Infantry
Kaufman, Joseph  58th Infantry
Kaufman, LeviCorporalI68th Infantry
Koch, HermanSergeantF82nd Infantry
Koch, Frank F82nd Infantry
Koch, Gustav H82nd Infantry
Kramer, Samuel C82nd Infantry
Karminski, Jacob G88th Infantry
Wounded at Stone River.
Kohn, Jacob  95th Infantry
Kaufman, Levi  106th Infantry
Kaufman, Isaac  106th Infantry
Kaufman, Isaac C. F115th Infantry
Konig, Jacob  132nd Infantry
[155]Kaufman, Jacob  149th Infantry
Kaufman, Philip I1st Cavalry
Kaufman, E. B. C2nd Cavalry
Kohn, N.  3d Cavalry
Kaufman, Philip E7th Cavalry
Konigstein, JacobCorporal 7th Cavalry
Wounded in action.
Kohn, Frederick  8th Cavalry
Kohn, Charles  9th Cavalry
Kahn, Friedrich H13th Cavalry
Kaufman, BenjaminSergeant 14th Cavalry
Died in the service.
Koch, Louis C16th Cavalry
Kaufman, Michael  1st Artillery
Kaufman, Martin  2nd Artillery
Koch, Joseph M.  2nd United States
   Veteran Volunteers
Koch, Lewis  2nd United States
   Veteran Volunteers
 
Leavit, Levi G3d Infantry
Lesser, Samuel B. I8th Infantry
Leib, HermanMajor 8th Infantry
Lehman, JacobCorporal 8th Infantry
Enlisted as private.
Lehman, Reuben F10th Infantry
Loeser, Levi H14th Infantry
Levin, Charles E17th Infantry
Levy, Michael  19th Infantry
Lang, Adolph  19th Infantry
Lehman, Ernst A20th Infantry
Ludwig, OscarCaptain 20th Infantry
Promoted from Sergeant.
Lehman, Frank  20th Infantry
Died in the service.
Lehman, Jacob  20th Infantry
Lieberman, Martin  21st Infantry
Died of wounds.
Levy, Joseph A24th Infantry
[156]Leopold, William  45th Infantry
Lorch, Alexander  46th Infantry
Lehman, Joseph B47th Infantry
Lehman, Henry B47th Infantry
Loeb, Philip  49th Infantry
Lyon, Jacob F.  50th Infantry
Louis, Levi  50th Infantry
Lehman, Henry L.1st LieutenantA59th Infantry
Lehman, HenryCorporal 59th Infantry
Lederman, David E59th Infantry
Lederman, Daniel E59th Infantry
Lehman, J.  70th Infantry
Loeb, William2nd LieutenantC82nd Infantry
Levy, Louis C82nd Infantry
Lammfromm, Jacob C82nd Infantry
Lasalle, JacobCaptainC82nd Infantry
Loeb, WilliamCaptainC82nd Infantry
Entered as private;
promoted for gallant conduct.
Lehman, Lewis B86th Infantry
Lichtenberg, Jacob  87th Infantry
Listner, Louis  93d Infantry
Lederman, Abraham F113th Infantry
Lederman, A.  130th Infantry
Landenburg, Abraham  137th Infantry
Lyon, David M.Captain 138th Infantry
Lorch, Jacob  144th Infantry
Leib, Levi H.  2nd Cavalry
Died of wounds.
Ludwig, Daniel  3d Cavalry
Lichtenberger, Alfred  3d Cavalry
Lehman, Frederick  4th Cavalry
Leopold, William  8th Cavalry
Loeser, Jacob  9th Cavalry
Liebman, Daniel  10th Cavalry
Died of disease contracted in camp.
Lehman, Jacob  12th Cavalry
Levi, R. B13th Cavalry
Lehman, Frederick F13th Cavalry
[157] Lehman, Michael2nd Lieutenant 13th Cavalry
Lehman, Max1st Lieutenant 16th Cavalry
Promoted from 2nd Lieutenant.
Leopold, William  1st Artillery
 
Mendel, Noah E.Captain 7th Infantry
Promoted from 2nd Lieutenant;
killed at Fort Donelson.
Myers, Leo W.1st Lieutenant 7th Infantry
Killed at Shiloh.
Morrison, Samuel  8th Infantry
Meyer, Leo  9th Infantry
Mayer, Charles G12th Infantry
Enlisted as private.
Meyers, Herman  12th Infantry
Meyers, David  7th Infantry
Meyers, Henry  8th Infantry
Meyer, Jacob  9th Infantry
Died in the service.
Moses, Frank C9th Infantry
Meyer, Moses  9th Infantry
Died in the service.
Meyers, Aaron H9th Infantry
Myers, Daniel  9th Infantry
Meerholz, Heinrich D10th Infantry
Marks, A. L. K13th Infantry
Served four years under
the name of Charles Harris.
Morris, Levi C14th Infantry
Myers, Frank  14th Infantry
Moses, George  15th Infantry
Menken, Herman  16th Infantry
Meyers, David  19th Infantry
Mayer, Jacob A20th Infantry
Meyers, Samuel  20th Infantry
Myer, Alexander  20th Infantry
Myer, Jonas G22nd Infantry
Mayer, A.SergeantA24th Infantry
[158]Meyer, SamuelSergeant 24th Infantry
Meier, Jacob E25th Infantry
Mayer, CharlesCorporalF24th Infantry
Captured; died in Andersonville Prison.
Meier, Isidore K24th Infantry
Captured; died in Andersonville Prison.
Meier, Louis  26th Infantry
Myers, Joseph  26th Infantry
Died of wounds.
Manuel, Joseph G27th Infantry
Killed in action.
Moses, AlbertMajor 28th Infantry
Promoted from Sergeant.
Meier, Charles  28th Infantry
Mann, IsaacCorporalB30th Infantry
Promoted to 1st Lieutenant.
Marks, IsaacCorporal 30th Infantry
Meier, Jacob  31st Infantry
Morris, Simeon  31st Infantry
Morris, Levi E.  31st Infantry
Meyers, Abraham A33d Infantry
Killed at Vicksburg.
Myers, JosephCaptain 34th Infantry
Promoted from 2nd Lieutenant.
Marcus, Frederic  36th Infantry
Morris, Solomon  37th Infantry
Myers, Abraham G40th Infantry
Mann, Charles B43d Infantry
Meier, Frank  43d Infantry
Meyer, Louis K43d Infantry
Mann, Gustav  44th Infantry
Meier, Lewis  44th Infantry
Meyers, Joseph1st Lieutenant 44th Infantry
Promoted from Sergeant.
Moses, Lewis  46th Infantry
Moses, William  46th Infantry
Mayer, Isaac H46th Infantry
[159]Myers, Jacob  47th Infantry
Mendel, David H47th Infantry
Moritz, William  48th Infantry
May, CharlesLieutenant 50th Infantry
Myers, Louis  54th Infantry
Mayer, CharlesAdjutant 58th Infantry
Promoted from private.
Meyers, Henry E58th Infantry
Moses, Charles F58th Infantry
Mayer, Benjamin  59th Infantry
Mayer, Abraham  62nd Infantry
Meyer, Frederick  63d Infantry
Meyers, Simeon2nd Lieutenant 63d Infantry
May, Aaron E.Adjutant 64th Infantry
Meyer, CharlesSergeant 65th Infantry
Meier, Charles E.CorporalG65th Infantry
Meier, Samuel G65th Infantry
Mann, MartinCaptain 65th Infantry
Mantel, A. E69th Infantry
Meyer, Charles  69th Infantry
Meyers, William  69th Infantry
Meyers, Alexander  70th Infantry
Meyer, Gustav  72nd Infantry
Meier, Ferdinand  72nd Infantry
Mantel, Charles  73d Infantry
Killed in action.
Mayer, Samuel  76th Infantry
Marx, C. H. G80th Infantry
Marks, Nathan C82nd Infantry
Meier, Daniel C82nd Infantry
Meier, Philip C82nd Infantry
Mannheim, E. C82nd Infantry
Meier, Gottlieb D82nd Infantry
Mayer, William D82nd Infantry
Meier, JacobCorporalK82nd Infantry
Killed at Chancellorsville.
Meyers, David I82nd Infantry
[160]Manheimer, Godfrey C82nd Infantry
Wounded at Atlanta.
Meyers, Isaac  83d Infantry
Mann, IsaacCorporal 85th Infantry
Meyers, Solomon  85th Infantry
Mayer, Jacob  87th Infantry
Meyer, Joseph F87th Infantry
Meyers, Frank  89th Infantry
Mayers, W.Lieutenant 92nd Infantry
Myers, Isaac  103d Infantry
Myers, Henry  111th Infantry
Morgenthal, Jacob  116th Infantry
Mayer, Charles  118th Infantry
May, AbrahamLieutenant 130th Infantry
Myers, Lewis  131st Infantry
Morris, Nathan D131st Infantry
Meyer, Gustav D134th Infantry
Mayer, Henry  142d Infantry
Meier, Joseph  142d Infantry
Moses, ReubenLieutenant 146th Infantry
Promoted from the ranks.
Moses, AaronSergeant 1st Cavalry
Moses, ReubenSergeant 1st Cavalry
Meyers, Henry  2nd Cavalry
Mann, Levi  7th Cavalry
Meyers, Morris G7th Cavalry
Meier, Henry  7th Cavalry
Meyers, Daniel  8th Cavalry
May, Oscar  9th Cavalry
Meier, Herman  9th Cavalry
Died of wounds.
Meier, William  9th Cavalry
Meier, Herman  10th Cavalry
Meier, AugustLieutenant 10th Cavalry
Enlisted as private.
Mayer, Moses A12th Cavalry
Marks, Samuel L12th Cavalry
Meyers, Henry  13th Cavalry
[161]Meyer, Ferdinand  13th Cavalry
Marx, FelixCaptain 13th Cavalry
Promoted from Lieutenant.
Meier, Moses B15th Cavalry
Mann, EugeneCorporalH15th Cavalry
Meyers, Charles A16th Cavalry
Mayer, J. B16th Cavalry
Meier, Herman  16th Cavalry
Marx, John F.Lieutenant 16th Cavalry
Meiers, Nathan  17th Cavalry
Meyers, David C1st Artillery
Meiers, Frank G1st Artillery
Meyers, HenrySergeant 1st Artillery
Enlisted as private.
Marx, Louis A2nd Artillery
Moses, Ferdinand K2nd Artillery
Mann, Lewis  Chicago Mercantile
   Artillery
Meyer, Henry  Elgin Artillery
 
Neuman, Albert C9th Infantry
At expiration of term re-enlisted in
Company B; was killed at Fort Donelson.
Nathan, G. M. B24th Infantry
Nathan, Morris  24th Infantry
Newman, Joseph F42nd Infantry
Newman, J.  66th Infantry
Nieman, Moritz A82d Infantry
Newman, Benjamin  91st Infantry
Newman, Jacob F82nd Infantry
Nattinger, S. L. E104th Infantry
Newman, Jesse  112th Infantry
Newman, SimonCaptain 145th Infantry
Newman, J.  4th Cavalry
Newman, David  13th Cavalry
Died of wounds.
Newman, JacobCorporal Springfield Artillery
 
[162] Ochs, George C9th Infantry
Ochs, Ferdinand H24th Infantry
Opperman, Julius  24th Infantry
Ochs, Martin  27th Infantry
Ochs, CharlesCorporalB71st Infantry
Ochs, Friedrich  72nd Infantry
Oppenheimer, Abraham  17th Cavalry
 
Phillipson, Aaron D3d Cavalry
 
Rose, E. E10th Infantry
Ressie, Adolph K10th Infantry
Rosenbach, Moses G10th Infantry
Rose, Daniel H12th Infantry
Rosenthal, Henry  21st Infantry
Rosenfeld, Frank K23d Infantry
Rosenthal, M. K43d Infantry
Rosenthal, Charles  49th Infantry
Rosenthal, C. W.Lieutenant 57th Infantry
Rose, Daniel  58th Infantry
Mortally wounded at Shiloh.
Rice, Joseph  58th Infantry
Rosenbaum, Alexander A75th Infantry
Rosenbaum, William  76th Infantry
Rosenthal, Sampson  82nd Infantry
Rosenhaupt, Joseph  107th Infantry
Rosenberg, S.  118th Infantry
Rosenhaupt, Simon I142nd Infantry
Rapp, Jacob  146th Infantry
Rosenberg, J.  3d Cavalry
Ruben, Frederick  12th Cavalry
 
Simpson, Elias  7th Infantry
Simpson, David K7th Infantry
Simonson, Isaac E8th Infantry
At expiration of term re-enlisted as veteran;
promoted to Sergeant; killed at Fort Blakely.
Sturmer, Joseph G10th Infantry
Sanders, Frank  16th Infantry
[163]Samuels, Charles H19th Infantry
Simon, Joseph G24th Infantry
Summerfield, Elias  24th Infantry
Sanders, Jacob  25th Infantry
Solomon, F. A25th Infantry
Stern, Jacob  30th Infantry
Simpson, Isaac I31st Infantry
Simpson, William I31st Infantry
Stern, Joseph  35th Infantry
Simons, Adolph C37th Infantry
Simons, Marcus C37th Infantry
Simons, LeviCorporalF37th Infantry
Simpson, Joseph  38th Infantry
Simpson, Daniel  40th Infantry
Samuelson, Alexander C43d Infantry
Samuelson, Charles C43d Infantry
Samuelson, Charles A. C43d Infantry
Sanger, Louis  47th Infantry
Solomon, Henry D48th Infantry
Simon, Lewis  51st Infantry
Solomon, David  52nd Infantry
Sampson, Samuel  53d Infantry
Simpson, SamuelCorporal 55th Infantry
Samuelson, Charles  55th Infantry
Killed at Kenesaw Mountain.
Solomon, D.  58th Infantry
Strauss, Charles E59th Infantry
Stine, Isaac  68th Infantry
Simons, Alexander  78th Infantry
Sommer, FrankCorporalB82nd Infantry
Salomon, A. C82nd Infantry
Simon, Gustav C82nd Infantry
Steinbach, M. Joseph  82nd Infantry
Simpson, HermanCorporal 82nd Infantry
Killed at Chancellorsville.
Shoenwalt, FrankLieutenantK82nd Infantry
Salomon, Abraham C82nd Infantry
[164]Siesel, Siegmund C82nd Infantry
Salomon, Edward S.Brigadier-General 82nd Infantry

Joined the 24th Illinois as 2nd Lieutenant, participating in the battles of Frederickton and Mainfordsville, Kentucky. His gallantry in action and general proficiency in tactics were the cause of successive promotions till in 1862 Lieutenant Salomon was gazetted Major of the regiment. Owing to disagreement among the officers of the command of Colonel Hecker, Major Salomon and other officers resigned and organized another regiment under the official designation of the 82nd Illinois Infantry, of which Major Salomon ultimately became Colonel. As a member of the 11th Army Corps under General Howard, he participated in the campaign of which the actions at Chancellorsville and Gettysburg were salient features. He also took part in the battles round Chattanooga, Lookout Mountain, and Missionary Ridge; fought in fact throughout all the campaign in the Southwest and was ultimately brevetted to the rank of Brigadier-General.

President Grant appointed General Salomon to the Governorship of Washington Territory which position he held four years to the satisfaction of the citizens and to the increased industrial prosperity of the North-west.

As the subject of this sketch has also been prominent in politics on the Republican side, his military service has frequently been attacked by political enemies. To show with what little justice these attacks have been made, we publish a few of the opinions entertained by prominent Generals of the army:


[165]

"Headquarters 3d Division,
August 20, 1863.

Major General Howard,
Commanding 11th Corps.

General:

Of the part taken by my Division in the actions of July 2 and 3 at Gettysburg, I have the honor to submit the following report: One of the five regiments of the 1st Brigade, the 74th Pennsylvania, was left with General Ames to strengthen his right wing; the remaining four were directed towards a strip of woods on the right of the Division, in which the firing had become very heavy, and where, according to a report of some staff officers of the 1st Corps, immediate aid was needed. Two regiments, the 157th New York and the 61st Ohio, were guided by one of their officers, while the other two, the 82nd Illinois and the 45th New York, were led by my Chief of Staff, Lieutenant-Colonel Otto, of the 50th New York.

It had meanwhile become quite dark, the direction of the fight being indicated by nothing but the sound of musketry. The regiment entered the woods with the greatest determination, and drove the enemy from our rifle pits.

It is my pleasant duty to mention as especially deserving, the names of Lieutenant-Colonel Otto, who superintended this operation with great judgment and courage, and Lieutenant Colonel Salomon, of the 82nd Illinois, who displayed the highest order of coolness and determination under very trying circumstances.

I am, General,

Very respectfully yours,
(Signed)      C. Schurz,
Major-General Commanding Division.

[166]

Headquarters 3d Brigade, 1st Division,
20th Army Corps.

Near Kenesaw Mountain, Ga.
June 26th, 1864.

Allen Fuller,
Adjutant-General, State of Illinois.

Sir:

I have the honor to respectfully request that you issue a Colonel's commission to Lieutenant-Colonel Edward S. Salomon, commanding the 82nd Regiment Illinois Volunteer Infantry, belonging to his brigade. I take pleasure in saying that it is my sincere belief that Lieutenant-Colonel Salomon fully deserves this favor, not only by his inherent ability and merit as an officer, but more particularly by the gallantry and efficiency he has displayed during this campaign. The regiment he commands is his best recommendation, it being soldierly, gallant and thoroughly disciplined. It will be accepted as a personal favor if you will make special effort to obtain the approval of Lieutenant-Colonel Salomon's commission as Colonel, and his muster as such by the War Department.

Respectfully, your obedient servant,
J. S. Robinson,
Colonel Commanding 3d Brigade,
1st Division 20th Army Corps.

Headquarters 1st Division, 20th Army Corps.
June 28th, 1864.

Respectfully forwarded, heartily concurring with the within recommendation.

(Signed)      A. S. Williams,
Brig. Gen. Commanding Division.

Headquarters 20th Army Corps.
June 28th, 1864.

Respectfully forwarded. I fully concur in the within recommendation Lieutenant Colonel Salomon has won the good opinion of all his comrades by his great gallantry and good[167] conduct, and it will be but a just and grateful appreciation of his services to confer the preferment upon him.

(Signed)      Joseph Hooker,
Major-General Commanding.

Headquarters 3d Brigade, 1st Division,
20th Army Corps.
Goldsboro, N. C., April 2nd, 1865.

Hon. E. M. Stanton,
Secretary of War.

Sir:

I have the honor to recommend and earnestly request the appointment of Colonel Edward S. Salomon, of the 82nd Regiment, Illinois Volunteers, as Brevet Brigadier-General for gallant and meritorious services.

Colonel Salomon joined this brigade with his regiment at the opening of the campaign against Atlanta in the spring of 1864. During the fighting before Resaca, Georgia, on the 14th and 15th of May, this regiment behaved with great gallantry.

Again, at New Hope, Georgia, on the 25th of the same month, Colonel Salomon led his command with admirable coolness and courage against the enemy. After having advanced under a severe fire of musketry and artillery more than a mile, he held his line close to the entrenched position of the enemy, without a breastwork, and with a scanty supply of ammunition.

At the battle near Peach Tree Creek, before Atlanta, Georgia, on the 20th of July, 1864, Colonel Salomon performed a most gallant and meritorious part in repulsing the repeated onslaughts made by the enemy. In the face of a furious raking fire, he held his line for four hours, when the enemy withdrew from his front with great loss.

During the siege of Atlanta, Colonel Salomon was ever prominent for his energy, coolness and judgment.

In the fight near Averysboro, North Carolina, on the 16th of March, 1865, Colonel Salomon, as usual, led his regiment into action with great gallantry and skill.

At the battle of Bentonville, on the 19th of March, 1865, Colonel Salomon and his command drew the unqualified admiration of all who witnessed their coolness and discipline[168] under fire, and their effectual services in repulsing several determined attacks of the enemy.

Colonel Salomon has distinguished himself in other engagements besides those which have been mentioned. At Gettysburg and Missouri Ridge his gallantry was conspicuous and challenged the highest admiration.

I consider Colonel Salomon one of the most deserving officers of my acquaintance. His regiment is his highest praise In point of drill and discipline it is second to none in this corps. Its record will bear safe comparison with any other of the same age in the army.

Colonel Salomon has had a commission as Colonel since April, 1864, but his regiment not containing the requisite number of men he has been unable to get mustered.

Earnestly hoping that his claims will meet your favorable attention.

I remain, sir, very respectfully, your obedient servant,

(Signed)      J. S. Robinson,
Brig. Gen. U. S. V., Commanding 3d Brigade,
1st Division, 20th Army Corps.

Headquarters 20th Army Corps.
Goldsboro, April 2, 1865.

I cordially concur in the recommendation of General Robinson. The officer (Colonel Salomon) has just merits. He is intelligent, gallant, brave and faithful. I have had several occasions to mark his distinguished merit. There can be no promotion more deserved.

A. S. Williams,
Brevet Maj. Gen. Commanding.

War Department,
Washington, June 15, 1865.

Sir:

You are hereby informed that the President of the United States has appointed you for distinguished gallantry and meritorious services during the war, a Brigadier General of Volunteers, by brevet in the service of the United States, to rank as such from the thirteenth day of March, one thousand eight[169] hundred and sixty-five. Should the Senate at the next session advise and consent thereto, you will be commissioned accordingly.

Edwin M. Stanton,
Secretary of War.

To Brevet Brigadier-General Edward S. Salomon,
U. S. Volunteers.


What was thought of General Salomon and his administration as Governor by the people of Washington Territory is best explained by quoting the following article from the Pacific Tribune, published at the time he resigned his office of Governor:

"Resignation of Governor Salomon.

"The acceptance of Governor Salomon's resignation by the President is universally regretted by our people. He was honest, fearless and capable. He mingled freely with the people, identified himself with their interests and generously expended his time and means to bring hither population and to promote our material interests. He has established a reputation in the office which will make his administration a source of pride to his fellow-citizens, and he carries into his retirement the consolation that the good and true of all parties regard it fortunate that he should have been called to preside over our destinies. We speak the sentiment of our people when we express unfeigned regret that he felt it his duty to resign his office. His official acts are his best records; they have all met with the heartiest commendation of our people.

"A thorough and consistent Republican, baptized in the fire of battle, when gallantly sustaining the flags, he has always been true and steadfast to the principles of the party of which he was so distinguished a member. While ever ready with purse, pen and tongue to maintain his partisan principles, he was singularly free from a partisan bigotry in the exercise of official functions. He governed the Territory. Party behests never made him swerve from official integrity or duty to the whole people. How proudly can he look to this episode of his life. He governed well. He satisfied all, for the welfare of the whole was constantly in his eye; he was true to the position he so happily filled.

[170]

"But his successor is soon to come among us. We are ready to accord to the Executive a cordial welcome. We can wish him, however, no higher or better aspiration than that he may prove worthy to be the successor of one who so faithfully and well performed all his duties as Edward S. Salomon."

Shanwalt, Jacob  91st Infantry
Samuelson, G.  105th Infantry
Stine, Abraham  111th Infantry
Switzer, Moses  118th Infantry
Salomon, Tobias  122nd Infantry
Salomon, Levi C123d Infantry
Salomon, Samuel C123d Infantry
Strauss, David  124th Infantry
Simons, Samuel  132nd Infantry
Strauss, Albert  156th Infantry
Simon, David S.  2nd Cavalry
Sternberg, H.  2nd Cavalry
Simons, Daniel  4th Cavalry
Strauss, Charles  4th Cavalry
Schiff, Gottlieb  8th Cavalry
Strauss, Lewis  8th Cavalry
Samuelson, DavidCorporal 10th Cavalry
Salomon, Henry,1st Lieutenant 10th Cavalry
Enlisted as private.
Sampson, Simon  10th Cavalry
Died of wounds.
Solomon, H. J.2nd Lieutenant 10th Cavalry
Strouse, Charles  12th Cavalry
Sachs, AdamCaptain 13th Cavalry
Promoted from 2nd Lieutenant.
Simon, Henry A17th Cavalry
Schoneman, Jacob  2nd Artillery
 
Ulman, A.  58th Infantry
 
Vogel, Bernhard D9th Infantry
Vogel, Louis D43d Infantry
Veteran.
[171]Vogel, Louis  44th Infantry
Vogel, Jacob  67 Infantry
Vogel, Gottlieb  72nd Infantry
Vogel, CharlesCaptainB132nd Infantry
Vogel, Lewis  2nd Cavalry
 
Wolf, Julius K7th Infantry
At expiration of term re-enlisted as Veteran.
Wolf, Louis A9th Infantry
Weil, Louis E9th Infantry
Wodic, Emanuel K10th Infantry
Has testimonies from his superior officers,
speaking in the highest terms
of his devotion and courage.
Weise, Simon G11th Infantry
Wolf, M. P. G12th Infantry
Wolfson, R.  16th Infantry
Wolf, G. W.  16th Infantry
Wolf, Charles K18th Infantry
Wolf, Joseph  21st Infantry
Wolf, Henry G21st Infantry
Wellner, Jacob A23d Infantry
Wollner, Jacob B23d Infantry
Served three years.
Wolf, Charles  24th Infantry
Wolf, Jacob F25th Infantry
Wise, Simon A26th Infantry
Wise, Isaac  31st Infantry
Wurzburger, Abraham A82nd Infantry
Wolf, Moses C82nd Infantry
Weiss, Joseph H82nd Infantry
Waterman, AlfredSurgeon 105th Infantry
Promoted from Assistant Surgeon.
de Wolf, HenrySergeantD134th Infantry
Waterman, David  9th Cavalry
Weil, Samuel  1st Artillery
 
Zucker, Simon F10th Infantry
Zaellner, Louis C82nd Infantry

[172]

INDIANA.

Name.Rank.Company.Regiment.
Adler, HenryCorporalI15th Infantry
Adolph, Jacob A22nd Infantry
Aaron, Allen  33d Infantry
Asher, W. H. E33d Infantry
Asher, H. C.  33d Infantry
Ash, Isaac B37th Infantry
Appel, Moses A38th Infantry
Died of wounds received at Stone River.
Appel, Joseph A38th Infantry
Asher, S.  54th Infantry
Ascher, David E57th Infantry
Ash, Joseph H67th Infantry
Abraham, Benjamin C68th Infantry
Ash, C. M. E70th Infantry
Abraham, Ezekiel B83d Infantry
Aaron, Daniel  90th Infantry
Ash, DanielCaptain 99th Infantry
Arnold, Moses D99th Infantry
Ash, Salomon E99th Infantry
Albert, Levi  106th Infantry
Aaron, Adolph H107th Infantry
Asher, NoahCorporalE128th Infantry
Mustered out as Sergeant.
Asher, Simpson E133d Infantry
Ash, Henry E144th Infantry
Abrahamson, Eugene K152nd Infantry
Alexander, Levi  13th Battery
 
Baer, Samuel A. I7th Infantry
Died of wounds received at the Wilderness.
Berlin, Jacob C9th Infantry
Killed at Shiloh.
[173]Benjamin, AbrahamCorporalC10th Infantry
Enlisted as private.
Benjamin, Theodore F6th Infantry
Bair, Manasseh K8th Infantry
Barnett, Isaac D9th Infantry
Barnett, Lewis D11th Infantry
Bachman, Benjamin A13th Infantry
Benjamin, Julius F13th Infantry
Barnett, S.  18th Infantry
Benjamin, David B20th Infantry
Bernard, JacobCorporalD20th Infantry
Bernard, M.  1st Heavy Artillery
Bair, Simon E26th Infantry
Bernard, Henry K1st Cavalry
Benjamin, David J. G29th Infantry
Bernard, William E32nd Infantry
Blum, Marcus H32nd Infantry
Bernard, A.  32nd Infantry
Barnhard, David G33d Infantry
Benson, David S.  3d Cavalry
Bernard, L.  38th Infantry
Barnhard, Jacob F40th Infantry
Beers, Marcus G40th Infantry
Bachman, L.  42nd Infantry
Bean, Solomon G44th Infantry
Bear, Levi E46th Infantry
Baum, C.  46th Infantry
Benjamin, Abel G46th Infantry
Benjamin, Philip M. G46th Infantry
Baer, Manasseh N.CorporalB47th Infantry
Baer, Daniel B47th Infantry
Baer, David G72nd Infantry
Baer, Aaron I74th Infantry
Mustered out as Quartermaster Sergeant.
Blum, B.  77th Infantry
Baier, J.  89th Infantry
Bamberger, Herman J. A107th Infantry
Bear, Manasseh B116th Infantry
[174]Baum, Adam E. E116th Infantry
Baum, Zachariah E116th Infantry
Bernheimer, Leopold A136th Infantry
 
Coffman, Marcus F11th Infantry
Cahn, Ad.  32nd Infantry
Cahn, Julius  32nd Infantry
Coffman, Isaac D40th Infantry
Coffman, Samuel L. B2nd Cavalry
Coffman, Levi A8th Cavalry
Coffman, Nathan B43d Infantry
Captured; died in Rebel prison.
Coffman, LeviSergeantL3d Cavalry
Cornelius, Abraham B51st Infantry
Cohn, GabrielSergeantC68th Infantry
Coffman, Jacob E75th Infantry
Coffman, Jonas  75th Infantry
Coffman, Isaac D81st Infantry
Coffman, Isaac D97th Infantry
Cohen, Charles, Jr.  110th Infantry
Coffman, Joseph F116th Infantry
Cohen, Charles F116th Infantry
Coffman, Joseph K128th Infantry
Cohen, Isaac B13th Cavalry
Coffman, Jacob  8th Battery
Cahn, AlbertLieutenant 135th Infantry
Cohen, Max  3d Cavalry
Cohn, A. J.Captain Pleasanton's Cavalry
 
David, Daniel C6th Infantry
David, Levi F7th Infantry
David, EphraimCorporalH7th Infantry
Davidson, Mordecai A17th Infantry
Davidson, David G20th Infantry
Dryfus, Jacob I32nd Infantry
Daniel, J.  44th Infantry
De Witt John  52nd Infantry
Desar, DavidLieutenant 107th Infantry
 
Epstein, Frank[175] D7th Infantry
Eslinger, IsidorCaptainE32nd Infantry
Emanuel, Benjamin E50th Infantry
Ellinger, Jacob S. D53d Infantry
Eslinger, A.  59th Infantry
Engel, Elias (Minute Men) D105th Infantry
Engel, N. (Minute Men) A106th Infantry
Emanuel, Daniel A116th Infantry
Engelhart, H. D. C83d Infantry
Ellinger, Reuben  25th Battery
 
Franks, Ernst K17th Infantry
Friedlein, Adam K19th Infantry
Frank, Samuel F1st Cavalry
Freund, Henry I32nd Infantry
Fred, Ephraim H53d Infantry
Fred, Jacob H53d Infantry
Fryberger, A. J. I54th Infantry
Frank, Moses H59th Infantry
Fishel, Solomon K99th Infantry
Fishel, David K99th Infantry
Falk, Isaac W. F100th Infantry
Falk, Joseph B100th Infantry
Friedlein, Michael C118th Infantry
Frankfoder, D.Lieutenant 142nd Infantry
Friedlein, Joseph E147th Infantry
Friedlein, Emanuel E147th Infantry
Frank, AdamLieutenant 6th Battery
Frank, Joseph  10th Battery
Frank, Morris F.  25th Battery
 
Grunburg, Marks  8th Infantry
Goldsmith, Joseph F11th Infantry
Goldsmith, J. L. K15th Infantry
Goldsmith, Joel L. E18th Infantry
Wounded at Pea Ridge.
Goodman, C.Corporal 23d Infantry
Goldman, W. H. A23d Infantry
[176]Goodman, Benjamin S. B24th Infantry
Goodman, D.  26th Infantry
Goldsmith, Frederick H26th Infantry
Goodman, Jacob D30th Infantry
Goldsmith, G. B. A31st Infantry
Goldsmith, J. L. G33d Infantry
Goldsmith, John F34th Infantry
Goldsmith, M. B38th Infantry
Goodman, J.  38th Infantry
Goodman, Maier E38th Infantry
Greenfield, Henry G2nd Cavalry
Goldsmith, Henry B44th Infantry
Goldsmith, J. W. F44th Infantry
Green, Solomon A. A54th Infantry
Goodman, Charles B. B54th Infantry
Goldsmith, George W. B57th Infantry
Goodman, A.  58th Infantry
Killed at Stone River.
Goldman, Jesse I60th Infantry
Goldsmith, M. H. K67th Infantry
Goldsmith, W. H. I68th Infantry
Goldsmith, James D80th Infantry
Goldman, Alexander I80th Infantry
Goldsmith, Joseph K103d Infantry
Goldstein, Samuel E107th Infantry
(Minute Men)
Goodman, Abraham A113th Infantry
(Minute Men)
Goldsmith, Bernard D136th Infantry
Goldman, Jonathan I142nd Infantry
Goldman, P. D144th Infantry
Goldsmith, J. G.Corporal 9th Battery
Goldsmith, EdwinAdjutant 100th Infantry
 
Hayman, LouisCorporalK18th Infantry
Harris, Simon H20th Infantry
Killed at Gettysburg.
Hess, Leopold B23d Infantry
Hirsch, Philip K26th Infantry
[177]Hess, Levi M.LieutenantB29th Infantry
Promoted from Sergeant
Hess, Joseph H31st Infantry
Hahn, C.  32nd Infantry
Hahn, J.  32nd Infantry
Hirsch, Jacob C37th Infantry
Hinneman, David B8th Cavalry
Hinneman, Joseph B8th Cavalry
Hoffman, Solomon A2nd Cavalry
Hess, AlexanderLieutenant F2nd Cavalry
Promoted from Sergeant.
Hoffman, Emanuel L. E42nd Infantry
Hersh, J. W. C44th Infantry
Hoffman, AaronCorporalD3d Cavalry
Herrman, Abraham B. D46th Infantry
Herman, JosephCorporalF46th Infantry
Hess, J.  46th Infantry
Hoffman, Jacob D47th Infantry
Huffman, Simon D47th Infantry
Hess, JacobCaptainK21st Infantry
Herschman, G. W. B51st Infantry
Heller, Daniel H51st Infantry
Hochstetter, Joseph A52nd Infantry
Killed by guerillas.
Hochstetter, Jacob C52nd Infantry
Heachburger, Levi C63d Infantry
Herzog, Isaac D63d Infantry
Hochstetter, BenjaminLieutenant 67th Infantry
Hirschberger, AbrahamD 72nd Infantry
Hirschberger, Noah D72nd Infantry
Hyneman, J. E80th Infantry
Hyneman, Lewis D83d Infantry
Hirsch, Wolf C82nd Infantry
Wounded at Chickamauga and taken prisoner;
he served throughout the Civil War.
Hirschman, Ezekiel G100th Infantry
Hart, AaronCorporalD103d Infantry
[178] Hahn, Joseph (Minute Men) G106th Infantry
Herrman, A. (Minute Men)  107th Infantry
Hart, Aaron I9th Cavalry
Herman, Reuben H12th Infantry
Hirsch, George G135th Infantry
Hirsch, Jacob A136th Infantry
Hahn, Jacob A136th Infantry
Hess, L.  136th Infantry
Hirsch, August A142nd Infantry
Heineman, WilliamCorporalF146th Infantry
Herman, Jacob F149th Infantry
Herzog, Jacob C. D154th Infantry
Heller, Abraham H155th Infantry
Hirsch, Ferdinand  6th Battery
Hirschler, Abraham M4th Cavalry
Died in Libby Prison.
 
Isaacson, J. A. H15th Infantry
 
Josephs, Abraham C.SergeantK11th Infantry
Joseph, Mark P.CaptainK11th Infantry
Enlisted as private; wounded.
Jacobs, Nathan G13th Infantry
Judah, Samuel K20th Infantry
Joseph, Marx  1st Heavy Artillery
Jacobs, Elias K30th Infantry
Judah, Israel F31st Infantry
Jacoby, S.  48th Infantry
Died of wounds.
Judah, H.  90th Infantry
Jacobs, A. M. E114th Infantry
Judah, Th. O. D117th Infantry
Joseph, John A3d Cavalry
Jacobson, Samuel  14th Battery
 
Kaufman, Jacob C. G20th Infantry
Kaufman, Adolph F32nd Infantry
Koch, Joseph A60th Infantry
[179]Koch, L. Corporal60th Infantry
Koch, P.  60th Infantry
Kahn, Julius I76th Infantry
King, Isaac B88th Infantry
Kiser, Moses B88th Infantry
Kaufman, JacobCorporalA89th Infantry
Kahn, Eli (Minute Men) D110th Infantry
Kauffman, Benjamin A118th Infantry
Kauffman, Abraham G11th Cavalry
Kuhn, Leo B136th Infantry
Kauffman, Benjamin G139th Infantry
Kauffman, Abraham G149th Infantry
Kuhn, S.  3d Battery
Kirschler, A.SergeantM4th Cavalry
Captured; died in Andersonville Prison.
Kubitshek, Michel I88th Infantry
Kubitshek, HenryLieutenantG48th Infantry
Promoted from ranks.
Knefler, FrederickBrigadier-General 79th Infantry

Attained the highest rank of any Israelite who served during the Civil War. He enlisted as a private in the 79th Regiment, Indiana Volunteers, and rose step by step until he was promoted to the Colonelcy of his Regiment. Subsequently he was appointed Brigadier-General, then Brevet Major-General for meritorious conduct at Chickamauga. He participated in the principal battles of the Army of the Cumberland under Generals Rosecrans, Thomas, Sherman, and Grant, and took part in the engagements under Sherman in the march to the sea. General Knefler has the reputation of having been one of the most gallant soldiers. He is now living in Indianapolis, honored and respected.

Lichtenberger, Louis G6th Infantry
Lilienthal, Henry H11th Infantry
Lippman, Fr. L. A12th Infantry
Lowenthal, Isidor S.CorporalG18th Infantry
Lehman, SimonCorporalC21st Infantry
[180]Lehman, C. C21st Infantry
Lehman, Rudolph  23d Infantry
Levi, J. S. E23d Infantry
Lazarus, Henry C24th Infantry
Lowenthal, Adam S.CaptainH29th Infantry
Enlisted as private; promoted at
the battle of Stone River.
Lehman, Henry F31st Infantry
Lehman, H. D. F31st Infantry
Levi, Nathan H32nd Infantry
Levy, NathanLieutenant  32nd Infantry
Levy, Abraham K32nd Infantry
Leopold, W. W.  8th Cavalry
Lichtenwater, David B44th Infantry
Lorsch, David C. K44th Infantry
Levi, Morris I52nd Infantry
Lehman, Samuel J. K57th Infantry
Lippold, Julius G58th Infantry
Leavit, Samuel  44th Infantry
Levi, J. S.CorporalG66th Infantry
Killed at Richmond, Kentucky.
Levi, Washington G123d Infantry
Letterman, Joseph M10th Cavalry
Lowenthal, Theodore D135th Infantry
Loeb, Isaac G138th Infantry
Ludwig, HermanLieutenant 20th Battery
Loeb, Jacob  1st Battery
 
May, Frank  2nd Infantry
Myers, Levi D.  7th Infantry
Meyer, Jacob D7th Infantry
Mayer, FerdinandCorporal 10th Infantry
Promoted to Lieutenant.
Marx, Isaac I. I11th Infantry
Manuel, Julius P. B12th Infantry
Meyer, Abraham K12th Infantry
Marks, Samuel D13th Infantry
Died of wounds.
[181]Meyer, AdolphLieutenantK14th Infantry
Mendel, G. W.CorporalE16th Infantry
Meyers, David R.  17th Infantry
May, Isaac M.Major 19th Infantry
Meyers, L. F19th Infantry
Moritz, Jacob B22nd Infantry
Moritz, Frederick B22nd Infantry
Marcus, Alexander B. G24th Infantry
Meyer, Joseph K27th Infantry
Manuel, Simon E29th Infantry
Moritz, Charles F29th Infantry
Marks, Jesse N. I29th Infantry
Meyer, ErnstLieutenant 32nd Infantry
Maier, Henry F30th Infantry
Mayer, Leopold B32nd Infantry
Maier, Jacob E32nd Infantry
Meier, Ferdinand C.SergeantK32nd Infantry
Meyer, Henry G33d Infantry
May, Lewis K34th Infantry
Meyer, JacobSergeantI37th Infantry
Promoted from the ranks.
Mayer, Herman L. C44th Infantry
Mayer, Julius I46th Infantry
Mayer, Samuel D48th Infantry
Moritz, Daniel C54th Infantry
May, Simon F58th Infantry
Mayer, J. G.Lieutenant 7th Cavalry
Mayer, Abraham I59th Infantry
Mayer, Henry D60th Infantry
Myer, Isaac F.CorporalC63d Infantry
Moses, Samuel D63d Infantry
Maas, IsaacCaptain 65th Infantry
Moses, Isaac A66th Infantry
Maier, Joseph C67th Infantry
Mayer, Henry D69th Infantry
Mann, David E69th Infantry
Mann, Isaac E69th Infantry
Mayer, Henry F G76th Infantry
[182]Mann, Daniel A79th Infantry
Moses, James K80th Infantry
May, Abraham F82nd Infantry
May, Jacob F82nd Infantry
Meyer, Jacob K89th Infantry
Marks, Jacob A90th Infantry
Mann, Samuel C90th Infantry
Marks, Henry A91st Infantry
Manuel, Jacob D93d Infantry
Moss, LewisLieutenant 107th Infantry
Mayer, Louis (Minute Men) B107th Infantry
Meyer, Joseph (Minute Men) I107th Infantry
Marks, Isaac H. (Minute Men) C108th Infantry
May, Frank (Minute Men) K108th Infantry
May, Eli (Minute Men) D110th Infantry
Marks, Abraham F138th Infantry
Morris, Mordecai B138th Infantry
Myers, Solomon D147th Infantry
Myers, Isaac A148th Infantry
Myers, Jacob D151st Infantry
Myers, Benjamin H151st Infantry
Meyer, Herman H. B156th Infantry
Meier, Adolph H. D156th Infantry
Mustered out as Sergeant.
Mayer, JuliusCorporal 1st Battery
 
Nathan, Harris H7th Infantry
Neuman, Reuben C33d Infantry
Nussbaum, Josiah B47th Infantry
Nussbaum, Henry B47th Infantry
Nussbaum, Joel F53d Infantry
Newman, Joseph G58th Infantry
Newman, Simon C60th Infantry
Nussbaum, Joseph A89th Infantry
Newberger, Sylvester G138th Infantry
Nussbaum, Jacob[183]  13th Battery
 
Ochs, Lewis G11th Infantry
Ochs, Friedrich F32nd Infantry
Killed at Chickamauga.
Oscar, Marcus D59th Infantry
 
Russell, E. J. F19th Infantry
Severely wounded.
Rosenbaum, William C26th Infantry
Rose, Joseph E38th Infantry
Rose, Solomon E38th Infantry
Rosenthaler, J. G. E46th Infantry
Roschild, Albert I53d Infantry
Rich, David E67th Infantry
Rich, Jonah E67th Infantry
Rosenberg, Philip A81st Infantry
Rosengarten, Leon T. I104th Infantry
Rosenthal, Moses H106th Infantry
(Minute Men)
Rosenthal, Samuel E107th Infantry
(Minute Men)
Rosenthal, William H110th Infantry
(Minute Men)
Rosenberg, John B129th Infantry
Rich, Nathan C137th Infantry
 
Salmon, Enoch C. K10th Infantry
Salomon, Isaac D10th Infantry
Schlessinger, Lewis E10th Infantry
Stern, HenryLieutenant 13th Infantry
Enlisted as private.
Stettner, Henry K11th Infantry
Speyer, Joseph K13th Infantry
Samuelson, August B17th Infantry
Strouse, W. H. G18th Infantry
Simon, Isaac D. K18th Infantry
Solomon, William D21st Infantry
Steiner, Jacob  24th Infantry
Segall, Bernhard F29th Infantry
Wounded at Shiloh and at Grand Gulf.
Strouse, Martin A30th Infantry
Solomon, Jacob C31st Infantry
[184]Stein, Emil H32nd Infantry
Sachs, MaxLieutenantC32nd Infantry

Killed at Bowling Green, Kentucky. He had refused to surrender to the rebels surrounding him, but succeeded in retarding the enemy's progress long enough to enable his comrades to obtain support and disperse the enemy—one of the most heroic feats during the war.

Selig, SiegmundLieutenantK32nd Infantry
Simon, Levy B34th Infantry
Strouse, Simon K34th Infantry
Schott, Ezekiel F37th Infantry
Sanders, Aaron A38th Infantry
Solomon, Michael B2nd Cavalry
Strouss, Lewis H42nd Infantry
Strouse, Joseph A44th Infantry
Strouse, Frederick D3d Cavalry
Strouse, Daniel B47th Infantry
Sulzer, Jacob G53d Infantry
Salmon, William C. C54th Infantry
Steiner, Jacob B58th Infantry
Stern, SamuelQuartermaster 58th Infantry
Simon, Joseph F59th Infantry
Schoenfeld, Jacob F60th Infantry
Swarz, Isaac H60th Infantry
Swarz, Levi H60th Infantry
Simon, Louis D65th Infantry
Stein, Joseph L. C69th Infantry
Simon, Joseph, Jr. F69th Infantry
Sigmonds, Joel I69th Infantry
Spiegel, Daniel A70th Infantry
Solomon, James H71st Infantry
Schiller, Daniel C73d Infantry
Schiller, I.  73d Infantry
Samuelson, Samuel E73d Infantry
Solomon, Lewis C80th Infantry
Salmon, Jacob N. I81st Infantry
Solomon, David N. E85th Infantry
Stern, Jacob C90th Infantry
[185]Solomon, Levi D91st Infantry
Sommers, Aaron I91st Infantry
Shoemaker AaronLieutenant 101st Infantry
Spiegel, Edward (Minute Men) A107th Infantry
Solomon, Charles (Minute Men) I107th Infantry
Solomon, James (Minute Men) F112th Infantry
Schoen, MaxSergeantG7th Cavalry
Schelt, William B132nd Infantry
Mustered out as Sergeant.
Strouse, David G133d Infantry
Sterns, Isaac A137th Infantry
Shott, EzekielLieutenantI139th Infantry
Stein, Herman E142nd Infantry
Solomon, PhilipCorporalG149th Infantry
Simons, Solomon  5th Battery
Seixas, Eugene  21st Battery
Sampson, JosephLieutenant 154th Infantry
 
Waterman, SolomonCaptainI7th Infantry
Promoted for gallantry;
killed at the Battle of Port Republic
Virginia, while at the head of his Company.
Wolf, Jacob C9th Infantry
Waterman, Moses I11th Infantry
Wolf, Samuel K11th Infantry
Wolf, Samuel M11th Infantry
Wolf, JoelLieutenant-Colonel 16th Infantry
Killed at Richmond, Kentucky.
Wolf, David C21st Infantry
Wiener, Simon F30th Infantry
Weiler, Aaron G32nd Infantry
Weil, Bernard K32nd Infantry
Wolf, Samuel L8th Cavalry
Wolf, Samuel H42nd Infantry
Wolf, David G48th Infantry
Wolf, Aaron I53d Infantry
Wolf, Levi K54th Infantry
Wise, Abraham C. I65th Infantry
[186]Wolf, SamuelLieutenant 73d Infantry
Wolf, Lewis F74th Infantry
Wolf, Reuben K74th Infantry
Killed at Murfordsville.
Wolf, Jacob C87th Infantry
Wolf, Levi B97th Infantry
Waterman, Henry C100th Infantry
Wolf, Joseph I100th Infantry
Waterman, Henry F.Lieutenant 101st Infantry
Killed at Mission Ridge.
Wolf, Levi (Minute Men) A106th Infantry
Wolf, Moses (Minute Men) E107th Infantry
Wolf, Isaac (Minute Men)  107th Infantry
Wise, Emanuel D. G118th Infantry
Wolf, Moses A. I118th Infantry
Wolf, LeviLieutenant 124th Infantry
Wolf, Solomon C124th Infantry
Wolf, AdamLieutenant 130th Infantry
Wolf, EmanuelCorporalG138th Infantry
Enlisted as private.
Wise, Abraham B. B10th Cavalry
Wolf, Jacob A152nd Infantry
Wiesenthal, LouisLieutenant 7th Battery
Wolf, Joseph  9th Battery
Waterhouse, Charles  Brigade Band

[187]

IOWA.

Name.Rank.Company.Regiment.
Appel, Alexander M. Sergeant Major   16th Infantry

Distinguished for saving regimental colors at Pittsburg Landing; enlisted as private; promoted for gallantry. For fifteen years a member of George G. Meade Post, of the Grand Army of the Republic, honored with the election as Post Commander and in 1893 appointed Assistant Inspector of G. A. R. Posts.

Benny, William B. C4th Infantry
Wounded at Pea Ridge.
Boehm, S.Corporal F6th Infantry
Enlisted as private.
 
Eller, Jacob I34th Infantry
 
Gerson, N.  6th Cavalry
 
Klein, Max  1st Cavalry
 
Meyers, Jacob 10th Infantry
Meller, Isaac D24th Infantry
May, Victor
Answered first call for 75,000 men;
subsequently enlisted for the war.
 
Newbold, H.Colonel 14th Infantry
Killed at Red River.
 
Sanders, Leopold  4th Infantry
Strauss, Charles C24th Infantry

[188]

KANSAS.

Name.Rank.Company.Regiment.
Bondi, AugustSergeantK5th Cavalry
Wounded three times; discharged; disabled. 
 
Frank, Henry  Infantry
 
Liebschutz, AdolphBrevet 1stK9th Cavalry
 Lieutenant
Enlisted as private; brevetted for
meritorious conduct;
wounded at Prairie Grove, Arkansas.
 
Rosenfeld, ——Quartermaster  13th Infantry
 
Ulmer, J. C8th Cavalry
 
Wittenberg, Arnold H2nd Infantry
Wittenberg, Marcus H5th Cavalry
Killed on the battlefield.
Wolf, Eugene  5th Cavalry
Seriously wounded.
Wittenberg, Moritz B12th Infantry

KENTUCKY.

Name.Rank.Company.Regiment.
Davis, Henry B16th Infantry
David, Joseph E1st Cavalry
 
Feist, JacobSergeantG1st Infantry
Promoted from private;
four years' service.
 
Hoffman, Lazarus[189] B15th Infantry
Three years' service;
wounded at Chickamauga.
Hecht, Noah D23d Infantry
Hilp, Jacob  1st Cavalry
 
Lowenstein, Samuel B. K1st Cavalry
Levi Henry { 23d Infantry and
 { 2nd United States Cavalry
 
Pollock, AbrahamQuartermaster  21st Infantry
Pfeifer, Joseph  21st Infantry
 
Rothschild, A.CaptainB15th Infantry
Enlisted as private; promoted for bravery at Stone
River; wounded.
Rosenthal, Samuel D34th Infantry
 
Straus, Louis E6th Infantry
Schoenberg, Elias C16th Infantry
Spitzer, Joseph C16th Infantry
Speyer, HenryCaptainD23d Infantry
Seessel, Henry I1st Cavalry
Slaughter, Joseph K1st Cavalry
 
Trauerman, Bernard F1st Infantry
 
Ulman, Gus.  3d Infantry
 
Weil, Moses  2nd Infantry
Weil, Bernard  3d Infantry

[190]

LOUISIANA.

Name.Rank.Company.Regiment.
Adler, Adolph  5th Infantry
Aaron, Moses B11th Infantry
Abraham, Joseph B11th Infantry
Asher, I. K11th Infantry
Alexander, J. K11th Infantry
Anselm, Jacob  18th Infantry
Died on the field of battle.
Assenheimer, DavidCaptainF22nd Infantry
Promoted from the ranks.
Albrecht, Adolph  Crescent Heavy
   Artillery
Aronstein, Julius  Colonel Wingfield's
   Battery
 
Brandt, J. R. B1st Infantry
Served during the war.
Baum, G. A. C2nd Infantry
Benson, F.CorporalC3d Infantry
Brandenstein, M. K3d Infantry
Killed at Vicksburg.
Badt, W.  3d Infantry
Bath, H.  6th Infantry
Benjamin, Michael B11th Infantry
Bard, Jacob B11th Infantry
Bloom, Abraham K11th Infantry
Brown, Louis K11th Infantry
Bloomensteil, Isaac K11th Infantry
Baer, M. K11th Infantry
Bodenheimer, Lazarus K11th Infantry
Blum, M. K11th Infantry
Bernstein, Jacob K11th Infantry
Brown, Herman  Washington Artillery
Blum, Samuel P.Lieutenant D22nd Infantry
 
Cohn, M.[191] D3d Infantry
Caspari, L.CaptainG3d Infantry
Promoted from the ranks.
Calinski, P. H3d Infantry
Cohn, I. A5th Infantry
Cohen, J. C.Captain 5th Infantry
Killed at Chancellorsville.
Cohen, Jacob A. A15th Infantry
Killed at Manassas, August 30th, 1862; buried in
Jewish cemetery, Richmond, Virginia.
 
Danziger, Isadore BOrleans Guards
Dalsheimer, Alexander K3d Infantry
Taken prisoner at Corinth.
De Meza, J. H.  Washington Artillery
 
Ellis, Lewis C. L.  22nd Infantry
Frankel Felix K3d Infantry
Florence, Henry C.  Washington Artillery
Fischel, Charles F8th Infantry
Falk, S.  11th Infantry
Falk, Ferdinand K11th Infantry
Friedliener, Benjamin  12th Infantry
Served three years.
Friedheim, Herman F12th Infantry

"Joined a company of Confederate soldiers which became Company F of 12th Infantry. No braver man ever fired a gun. At the Battle of Franklin, Tennessee, when there was not a commissioned officer to lead, he as Sergeant, led his company, and passed over the parapet into the Federal intrenchments, and with James A. Platt, a comrade, he was captured and sent to Camp Douglas, in Illinois, and was kept a prisoner until the expiration of the war."—From a newspaper clipping.

Florence, Lewis  Under Colonel Thomas
Killed at Vicksburg.
 
Gersholt, William[192] B1st Infantry
Goldcheause, J. D11th Infantry
Galt, Jacob K11th Infantry
Gusdofer, Morris K11th Infantry
Gross, Charles  17th Infantry
 
Harby, I. K.  Washington Artillery
Haas, A. M. G1st Infantry
Haber, Ferdinand A.  1st Infantry
Hyams, S. M.Lieutenant-Colonel3d Infantry
Promoted for bravery. Colonel of Cavalry.
Haas, Henry  3d Infantry
Enlisted 1861; served until close of war.
Hirsch, B. A3d Infantry
Killed at battle of Iuka.
Hochinski, W. D3d Infantry
Hyams, J. P. G3d Infantry
Promoted for gallant conduct at the battle of Elk Horn.
Hirsch, H. K3d Infantry
Killed at the battle of Iuka.
Hellman, H. A5th Infantry
Hart, AlexanderMajor 5th Infantry

Promoted from Non-Commissioned Officer, from 1863, Colonel, being wounded; commanded regiment; taken prisoner at Sharpsburg; seriously wounded at Sharpsburg, again at Gettysburg.

Haas, Isidore E8th Infantry
Enlisted 1861; served until close of war.
Hirschfield, Benjamin C11th Infantry
Hirschberg, Frederick D11th Infantry
Holzman, Benjamin K11th Infantry
Hymes, I.Lieutenant K11th Infantry
Hymes, P. K11th Infantry
Herzog, S. K11th Infantry
Hart, Sidney A.  13th Infantry
Hirsch, N.  18th Infantry
[193]Hertz, Solomon  22nd Infantry
Herrmann, H.  41st Infantry
 
Isaacson, H. M.Captain 22nd Washington
   Artillery
Israel, E. L.  5th Infantry
 
Jacobs, ——  5th Infantry
Jastrenski, Leon  10th Infantry
Promoted for gallantry and daring.
Jacobs, Julius A. K11th Infantry
Jacobs, Aaron B11th Infantry
Jacobs, Isaac  22nd Infantry
Jonas, Benjamin F. Fenner's Battery
Served as private until close of war;
afterwards United States Senator
from Louisiana.
 
Kursheedt, E. I.  2nd Washington
   Artillery
Promoted for bravery.
Kohlman, S.  Watson's Battery
Enlisted at eighteen and served from 1861
until the close of the war.
Klotz, Abraham  Donaldsonville
Served four years.  Artillery
Kling, Gabriel  Donaldsonville
Served four years.  Artillery
Kahn, Gabriel E2nd Infantry
Kahn, Selig A3d Infantry
Wounded at Vicksburg; served four years.
Kahn, Abraham  8th Infantry
Kahn, Moses B9th Infantry
Kaufman, S.  11th Infantry
Kaufman, Moses K11th Infantry
Kahn, IsaacSergeantK11th Infantry
Kahn, A. K11th Infantry
Kahn, Julius K11th Infantry
Kuhn, Samuel  20th Infantry
 
Levy, Edgar[194]  1st Washington
   Artillery
Levy, Lionel L.  5th Washington
   Artillery
Levy, Simon  5th Washington
   Artillery
Loeb, Henry  Donaldsonville
   Artillery
Served through the war.
Levy, Eugene H.                     } CDreux Battery
Wounded at Petersburg; }
served through the war.  }
Levy, Julius H.                       }
Served through the war. } (3 brothers) CDreux Battery
Levy, Joseph C.                      }Lieutenant 1st Infantry
Killed in leading charge }
at Shiloh.                        }
Levy, Lionel C., Jr.  Fenner's Battery
Enlisted at fifteen and
served until the close of the war.
Levy, D. C.  1st Infantry
Killed at Franklin.
Levy, David C.  1st Infantry
Distinguished for courage; killed at Shiloh.
Lisso, Julius  1st Infantry
Lisso, Marx  1st Infantry
Levy, Julian S. B1st Infantry
Labat, Jacob C.  2nd Infantry
Lichtenstein, Wolf A2nd Infantry
Levy, D. D2nd Infantry
Lipman, JoshuaOrderly  {} G2nd Infantry
Wounded at Winchester;Sergeant {} H5th Infantry
subsequently Lieutenant.
Levy, WilliamColonel 2nd Infantry
Levy, Henry M.  2nd Infantry
Levy, L. I3d Infantry
Enlisted 1861;
served until the close of the war;
wounded at Oak Hill.
Lyons, Isaac L.Captain 5th Infantry
Seriously wounded at Malvern Hill,
yet served until the close of the war.
[195]Lippman, Lewis P.CaptainE5th Infantry
Enlisted as private; promoted for bravery;
killed at Fredericksburg.
Labat, David CohenCaptain 5th Infantry

When, in consequence of severe illness, contracted in the service, resulting in chronic asthma, Captain Labat was compelled to resign his commission, J. Bankhead Magruder, the General commanding, endorsed the Captain's letter of resignation with the words: "Captain Labat's resignation is a loss to the public service."

Lippman, L. S.Lieutenant 5th Infantry
Killed May 9, 1863; buried at Jewish Cemetery,
Richmond, Virginia.
Levy, Julien  5th Infantry
Subsequently with "Stonewall" Jackson.
Labat, Jackson E.  5th Infantry
Captured at Vicksburg.
Lippman, Louis C. E5th Infantry
Levy, Isaac  Point Cooper
   Artillery

Served through the war with a surgeon's discharge in his pocket; displayed notable bravery at the battle of Baker's Creek. His willingness, skill and undaunted courage combined to render him in every respect an efficient soldier.

Levy, Albert  Louisiana Guards
   Artillery
Lion, Sylvain  Donaldsonville
   Artillery
Levy, E.  Donaldsville
   Artillery
Lichtenstein, William  Louisiana Reserves
Landman, Benjamin K11th Reserves
Levy, Daniel K11th Reserves
Loeb, Solomon E11th Infantry
Levy, H. K11th Infantry
Levy, S., Jr. K11th Infantry
Levy, David C., Jr.LieutenantH13th Infantry
Promoted from private; Acting Adjutant;
twice wounded; killed at Murfreesboro.
Lippman, Asher  22d Infantry
[196]Lyons, David  22nd Infantry
Levy, AaronSergeantD30th Infantry
 
Marks, Harry H.  1st Washington
Fell in charge at Malvern Hill.  Artillery
Marks, Edwin  National Guards
   Battery
Meertif, Samuel  1st Infantry
Marcuss, M.  2d Infantry
Meyer, Adolph  3d Infantry
Mayer, J. P.CorporalE3d Infantry
Wounded at Iuka and again at Vicksburg.
March, ——  3d Infantry
March, Henry  5th Infantry
Promoted to Assistant Quartermaster.
Maas, Max A5th Infantry
Moses, Philip  5th Infantry
Marks, Henry ClayLieutenant 10th Infantry
Killed at Malvern Hill.
Meyer, Leo W. B11th Infantry
Meyer, E. H. E11th Infantry
Mannheimer, B. G11th Infantry
Meyer, E. K11th Infantry
Moch, Henry K11th Infantry
Killed in battle.
Meyer, Siegmund  17th Infantry
Magner, Bernard  Fenner's Battery
Served through war.
Marks, WashingtonMajor 22nd Infantry
Promoted.
Marks, D. H.Captain 22nd Infantry
Marks, MarionLieutenant 22nd Infantry
Promoted from the ranks.
Marks, Hillel E22nd Infantry
Marks, Leon R.Colonel 27th Infantry
Killed at Vicksburg.
Marks, I.  Boone's Battery
[197]Milled, Charles D.  Dreux Battalion
Marks, Frederick  Louisiana Guard
   Artillery
Moose, Charles  Donaldsonville
   Artillery
Meyer, AdolphHon. General
 
Newman, A. C3d Infantry
Captured at Corinth.
Nathan, Wolf  8th Infantry
Nathan, M. B9th Infantry
Newman, Henry G11th Infantry
Wounded at Murfreesboro.
Newman, ——Major 14th Infantry
Nathan, Samuel  22d Infantry
 
Ochs, Louis B9th Infantry
Oppenheimer, Benjamin  22d Infantry
 
Phillips, Edward  3d Infantry
 
Rosenfield, Julius  7th Infantry
Rosenstein, Mathias  8th Infantry
Reiss, Alexander G11th Infantry
Reiss, Gustave G11th Infantry
Rose, Emanuel  27th Infantry
Reese, AbrahamSergeant Crescent Infantry
Served four years.
 
Samuel, M. E2d Infantry
Enlisted 1861; served until close of war.
Silbanagel, Benjamin B3d Infantry
Singer, Louis F3d Infantry
Killed at Vicksburg.
Sampson, Ed.  5th Infantry
Killed at Gaines' Mills.
Seixas, J. Madison  5th Washington
Served through war.  Artillery
Straus, JosephLieutenantB11th Infantry
Strasser, Ephraim B11th Infantry
[198]Seligman, J.SergeantK11th Infantry
Seligman, I. K11th Infantry
Simon, Henry K11th Infantry
Strauss, I. K11th Infantry
Stern, ——CaptainB14th Infantry
Sartarius, Philip  14th Infantry
Schlenker, Jacob  17th Infantry
Stein, Daniel  17th Infantry
Strauss, Nagel  21st Artillery
Schlenker, Alexander  Quartermaster's
   Department North
Stromeyer, George F22nd Infantry
Scheuer, Jonathan  Donaldsonville
Wounded; died at Richmond during the war;  Artillery
buried in Jewish Cemetery, Richmond, Virginia.
 
Taylor, Richard (Dick)  "Louisiana Tigers"
 
Unger, Meyer F1st Infantry
Unger, Emanuel E11th Infantry
 
Weil, Alexander I2d Infantry
Wounded at Antietam while trying to
recover the regiment's flag; wounded
seriously at Gettysburg and captured.
Winner, Marks C3d Infantry
Wolf, Joseph D3d Infantry
Weil, Samuel  3d Cavalry
Weinberg, Selig  5th Infantry
Weinberg, Solomon  6th Infantry
Wagner, G.  8th Infantry
Witkowsky, Louis B9th Infantry
Weiss, B. B9th Infantry
Wagner, Louis B9th Infantry
Wilcuiski, Benjamin B11th Infantry
Wolfsohn, Elias B11th Infantry
Wolff, Leon B11th Infantry
Weiss, Solomon B11th Infantry
Wechsler, A. K11th Infantry
Weil, Nathan K11th Infantry
[199]Wolff, Isaac K11th Infantry
Wechler, S. K11th Infantry
Killed in battle.
Weil, Gabriel K11th Infantry
Workum, David J.  13th Infantry
Weil, ——Major 14th Infantry
Wolff, Moses  Washington
   Artillery
Wolff, C.  Pouinte Coupee
   Infantry
 
Zark, Julius  7th Infantry
Killed in skirmish; buried at Jewish Cemetery,
Richmond, Virginia.
Zimmern, J. F22nd Infantry

MAINE.

Name.Rank.Company.Regiment.
Goldman, A.    Captain   17th Infantry

MARYLAND.

Name.Rank.Company.Regiment.
Blumenberg, Leopold    Brevet U. S. V.
 Brigadier-General, 5th Maryland Infantry

After the attack on Fort Sumter he helped to organize the 5th regiment, Maryland Volunteers, of which he was appointed Major. He served near Hampton Roads after which he was attached to Mansfield's Corps and participated in the Peninsular Campaign, and subsequently in Maryland, where his regiment was engaged in the battle of Antietam, under his command. Here he was shot in the thigh and confined to his bed for many months. Being disabled for further military duty President Lincoln appointed him Provost Marshal of the 3d Maryland District. President Johnson subsequently promoted him to the rank of Brevet Brigadier-General, U. S. Volunteers.

[200]

It may not prove inappropriate to mention here the remarks made by William P. Wood, Esq., one of Washington's best known gentlemen, with reference to the late General Blumenberg in a communication to the present writer:

"I was intimate with General Leopold Blumenberg, who commanded in person the 5th Regiment, Maryland Volunteers; you and others of his friends are familiar with the deserved encomiums passed upon that gallant and kind-hearted American Jew, who received terrible wounds in leading his regiment on the battle-field of Antietam, and of which wounds he died after having served in several important positions in Baltimore.

"Without being either Christian or Jew, I am familiar with many heroes of your faith, and believe in according honor to whom honor is due. Hoping your work will meet with the success which I believe the subject-matter warrants, I am

Yours truly,
(Signed)     William P. Wood."

Name.Rank.Company.Regiment.
 
Feldstein, S.  2nd Infantry
 
Gross, A. F.  2nd Infantry
 
Seeman, Julius D. A2nd Infantry
Stern, Lil.  1st Cavalry
 
Uhlfelder, Samuel G3d Cavalry
Wounded at Gettysburg.
 
White, Harman  2nd Cavalry
Ordered on detailed service
on staff of General Siegel.

[201]

MASSACHUSETTS.

Name.Rank.Company.Regiment.
Ash, WilliamCorporalD5th Infantry
Adler, Joseph  2nd Cavalry
Served three years.
Abraham, Charles B19th Infantry
Ash, David B. B19th Infantry
Abraham, Benjamin I21st Infantry
Abrahams, David F22nd Infantry
Ash, Jacob K55th Infantry
 
Boernstein, Henry B42nd Infantry
Bloom, Julius R. A44th Infantry
Blumenthal, Robert B3d Cavalry
Baumgarten, Morris L4th Cavalry
Boernstein, Mayer  21st Infantry
Blumenthal, Henry H30th Infantry
Brand, Frederick F35th Infantry
Bloom, Joseph  Veteran Reserve
Corps
 
Cohn, Julius K1st Infantry
Cohen, Abraham  20th Infantry
Cohen, Joseph  20th Infantry
Cohen, William B21st Infantry
Cohn, David F29th Infantry
Cohn, WilliamCorporalB56th Infantry
 
Dessauer, JohnCorporal 3d Cavalry
Dias, David G22nd Infantry
Dias, Emanuel G22nd Infantry
Dias, Samuel A. A38th Infantry
Served three years.
Dias, EmanuelCorporalC3d Heavy
Artillery
 
[202]Ephraim, Joseph H. K31st Infantry
Served four years.
Emanuel, Michael K32nd Infantry
 
Friend, Joel M. A50th Infantry
Friend, Ellis A.  10th Battalion
Frankle, JonasBrevet 17th Infantry
 Brigadier-General
Promoted from Major.
Feldman, JuliusSergeantF2nd Cavalry
Frank, Ernst  2nd Cavalry
Friedman, Lewis I30th Infantry
Friend, Solomon K30th Infantry
Friedman, Gottlieb  4th Cavalry
 
Gans, Charles K4th Cavalry
Guggenheimer, Samuel A13th Infantry
Goldberg, Jacob C20th Infantry
Died in the service.
Glazier, James E. F23d Infantry
Served three years.
Goldsmith, AlbertCorporalC30th Infantry
Guggenheimer, Samuel  32nd Infantry
Gershel, ManheimCorporalG34th Infantry
Goldsmith, Benjamin F. A59th Infantry
Gottlieb, Joseph F4th Infantry
Goldsmith, Daniel, Jr.  27th unattached
company
Goldsmith, Daniel    1st Heavy
Artillery
 
Hess, Henry K1st Infantry
Hart, Isaac C. L4th Infantry
Hart, Samuel S. D1st Heavy
Artillery
Served three years.
Herrman, Julius C3d Heavy
Artillery
Hammerslough, Edward  1st Cavalry
Hart, Daniel C. F1st Cavalry
Hartman, I. M3d Cavalry
Herz, Joseph B20th Infantry
Heller, Louis B20th Infantry
[203]Hart, Isaac C. D23d Infantry
Hart, David D27th Infantry
Served three years.
Hart, Bernard D28th Infantry
Hirsch, Jacob A35th Infantry
Harris, Moses F54th Infantry
Hart, Joseph A56th Infantry
Hart, David A. K57th Infantry
Died in the service.
Hart, Daniel  Veteran Reserve
Corps
Hofman, Jacob  Veteran Reserve
Corps
Hofman, Joseph  Veteran Reserve
Corps
Herzberg, Adolph
 
Isaacs, Charles E. B6th Infantry
Isaacs, Joseph K4th Heavy
Artillery
Isaacs, John E11th Infantry
Isaac, Alexander B12th Infantry
Killed at Antietam.
Isaac, W. H.  Veteran Reserve
Corps
 
Jacobs, Gustav G18th Infantry
Died in the service.
Joseph, Emanuel C20th Infantry
Jacoby, Ferdinand G25th Infantry
Jacobson, Henry H29th Infantry
Joseph, Joseph M.  Veteran Reserve
Corps
Joel, Henry  3d Heavy Artillery
Jacob, Joseph M3d Cavalry
Joseph, Henry  6th Battery
Jacobs, HenryCorporal 35th Infantry
Jacobs, Jacob  59th Infantry
 
Kohn, HenryCorporalF3d Infantry
Kaufman, Leopold  6th Battalion
Served three years.
Kuhn, Israel D26th Infantry
Served three years.
[204]Kuhn, Frederick C32nd Infantry
Klein, Julius G32nd Infantry
Kowaltzki, Ludwig H35th Infantry
Kohler, Jacob  Veteran Reserve
Corps
Karpeles, LeopoldColor SergeantE57th Infantry

Enlisted September, 1862 in Company A, 46th Regiment. After expiration of service re-enlisted in Company E, 57th Massachusetts, 1865. He was wounded at the Battle of North Anna River (Wilderness), but rejoined his regiment after a short time, though unable to walk without the aid of a cane, and was finally disabled, totally, in December, 1864, at Petersburg.

Sergeant Karpeles received a medal of honor from Congress for distinguished services in the Battle of the Wilderness, May 8, 1864, he having saved a part of the army from being captured during a retreat in disorder by rallying troops around his colors, thereby checking the enemy's pursuit.


Pittsfield, Mass.,
April 10, 1870.

This is to certify that Leopold Karpeles was a soldier under my command during part of the late war. My estimation of his good qualities may be judged from the fact that I entrusted him the colors of the 57th Massachusetts Infantry.

He was always faithful in the discharge of his duties as a soldier, and if my certificate to that effect can assist him in getting employment in some position for which he is qualified, I very gladly give it.

W. F. Bartlett,
Late Brigadier-General, U. S. V.,
Brevet Major-General.

Camp of the 46th Regiment M. V. M.
New Berne, N. C., May 17, 1863.

This is to certify that Mr. Leopold Karpeles is a Corporal of Company A of this regiment. * * * * In the battles of Kingston, Whitehall and Goldsborough he bore the State[205] colors. The promptness with which he came upon the line of battle, and the firmness with which he stood his ground, though his flag was several times pierced by the bullets of the enemy, were so conspicuous as to be the subject of remark and commendation.

I have no hesitation in endorsing him as a man who in any position would only have to know his duty, and he would discharge it to the best of his ability.

(Signed)     S. B. Spooner,
Major 46th Regiment, Massachusetts V. M.

I very readily give my testimonial to the efficiency and soldierly qualities of L. Karpeles, within named, having frequently remarked and observed his alertness, promptness and faithfulness to duty.

(Signed)     W. S. Shurtless.
Colonel Commanding.

I cheerfully concur in the above.

(Signed)     S. B. Walkley,
Lieutenant-Colonel 46th Regiment, M. V. M.

Fort Gibson, Indian Territory.
June 1, 1888.

My Dear Old Comrade and Friend:

Your letter of the 13th of May just received, and I hasten to reply. I was glad to hear from you and glad to find you still on the shores of mortality, where our numbers are fast diminishing. Our duty now lies in planting the principles and memory of the great struggle in the hearts of generations to follow us, endear to them the old flag that you carried from the Wilderness to North Anna, so gallantly and faithfully, and teach them to love their country which was saved at such a sacrifice.

Yes, Karpeles, I well remember you at the Battle of North Anna; I remember that you carried the colors of the glorious old "57th," far beyond any other colors; your bravery was conspicuous. I remember that you fell, badly wounded; another Sergeant was sent to take the colors from you but you[206] refused to give them up but carried them forward until loss of blood, or another wound, I have forgotten which, compelled you to give them into the hands of another. I remember all of this distinctly as I felt justly proud of you as a Sergeant of Company "E." * * * *.

Please write me and accept my very best wishes.

Sincerely and fraternally yours,
John Anderson,
1st Lieutenant, 18th Infantry,
U. S. Army.
Levy, William A10th Infantry
Lehmier, Louis E11th Infantry
Served three years.
Lippman, John W. E11th Infantry
Died in service.
Lehman, Aaron W. K11th Infantry
Loestein, Simon B20th Infantry
Leon, Alexander C20th Infantry
Lowenthal, Louis F20th Infantry
Lyon, Marcus E. I24th Infantry
Killed at Deep Run, Virginia.
Levy, David H26th Infantry
Lippman, Carl N. K27th Infantry
Lehman, Albert E28th Infantry
Levin, SimonCorporal H30th Infantry
Levi, Raphael I30th Infantry
Leo, LouisCorporal 35th Infantry
Levy, Joseph  35th Infantry
Levy, Adolph M. F38th Infantry
Served three years.
Levins, Morris E39th Infantry
Served three years.
Lyon, Julius M.Lieutenant H42nd Infantry
Lyon, Charles F. F42nd Infantry
Levy, Morris C43d Infantry
Leo, Eugene A44th Infantry
[207]Levy, David  13th Battalion
Levi, Samuel  2nd Heavy
Artillery
Leopold, Henry A.CorporalH1st Cavalry
Lyon, Daniel L4th Cavalry
Levi, Samuel F56th Infantry
Killed at Spottsylvania.
Lewin, W. H. F58th Infantry
Died in the service.
Leopold, August  Veteran Reserve
Corps
Levy, Bernard H.  Veteran Reserve
Corps
Loebs, Jacob  Veteran Reserve
Corps
 
Marks, Edward  11th Infantry
May, SimonSergeantD21st Infantry
Marcus, Herman H30th Infantry
Meier, Jacob C20th Infantry
Mayer, Charles A30th Infantry
Marks, Henry  1st Heavy
Artillery
Maier, Adolph  Veteran Reserve
Corps
 
Nussbaum, Levi D47th Infantry
Nathan, Joseph B5th Cavalry
 
Ochs, Joseph A. B45th Infantry
 
Rose, Benjamin C8th Infantry
Rose, Eli  18th Unattached
company
Rose, Benjamin, Jr.  27th Unattached
company
Rosenau, Henry  3d Cavalry
Died in the service.
Rosenthal, Jacob L4th Cavalry
Rose, Arnold  13th Infantry
Rosenthal, JohnCorporalB40th Infantry
Rich, Reuben H56th Infantry
Rose, Samuel  Veteran Reserve
Corps
Rose, Abraham  Veteran Reserve
Corps
 
Spiegel, Charles[208]  2nd Infantry
Solomon, MorrisSergeantA2nd Infantry
Solomon, HenrySergeant 10th Infantry
Simons, Wolf  10th Infantry
Simon, Frederick E29th Infantry
Sommer, Adolph  35th Infantry
Steiner, FerdinandCorporalI35th Infantry
Steingardt, Benjamin  38th Infantry
Steingardt, Daniel  38th Infantry
Steingardt, Joseph  38th Infantry
Samuels, Samuel D.  7th unattached
Company
Samuel, Joseph  7th unattached
Company
Silberman, Barney A47th Infantry
Simon, John T.CorporalA50th Infantry
Died in the service.
Steinman, Louis B2nd Heavy
Artillery
Samuel, JosephSergeantK4th Heavy
Artillery
Samuels, Samuel D. K4th Heavy
Artillery
Solomon, Joseph A. D5th Cavalry
Simon, Daniel J.SergeantB57th Infantry
Samuel, Solomon  8th Battalion Light
Artillery
 
Vogel, Henry C20th Infantry
Vogel, Louis I35th Infantry
Vogel, Ferdinand K47th Infantry
 
Waterman, Frank H5th Infantry
Wolf, Samuel C3d Cavalry
Waterman, Franklin H15th Infantry
Died in the service.
Wolf, JosephSergeantC20th Infantry
Died of wounds.
Wolf, Michael  20th Infantry
Killed at Cold Harbor.
Waterman, Benjamin A24th Infantry
Weiss, Jacob C24th Infantry
Served four years.
[209]Weiss, Joseph D24th Infantry
Waterman, CharlesSergeantD28th Infantry
Waterman, Franklin F34th Infantry
Weiss, Reuben  Veteran Reserve
Corps

MICHIGAN.

Name.Rank.Company.Regiment.
Ash, Michael I1st Infantry
 
Benjamin, H. C4th Cavalry
Died in the service.
Barlow, Adolph C5th Infantry
Brown, Moses E8th Infantry
Served three years.
Bush, Levi K9th Cavalry
Died in the service.
Bush, Simeon M9th Cavalry
Died in the service.
Blum, Simeon  14th Battery
 
Cohen, Charles I10th Cavalry
 
Fuchs, David C1st Infantry
Frank, Simeon H.LieutenantK1st Infantry
Freund, Joseph A2nd Infantry
Transferred to Veteran Reserve Corps.
Friedenberg, Joseph H6th Infantry
Died in the service.
Friedenberg, Charles A. E8th Infantry
Re-enlisted as Veteran.
Fox, J. H. E11th Infantry
Friedenburg, Elyah I22nd Infantry
Frank, A.  1st Cavalry
[210]Friedenberg, Albert G5th Cavalry
Friedenberg, Benjamin C7th Cavalry
Died in the service.
Frank, Simon H.1st LieutenantG1st Light
Enlisted as private in K 1st Infantry;Artillery
re-enlisted in Battery G;
served as non-commissioned officer
until promoted to 1st Lieutenant.
Friedlander, Charles H1st Light
   Artillery
 
Goldsmith, Gustav F1st Infantry
Goodman, David H8th Infantry
Re-enlisted as Veteran.
Goodheart, Jacob A9th Infantry
Goldsmith, ——Captain 17th Infantry
   Reserve
Gans, Jacob D8th Cavalry
Goodman, Frank I8th Cavalry
 
Hofman, Moses A1st Infantry
Died of wounds.
Hofman, Moses G1st Infantry
Hofman, Jacob K1st Infantry
Heine, Julius F2nd Infantry
Hofman, S.  4th Infantry
Hofman, S.  4th Infantry
Hofman, F. F4th Infantry
Herrman, Mark G9th Infantry
Harris, Lionel W. B10th Infantry
Heller, Emil A14th Infantry
Hess, Joseph D16th Infantry
Served three years.
Hofman, D.  17th Infantry
Hattendorf, Charles C3d Cavalry
Hamburg, Frederick L11th Cavalry
 
Jonas, H. G22d Infantry
Jonas, Julius G22d Infantry
 
Katz, Isaac[211] E1st Infantry
Klein, Samuel C2nd Infantry
Klein, Jacob C3d Infantry
Klein, Jacob I5th Infantry
Klein, H.  8th Infantry
Killed in action.
Kaufman, Simpson E8th Infantry
King, Joseph I10th Infantry
Klein, David E26th Infantry
Died in the service.
Kronberg, August B10th Cavalry
Transferred to Veteran Reserve Corps.
Kohn, William G1st Light
   Artillery
Kohn, M. L1st Light
   Artillery
Klein, Emanuel  14th Battery
 
Lazarus, Daniel E3d Infantry
Levingston, Meyer F3d Infantry
Killed on the field of battle.
Limberger, William E. F4th Infantry
Lyon, Solomon T.Captain 5th Infantry
Lyon, Ephraim W.Major 8th Infantry
Lyon, Isaac C. A9th Infantry
Transferred to Veteran Reserve Corps.
Levy, Nathan1st Lieutenant  10th Infantry
Promoted from 2nd Lieutenant.
Lyons, Isaac B. G11th Infantry
Lyon, Asher G13th Infantry
Levy, D. E16th Infantry
Lyon, David H22nd Infantry
Died in the service.
Lyon, Henry J. H22nd Infantry
Died in the service.
Lyon, David L1st Light
   Artillery
Died in the service.
Lewis, Levi K2nd Cavalry
[212]Levy, NathanLieutenant 3d Cavalry
Lyon, Aaron D. F5th Cavalry
Captured; died in Andersonville Prison.
Lewis, Abraham K5th Cavalry
Lyon, D.  8th Cavalry
Levy, John C. H10th Cavalry
Lyon, Moses F. I10th Cavalry
 
Moses, Henry F4th Infantry
Meyer, Joseph I7th Infantry
Mark, Leopold  9th Infantry
Mark, Isaac C12th Infantry
Re-enlisted as veteran.
Mandel, August G22nd Infantry
Transferred to Veteran Reserve Corps.
Mandel, Julius G22nd Infantry
Mandel, Louis G22nd Infantry
Died in the service.
Mann, Joseph  27th Infantry
Killed at Cold Harbor.
Mandel, Charles  1st Engineers
Served three years.
Mayer, Simon  1st Engineers
Mann, Solomon A1st Light
   Artillery
Mann, Eli G1st Light
   Artillery
Meyers, Elisha G1st Light
   Artillery
Mayer, Frederick G1st Light
   Artillery
Mayer, Benjamin K1st Light
   Artillery
Meyer, Joseph A8th Cavalry
Transferred to Veteran Reserve Corps.
Mock, Leopold  9th Cavalry
Mann, S.  10th Cavalry
Mann, David M82nd Cavalry
Died in the service.
 
Natham, Lewis W. B9th Infantry
Nathan, C. E7th Cavalry
[213]Nathans, Lewis B9th Cavalry
Re-enlisted as Veteran.
Nathan, Charles W.  16th Cavalry
Killed at Bull Run.
 
Rothschild, Levi I2nd Infantry
Killed at Petersburg, Virginia.
Rosenfeld, John H3d Infantry
Died in the service.
Rose, Moses C4th Infantry
Died in the service.
Rice, Nathan H. K5th Infantry
Rosenberg, Cornelius C10th Infantry
Died in the service.
Rich, Anschel B11th Infantry
Rich, Henry K27th Infantry
Killed at Petersburg, Virginia.
Rich, David A1st Cavalry
Served three years.
Rich, David H1st Cavalry
Died in the service.
Rosenberg, C. C5th Cavalry
 
Sternberg, Nathan K1st Infantry
Straus, Levi B5th Infantry
Schwab, Frank K5th Infantry
Stein, Frederick K5th Infantry
Re-enlisted as Veteran.
Straus, Jacob E9th Infantry
Stein, Joseph H9th Infantry
Re-enlisted as Veteran.
Solomon, John G13th Infantry
Stein, Daniel G17th Infantry
Killed at Spottsylvania.
Stern, Adam B1st Light
   Artillery
Stein, Jacob C. A2nd Cavalry
Died in the service.
[214]Solomon, Joshua K3d Cavalry
Transferred to Veteran Reserve Corps.
Sachs, Henry F4th Cavalry
Sommers, Joseph K8th Cavalry
Schoneman, Samuel K8th Cavalry
Sampson, Joel K9th Cavalry
Sampson A. K9th Cavalry
 
Vogel, Jacob G27th Infantry
 
Wertheimer, Simon  1st Infantry
Weinberg, Reuben E11th Infantry
Weinberg, William E11th Infantry
Weiler, Frank J. I6th Cavalry

MISSISSIPPI.

Name.Rank.Company.Regiment.
Adler, Moses A10th Infantry
Adams, ——Colonel 2d Cavalry
Ash, Julius D28th Cavalry
Axman, ——  Kit Mott's
Regiment
Auerbach, Morris  17th Drum Corps
 
Bradinsky, ——Lieutenant 1st Infantry
Served until close of war.
Baum, Daniel I13th Infantry
Bloom, Raphael G16th Infantry
Bernheim, Morris F.Quartermaster 17th Infantry
Sergeant
Promoted from private.
Brunn, Adolph C18th Infantry
Baruch, Simon, Dr.,Brigade Surgeon  21st Infantry
Appointed to General Barkdale's Division;
subsequently Chief Surgeon of Confederate
Hospitals in North Carolina.
[215]Berkson, Theodore A1st Artillery
Captured; when exchanged
rejoined his regiment.
Blyth, ——  Mississippi
Battalion
Cahn, William G16th Infantry
 
Dreyfus, H.  4th Infantry
Enlisted 1861.
De Young, Simon H.  4th Infantry
Dryer, H.Sergeant-Major  33d Infantry
Served until close of war
 
Ettinger, Joseph  2nd Infantry
Died from wounds received at Murfreesboro.
Eiseman, Gus.Corporal 12th Infantry
Killed; buried at Jewish Cemetery,
Richmond, Virginia.
Eichel, Aaron G16th Infantry
Eisenman, C.  18th Infantry
Killed at Gaines' Mills, Virginia.
Elson, Julius  Mississippi
Sharpshooters
 
Frank, Sa.Major 12th Infantry
Promoted from the ranks.
Foltz, F.  16th Infantry
Killed; buried at Jewish Cemetery,
Richmond, Virginia.
Frankenthal, Max A16th Infantry
Foltz, S. A16th Infantry
Foltz, Theo.  16th Infantry
Killed at Sharpsburg.
Frauenheld, —— A16th Infantry
Forschheimer, B.  Warden Artillery
Frank, Theodore  Steward's
Cavalry
Farbush, ——  Washington
Cavalry
 
Gross, Charles L. K13th Infantry
Gattman, Jacob C18th Infantry
[216]Goodman, Louis H38th Infantry
Served two years.
Gerson, A. K44th Infantry
Gross, Emil K44th Infantry
Lost a leg at Shiloh.
Gusdofer, Marx  Warren's Dragoons
Gusdofer, I.  Warren's Dragoons
 
Hirsch, Leopold  9th Infantry
Holberg, L. F11th Infantry
Wounded at Manassas.
Hansman, M. I11th Infantry
Horatmel, Louis  12th Infantry
Hesser, Louis H15th Infantry
Wounded at Corinth.
Hyman, Jacob A16th Infantry
Hiller, Jonas A16th Infantry
Herman, J. A16th Infantry
Hiller, William A16th Infantry
Hiller, Max. A16th Infantry
Hazen, Hyman I16th Infantry
Killed at Fredericksburg.
Hart, M. A16th Infantry
Hart, P. A16th Infantry
Hill, Nathan A16th Infantry
Hiller, Nathan A17th Infantry
Haas, Samuel  18th Infantry
Killed at Shiloh.
Hart, Joseph K18th Infantry
Haverman, Gabriel K44th Infantry
Hirsch, Joseph  Barnes' Battery
Hayes, E. P. HConner Battery
Hesser, LeoCaptain Blight's Battery
Promoted at battle of ChickamaugaSharpshooters
from private.
Holberg, Jacob  1st Cavalry
Haas, S.  2nd Cavalry
Hilborn, B. A16th Cavalry
[217]Hyman, B. A16th Cavalry
Hiller, M. A16th Cavalry
 
Jacobs, Victor  11th Infantry
Joel, Mordecai  18th Infantry
Joel, Moses K18th Infantry
Jonas, Charles H. }  Barksdale Infantry
Jonas, Julian         }(Five brothers)  Barksdale Infantry
Jonas, Hon. B. F.  }  Louisiana Infantry
Jonas, S. A.           }Major Barksdale Infantry
Jonas, Edward      }  (50th Illinois
Infantry)
 
Klaus, A. C11th Infantry
Kraus, Frederick A12th Infantry
Kahn, C. J. G16th Infantry
Kaufman, W. M. G16th Infantry
Kaufman, W. G16th Infantry
Kahn, Gabriel K16th Infantry
Kaufman, I. A16th Infantry
Kahn, Gustavus  16th Infantry
Killed; buried in Jewish cemetery,
Richmond, Virginia.
Kaufman, Herman C18th Infantry
Kuhn, J. D38th Infantry
 
Lowenstein, Leopold  8th Infantry
Lowenstein, M. C8th Infantry
Levy, Oscar S.  10th Infantry
Enlisted 1861; subsequently attached
to Army Signal Corps.
Levens, Louis  11th Infantry
Levy, Ed.  12th Infantry
Loeb, Isidore  12th Infantry
Lincoln, S.  12th Infantry
Loeb, Samuel  13th Infantry
Levy, Solomon D13th Infantry
Loeb, Samuel K13th Infantry
Levy, Abraham  14th Infantry
Lichenstein, Isaac A16th Infantry
[218]Lichenstein, Simon A16th Infantry
Levy, Moses G16th Infantry
Killed May 31, 1862; buried in
Jewish cemetery, Richmond, Virginia.
Lonetheim, A. J. G17th Infantry
Discharged for disability.
Levy, S. K18th Infantry
Loeb, A. D38th Infantry
Lorsch, Adolph K44th Infantry
Lowenhaupt, Benjamin  28th Cavalry
Lehman, H. F. D28th Cavalry
Lecinski, E. L. H28th Cavalry
Lee, Seymour  Washington
Cavalry
Levy, Daniel S. G1st Light
Artillery
Lowenstein, Marx C8th Reserves
Levy, Israel BWard's Legion
Levinson, A. BWard's Legion
Levinson, Paul BWard's Legion
Lotterhoss, Philip FWither's Artillery
Enlisted at eighteen years of age;
served with conspicuous bravery
killed at Kenesaw Mountain.
Loucheim, Abraham  17th Regiment
Drum Corps
Levy, J. C.  17th Drum Corps
 
Moses, I. O. G2nd Infantry
Mansbach, H. H.  9th Infantry
Enlisted 1861; promoted at Greensboro.
Mayer, D.  10th Infantry
Myers, ——Captain 14th Infantry
Promoted from the ranks.
Mooser, Abraham H15th Infantry
Wounded four times at Shiloh.
Moch, Abraham A16th Infantry
Moak, C. A16th Infantry
Moyse, Isidore A16th Infantry
Myers, John A16th Infantry
Meyer, Alexander E36th Infantry
[219]Mooser, IsaacAdjutant Wheeler's Cavalry
Promoted from the ranks.
Meyer, Blum HConner's Battery
Myers, ——Major, Quartermaster-General
Price's Command
 
Natutious, OttoCaptainBWand's Legion
 
Oury, S.  10th Infantry
Killed June 16, 1864; buried in
Jewish Cemetery, Richmond, Virginia.
 
Pickard, M.  Warren Guards
Porodar, Solomon  Warren Guards
 
Rubel, Emanuel D19th Infantry
Reinach, David  Bolivar Troop
Cavalry
Roth, CharlesLieutenant Swamp Ranger
Killed in action.
 
Schaefer, Emile A3d Infantry
Appointed Orderly Sergeant;
subsequently detached and served
in the Quartermaster's Department.
Stone, E. S.SergeantD7th Infantry
Sharp, Benjamin F12th Infantry
Sherck, Louis A16th Infantry
Samuels, A.  17th Infantry
Scharff, B.  17th Infantry
Stine, S. E.  17th Infantry
Storm, E. D28th Cavalry
Shrinski, —— D28th Cavalry
Sulspacher, Aaron  Kit Mott's
Regiment
 
Unger, Solomon H9th Infantry
Ullman, Samuel C16th Infantry
Wounded at Cross Keys,
and again at Sharpsburg;
served gallantly through the war;
now Rabbi at Birmingham, Alabama.
Uric, Solomon H16th Infantry
Killed at Cold Harbor, Virginia.
 
Van Ronkel, Isaac[220]  18th Infantry
 
Wile, M. A16th Infantry
Served four years.
Weiner, Samuel A16th Infantry
Weil, Charles D16th Infantry
Weinberg, Jonas  19th Infantry
Wolfe, M. GVicksburg
Sharpshooters
Weiner, Samuel  Mississippi
Artillery
Waterman, Louis D28th Cavalry
Westheimer, Morris  Jefferson
Artillery
Served through war.
Wexler, Philip A1st Cavalry
Wiener, Solomon  Carrol Rangers
Wile, SimonSergeant Stanford's Battery
Promoted from ranks.
Waterman, Leopold  Washington Cavalry

MISSOURI.

Name.Rank.Company.Regiment.
Anselm, AlbertLieutenant-Colonel 3d Infantry
 
Bender, Samuel  3d Infantry
Berkson, S.  3d Infantry
Bohn, Herman G.  5th Cavalry
Bohn, Isaac G.2nd Lieutenant 11th Cavalry
Bendel, HermanCaptain 12th Infantry
Boernstein, GustavCaptain 41st Infantry
Promoted from Lieutenant.
 
Carse, Levi I7th Infantry
Cohen, Albert B.Captain 11th Cavalry
Cohn, L.  Home Guard
 
Darmstader, Louis Captain 17th Infantry
Promoted from 2nd Lieutenant.
 
Epstein, Max.[221]  1st Infantry
Eiseman, AnthonyCaptain 12th Infantry
Promoted from 2nd Lieutenant.
Erdman, AdolphQuartermaster 15th Infantry
Promoted from 2nd Lieutenant.
Eppstein, Francis2nd Lieutenant 48th Infantry
Eppstein, Joseph A.Lieutenant-Colonel  5th Cavalry
Edeman, Michael S.1st Lieutenant {   5th Cavalry
   { 12th Cavalry
 
Friedlein, George D.Captain 3d Infantry
Falk, Henry2nd Lieutenant 48th Infantry
Frank, PhilipCaptain 4th Cavalry
Promoted from 2nd Lieutenant.
Frank, Charles2nd Lieutenant 2d U. S. R. C.
Friedlein, George G.1st Lieutenant 4th Cavalry
Furth, Samuel  Home Guard
 
Gutman, Louis E3d Infantry
Served three years.
Greenbaum, Simon D7th Infantry
 
Hartman, J.  1st Infantry
Holzman, Samuel I1st Infantry
Homburg, S.Adjutant 4th Infantry
Herrman, TheodoreCaptain 12th Infantry
Promoted from 2nd Lieutenant.
Hess, Ferdinand1st Lieutenant 4th Cavalry
Promoted from 2nd Lieutenant;
also Adjutant 1st Battery
Hamburger, Henry2nd Lieutenant 13th Cavalry
Hofman, Joseph1st Lieutenant 1st Artillery
Hurwitz, Harman  General Lyon's
   Body-guard
 
Jacobs, Philip H1st Infantry
Received Medal of Honor.
Jacobs, Emil K8th Infantry
Jacoby, Morris2nd Lieutenant 7th Infantry
 
Klein, Moses[222]Captain 13th Infantry
Kempinski, A.Captain 49th Infantry
Served four years.
Kempinski, Leo F49th Infantry
Kaufman, Albert B.{ Captain { 11th Cavalry
 { Major { 10th Cavalry
Klein, Bernhart1st Lieutenant 2nd U. S. R. C.
Koch, Julius1st Lieutenant 4th U. S. R. C.
 
Liebschutz, A. C2nd Infantry
Lipman, Louis1st Lieutenant 8th Infantry
Lowenthal, I. S. G18th Infantry
Lowenstein, Charles2nd Lieutenant 2nd Artillery
Levisteine, Isaac M.LieutenantL2nd Artillery
Died from wounds received in action.
Levi, Solomon I.Captain 1st Cavalry
Appointed by Governor Clark,
of Missouri (1839), of the 1st Militia.
Levi, Jacob J.  6th Cavalry
Lieberman, Lorenzo1st Lieutenant 1st U. S. R. C.
 
Montzheim, Julius1st Lieutenant 17th Infantry
Promoted from 2nd Lieutenant.
Meyer, B. F.  24th Infantry
Mohsberg, A. G41st Infantry
Meyer, Louis F49th Infantry
Mann, Charles{ 2nd Lieutenant  {11th Cavalry
 { Major  { 1st Artillery
Moses, T. W.Quartermaster 14th Cavalry
Promoted from Lieutenant.
Mandelbaum, Frank  Home Guards
Mandelbaum, John W.  Home Guards
Mandelbaum, S. E.  Home Guards
 
Newdorf, Julius1st Lieutenant 2nd Infantry
Promoted from 2nd Lieutenant.
 
Rosenstein, D. W.Captain 1st Infantry
Rindskopf, T.  1st Cavalry
[223]Rindskopf, I. A1st Cavalry
Rosenbaum, H. A.1st Lieutenant 29th Infantry
Raphael, Jacob  1st Light
Served three years.  Artillery
 
Singer, David D1st Infantry
Served three years.
Sicher, William C2nd Infantry
Simon, Joseph G2nd Infantry
Solomon, Charles E.Colonel 5th Infantry
Solomon, FrederickCaptain 5th Infantry
Schweriner, Theodore H8th Infantry
Wounded in Arkansas;
totally disabled at Vicksburg.
Steinberg, O.Captain 12th Infantry
Promoted from Lieutenant.
Sternberg, E. F17th Infantry
Stein, George W.1st Lieutenant 21st Infantry
Promoted from 2nd Lieutenant.
Steinan, Emanuel  21st Infantry

Not being of sufficient measurement his offer to enlist was refused; but determined to fight for his adopted country, he followed his regiment in which many personal friends had enlisted, until finally he was mustered in.

Sommers, Herman1st Lieutenant 41st Infantry
Promoted from 2nd Lieutenant.
Slinsky, Louis F49th Infantry
Simons, A. A2nd Cavalry
Sinsheimer, A. H. G2nd Cavalry
Enlisted at eighteen years of age. 
Steinman, E. H.Captain 5th Cavalry
Sanders, Frank2nd Lieutenant  7th Cavalry
Solomon, G. A. M.1st Lieutenant 8th Cavalry
Saltzman, Gustav2nd Lieutenant 1st Engineers
Saltzman, Siegmund2nd Lieutenant  1st Artillery
Stuger, David Bender Cadets
 
Takrzewski, HermanCaptain 2nd U. S. R. C.

[224]

NEVADA.

Name.Rank.Company.Regiment.
Isserman, T. W. A1st Cavalry
 
Jacobs, Simon L. A1st Cavalry
 
Manheim, DavidColonel 1st Cavalry
Enlisted as private; promoted step by step. 

NEW HAMPSHIRE.

Name.Rank.Company.Regiment.
Cohn, Abraham Adjutant 6th Infantry

enlisted as private; promoted for efficiency and distinguished bravery to Sergeant and Adjutant; wounded at Petersburg; the recipient of the Congressional "Medal of Honor;" served until the close of the war.


War Department, Adjutant General's Office,
Washington, August 24, 1865.

Sir:

Herewith I enclose the "Medal of Honor" which has been awarded to you by the Secretary of War, under the resolution of Congress, approved July 12, 1862. To provide for the presentation of "Medals of Honor" to the enlisted men of the army and volunteer forces who have distinguished or may distinguish themselves in battle during the present rebellion.

Very Respectfully,
Your obedient servant,
(Signed)     E. D. Townsend,
Assistant Adjutant General.

To Sergeant-Major Abraham Cohn,
6th N. H. Veteran Volunteers,
439, 8th Avenue, New York.


[225]

Adjutant General's Office,
Washington. August 14, 1879.

The medal mentioned within was given for conspicuous gallantry displayed in the battle of the Wilderness, Virginia, in rallying and forming under heavy fire disorganized troops; also for bravery and coolness in carrying orders to the advance lines under murderous fire in the battle of the Mine, July 20, 1864.

(Signed)     S. N. Benjamin,
Assistant Adjutant-General.

General Headquarters, State of New Hampshire.
Adjutant-General's Office,
Concord, August 17, 1865.
To whom it may concern.

I take great pleasure in bearing testimony to the faithful services of Adjutant Abraham Cohn, both as a private and as an officer in the late 6th Regiment of New Hampshire Volunteers Infantry. His record in connection with this regiment has been one of great fidelity and ability and his successive promotions have been well merited rewards. I am also happy to bear testimony to the untiring industry and literary ability which Adjutant Cohn has displayed in collecting data for an official history of the Sixth Regiment, New Hampshire Volunteer Infantry.

Very Respectfully,
(Signed)     Natt Head.

(Natt Head, subsequently Adjutant, Inspector and Quartermaster, became Governor of the State of New Hampshire.)


Keene, N. H., November 23, 1865.

This certifies that Abraham Cohn enlisted in the 6th New Hampshire Volunteers, of which regiment I was the Colonel, on the 5th day of January, 1864, and very soon after joined the command in the State of Kentucky. He at once attracted the attention and won the approbation of his officers by his soldierly bearing and faithful performance of duty, as well as[226] by his accomplishments in being able to communicate with recruits from European countries in their own various languages.

On the 28th day of March, 1864, he was promoted to the position of Sergeant-Major of the regiment, and throughout the great campaign that followed—from the Rapidan to the capture of Petersburg and Richmond—displayed remarkable bravery and coolness in action, endurance in the field and efficiency in his office.

He was wounded at the "battle of the Mine" in front of Petersburg, July 30, 1864, where he won a "Medal of Honor" for his distinguished bravery awarded by the War Department.

In appreciation of his meritorious services during this campaign he was promoted to the rank of Adjutant of his regiment, in which capacity he remained until the close of the war, winning the esteem and admiration of all who knew him by his gentlemanly and officer-like deportment, his sobriety and integrity, and by his noble devotion to the cause of the country of his adoption.

(Signed)     S. G. Griffin.

Late Brigadier-General and Brevet Major-General U. S. Volunteers.

S. G. Griffin was subsequently elected Speaker of the House of Representatives of New Hampshire.

Rome, C. M.   E  4th Infantry

NEW JERSEY.

Name.Rank.Company.Regiment.
Ash, Joseph W. K1st Infantry
Abraham, C. S.2nd LieutenantB1st Infantry
Enlisted as private.
Abraham, Aaron K1st Infantry
Aaronson, Napoleon B4th Infantry
Aaronson, Frederick2nd LieutenantB4th Infantry
Adler, Herman C5th Infantry
Abrams, Isaac N. K7th Infantry
[227]Abrahams, JosephCorporalB10th Infantry
Wounded in action.
Adler, Morris G15th Infantry
Aaronson, BenjaminCorporalI23d Infantry
Adler, Henry B24th Infantry
Died of wounds received
at Fredericksburg.
Ash, W. H. C26th Infantry
Abraham, Benjamin E33d Infantry
Alexander, David D34th Infantry
Arnold, Joseph K34th Infantry
Died in the service.
Asch, MyerBrevet Major 1st Cavalry
Promoted from Adjutant for gallant
and meritorious conduct.
Adler, Leopold  Veteran Reserve
   Corps
Adler, Isidor  Battery A
 
Buxbaum, William D2nd Infantry
Blankenstein, Levi D10th Infantry
Baum, Jacob I11th Infantry
Ball, Abraham S. C13th Infantry
Served three years.
Bachman, Samuel D13th Infantry
Bush, AaronCorporalE22nd Infantry
Ball, Isaac K26th Infantry
Baer, Frederick E29th Infantry
Bernheim, William C30th Infantry
Bachman, William H. A31st Infantry
Bloom, Isaac F31st Infantry
Bachman, Samuel I31st Infantry
Ball, Aaron I35th Infantry
Died in the service.
Bluhm, Jacob B35th Infantry
Transferred to Veteran Reserve Corps.
Bien, Alphonse I39th Infantry
Baum, Frederick B40th Infantry
Bauer, Jacob B3d Cavalry
[228]Bachman, Samuel F3d Cavalry
Baer, August  Battery C
Baer, Max  Veteran Reserve
   Corps
Barnett, Morris C66th Infantry
 
Cohen, Thomas D10th Infantry
Cohn, Harris G10th Infantry
Cohn, George H13th Infantry
Cohen, Edward C34th Infantry
Cohen, Isaac E1st Cavalry
 
Dannenberger, JosephCorporalA2nd Infantry
Enlisted as private.
Davidson, DavidSergeantG38th Infantry
 
Eckstein, Siegmund C8th Infantry
Died of wounds received at Petersburg.
Engel, Jacob K13th Infantry
Erdman, Louis B33d Infantry
Eppstein, DanielSergeantA34th Infantry
Enlisted as private.
Ellinger, Emanuel F34th Infantry
Ettinger, Mark F34th Infantry
Elsas, Jacob D3d Cavalry
Wounded at Mount Jackson, Virginia.
Erdman, HenryCorporalK3d Cavalry
Enlisted as private.
 
Frank, Charles F1st Infantry
Fox, Solomon J. C2nd Infantry
Served three years.
Fox, Jacob A4th Infantry
Feeder, Henry K7th Infantry
Fox, IsaacCorporalI12th Infantry
Killed near Petersburg.
Frieberg, Henry F15th Infantry
Feeder, Morris C22nd Infantry
Frank, Frederick K35th Infantry
[229]Freund, Gustav A39th Infantry
Frank, JacobSergeantB39th Infantry
Falk, Jacob B39th Infantry
Freund, August B39th Infantry
Freund, Theodore F1st Cavalry
Friedlander, Charles B2nd Cavalry
Captured; died in Andersonville.
Fuchs, EugeneSergeantD3d Cavalry
Enlisted as private.
Friedman, William  Battery A
 
Goldsmith, William G2nd Infantry
Captured; died at Andersonville.
Green, Jacob I5th Infantry
Gluckaul, Jacob A8th Infantry
Goldberg, Charles F1st Cavalry
Goldsmith, Charles G2nd Cavalry
Died in service.
Goldman, Charles I2nd Cavalry
 
Haas, Bernhard  1st Infantry
Herzog, Louis K1st Infantry
Hofman, Jacob H.2nd Lieutenant B2nd Infantry
Hahn, Morris S.2nd LieutenantD2nd Infantry
Herman, Charles B2nd Infantry
Hart, David B2nd Infantry
Herrman, Emil E2nd Infantry
Hofman, Jacob E2nd Infantry
Heineman, Herman { H2nd Infantry
  { K15th Infantry
Hirschfeld, Alfred { K2d Infantry
  { K14th Infantry
Hirsch, Jacob A4th Infantry
Served three years.
Hofman, Samuel H4th Infantry
Hofman, Jacob I4th Infantry
Hofman, Levi W. I7th Infantry
[230]Hofman, AaronSergeantH8th Infantry
Promoted from Corporal.
Hofman, Abraham H8th Infantry
Hofman, Elias H8th Infantry
Hays, David I10th Infantry
Haas, Jacob G10th Infantry
Harris, Abraham M.CorporalD13th Infantry
Enlisted as private.
Heller, Joseph C13th Infantry
Hartman, ReubenSergeantH23d Infantry
Hofman, Benjamin D24th Infantry
Heller, Adolph D24th Infantry
Hahn, Henry B26th Infantry
Hart, Joseph S. B27th Infantry
Hart, Noah L. B28th Infantry
Harris, Abraham C. H30th Infantry
Hart, Abraham K30th Infantry
Hofman, David A31st Infantry
Hamburg, August E33d Infantry
Hirsch, Ferdinand F33d Infantry
Heyman, Henry I35th Infantry
Henman, Joseph K35th Infantry
Hess, Joseph I40th Infantry
Hart, Jacob A1st Cavalry
Hart, David H1st Cavalry
Harris, Abraham Sergeant I1st Cavalry
Enlisted as Private; served four years.
Harris, Benjamin C2nd Cavalry
Hirsch, Frederick E2nd Cavalry
Hart, Samuel I2nd Cavalry
Harris, Elias M2nd Cavalry
Hofman, Aaron A3d Cavalry
Herrman, Gustav C3d Cavalry
Harris, David G3d Cavalry
Harris, Samuel H3d Cavalry
Herzberg, AlbertCaptainI3d Cavalry
Hirsch, Louis K3d Cavalry
 
Isaac, Henry[231] H3d Infantry
 
Jacoby, August D2nd Infantry
Served three years.
Jacoby, Fritz  4th Infantry
Jacobson, Charles A4th Infantry
Joseff, Emanuel E4th Infantry
Joseff, Philip E4th Infantry
Jacobson, William E. B8th Infantry
Served three years.
Jacobson, Israel J. K11th Infantry
Captured; died at Libby Prison.
Jacobus, Abraham F15th Infantry
Jacoby, Samuel I28th Infantry
Died of wounds.
Jacobson, W. E.CorporalD38th Infantry
Enlisted as Private.
Jacobson, Louis D40th Infantry
Jacob, D. A1st Artillery
 
King, Moses W. G1st Infantry
Kaufman, Adolph K1st Infantry
Kaufman, Frederick C2nd Infantry
Kaminzky, Joseph D2nd Infantry
Katzenberg, Joseph B4th Infantry
Koch, Jacob K7th Infantry
King, AsherCorporalC8th Infantry
Enlisted as private.
Klein, Manuel2nd LieutenantA15th Infantry
Enlisted as Private.
King, Abraham G. B15th Infantry
Killed at Spottsylvania.
Klein, Julius A21st Infantry
King, Aaron A25th Infantry
King, Jacob C25th Infantry
Kohn, Leib I35th Infantry
[232]Klein, Benjamin G38th Infantry
Kaufman, Jacob B40th Infantry
Kaufman, Samuel  5th Hancock's
   Corps
Katz, Jacob D2nd Cavalry
Koch, Gottlieb I3d Cavalry
Koehler, Elias K3d Cavalry
Koch, Herman  Battery C
 
Lyon, Benjamin D1st Infantry
Lindeman, Adolph K1st Infantry
Lowenthal, George K1st Infantry
Liliendall, GustavCaptainD2nd Infantry
Loeb, Louis I3d Infantry
Leg amputated.
Leo, Charles C4th Infantry
Leopold, William B5th Infantry
Limburger, Albert H5th Infantry
Died in the service.
Loeb, John E.SergeantI6th Infantry
Loeb, W. W. I6th Infantry
Lyon, Samuel C7th Infantry
Levy, Joseph I8th Infantry
Leavy, Charles M.  9th Infantry
Levy, William p. K9th Infantry
Lichtenfelz, Ludwig I12th Infantry
Langendorf, Jacob A13th Infantry
Levi, David B13th Infantry
Served four years.
Lehman, Charles F14th Infantry
Lowenthal, Lewis C22nd Infantry
Levi, Marcus C26th Infantry
Levi, Morris I30th Infantry
Levi, Herman J. G34th Infantry
Lyon, Samuel C35th Infantry
Limburger, David K35th Infantry
Limburger, W. H. K35th Infantry
Levine, William F40th Infantry
[233]Levi, Max C1st Cavalry
Levi, Morris D1st Cavalry
Died in the service
 
Mendel, Jacob K1st Infantry
Marx, Charles E2nd Infantry
Mayer, Jacob G2nd Infantry
Marx, August F3d Infantry
Mayer, Frank D7th Infantry
Died in the service.
Marx, MartinCorporalB7th Infantry
Enlisted as private.
Meyer, JacobCorporalH9th Infantry
Served three years.
Marks, Emanuel B10th Infantry
Meier, Henry C11th Infantry
Meyers, JacobSergeantG11th Infantry
Wounded at Chancellorsville.
Mayers, Jacob E15th Infantry
Maas, Frederick W. E22nd Infantry
Marks, Joseph D29th Infantry
Died in the service.
Mayer, Samuel E29th Infantry
Mendel, William B30th Infantry
Marks, Joseph C. F38th Infantry
Mayer, Jacob I40th Infantry
Mayer, August  Battery A
Mann, Ferdinand  Battery C
Meyer. Adolph2nd Lieutenant 1st Regiment,
Promoted from Sergeant.  Hancock's Corps
Marks, Frederick  1st Regiment,
   Hancock's Corps
 
Nauman, Gustav F9th Infantry
Nussbaum, Michael H10th Infantry
Newman, David M.CorporalI29th Infantry
Nauman, JuliusCorporalI31st Infantry
Enlisted as private.
[234]Nauman, Julius I35th Infantry
Neustadt, Max C66th Infantry
 
Oppenheim, David K1st Infantry
Oppenheimer, Jacob  Battery C
 
Pincus, Adolph K7th Infantry
Pincus, Simon C66th Infantry
 
Rose, Elias M. C1st Infantry
Rosenborger, John D4th Infantry
Captured; died at Andersonville.
Rice, David S. B5th Infantry
Captured.
Raphael, William I8th Infantry
Died in the service.
Rose, Daniel M. I8th Infantry
Rose, Abraham H. F9th Infantry
Rose, Samuel E11th Infantry
Rose, Henry D14th Infantry
Rose, Samuel B. F14th Infantry
Died in the service.
Rice, David A21st Infantry
Rosendale, George B30th Infantry
Rosendale, George A35th Infantry
Rubenstein, Samuel K1st Cavalry
Rosenberg, John G2nd Cavalry
Rose, Benjamin A3d Cavalry
Rice, Jacob D2nd Cavalry
Rosenberg, Benjamin  Veteran Reserve
   Corps
 
Solomon, Charles A1st Infantry
Sampson, David A2nd Infantry
Transferred to Veteran Reserve Corps.
Stein, Gustav H2nd Infantry
Salmon, Abraham1st LieutenantA3d Infantry
Promoted from Sergeant.
Solomon. Samuel D. G3d Infantry
[235]Salzman, Louis K3d Infantry
Sachs, Henry H5th Infantry
Straus, Charles H5th Infantry
Strauss, Jonathan G6th Infantry
Stern, Joseph H7th Infantry
Spannengberg, Moses I7th Infantry
Spannengberg, William I7th Infantry
Sickles, Solomon H14th Infantry
Stein, Jacob A14th Infantry
Salmon, Lewis A.SergeantF15th Infantry
Enlisted as Private.
Simon, Adolph G21st Infantry
Strauss, William C22nd Infantry
Stine, Isaac K27th Infantry
Steinfeld, Harry C34th Infantry
Simons, Lewis I34th Infantry
Enlisted as Private.
Solinger, Lee K35th Infantry
Sachs, Abraham B40th Infantry
Sachs, Noah B40th Infantry
Strauss, Nathaniel E40th Infantry
Stein, Herman  Veteran Reserve
   Corps
Sacks, David  Battery A
Died in the service.
Stein, Herman Sergeant  Battery C
Entered as Private.
 
Wolf, Nathaniel D1st Infantry
Weiss, AdolphCaptainA2nd Infantry
Promoted from Sergeant.
Wolf, Charles I4th Infantry
Wolf, Herman F8th Infantry
Wolf, Henry A9th Infantry
Wolf, JosephCorporalI9th Infantry
Wolf, Samuel B27th Infantry
Wolf, FerdinandLieutenantC27th Infantry
Wolf, DavidCorporalA33d Infantry
Enlisted as Private.
[236]Weil, Joseph I33d Infantry
Wolf, Selig B39th Infantry
Weiler, Joseph R39th Infantry
Wolf, Joseph K40th Infantry
Weiss, Aaron I1st Cavalry
Wolf, Gustav I3d Cavalry
Wolf, Frederick I3d Cavalry
Wolf, David  Militia

NEW MEXICO.

Name.Rank.Company.Regiment.
Kahn, Emil M. F7th Infantry
Killed at Fort Laramie by Indians.
Mayer, Adolph A.Inspector-General 4th Infantry

Promoted for efficiency Inspector-General, and by special appointment of President Lincoln assigned toPennsylvania.


NEW YORK.

Name.Rank.Company.Regiment.
Abraham, Edward I1st Infantry
Asher, William G3d Infantry
Assenheimer, O. C. B5th Infantry
Adler, Heinrich I8th Infantry
Arenson, Daniel D9th Infantry
Ash, Jacob B13th Infantry
Apple, Salomon D20th Infantry
August, Simon A24th Infantry
Adler, Simon E25th Infantry
Abrams, William H. H27th Infantry
[237]Arnheim, Julius I29th Infantry
Abrams, Andrew K30th Infantry
Abrams, John K30th Infantry
Adler, Isidor C31st Infantry
Arnold, David  35th Infantry
Arnold, Ephraim H36th Infantry
Aaron, Lewis B38th Infantry
Arnz, J.  39th Infantry
Alexander, Samuel H39th Infantry
Abrahams, Abraham D40th Infantry
Arnold, H. C41st Infantry
Arnold, Gustave G41st Infantry
Alexander, Joseph I41st Infantry
Asher, Jacob H. C44th Infantry
Arnold, Louis G45th Infantry
Ansel, Jacob H45th Infantry
Altman, Joseph I46th Infantry
Aaron, Gabriel B47th Infantry
Abrams, August B48th Infantry
Alexander, Ephraim R50th Infantry
Aarons, George H53d Infantry
Adler, Joseph F54th Infantry
Aufanger, Siegmund H54th Infantry
Ascher, SamuelLieutenantH54th Infantry
Promoted from the ranks.
Auerbach, Joseph  5th Cavalry
Killed at Fredericksburg.
Abrahams, Edward F57th Infantry
Arnold, Jacob G64th Infantry
Altenburg, Morris H64th Infantry
Abrahams, Henry F67th Infantry
Asher, PhilipSergeantI68th Infantry
Asher, AdolphSergeantK68th Infantry
Asher, LouisSergeantK68th Infantry
Auerbach, J.  68th Infantry
Abrams, James C70th Infantry
Arnold, Aaron B72nd Infantry
Ackerman, Joseph G73d Infantry
[238]Arnold, Frank A76th Infantry
Arnold, David W. A76th Infantry
Ackerman, Jacob A78th Infantry
Arnold, Nathan K.Lieutenant 79th Infantry
Ackerman, A. A83d Infantry
Abrams, George K88th Infantry
Abrams, EdwardCorporalA95th Infantry
Abrams, W.B. F97th Infantry
Arnold, Nathan J. A100th Infantry
Alexander, Jacob F100th Infantry
Asher, M. S.  103d Infantry
Abraham, Joseph A112th Infantry
Alexander, Oscar I115th Infantry
Abraham, Moses E119th Infantry
Abrams, Daniel H122nd Infantry
Anthony, A.  131st Infantry
Ash, Morris C132nd Infantry
Ash, David K142nd Infantry
Arnold, Marcus I146th Infantry
Arnold, Daniel W.SergeantA151st Infantry
Abrams, Levi D158th Infantry
Abraham, LevyLieutenantH164th Infantry
Abrahams, Joseph S.Lieutenant 164th Infantry
Killed at Cold Harbor.
Ackerman, Abraham K170th Infantry
Adler, AlbertCorporalG178th Infantry
Ackerman, LewisLieutenantI189th Infantry
Adelman, Eugene B5th S. V.
Abraham, Henry F5th S. V.
Ash, Samuel B7th S. V.
Abraham, Theo. A25th S. M.
Ackerman, GustaveCorporalA4th Cavalry
Ababot, DavidLieutenantB5th Cavalry
Abraham, Aaron B7th Cavalry
Abrams, W. H.SergeantG9th Cavalry
Ackerman, David R.CorporalC11th Cavalry
Adler, IsidorCorporalF14th Cavalry
Alexander, Ephraim D15th Cavalry
[239]Arnold, Jacob D20th Cavalry
Arndt, AlbertMajor 1st Battalion
Killed at Sharpsburg.  Artillery
Abrams, Samuel A1st Mounted Rifles
Arnold, Benjamin E9th Artillery
Abrams, Maurice A16th Artillery
Abraham, Moses  3d Independent
   Artillery
Adler, Samuel  9th Independent
   Artillery
Ansbacher, Moses  24th Independent
   Artillery
 
Barnard, LeonCaptainG1st Infantry
Promoted from Lieutenant;
transferred 9th Infantry.
Blumenstein, J.  4th Infantry
Blumenthal, J.  4th Infantry
Benjamin, Emanuel A4th Infantry
Benjamin, Levy B4th Infantry
Bernstein, Jacob D4th Infantry
Bernstein, Mark G4th Infantry
Barnett, Samuel K4th Infantry
Bacharach, Julius  6th Infantry
Borchard, Newman K6th Infantry
Behrend, WilliamCaptainA7th Infantry
Promoted from Sergeant.
Bernhard, Frank C7th Infantry
Bader, Adolph D7th Infantry
Bernhard, Moritz F7th Infantry
Blum, Jacob I7th Infantry
Baruch, Bernhard K7th Infantry
Beisheim, Theodore1st Lieutenant  8th Infantry
Behrend, M. C8th Infantry
Bernhard, Edward1st Lieutenant 11th Infantry
Bahr, Frank B12th Infantry
Bernhardt, Alexander F16th Infantry
Ball, Felix F18th Infantry
Bachman, Joseph C20th Infantry
Behrens, Gustave H20th Infantry
Bien, Martin F23d Infantry
[240]Benjamin, David W. G26th Infantry
Bachman, Siegmund E27th Infantry
Berne, MaxLieutenant 29th Infantry
Brandeis, H.  38th Infantry
Bluhm, Jacob B39th Infantry
Berliner, Siegmund F39th Infantry
Baer, BernhardCaptainH39th Infantry
Promoted from Lieutenant.
Behrens, August H39th Infantry
Bernhard, Adam H39th Infantry
Brod, Herman  39th Infantry
Barnett, Daniel B40th Infantry
Behrends, Herman D41st Infantry
Breslauer, Charles D41st Infantry
Wounded in the head and abdomen,
killed in action at 2nd Battle Bull Run.
Bernstein, Louis Corporal I41st Infantry
Beer, Jacob B42nd Infantry
Barnett, Samuel C42nd Infantry
Baehr, William  45th Infantry
Baum, Joseph B45th Infantry
Blum, Jacob H45th Infantry
Bernhard, Joseph A52nd Infantry
Block, Julius G52nd Infantry
Block, Louis G52nd Infantry
Bernhard, Joseph E53d Infantry
Bernstein, Joseph G54th Infantry
Block, Emil C55th Infantry
Bruckheimer, Moses {6th Infantry
  { D55th Infantry
Disabled in the service.
Benjamin, Charles G55th Infantry
Boscowitz, C. J. D56th Infantry
Bash, AdolphLieutenant 58th Infantry
Baum, Adolph C58th Infantry
Blumenthal, William I58th Infantry
Bernhard, Isidor A62nd Infantry
[241]Baach, JacobCorporalF62nd Infantry
   (Anderson's Zouaves')
Wounded at Fredericksburg
and at the Wilderness.
Berliner, Solomon K62nd Infantry
Bacharach, Max. D63d Infantry
Barnett, Morris  66th Infantry
Bamberger, Joseph E66th Infantry
Birnbaum, AdolphLieutenant 68th Infantry
Benjamin, Gottlieb K68th Infantry
Brunn, JacobCaptainE70th Infantry
Killed at Williamsburg.
Behrend, A.  72nd Infantry
Benjamin, Isaac, Jr. B75th Infantry
Benjamin, Isaac B78th Infantry
Benjamin, Oscar A. I81st Infantry
Benjamin, Henry C87th Infantry
Barnett, Isaac  90th Infantry
Severely wounded.
Buxbaum, Julius D91st Infantry
Benjamin, Daniel H. E92nd Infantry
Benjamin, Daniel A93d Infantry
Benjamin, Joel A93d Infantry
Bash, J.  98th Infantry
Barnhart, Benjamin  98th Infantry
Bloomingdale, AlexanderC 102nd Infantry
Baer, Leopold C103d Infantry
Berliner, MeierSergeantF103d Infantry
Berkenmeyer, A. G103d Infantry
Bear, FrankSergeantG110th Infantry
Benjamin, Joseph W. H117th Infantry
Behrens, L.  119th Infantry
Bachman, Adolph H119th Infantry
Bloomington, Emil K119th Infantry
Benjamin, Frank L. F121st Infantry
Benjamin, Elisha B124th Infantry
Bloomingdale, Joseph D125th Infantry
Bachman, Jacob H.CorporalI126th Infantry
[242]Benjamin, Marcus K126th Infantry
Benjamin, A.LieutenantD131st Infantry
Killed at Port Hudson.
Blum, Abraham A132nd Infantry
Behrens, Joseph  135th Infantry
Benjamin, David K138th Infantry
Bernhard, Herman C143d Infantry
Baer, FrankLieutenantG147th Infantry
Promoted from Sergeant.
Bronner, SamuelLieutenantA149th Infantry
Bamberg, Frederick C178th Infantry
Benjamin, David C179th Infantry
Bachman, Jacob E187th Infantry
Bernard, Joseph E. I188th Infantry
Bernheim, Julius K1st Independent
Blum, Jacob K5th S. V.
Behr, Isaac F7th S. V.
Berliner, Siegmund M. I.1st Lieutenant 17th S. V.
   reorganized
Bernstein, Morris F22nd S. M.
Bachman, JosephCorporalG1st Cavalry
Berliner, Emil I1st Cavalry
Behrend, MoritzBattalion 4th Cavalry
 Quartermaster
Bauer, Moritz M4th Cavalry
Blank, Simon H6th Cavalry
Bachman, Frederick H8th Cavalry
Berkowitz, Leon B13th Cavalry
Berkowitz, IsidorCorporalD13th Cavalry
Bloomingdale, David D21st Cavalry
Bachman, Frederick F22nd Cavalry
Blum, E.  25th Cavalry
Baer, Jacob I1st Artillery
Bernhard, Simon K13th Artillery
Blankenberger, A. K15th Artillery
Benjamin, Aaron H16th Artillery
Benjamin, Ferdinand BMarine Artillery
Behrens, August  2nd Independent
   Artillery
Brill, Joseph  25th Independent
   Artillery
[243]Baer, Simon  30th Independent
   Artillery
Bendell, Herman} Assistant } 6th Heavy
 } Surgeon  } Artillery
 } Surgeon  } 86th Infantry
Brevetted Lieutenant-Colonel for
meritorious and honorable conduct;
afterwards Superintendent of
Indian affairs for Arizona.
Brun, Samuel
 
Calish, Arnold H. I1st Infantry
Cohen, Henry E.CorporalH5th Infantry
Cohen, Herman K6th Infantry
Corpel, Benjamin K6th Infantry
Cohn, Albert  8th Infantry
Cohen, Lewis H8th Infantry
Cohen, Isaac H10th Infantry
Cohen, Thomas G11th Infantry
Canter, Leon A.  12th State Militia
Captured at Harper's Ferry;
exchanged; re-enlisted
after being discharged
at expiration of term
(May 21, 1862—July 20, 1863).
Cohen, Samuel  20th Infantry
Conheim, Julius D20th Infantry
Chapman, Harris A. A24th Infantry
Coleman, F.  27th Infantry
Cohen, Harris C31st Infantry
Czamanski, Julius C31st Infantry
Cohen, David B39th Infantry
Cohen, Isidor A41st Infantry
Killed at Gettysburg.
Cohn, Isaac A41st Infantry
Cohn, Isidor K45th Infantry
Killed at Gettysburg.
Cohen, Jacob F52nd Infantry
Cohen, JuliusCorporalF54th Infantry
Cohen, John C62nd Infantry
Cohen, Abraham I62nd Infantry
Cohen, Joseph B68th Infantry
[244]Cohen, Louis B68th Infantry
Cohen, AbrahamCaptainE68th Infantry

Entered as a Private; for his soldier-like qualities, strict discipline and gallantry on the battle-field was promoted in quick succession to Corporal, Sergeant, Sergeant-Major, 2d Lieutenant, 1st Lieutenant, and Captain of Company E, acting part of the time as Regimental Adjutant.

Besides participating in many skirmishes Captain Cohen took part in the battles at Cross Keys, Port Republic, Rappahannock Station, White Sulphur Springs, Slaughter Mountain, Manassas, Bull Run and Chantilly.

Being disqualified for further active duty he was honorably discharged, as shown by the annexed official order:

Headquarters of the Army,
Adjutant-General's Office,
Washington, December 23, 1862.

Special Order No. 408.

The following officer is honorably discharged from the military service of the United States on account of disability: Captain A. Cohen, Company E, 68th New York Volunteers.

By command Major-General Halleck,
(Signed)     E. D. Townsend,
Assistant Adjutant-General.

Headquarters near Stafford, C. H.
February 11, 1863.

I hereby certify that I have known Captain Cohen as acting Adjutant and subsequently as Captain in the 68th Regiment, New York Volunteers, and that I have known him to be an efficient officer, while the 68th Regiment was under my command; I recollect that his name was favorably mentioned in connection with the battle of Bull Run, August 30, 1862.

(Signed)     W. Krzyzanowski,
Colonel Commanding 2nd Brigade, 3d Division, 11th Corps.

[245]


Headquarters 3d Division, 11th Corps,
February 11, 1863.

From the reports that have reached me, I take pleasure in certifying to Captain Cohen's efficiency as an officer and his good conduct in action.

(Signed)     C. Schurz,
Brigadier-General, Commanding 3d Division, 11th Corps.

Headquarters 1st Division, 11th Corps,
Stafford, C. H., February 12, 1863.

I take pleasure in stating to all concerned that Captain Cohen is a very efficient officer and has conducted himself in action bravely.

(Signed)     Julius Stahel,
Brigadier-General, Commanding 1st Division, 11th Corps.

Name.Rank.Company.Regiment.
Cohen, Moses B73d Infantry
Cohen, Leopold A102nd Infantry
Cohen, —— E113th Infantry
Cornelius, Abraham G125th Infantry
Cornelius, Jacob E127th Infantry
Cohen, David B131st Infantry
Cornelius, David F134th Infantry
Cohn, Max F163d Infantry
Cohn, William E173d Infantry
Cohen, Lewis E174th Infantry
Cohen, Philip, Jr.  193d Infantry
Cohn, IsaacCaptain 8th S. V.
Cohen, Coleman B13th S.M.
Coleman, Samuel B7th Cavalry
Cohn, Henry A18th Cavalry
Cohn, Joseph G5th Artillery
Cohen, Simon E7th Artillery
Cohen, Louis G16th Artillery
Cohnheim, Max (the author)Captain 41st Infantry
Promoted from Lieutenant.
Caspar, —— B1st Independent
   Battery
Cohen, Moses S.  2nd Fire Zouaves
 
Davis, Samuel[246] H1st Infantry
Davis, David H1st Infantry
Davis, Charles F3d Infantry
Davis, Benjamin D4th Infantry
David, Simpson D5th Infantry
Davis, David P. F5th Infantry
Davis, Henry D6th Infantry
Davis, Gomperts K6th Infantry
Dampf, Meier  7th Infantry
Dantziger, —— H7th Infantry
Died from wounds received
at Fredericksburg.
Davis, G. D.LieutenantI7th Infantry
Dampf, Moritz  8th Infantry
David, MoritzCorporalE8th Infantry
Davison, Gustav K8th Infantry
Dreyfus, Gustav A9th Infantry
Davis, David H9th Infantry
Davis, David M. A10th Infantry
Deutsch, J. A11th Infantry
Davidson, Jesse K13th Infantry
Davidson, Edmond K13th Infantry
David, B. Moritz  17th Infantry
Davis, Joseph D18th Infantry
Dryfus, Charles A20th Infantry
Davidson, Alfred C22nd Infantry
Davis, Benjamin C24th Infantry
Davis, Oscar C. B26th Infantry
Davidson, William B26th Infantry
Davis, Eugene M.SergeantC27th Infantry
Davis, Joseph L. F27th Infantry
Davis, Samuel C28th Infantry
Davis, Joseph E28th Infantry
Davis, Joshua C. E28th Infantry
Davis, Samuel H. K28th Infantry
Dondorf, Edward A29th Infantry
Davids, Samuel A34th Infantry
Davis, L. H.Lieutenant 35th Infantry
Davis, Isaac H. H38th Infantry
[247]Davis, Isaac H38th Infantry
Derndinger, LeoLieutenant 39th Infantry
David, EmileCorporalK39th Infantry
Davison, Gustav D41st Infantry
Davis, Henry G42nd Infantry
Davidson, SamuelLieutenantI43d Infantry
Davis, Alexander C44th Infantry
Davis, Lewis W. C44th Infantry
Dessauer, Fr. A.Captain 45th Infantry
Promoted from Lieutenant
on General Howard's staff;
killed in action.
Davidson, David C. A51st Infantry
Davidson, Charles D53d Infantry
Dreyfus, Henry K54th Infantry
Davis, David C. D56th Infantry
Davis, Moses K56th Infantry
Davidson, Samuel B59th Infantry
Davidmeyer, Lewin A68th Infantry
Davis, Reuben H80th Infantry
Davis, David A. G81st Infantry
Dryfus, EmanuelSergeantC83d Infantry
Davis, Frank E87th Infantry
Davis, Moses H89th Infantry
De Wolf, D. C. F94th Infantry
Davis, David I95th Infantry
Davis, David F98th Infantry
Davis, Joseph I102nd Infantry
Davis, Abraham C105th Infantry
Davis, Julius G110th Infantry
Davis, David G111th Infantry
Davis, Abraham L. G115th Infantry
Davis, Abraham A. B118th Infantry
David, Reuben C118th Infantry
Davis, Israel F119th Infantry
Davis, Daniel A120th Infantry
Davis, David A120th Infantry
Davis, Isaac A120th Infantry
Davis, Simeon C120th Infantry
[248]Davis, Simeon J. C120th Infantry
Davidson, D.Corporal 121st Infantry
Dryfus, JoachimSergeantD127th Infantry
Davis, Benjamin A129th Infantry
Davis, Levi C. I130th Infantry
Davidson, MorrisAdjutantK{ 130th Infantry
Lieutenant and Brevet Captain  { 176th Infantry
Davidson, Morris M.,QuartermasterK{ 131st Infantry
   { 176th Infantry
Davis, Emanuel K137th Infantry
Davis, EzekiahCorporalE144th Infantry
Davis, Joseph A.Lieutenant 149th Infantry
Killed at Chancellorsville.
Daniels, Joshua F150th Infantry
Danielson, William E. A151st Infantry
Davis, Abraham D153d Infantry
Davis, Isaac L. D156th Infantry
Davidson, Joseph B. C161st Infantry
Davis, Aaron B. C169th Infantry
Davis, Nathan M. D175th Infantry
Durst, Joseph K177th Infantry
De Wolf, Moses H184th Infantry
Davis, David J. C185th Infantry
Davis, Benjamin C189th Infantry
Davidson, David B. H8th S. V.
Davis, Abraham L3d Cavalry
Davidson, Solomon F6th Cavalry
Davison, Alexander B12th Cavalry
David, Samuel F13th Cavalry
David, SamuelLieutenantF25th Cavalry
Davis, Eugene M. A1st Net. Cavalry
Davis, Benjamin E1st Net. Cavalry
Davis, Simon H1st Mounted Rifles
Davis, IsaacSergeantC2nd Artillery
De Silva, Henry B4th Artillery
De Silva, Homer B4th Artillery
Davis, Abraham K7th Artillery
[249]De Souza, W. H. B15th Artillery
Dauzer, Carl  30th Battery
Killed at Gaines' Mill.
 
Eckstein, Samuel G1st Infantry
Esau, Ferdinand E5th Infantry
Eichberg, James T. B6th Infantry
Elsna, Carl C7th Infantry
Eppenstein, Carl F8th Infantry
Elsner, Charles F.1st Lieutenant  29th Infantry
Eisner, Gustav I29th Infantry
Engel, Herman F39th Infantry
Ehrlich, Herman H39th Infantry
Eckstein, DavidCorporalB41st Infantry
Engel, Moritz I41st Infantry
Enoch, Leopold I41st Infantry
Eiseman, LouisCorporalC46th Infantry
Engel, Joseph C46th Infantry
Elias, Benjamin E54th Infantry
Engel, Gilbert  61st Infantry
Elkan, S.  62nd Infantry
Emanuel, Ullman E66th Infantry
Elsas, Jacob H68th Infantry
Ettinger, Joseph A70th Infantry
Ellis, Daniel C94th Infantry
Ellis, Isaac C94th Infantry
Eisman, Felix F100th Infantry
Epstein, David C131st Infantry
Engel, Adolph B185th Infantry
Engel, HermanSergeantC7th S. V.
Ellinger, Adolph C7th S. V.
Ephraim, MorrisSergeantH47th S. M.
Engel, AlbertCorporalC13th Cavalry
Ellinger, Charles D18th Cavalry
Erlanger, Martin  30th Independent
   Artillery
 
Fult, Louis G1st Infantry
Friedenberg, James A. A1st Infantry
Friedberg, AlfredEnsignI1st Infantry
[250]Frankfurter, Benjamin E. D5th Infantry
Frank, Emil E5th Infantry
Frank, August C6th Infantry
Freund, August C6th Infantry
Frank, Louis B7th Infantry
Frank, Jacob B7th Infantry
Feder, Max E7th Infantry
Falkenberg, Herman E7th Infantry
Fischer, P. J. E7th Infantry
Friedman, AlbertSergeantD8th Infantry
Frankenstein, L.  8th Infantry
Killed at Fredericksburg.
Frohbach, A.  8th Infantry
Frohbach, Gustav I8th Infantry
Frohbach, Herman I8th Infantry
Friedenthal, AbrahamSergeantA12th Infantry
Fix, MaxSergeantB12th Infantry
Felsenheimer, Martin B12th Infantry
Frankenstein, Philip  20th Infantry
Fuld, Moses C20th Infantry
Lost an arm in action.
Flatto, Harris A24th Infantry
Friedenberg, William H24th Infantry
Frank, Henry B26th Infantry
Frank, Julius D29th Infantry
Frankel, LouisSergeantF29th Infantry
Freund, LouisCaptainG29th Infantry
Promoted from Sergeant.
Frank, LouisLieutenant 29th Infantry
Fleischman, William G29th Infantry
Frankel, HermanCorporalC31st Infantry
Promoted from private.
Frankenberg, Julius C31st Infantry
Freudenthal, David C31st Infantry
Freeman, JosephSergeantG35th Infantry
Fredenberg, David  35th Infantry
Fredenberg, J.  35th Infantry
Freudenberg, Alexander E39th Infantry
[251]Freeman, Simon C40th Infantry
Freeman, Simon E40th Infantry
Fleischman, OscarCaptainA41st Infantry
Promoted from private.
Freund, Joseph B41st Infantry
Frank, Joachim J. K41st Infantry
Frank, Jacob C46th Infantry
Fleischman, Carl F46th Infantry
Fleischman, Joseph I46th Infantry
Falk, Joseph B49th Infantry
Friedenfeld, Charles C49th Infantry
Friedenberg, Henry C49th Infantry
Friedenberg, Abraham K50th Infantry
Frank, WilliamLieutenantA52nd Infantry
Frank, EmilLieutenantA52nd Infantry
Promoted from Sergeant.
Friedenberg, David C52nd Infantry
Friedenberg, AdolphCaptainE54th Infantry
Fleischman, August H54th Infantry
Freund, Bernard H54th Infantry
Freudenberger, L.  55th Infantry
Frank, Jacob K57th Infantry
Friedlander, GottliebCaptainC58th Infantry
Promoted from private.
Fleischer, JuliusLieutenantD58th Infantry
Freeman, Henry  65th Infantry
Feder, Henry      } (Three brothers)  66th Infantry
Feder, Abraham }SergeantC66th Infantry
Feder, Adolph    }CorporalC66th Infantry
Fischer, ——LieutenantK66th Infantry
Friedenberg, Nathan E66th Infantry
Falk, Jacob C68th Infantry
Franke, Herman I68th Infantry
Franke, Julius F68th Infantry
Feldstein, TheodoreCaptainI68th Infantry
Frank, Gottlieb K68th Infantry
Franz, Eli  68th Infantry
Fraenkel, Moses A72nd Infantry
[252]Friedman, William B73d Infantry
Frankenberg, William  83d Infantry
Friedenthal, R.  91st Infantry
Firth, Isaac E91st Infantry
Frankfurter, Abraham E91st Infantry
Friedman, Jacob A100th Infantry
Frank, C. P. E100th Infantry
Frank, JuliusLieutenantA103d Infantry
Promoted from Corporal.
Falk, Joseph E103d Infantry
Freund, Heinrich D119th Infantry
Frankel, Jacob K119th Infantry
Friedlander, MaxLieutenant 122nd Infantry
Fix, Julius E122nd Infantry
Friedenberg, Morris G128th Infantry
Friedman, HenryCorporalG131st Infantry
Freedman, DanielCorporalB143d Infantry
Frank, DavidCorporalG154th Infantry
Frank, Moses F160th Infantry
Flatte, Harris
Franklin, Marcus  178th Infantry
Friedenthal, Frederick K178th Infantry
Frankel, FriedrichCaptain 187th Infantry
Ferdinandson, JuliusLieutenant 191st Infantry
Freund, Joseph2nd Lieutenant C1st Independent
Promoted from private.
Friedman, Philip K5th S. V.
Friedman, Joseph B7th S. V.
Friedlander, DavidMajor 25th S. M.
Friedenthal, JacobCaptainA25th S. M.
Freeman, Benjamin G71st S. M.
Freeman, Charles K71st S. M.
Freeman, Abraham D2nd Cavalry
Frank, Gustav M4th Cavalry
Frankenberger, H.  7th Cavalry
Freund, Jacob B8th Cavalry
Friend, Frank E13th Cavalry
Friend, Isaac B. B13th Cavalry
[253]Frank, Leopold G18th Cavalry
Frank, Leopold I1st Mounted Rifles
Frank, Lewis L2nd Artillery
Friedman, Heinrich  13th Artillery
Falk, Jacob E14th Artillery
Fleischman, Gustav E15th Artillery
Frank, Emil F15th Artillery
Frank, Joseph FMarine Artillery
Felleman, William M. G1st Battery
Falk, Jacob  13th Independent
   Artillery
Fleck, C. C.  30th Battery
Freund, Max.  30th Battery
 
Gans, Albert H6th Infantry
Gumprecht, David K6th Infantry
Gottwalt, Herman A7th Infantry
Glaubenksly, T. G.Adjutant 7th Infantry
Promoted from Lieutenant.
Gutman, Henry B7th Infantry
Gumprecht, Henry  8th Infantry
Wounded at Fredericksburg.
Gumprecht, Julius  8th Infantry
Killed at Fredericksburg.
Gottlieb, Julius E8th Infantry
Goldsmith, Lewis C9th Infantry
Goldsmith, Isaac I11th Infantry
Greenwall, Philip  12th Infantry
Greenfield, Albert K19th Infantry
Greenfield, Charles K19th Infantry
Grunewald, Friedrich  20th Infantry
Grunthal, Edward I29th Infantry
Grunewald, Gustav I29th Infantry
Goldfisch, Adam C31st Infantry
Greenfeld, Morris H31st Infantry
Goodman, Levi A33d Infantry
Gans, AugustSergeantC38th Infantry
Gottschalk, Michael G. D39th Infantry
Gottlieb, Henry E.Captain 40th Infantry
[254]Gans, Jacob G39th Infantry
Goldberg, Samuel  40th Infantry
Gotthold, Isaac N.CaptainF42nd Infantry

Promoted from Lieutenant. Mr. Gotthold was a gifted actor, whose impersonations of leading characters won for him high favor, and demonstrated his superior histrionic abilities.

Grunbaum, John K45th Infantry
Goldman, Friederich H46th Infantry
Goldsmith, Abraham I47th Infantry
Goldschmidt, Julius F49th Infantry
Greenwalt, Joseph  50th Infantry
Goldsmith, Carl I52nd Infantry
Goldsmith, L. G54th Infantry
Goldvogel, Alexander C55th Infantry
Goodman, Henry K56th Infantry
Goldsmith, Charles K56th Infantry
Goodman, BenjaminCaptainB77th Infantry
Promoted from private.
Goodman, Albert B57th Infantry
Gosline, Henry S.Colonel Pinckney's
   Regiment
Goldman, August E58th Infantry
Goldman, William E58th Infantry
Gans, Emil A68th Infantry
Gotthold, August G68th Infantry
Goldsmith, A. F70th Infantry
Goldsmith, Leopold C71st Infantry
Goldsmith, H.  80th Infantry
Goodman, H. J. C82nd Infantry
Goodman, Samuel G. H93d Infantry
Goldsmith, William F94th Infantry
Greenfeld, David F97th Infantry
Greenhut, S.  100th Infantry
Killed at Chancellorsville.
Guggenheim, J.  100th Infantry
Killed in attack on Morris Island.
Goodman, Henry S. A100th Infantry
Goldstein, Philip F103d Infantry
[255]Green, S.  107th Infantry
Gottschalk, Jacob K115th Infantry
Gans, Louis E119th Infantry
Green, Benjamin H. E125th Infantry
Green, Solomon D126th Infantry
Goldsmith, Joseph W. H127th Infantry
Goodman, Joseph H131st Infantry
Gotthelf, Jacob F146th Infantry
Greenwalt, Harris K152nd Infantry
Greenwat, Marcus K152nd Infantry
Green, Oscar G153d Infantry
Goldsmith, Henry B164th Infantry
Gans, Isaac A175th Infantry
Gans, Frederick B185th Infantry
Goldsmith, Abraham A1st Independent
Goldsmith, G. B.CorporalA22nd S. M.
Goldsmith, J. W.SergeantC22nd S. M.
Goldsmith, M. C2nd Cavalry
Goldstein, A. M6th Cavalry
Green, David H11th Cavalry
Goldsmith, S. F18th Cavalry
Gottlieb, LudwigCorporalK1st Artillery
Goldsmith, William E16th Artillery
Glaser, Adolph K15th Artillery
Killed in Virginia.
Gumpel, Samuel C15th Artillery
Green, Moses S.Captain 15th Engineers
 
Haas, Philip  1st Infantry
Harris, Jacob A2nd Infantry
Hirsch, Andrew K2nd Infantry
Heyman, Philip D4th Infantry
Hess, Charles G4th Infantry
Hart, David H.SergeantF5th Infantry
Heyman, Nathan F6th Infantry
Hirschson, Edmund B7th Infantry
Hess, Friedrich B7th Infantry
Heimberger, CharlesLieutenant 7th Infantry
[256]Hartzheim, Charles D7th Infantry
Heimburg, JuliusCaptain 7th Infantry
   (reorganized)
Heller, Friedrich D7th Infantry
Hochheim, LouisCaptainF7th Infantry
Haas, Leonard J.  7th Infantry
Herzberg, AlbertLieutenantC8th Infantry
Herzfeld, Joseph E8th Infantry
Heineman, Theodore E8th Infantry
Hoffman, Jacob H8th Infantry
Hirsch, Julius I8th Infantry
Hart, Joseph A.Drum Major 9th Infantry
Hays, Jacob C9th Infantry
Harris, Joseph B10th Infantry
Harris, Daniel K11th Infantry
Hersch, J. S.CorporalG13th Infantry
Harris, Louis A14th Infantry
Hesse, Adolph C14th Infantry
Hays, Michael E15th Infantry
Harris, David E16th Infantry
Harris, Joseph E17th Infantry
Harris, David K18th Infantry
Hoym, OttoCaptain 20th Infantry
Hoffman, L.  20th Infantry
Herrman, August C20th Infantry
Herrman, William C20th Infantry
Heineman, Charles D20th Infantry
Heineman, Henry F20th Infantry
Hess, Jacob K20th Infantry
Lost an arm at Chancellorsville.
Harris, Charles G23d Infantry
Harrison, Samuel A24th Infantry
Lost a leg at the Battle
of New Hope Church.
Hart, Benjamin B. H24th Infantry
Herrman, HenryCorporalC25th Infantry
Harris, IsraelCorporalE25th Infantry
Hamburger, Simon I25th Infantry
Harris, Isaac K27th Infantry
[257]Herrman, Jacob G28th Infantry
Hahn, Jacob B29th Infantry
Huebsch, Charles H29th Infantry
Hirschberg, Charles A31st Infantry
Hirsch, Morris C31st Infantry
Hoffman, Louis D31st Infantry
Hirsch, Jacob E31st Infantry
Hahn, JosephSergeantF31st Infantry
Hahn, Ferdinand G31st Infantry
Hahn, George G31st Infantry
Heiman, Henry G31st Infantry
Hart, David B33d Infantry
Hoofman, Eugene F34th Infantry
Hayman, SamuelColonelB37th Infantry
Hess, Adolph A39th Infantry
Hochheimer, Carl B39th Infantry
Heine, Louis H39th Infantry
Hahn, Charles  39th Infantry
Herzog, Louis K39th Infantry
Hirschfeld, HermanSurgeonB41st Infantry
Hirschfeld, ErnstLieutenantC41st Infantry
Herz, Jacob C41st Infantry
Hirsch, George C41st Infantry
Hirsch, Jacob E41st Infantry
Hirsch, Seligman I41st Infantry
Hart, Samuel F43d Infantry
Hays, Joel C44th Infantry
Hays, Nathaniel C44th Infantry
Harris, David S. K44th Infantry
Hahn, P.  45th Infantry
Heineman, C. B45th Infantry
Hess, Henry F45th Infantry
Heineman, William G45th Infantry
Hahn, Carl B46th Infantry
Hahn, Carl Moritz G46th Infantry
Hahn, August K47th Infantry
Hays, Michael B48th Infantry
[258]Herrman, Jacob E49th Infantry
Hammerslaugh, Samuel A54th Infantry
Hammerslaugh, Simon A54th Infantry
Died of wounds received
at Chancellorsville.
Heineman, Gottlieb C54th Infantry
Herschfeld, Charles E54th Infantry
Heineman, Heinrich F54th Infantry
Hertz, Alexander F54th Infantry
Hirschfeld, Herman K54th Infantry
Hottheimer, Henry  54th Infantry
Killed in action.
Harris, Isaac C. F56th Infantry
Harris, Joseph F56th Infantry
Herrman, FerdinandCaptainD58th Infantry
Herzberg, Adolf C59th Infantry
Herschfeld, Elias I59th Infantry
Herschfeld, Jacob I59th Infantry
Hart, David E. A60th Infantry
Hartfeld, ——  62nd Infantry
Hirschberg, David F62nd Infantry
Herzberg, FriedrichLieutenantA66th Infantry
Promoted from Sergeant.
Hockster, Mayer  66th Infantry
Hirsch, Julius C66th Infantry
Herrman, SimonSergeantK66th Infantry
Hess, Jacob K66th Infantry
Harris, Levi H67th Infantry
Herzberg, Rudolf D68th Infantry
Hays, Samuel E70th Infantry
Hess, JacobSergeant 71st Infantry
Color Sergeant and Commissary.
Hess, Morris F71st Infantry
Harris, FrankCorporalG77th Infantry
Herrman, Alexander H.SergeantC80th Infantry
Houseman, N.  83d Infantry
Hays, Jacob C83d Infantry
Hart, Lewis A86th Infantry
[259]Herrman, William C86th Infantry
Hamburger, SimpsonCaptainD91st Infantry
Promoted from Lieutenant.
Hart, Alexander D91st Infantry
Harris, Joseph A. H95th Infantry
Hays, Oscar A. G97th Infantry
Herrman, LouisSergeantH97th Infantry
Hecht, BenjaminCaptainB98th Infantry
Heilbrun, Philip  100th Infantry
Hess, Joseph C101st Infantry
Hays, Abram D118th Infantry
Hart, Joel G113th Infantry
Herrman, Jacob I123d Infantry
Hirschler, Nathaniel  124th Infantry
Hays, Daniel A127th Infantry
Heineman, Oscar A132nd Infantry
Heineman, Charles H. A134th Infantry
Herrman, Daniel E136th Infantry
Hart, B.  139th Infantry
Haller, Jacob  140th Infantry
Hays, JosephLieutenant 142nd Infantry
Hess, Joseph A144th Infantry
Heinsfurter, Joseph  149th Infantry
Hyams, Jacob A149th Infantry
Harris, Chapman A. A149th Infantry
Hays, Henry E149th Infantry
Hays, Daniel E149th Infantry
Hays, Sidney K151st Infantry
Hays, Benjamin E. H10th Zouaves
Heyman, R. B.CorporalA153d Infantry
Harrison, Henry K158th Infantry
Herrman, Alexander C162nd Infantry
Hahn, Louis C163d Infantry
Hahn, Philip F176th Infantry
Herzog, Charles B178th Infantry
Hirsch, Henry I178th Infantry
Hays, Benjamin T. G179th Infantry
Harris, Levi E. A184th Infantry
[260]Hess, Jonah K192nd Infantry
Harris, Frank H194th Infantry
Holt, N. B1st Independent
Killed at Morris Island.
Hirsch, JohnLieutenantC1st Independent
Holz, Louis G1st Independent
Hays, Benjamin J. D7th S. V.
Herzog, Joseph G7th S. V.
Herz, Carl  22nd S. M.
Harris, Samuel F. H37th S. M.
Hirsch, HermanCorporalE1st Cavalry
Hirsch, Philip E1st Cavalry
Herzfeld, Moritz I1st Cavalry
Heidenheim, Henry I1st Cavalry
Hays, MichaelLieutenant 4th Cavalry
Herman, Louis K4th Cavalry
Hahn, Henry I8th Cavalry
Hart, Isaac E12th Cavalry
Hart, Joseph F12th Cavalry
Haas, LouisLieutenant 12th Cavalry
Herrman, Charles T.CorporalK12th Cavalry
Hess, Julian L14th Cavalry
Hahn, Adolph F16th Cavalry
Hays, Solomon E. B26th Cavalry
Hofheimer, Siegmund F1st Mounted Rifles
Hays, Isaac C. C2nd Mounted Rifles
Heineman, William E2nd Mounted Rifles
Herrman, Max F3d Artillery
Hart, Eli W. G6th Artillery
Hays, Abraham D7th Artillery
Hays, David H. K13th Artillery
Herzog, CharlesAdjutant 15th Artillery
Promoted from Lieutenant.
Hess, David A15th Artillery
Hess, Herman C15th Artillery
Hess, JuliusLieutenant 28th Battery
Promoted from private.
Hess, Julius2nd Lieutenant 1st Engineers
[261]Hartfield, —— K62nd Infantry
Hyams, Jacob  ——
 
Isaacs, Charles L. A5th Infantry
Isaacs, JosephCorporalA9th Infantry
Isenstein, George  24th Infantry
Isaacs, Solomon A40th Infantry
Isaacs, Isaac B44th Infantry
Israels, LehmanLieutenantA55th Infantry
Promoted from Sergeant.
Isayah, E.  59th Infantry
Isidor, Leopold F61st Infantry
Isaac, Julius  De Kalle Regiment
Isaacs, J. J. D76th Infantry
Isaacs, Levi K78th Infantry
Isaacs, Moses M. D83d Infantry
Isaacs, Isaac I83d Infantry
Isaacs, Henry G90th Infantry
Isaacs, Michael G90th Infantry
Isaacs, Alfred S.Color Sergeant H 95th Infantry
Promoted from private;
wounded at Gettysburg.
Isaacs, Samuel D132nd Infantry
Isaac, LewisCaptain 5th Cavalry
Promoted from private.
Isaacs, David B5th Cavalry
Isaacs, Benjamin E16th Artillery
Isaac, V. F16th Artillery
 
Jacob, Henry F. B1st Infantry
Jacobs, William C. I3d Infantry
Jacobson, PhilipLieutenant 5th Infantry
Enlisted as private.
Jacobs, John C5th Infantry
Joachim, Charles H6th Infantry
Julius, Oscar1st Lieutenant 7th Infantry
Promoted from Sergeant.
Joseph, Gottfried F7th Infantry
[262]Jacoby, Friedrich1st LieutenantG7th Infantry
Promoted from private;
killed at Fredericksburg.
Jupitz, F. {7th Infantry
  { I3d (New Jersey)
   Infantry
Jacobs, Joseph A8th Infantry
Jacobson, IvorCaptainD8th Infantry
Promoted from Lieutenant.
Jacoby, Joseph A8th Infantry
Jacobs, Edward D9th Infantry
Captured; died a prisoner of war.
Jacobson, LouisLieutenantE9th Infantry
Promoted from Sergeant.
Jacobs, George A. H17th Infantry
Jacobs, George M. H19th Infantry
Jacobs, Charles E. H19th Infantry
Jacoby, Adam F20th Infantry
Jacob, W. G21st Infantry
Jacobs, Hymes G24th Infantry
Jacobs, Morris E25th Infantry
Jost, J.  29th Infantry
Jacobson, Herman C29th Infantry
Jones, Abraham I31st Infantry
Jacobus, Jesse I34th Infantry
Jacobus, Henry I34th Infantry
Jackel, Julius  39th Infantry
Jacobs, Carl F39th Infantry
Jacobson, Julius A41st Infantry
Jacobs, B. B42nd Infantry
Jacobs, Gottlieb K45th Infantry
Jacoby, Samuel K50th Infantry
Jones, Benjamin G51st Infantry
Jacobs, Samuel K51st Infantry
Jacoby, LouisCorporalI52nd Infantry
Jacobs, Benjamin B53d Infantry
Joseph, Henry F54th Infantry
Joachimsen, Philip J.Brevet 59th Infantry
 Brigadier-General

[263]

A New York paper makes the following remarks concerning This distinguished officer, under date of January 7, 1890:

"At the breaking out of the Civil War, the high virtues of this officer showed themselves in their brightest hue. He organized the 59th New York Volunteer Regiment and, appointed as its Colonel, was ordered to the front. The Regiment was stationed at Fortress Monroe. While there he was appointed as United States Paymaster. Subsequently he was ordered to New Orleans under the command of General B. F. Butler. While on duty he fell from his horse and was so severely hurt as to be sent to New York. Rendered disqualified for further military duty, he was honorably discharged. Governor Fenton, of the state of New York, in acknowledging his eminent services, appointed him Brevet Brigadier-General."

Name.Rank.Company.Regiment.
Jacobs, George Albert C61st Infantry
Julian, Theodor  62nd Infantry
Joseph, —— E66th Infantry
Jacob, Julius K66th Infantry
Joseph, Joseph M.CorporalK66th Infantry
Jacobsig, Gustav A67th Infantry
Joseph, J. Adolph1st Lieutenant 68th Infantry
Jacobs, Henry D. K70th Infantry
Joseph, Lionel C72nd Infantry
Jacobson, Eugene P.1st Lieutenant 74th Infantry
Promoted from Sergeant.
Jacobs, Benjamin I82nd Infantry
Joel, Julius B83d Infantry
Jacobs, JacobCaptainF83d Infantry
Enlisted as private.
Jacob, Louis H84th Infantry
Jacobs, Israel P.CorporalE89th Infantry
Jacobs, Benjamin G90th Infantry
Jacobs, Charles G90th Infantry
Jacobs, John G90th Infantry
Jacobs, Henry F.SergeantG91st Infantry
Jacobson, Isaac H91st Infantry
Jacobs, J. S. H92nd Infantry
[264]Jonas, Daniel E100th Infantry
Jacobs, Edward I101st Infantry
Jacoby, Max A103d Infantry
Jacobson, HermanCorporalD103d Infantry
Jacobs, Eli B109th Infantry
Jacobs, Henry C. H110th Infantry
Jacobson, HermanSergeantK119th Infantry
Jones, Joseph F124th Infantry
Jacobs, John F127th Infantry
Jacobs, John H. K127th Infantry
Jacobs, Joseph W. K127th Infantry
Jacobs, William S. K127th Infantry
Jacobs, Joseph A129th Infantry
Jacobs, Daniel T.CaptainI133d Infantry
Jacobs, Henry P. K139th Infantry
Jacobs, Reuben G141st Infantry
Jones, Isaac C147th Infantry
Jacobs, George C. A149th Infantry
Jacobs, Bernhard D156th Infantry
Jacobs, Joseph D156th Infantry
Jacobs, Alfred K162nd Infantry
Jacobs, Morris B165th Infantry
Jacobs, Charles C173d Infantry
Jacobson, A. D. D176th Infantry
Jones, Levi A179th Infantry
Jacobs, Jacob I185th Infantry
Jacobson, Abraham I193d Infantry
Jacobson, Herman C1st Independent
Joseph, A. D5th S. V.
Jacobson, W. H.Lieutenant 7th S. V.
Jacobs, Maurice H. F17th S. V.
Jacobson, A. C. C71st S. M.
Jones, AbrahamLieutenantA1st Cavalry
Jacobs, G. B1st Cavalry
Jacobson, Henry S. H10th Cavalry
Jacobs, CharlesCorporalH12th Cavalry
Jacobs, Carl C13th Cavalry
Jacobs, Eugene K18th Cavalry
[265]Jones, Henry G22nd Cavalry
Jacob, Benjamin M22nd Cavalry
Jones, Jacob T. E1st Veteran Cavalry
Jacobson, Henry B2nd Veteran Cavalry
Jacobs, Isaac G4th Artillery
Jacobson, W. C.1st Lieutenant 5th Artillery
Promoted from 2nd Lieutenant.
Jacobs, Joseph B8th Artillery
Jones, Isaac F13th Artillery
Jost, Jacob I15th Artillery
Jacobowsky, Marcus  23d Independent
   Artillery
Jones, Moses  28th Independent
   Artillery
 
Klugeman, Nathan E2nd Independent
Also Veteran Mexican War.  Artillery
Kuhn, Joseph I1st Infantry
Kohn, PhilipCaptain 5th Infantry
Promoted from Lieutenant.
Kaiser, William  6th Infantry
Kaufman, William B.SergeantB6th Infantry
Koerpel, Benjamin  6th Infantry
Kaufman, William B.CaptainF6th Infantry
Promoted from Lieutenant.
Kuhn, Ferdinand C7th Infantry
Krueger, Louis F7th Infantry
Konigsdorfer, L.  7th Infantry
Kaufman, Jules1st Lieutenant 7th Infantry
   (reorganized)
Konig, AugustLieutenant 7th Infantry
   (reorganized)
Kessler, Levi  7th Infantry
   (reorganized)
Wounded at Wilson Creek, N. C.;
captured; confined in Libby Prison.
Kohn, Heyman H7th Infantry
   (reorganized)
Kolb, Jacob I7th Infantry
   (reorganized)
[266]Kohn, Joseph F7th Infantry
   (reorganized)
Kaufman, Norman  7th Infantry
   (reorganized)
Wounded at Fredericksburg on left leg,
and shell wound on right hip.
Kaufman, Jacob A8th Infantry
   (reorganized)
Kohn, Hyman  8th Infantry
Killed at Fredericksburg.  (reorganized)
Kaufman, P.  8th Infantry
   (reorganized)
Kahn, Henry G10th Infantry
   (reorganized)
Koch, Leopold C13th Infantry
   (reorganized)
Kaufman, WilliamDrum Major 20th Infantry
   (reorganized)
Kaiser, Jacob A20th Infantry
   (reorganized)
Kaufman, Adolph B20th Infantry
   (reorganized)
Krauskopf, George B21st Infantry
   (reorganized)
Kirsch, Jacob E21st Infantry
   (reorganized)
Katz, Michael I29th Infantry
   (reorganized)
Kohn, BarnetCorporalC31st Infantry
   (reorganized)
Kassel, Joseph  31st Infantry
   (reorganized)
Kottner, L.  31st Infantry
   (reorganized)
Kaufman, Gustav E39th Infantry
   (reorganized)
Katz, Louis B41st Infantry
   (reorganized)
[267]Kaufman, Gottlob D41st Infantry
   (reorganized)
Kiritz, Michael  42nd Infantry
   (reorganized)
Kaufman, C.Corporal 45th Infantry
Kaufman, Louis D45th Infantry
Kahn, Charles G45th Infantry
Kaufman, GottlobSergeantH45th Infantry
Kaufman, Frederick H45th Infantry
Klingenstein, J.  45th Infantry
Kohn, Julius D46th Infantry
King, Ferdinand K50th Infantry
Kohen, Nicolaus D51st Infantry
Karpeles, Henry M.Lieutenant-Colonel 52nd Infantry
Promoted from Major.
Karpeles, R.Lieutenant 52nd Infantry
Killed in action.
Kahn, Carl A54th Infantry
Kahn, Charles H54th Infantry
Koch, Lewis G57th Infantry
Kohn, Jacob  57th Infantry
Wounded at Seven Pines.
Kaufman, Alexander E58th Infantry
Kohn, Isaac2nd LieutenantA66th Infantry
Kahn, Herman A66th Infantry
Keller, Julius K68th Infantry
Kohn, AdolphusCorporalK78th Infantry
King, Joseph A81st Infantry
King, Jacob F89th Infantry
King, Noah H100th Infantry
King, Joseph I102nd Infantry
Krauth, HermanCaptain 103d Infantry
Promoted from Lieutenant.
Kohn, Charles A103d Infantry
Kaufman, Heinrich A103d Infantry
Kaufman, Adam F104th Infantry
Koch, Jacob E106th Infantry
Kohnstadt, Isidor G132nd Infantry
[268]Kohn, Frederick F134th Infantry
Katzenstein, Joseph F140th Infantry
King, David B142nd Infantry
King, LeviCorporalI150th Infantry
Kaufman, M.  159th Infantry
Kauffman, C.  163d Infantry
Katzenberg, Charles F163d Infantry
Kohn, Otto C173d Infantry
Kohn, Herman C178th Infantry
Katzenstein, Charles D178th Infantry
Kohn, Jacob A1st Independent
Kohn, Joseph C7th S. V.
Kohut, Jacob H7th S. M.
Kalish, Herman D1st Cavalry
Krauss, Henry I1st Cavalry
Krauss, Joseph A4th Cavalry
Kaufman, Jacob K1st Artillery
Kuhne, Levi  3d Artillery
Kaufman, Adolph A15th Artillery
Koch, Jacob  29th Independent
   Artillery
 
Leavy, FrederickSergeant 1st Infantry
Enlisted as private.
Lilienthal, Johann I1st Infantry
Lipowitz, HermanLieutenantK1st Infantry
Promoted from Sergeant.
Limberger, AugustusLieutenant 3d Infantry
Levy, Max G4th Infantry
Lisberger, D. K6th Infantry
Lowenthal, SiegmundLieutenant 6th Infantry
Levy, Joseph F6th Infantry
Leopold, Emil B7th Infantry
Lepman, Charles D7th Infantry
Lowenthal, Henry D7th Infantry
Wounded at White House Landing.
Lowenstein, Julius E7th Infantry
Lichtenhahn, George F7th Infantry
Loeb, Max K7th Infantry
[269]Lester, Simon H8th Infantry
Liebold, HermanCaptain 7th Infantry
   (reorganized)
Levi, Carl A8th Infantry
   (reorganized)
Levy, Louis B9th Infantry
   (reorganized)
Lyon, Mark B11th Infantry
   (reorganized)
Lyon, W.  11th Infantry
   (reorganized)
Lazarus, John G11th Infantry
   (reorganized)
Lazarus, HarryCorporalG11th Infantry
   (reorganized)
Lowenthal, Philip D12th Infantry
   (reorganized)
Loeb, Abraham  12th Infantry
   (reorganized)
Lederman, William B12th Infantry
   (reorganized)
Levy, Abraham  12th Infantry
   (reorganized)
Lewis, David J. H16th Infantry
   (reorganized)
Lindner, B. F18th Infantry
   (reorganized)
Lorch, CharlesAdjutant 20th Infantry
Promoted for gallantry.  (reorganized)
Lilienthal, AdolfSergeantH20th Infantry
   (reorganized)
Lehman, V. I20th Infantry
   (reorganized)
Lyons, Joseph E23d Infantry
   (reorganized)
Lyons, David K23d Infantry
   (reorganized)
[270]Lichtenstein, Oscar A29th Infantry
   (reorganized)
Lewis, Edward, A.Captain 26th Infantry
Promoted from Lieutenant.
Lorch, RudolphSergeantC29th Infantry
Liebman, Frederick F29th Infantry
Lowenstein, Moritz H29th Infantry
Lichenstein, Jacob I29th Infantry
Levy, Herman C31st Infantry
Leo, Henry G31st Infantry
Lederman, Joseph H31st Infantry
Lewis, Mark A. C34th Infantry
Lewis, Isaac H. D34th Infantry
Lewis, Salomon E34th Infantry
Losher, Joseph  38th Infantry
Lowenthal, Benjamin D39th Infantry
Wounded at Cross Keys;
also at Bristow Station;
captured at Spottsylvania
and taken to Andersonville Prison.
Leibnitz, Ferdinand B39th Infantry
Lehman, Heinrich C39th Infantry
Lieser, M.Sergeant 39th Infantry
Lederer, Emanuel M.LieutenantG39th Infantry
Entered as private; twice wounded;
promoted for gallantry.
Lion, Simon I39th Infantry
Levy, Adolph K39th Infantry
Lewis, D.  40th Infantry
Lewis, J.  40th Infantry
Levy, John A40th Infantry
Lowenstein, John B41st Infantry
Levy, Reuben C41st Infantry
Lewis, Moses  42nd Infantry
Levi, Abraham I42nd Infantry
Lippman, ——  Turner's Infantry
Levy, Benjamin B40th Infantry
Wounded at the Wilderness.
U. S. Congress awarded him
a "medal of honor."

[271]

Benjamin B. Levy enlisted at the age of sixteen, in the First New York Volunteers, at the breaking out of the Rebellion, as a drummer boy, and while his regiment was stationed at Newport News, Virginia, he was detailed as Orderly for General Mansfield. While he was conveying dispatches on board the steamboat "Express" to General Wool at Fort Monroe, the steamboat was attacked opposite Norfolk, by the rebel gunboat "Seabird." The "Express," with all on board, was in imminent danger of capture, when young Levy saved the steamboat by cutting loose a water schooner they had in tow. The water schooner was captured, but the "Express" arrived safely at Fort Monroe. For this act Levy was highly complimented by Generals Mansfield and Wool.

On the retreat from Richmond, under General McClellan, his tent-mate was very ill, and to save him from being taken prisoner, Levy threw away his drum, and taking his comrade's gun and equipments, went into the fight with his regiment at Charles City Cross Roads and saved two of the colors of his regiment from capture. For this act he was promoted on the field by General Phil. Kearney to Color Sergeant of his regiment.

After the regiment's two years' service had expired, he re-enlisted in the Fortieth Few York (Mozart) regiment, and at the battle of the Wilderness he was distinguished for his gallantry. Here he was stricken down by a serious wound, receiving a compound fracture of the left thigh. Left on the field he was captured by Colonel White's Guerillas. He lay on the field with no shelter for two weeks, and was then recaptured by our troops that came from Fredericksburg. He was one of the first from this State to receive a medal of honor from Congress.

Mr. Levy is a member of Phil. Kearney Post, No. 8, New York.

Name.Rank.Company.Regiment.
Lehman, ArthurSergeantG41st Infantry
Lehman, Samuel H41st Infantry
Lowenstein, Herman K41st Infantry
Lyons, Henry  43d Infantry
[272]Lewis, Isaac I43d Infantry
Lester, Joseph  44th Infantry
Levy, SamuelCorporalA45th Infantry
Enlisted as private.
Liebman, Frederick A45th Infantry
Lehman, Gottlieb F45th Infantry
Ludwig, B.  45th Infantry
Loesch, S.  46th Infantry
Lehman, William B46th Infantry
Lewis, Lewis  47th Infantry
Lehman, Louis B49th Infantry
Lyons, Eugene K50th Infantry
Ludwig, Jacob D51st Infantry
Lewis M. B51st Infantry
Lichtenstein, PhilipMajor 52nd Infantry
Lorch, HenrySergeantC52nd Infantry
Leopold, LouisLieutenantF52nd Infantry
Promoted from Sergeant.
Leopold, Friedrich I54th Infantry
Levy, Leon A55th Infantry
Lehman, Charles F55th Infantry
Lewis, Abraham K56th Infantry
Lewis, Benjamin K56th Infantry
Lichtenstein, Theo.Major 58th Infantry
Levyson, Abraham F58th Infantry
Levy, Robert G58th Infantry
Lowenstein, Henry H58th Infantry
Levy, Harry H58th Infantry
Lippman, Friedrich K58th Infantry
Lyon, David H. C60th Infantry
Lawach, ——Lieutenant 62nd Infantry
Leo, Frederick P. G64th Infantry
Lieberman, John F65th Infantry
Lieser, Jacob F65th Infantry
Levy, Herz E66th Infantry
Leoroldi, LeopoldCaptainK66th Infantry
Loeb, Louis K66th Infantry
Lowenstein, Joseph K66th Infantry
[273]Lowenstein, Solomon K66th Infantry
Lowenstein, SeligmanCorporalB68th Infantry
Lassner, Otto C68th Infantry
Lehman, Adolph I68th Infantry
Liebman, George K68th Infantry
Loewe, A.  68th Infantry
Levi, WilliamSergeantA70th Infantry
Lipperwitz, Herman F71st Infantry
Lichenstein, Philip G.Lieutenant-Colonel 72nd Infantry
Promoted from Captain.
Loewe, Max A72nd Infantry
Loeb, DanielAdjutantH72nd Infantry
Promoted from Lieutenant.
Lochte, DanielLieutenant 72nd Infantry
Lewin, Charles E73d Infantry
Lehman, C. F74th Infantry
Leopold, Isidor A78th Infantry
Levie, Joseph H82nd Infantry
Levy, James E87th Infantry
Lyons, Michael C88th Infantry
Levy, John I88th Infantry
Lowe, William I88th Infantry
Lewis, I.  89th Infantry
Ludwig, Jacob P. H89th Infantry
Lewis, M.  96th Infantry
Lehman, Philip I97th Infantry
Lewin, Lewis I98th Infantry
Lewis, Eugene H.CorporalF101st Infantry
Lewis, Abraham B102nd Infantry
Lyon, David E. H102nd Infantry
Lehman, Albert C103d Infantry
Levy, Abraham H103d Infantry
Lewin, Joseph I103d Infantry
Lewis, Samuel C107th Infantry
Lewis, Lewis H108th Infantry
Lewis, Samuel I112th Infantry
Lewin, N.Lieutenant 114th Infantry
[274]Lederer, Charles D116th Infantry
Lehman, WilliamCorporalE116th Infantry
Lehman, P.  116th Infantry
Lyon, DavidSergeantB119th Infantry
Landauer, Moses C119th Infantry
Lazarus, Jacob D119th Infantry
Lowenstein, Edward I119th Infantry
Limburger, Gustav E121st Infantry
Lazarus, Levi H125th Infantry
Lewis, L.  127th Infantry
Leivy, AbrahamCommissary 132nd Infantry
 Sergeant
Lowenstein, Levi D132nd Infantry
Lewis, Isaac K132nd Infantry
Lyon, Abraham E133d Infantry
Lester, M.  134th Infantry
Leopold, George E145th Infantry
Lester, Levy E147th Infantry
Lehman, Joseph H148th Infantry
Light, SolomonCaptain 149th Infantry
Paralyzed in service.
Levy, Hyman A149th Infantry
Light, Lewis A149th Infantry
Wounded at Pine Mountain, Georgia;
severely wounded at Lost Mountain.
Liebman, Herman A149th Infantry
Lazarus, Newman A149th Infantry
Lauderwitzberg, Louis A149th Infantry
Lehman, Moses A149th Infantry
Lazarus, Harry A149th Infantry
Lowitch, Michael A149th Infantry
Killed in action.
Leopold, FrankLieutenantC151st Infantry
Enlisted as private.
Lewis, Simon A156th Infantry
Lederman, Frank C161st Infantry
Lewis, Isaac J. D161st Infantry
Loescher, Samuel C162nd Infantry
[275]Lichtenfelz, Charles C162nd Infantry
Lipold, Abraham A168th Infantry
Lester, Felix B169th Infantry
Loeb, Abraham I175th Infantry
Lehman, A.  176th Infantry
Loewenthal, Barney F177th Infantry
Lehman, Joseph B178th Infantry
Levy, Adolph C178th Infantry
Lester, Louis G184th Infantry
Levy, Simon                    {            }Colonel 1st Independent
Levy, Ferdinand             { Father }Captain 1st Independent
Enlisted as Private. {   and   }
Levy, Alfred                  {  three  }Lieutenant 1st Independent
Enlisted as Private. {   sons  }
Levy, Benjamin C.          {             }  14th U. S. Infantry

The following are the records of these men:

Colonel Simon Levy was commandant of Camp "Sprague," Staten Island, and general recruiting officer during the year 1863. Afterwards he received his commission as Lieutenant-Colonel of the 1st Independent Battalion, New York Volunteers, and took command of that regiment at St. Helena Island, South Carolina, continuing in command of the same until its consolidation with the 47th and 48th New York Volunteers in February, 1864. The Battalion Regiment participated, while under the command of Colonel Simon Levy, in the capture of Folly and Morris Islands, South Carolina, and in several other engagements.

Captain Ferdinand Levy was in command of the skirmishing party of General Strong's Brigade at the capture of Morris Island, South Carolina, July 10th, 1863. This command was the first to land on the island, being the advance guard. Captain Levy was honorably mentioned for gallant services in brigade orders shortly afterwards. He is a well-known Israelite; and has served as Coroner, and is now Register of [276]the city of New York; he is also active in Jewish institutions, secret societies, etc.

Lieutenant Alfred Levy enlisted as private in the 1st Independent Battalion; was promoted to Sergeant and subsequently to Lieutenant for meritorious conduct. After the consolidation of the regiment he joined the 5th United States Artillery and served until the close of the war.

Benjamin C. Levy enlisted in the 14th United States Infantry at the breaking out of the war and served until its close. He participated in fourteen general engagements and numerous skirmishes. His bravery on several occasions has been honorably mentioned.

Lyons, C. H.Adjutant 7th S. V.
Lowenthal, Henry B7th S. V.
Levy, Jacob E7th S. V.
Levy, Jacob F7th S. V.
Liebold, HermanCaptainH7th S. V.
Levy, Adolph C8th S. V.
Levy, Alexander F8th S. V.
Levy, Joseph C. C37th S. M.
Leopold, David H37th S. M.
Lewis, Ferdinand G2nd Cavalry
Lyon, IsaacCaptainB5th Cavalry
Levy, Bernhard H. B5th Cavalry
Leon, Elias  5th Cavalry
Lewis, DanielQuartermaster- 9th Cavalry
 Sergeant
Lewis, Isaac B. E11th Cavalry
Levi, Charles E11th Cavalry
Lehmeier, G.  12th Cavalry
Ludwig, Emil F14th Cavalry
Lowenstein, Frederick K14th Cavalry
Liebman, Frederick K14th Cavalry
Loeb, Emil M14th Cavalry
Levi, Frank C16th Cavalry
Lazarus, H. Louis1st LieutenantH16th Cavalry
Lewis, MorrisCaptain 8th Cavalry
[277]Lazarus, HenryCaptain 25th Cavalry
Lautherman, Henry  3d Artillery
Lester, Jacob F1st Veteran
   Cavalry
Lewis, Charles E. F1st Veteran
   Cavalry
Loeb, Siegmund1st Lieutenant 7th Artillery
Promoted from 2nd Lieutenant.
Levy, Meier  7th Artillery
Lewis, Oscar H10th Artillery
Lievy, Jacob B13th Artillery
Lowenstein, Moritz2nd LieutenantF15th Artillery
Promoted from Sergeant.
Levy, Henry E16th Artillery
Lowenstein, Moritz  2nd Independent
   Artillery
Lewis, SamuelLieutenant 5th Independent
   Artillery
Lowenthal, Leopold  21st Artillery
Lowenthal, Jacob  31st Independent
   Artillery
Liebman, Newman  ——
Lehman, Moses  ——
Lazarus, Harris  ——
Levy, Hyman  ——
Lichtenburg, Louis  ——
 
Morningstein, Henry A1st Infantry
Meyers, Joseph B1st Infantry
Miletinski, Moritz I1st Infantry
Mannheimer, Martin K1st Infantry
Morris, Henry K1st Infantry
Myers, Simeon A2nd Infantry
Mann, A. Ensign  3d Infantry
Meyers, Lewis F.  3d Infantry
Myers, Oscar C4th Infantry
Meyer, Frederick B5th Infantry
Marks, William A6th Infantry
Marks, August K6th Infantry
Moser, J.  6th Infantry
Meyer, Henry C8th Infantry
Meyer, Louis E8th Infantry
Meyer, A.  8th Infantry
[278]Marx, George G8th Infantry
Meyer, Ludwig I8th Infantry
May, Marcus A9th Infantry
Meyers, Martin C9th Infantry
Martin, J.  9th Infantry
Morrison, Wolf  11th Infantry
Meyer, Jacob C13th Infantry
Meyers, Simeon K13th Infantry
Meyers, Joseph A16th Infantry
Meyer, Joseph E16th Infantry
Morris, Moses K16th Infantry
Mencke, Isaac1st Lieutenant 17th Infantry
Promoted from 2nd Lieutenant.
Maier, J. Jacob I19th Infantry
Myers, Samuel I19th Infantry
Maas, Jacob A20th Infantry
Meyer, CarlCorporalB20th Infantry
Markowsky, August B20th Infantry
Mann, MaxCorporalC20th Infantry
Masins, Leopold C20th Infantry
Lost an arm in action.
Mayer, JosephCorporalD20th Infantry
Meyer, Martin G20th Infantry
Mayers, Henry C22nd Infantry
Moses, MarcusCorporalF23d Infantry
May, D.  26th Infantry
Meyers, Jacob H28th Infantry
Moser, Joseph A29th Infantry
Meyer, Louis I. D29th Infantry
Moritz, JosephCorporalI29th Infantry
Meyer, Adam K29th Infantry
Meyers, Isaac D30th Infantry
Mayer, Levi F31st Infantry
Mann, F.Corporal 33d Infantry
Mosier, L.  33d Infantry
Marks, Frank F35th Infantry
Mendel, SidneyMajor 35th Infantry
Promoted from Captain.
[279]Marks, Joseph G35th Infantry
Myers, David E36th Infantry
Myer, Charles E37th Infantry
Moses, IsaacAdjutant-General

Adjutant-General of the 3d Army Corps of the Army of the Potomac, commanded by General Heintzelman; participated in the battles of the Peninsular Campaign; subsequently served with General Banks.

Maier, A.  38th Infantry
Marsin, F.  38th Infantry
Maier, Joseph C38th Infantry
Maier, David C38th Infantry
Moses, David F38th Infantry
May, H.  39th Infantry
Meier, Herman B39th Infantry
Mayer, Carl G39th Infantry
Meier, Friedrich H39th Infantry
Mayer, Wilhelm I39th Infantry
Mentz, S. D. K39th Infantry
Morris, Daniel E40th Infantry
Morgenstein, L.  41st Infantry
Meierson, Max B41st Infantry
Meyerstein, H. C41st Infantry
Meier, Joseph E41st Infantry
May, HenryHospital Steward 45th Infantry
Mayer, August E45th Infantry
Mayer, Jacob K45th Infantry
Moritz, Joseph K45th Infantry
Mayer, CarlLieutenant 46th Infantry
Mantel, Louis A46th Infantry
Meinhart, Jacob B46th Infantry
Miller, Edward S. H46th Infantry
Marx, Carl H46th Infantry
Mandell, J. K46th Infantry
Marks, Joseph D49th Infantry
Moses, AugustSergeantG49th Infantry
Morris, H.  50th Infantry
Meyer, AdolphQuartermaster 52nd Infantry
Promoted from Lieutenant.
[280]Meyer, Theodore B52nd Infantry
Moses, George H52nd Infantry
Myers, Joseph A53d Infantry
Mayer, Frederick F53d Infantry
Mayer, Jacob G54th Infantry
Moses, Henry K54th Infantry
Meyer, Jacob H55th Infantry
Meyer, Gustav B58th Infantry
Meier, Isaac E58th Infantry
Mosesson, Mayer E58th Infantry
Marx, Joseph G58th Infantry
Marx, Louis G58th Infantry
Mendelson, GustavSergeantD59th Infantry
Marks, Samuel I59th Infantry
Meyers, Levi C61st Infantry
Morris, Bernhard1st LieutenantD62nd Infantry
Enlisted as private.
Morris, A.LieutenantK62nd Infantry
Meyerstein, H. C62nd Infantry
Meyerstein, —— F62nd Infantry
Meyer, Isaac G62nd Infantry
Meyers, Simeon G64th Infantry
Mielziner, Isaac  Zouaves
Killed at Bull Run.
Meyer, Adolph1st Lieutenant 66th Infantry
Promoted from 2nd Lieutenant.
Mannheim, SimonCorporalA66th Infantry
Masius, Leopold A66th Infantry
Mannheim, Theo. C66th Infantry
Moses, J. HenryCaptainF66th Infantry
Mandelbaum, S. K66th Infantry
Marcus, Samuel K66th Infantry
Melzheimer, Samuel K66th Infantry
Meyer, Albert K66th Infantry
Meier, Carl A67th Infantry
Morrison, Wolf  Ellsworth Zouaves
Meier, Gottlieb B68th Infantry
Moses, Selig B68th Infantry
[281]Mantel, Louis E68th Infantry
Meyer, Ferdinand K68th Infantry
Moses, IsraelLieutenant-Colonel 72nd Infantry

Was appointed Assistant Surgeon of the U. S. Army in 1847, and served with the Army of Occupation at Vera Cruz and Toluca, Mexico, and at Fort Crawford, Fort Leavenworth, in Oregon, Washington Territory, and Texas until his resignation in 1855. In the Civil War he was appointed Lieutenant-Colonel of a regiment attached to Sickles' Brigade, but was soon compelled, by failing health, to resign. He was appointed Surgeon of the United States Volunteers and placed in charge of camp hospitals in the Army of the Potomac and subsequently served with General Gordon Granger, in the West. He was mustered out of service in 1865, after receiving the Brevet of Colonel for faithful and meritorious services.

Masius, Leopold C20th Infantry
Marcus, LeopoldLieutenantH72nd Infantry
Meyers, Abraham A74th Infantry
Mann, Gustav D74th Infantry
Morris, P. K77th Infantry
Marks, Reuben A81st Infantry
Moses, Abraham H82nd Infantry
Meyers, Leopold I82nd Infantry
Moses, J. C.CorporalC83d Infantry
Meyer, Albert K83d Infantry
Moss, B.  90th Infantry
Morris, J.  90th Infantry
Mendes, David G90th Infantry
Mendes, John G90th Infantry
Moses, Samuel B. I90th Infantry
Meyer, Martin C97th Infantry
Menz, Jacob D98th Infantry
Meyers, Marks H. K100th Infantry
Mendel, FrederickQuartermaster 103d Infantry
Promoted from Lieutenant.
Moritz, Friedrich A103d Infantry
[282]Meyer, Emil A103d Infantry
Mainsfield, MosesCorporalD103d Infantry
Enlisted as private.
Mayer, Lippman F103d Infantry
Meyer, Herman G103d Infantry
Moritz, William H103d Infantry
Mayer, Ferdinand I108th Infantry
Macey, Judah B110th Infantry
Messenger, Morris H112th Infantry
Morris, SamuelCorporalC113th Infantry
Myers, Levi C115th Infantry
Mann, Daniel L. E115th Infantry
Meyer, IsidoreSergeantC117th Infantry
Meyer, MosesCorporalB119th Infantry
Morris, J.  120th Infantry
Mannheimer, Israel E122nd Infantry
Myer, Aaron B.Captain 125th Infantry
Died of wounds received in action.
Moritz, Joseph I125th Infantry
Meyer, Julius G132nd Infantry
Mayer, Jacob K138th Infantry
Meyer, AugustCaptainB140th Infantry
Promoted from Lieutenant.
Marks, Daniel H147th Infantry
Mayer, Isaac I154th Infantry
Marks, Samuel N.  157th Infantry
Marks, Joseph F160th Infantry
Meyer, JosephSergeantF163d Infantry
Meyers, BenjaminCorporalD168th Infantry
Mayer, Edward C173d Infantry
Mayer, August B176th Infantry
Marks, Abraham D176th Infantry
Mayer, Jacob K177th Infantry
Meier, Jacob G178th Infantry
Meier, Joseph I178th Infantry
Meier, Louis E179th Infantry
Meyer, Abraham I179th Infantry
Marks, Daniel E. H184th Infantry
[283]Marburger, J.  188th Infantry
Myers, Isaac2nd Lieutenant 193d Infantry
Meiers, Jacob H193d Infantry
Morris, Mark A1st Independent
Mayer, Jacques F1st Independent
Moses, Herman G1st Independent
Wounded at Fort Wagner
and at Petersburg.
Meyer, Gustav B5th S. V.
Mayer, FerdinandCaptainD5th S. V.
Mayer, Jacob A7th S. V.
Moritz, Edward K7th S.V.
Moritz, DavidSergeantI17th S. V.
Meyer, Louis I17th S. V.
Moses, Nathan F.Major 7th S. M.
Mayer, BernardLieutenantB7th S. M.
Meier, Jacob E7th S. M.
Meyerson, Frank G. D1st Cavalry
Maas, August I1st Cavalry
Mayer, Max  2nd Cavalry
Mosier, LeviCorporalE3d Cavalry
Meyer, AdolphSurgeon 4th Cavalry
Meyer, Emil M4th Cavalry
Myers, ——  5th Cavalry
Minzesheimer, MosesAdjutantA5th Cavalry
Promoted from Lieutenant.
Meier, Eli B6th Cavalry
Meyers, David C8th Cavalry
Maier, Jacob H8th Cavalry
Moak, Julius  10th Cavalry
Moak, Harris P.  10th Cavalry
Meyers, Moses C12th Cavalry
Mendelson, Bernard E13th Cavalry
Meyers, Isaac L15th Cavalry
Maas, Adolph I16th Cavalry
Maas, Jacob L16th Cavalry
Marks, Frank B20th Cavalry
Meiers, Isaac, Jr. A21st Cavalry
Moses, Mark E.SergeantF22nd Cavalry
[284]Meyer, Raphael E25th Cavalry
Moses, Philip G1st Veteran Cavalry
Mann, Daniel P.Captain Independent Cavalry
Marks, Samuel N.  Independent Cavalry
Mayer, Alexander E15th Artillery
Mayer, Ludwig H15th Artillery
Mayer, A.  1st Mounted Rifles
Meier, Herman H1st Mounted Rifles
Meyers, Joseph D2nd Mounted Rifles
Meyer, Joseph K2nd Mounted Rifles
Max, SamuelCorporalE2nd Artillery
Marks, Samuel F2nd Artillery
Meyers, Jacob B. K2nd Artillery
Mendelson, Moritz E4th Artillery
Meyers, Nathan F8th Artillery
Meyer, Samuel B9th Artillery
Mayer, Jacob K9th Artillery
Marks, Joseph I10th Artillery
Meyers, K. A13th Artillery
Marks, LouisCorporalA15th Artillery
Meier, Joseph H15th Artillery
Meier, Jacob H15th Artillery
Mark, Isaac E16th Artillery
Metzger, Salomon EMarine Artillery
Myers, David HMarine Artillery
Meier, Moses  2nd Independent
   Artillery
Meier, Louis  9th Independent
   Artillery
Meier, Louis  9th Independent
   Artillery
Moses, Joseph C24th Independent
   Artillery
Mayer, WilliamGeneral

During the Draft Riots at New York City he did heroic service for which he received an autograph letter from President Lincoln, thanking him for the eminent services rendered by him to our country during those days of darkness. Subsequently, he devoted himself to journalism, editing several leading German newspapers.

[285]

Newman, Abel R. I3d Infantry
Newman, Henry F4th Infantry
Nathan, Michael F6th Infantry
Neustadter, JosephQuartermaster 8th Infantry
Newman, Philip B10th Infantry
Newburg, JosephCaptainG10th Infantry
Wounded at Fredericksburg;
joined service again
after discharge from hospital.
Neuburg, Lionel C.SergeantH10th Infantry
Entered as private.
Nussbaumer, Charles C13th Infantry
Noah, David G. 20th Infantry
Noah, Moses D. G20th Infantry
Newman, Lazarus A24th Infantry
Lost a foot in action.
Newman, Leopold C.Lieutenant-Colonel B31st Infantry

Was mustered in service as Captain; he rose to the rank of Lieutenant-Colonel. His term of service expiring a few days prior to the battle of Chancellorville, May 2, 1863, he expressed a desire to remain at the front and during that terrible struggle his foot was shattered by a cannon ball; was taken to Washington, where he died shortly after. President Lincoln visited him at his bedside, and brought his commission promoting him to the rank of Brigadier-General.

Newman, William F31st Infantry
Newman, Levi L.CorporalI32nd Infantry
Nieman, Carl H39th Infantry
Neubauer, L.  46th Infantry
Newman, Louis G53d Infantry
Newman, CharlesLieutenant 54th Infantry
Neuhauser, Ferdinand C54th Infantry
Newman, Adolph H54th Infantry
Nathan, Wolf D55th Infantry
Nussbaum, AbrahamQuartermaster 58th Infantry
Nussbaum, Abraham[286]Quartermaster 58th Infantry
Neuberger, August C58th Infantry
Newman, IsaacSergeantI61st Infantry
Newman, Charles A61st Infantry
Newman, Samuel A66th Infantry
Newman, Abraham K66th Infantry
Nussbaum, Henry F68th Infantry
Newberger, Louis G70th Infantry
Newberger, Ansel D72nd Infantry
Nathan, HenryCorporalK73d Infantry
Neelis, ——Captain 90th Infantry
Killed at Port Hudson.
Newman, Abraham D. F95th Infantry
Newman, AugustLieutenantD103d Infantry
Died of wounds received in action.
Niederlander, F.  115th Infantry
Nathanson, Nathan B119th Infantry
Newman, Benjamin F.SergeantB137th Infantry
Newman, Ferdinand G140th Infantry
Newman, Morris D146th Infantry
Newman, JosephCorporalF162nd Infantry
Nieman, GottliebSergeantK174th Infantry
Noah, D.  186th Infantry
Newman, Carl D7th S. V.
Newman, Oscar K7th S. V.
Newman, Simon F47th S. M.
Niebergall, Julius  3d Artillery
Newman, Abraham F4th Artillery
Numburger, AlexanderRegimental 4th Cavalry
 Quartermaster
Neuberger, Meier L7th Cavalry
Captured; died in Andersonville Prison.
Newman, Simon G20th Cavalry
 
Oppenheim, Jacob A1st Infantry
Oppenheim, ArnoldAdjutant 7th Infantry
Promoted from Lieutenant.
Oppenheimer, Louis H8th Infantry
Ochs, John D41st Infantry
[287]Oppenheimer, HenryCorporalB42nd Infantry
Ochs, Joseph C16th Cavalry
Oppenheim, DavidSergeantL15th Artillery
Ostrosky, Leopold  1st Independent
Wounded at Alutra.  Infantry
 
Pinkson, HenryCorporalE1st Infantry
Enlisted as Private.
Phillips, Lewis G2nd Infantry
Phillips, Joseph E6th Infantry
Proskauer, Herman H7th Infantry
Phillipson, Ferdinand C8th Infantry
Phillips, Meyer D. A10th Infantry
Phillips, AlfredQuartermaster 36th Infantry
Pollock, Bernhard1st Lieutenant 39th Infantry
Enlisted as Private;
promoted for bravery at Cross Keys.
Peck, Louis D40th Infantry
Pisko, Edward C45th Infantry
Proskauer, AdolphSergeantG52nd Infantry
Potznonsky, Moritz E54th Infantry
Pinkson, Isidor K59th Infantry
Phillips, HenryCorporalG62nd Infantry
Pollock, Joseph B. D83d Infantry
Pollock, DavidSergeantE96th Infantry
Enlisted as Private.
Phillipson, ——  100th Infantry
Pinkus, L.SergeantD103d Infantry
Wounded at Stone Creek;
promoted from Private;
captured and sent to Libby Prison.
Phillips, L. E115th Infantry
Peisner, EliasColonel 119th Infantry
Killed at Chancellorsville.
Peisner, FerdinandCaptain 119th Infantry
Promoted from Lieutenant.
Peisner, Francis1st Lieutenant  119th Infantry
Promoted from 2nd Lieutenant.
[288]Pinkson, Isidor  119th Infantry
Pinkson, Henry E119th Infantry
Posner, Jacob E131st Infantry
Phillips, Abraham E132nd Infantry
Phillips, Isaac E132nd Infantry
Platto, Harris A149th Infantry
Poppelstein, Samuel A149th Infantry
Pollock, Jacob I149th Infantry
Peyser, NathanSergeantK1st Independent
Peyser, M.CorporalG1st Independent
Peixotto, Moses L.CaptainB7th S. M.
Entered as Private.
Phillips, ——  5th Cavalry
 
Rosenthal, John G1st Infantry
Rosenstraus, Seligman D4th Infantry
Reizenstein, Charles A6th Infantry
Rosenthal, Jacob B6th Infantry
Rhein, MoritzCaptain 7th Infantry
Ritter, G.  7th Infantry
Rosenstein, Adolph D7th Infantry
Rosenberg, Samuel G7th Infantry
Rosenthal, August I7th Infantry
Rosenthal, M. D8th Infantry
Rauscher, J.  8th Infantry
Rosenberg, Herman F8th Infantry
Raphael, JacobCorporalH8th Infantry
Reich, Samuel I10th Infantry
Rosenthal, Joseph K10th Infantry
Rosenberg, George A13th Infantry
Rosenberg, Louis D17th Infantry
Rosenberg, Charles I19th Infantry
Rosenfeld, Joseph E20th Infantry
Rosenberg, I. A24th Infantry
Rosenthal, Milo A24th Infantry
Rothschild, Moses A24th Infantry
Killed in action.
Rosenberger, L. C25th Infantry
[289]Raszhe, Julius C31st Infantry
Rosenthal, Morris C31st Infantry
Rowe, MorrisCorporalE31st Infantry
Reitler, LouisSergeant 32nd Infantry
Killed at Crampton Pass, Maryland.
Rosenbaum, Joseph D. D35th Infantry
Rowe, Samuel E. H37th Infantry
Rosenthal, Lewis C38th Infantry
Rich, George L. B39th Infantry
Rosenthal. Gustav F39th Infantry
Raphael, Alfred MauriceLieutenant 40th Infantry
Recipient of testimonials
for bravery at Gettysburg.
Rachel, AugustQuartermaster 41st Infantry
Promoted from Lieutenant.
Rosenberg, Samuel A41st Infantry
Rosenthal, Jacob I41st Infantry
Rosenberg, Joseph C47th Infantry
Rosenberg, M.  50th Infantry
Rosenberg, Andrew J. K50th Infantry
Rosenburg, MaxLieutenant 54th Infantry
Rosenthal, A.Lieutenant 54th Infantry
Rosenberg, George  54th Infantry
Rosenfeld, Henry C54th Infantry
Rosenthal, Daniel K54th Infantry
Rosenthal, Barney  55th Infantry
Rosenberg, Isaac A56th Infantry
Rosenthal, Moses B58th Infantry
Rosenthal, Louis K58th Infantry
Rosenthal, K. K58th Infantry
Reese, J.  62nd Infantry
Seriously wounded at Gettysburg.
Rees, —— K62nd Infantry
Rosendale, Charles H.  65th Infantry
Rosenberg, Edward A66th Infantry
Rothschild, MoritzLieutenantK66th Infantry
[290]Rosendale, SilasCaptain 68th Infantry
Promoted from Lieutenant.
Rosenthal, Joseph G79th Infantry
Rosenthal, Joseph F82nd Infantry
Rau, Max B90th Infantry
Rowe, Joseph C91st Infantry
Rosenthal, GeorgeCorporalH97th Infantry
Rosenberger, Frederick K105th Infantry
Rosenthal, Edward G113th Infantry
Rich, Frank E. I115th Infantry
Rosenthal, Levy I117th Infantry
Rosenstein, David E119th Infantry
Rehman, Marcus E119th Infantry
Rosenstein, Louis E119th Infantry
Regensburger, J.  119th Infantry
Rich, Aaron P. B125th Infantry
Rosendale, Daniel F131st Infantry
Rosenburg, AdamCorporalG136th Infantry
Rowe, Moses  137th Infantry
Rose, Isaac E. D141st Infantry
Rothschild, Moses A149th Infantry
Killed at Lookout Mountain.
Far in advance of his company
he tore down the rebel flag,
when he was killed by bullets.
Rosenberg, Isaac A149th Infantry
Rose, Daniel I149th Infantry
Rosenburg, N. J. I151st Infantry
Rosenburg, Isaac B155th Infantry
Rosendale, SamuelCorporalD177th Infantry
Enlisted as private.
Rosendale, Charles H. K185th Infantry
Rosenberg, D. D1st Independent
Rosenberg, D. D1st Independent
Rothschild, Samuel F5th S. V.
Rosenbaum, Louis B7th S. V.
Rosenburg, Adolph H7th S. V.
Rebhun, Jacob  22nd S. M.
Rosenblatt, M. E1st Cavalry
[291]Reiss, Nathan M2nd Cavalry
Richter, HermanLieutenant 4th Cavalry
Rosenthal, Isaac E13th Cavalry
Rich, Benjamin H22nd Cavalry
Rosenburg, Joseph E25th Cavalry
Rosenthal, Edward G7th Artillery
Reiss, SolomonLieutenant 8th Battery
Rosenburg, August C14th Battery
Rosenthal, Milo  ——
Rosenburg, Israel  ——
 
Silva, FrancisCaptain 1st Infantry
Scooler, Henry  1st Infantry
Sebesky, Wolf  1st Infantry
Steinhardt, ——  1st Infantry
Sternberger, J. A4th Infantry
Solomon, James B4th Infantry
Schwarzschild, Herman D4th Infantry
Simon, Jacob B6th Infantry
Scheier, Ignaz, K6th Infantry
Sternberg, SiegmundCaptain 7th Infantry
Stern, AlexanderLieutenant 7th Infantry
   (reorganized)
Sterne, LouisCaptain 7th Infantry
Simons, B.  7th Infantry
Straus, Jacob F7th Infantry
Sachs, Louis H7th Infantry
   (reorganized)
Schimmel, AugustCaptain and 8th Infantry
 Assistant
 Quartermaster
Silva, FrankLieutenant 8th Infantry
Strauss, Friedrich A8th Infantry
Sternfeld, Philip D8th Infantry
Sobesky, Wolf G8th Infantry
Schwartz, Edward H8th Infantry
Strauss, Solomon H8th Infantry
Sporehase, Alexander  8th Infantry
Sachs, Louis  8th Infantry
[292]Steiner, JosephCaptain 9th Infantry
Schweizer, Herman P. A9th Infantry
Simons, Harris H9th Infantry
Solomon, Benjamin K10th Infantry
Simpson, Frank H.CommissaryA11th Infantry
 Sergeant
Seixas, Isaac G.LieutenantC11th Infantry
Steffter, William  11th Infantry
Strauss, PeterCaptain 12th Infantry
Promoted from Lieutenant.
Simmons, JacobCorporalB12th Infantry
Salmon, Leon N. B13th Infantry
Simon, Jacob I15th Infantry
Schoenburger, NapoleonQuartermaster 20th Infantry
Promoted from Lieutenant.
Sternberg, Moritz1st Lieutenant 20th Infantry
Schoenthal, Jacob B20th Infantry
Silberstein, Moritz C20th Infantry
Wounded at Chancellorsville.
Schlesinger, Moritz D20th Infantry
Salomon, Leopold H20th Infantry
Simon, Julius H20th Infantry
Schwab, Gustav H20th Infantry
Sanders, Herman G21st Infantry
Salmon, David D23d Infantry
Strauss, George E23d Infantry
Strauss, John E23d Infantry
Shalensky, Charles  {   24th Infantry
   { 149th Infantry
Salomon, Henry K25th Infantry
Strausberg, August K28th Infantry
Spear, Jacob D29th Infantry
Seriously wounded.
Sonnenberg, EdwardSergeantE29th Infantry
Salomon, Louis F29th Infantry
Simon, Charles G29th Infantry
Simons, David A31st Infantry
Salomon, S. C31st Infantry
[293]Summer, Solomon C31st Infantry
Strauss, Abraham C31st Infantry
Sulman, S. C31st Infantry
Salek, Adolf C31st Infantry
Straznisky, J. C31st Infantry
Stern, Louis C31st Infantry
Schonfeld, E.  31st Infantry
Steinback, D.  31st Infantry
Simpson, J.Lieutenant 35th Infantry
Simons, Henry F. B35th Infantry
Salomon, Cornelius  37th Infantry
Schoenwalt, C.  38th Infantry
Stern, Jacob C38th Infantry
Spiegel, Ludwig C38th Infantry
Simons, Lewis H38th Infantry
Simons, Noah H38th Infantry
Siegmund, Oscar F39th Infantry
Sachs, LeopoldCorporalI39th Infantry
Schainberger, Alexander A41st Infantry
Schweitzer, Julius B41st Infantry
Schweitzer, Henry B41st Infantry
Simon, Henry B41st Infantry
Strauss, Ferdinand D41st Infantry
Sachs, Friedrich H41st Infantry
Schoenfelder, Gustav K41st Infantry
Simon, Friedrich K41st Infantry
Strassburger, J.  41st Infantry
Schlessinger, AntonSergeantB42nd Infantry
Sulchman, ——Lieutenant 44th Infantry
Simpson, L.  44th Infantry
Strauss, Max G45th Infantry
Susedorf, Carl FrederickCaptain 46th Infantry
Schlesinger, August B46th Infantry
Selig, JacobCaptainD46th Infantry
Enlisted as Private.
Selig, Andreas  46th Infantry
Schiff, Simon C47th Infantry
[294]Simpson, D.Corporal 47th Infantry
Stein, Gottlob  49th Infantry
Salmon, David E49th Infantry
Steinburg, Samuel G51st Infantry
Sickel, M.Quartermaster 52nd Infantry
Sternberger, Joseph A52nd Infantry
Samuels, IsaacCorporalD52nd Infantry
Enlisted as Private.
Simon, Henry E53d Infantry
Stern, AdolphSergeantI53d Infantry
Stern, WilliamLieutenantE54th Infantry
Strauss, AbrahamSergeantG54th Infantry
Schuler, J.Sergeant 54th Infantry
Schuler, F.  54th Infantry
Strauss, Daniel B55th Infantry
  (S. M.)
Schuler, CharlesCorporal 55th Infantry
Silberman, Henry D55th Infantry
Schwab, Herman H55th Infantry
Simons, Louis H56th Infantry
Silberberg, Anselm  58th Infantry
Salomon, Joseph B58th Infantry
Steiner, Leopold C58th Infantry
Steinberg, Albert I58th Infantry
Samuels, HenryCorporalC59th Infantry
Strauss, Franz C59th Infantry
Strauss, Abraham D59th Infantry
Samuels, LouisSergeantH62nd Infantry
Salomon, Philip B63d Infantry
Silberman, Joseph A66th Infantry
Stern, Ferdinand A66th Infantry
Strauss, AdamCorporalE66th Infantry
Strauss, Jacob E66th Infantry
Simon, LouisQuartermaster 68th Infantry
Spitzer, Louis1st Lieutenant 68th Infantry
Promoted from 2nd Lieutenant.
Schwerin, HermanLieutenantB68th Infantry
Schweitzer, Emanuel C68th Infantry
[295]Strauss, William C68th Infantry
Simon, Emil D68th Infantry
Simon, LouisCaptainE68th Infantry
Promoted from Lieutenant.
Sinsheim, Gottlieb E68th Infantry
Sternberg, Franz K68th Infantry
Sulzberger, Jacob K68th Infantry
Solomon, Charles B70th Infantry
Solomon, Louis B70th Infantry
Schiff, David B70th Infantry
Steinberg, Henry B70th Infantry
Simon, Samuel A72nd Infantry
Solomon, MorrisSergeantK72nd Infantry
Silva, ManuelCaptain 73d Infantry
Silberman, Louis B74th Infantry
Salmons, Charles Harmon G75th Infantry
Simon, Benjamin F. B77th Infantry
Solomon, A. F77th Infantry
Stein, Frank B83d Infantry
Strauss, Louis G84th Infantry
Spear, Leopold E87th Infantry
Simonson, JosephCorporalH87th Infantry
Sommer, LouisSergeantD89th Infantry
Sampson, Charles  91st Infantry
Strauss, George G95th Infantry
Steiner, Jacob H101st Infantry
Strauss, G. Captain A103d Infantry
Promoted from Lieutenant.
Steinbach, Friedrich A103d Infantry
Siebert, Julius H103d Infantry
Simon, Lewis E105th Infantry
Salmon, Joseph H105th Infantry
Samson, Levi C. C110th Infantry
Speyer, MorrisCorporalA119th Infantry
Schwerin, Henry R.Captain 119th Infantry
Promoted from Lieutenant.
Sussman, WilliamSergeantI119th Infantry
Sternberger, T.Quartermaster 121st Infantry
[296]Sax, Jacob I122nd Infantry
Simmons, Lewis C128th Infantry
Strass, MoritzSergeantG128th Infantry
Enlisted as private.
Sachs, Louis B140th Infantry
Schoneman, Henry B140th Infantry
Strauss, John B149th Infantry
Schoenthal, Gottlieb K152nd Infantry
Strauss, SimonCorporalC175th Infantry
Sternberg, SiegmundLieutenant 175th Infantry
Stern, Moses C177th Infantry
Steiner, D.  177th Infantry
Solomon, PhineasCaptainD178th Infantry
Promoted from Lieutenant.
Solomon, Levi E184th Infantry
Sternberg, AbrahamMajor 186th Infantry
Stern, Moses A191st Infantry
Sommer, Jacob C1st Independent
Seligman, LouisLieutenantD1st Independent
Enlisted as private.
Scooler, Henry  1st Independent
Simon, Jacob F1st Independent
Sebesky, Wolf F1st Independent
Simon, L. G1st Independent
Enlisted as private.
Steinhardt, —— G1st Independent
Silva, Frank A.CaptainE7th S. M.
Schlessinger, Nathaniel F. E7th S. V.
Strauss, G. Adam F7th S. V.
Strauss, Salomon F7th S. V.
Stern, Alexander K7th S. V.
Stein, Leopold B17th S. V.
Salowsky, HenryAdjutant 1st Cavalry
Schwarzenberg, J.  1st Cavalry
Sachs, Henry G1st Cavalry
Swaal, T. W.Lieutenant 2nd Cavalry
Samson, JuliusLieutenant 4th Cavalry
Sachs, H. A5th Cavalry
[297]Solomon, Benjamin B5th Cavalry
Samuelson, John F9th Cavalry
Samuelson, Samuel A. F9th Cavalry
Stern, Charles H. K12th Cavalry
Schwab, Simon C13th Cavalry
Sholem, Louis K13th Cavalry
Schwaab, Frederick W.Lieutenant 16th Cavalry
Strasburger, Joseph M1st Mounted Rifles
Solomon, Joseph D2nd Mounted Rifles
Stadeker, Julius  1st Artillery
Wounded; captured;
died in Libby Prison.
Stein, Henry L2nd Artillery
Stein, Adolph B8th Artillery
Simon, Frank K14th Artillery
Stein, Gustav H15th Artillery
Stein, Julius H15th Artillery
Samuels, Alexander R.  6th Independent
   Artillery
Simon, Henry  9th Independent
   Artillery
Solomon M.Sergeant 27th Independent
   Artillery
Schweitzer, Abraham  30th Battery
Shalmek, Charles  ——
 
Traub, Adolph  20th Infantry
Tannhauser, Herman  29th Infantry
Tschopick, Adolph  45th Infantry
Truffinger, PhilipLieutenant 57th Infantry
Thalheimer, Jacob E151st Infantry
Thalheimer, Anton H8th Cavalry
 
Ullman, Benjamin A55th Infantry
 
Viexelbaum, ——  1st Independent
Captured and sent to  Infantry
Andersonville Prison.
Van Etten, David D23d Infantry
Van Baalen, Henry E49th Infantry
Killed at the Wilderness.
Veit, Meyer  54th Infantry
Van Bosh, MaxLieutenant 3d Artillery
Van Etten, Jacob I5th Artillery
Wolf, Charles[298] E2nd Infantry
Wolf, Joseph H2nd Infantry
Wolf, William C3d Infantry
Wolf, Henry C4th Infantry
Wolf, Max D4th Infantry
Wolf, Charles G4th Infantry
Weil, OscarAdjutant 5th Infantry
   (Veteran)
Weil, CharlesLieutenant 8th Infantry
Weiss, AdolphLieutenant 8th Infantry
   (Veteran)
Wolf, WilliamCorporalB8th Infantry
   (Veteran)
Wilda, M.  8th Infantry
Wolf, William A9th Infantry
Wolf, William A9th Infantry
   (Veteran)
Wolf, Edward B12th Infantry
   (Veteran)
Wolf, W. W. K16th Infantry
Wolf, John I17th Infantry
Wolf, Mark  18th Infantry
Wiseman, Samuel I19th Infantry
Wolf, William A20th Infantry
Weiss, Adolph B20th Infantry
Wolf, Adam  20th Infantry
Wenk, Joseph  20th Infantry
Lost an arm;
Past Commander of Colt's Post No. 32.
Weiss, Julius A. C21st Infantry
Weyman, Nathan  24th Infantry
Wasserman, Ignatius1st Lieutenant 29th Infantry
Mustered out as Captain.
Weinberg, Theo.SergeantC29th Infantry
Wolf, GustavCorporalC29th Infantry
Weiner, GustavLieutenantE29th Infantry
Promoted from Corporal.
Wolf, Emil F29th Infantry
Weisheimer, C. C31st Infantry
[299]Wiener, Gustav E39th Infantry
Weil, Joseph E39th Infantry
Wolf, FreidrichSurgeon 39th Infantry
Wolf, Jacob I39th Infantry
Wiener, Gustav B41st Infantry
Wolf, Jacob B41st Infantry
Wolf, Leopold B41st Infantry
Wolf, Louis1st Lieutenant 52nd Infantry
Killed at siege of Petersburg.
Wertheimer, EdwinCaptain 54th Infantry

Special mention is made of the heroic conduct of Captain Wertheimer at the battle on the plains of Manassas: With a small guide flag in his hands he advanced and cheered the men to follow him, while the enemy were pouring a perfect hail of lead into the Union lines. At the Battle of Chancellorsville, Captain Wertheimer particularly distinguished himself by gallantly rescuing the State flag during a murderous cross-fire of the enemy. While severely wounded, he proudly and nobly defended it until unable to bear up any longer, he placed the flag in charge of a brother officer.

Wolf, A. B.  54th Infantry
Weinburg, Isaac  54th Infantry
Wolf, Arthur S.Surgeon 55th Infantry
Worms, A. C.QuartermasterK58th Infantry
Promoted from the ranks.
Worms, Charles2nd Lieutenant K58th Infantry
Wertheim, MoritzCorporalK66th Infantry
Wenk, Aaron K66th Infantry
Wenk, August K66th Infantry
Wenk, Joseph K66th Infantry
Wertheim, Louis K66th Infantry
Wolf, David K66th Infantry
Wolf, Carl A68th Infantry
Woog, Emanuel C68th Infantry
Wounded at Bull Run.
Wolf, Simon D68th Infantry
Wolf, Adolph I68th Infantry
Wolf, Louis C71st Infantry
[300]Wasserman, Moses G71st Infantry
Warner, William  72nd Infantry
Warner, Philip H72nd Infantry
Wolfsohn, Charles B74th Infantry
Wolfsky, Louis B74th Infantry
Weil, Joseph B78th Infantry
Wertheim, Henry F84th Infantry
Waterman, Charles E86th Infantry
Wolfsohn, Louis C87th Infantry
Wolf, Philip K87th Infantry
Waterman, Samuel H. A91st Infantry
Wolf, Frederick K97th Infantry
Weiler, Joseph E101st Infantry
Wolf, Charles H. I102nd Infantry
Wolf, Charles F117th Infantry
Weil, Joseph B119th Infantry
Weil, Lyon B119th Infantry
Wiener, Joseph I119th Infantry
Weinstein, Jacob I119th Infantry
Wolf, Herman F127th Infantry
Wise, Solomon S. I136th Infantry
Wolf, Abraham B. D148th Infantry
Wolf, Henry B154th Infantry
Wolf, Joseph F163d Infantry
Wenzlick, R. G173d Infantry
Wolf, WilliamLieutenant 178th Infantry
Wolf, Adam K178th Infantry
Wolf, Leopold B1st Independent
Wolf, Henry E1st Independent
Wolf, Gabriel F5th S. V.
Wolf, C. H5th S. V.
Wolf, Joseph F7th S. V.
Wolf, William B7th S. M.
Wiesbaden, Julius D7th S. M.
Wolf, Louis F12th Cavalry
Weinberg, Morris D14th Cavalry
Wolf, Leopold L14th Cavalry
Wolf, Joseph L14th Artillery
[301]Wolf, Charles F15th Artillery
Wertheim, Henry  32nd Independent
   Artillery
Wolf, Joseph C. I2nd Cavalry
Wise, Theodore  5th Cavalry
Zoller, Otto  7th Infantry
Zimmerman, B. F7th Infantry
Zabinski, GabrielCorporal 4th Artillery

NORTH CAROLINA.

Name.Rank.Company.Regiment.
 
Aaron, Meyer  1st Infantry
Killed in battle; buried in Jewish cemetery,
Richmond Virginia.
Abraham, F. B6th Cavalry
Wounded at Gettysburg.
Altman, Nathan G40th Infantry
Captured; died and buried
in Woodlawn Cemetery,
Elmira, New York.
 
Behrends, L. C1st Infantry
Brandt, Jacob  5th Infantry
Bass, Benjamin H45th Infantry
Captured; died and buried at
Woodlawn Cemetery, Elmira, New York.
 
Cohen, E. B.Lieutenant  C1st Infantry
 
Daniel, Henry F10th Infantry
Captured; died, and buried in
Woodlawn Cemetery, Elmira, New York.
Danane, Jacob B53d Infantry
[302]
Eigenbrun, I. C1st Infantry
Engel, Jonas { C1st Infantry
  {  53d Infantry
Elias, LouisLieutenant 11th Infantry
Eigenbrun, Isaac  35th Infantry
 
Friedheim, Arnold K4th Infantry
Wounded at Seven Pines and at the Wilderness.
 
Goodman, Henry G26th Infantry
Captured; died and buried in
Woodlawn Cemetery, Elmira, New York.
 
Hyman, S. C1st Infantry
Hofflein, MarcusCaptain 4th Infantry
Afterwards on the staff of General Grimes.
Heineman, Morris D4th Infantry
Harris, Edward G36th Infantry
Captured; died and buried in
Woodlawn Cemetery, Elmira, New York.
 
Israel, J. E51st Infantry
Captured; died and buried in
Woodlawn Cemetery, Elmira, New York.
 
Jonas, Daniel D1st Infantry
Captured; died and buried at
Woodlawn Cemetery, Elmira, New York.
Jacoby, Nathaniel  25th Infantry
 
Katz, I. C1st Infantry
Katz, Jack  35th Infantry
Katz, Aaron B53d Infantry
Wounded at Gettysburg.
 
Leavy, Charles M.  ————
Appointed Commissary by General Palmer
in Special Order, Number 23.
[303]Luria, Albert (Moses)Lieutenant —— Infantry

Promoted from Sergeant. At the age of nineteen years he was appointed Lieutenant in a North Carolina Infantry Regiment. He was killed at Seven Pines, in June, 1862, while rallying his Company, having seized the colors falling from the hands of the dying color-bearer.

An incident of this brave officer's career is worth recording. At the engagement at Sewell's Point, in May, 1861, an eight-inch shell, with fuse still burning, fell into the Company's gun-pit, and young Albert without a moment's hesitation, seized it in his arms and put it in a tub of water, quenched the fuse and thereby saved his own and his comrades' lives. The Company in recognition of his heroism had the shell engraved with a history of the incident, and adding the words, "The pride of his Regiment and the bravest of the brave," sent it to his parents. It now stands upon a pillar over his grave at the "Esquiline," near Columbus, Georgia, as a fitting monument.

Levi, Isaac C. C1st Infantry
Leon L. C{   1st Infantry
   { 53d Infantry
Levy, J. C. C1st Infantry
Lewis, LovetCaptainD4th Reserves
Lewis, David C22nd Infantry
Captured; died and buried in
Woodlawn Cemetery, Elmira, New York.
 
Meyer, Aaron  1st Infantry
Killed; buried in Jewish cemetery,
Richmond, Virginia.
Myers, Marcus  2nd Infantry
Myers, Ezekiel  Reilly's Battery
Myers, William  Reilly's Battery
 
Oppenheimer, —— { C1st Infantry
  {  44th Infantry
[304]Ottinger, L.  2nd Infantry
Killed at Seven Pines.
Oppenheimer, S. B44th Infantry
  
Phelps, H. M.Sergeant B1st Infantry
Pinner, I. M. E3d Infantry
Captured; died and buried in
Woodlawn Cemetery, Elmira, New York.
Pinkus, L. D103d Infantry
  
Rose, Joseph  3d Infantry
Rice, IgnatiusCommissary andB8th Infantry
 Quartermaster-
 Sergeant
Roessler, J.CaptainE13th Infantry
Severely Wounded at the Battle
of the Wilderness; promoted.
Roessler, JacobCaptainF13th Infantry
 
Sternglantz, D. D4th Infantry
Southan, Levi A28th Infantry
Captured; died and buried at
Woodlawn Cemetery, Elmira, Mew York.
Sellers, J.SergeantG36th Infantry
Captured; died and buried in
Woodlawn Cemetery, Elmira, New York.
Simon, Jesse C20th Infantry
Captured; died and buried in
Woodlawn Cemetery, Elmira, New York.
Simmons, Moses G20th Infantry
Captured; died, and buried at
Woodlawn Cemetery, Elmira, New York.
 
Teller, E.  18th Infantry
 
Wolf, G. C  1st Infantry
Died from exposure; buried in
Jewish Cemetery, Richmond, Virginia.
Weil, Harman D4th Infantry
[305]Weisenfield, M. A4th Infantry
Wertheimer, Henry  35th Infantry
Wertheimer, George B53d Infantry
Wertheimer, H. B53d Infantry
Died in the service.

OHIO.

Name.Rank.Company.Regiment.
Abraham, Alexander G2nd Infantry
Asher, Albert  3d Infantry
Wounded in action.
Adler, Moses  4th Infantry
Arnold, Levi  4th Infantry
Served three years.
Amburg, Louis C.Sergeant 26th Infantry
Promoted from Corporal.
Appel, Joseph  28th Infantry
Aaron, Theodore F34th Infantry
Adler, Joseph A37th Infantry
Aaron, HermanSergeantF37th Infantry
Aaronson, I. I37th Infantry
Abram, Joseph C39th Infantry
Died in the service.
Appel, Samuel F39th Infantry
Appel, David H.  45th Infantry
Killed in action.
Abraham, HenryCorporalI49th Infantry
Enlisted as Private; died in the service.
Adler, Joseph  58th Infantry
Arnbach, Simon  74th Infantry
Auerbach, Henry H. H85th Infantry
Aaron, LouisSergeantA108th Infantry
Enlisted as Private; served three years.
 
[306]Baer, Isaac B1st Infantry
Baer, Samuel I1st Infantry
Served three years.
Branstetter, Abraham A2nd Infantry
Bernheimer, Samuel  4th Infantry
Bachman, Adam A5th Infantry
Died of wounds received at Resaca.
Baer, William  5th Infantry
Wounded in action.
Baum, Isaac E5th Infantry
Blum, Henry  8th Infantry
Bluhn, Ernst  9th Infantry
Baer, HenryCorporal 9th Infantry
Bachman, Jacob  12th Infantry
Died of wounds.
Bash, Simon K13th Infantry
Blumberg, Joseph C14th Infantry
Blum, David K18th Infantry
Bunzel, W. J.  22nd Infantry
Bernstein, Lewis  24th Infantry
Baer, David G25th Infantry
Baum, Joseph G33d Infantry
Baumgardner, Solomon C34th Infantry
Baer, Herman  37th Infantry
Blau, Emil  37th Infantry
Baum, August  37th Infantry
Wounded in action.
Blau, A.  37th Infantry
Killed in Virginia.
Benjamin, DavidCaptain 39th Infantry
Baum, J. C. H42nd Infantry
Benjamin, Frank D48th Infantry
Bing, Joseph  56th Infantry
Blout, Henry  56th Infantry
Bachman, Solomon F58th Infantry
Bachman, Joseph G58th Infantry
Wounded in action.
[307]Blumenthal, Frederick  61st Infantry
Bien, EmanuelSergeantI61st Infantry
Enlisted as private.
Blum, Manuel E67th Infantry
Baer, Abraham A68th Infantry
Served three years.
Baer, Samuel G68th Infantry
Benjamin, Samuel F69th Infantry
Blaut, Henry E75th Infantry
Benjamin, J. A. C76th Infantry
Baer, Jonas C80th Infantry
Baum, Herman C80th Infantry
Baum, Kaufman C80th Infantry
Berlin, JacobCorporalK80th Infantry
Enlisted as Private; wounded at Mission Ridge.
Berlin, Solomon  80th Infantry
Served three years.
Bush, JacobSergeant-Major 82nd Infantry
Promoted from Sergeant; served three years.
Breyfogel, IsraelCorporalC86th Infantry
Bernheimer, Samuel H91st Infantry
Bernheimer, William H91st Infantry
Served three years.
Benjamin, Levi D97th Infantry
Bamberger, AdamSergeantE104th Infantry
Promoted from Corporal; served three years.
Bamberger, Cyrus  104th Infantry
Baer, JacobCorporalF106th Infantry
Served three years.
Bachman, LeopoldSergeantI106th Infantry
Enlisted as Private.
Bernheimer, Aaron D107th Infantry
Wounded at Gettysburg.
Bien, Mordecai P.LieutenantG113th Infantry
Baumgardner, Emanuel  114th Infantry
Served three years.
[308]Baer, Joel  120th Infantry
Died in Louisiana.
Baer, Jacob P.1st SergeantA123d Infantry
Enlisted as Private; captured at Winchester.
Bamberger, John G128th Infantry
Braunschweiger, Jacob G130th Infantry
Baer, Jacob B133d Infantry
Breyfogel, C. W. F9th Cavalry
 
Cohn, Henry S. D5th Infantry
Served three years.
Cohen, J.  12th Infantry
Cohen, Jacob  18th Infantry
Coblenz, Ephraim  19th Infantry
Cohen, Aaron C21st Infantry
Cohn, Bernard  22nd Infantry
Cohen, Jacob C.Lieutenant 27th Infantry
Cohen, Israel A30th Infantry
Died in the service.
Cohn, Joseph H34th Infantry
Wounded at Winchester.
Cohen, Isaac D.CorporalB35th Infantry
Cohn, Henry K38th Infantry
Coblenz, Daniel  41st Infantry
Coblenz, Adam C50th Infantry
Served three years.
Cohen, William F. F55th Infantry
Cohen, J. W. C69th Infantry
Killed at Jonesboro, Georgia.
Coen, Reuben L. D77th Infantry
Killed in Tennessee.
Cohen, HenrySergeantG106th Infantry
Wounded at Hartsville, Tennessee.
Cohen, WilliamCorporalH114th Infantry
Died in the service.
[309]Coblenz, Noah H115th Infantry
Wounded in action.
Coblenz, Joseph D. C128th Infantry
 
Durst, Gabriel  1st Infantry
Served three years.
Davidson, Joshua  5th Infantry
Darley, David  7th Infantry
David, LewisLieutenant 8th Infantry
Dryfus, Arthur  9th Infantry
Daniels, Abraham H15th Infantry
De Silva, ManuelLieutenantE16th Infantry
 
Ezekiel, David J.Brevet Captain { 7th Infantry
Wounded at Shiloh and promoted  { U. S. Army
from Sergeant by order of
General Banks for meritorious conduct.
Ehrlich, Henry H22nd Infantry
Eppstein, Leopold  24th Infantry
Ephraim, W. H. G25th Infantry
Engel, SamuelCorporalK85th Infantry
Enlisted as Private.
Elias, Israel  108th Infantry
Elias, Elijah A115th Infantry
Erdman, Charles W.Sergeant-Major 121st Infantry
Enlisted as Private.
Engel, David A.CorporalC131st Infantry
Engel, Samuel C. K131st Infantry
Eisenstaedt, B. E146th Infantry
 
Friedman, DavidCaptain 2nd Infantry
Enlisted as Private.
Fox, A.  2nd Infantry
Captured at Chickamauga;
prisoner at Andersonville.
Frank, Jacob G3d Infantry
Frank, William D5th Infantry
Frank, Samuel  5th Infantry
Furst, Joseph F6th Infantry
[310]Franks, Henry  7th Infantry
Killed at Cedar Mountain.
Frank, A.  9th Infantry
Frank, Herman  9th Infantry
Falk, NathanCorporalH25th Infantry
Wounded in action.
Falk, C.  28th Infantry
Fox, Levi E31st Infantry
Falk, C.  35th Infantry
Died of wounds.
Friedman, Jacob  37th Infantry
Served three years.
Frankfurter, David  37th Infantry
Served three years.
Fleischman, MoritzLieutenantI37th Infantry
Friedlein, Jacob C42nd Infantry
Died of wounds.
Frank, CharlesCorporalE49th Infantry
Died of wounds.
Frank, Benjamin  49th Infantry
Frank, Jacob  57th Infantry
Fleischman, G.  60th Infantry
Fishel, DanielCorporalA61st Infantry
Enlisted as Private.
Frank, Joel E61st Infantry
Killed in battle.
Frankhauser, D.  63d Infantry
Frankhauser, S.  63d Infantry
Frankhauser, L.  63d Infantry
Frankhauser, Solomon A64th Infantry
Wounded in action.
Frankenfield, Joseph K66th Infantry
Died in service.
Frank, Daniel D69th Infantry
Served four years.
Frank, David D69th Infantry
Served three years.
[311]Frankfurt, H.  69th Infantry
Killed near Atlanta.
Feldheim, Edward K70th Infantry
Freund, Jacob E80th Infantry
Freiberger, Daniel H83d Infantry
Fleischer, Jacob F. B86th Infantry
Frankfurter, Jacob F86th Infantry
Frankfurter, H.  86th Infantry
Frankfurter, Alexander  90th Infantry
Served three years.
Fishel, Solomon H105th Infantry
Served three years.
Furst, Jacob B107th Infantry
Served three years.
Fels, JosephCorporalF107th Infantry
Promoted at Chancellorsville.
Franck, C.  107th Infantry
Fleischman, F.1st Lieutenant 108th Infantry
Promoted from Corporal.
Frank, David  108th Infantry
Friedman, DavidCaptainE108th Infantry
Promoted from Sergeant; served three years.
Frank, Jacob K110th Infantry
Fels, Samuel D114th Infantry
Wounded at Thompson's Hill, Mississippi.
Furst, Jacob H. E114th Infantry
Furst, Jacob H. D120th Infantry
Wounded at Jackson, Mississippi.
Frank, Daniel E120th Infantry
Friend, Levi E134th Infantry
Frank, C.  137th Infantry
Frank, Joseph A139th Infantry
Furst, Samuel C139th Infantry
 
Gunther, A.  7th Infantry
Killed in action.
[312]Goldsmith, JosephQuartermaster 15th Infantry
Greenwalt, D  24th Infantry
Goldsmith, James K29th Infantry
Guggenheim, Theodore C34th Infantry
Gross, Jacob  34th Infantry
Gross, D.  34th Infantry
Gans, David M.CaptainE35th Infantry
Gratz, Morris F35th Infantry
Wounded at Fort Donelson.
Gratz, Emanuel I35th Infantry
Died of wounds.
Goldsmith, George E42nd Infantry
Died in the service.
Gorrel, Levi H46th Infantry
Goldsmith, Jacob  47th Infantry
Goldsmith, Henry M.Lieutenant 56th Infantry
Enlisted as private.
Geiger, Joshua G72nd Infantry
Died in the service.
Goldsmith, Leopold K72nd Infantry
Died in the service.
Goldsmith, Henry K76th Infantry
Served three years.
Goldsmith, John B77th Infantry
Captured.
Goldsmith, B. B83d Infantry
Greenwalt, Abraham G104th Infantry
Awarded by Secretary of War
"Medal of Honor" for capturing Rebel
Corps flag in the battle of
Franklin, Tennessee.
Goldsmith, William C113th Infantry
Died at Nashville, Tennessee.
Goodman, Isaac A125th Infantry
Died in the service at Franklin, Tennessee.
Greenwalt, Michael K129th Infantry
Geiger, Jacob G130th Infantry
[313]Green, Simeon G130th Infantry
Goldsmith, John C133d Infantry
Gottschalk, Gustav D138th Infantry
Green, SimonCorporalF177th Infantry
Gans, IsaacCorporal 2nd Cavalry
Received a Congressional "Medal of Honor"
for bravery displayed on the battlefield.
Guggenheim, S. S.  10th Cavalry
 
Hart, Benjamin H2nd Infantry
Harris, Solomon S. C2nd Infantry
Harris, Isaac K3d Infantry
Heller, Elias C4th Infantry
Died in the service.
Hirsch, J. K5th Infantry
Herman, Henry A6th Infantry
Hahneman, A. H6th Infantry
Hofman, Henry  7th Infantry
Wounded at Chancellorsville.
Heilbrun, Alexander1st Lieutenant 9th Infantry
Promoted from Corporal.
Herzog, P.  9th Infantry
Killed at Chickamauga.
Heineman, Frederick B9th Infantry
Hessberg, Isaac C9th Infantry
Herrman, Jacob C9th Infantry
Wounded at Chickamauga.
Hirschman, —— F9th Infantry
Killed at Chickamauga.
Hirschbaum, A.  9th Infantry
Hirsh, J.  10th Infantry
Served three years.
Herzog, Jacob H12th Infantry
Captured.
Hirsch, William  12th Infantry
Herrman, Henry A17th Infantry
Hess, Isaac C18th Infantry
[314]Hirschberg, Isaac  19th Infantry
Died in the service.
Hess, Jacob  19th Infantry
Hirschberg, David D19th Infantry
Herrman, Adolph  22nd Infantry
Hirschman, Joseph K22nd Infantry
Herzog, Adolph  24th Infantry
Heyman, Jacob B26th Infantry
Hecht, Moses H27th Infantry
Hirsch, John W.  28th Infantry
Hirschman, John A28th Infantry
Herrman, Ferdinand C28th Infantry
Herrman, Bernhard  28th Infantry
Herrman, Joseph K29th Infantry
Died in the service.
Hirsch, Jacob E32nd Infantry
Hofman, Levi  32nd Infantry
Hoffman, S.Sergeant 33d Infantry
Enlisted as Private.
Herzog, Benjamin  33d Infantry
Hess, Jacob A33d Infantry
Hirschberg, Henry B33d Infantry
Hirsch, Henry D35th Infantry
Herrman, LewisSergeantI35th Infantry
Enlisted as Private.
Heller, EmilQuartermaster- 37th Infantry
Enlisted as Private; served four years.Sergeant
Heineman, Henry  37th Infantry
Herrman, Henry  37th Infantry
Wounded in action.
Hess, Ferdinand E37th Infantry
Hart, Abram D39th Infantry
Hess, Jacob  39th Infantry
Hahn, Levi A40th Infantry
Served three years.
Hahn, Moritz A40th Infantry
Served three years.
[315]Heller, Joseph C41st Infantry
Hofman, Reuben  41st Infantry
Died in the service.
Heller, Herman B46th Infantry
Died of wounds.
Hofman, Levi  46th Infantry
Died in the service.
Herrman, Jacob H47th Infantry
Herrman, Henry K47th Infantry
Hofman, JosephSergeantA48th Infantry
Enlisted as Private.
Heineman, William  49th Infantry
Killed at Stone River.
Heller, Simon P.  52nd Infantry
Heiman, Jacob H53d Infantry
Hahn, William  56th Infantry
Herzog, Felix  57th Infantry
Hess, David  57th Infantry
Died in the service.
Herrman, AdolphusCorporalB58th Infantry
Wounded in action.
Hofman, Jacob  58th Infantry
Killed in action.
Herrman, Jacob  58th Infantry
Heine, Jacob G58th Infantry
Hofman, Samuel  59th Infantry
Hahn, Reuben  60th Infantry
Heller, Elias F63d Infantry
Haas, MosesCorporalG63d Infantry
Hirschberg, Samuel K64th Infantry
Hess, Abraham F65th Infantry
Hofman, Abraham H65th Infantry
Heller, HenrySergeantA66th Infantry
Enlisted as Private; received Congressional
"Medal of Honor" for bravery and daring.
Heineman, August B68th Infantry
Died of wounds received at Champion Hills.
[316]Herzfeld, Jacob H68th Infantry
Served four years.
Hahn, W. C. C69th Infantry
Served four years.
Hess, D.  69th Infantry
Haas, Joseph  70th Infantry
Served three years.
Hahn, Henry  70th Infantry
Hofman, JacobSergeantC72nd Infantry
Enlisted as Private; captured;
served three years.
Hahn, Charles G72nd Infantry
Hofman, Jacob  73d Infantry
Hirschman, IsaacCorporalF74th Infantry
Enlisted as Private.
Heller, WilliamCommissary 78th Infantry
 Sergeant
Enlisted as Private.
Hart, Israel G78th Infantry
Herzog, D.  80th Infantry
Served four years.
Herzog, Jacob D80th Infantry
Served three years.
Hess, Moses D80th Infantry
Died in the service.
Hart, Samuel K82nd Infantry
Hays, Aaron C84th Infantry
Heyman, FrankAdjutant 84th Infantry
Heller, George K84th Infantry
Hirschberg, Henry B86th Infantry
Heller, Charles I90th Infantry
Died at Murfreesboro.
Heineman, Adam K92nd Infantry
Hofman, Levi  96th Infantry
Died at Young's Point, Louisiana.
Hahn, Jacob D106th Infantry
Hahn, Henry D107th Infantry
Captured at Chancellorsville.
[317]Haas, Jacob A108th Infantry
Herrman, CharlesSergeantD108th Infantry
Enlisted as Private; died from wounds at Resaca.
Hofman, Jacob H108th Infantry
Hart, Levi H110th Infantry
Wounded at Winchester
and at Monocacy, Maryland.
Heller, Nathan D111th Infantry
Served three years.
Hahn, Henry I111th Infantry
Served three years.
Harris, Israel K111th Infantry
Huhn, Joseph S.SergeantF114th Infantry
Promoted Corporal; wounded at Vicksburg.
Heidelbach, Jacob F114th Infantry
Heidelbach, Henry F114th Infantry
Heidelbach, David G114th Infantry
Died in the service.
Heidelbach, H.  114th Infantry
Hofman, L.  115th Infantry
Hays, Abraham F118th Infantry
Served three years.
Heidelbach, C.  122nd Infantry
Captured; served three years.
Heidelbach, A.  122nd Infantry
Heyman, SamuelSergeantF123d Infantry
Enlisted as Private; captured at Winchester.
Heyman, Jacob F123d Infantry
Haas, Jacob K123d Infantry
Died at Clarksburg, West Virginia.
Heller, MosesCorporal ——
Captured at Winchester; served three years.
Herrman, Simon K123d Infantry
Captured at Winchester.
Hess, David K. F125th Infantry
Heller, Charles G125th Infantry
Hart, Marks K128th Infantry
[318]Hamburger, Francis D131st Infantry
Hofman, Ephraim K131st Infantry
Herrman, Joseph I137th Infantry
Was honorably mentioned by President Lincoln.
Hess, Nathan C167th Infantry
 
Israel, P.  3d Infantry
Wounded at Chaplin Hills.
Israel, Alfred  19th Infantry
Israel, Elisha F77th Infantry
Captured.
Israel, David  97th Infantry
Died at Murfreesboro.
Israel, William  97th Infantry
Israel, Elias K108th Infantry
 
Joseph, Joseph F15th Infantry
Enlisted as Private.
Jacoby, Benjamin  35th Infantry
Jacobson, Otto  39th Infantry
Joseph, Nathan B.  47th Infantry
Jacob, Julius F47th Infantry
Judell, D. G47th Infantry
Jacobson, DanielCorporalF49th Infantry
Enlisted as Private.
Jacoby, David K49th Infantry
Jacoby, David H. K49th Infantry
Jacoby, Henry K49th Infantry
Died in the service.
Jacobs, FerdinandCorporal 57th Infantry
Served three years.
Jacobs, Jacob C57th Infantry
Joseph, Nathan C59th Infantry
Jacobs, JosephLieutenantB67th Infantry
Promoted from Sergeant.
Jacobs, HenrySergeantB67th Infantry
Enlisted as private.
[319]Jacoby, Frank F69th Infantry
Jacobs, Benjamin F70th Infantry
Jacobs, Daniel G71st Infantry
Jacobs, Lewis W.SergeantI71st Infantry
Enlisted as private; served four years.
Jacobs, M.Sergeant 71st Infantry
Jacobs, Alexander E75th Infantry
Wounded at Bull Run.
Jacobs, HenrySergeantF75th Infantry
Enlisted as private;
died from wounds received at McDowell.
Jacobs, David H75th Infantry
Jacobs, FrankCorporalI76th Infantry
Enlisted as private; served four years.
Joseph, Jacob A80th Infantry
Wounded and captured.
Jacoby, HenryLieutenantD82nd Infantry
Promoted from Sergeant; killed at Gettysburg.
Jacob, Martin  82nd Infantry
Killed at Gettysburg.
Jacobs, Bernhard C83d Infantry
Served three years.
Jacobs, Henry I86th Infantry
Julian, S.  88th Infantry
Jacobs, Henry A91st Infantry
Served three years.
Jacob, Joshua B94th Infantry
Judah, Emanuel F94th Infantry
Judah, John H. F94th Infantry
Served three years.
Jones, S.  95th Infantry
Jacobs, Henry A99th Infantry
Jacobs, Jacob H107th Infantry
Jacob, LouisCorporalC108th Infantry
Jacob, Henry J.SergeantK110th Infantry
Promoted from Corporal; served three years.
[320]Jacobs, Charles B111th Infantry
Served three years.
Jacobs, Michael H111th Infantry
Served three years.
Jacobs, A.  125th Infantry
Jacoby, N.  115th Infantry
Jacobs, S.  125th Infantry
Jacobs, Abraham I128th Infantry
Jacoby, EdwinSergeantB130th Infantry
Jacobs, Gustav F130th Infantry
Jacobs, S.  135th Infantry
Jacobs, Benjamin T. A135th Infantry
Jacobs, Louis C. A138th Infantry
 
Kline, M.LieutenantK1st Infantry
Kline, Moses A2nd Infantry
Captured at Chickamauga.
Kiefer, William A2nd Infantry
Kaufman, David B2nd Infantry
Kaufman, Samuel F4th Infantry
Wounded at Chancellorsville.
Kohn, Siegmund G5th Infantry
Killed at Port Republic.
Kaufman, Joseph  5th Infantry
Served three years.
King, Samuel  7th Infantry
Koch, Michael  9th Infantry
Kuhn, Isidore H9th Infantry
Served three years.
Kuhn, Jacob F10th Infantry
Served three years.
Kaufman, G.  12th Infantry
Wounded in action.
Kaufman, Jacob K16th Infantry
Served three years.
Kaufman, David G18th Infantry
[321]Kaufman, Jonathan  21st Infantry
Died in the service.
Klein, MosesCaptainH22nd Infantry
Served three years.
Klein, Frank H22nd Infantry
Klein, DavidCorporal 24th Infantry
Kahn, Simon G25th Infantry
Wounded at Cross Keys.
Koenigsberger, HermanLieutenant 28th Infantry
Koch, Lewis  28th Infantry
Kaufman, Frank A28th Infantry
Kahn, Lewis F28th Infantry
Kaufman, Frank K28th Infantry
Koch, Jacob H30th Infantry
Kaufman, SolomonQuartermaster 32nd Infantry
Enlisted as private.
Koch, Samuel H33d Infantry
Died in the service.
Kaufman, Joseph C.  36th Infantry
Klein, Moritz E37th Infantry
Kaufman, Samuel C38th Infantry
Kaufman, FrankSergeantK42nd Infantry
Promoted from private.
King, Emanuel E44th Infantry
Kaufman, Benjamin  44th Infantry
Klein, DavidSergeant 47th Infantry
Enlisted as private; captured.
Klein, Abraham B48th Infantry
Klein, Jacob W.Lieutenant 49th Infantry
Enlisted as private; captured at Stone River.
Klein, David  49th Infantry
Koch, JosephSergeantG50th Infantry
King, Jacob H50th Infantry
Klein, David  51st Infantry
Kaufman, W. H.1st LieutenantA52nd Infantry
Promoted from 2nd Lieutenant.
[322]Koch, Henry K52nd Infantry
Klein, Jacob  58th Infantry
King, David  62nd Infantry
Killed in action.
Kaufman, LeviLieutenantB68th Infantry
Promoted from Corporal.
Kaufman, David H71st Infantry
Kaufman, Isaac  72nd Infantry
Wounded at Shiloh.
Klein, Joseph H73d Infantry
Klein, David B. B74th Infantry
Klein, D. J.  75th Infantry
Wounded and captured at Gainesville.
Klein, Isaac A76th Infantry
Klein, Louis E76th Infantry
Klein, IsaiahSergeantG77th Infantry
Enlisted as Private; died in the service.
Klein, Frank  82nd Infantry
Klein, Frank  83d Infantry
Kaufman, Henry I83d Infantry
Served three years.
Koch, Jacob E84th Infantry
Kaufman, David C86th Infantry
Kaufman, Herman S.CorporalI86th Infantry
Kaufman, Frank I87th Infantry
Klein, D.  91st Infantry
Klein, S.  92nd Infantry
Served three years.
Kaufman, Abraham A94th Infantry
Kaufman, Frank  94th Infantry
Klein, JacobSergeantA96th Infantry
Klein, JacobSergeantA96th Infantry
Enlisted at Private; served three years.
Klein, Jonas C96th Infantry
Captured.
Klein, JacobSergeantF96th Infantry
Enlisted as Private.
[323]Kaufman, Jacob J.CorporalF96th Infantry
Kaufman, EmanuelCaptain 100th Infantry
Died at Knoxville, Tennessee.
Kaufman, Daniel D102nd Infantry
Captured at Athens; died in rebel prison.
Klein, Joseph  102nd Infantry
Served three years.
Kaufman, Henry A106th Infantry
Kaufman, LouisCaptainC106th Infantry
Koch, Henry C108th Infantry
Killed at Hartsville, Tennessee.
King, DavidSergeantI108th Infantry
Enlisted as Private;
wounded near Petersburg;
served three years.
Kaufman, Philip E110th Infantry
Wounded near Petersburg.
Kaufman, Henry I110th Infantry
Captured at Winchester,
and wounded at Cedar Creek.
Klein, Jonas L.Corporal 111th Infantry
Enlisted as Private.
Klein, Isaac N. A116th Infantry
Kahn, Jacob I124th Infantry
Kohler, Daniel K125th Infantry
King, SolomonCorporalI126th Infantry
Enlisted as Private; served four years.
Koch, Max F103th Infantry
Klein, Emanuel D131st Infantry
Klein, Levi J. D131st Infantry
Kaufman, Henry K131st Infantry
Kaufman, Frank1st LieutenantB132nd Infantry
Krauskopf, SolomonCorporalB132nd Infantry
Klein, Solomon D132nd Infantry
King, Levi B133d Infantry
Krauskopf, Justis I138th Infantry
Klein, Jacob F139th Infantry
[324]Klippstein, Meyer  7th Cavalry
Koch, Moses    }  150th Infantry
Koch, Herman } (three brothers)  4th Artillery
Koch, Joseph   }  177th Infantry
Koch, Jacob  164th Infantry
 
Levi, Charles G2nd Infantry
Lehman, Lewis  4th Infantry
Loser, Joseph B4th Infantry
Lazarus, Ed.SergeantG7th Infantry
Promoted from Corporal;
wounded at Winchester;
also at Cedar Mountain.
Lazarus, Martin  7th Infantry
Killed at Antietam.
Lowenthal, Jacob G8th Infantry
Died from sickness contracted in camp.
Landauer, SamuelSergeant 9th Infantry
Promoted from Corporal.
Lovenstein, Nathan C9th Infantry
Served three years.
Lowenstein, J. C9th Infantry
Lehman, JosephCorporalF9th Infantry
Enlisted as Private;
wounded at Chattanooga.
Levy, Nathan K9th Infantry
Lieberman, William  14th Infantry
Lehman, BenjaminCorporalC15th Infantry
Killed at Pickett's Mills.
Lowenstein, George D23d Infantry
Leopold, William H23d Infantry
Lichenfeld, AdolphCorporalA24th Infantry
Loeser, Lewis A26th Infantry
Lehman, Theodore G26th Infantry
Lehman, JacobSergeant 28th Infantry
Lehman, Herrman B28th Infantry
Lehman, Ferdinand D28th Infantry
Leopold, Frank G28th Infantry
Lehman, Jacob E32nd Infantry
[325]Lehman, HenrySergeantH32nd Infantry
Served three years.
Lyons, Joseph  33d Infantry
Lyons, David A34th Infantry
Levy, William F38th Infantry
Lehman, Daniel F39th Infantry
Lyons, Jacob  40th Infantry
Killed in battle.
Lehman, Alexander F41st Infantry
Died of wounds.
Lehman, Abraham G41st Infantry
Lehman, Samuel F42nd Infantry
Levy, J. J.  43d Infantry
Served three years.
Liebman, Frederick I43d Infantry
Lehman, Joseph A46th Infantry
Served three years.
Levy, B.  46th Infantry
Wounded; served four years.
Lehman, Noah D48th Infantry
Lehman, Alexander K54th Infantry
Ludwig, Benjamin  58th Infantry
Levy, John A. A77th Infantry
Lehman, Isaac D81st Infantry
Served three years.
Lowenthal, Theodore I81st Infantry
Lowenthal, J.  81st Infantry
Lehman, Nathan C83d Infantry
Served three years.
Lehman, LewisSergeantD86th Infantry
Lehman, Samuel S. D86th Infantry
Lichtenstein, Joseph F87th Infantry
Lehman, Daniel A93d Infantry
Lehman, Julius H93d Infantry
Served three years.
Lehman, Henry M.CorporalH99th Infantry
Enlisted as private.
[326]Lowenthal, Theodore E101st Infantry
Lehman, Henry F102nd Infantry
Served three years.
Lehman, Daniel F102nd Infantry
Served three years.
Lehman, Henry A107th Infantry
Leopold, GustavCorporalC107th Infantry
Killed at Chancellorsville.
Lehman, Noah I107th Infantry
Served three years.
Lehman, Herman C108th Infantry
Served three years.
Lowenstein, Daniel G108th Infantry
Ludwig, FrankCorporalE111th Infantry
Enlisted as private;
captured at Stone Mountain, Georgia.
Lehman, JacobSergeantD114th Infantry
Lehman, Samuel  114th Infantry
Died at Vicksburg.
Lehman, Judah H115th Infantry
Served three years.
Lehman, JacobSergeantA120th Infantry
Promoted from Corporal; captured.
Lehman, Salomon H131st Infantry
Lehman, David E.CorporalH134th Infantry
Levy, W. H. D137th Infantry
Levy, Samuel C139th Infantry
Linderman, J. C1st Artillery
Levi, Henry I.  2nd Cavalry
 
Machner, Emanuel E1st Infantry
Moses, William E1st Infantry
Meyers, Samuel B2nd Infantry
Morris, Aaron  2nd Infantry
Served three years.
Michels, Abraham F2nd Infantry
Messner, Levi  3d Infantry
[327]Miller, Jonas Aaron E5th Infantry
Meyer, Bernard C6th Infantry
Mosler, Herman C6th Infantry
Marks, JacobCorporalB7th Infantry
Wounded at Cedar Mountain
and at Dallas, Georgia.
Marks, William  8th Infantry
Killed at Antietam.
Marienthal, Simon  8th Infantry
Maier, Louis C9th Infantry
Mangold, Ad.LieutenantK9th Infantry
Promoted from Sergeant.
Mandel, Charles  9th Infantry
Wounded in action.
Mayer, Henry  9th Infantry
Mayer, Joseph  10th Infantry
Served three years.
Meyer, Jacob  11th Infantry
Marks, Samuel F11th Infantry
Maurice, Isaac I11th Infantry
Mann, Frederick  14th Infantry
Moses, Samuel F16th Infantry
Served three years.
Mann, Joseph  18th Infantry
Maas, David  18th Infantry
Meier, Leopold A22nd Infantry
Died in the service.
Miller, Alexander H22nd Infantry
Miller, William H22nd Infantry
Myers, Abraham  24th Infantry
Meyer, Henry  24th Infantry
Meier, Frank  24th Infantry
Morris, Nathan C25th Infantry
Meyer, Adolph  25th Infantry
Wounded at Cross Keys.
Marx, Emil  25th Infantry
Meier, Henry  25th Infantry
Menken, JacobCaptainB27th Infantry
[328]Mayer, Louis H.Commissary 27th Infantry
 Sergeant
Afterwards Corporal of Company B,
27th Infantry; subsequently detached
for staff duty.
Mayer, AdolphSergeantB27th Infantry
Moak, J. H.LieutenantA28th Infantry
Enlisted as Private.
Marx, J. H. A28th Infantry
Meyer, Frank B28th Infantry
Meyer, Frank G28th Infantry
Meyer, Herman  28th Infantry
Wounded in action.
Meier, Leopold  28th Infantry
Meyer, Herman  28th Infantry
Mayer, Joseph  28th Infantry
May, DavidCorporal 32nd Infantry
Marks, Abraham E32nd Infantry
Killed in action.
Mann, Samuel  33d Infantry
Morris, Israel  34th Infantry
Meyers, Jacob  34th Infantry
Meyers, Noah D34th Infantry
Meyers, Samuel  34th Infantry
Meyer, Edward  34th Infantry
Meyer, JosephSergeant 35th Infantry
Enlisted as Private; served three years.
Meyers, Jacob T. B35th Infantry
Maier, Isidore  35th Infantry
Died in the service.
Mandelbaum, Solomon  35th Infantry
Mainz, Abraham  36th Infantry
Myers, David  36th Infantry
Moritz, CarlCaptain 37th Infantry
May, Jacob  37th Infantry
Died in the service.
Marcus, Frederick  37th Infantry
Wounded in action.
Moritz, Joseph  37th Infantry
Meier, Bernhart L37th Infantry
[329]Mayer, Frederick  37th Infantry
Mann, David D39th Infantry
Wounded in action.
Moritz, JacobSergeantH46th Infantry
Entered as Private; served four years.
Mann, Aaron B. I46th Infantry
Myers, Solomon  47th Infantry
Meyer, JacobSergeant 49th Infantry
Enlisted as Private.
Marks, SamuelSergeantK51st Infantry
Meyers, Jacob B52nd Infantry
Meyer, Samuel  54th Infantry
Meyers, Joseph  54th Infantry
Mann, Samuel I54th Infantry
Meyers, Alexander I54th Infantry
Captured; died in rebel prison.
Meyer, JacobCorporal ——
Enlisted as Private; wounded in action.
Mendel, William  56th Infantry
Meyer, Henry  56th Infantry
Wounded.
Meyers, Jacob  57th Infantry
Died in the service.
Marks, Henry  57th Infantry
Meyer, Jacob E60th Infantry
Marks, Samuel A. E60th Infantry
Killed at Petersburg.
Marks, Isaac N. H60th Infantry
Marks, Samuel H60th Infantry
Meyer, Herman  61st Infantry
Meier, MarcusLieutenantI64th Infantry
Meyers, Joseph B65th Infantry
Marks, Jonas S. H66th Infantry
Marks, Isaac H66th Infantry
Maier, Isaac I66th Infantry
Mann, Abraham A68th Infantry
Mann, Aaron D70th Infantry
[330]Mann, IsaacLieutenantC71st Infantry
Promoted from Sergeant.
Mann, JacobSergeantC71st Infantry
Promoted from Corporal;
served three years.
Maas, Henry  72nd Infantry
Died in the service.
May, Samuel B73d Infantry
Died in the service.
May, Joseph C73d Infantry
Mayer, Simon D73d Infantry
Killed at Gettysburg.
Mann, Isaac  75th Infantry
Served three years.
Myers, Israel A76th Infantry
Died in the service.
Meyers, Jacob E76th Infantry
Died in the service.
Myers, Frank  76th Infantry
Marx, Emil I78th Infantry
Mendel, William I78th Infantry
Served three years.
Mann, Jacob K83d Infantry
Maiers, Solomon A98th Infantry
Meyers, David  99th Infantry
Died in the service.
Mann, Samuel H102nd Infantry
Meyers, David  102nd Infantry
Meyers, Lewis H.  102nd Infantry
Mann, Samuel K104th Infantry
Served three years.
Maier, William B105th Infantry
Served three years.
Meyer, SeraphimColonel 107th Infantry
Captured at Chancellorsville.
Meier, Joseph H107th Infantry
Served three years.
[331]Mann, JacobCorporalK107th Infantry
Died in the service.
Maier, Joseph  107th Infantry
Meyers, HenryCommissary 108th Infantry
Promoted from Sergeant; served three years.Sergeant
Meyers, Jacob, Jr.1st SergeantB108th Infantry
Enlisted as Private; served three years.
Meyer, Joseph B108th Infantry
Meier, Daniel D108th Infantry
Mosler, MaxLieutenantE108th Infantry
Meyer, Henry F108th Infantry
Menke, Henry G108th Infantry
Meyer, Joseph H108th Infantry
Mantel, Lewis I113th Infantry
Mann, David C116th Infantry
Captured at Winchester; died in the service.
May, SimonCorporalE118th Infantry
Enlisted as Private; served three years.
Mann, Jacob E118th Infantry
Served three years.
Mann, Samuel E118th Infantry
Killed at Kennesaw Mountain, Georgia.
Myers, David I120th Infantry
Died in the service.
May, Samuel B121st Infantry
Mann, Joseph H121st Infantry
Served three years.
Meyers, Henry I122nd Infantry
Meyers, Joseph D123d Infantry
Wounded at Opequan, Virginia;
served three years.
Meyers, Joseph P.CorporalI123d Infantry
Served three years.
Meyer, AnselmCorporalH125th Infantry
Moses, Henry S.Sergeant-Major 126th Infantry
Enlisted as Private; served three years.
Moses, David G126th Infantry
Died of wounds received at
Spottsylvania, Virginia.
[332]Myers, David H. H126th Infantry
Captured at Monocacy, Maryland.
Marks, Albert B128th Infantry
Meyers, Jacob B128th Infantry
Myers, Jacob C. B128th Infantry
Marx, Loeb C128th Infantry
Mayer, Albert K128th Infantry
Moses, Frank A. E130th Infantry
Meyer, Joseph  130th Infantry
Mann, Charles E131st Infantry
Meyers, David A132nd Infantry
Died in the service.
Meyers, Jacob K132nd Infantry
Meyers, Samuel K132nd Infantry
Morgenthal, Henry B136th Infantry
Meyers, Michael D136th Infantry
Moses, George B137th Infantry
Meyer, Jacob A138th Infantry
Mann, Joseph B.SergeantC138th Infantry
Meyer, Henry C138th Infantry
Meyers, Isaac  169th Infantry
Meyers, Samuel  169th Infantry
 
Neuberger, Frederick  28th Infantry
Neuberger, Samuel  44th Infantry
Neustat, David  58th Infantry
Neuman, Charles  61st Infantry
Nieman, Daniel C83d Infantry
Served three years.
Nussbaum, Frank A88th Infantry
Newhouse, David K. K101st Infantry
Killed at Stone River.
Nussbaum, FrederickSergeantC107th Infantry
Promoted from Corporal; served three years.
Nathans, Henry K107th Infantry
Neuman, Henry F108th Infantry
Nussbaum, Henry A113th Infantry
[333]Newbauer, Jacob B. E115th Infantry
Served three years.
Nauman, JacobCorporalG120th Infantry
Enlisted as Private; served three years.
Neuman, Jacob H123d Infantry
Neuberger, William M. F134th Infantry
Newman, JosephLieutenant 4th Cavalry
 
Ochs, FerdinandSergeant-Major 1st Infantry
Promoted from Private; served three years.
Ochs, George K13th Infantry
Oppenheimer, Benjamin  19th Infantry
Oppenheimer, J. C28th Infantry
Ochs, John  37th Infantry
Ochs, Julius  52nd Infantry
Orbanski, David B58th Infantry
Was awarded a Congressional
"Medal of Honor" for distinguished
bravery at Shiloh, Tennessee,
and at Vicksburg, Mississippi.
Ochs, Henry B82nd Infantry
Served three years.
Oppenheimer, Alexander K108th Infantry
Ochs, Theodore G123d Infantry
Killed at Petersburg.
Ochs, JuliusCaptain Independent
   Company
 
Pollock, HenryCorporalA4th Infantry
Enlisted as Private; served three years.
Pollock, Joseph  7th Infantry
Perley, Victor  7th Infantry
Killed at Chancellorsville.
Passauer, Joseph  9th Infantry
Wounded at Chickamauga.
Paradise, Solomon G13th Infantry
Killed in battle.
Phillips, Israel I13th Infantry
Served three years.
[334]Pollock, William  15th Infantry
Died in the service.
Pollock, DavidCorporalE48th Infantry
Peixotto, Moses L.CaptainG103d Infantry
Brother of Honorable
Benjamin Franklin Peixotto.
Pike, Henry C.LieutenantG2nd Cavalry
 
Rheinheimer, Jacob E1st Infantry
Wounded at Resaca.
Rice, Asher  4th Infantry
Rice, Simpson  6th Infantry
Rosenfeld, William C9th Infantry
Rosenberg, Abraham  10th Infantry
Died of wounds.
Rothschild, David A11th Infantry
Rosenau, G.  13th Infantry
Wounded at Chattanooga;
captured; died of wounds.
Rose, Henry B13th Infantry
Served three years.
Rosenberg, David A21st Infantry
Killed at Chickamauga.
Richmire, Solomon G23d Infantry
Rosenthal, SamuelLieutenant 28th Infantry
Promoted from Corporal.
Rosenberg, Gustav I28th Infantry
Rosenberg, Jacob G29th Infantry
Killed at Port Republic.
Rosenberg, W. C34th Infantry
Rosenbaum, HermanCaptain 37th Infantry
Promoted from Sergeant.
Rosenfeld, Gustav  38th Infantry
Served four years.
Rapp, Jacob  49th Infantry
Rosenberg, Gustav  57th Infantry
Rosenfeld, Alexander D58th Infantry
Died in the service.
[335]Rosenbaum, William D58th Infantry
Rosenberg, Gustav  61st Infantry
Rubel, William  63d Infantry
Rice, Simon P. K66th Infantry
Died in the service.
Rice, Isaac L. C67th Infantry
Killed at Winchester.
Rosenberg, Henry I69th Infantry
Rau, Louis  72nd Infantry
Served three years.
Rosenberg, David G76th Infantry
Rose, GershomCorporalB78th Infantry
Enlisted as private; served three years.
Rose, Reuben
Rosenbaum, Samuel K82nd Infantry
Rosenbaum, Isaac D89th Infantry
Served three years.
Rosenbaum, Jacob D89th Infantry
Reichman, Benjamin  8th Infantry
Served three years.
Rose, Jacob G102nd Infantry
Captured; died in the service.
Rose, Daniel  104th Infantry
Served three years.
Rosenbaum, G. W.  104th Infantry
Served three years.
Rubel, Isaac F106th Infantry
Served three years.
Rosenberg, Joseph H106th Infantry
Served three years.
Rosenfeld, SiegmundCorporalE107th Infantry
Captured at Gettysburg.
Rose, D.  113th Infantry
Killed at Chickamauga.
Rice, Esau F113th Infantry
Served three years.
[336]Rosendale, Charles G113th Infantry
Died in the service.
Rose, Ezekiel F114th Infantry
Rose, Daniel B116th Infantry
Captured at Winchester; served three years.
Rich, Solomon H116th Infantry
Died of wounds at Piedmont, Virginia.
Rice, LeviSergeantB118th Infantry
Enlisted as private;
killed at Nashville, Tennessee.
Rose, Levi B. H118th Infantry
Served three years.
Rose, Jesse H118th Infantry
Served three years.
Ruhrman, Abraham K120th Infantry
Rosenbaum, Oswald H.SergeantG123d Infantry
Promoted from Corporal;
captured at Winchester.
 
Scherck, Solomon D1st Infantry
Schane, Abraham M. G1st Infantry
Summas, Jacob G2nd Infantry
Schwab, Charles  3d Infantry
Solomon, J. S.  5th Infantry
Sommer, Levi F6th Infantry
Stern, Charles H. A7th Infantry
Killed at Winchester.
Stein, David G.  7th Infantry
Strauss, J.  7th Infantry
Killed at Cedar Mountain.
Simon, Lewis F8th Infantry
Stern, William F9th Infantry
Strauss, Ernst F9th Infantry
Served three years.
Sommer, Jacob  9th Infantry
Served three years.
Sommer, Julius  10th Infantry
Served three years.
Susman, MauriceLieutenant 13th Infantry
Enlisted as private; three years service.
[337]Schelt, MosesSergeantB13th Infantry
Straus, LehmanCorporalC14th Infantry
Served three years.
Sampson, SamuelCorporal 15th Infantry
Siegmund, Ephraim D17th Infantry
Schloss, Jacob G17th Infantry
Sachs, Jacob C28th Infantry
Silberman, Charles G28th Infantry
Schwartz, Louis Henry  28th Infantry
Sampson, JosephCorporal 31st Infantry
Schwab, Jacob  33d Infantry
Solomon, R. K33d Infantry
Died in the service.
Sachs, John  34th Infantry
Schwarz, Isaac  34th Infantry
Samuels, Nathan C35th Infantry
Wounded at Chickamauga.
Siedenberg, Henry B37th Infantry
Killed in action.
Schwarz, Adolph D37th Infantry
Wounded; served four years.
Schwab, Adolph  37th Infantry
Served four years.
Simon, AugustSergeantF39th Infantry
Sanger, GeorgeCorporal 41st Infantry
Enlisted as Private; served three years.
Sampson, Samuel  41st Infantry
Served four years.
Schwarz, David H46th Infantry
Stern, SolomonSergeantK46th Infantry
Enlisted as Private.
Sternberg, Henry  47th Infantry
Solomon, J. E.  48th Infantry
Strauss, Edward G51st Infantry
Saltsman, Benjamin  52nd Infantry
Served three years.
[338]Saltsman, Joshua  52nd Infantry
Served three years.
Sampson, David W.  53d Infantry
Strauss, William B57th Infantry
Salomon, Joseph H57th Infantry
Seelig, SamuelSergeant 58th Infantry
Enlisted as Private; wounded.
Straus, Frederic  58th Infantry
Killed in action.
Stein, Jacob  58th Infantry
Samlung, Edward B58th Infantry
Died of wounds received at Shiloh.
Schlesinger, David B.  58th Infantry
Served four years.
Straus, David B63d Infantry
Straus, Aaron K63d Infantry
Solomon, Abraham H64th Infantry
Killed in action.
Straus, Frederick  66th Infantry
Captured.
Stern, Isaac K72nd Infantry
Simon, Joseph  81st Infantry
Stern, Jacob G. G82nd Infantry
Wounded at Bull Run.
Schwarz, Abraham  82nd Infantry
Wounded at Chancellorsville.
Schwarz, Joseph  82nd Infantry
Wounded at Dallas, Georgia.
Stein, Lewis  84th Infantry
Stein, L.  85th Infantry
Strauss, Abraham D86th Infantry
Stern, John K86th Infantry
Stein, Louis A88th Infantry
Sternberg, Jacob H88th Infantry
Sampson, Samuel  92nd Infantry
Served three years.
[339]Strauss, George I93d Infantry
Killed at Chickamauga.
Schwab, Solomon A94th Infantry
Scharff, Nathan B94th Infantry
Captured near Lexington, Kentucky.
Solomon, Joseph K95th Infantry
Died in the service.
Stiner, Abraham  96th Infantry
Wounded in Louisiana.
Stein, Reuben D. K100th Infantry
Captured at Limestone
Station, Tennessee.
Solomon, IsaiahCorporal 101st Infantry
Enlisted as Private; served three years.
Sampson, Franklin D103d Infantry
Schreier, Frank G103d Infantry
Stein, Jacob A105th Infantry
Stein, HenryLieutenantB105th Infantry
Promoted from Private.
Sachs, William K106th Infantry
Strauss, Jacob A107th Infantry
Schwab, Samuel I107th Infantry
Wounded at Gettysburg.
Schiff, Simon  108th Infantry
Steinberg, A.Corporal 108th Infantry
Enlisted as Private;
died at Chattanooga.
Simon, Albert  108th Infantry
Died at Rossville, Georgia.
Simpson, Samuel G110th Infantry
Schwarz, JosephCorporal 111th Infantry
Wounded at Resaca; served three years.
Strauss, Philip E111th Infantry
Schwarz, Abraham B113th Infantry
Strauss, NathanCaptainI113th Infantry
Strauss, AbrahamSergeantI113th Infantry
Served three years.
Schwarz, Levi D115th Infantry
Served three years.
[340]Sachs, Jacob C. I115th Infantry
Sulzberger, LewisCorporalC116th Infantry
Enlisted as Private; served three years.
Stein, Joseph C118th Infantry
Served three years.
Spiegel, Marcus M.Colonel 120th Infantry

Enlisted in the 67th Ohio Infantry; was soon promoted to 2nd Lieutenant, Captain, Lieutenant-Colonel, and for bravery manifested on the battle-field, was appointed Colonel of the 120th Ohio Infantry. This brave officer was wounded at Vicksburg, Mississippi, and notwithstanding entreaties, rejoined his regiment, but to fall at Snaggy Point, on the Red River, Louisiana. But for his untimely death, Colonel Spiegel would have been promoted to Brigadier-General, for which position he had been recommended by his superior officers. Colonel Spiegel was the son of a well-known Rabbi, of Oppenheim-on-the-Rhine, and a relation of the Greenbaum family, of Chicago.

Steiner, Joseph A121st Infantry
Served three years.
Strauss, John G121st Infantry
Steinberg, Morris D124th Infantry
Served three years.
Strauss, Joseph J.CorporalE126th Infantry
Enlisted as private; served three years.
Solomon, Charles D128th Infantry
Served three years.
Schwab, Jacob B129th Infantry
Sternberger, Mark F129th Infantry
Strauss, David F130th Infantry
Strauss, John F130th Infantry
Sommer, Charles F130th Infantry
Solomon, Edward B. A131st Infantry
Steiner, Harry G131st Infantry
Steiner, Henry G131st Infantry
Strasburg, J.  133d Infantry
[341]Sternberg, Nathan D138th Infantry
Simon, Isaac E138th Infantry
Strauss, David W. E140th Infantry
 
Tannhauser, A. B6th Infantry
Served three years.
Tannhauser, Moses B6th Infantry
Tachan, Henry G.Lieutenant K6th Infantry
Tyroler, Sigo  7th Infantry
Trownstein, PhilipCaptainB5th Cavalry
 
Ullman, Joseph G16th Infantry
Ullman, Isaac A23d Infantry
Ullman, Frank K28th Infantry
Ullman, August  43d Infantry
Ulman, IsaacCaptainA80th Infantry
Promoted from Lieutenant.
Ulman, Frederick  80th Infantry
Died of wounds received at Vicksburg.
 
Vogel, Israel D32nd Infantry
Vogel, Frank  39th Infantry
Vogel, Elisha C41st Infantry
Vogel, Noah  57th Infantry
 
Witkowsky, H.  1st Infantry
Served three years.
Wise, Jacob  3d Infantry
Wise, Samuel G4th Infantry
Wolf, Albert  5th Infantry
Wendelstein, Moritz  5th Infantry
Died in the service.
Wolf, Julius  7th Infantry
Wiesner, Louis G10th Infantry
Wolf, Samuel  17th Infantry
Wolf, David  18th Infantry
Weis, Jacob  19th Infantry
Wolf, David F21st Infantry
[342]Wolf, David F21st Infantry
Wolf, Samuel G21st Infantry
Wolf, Max  24th Infantry
Died in service.
Wise, Samuel G25th Infantry
Wolf, Adolph G28th Infantry
Wounded in action.
Wolf, Adolph A.  30th Infantry
Killed at Antietam.
Wise, Joseph  31st Infantry
Watkowsky, Kan K35th Infantry
Wise, Samuel  36th Infantry
Weiler, Jacob C37th Infantry
Weinberg, Lewis D37th Infantry
Wounded in action.
Wolf, AdolphSergeantK37th Infantry
Enlisted as private.
Wise, Levi K39th Infantry
Wolf, Aaron  39th Infantry
Wise, Benjamin L. I40th Infantry
Served three years.
Waterman, Henry  46th Infantry
Weil, Jacob  47th Infantry
Wolf, JacobLieutenantF49th Infantry
Promoted from Sergeant;
killed at Chattanooga.
Wolf, Isaac A50th Infantry
Wolf, David  51st Infantry
Died in the service.
Wise, Joseph M. B53d Infantry
Captured; died in hospital.
Wolf, Isaac H54th Infantry
Wise, Jacob  55th Infantry
Died in the service.
Wolf, Israel  57th Infantry
Died in the service.
Weiss, Lewis E57th Infantry
Wolf, Levi H57th Infantry
Died in the service.
[343]Waterman, Henry H60th Infantry
Wolf, Jacob I67th Infantry
Died in the service.
Wolf, Levi M. C68th Infantry
Wise, Abraham A71st Infantry
Wien, Alexander  71st Infantry
Died in the service.
Wolf, Marcus  72d Infantry
Captured.
Weis, Louis B73d Infantry
Served four years.
Wolf, Jacob I80th Infantry
Wise, Daniel W.  82nd Infantry
Wise, Henry K82nd Infantry
Wertheimer, Andrew B83d Infantry
Served three years.
Wise, Samuel K87th Infantry
Weinstein, Charles W. E88th Infantry
Wolf, Jacob I94th Infantry
Died of wounds at the siege of Atlanta.
Wise, Levi I101st Infantry
Served three years.
Wolf, Emanuel  101st Infantry
Wise, EmanuelCorporalA104th Infantry
Enlisted as Private; served three years.
Wolf, M. I104th Infantry
Wise, Jacob D107th Infantry
Captured at Chancellorsville.
Weinman, LeopoldSergeantF107th Infantry
Enlisted as Private;
wounded at Gettysburg.
Weis, Joseph H107th Infantry
Wounded at Gettysburg.
Wolf, JacobSergeantK107th Infantry
Promoted from Corporal;
captured at Chancellorsville.
Wise, LeviCorporalE115th Infantry
Enlisted as Private; served three years.
[344]Wolf, Jacob G121st Infantry
Wentz, JacobSergeantG123d Infantry
Enlisted as Private;
captured at Winchester.
died in Rebel prison.
Wolf, JacobSergeantK123d Infantry
Enlisted as Private;
captured at Winchester.
Wormser, Nathan A128th Infantry
Served three years.
Wolf, Levi H128th infantry
Wise, Joseph A.LieutenantE131st Infantry
Weiss, Samuel K135th Infantry
De Wolf, Israel A135th Infantry
De Wolf, SimonLieutenantB136th Infantry
Wiener, Michael  150th Infantry
Wolf, Solomon B.Surgeon 165th Infantry
Served through the war.
Wolf, Leopold C1st Cavalry

PENNSYLVANIA.

Name.Rank.Company.Regiment.
Arnold, AmosSergeantA14th Infantry
Arnold, Benjamin B17th Infantry
Apple, JacobCorporalG22nd Infantry
Ash, Solomon C25th Infantry
Arnold, Max A27th Infantry
Adelsheimer, JacquesCaptainB27th Infantry
Enlisted as Private;
promoted step by step to Captaincy;
wounded at Chancellorsville;
mentioned in special orders for gallantry.
Adler, Noah B27th Infantry
Captured at Gettysburg; sent to Belle Island.
Adler, Jacob N. B27th Infantry
[345]Alexander, JastrowLieutenant H27th Infantry

Enlisted as Private; promoted to Regimental Adjutant subsequently Adjutant on staff of General von Steinwehr; mentioned in special orders for gallant conduct at Chancellorsville.

Appel, Francis H27th Infantry
Appel, Henry H27th Infantry
Adelsheimer, S.  27th Infantry
Alexander, J.  27th Infantry
Arnold, Aaron  40th Infantry
Abrahams, Abraham G48th Infantry
Apple, Samuel A.SergeantB51st Infantry
Served four years.
Allabach, C. H. E54th Infantry
Subsequently in the United States Army
as Assistant Surgeon.
Arnold, George  63d Infantry
Aarons, Solomon B69th Infantry
Served through the war.
Asher, Asher I69th Infantry
Killed on picket duty near Richmond.
Asher, Morris B71st Infantry
Wounded at Gettysburg; Served three years.
Apple, David A.CaptainB83d Infantry
Promoted from Sergeant, Lieutenant
and Captain in Veteran Reserve Corps.
Died of wounds.
Abraham, Isaac M.Major 85th Infantry
Promoted from Captain;
wounded near Deep Bottom, Virginia.
Appel, Charles A.{ Lieutenant A92nd Infantry
 { Captain F
Aarons, Joseph B109th Infantry

Enlisted as a drummer boy while quite young; captured while delivering a dispatch in second Battle of Bull Run; after release appointed "orderly" on staff of General Geary, 2nd Division, 12th Army Corps; served until close of war.

Arnold, Jacob E.CorporalE114th Infantry
Served three years.
[346]Abel, Jacob W.  115th Infantry
Also in Veteran Reserve Corps;
served as army-hospital steward.
Arnold, Henry F133d Infantry
Wounded at Fredericksburg.
Arnold, Eli I137th Infantry
Arnold, Simon G140th Infantry
Killed at Gettysburg.
Arnold, LeviSergeantF143d Infantry
Also Veteran Reserve Corps;
served three years.
Arnold, Simon J.Sergeant-Major  151st Infantry
Promoted from Sergeant of Company K;
Wounded at Gettysburg.
Arnold, Simon I151st Infantry
Wounded at Gettysburg.
Arnold, Moses P.SergeantA172nd Infantry
Anstein, Jacob D194th Infantry
Apple, BenjaminCorporalI209th Infantry
Alexander, SamuelAssistant- 1st Cavalry
Killed at Dranesville, Virginia.Surgeon
Allen, Michael MitchellChaplain 5th Cavalry
Aub, JacobQuartermaster 5th Cavalry
Armhold, Max A5th Cavalry
Captured.
Appel, Henry B5th Cavalry
Altman, Solomon K14th Cavalry
Arnold, HenryCorporalBattery I5th Artillery
Asch, Charles J.  Independent
   Battery
 
Barnet, Moses A1st Infantry
Birnbaum, Charles I22nd Infantry
Blumenthal, Simon A27th Infantry
Bach, Louis D27th Infantry
Biggard, Isaac K27th Infantry
Belsinger, Lazarus D28th Infantry
Served three years.
Bear, Abraham E. B30th Infantry
[347]Bernard, Aaron A. H30th Infantry
Brandon, Isaac M.CorporalK30th Infantry
Benjamin, Oscar H.SergeantB41st Infantry
Bloom, Nathaniel F.CorporalF45th Infantry
Wounded at Petersburg.
Bachenheimer, JacobSergeant 51st Infantry
Wounded at Cold Harbor.
Barnett, Philip A.CorporalB51st Infantry
Bahney, MosesCorporalB54th Infantry
Berkowitz, LeonCorporalH59th Infantry
Barnett, Nathaniel P.Assistant 72nd Infantry
 Surgeon
Bair, Joseph A79th Infantry
Wounded at Chickamauga;
Served four years.
Bamberger, HenryCorporalE79th Infantry
Died of disease contracted in the service.
Barnett, David A.CorporalB99th Infantry
Died of wounds received
at Kelly's Ford, Virginia.
Bloom, Samuel S.LieutenantH111th Infantry
Bear, Elias C122nd Infantry
Baer, Benjamin F.CaptainF122nd Infantry
Served three years.
Benedict, JacobCorporalH122nd Infantry
Baer, MichaelMajor{ F123d Infantry
Promoted from Lieutenant. {204th Infantry
Benedict, JosephSergeantK126th Infantry
Severely wounded.
Bear, Henry H133d Infantry
Blum, Aaron B153d Infantry
Bush, Asher B153d Infantry
Bear, JosephSergeantI153d Infantry
Wounded at Gettysburg.
Bloom, David S. I137th Infantry
Bair, IsraelSergeantF195th Infantry
Bachman, JosephSergeantH195th Infantry
Baum, SamuelCorporalG200th Infantry
Wounded at Fort Steadman, Virginia.
[348]Bachman, H. C2nd Cavalry
Bloom, David H. A5th Cavalry
Birnbaum, Henry F.HospitalH5th Cavalry
Promoted from Private;Sergeant
served about four years.
Berg, HenryCorporalD11th Cavalry
Enlisted as Private;
wounded near Richmond;
served three years.
Blum, JuliusCorporalAIndependent
Enlisted as Private; served three years.  Battery
 
Cohen, JacobAssistant 26th Infantry
      da Silva SolisSurgeon
Subsequently in United States Navy,
in Commodore Du Pont's expedition
to Port Royal.
Cahn, Louis  27th Infantry
Cromelien, WashingtonSergeant-Major 27th Infantry
Discharged to accept Commission
as Lieutenant 65th Infantry
Cohn, Ignatz{ LieutenantC27th Infantry
 { CaptainB
Calker, Isaac  33d Infantry
Died from effects of wounds.
Casner, Abraham I38th Infantry
Cohen, J.Sergeant 62nd Infantry
Cohen, Lewis F122nd Infantry
Cantner, Jacob C126th Infantry
Constine, Lewis C143d Infantry
Killed at White Oak Church.
Cohen, A. J.CaptainA5th Cavalry
Seriously wounded.
Cromelien, Alfred1st LieutenantC5th Cavalry
Promoted from 2nd Lieutenant;
elected to Loyal Legion
U. S. Commandery of Pennsylvania;
acting Recorder of Commandery;
titled Major.
Cromelien, JamesLieutenantG5th Cavalry
Also Quartermaster.
[349]Cohen, Leon SolisCorporal Keystone Battery
Wounded in action.
Coons, JacobCaptain Wyoming Jägers
 
Dinbacher, S. B6th Infantry
Durlacher, S. H6th Infantry
De Young, Washington R.LieutenantI17th Infantry
Brevetted Captain for bravery.
David, Louis N. E18th Infantry
Doon, TheodoreSergeant 23d Infantry
Dusch, Abraham C27th Infantry
Also Veteran Reserve Corps.
Davidson, JosephSergeant 28th Infantry
Enlisted as Private;
killed at Chancellorsville.
Davidson, Isaac H122nd Infantry
Died at Falmouth, Virginia, in 1862.
Davis, Evan D125th Infantry
Promoted from Sergeant;
died of wounds received at Chancellorsville.
Davidson, Joseph A. I134th Infantry
Killed at Fredericksburg.
Davidson, Elias B. G136th Infantry
Dasher, Samuel D192nd Infantry
Dinkelberger, J. R. E1st Cavalry
De Haan, Aaron A2nd Artillery
De Haan, HenrySergeantM3d Artillery
Transferred to United States Veterans,
2nd Regiment.
 
Ellenger, Jacob I26th Infantry
Served three years.
Ellenger, William I26th Infantry
Einstein, MaxColonel 27th Infantry

Born at Buchau, Wurtemberg, Germany, October 10, 1822; 1st Lieutenant of Washington Guards, 1852; Captain of Philadelphia (Flying) Artillery Company, 1853; Aide-de-Camp (with rank of Lieutenant-Colonel) to Governor James Pollock, of Pennsylvania, [350]and Paymaster-General of Pennsylvania (with rank of Brigadier-General) 1856; Brigadier-General 2nd Brigade, Pennsylvania Militia, 1860; Colonel of 27th Regiment of Volunteers (Pennsylvania) 1861. This Regiment, under Colonel Einstein's command, succeed in covering the retreat of the Union Army in the first battle of Bull Run, and won credit by its conduct. Colonel Einstein was subsequently appointed by President Lincoln, United States Consul at Nüremburg Germany, and since then served as United States Internal Revenue Agent in Philadelphia, where he still resides.

Ellinger, Emanuel C27th Infantry
Eppstein, Daniel1st Lieutenant 27th Infantry
Promoted from 2nd Lieutenant.
Eisenman, Jacob H27th Infantry
Emanuel, Lyon LevyMajor 82nd Infantry
Promoted from Lieutenant and Captain;
distinguished for bravery; served three years.
Emanuel, Louis ManlyBrigade 82nd Infantry
Promoted from Surgeon;Surgeon
rendered valuable services;
served three years.
Etting, Charles EdwardCaptainD121st Infantry

Promoted from 2nd Lieutenant; Regimental Adjutant on Brigade Staff; assigned to 1st Brigade, 3d Division, 1st Army Corps; served three years.

Eckermann, Jacob B. E139th Infantry
Wounded at Salem Heights
and at the Wilderness.
Eisenberg, Daniel { I5th Cavalry
Transferred to { B
Frauenthal, AbrahamCorporal{ C8th Infantry
  { D9th Cavalry
At expiration of service,
Lieutenant, Company I, 83d Infantry.
Served nearly four years.
Floersheim, HenryLieutenant A27th Infantry
Frankel, Mayer A27th Infantry
Honorably mentioned by Secretary of War.
[351]Fuchs, Jacob B27th Infantry
Transferred to 109th Regiment.
Frank, Charles I27th Infantry
Friedheim, Adolph E98th Infantry
Fellenbaum, David K122nd Infantry
Frankenfield, E. B153d Infantry
Frankenfield, George B153d Infantry
Fromm, NathanCorporalA167th Infantry
Frank, JacobCorporalC197th Infantry
Friedman, MaxColonel 5th Cavalry

Born in Mühlhausen, Bavaria, Germany, March 21, 1825. He was Major of a regiment of Pennsylvania Militia before the Civil War; Colonel of 65th Regiment (5th Pennsylvania Cavalry) 1861; severely wounded in battle of Vienna, Virginia, in February, 1862. After his resignation, Colonel Friedman was commissioned to organize other Cavalry Regiments in Pennsylvania. He was Special Inspector of the Revenue Department (1867-1868); he started the Union Square National Bank, of New York City, in 1869, and became its cashier. He is President of the Veteran Corps of "Cameron Dragoons" (by which title the 65th Regiment has been known). Colonel Friedman resides in New York City.

Frank, Jacob I5th Cavalry
Fishblatt, LewisLieutenantE8th Cavalry
Frankel, Rev. JacobChaplain United States
   Hospital
 
Gross, J. L. E1st Infantry
Goodman, Aaron A14th Infantry
Goldsmith, James F26th Infantry
Served three years;
captured at Gettysburg.
Goldberg, SampsonSergeantA27th Infantry
Gross, Leopold A27th Infantry
Died of wounds received
at Cross Keys, Virginia.
Goodman, Benjamin B.LieutenantB27th Infantry
Promoted from Sergeant.
[352]Genter, Nathan B27th Infantry
Wounded in action.
Gassenheimer, Gus  27th Infantry
Glaser, Adolph  27th Infantry
Transferred to 15th Heavy Artillery,
New York.
Goodman, David J. A33d Infantry
Served three years.
Grossman, Lewis C40th Infantry
Served three years; lost an arm and leg
at Spottsylvania; died from wounds;
buried in National Cemetery, Arlington.
Gross, Abram F41st Infantry
Transferred to 190th Infantry;
served over three years.
Gross, Isaac H50th Infantry
Goldstein, Louis B61st Infantry
Gremitz, ——Captain 62nd Infantry
Goldsmith, JosephCaptainA74th Infantry
Promoted from the ranks.
Goodman, DavidSergeantB78th Infantry
Served four years.
Goodman, IsaacSergeant 91st Infantry
Promoted from Private;
wounded at Petersburg;
served four years.
Goldberg, ——CorporalA91st Infantry
Gassenmaier, Joseph D98th Infantry
Goldenberg, C. D. F110th Infantry
Goldenberg, Henry F110th Infantry
Gallinger, Joseph B123d Infantry
Enlisted at eighteen years of age.
Gisner, GeorgeCorporal 142nd Infantry
Goldbacher, IsaacSergeant 150th Infantry
Gross, Aaron C153d Infantry
Captured at Gettysburg.
Goldstrom, LeopoldQuartermaster- E5th Cavalry
Entered as Private; served four years.Sergeant
[353]Gerschel, Adolph I6th Cavalry
Served three years, until expiration of term.
Goldschmidt, AntonLieutenantA12th Cavalry
Promoted from Sergeant;
served three years and
until the close of the war.
Goldsmith, JamesSergeantH18th Cavalry
Promoted from Corporal; served three years.
 
Hays, David C2nd Infantry
Hirsh, JacobLieutenantG18th Infantry
Hirsh, MorrisCorporalG18th Infantry
Hirsch, IsidorLieutenantA22nd Infantry
Heller, HenrySurgeon 27th Infantry
Heller, MaximilianSurgeon 27th Infantry
Heyman, Herman A27th Infantry
Harris, B. B27th Infantry
Heimburg, JuliusQuartermasterB27th Infantry
Promoted from Lieutenant.
Herrman, FrankLieutenantC27th Infantry
Promoted from Corporal.
Heller, David C27th Infantry
Houseman, Jacob E27th Infantry
Herman, Philip H27th Infantry
Hochstetter, A.  27th Infantry
Hirsch, A.  27th Infantry
Hertzog, Joel J.Corporal{ M28th Infantry
Served three years. { D147th Infantry
Hertzog, Joseph E29th Infantry
Henry, B. D32nd Infantry
Hess, Jacob H36th Infantry
Captured.
Hess, Michael H36th Infantry
Died of wounds received at Fredericksburg.
Hassler, AugustusSergeant{ F41st Infantry
  {190th Infantry
Herman, Jacob G57th Infantry
[354]Hightull, IsraelSergeant 61st Infantry
Hoffman, S.  67th Infantry
Harris, BenjaminSergeantG72nd Infantry
Enlisted as private.
Hamberg, AnselLieutenant{ A91st Infantry
 Major{44th Infantry
 Colonel{12th Infantry
He has been Junior and Senior Vice-Commander
of George G. Meade Post, No. 1.
Grand Army of the Republic.
Hart, Abraham I73d Infantry
Captain and Brigade Adjutant-General.

Captain Abraham Hart, at present commander of Kit Carson Post, Grand Army of the Republic, one of the large Posts of the District of Columbia, was born in Hesse-Darmstadt, Germany, in 1832. At the age of eighteen years he came to the United States and was employed in a large house in Philadelphia, where he was residing at the outbreak of the Rebellion in 1861.

He volunteered as a soldier in the 73d Regiment of Pennsylvania Infantry, commanded by Colonel John A. Koltes; he aided Colonel Koltes in enlisting other volunteers, and as early as August, 1861, was on his way with the regiment to help in the defences of Washington on the Virginia side. While there, Lieutenant Hart—for he had been promoted to a lieutenancy—was frequently sent out on reconnoitring expeditions, and in one of these he had a sharp brush with a body of Confederate cavalry which was also out reconnoitring. Subsequently, Lieutenant Hart was promoted to a captaincy, and when Colonel Koltes was elevated to the command of a brigade in General Blenker's Division of the Army of the Potomac, Captain Hart was detailed as Adjutant-General of the Brigade. In this capacity he participated in the battle of Cross Keys, in numerous skirmishes, and in the second battle of Bull Run.

At the battle of Cross Keys, the commanding [355]General desired information as to the position and movements of the opposing force under "Stonewall" Jackson, and Captain Hart undertook to obtain it for him. In pursuance of this undertaking, and in company with a squad of picked men, he successfully made the circuit of the rebel camp, obtained the desired information, and reported it to the General.

At Sulphur Springs he was entrusted by General Sigel with the command of a force to destroy a bridge over the Rappahannock which was defended by rebel artillery, and he succeeded in destroying it. At another time he had the good fortune to rescue several hundred Union soldiers who had been captured by the Confederates.

But perhaps Captain Hart's most important service was done at the second battle of Bull Run. General von Steinwehr's (Blenker's) Division was in advance, and engaged in the first day's battle, as well as in the second and third. In the afternoon of the third day (August 30) of the fight, Koltes' Brigade was ordered to silence a rebel battery which was doing us great damage. The Brigade was several times driven back, but each time rallied, and finally captured and spiked the guns. It was here that the Brigade Commander, Colonel Koltes, was killed, and here that the Brigade suffered the heaviest loss.

Fuchs, EugeneSergeantD3d Cavalry
 
Herrman, JacobSergeantC98th Infantry
Enlisted as private; wounded at Cedar Creek;
served four years.
Hirsch, M. L.  101st Infantry
Hirsch, AugustCorporal A102nd Infantry
Wounded at the Wilderness; three years service.
Herman, EmanuelCaptainD103d Infantry
Hoffman, Leopold C113th Infantry
Regimental Quartermaster Sergeant;
promoted from private.
[356]Hyneman, Jacob Ezekiel G119th Infantry

Wounded at Fredericksburg; also at Brandy Station and Mine Run; transferred to United States Signal Corps; served three years (1862-1865); has served since during riots in Pennsylvania; has held several military ranks.

Hoffman, AbrahamCorporal 186th Infantry
Hyneman, Elias Leon SergeantC5th Cavalry

A reference to this brave soldier and the sacrifice which cost him his life is contained in our "Introduction," page 5, so that little is left to record. Hyneman voluntarily enlisted in the 5th Cavalry, after the first Battle of Bull Run. He was promoted from Corporal to Sergeant, and was always eager for active service, distinguishing himself in several battles, and being one of twelve skirmishers who advanced on the enemy in the Battle of Gettysburg. He fought dismounted in the Battle of the Wilderness. His term expired in 1864, but so anxious was he to serve his country that he re-enlisted, only to meet so untimely a fate as recorded. He died on January 7, 1865, at Andersonville, of starvation and sickness, and his body was brought for interment to Philadelphia five months later.

As to Hyneman's course as a soldier, no stronger testimony than that contained in the following official paper is required:

"I hereby certify on honor that I was well and personally acquainted with Elias Leon Hyneman, who was a Sergeant of Company C, 5th Regiment, Pennsylvania Cavalry, Volunteers, that the said Elias L. Hyneman was a thorough and efficient soldier, and a person of excellent habits, and known and respected as such by all in the regiment. That he was ever foremost in the line of duty and at the post of danger, and vigilant and patient in the prosecution of his patriotic services. That by his zeal and enthusiasm to be foremost among the defenders of his flag he was [357]unhappily captured by a merciless foe, and consigned to an ignominious and beastly prison house, there to suffer for many months and at last to yield up his noble spirit in death. Even his last life scenes were worthy of a soldier and full of true manfulness. That I, being a prisoner of war at the same time with said Elias L. Hyneman, heard of his many sufferings with deepest regret. I sympathize sincerely with his afflicted relatives and all who mourn his loss. He fought and fell in the glorious cause of freedom and justice omnipotent.

"Given at Camp, Fifth Pennsylvania Cavalry, near Richmond, Va., this 1st day of May, 1865.

J. Frank Cameron,
"Capt. Com'd'g Company C, Fifth Penn. Cavalry."

"Approval:
Colonel Commanding Regiment."

Harris, Abraham B.Lieutenant F5th Cavalry
Hoffman, David B. G5th Cavalry
Hassler, JacobSergeantD9th Cavalry
Served about four years.
Herzog, JacobCaptainE12th Cavalry
Hamburger, HermanLieutenantL18th Cavalry

Assistant Adjutant-General, 1st Brigade, 3d Cavalry Corps, Army of the Potomac; has been Judge in Carbon County, Pennsylvania, etc., etc.

Israel, Daniel F10th Infantry
Isaacs, Henry I18th Infantry
Israel, Jacob B27th Infantry
Isaacs, Henry { M72nd Infantry
  { C
Josephs, Gustav C3d Infantry
And one year in Hancock's Veteran Corps;
served three years.
Jacobs, Henry B4th Infantry
[358]Jacobs, JacobCorporalK11th Infantry
Jacoby, HenryCorporalI18th Infantry
Josephs, Aaron F19th Infantry
Jacques, HenryLieutenantG26th Infantry
Wounded in second Battle of Bull Run,
and other battles.
Jacobson, Augustus A27th Infantry
Transferred to United States Navy.
Jacoby, Herman A27th Infantry
Wounded at Missionary Ridge;
served throughout the war.
Jacob, John B27th Infantry
Josephs, Abraham F27th Infantry
And one year in Hancock's Veteran Corps;
served three years.
Jacoby, HugoSergeant{ A27th Infantry
Promoted from Corporal; {
transferred to {109th Infantry
Jacoby, H. H27th Infantry
Jacobs, Henry F28th Infantry
Served three years.
Jacobs, Samuel H29th Infantry
Served four years.
Jacobs, Israel D30th Infantry
Served three years.
Jacobs, Abraham B. { A34th Infantry
Subsequently { 6th U. S. Cavalry
Jacoby, MosesCorporalE47th Infantry
Enlisted as Private.
Jacobs, HenryLieutenantF51st Infantry
Promoted from Sergeant; served four years.
Jacobs, Simon D99th Infantry
Served three years.
Jacobs, Henry H.SergeantF165th Infantry
Jacobs, AlexanderCorporalF165th Infantry
Jacoby, JosephSergeantI167th Infantry
Jacobs, TheodoreAssistant 187th Infantry
 Surgeon
Jacoby, Simon P. E3d Artillery
Jacobs, S. H.  1st Troop,
   Philadelphia City
   Cavalry
 
[359] Koenigsberg, MaxLieutenantA12th Infantry
Wounded at Gaines' Mills;
captured and sent to Libby Prison.
Kauffmann, Isaac B.LieutenantC16th Infantry
Kirschheimer, JosephSergeant 27th Infantry
Kuhn, Magnus A27th Infantry
Kuhn, Marcus A27th Infantry
Kohn, IgnazCaptainB27th Infantry
Enlisted as Private.
Kuhn, Abraham B27th Infantry
Kahn, Louis C27th Infantry
Katz, Jacob F. C35th Infantry
Served three years.
Kauffman, Samuel A46th Infantry
Kauffman, Levi H.CorporalH52nd Infantry
Kline, Joseph I61st Infantry
Killed at Fair Oaks, Virginia.
Karpel, Jacob C63d Infantry
Died of wounds received at Bull Run.
Kohen, Frank P.LieutenantI67th Infantry
Kauffman, Benjamin L.Corporal{ D90th Infantry
  {H11th Infantry
Koshland, Nicholas N. A91st Infantry
Kayser, MorrisCaptainB91st Infantry
Promoted from Lieutenant;
served about three years.
Katz, Emanuel  98th Infantry
Kauffman, JacobCorporalA101st Infantry
Kline, Nathan K119th Infantry
Served three years.
Kauffman, Solomon B.CorporalF126th Infantry
Kramer, Solomon H.SergeantG128th Infantry
Kauffman, Jonas H.Assistant 151st Infantry
 Surgeon
Kauffman, Joseph A.LieutenantB154th Infantry
Kauffman, JacobCorporalF171st Infantry
Kauffman, David S.SergeantF179th Infantry
Kauffman, Solomon B.SergeantB202nd Infantry
[360]Kauffman, Isaac B.2nd LieutenantH9th Cavalry
Died of wounds received
at Moore's Hill, Kentucky.
Karpeles, Leo  2nd Artillery
 
Livermauli, Moses B2nd Infantry
Levy, David I5th Infantry
Levy, Abraham E6th Infantry
Levi, CharlesCorporalF7th Infantry
Lowenthal, Samuel G9th Infantry
Served four years.
Lazarus, David F23d Infantry
Lewenberg, Joseph I23d Infantry
Levy, Aaron A26th Infantry
Transferred to Signal Corps.
Luescher, JacobSergeantA27th Infantry
Served three years.
Leo, CharlesLieutenantH27th Infantry
Regimental Adjutant.
Lowenstein, M.  27th Infantry
Lazarus, AaronBrevet Captain D28th Infantry

Enlisted as Private, and promoted to Corporal, Sergeant, 1st Sergeant, 2nd Lieutenant, 1st Lieutenant, Regimental Adjutant, and Brevet Captain, United States Volunteers; served three years; has since been Captain and Major; member of Loyal Legion of the United States (Commandery of Pennsylvania).

Lachenheimer, F. K29th Infantry
Lyon, AbrahamCorporalH35th Infantry
Lang, Philip I37th Infantry
Lowenthal, Samuel G38th Infantry
Served three years.
Lebengood, Jacob E40th Infantry
So seriously wounded as to be
disabled for further service.
Levi, William P.SergeantC54th Infantry
Lichtenberger, DanielSergeantI76th Infantry
Enlisted as Private.
[361]Leo, Henry F.CaptainB115th Infantry
Promoted from Sergeant; served three years.
Lazarus, Henry C119th Infantry
Also Veteran Invalid Reserve Corps;
served through the war.
Levy, Herman  119th Infantry
Lehman, Emanuel D127th Infantry
Lehman, Jacob D127th Infantry
Lillienstine, Charles I127th Infantry
Levi, JosephCorporalG129th Infantry
Lazarus, William E132nd Infantry
Killed at Antietam.
Loeb, Jacob H151st Infantry
Loeb, Samuel B. H151st Infantry
Loeb, William C. H151st Infantry
Died at Fairfax Seminary,
Virginia, June 27, 1863.
Long, Isaac H151st Infantry
Levy, PhilipSergeantG193d Infantry
Promoted from Corporal.
Lipowitz, HermanSergeantH215th Infantry
Langsdorf, SimonCorporalB5th Cavalry
Discharged for injuries
received at Williamsburg.
Levy, Meyer S. C5th Cavalry
Levy, Samuel C5th Cavalry
Levy, Theodore C5th Cavalry
Lang, Ernst E5th Cavalry
Levi, Simon I5th Cavalry
Lindheimer, Barney  6th Cavalry
Lang, Morris  12th Cavalry
Captured at second Battle of Bull Run.
Levy, Benjamin J.Brevet-Major 21st Cavalry
Promoted from Commissary of Subsistence.
Liebschutz, AdolphLieutenant 2nd Artillery
Promoted from the ranks for gallantry;
served three years.
 
[362]Miller, Jonas E5th Infantry
Served three years.
May, Samuel F. K8th Infantry
Mayer, Louis H.SergeantC13th Infantry
Also in Ohio Infantry,
and staff officer in Regular Army.
Myers, SolomonLieutenantA16th Infantry
Miller, Moses K19th Infantry
Miller, Samuel K19th Infantry
May, Solomon W.  19th Infantry
Meyer, C. B21st Infantry
Miller, Alexander H22nd Infantry
Mayer, Jacob Corporal B23d Infantry
Mitchell, M. F23d Infantry
Moritz, Joseph C26th Infantry
Moss, John { E26th Infantry
Served three years. Transferred to {99th Infantry
Meyer, Joseph I26th Infantry
Wounded at Gettysburg;
transferred to 99th Infantry;
served four years.
May, Louis A27th Infantry
Moser, Leo Sergeant C27th Infantry
May, Meyer D27th Infantry
Mayer, Herman D27th Infantry
Meyer, Moses E27th Infantry
Meyer, EmilLieutenantG27th Infantry
Marx, David G27th Infantry
Maier, Jacob H27th Infantry
Moser, David H27th Infantry
Died at Winchester, Virginia.
Max, Jacob  27th Infantry
Meyer, Max  27th Infantry
Myers, Simon P. G28th Infantry
Marks, Emanuel K28th Infantry
Died at Rectortown, Virginia.
Miller, Aaron I36th Infantry
Served three years.
Myers, Levi I36th Infantry
Served three years.
[363]Moses, Joshua I42nd Infantry
Miller, Jacob A45th Infantry
Killed at South Mountain.
Moses, DanielCorporalK48th Infantry
Moses, DavidLieutenantK52nd Infantry
Promoted from Sergeant;
served until the close of the war.
Miller, Solomon C.SergeantA57th Infantry
Served three years.
Miller, Jacob C61st Infantry
Miller, JacobCorporalH61st Infantry
Disabled at Malvern Hill.
Myers, EmanuelSergeant 62nd Infantry
Mazur, F.  63d Infantry
Myers, IsraelCorporalE67th Infantry
Enlisted as Private; served three years.
Moss, WilliamSurgeon 70th Infantry
Surgeon United States Volunteers.
Myers, IsaacCorporalG74th Infantry
Myers, SigmundCorporalI76th Infantry
Served three years.
Mayer, JacobSergeantF82nd Infantry
Promoted from Corporal.
Myers, SolomonCaptainE87th Infantry
Served over three years.
Moser, HenryCorporalF107th Infantry
Transferred to Veteran Reserve Corps.
Moss, Jacob  119th Infantry
Myers, Henry H122nd Infantry
Myers, Daniel S. I127th Infantry
Myers, AlbertSergeantH128th Infantry
Miller, Aaron F129th Infantry
Myers, Benjamin F. C130th Infantry
Myers, Jacob A150th Infantry
Also Veteran Reserve Corps.
Marks, Israel E151st Infantry
[364]Myers, Aaron J.SergeantI153d Infantry
Died of wounds received at Gettysburg.
Myers, HermanCorporalA155th Infantry
Served three years.
Moyer, EmanuelSergeantH162nd Infantry
Killed at White House, Virginia.
Myers, EmanuelSergeant-Major  165th Infantry
Marx, Aaron J. F169th Infantry
Myers, LeviLieutenantE178th Infantry
Myers, DavidCorporalH183d Infantry
Enlisted as private;
seriously wounded at Cold Harbor.
Miller, AaronCorporalK190th Infantry
Enlisted as Private.
Michaels, DavidLieutenantI210th Infantry
Promoted from Corporal and Sergeant.
Menken, Nathan D.Captain —— Cavalry

At the outbreak of the Civil War he organized a body of cavalry and was chosen Captain. At the Second Battle of Bull Run his horse was shot under him. As commander of General Pope's body-guard, he won the esteem and admiration of his brother officers for his bravery, courtesy and firmness. In 1878, during the yellow fever scourge in Memphis, Tennessee, Captain Menken refused to quit that city, but remained at his post, attending to the suffering until the terrible plague made this hero also a victim.

Miller, Jacob  3d Cavalry
Died of wounds received
at Mine Run, Virginia.
Moss, Joseph L.Major 5th Cavalry
Lieutenant-Colonel 12th Cavalry; served three years.
Moss, Jacob { C5th Cavalry
  { H
Myers, Emanuel K5th Cavalry
Max, Charles E6th Cavalry
Moeler, MaxLieutenantE11th Cavalry
Meyer, LeopoldCaptainC12th Cavalry
Served over three years.
[365]Miller, MosesCorporalH14th Cavalry
Moser, HenryQuartermaster-  19th Cavalry
Served three years.Sergeant
Marks, Simon  Custer's Division
   of Cavalry
Mendel, HermanSergeantL{ 3d Artillery
Subsequently in United States Army.  { 4th Cavalry
Messing, BernhardSergeantM3d Artillery
Transferred 62nd Regiment, U. S. V.
 
Nathans, Oscar S. H18th Infantry
Nathans, Theodore H18th Infantry
Nathan, Lewis A51st Infantry
Neyman, Jacob  Signal Corps
 
Ottenheimer, Solomon A19th Infantry
Ostheimer, Nathan K62nd Infantry
Killed at Harrison's Landing.
Ochs, Joseph E5th Cavalry
Oppenheimer, Louis E5th Cavalry
 
Pinheiro, Solomon G26th Infantry

Enlisted quite young as a drummer boy; subsequently entered United States Navy; served there three years and took part in a number of engagements.

Pickard, M.  27th Infantry
Pollock, A.  27th Infantry
Proskauer, A.  27th Infantry
Phillips, Isaac W. K29th Infantry
Captured.
Phillips, Isaac H. F36th Infantry
Phillips, David J.Adjutant{81st Infantry
 Captain{ I
Podolsky, Theodore  101st Infantry
Promoted from 2nd Lieutenant, etc.
 
Rosensteel, Jacob I11th Infantry
Wounded at Rappahannock Station;
served four years.
[366]Rosenfelt, NathanSergeantD26th Infantry
Died of wounds received at Gettysburg.
Rosenthal, Max { D26th Infantry
Transferred to {99th Infantry
Rosenstein, William F26th Infantry
Rosenthal, ArndtMajor 27th Infantry
Roedelsheimer, SolomonCaptainA27th Infantry
Rosengarten, Henry{ Corporal A27th Infantry
 { SergeantK
Ringetstein, Jacob A27th Infantry
Rosenheim, Bernard A27th Infantry
Roth, Lewis A27th Infantry
Reinhard, Francis B27th Infantry
Rosenberg, MauriceSergeantC27th Infantry
Wounded at Lookout Mountain.
Rosenthal, Abraham E27th Infantry
Reinhart, Nathan F.CorporalF27th Infantry
Rosenstein, David I27th Infantry
Rosenstock, Jacob A28th Infantry
Wounded at Chancellorsville; served three years.
Rosenbaum, Michael F29th Infantry
Rashke, MoritzSergeant 63d Infantry
Killed at Chancellorsville.
Rosenfelt, Nathan A  72nd Infantry
Wounded and captured at Antietam;
when released, transferred to
Veteran Reserve Corps.
Rothschild, SamuelSergeantI74th Infantry
Enlisted as Private.
Rosenberg, LouisCorporalK82nd Infantry
Rothschild, Lewis K99th Infantry
Rosenberger, L. A.LieutenantD104th Infantry
Enlisted as Private;
captured at Gloucester Point, Virginia;
served three years.
Rosengarten,LieutenantD121st Infantry
Joseph George

Major on staff of General John F. Reynolds, Army of the Potomac; Brevet Captain in United States Volunteers; served three years.

[367]

Rowe, Samuel W.CaptainB122nd Infantry
Promoted from Lieutenant.
Rosenberger, Samuel G126th Infantry
Rich, Isaac B.SergeantB129th Infantry
Promoted from Corporal.
Rosensteel, JacobSergeantF139th Infantry
Enlisted as Private; wounded at the Wilderness;
served three years.
Rinehard, Alfred A.CaptainD148th Infantry
Promoted from Sergeant; wounded at Po River,
Virginia; served three years.
Rosenstein, MichaelLieutenantK173d Infantry
Rosensteel, TobiasLieutenant 4th Cavalry
Served three years.
Rowland, AdolphusMajor 5th Cavalry
Promoted from Lieutenant
for distinguished bravery.
Rosenthal, LeopoldCaptainA5th Cavalry
Wounded at Fort Magruder.
Rhine, Michael G5th Cavalry
Rosenthal, EphraimSergeantA12th Cavalry
Enlisted as Private; served three years,
and until close of war.
Reubenthal, EliasSergeantI12th Cavalry
Served over three years.
Rosengarten, Adolph G.Major 15th Cavalry
   (Anderson Troop)
Promoted from Sergeant;
killed at Stone River, Tennessee.
Rosenberger, S.Assistant Surgeon2nd Artillery
 
Sontheimer, Bernard  6th Infantry
Schwarz, S. F. I  16th Infantry
Schoneman, Abram P.Lieutenant{ E19th Infantry
  {65th Infantry
  {Keystone Battery
Stern, Abram E.CorporalG19th Infantry
[368]Stern, Charles  19th Infantry
Sternberger, Charles  19th Infantry
Stein, JacobCorporalB21st Infantry
Seligman, Marcus { F26th Infantry
Transferred to {99th Infantry
Salinger, B.Lieutenant 27th Infantry
Enlisted as private.
Schloss, Abraham A27th Infantry
Schoneman, EmanuelSergeantB27th Infantry
Spaeth, HenrySergeantB27th Infantry
Sheier, Moses B27th Infantry
Siedler, Joseph B27th Infantry
Silberberg, Max B27th Infantry

Enlisted at eighteen years of age; took part in battles in Pennsylvania, including Gettysburg; served twice as Commander of August Willich Post, G. A. R.; also as President of Employment Bureau of Grand Army of the Republic Association of Hamilton County, Ohio.

Straus, Jonas B27th Infantry
Stein, Louis D27th Infantry
Schoen, David G27th Infantry
Stern, JuliusSergeantH27th Infantry
Schloss, Moses K27th Infantry
Served three years.
Schloss, David  27th Infantry
Selker, Adolph  27th Infantry
Strouse, CyrusMajor 28th Infantry
Killed at Chancellorsville.
Snowberger, Elias K29th Infantry
Stern, David  32nd Infantry
Snellenburg, Isaac B33d Infantry
Killed at Charles City Cross Roads,
Virginia, buried on the battle-field.
Strous, Jacob G34th Infantry
Served three years.
[369]Stein, Jacob A37th Infantry
Sigmund, Albert M.Assistant 38th Infantry
 Surgeon
Stein, Lewis E41st Infantry
Served three years.
Silberman, MarxCorporalA51st Infantry

Raised a company of men in three days and became Corporal of the company; started the company by signing first.

Stine, Jacob C54th Infantry
Steiner, Jacob G55th Infantry
Also Veteran Reserve Corps.
Strouss Ellis C.CaptainK57th Infantry
Entered as private;
wounded at Charles City Cross Roads
and at Wilderness; served four years.
Strouse, HenryCorporal 76th Infantry
Stern, HenryCaptainG77th Infantry
Enlisted as private.
Stern, Herman B83d Infantry
Solomon, AugustusSergeantB93d Infantry
Promoted from private;
also in Veteran Reserve Corps.
Steinbrun, J. D98th Infantry
Snowberger, Albert Leopold  99th Infantry

Born in Philadelphia, April 4, 1845. He was sent to the Military Academy, at Portsmouth, Virginia, when but fifteen years of age. When the war broke out he enlisted in the Union Army, despite his youthful age. He took part in a number of engagements with the enemy, but at the Battle of Fredericksburg, Virginia, December 13, 1862, he was mortally wounded, yet even in his agonies this young hero "waved his cap and urged his comrades on to victory." He died January 6, 1863. Of this gallant boy the lad's commander wrote to his mother that "his bravery and heroism were remarkable for one so young."

Salisburg, David S.CorporalB102nd Infantry
Strauss, HenrySurgeon 115th Infantry
[370]Stine, Daniel I126th Infantry
Strouse, Lehman K.CorporalF128th Infantry
Salisburg, Samuel B.SergeantG138th Infantry
Wounded at Monocacy, Maryland;
served three years.
Strouse, Ferdinand K. E151st Infantry
Strause, Joel S. H151st Infantry
Strause, Salomon H151st Infantry
Wounded at Gettysburg.
Strause, William S. H151st Infantry
Wounded at Gettysburg.
Strause, William T. H151st Infantry
Wounded at Gettysburg.
Simon, Michael I151st Infantry
Sternberger, Levin I151st Infantry
Sulzbach, MiltonQuartermaster  166th Infantry
Straus, DanielCorporalF167th Infantry
Silva, DavidCorporalG181st Infantry
Simon, JacobCorporalE183d Infantry
Promoted from private.
Steiner, Levi A. H194th Infantry
Schlesinger, MorrisAdjutant 210th Infantry
Promoted from Sergeant;
died from wounds received
at Gravelly Run, Virginia.
Schloss, HenryCorporalE5th Cavalry
Wounded near Richmond; served four years.
Schloss, Abraham E5th Cavalry
Wounded before Richmond.
Sontheimer, Morris K11th Cavalry
Served four years.
Schoenfeld, J.  15th Cavalry
Stein, JacobCorporalK3d Artillery
Salzman, AdamCorporalG5th Artillery
Strassman, A.  2nd Battery
Wounded twice.
Schoneman, R. A.  Keystone Battery
 
[371]Thalheimer, Albert B23d Infantry
Captured at Cold Harbor;
served about four years.
Tschopek, Joseph D27th Infantry
Tafel, AdolphLieutenantH27th Infantry
Teller, Michael, K119th Infantry
Served three years.
Trautman, JacobSergeantE5th Cavalry
Served four years.
 
Ulman, JohnSergeantD27th Infantry
Served three years.
Ullman, Jacob E75th Infantry
Served four years.
Ullman, ——CaptainE5th Cavalry

Was noted for his bravery; served throughout the Civil War; he was also engaged in the war with the Sioux Indians in 1876, and was one of those in the command of General Custer on that fatal day in June; in which the entire command was surrounded by the Indians, every man being slaughtered.

Vogel, L.Captain27th Infantry
 
Wimpfheimer, Max F19th Infantry
Wolf, JacobCorporalH19th Infantry
Wohl, SamuelLieutenantB27th Infantry
Weinberger, Paul B27th Infantry
Transferred to 29th Infantry,
New York Volunteers.
Warburg, Sigmund D27th Infantry
Weinstock, Bernard D27th Infantry
Weil, Jacob H27th Infantry
Warburg, Moses  27th Infantry
Wetzlar, MorrisLieutenantK37th Infantry
Promoted; wounded at Pea Ridge; disabled.
Waterman, Israel I40th Infantry
Transferred to United States Regulars.
[372]Wolf, DavidSergeantH89th Cavalry
Served nearly four years.
Wolf, Morris A3d Cavalry
Served three years.
Weinbach, AbrahamQuartermaster- A12th Cavalry
 Sergeant

RHODE ISLAND.

Name.Rank.Company.Regiment.
Froinsohn, Samuel  2nd Infantry
Harris, Benjamin  10th Infantry
Phillips, Joseph S.  2nd Infantry
On staff of Commander General Sexton,
of the Grand Army of the Republic.
Siegel, M. I3d Infantry

SOUTH CAROLINA.

Name.Rank.Company.Regiment.
Alexander, Isaac A10th Infantry
Alexander, Isidore A10th Infantry
Alexander, S. A10th Infantry
Altman, James P. A21st Infantry
Captured; died and buried
at Woodlawn Cemetery, Elmira, New York.
Asher, Henry  Hampton Legion
Ascher, Abraham  1st Cavalry
Asher, Harris  Washington
   Artillery
[373]Abrahams, E. H.    Reserves
Abrahams, Theodore H.  Sumter Guards
 
Bowman, Louis E1st Infantry
Ball, Barney  2nd Infantry
Lost his life at Port Royal.
Baum Manus A7th Infantry
Baruch, H. K7th Infantry
Enlisted a mere lad.
Brown, Mendel Sergeant F10th Infantry
Wounded at Murfreesboro, Tennessee,
and mortally wounded at Griffin, Georgia;
died in Griffin Hospital.
Benjamin, Solomon L10th Infantry
Brown, Joseph  10th Infantry
Brown, Simon  10th Infantry
Baum, Marx  15th Infantry
Killed at the Battle of the Wilderness.
Baruch, B. S. G16th Infantry
Baruch, Herman A7th Cavalry
Courier to General Robert E. Lee.
Blankensee, D.  Hampton Legion
Killed at Manassas.
Belitzer, Jacob  Washington
Mortally wounded.  Artillery
Belitzer, Theodore  German Hussars
Killed in action.
 
Cashby, A.  3d Infantry
Cohen, Morris  7th Infantry
Enlisted when not quite sixteen years old.
Clark, H.  10th Infantry
Cohen, Gratz  10th Infantry
Killed at Malvern Hill.
Cohen, Lawrence L.  2nd Cavalry
Enlisted 1861.
Cohen, Asher D.  Hampton's Cavalry
Enlisted 1861.
[374]Cohen, Isaac  Hampton's Cavalry
Killed in action; buried in
Jewish cemetery, Richmond, Virginia.
Cohen, McDuff  Hampton's Cavalry
Cohen, Ansley D.  Walter's Battery
Cohen, Philip I.  Washington
Enlisted 1861.  Artillery
Cohen, Gustavus  Washington
   Artillery
Cohen, Henry  Washington
Killed at Savage Station, Virginia,  Artillery
June 29, 1864; buried in
Jewish cemetery, Richmond, Virginia.
Cohen, Aaron{ Six brothers;{Washington
 { three{Artillery
Cohen, Jacob H.{ serving{Washington
 { in{Artillery
Cohen, Julius{ South Carolina{Washington
 { one{Artillery
Cohen, C. S.{ in North{Washington
 { Carolina,{Artillery
Cohen, Fishel{ and two{10th Infantry
Cohen, David D.{ in Virginia.{Hampton's Cavalry
Enlisted 1861.{{Jefferson Rangers
Cohen, Dr. Marx E., Jr.  Washington
   Artillery

One of the heroes of the Civil War was Dr. Marx E. Cohen, Jr., of Charleston. He enlisted at the age of twenty-one. At the battle of Bentonville, North Carolina, towards the close of the war, some shells containing explosive material were thrown into the Confederate lines from the guns of the Union forces. The captain of Hart's Battery called for volunteers to hurl them aside before they should burst and cause destruction to the command. Three men volunteered to undertake the task; Dr. Cohen being one of them. He and his companions were successful, but while returning to their own lines all three were shot dead by Federal bullets.

Daniels, L. B15th Cavalry
Captured; died and buried in
Woodlawn Cemetery, Elmira, New York.
Dreyfus, Herman  Cameron's Battery
 
[375] Emanuel, EdwinSergeantA10th Infantry
Died from exposure contracted in service.
Emanuel, J. A10th Infantry
Emanuel, Solomon A10th Infantry
Emanuel, Washington A10th Infantry
Enlisted when a mere boy;
died from wounds received at Atlanta, Georgia.
Emanuel, H.  10th Infantry
Ellbaum, G.  14th Infantry
Esdwa, Arthur A.  Culpepper Battery
 
Fox, William K1st Infantry
Wounded at Gettysburg and captured.
Fox, M. Sr. A3d Infantry
Friedman, Benjamin A3d Infantry
 
Gundhaus, S. I4th Infantry
Gundhaus, J. L. I6th Infantry
Goldsmith, Isaac G16th Infantry
Killed in action.
Goldsmith, Michael G16th Infantry
Goldsmith, Isaac P.  24th Infantry
Died in the service.
Goldsmith, A. A.  Kershaw's 2nd
Wounded at Antietam.  Regiment
Goldsmith, M. M.  Reserves
 
Heyman, I. F6th Infantry
Wounded at Owensboro, North Carolina.
Hornet, J. D.  2nd Battalion
Hammerslough, A.  3d Battalion
Hammerslough, H.  3d Battalion
Hartz, H.  10th Battalion
Hirsch, Melvin J.Commissary Beauregard
Promoted from Private;Sergeant Infantry
served throughout the war.
Holzhauer, C.  Washington
   Artillery
[376]Hoffman, Julius AKershaw's 1st
   Regiment
Hirsch, I. W. BKershaw's 2nd
Wounded.  Regiment
 
Joel, Julius C1st Infantry
Lost an arm in the battle of the Wilderness.
Jacobs, IsaiahLieutenantD2nd Infantry
Promoted from the ranks;
killed at Knoxville, Tennessee.
Josephus, Joseph  1st Cavalry
James, ——Surgeon 7th Battalion
Promoted to Brigade Surgeon.
Jacobs, Emanuel  Washington
   Artillery
Jacobus, J. J.  Washington
   Artillery
Jacobs, Frederick  Palmetto
   Artillery
Jacobs, Reid  Palmetto Guards
Wounded in action.
Jacobs, A. L. CHampton Legion
Called "Little Jake;" wounded at Sharpsburg;
killed in Tennessee.
Jacobs, Abraham  Hampton Legion
Killed in action.
Jacobs, Louis  Hampton Legion
Jacobs, Mitchell  Hampton Legion
Jacobs, H.  ——
Killed in battle; buried in Jewish cemetery,
Richmond, Virginia.
 
Kaphan, Theodore  Hagood
   1st Infantry
Kahn, David  8th Infantry
Kaminski, H.SergeantB10th Infantry
Kahn, Isaac  12th Infantry
Kohn, Theodore F25th Infantry

From a newspaper clipping: "Theodore Kohn of Orangeburg, a veteran of the Edisto Rifles, 25th [377]Regiment, South Carolina, will carry to his grave the wounds he received at Drewy's Bluff while gallantly fighting for his adopted country."

Kohn, August  25th Infantry
Served throughout the war.
 
Levi, Leopold  5th Infantry
Levin, G. W. A15th Infantry
Levin, Samuel A15th Infantry
Killed at Sharpsburg, Maryland. 
Lowenberg, DavidSergeant 16th Infantry
Served three years.
Levy, Moses  23d Infantry

He is spoken of by his former Colonel Benhon as one of the bravest, truest and most devoted men in his command; he was captured at the last battle at Petersburg, Virginia.

Levin, L. C.  2nd Cavalry
Levin, L. J.  Wheeler's Cavalry
Levy, Lionel C. Jr.  Fenner's Battery
Lazarus, M. H.  Walter's Battery
Lazarus, B. D.  Washington
   Artillery
Lazarus, Benjamin  Washington
   Artillery
Lazarus, Marx  Washington
   Artillery
Lazarus, Solomon  Washington
Enlisted 1861;  Artillery
served until the close of the war.
Levy, Lionel L.  Washington
   Artillery
Promoted to Judge Advocate.
Lopez, John  Palmetto Guards
From 1861 until the close of the war.
Lopez, Moses  Palmetto Guards
From 1861 until the close of the war.
Levin, S. M.  Sumter Guards
Wounded at Secessionville.
Lyons, J. C.  Company Cadets
Lehman, A.  ——
Killed; buried at Jewish Cemetery,
Richmond, Virginia.
 
[378] Moses, H. C.1st Lieutenant 2nd Infantry
Promoted from Private, Lucas Battalion;
wounded at Manassas.
Moses, Perry D2nd Infantry
Killed at Malvern Hill, aged 17 years.
Moses, Claremont E2nd Infantry
Wounded in action.
Moses, P. E2nd Infantry
Seriously wounded.
Moses, Meyer  2nd Infantry
Moses, Edwin L.  27th Infantry
Captured; died prison, Camp Chase.
Mordecai, J. RandolphLieutenant Washington
Promoted from the ranks.and Assistant Artillery
 Quartermaster.
Moise, Camillus  Washington
Served four years.  Artillery
Mordecai, G. L.  Washington
   Artillery

The father of this soldier, the late Benjamin Mordecai, was the first contributor to the Southern cause, donating $10,000 to South Carolina.

Moses, Joshua L. 1st Lieutenant } { Culpepper Battery
Wounded at Manassas; } {
killed at Mobile,} {
commanding Battalion.} {
Moses, Jackson} { Culpepper Battery
Moses, Horace} Five { Culpepper Battery
Entered service at 17 years} brothers. {
captured at Mobile.} {
Moses, Perry, Jr.} { Culpepper Battery
Wounded at Mobile.} {
Moses, I. Harby} {            6th Cavalry
Graduate of Citadel} {
Academy; served} {
throughout the war.} {
Moses, Daniel  Culpepper Battery
Moses, David L.  Culpepper Battery
[379]Moses, I. L.  Culpepper Battery
Wounded at Manassas; killed at Fort Blakely.
Moses, M. P.  Culpepper Battery
Moses T. J. Jr.  Culpepper Battery
Moses, Z. P.  Culpepper Battery
Moses, Meyer B.  Culpepper Battery
Mordecai, Thomas W.  Hampton's Cavalry
Killed at Brandy Station, Virginia.
Manning, Jacob  Hampton Legion
Killed at Brandy Station, Virginia.
Moses A. D. L.  Hampton Legion
Wounded at Seven Pines.
Moses, A. J. Sr.  Mellet's Regiment
Moise, Edward  Palmetto Guards
Enlisted 1861; served until the close of the war.
Moise, Isaac  Palmetto Guards
Enlisted 1861; served until the close of the war.
 
Oppenheimer, EdwinSergeant G16th Infantry
Oppenheimer, Julius H.SergeantG16th Infantry
Oppenheimer, SamuelSergeantG16th Infantry
Oppenheimer, H. D. H. G16th Infantry
 
Pollock, B. C. A1st Infantry
Pollock, Clarence A1st Infantry
Killed at Spottsylvania, Virginia.
Pollock, J. L. A1st Infantry
Pollock, T. M. A1st Infantry
Peixotto, S. C.  1st Infantry
Phillips, Isidore  Hampton Legion
Phillips, Michael A.  Hampton Legion
Posnanski, Gustavus  Sumter Guards
 
Robertson, Abraham A3d Infantry
Robinson, Charles C.  7th Infantry
Served throughout the war.
[380]Richards, Meyer  21st Infantry
Rosendorf, Jacob  1st Calvary
Rothschild, Benjamin  Hampton Cavalry
Killed at Gaines' Mills, Virginia.
 
Solomon, J. L.  2nd Infantry
Summers, Ad.  2nd Infantry
Drowned near Port Royal.
Sulzbacher, William E3d Infantry
Spiegelberg, Morris  16th Infantry
Seixas, B. M.  20th Infantry
Solomon, J. F.  20th Infantry
Schiller, Louis  1st Cavalry
Sommers, Isaac  Heavy Artillery
Killed at Siege of Fort Moultrie.
Shapira, L. D.  Hampton Legion
Sampson, Henry  Stuart's Command
Sampson, E. J.  ——
Killed on June 27, 1864;
buried in Jewish Cemetery, Richmond, Virginia.
 
Triest, Maier  24th Infantry
 
Valentine, JacobCaptain Infantry

Served while a mere youth in the Palmetto Regiment during the Mexican War and was wounded in the storming of Cherubusco. He was believed to be the youngest pensioner of the United States Government. He lived in Philadelphia at the passage of "Secession," and immediately went to Charleston, offering his services to his native State. He was appointed Lieutenant in the first South Carolina regular infantry and took part in the bombardment of Fort Sumter, in April, 1861. He served in this regiment from that time continuously until December, 1863, when he was severely wounded while in command of Fort Moultrie. This wound was of so serious a [381]character as to prevent him from performing any further active service. He was detailed to the recruiting department in which he served until the close of the war. During the Mexican War he received two medals; one for bravery on the battle-field, and another for being the youngest soldier in the regiment.

Valentine, Isaac R.  Sumter Guards
Killed at Secessionville.
Valentine, H. M.  Sumter Guards
Wounded at Secessionville.
Valentine, Herz  Palmetto Guards
Wounded in action.
Valentine, I.  Palmetto Guards
Seriously wounded.
 
Witkowski, Adolph  2nd Infantry
Severely wounded at the Wilderness.
Wachtel, M.  4th Infantry
Wertheim, HermanLieutenant 7th Infantry
Killed at Spottsylvania.
Wertheim, Berthold G16th Infantry
Wetherhorn, Solomon E25th Infantry
Wolf, D. G25th Infantry
Captured; died and buried at
Woodlawn Cemetery, Elmira, New York.
Wertheim, Levi  German Artillery
Wertheim, Julius  Hampton Legion
Wilson, J. C.  Hampton Legion
Wolf, W. M.Lieutenant Hagood's Brigade
Killed; buried in
Jewish Cemetery, Richmond, Virginia.
Warner, Henry  Colleton Rifles
Wertheim, Heyman  Kershaw's Command
Killed at Gettysburg.
 
Zacharias, David C5th Cavalry
Killed at Mechanicsville.

[382]

TENNESSEE.

Name.Rank.Company.Regiment.
Bieber, —— I15th Infantry
Burg, Felix I15th Infantry
 
Cook, Joel K63d Infantry
Captured; died and buried at
Woodlawn Cemetery, Elmira, New York.
 
Dahlsheimer, M.CorporalI15th Infantry
Danheiser, Charles I15th Infantry
 
Freed, Julius I15th Infantry
Wounded at Perryville,
Chickamauga, and Dallas.
Foltz, Benjamin  15th Infantry
Killed at Shiloh.
Foltz, Leon  15th Infantry
Lost a leg in battle.
Foltz, Moses  15th Infantry
Lost a leg in battle.
Freeman, Max  15th Infantry
Killed at Murfreesboro.
 
Gutmann, Emanuel A3d Infantry
 
Hirschberg, Simon  1st Infantry
Hober, G.Major 8th Infantry
Taken prisoner at Port Hudson.
Hansman, Samuel I15th Infantry
Hecht, Samuel I15th Infantry
 
Jacoby, Emil G.  3d Infantry
Killed at Shiloh.
[383]
Kuhn, Max  15th Infantry
Killed at Shiloh.
 
Liebschutz, Jacob  8th Infantry
Killed at Resaca.
Liebschutz, Joseph  8th Infantry
Killed at Franklin, Tennessee.
Lang, —— I15th Infantry
Lenbril, L. I15th Infantry
Loeb, Jacob I15th Infantry
 
Minkus, J.  1st Infantry
Martin, Mordecai I15th Infantry
 
Nassauer, Louis  1st Infantry
Nathan, JuliusSergeantI15th Infantry
Promoted.
 
Paraire, Isaac  1st Infantry
 
Schiffman, Simon  3d Infantry
Sanders, Mark  4th Infantry
Seelig, Simon  4th Infantry
Straus, S.LieutenantI15th Infantry
Seesel, Henry, Jr. I15th Infantry
Simonson, —— I15th Infantry
Killed at Shiloh.
 
Wronker, Morris  4th Infantry
Wolf, FrederickCorporalI15th Infantry
Wasseman, Charles I15th Infantry
Wachenheim, S.  40th Infantry
 
Zucker, Simon K10th Cavalry

[384]

TEXAS.

Name.Rank.Company.Regiment.
Alexander, A. S.Captain 1st Infantry
Commander Oswald's Battalion;
served until close of war.
Angel, A. A5th Infantry
Killed at Manassas.
Auerbach, Doctor J. A5th Infantry
Auerbach, E. B5th Infantry
Killed at Wilderness.
Ash, Henry C5th Infantry
 
Benedict, Jacob F1st Infantry
Killed at Malvern Hill.
Bacharach, Wolf A5th Infantry
Billig, Isaac A5th Infantry
Buck, Robert  1st Artillery
 
Cohen, Henry L1st Infantry
Cramer, Joseph  1st Infantry
Wounded at Gettysburg;
served until close of war.
Cobman, Louis A5th Infantry
Wounded at Gettysburg.
Cohen, S. A5th Infantry
Killed at Gettysburg.
Coleman, Louis A5th Infantry
Wounded at Gettysburg.
Cramer, A.Lieutenant B8th Infantry
   (Flourney's Regiment)
Coleman, Meyer A26th Infantry
 
Dreyfus, Samuel B1st Infantry
Deutsch, Solomon  1st Infantry
Wounded; served until close of war.
[385]Davidburg, David D. B6th Infantry
Davidson, David H. B6th Infantry
Deutsch, S. C6th Infantry
Daniels, J. C8th Infantry
Davidson, Henry A26th Infantry
Dreyfus, Charles A26th Infantry
Dannenbaum, Joseph CCook Regiment
 
Elsasser, I. A5th Infantry
 
Frank, J. W. L1st Infantry
Enlisted 1861; killed at Sharpsburg.
Frank, L. BElmore's Infantry
Friedburger, G.  9th Cavalry
Killed at Corinth.
Friedlander, N. A26th Cavalry
Friedberger, Gabriel  Terry's Cavalry
Friedberger, Samuel  Terry's Cavalry
Fischel, Leon  Wirt Adams Cavalry
Fox, Allen CHeavy Artillery
Fox, A. BWaul's Legion
 
Glaser, Wolf  1st Infantry
Goldsticker, J. A4th Infantry
Killed at Sharpsburg.
Goetz, Julius A14th Infantry
Wounded and taken prisoner.
Gans, Samuel  26th Cavalry
Wounded at Cane River.
Gans, Leon AParson's Cavalry
 
Hines, A. B4th Infantry
Lost an arm at Gaines' Mills;
wounded at New Hope Church.
Hief, Charles B6th Infantry
Enlisted 1861; captured.
[386]Heller, Louis  6th Infantry
Holdstein, Isidore A8th Infantry
Hirschberg, J. A26th Cavalry
Hyams, S. A26th Cavalry
Harby, Henry J. C26th Cavalry
Enlisted at the age of sixteen years;
served until close of war.
Hirschfield, H.  Parson's Brigade
 
Jacoby, Max A1st Infantry
Lost right leg at Gaines' farm.
 
Kaufman, Edward  1st Infantry
Kemper, H.  1st Infantry
Keller, TheodoreColonel 2nd Infantry
Promoted; wounded at Corinth.
Klopman, L. A8th Infantry
Killed at Jenkins' Ferry, Arkansas.
Kohlman, M. A26th Cavalry
 
Leave, R. B. B1st Infantry
Wounded at Malvern Hill.
Lazarus, S. S. L1st Infantry
Wounded at Chickamauga.
Lazarus, B. E4th Infantry
Levy, Robert A5th Infantry
Lewis, Isaac C5th Infantry
Lachman, E. D5th Infantry
Wounded at Manassas.
Lasker, M.  2nd Cavalry
Leopold, W.  1st Heavy Artillery
Levy, Isaac BLight Artillery
Levison, A. BWaul's Legion
Levison, Paul BWaul's Legion
 
Morris, LehmanSergeantD1st Infantry
Killed at Gettysburg.
[387]Maas, Louis D5th Infantry
Killed at Manassas.
Michel, Henry  15th Infantry
Melaski, J. A26th Cavalry
Meyer, Joseph CHeavy Artillery
 
Oppenheimer, J. B2nd Infantry
Oppenheimer, A.  22nd Infantry
Oppenheimer, Benjamin  22nd Infantry
Oppenheimer, S.  22nd Infantry
Oppenheimer, D.Captain 3d Cavalry
 
Pickard, H. H5th Infantry
Pepper, L. S. A8th Infantry
Pepper, Samuel A8th Infantry
Pohalski, G. D. G11th Infantry
Served throughout the war.
Pohalski, P. G11th Infantry
Served until the close of the war.
 
Rosenfield, Alexander A26th Cavalry
Rosenfield, Henry A26th Cavalry
Rosenfield, Michael A26th Cavalry
Rich, Louis M. CCook's Cavalry
 
Showlski, Charles E5th Infantry
Wounded at Gettysburg.
Samush, J. A8th Infantry
Wounded at Sabine River.
Siegel, Joseph  8th Infantry
Silberberg, George B9th Infantry
Served four years.
Sampson, Edward J.  10th Infantry
Killed at Hanover Court House;
buried in Jewish cemetery,
Richmond, Virginia.
Solomon, Joseph A. G11th Infantry
[388]Stein, IsaacColonel Marshall's Regiment
Lost his right arm at second battle of Manassas.
Steiner, Victor  Texas Rangers
Seeligson, HenryLieutenant Cavalry
[See record in Mexican War Lists.]
 
Teah, Abraham  8th Infantry
Promoted to Corporal, Sergeant-Major,
and Aide-de-camp to Colonel Overton Young,
commanding 1st Brigade, Walker's Division.
Teah, Abraham  22nd Infantry
 
Walker, A. K1st Infantry
Wolf, Simon F4th Infantry
Killed at Manassas.
Wolf, A. A5th Infantry
Wounded at Seven Pines.
Wolf, A. F. A5th Infantry
Killed at Sharpsburg.
Wolf, Benjamin A5th Infantry
Wetmore, James C8th Infantry
Weis, Albert  2nd Cavalry
Weis, Leopold  2nd Cavalry
Wiener, Solomon  Terry's Scouts

VERMONT.

Name.Rank.Company.Regiment.
Seligson, H. A.  Colonel     ——

[389]

VIRGINIA.

Name.Rank.Company.Regiment.
Adler, Henry { E1st Infantry
Enlisted 1861; killed at Roanoke Island; {14th Infantry
buried in Jewish Cemetery, Richmond, Virginia.
Abrams, Isaac G1st Infantry
Archer, Lewis H1st Infantry
Enlisted 1861; honorably discharged
on account of wound.
Angle, Meyer D12th Infantry
Enlisted 1861; captured at Sailors' Creek.
Angle, M. E46th Infantry
Angle, Buck  46th Infantry
Angle, Joseph  59th Infantry
Adler, A. A1st Artillery
 
Bear, AlexanderLieutenantD4th Infantry
Subsequently Surgeon.
Bacharach, M.  ——
Killed before Richmond; buried at
Jewish Cemetery, Richmond, Virginia.
Bacarach, S.  ——
Killed before Richmond; buried at
Jewish Cemetery, Richmond, Virginia.
Baach, Siegmund  Longstreet's Corps
Captured by Union troops.
Baach, Seligman  Longstreet's Corps
Captured.
Baach, Solomon H.  Longstreet's Corps
Killed in battle at Salem Church,
near Fredericksburg, Virginia.
[390]Bernheim, SamuelSergeant-Major City Battalion
Barnett, B. J.  Engineer Corps
 
Cohen, Jacob B12th Infantry
Cohen, David  Richmond Hussars
Cohen, Morris  Richmond Hussars
 
Davis, Benjamin B6th Infantry
Killed before Richmond; Buried at
Jewish Cemetery, Richmond, Virginia.
Daniel, Joseph B12th Infantry
Wounded at Gettysburg; served until surrender.
Degen, Samuel A19th Infantry
Dreyfus, Leon A10th Cavalry
Davis, Ansley S.  Reserves
Deichs, William  Norfolk Blues
Detailed on special service.
 
Ezekiel, E. M. { A1st Infantry
Served until the close of the war. {46th Infantry
Ezekiel, Joseph K. B46th Infantry
Killed at Petersburg.
Eiseman, Louis  Wise's Brigade
Ezekiel, Jacob  1st Militia
Ezekiel, Moses J.Lieutenant Cadets
Promoted from Private.  Virigina Institute
 
Frankenthal, Simon B46th Infantry
Enlisted 1861; honorably discharged for
disability on account of wounds.
Friedenwald, Isaac A53d Infantry
Friedland, A.  Richmond
   Light Blues
 
Goldstein, Bernard E46th Infantry
Enlisted 1861; disabled by wounds;
honorably discharged.
Guggenheim, Simon E46th Infantry
[391]Gunst, Michael E46th Infantry
Goldstein, J.  46th Infantry
Gunst, Henry  —— Cavalry
Gersberg, Henry  ——
Killed June 2nd, 1864; buried at
Jewish Cemetery, Richmond, Virginia.
 
Hirschberg, Joseph A1st Infantry
Hutzler, Siegmund L. A1st Infantry
Hexter, Simon { E1st Infantry
  {46th Infantry
Hessburg, Julius  3d Infantry
Killed at Gaines' Mills; buried at
Jewish Cemetery, Richmond, Virginia.
Heilbroner, Henry H27th Infantry
Wounded at Port Republic.
Hesser, S. E46th Infantry
Hirsch, Herman A1st Cavalry
Enlisted 1861; assigned to 12th Infantry.
Hessburg, M.  —— Cavalry
Harris, Moses  Richmond Hussars
 
Isaacs, Abraham E46th Infantry
Enlisted 1861; wounded at Petersburg;
served through the war.
 
Kuh, E. S. H8th Infantry
Kull, M. E. A12th Infantry
Kayton, N. N. E46th Infantry
Keyton, Louis E46th Infantry
Kadden, A. A10th Cavalry
Kalten, Aaron  Wise's Brigade
 
Lichtenstein, Isidore H1st Infantry
Lowenstein, William  {    1st Infantry
Enlisted 1861; detailed to Medical Department;  { 46th Infantry
a member of the State Legislature, November, 1892.
[392]Levy, Lewis A12 Infantry
Lowenstein, Isidore A12th Infantry
Wounded at Malvern Hill.
Lorsch, Henry A19th Infantry
Seriously wounded at Seven Pines.
Levy, Ezekiel J.CaptainE46th Infantry
Promoted for gallantry; served four years.
Levy, Isaac J. E46th Infantry
Killed at Petersburg.
Levy, Alexander H. E46th Infantry
Served four years.
Levy, Joseph E46th Infantry
Enlisted 1861; wounded at Petersburg, and disabled.
Levy, Emanuel G. E46th Infantry
Lyon, Thomas  46th Infantry
Levy, Leopold}  { G1st Cavalry
Levy, Sampson} (Three brothers){ G1st Cavalry
Levy, Solomon}  {23d Infantry
Died of wounds. }{
Lichtenstein, K.  19th Reserves
Levy, E.Captain Richmond Blues
Lowenstein, I.  Richmond Grays
Literman, Simeon  Young's Battery
 
Myers, William A1st Infantry
Myers, Marks  12th Infantry
Killed at Manassas.
Myer, Max B12th Infantry
Disabled in action.
Middledorfer, Charles E12th Infantry
Myers, A.  17th Infantry
Myers, Solomon  18th Infantry
Moses, J. C. E46th Infantry
Seriously wounded.
Myers, C. E46th Infantry
Disabled in service.
[393]Myers, Lewis  46th Infantry
Myers, Herman  1st Cavalry
Myers, Benjamin CWise's Brigade
Middledorfer, Max  Fayette Artillery
 
Newman, Joseph K20th Infantry
Captured; died of wounds; buried in
Woodlawn Cemetery, Elmira, New York.
Newman, Isaac  46th Infantry
Newman, Jacob  59th Infantry
 
Obermayer, H.  2nd Infantry
Oethenger, David B18th Infantry
Oberndorfer, B.  Young's Battery
 
Pyle, Hardy G1st Infantry
Plaut, Hugo  46th Infantry
 
Rosenberg, M. G6th Infantry
Specially detailed at Richmond.
Rosenfeld, Simon A12th Infantry
Reinach, A. S. B12th Infantry
Reinach, Isadore B12th Infantry
Rosenheim, Henry E46th Infantry
Rosenberg, Michael  Norfolk Blues Infantry
Reinach, Morris  Petersburg Grays
 
Seldner, IsaacLieutenant 6th Infantry
Promoted from Private for bravery;
killed at Chancellorsville, May 3, 1863;
buried in Jewish Cemetery, Richmond, Virginia.
Schwartz, ——  17th Infantry
Semon, Jacob S. E46th Infantry
Schoenthal, Joseph E46th Infantry
Son, Jacob E46th Infantry
Strauss, David  7th Cavalry
Simon, Isaac  Richmond Hussars
[394]Simon, Nathan  Richmond Hussars
Smith, Henry  Otoy's Battery
Killed in first battle.
Seligman, H.  Petersburg Grays
 
Triesdorfer, G. B14th Infantry
Tucker, ——  10th Cavalry
 
Unstadter, M. A6th Infantry
Wounded at Gaines' Mills;
discharged for being disabled for service.
 
Whitlock, P. A12th Infantry
Discharged for being disabled for service.
Wilzinsky, Lewis H12th Infantry
Wolff, W. M.Lieutenant 25th Infantry
   (Hagood's Brigade)
Killed before Richmond;
buried in Jewish Cemetery, Richmond, Virginia.
Wasseman, Levy E46th Infantry
Wounded and captured at Roanoke;
when discharged served on hospital duty.
Wambach, Leopold  Norfolk Blues Infantry
Killed at Vicksburg.
Whitehead, Henry  Wise's Brigade

WASHINGTON TERRITORY.

Steinberger, JustusMajor ——
Captain and Assistant Adjutant-General,
Major and Paymaster.

[395]

WEST VIRGINIA.

Eddelman, G. H. K6th Infantry
Heidelsheimer, W. H.Lieutenant 7th Infantry
Kraus, SamuelCaptainB7th Infantry
Promoted from the ranks. 
Mayer, DanielCaptain 5th Infantry

The following letter is of interest:

State of West Virginia,
Wheeling, May 30th, 1866.

Adjutant-General's Office.
Doctor Daniel Mayer, Charleston, W. Va.

Sir:

I am directed by his Excellency, the Governor, to present to you the enclosed medal in accordance with a joint resolution of the Legislature of the State of West Virginia, adopted February 1st, 1866, as a slight testimonial of the high appreciation by the State of your devotion, patriotism and services in suppression of the late rebellion.

Very respectfully,
Your obedient servant,
J. H. Duval,
Adjutant-General.
Rausch, C. M.  11th Infantry
Rose, Abraham 1st Light Artillery
Steinacher, Wilson   { 2nd Infantry
Wounded.  {  5th Cavalry

[396]


WISCONSIN.

Abrahamson, Martin B1st Infantry
Ash, Reuben,1st LieutenantE2nd Infantry
Enlisted as Corporal; wounded at Bull Run;
captured at Gettysburg.
Auerbach, Gustav F3d Infantry
Abrahamson, Martin { H3d Infantry
Served four years. {21st Infantry
Abraham, August A6th Infantry
Arnstein, Emil F6th Infantry
Aaron, Jacob C8th Infantry
Abrahamson, Jacob I13th Infantry
Abrahamson, Jacob A15th Infantry
Alexander, Jacob F16th Infantry
Aaron, Michael K20th Infantry
Wounded at Prairie Grove, Arkansas.
Abrahamson, John E21st Infantry
Served three years.
Alexander, LeviCorporalG43d Infantry
Adler, Frederick G45th Infantry
Abel, Herman A48th Infantry
Adler, Max  2nd Battery
 
Blum, Ferdinand E1st Infantry
Bear, Isaac C3d Infantry
Birnbaum, Charles I6th Infantry
Killed at Gainesville, Virginia.
Bernhard, Julius B7th Infantry
Baum, Charles F. E8th Infantry
Wounded in action.
Bahr, Julius H8th Infantry
[397]Blum, Jacob G9th Infantry
Benjamin, Cyrus H11th Infantry
Benjamin, Samuel I11th Infantry
Wounded; served four years.
Baer, Aaron A14th Infantry
Benjamin, Ephraim D16th Infantry
   (reorganized)
Behrend, Joseph C17th Infantry
Baer, Herman D17th Infantry
Blum, Ferdinand B21st Infantry
Wounded in action.
Baum, Daniel I22nd Infantry
Behrens, S. Behrend H26th Infantry
Blum, Jacob I26th Infantry
Enlisted as Private; wounded in action.
Baumgarten, Henry K26th Infantry
Captured.
Blum, Samuel D27th Infantry
Blum, Charles G28th Infantry
Served three years.
Benjamin, Ephraim G32nd Infantry
Blumenstein, Charles F.LieutenantE34th Infantry
Enlisted as Private.
Bernhard, Max G35th Infantry
Bernhard, Carl G35th Infantry
Bachman, Jacob I42nd Infantry
Baum, Julius G44th Infantry
Baum, Jacob D45th Infantry
Bahrent, Joseph  45th Infantry
Baum, Oscar D48th Infantry
Benjamin, Isaac C51st Infantry
Baum, Julius M1st Cavalry
Captured.
Bamberg, Carl  Milwaukee Cavalry
Behrend, Gustav C1st Heavy Artillery
Benjamin, DanaCorporal 9th Battery
Enlisted as Private; served three years.
[398]Cohen, William D49th Infantry
 
Davison, Nathan S.1st LieutenantB37th Infantry
Promoted from Sergeant, 20th; wounded
at Petersburg and at Weldon Railroad.
Davis, Isaac H38th Infantry
Davis, Levi F40th Infantry
Davis, Isaac H43d Infantry
Died in the service.
Davison, Joseph E44th Infantry
Danielson, Jacob A48th Infantry
Davis, David A. K49th Infantry
Davis, David G50th Infantry
Davis, David F51st Infantry
Davis, Levy P. E52nd Infantry
David, AlexanderCaptainB3d Cavalry
 
Erdman, HermanCommissary- 9th Infantry
Enlisted as Private.Sergeant (reorganized)
Erdman, Gottlieb C14th Infantry
Wounded at Spanish Fort.
Erdman, Theodore C14th Infantry
Eiseman, Jacob E25th Infantry
Wounded at Decatur, Georgia.
Erdman, HenrySergeantC26th Infantry
Enlisted as Private; wounded at
Bentonville, N. C.; served three years.
Esslinger, EmanuelCorporalK33d Infantry
Served three years.
Esslinger, Samuel K33d Infantry
Served three years.
Erdman, GottliebSergeantE34th Infantry
 
Falkenstein, Charles H1st Infantry
Freund, Joseph F6th Infantry
Frank, Salomon S. C11th Infantry
[399]Frank, Simon C16th Infantry
Falk, Jacob  17th Infantry
Died in the service.
Frank, Joseph S. F18th Infantry
Captured.
Flesh, Moses I23d Infantry
Wounded at Vicksburg and
at Carrion Crow Bayou.
Frohlich, JuliusCorporalB26th Infantry
Enlisted as Private.
Feldman, Philip I26th Infantry
Died of wounds received at Gettysburg.
Franke, Herman E34th Infantry
Friedland, Frederick D2nd Cavalry
Frieberg, Heinrich H2nd Cavalry
Furst, Ludwig H2nd Cavalry
Falkenburg, EliasSergeantM2nd Cavalry
Frank, Oscar E4th Cavalry
Frank, Gustav  8th Battery
Veteran; served four years.
 
Gans, Adam H6th Infantry
Gans, Isaac K22d Infantry
Captured.
Grunewald, Heinrich F34th Infantry
Goodman, Joseph I45th Infantry
Gans, Arnold K58th Infantry
Died in the service.
 
Horwitz, PhilipLieutenantH1st Infantry
Hart, Benjamin D2nd Infantry
Hess, David B3d Infantry
Herrman, Gottlieb A5th Infantry
Wounded at Gettysburg and
at Fredericksburg.
Haas, Jacob A9th Infantry
Served three years.
Heineman, Frederick B9th Infantry
Served three years.
[400]Herrman, Albert C9th Infantry
Hess, Adolph I9th Infantry
Wounded in action.
Hirsch, John  9th Infantry
Harris, Isaac B10th Infantry
Herrmanson, Herman K10th Infantry
Harris, Simon D11th Infantry
Harris, Joel H11th Infantry
Herrmann, Jacob  14th Infantry
Hirschman, Ferdinand C16th Infantry
Hirsch, William F19th Infantry
Herrman, Henry H19th Infantry
Herzberg, August H20th Infantry
Died in the service.
Herrmanson, Herman D21st Infantry
Heinberg, Louis I23d Infantry
Served three years.
Hahn, Herman I24th Infantry
Horwitz, PhilipMajor 26th Infantry
Hübschman, FrancisSurgeon 26th Infantry
Herrman, Herman  26th Infantry
Died of wounds at Chancellorsville.
Hirsch, Frederick I26th Infantry
Captured.
Heineman, Joseph E27th Infantry
Died in the service.
Hart, Levi F27th Infantry
Died in the service.
Hart, Benjamin K29th Infantry
Died in the service.
Hart, DanielSergeantA32nd Infantry
Enlisted as private.
Hart, Benjamin A32nd Infantry
Herrman, Jacob D32nd Infantry
Heineman, Joseph C33d Infantry
Died in the service.
Heineman, August I37th Infantry
[401]Harris, Erwin W. F39th Infantry
Hirschman, DavidCaptainG44th Infantry
Huebsch, Joseph C45th Infantry
Haas, Jacob I46th Infantry
Herrman, Leopold D48th Infantry
Hart, Frank J. A1st Cavalry
Died in the service.
Harris, Simon F2nd Cavalry
Herzfeld, John G2nd Cavalry
Served three years.
Heineman, Joseph H2nd Cavalry
Heyman, William D2nd Cavalry
Served three years.
Herzberg, Ernest F.Captain 2nd Battery
Hess, Henry E.  3d Battery
Captured; died in the service.
Hofman, Joseph  5th Battery
Served four years.
 
Israel, AbrahamsSergeantA14th Infantry
Enlisted as private; Veteran; served four years.
Isaacson, Isaac D15th Infantry
Israelson, J. G. K50th Infantry
Isaacson, Lewis C.  4th Battery
Killed at Darby Road, Virginia.
 
Jacoby, Adolph H9th Infantry
Jacobson, Jacob B15th Infantry
Wounded at Chickamauga.
Jacobson, Salomon C15th Infantry
Served four years.
Jacobson, Jacob L. D15th Infantry
Wounded at Hope Church.
Jacobs, Justin C16th Infantry
In Veteran Reserve Corps; served four years.
Jacobson, Martin F18th Infantry
[402]Jonas, Elias C19th Infantry
Jacobson, John B22nd Infantry
Killed at Peach Tree Creek.
Joachimsthal, Joseph F26th Infantry
Wounded at Chancellorsville; served three years.
Jacobson, Jacob I27th Infantry
Served three years.
Jacobson, Julius C28th Infantry
Served three years.
Jacobs, Lyman C.2nd LieutenantB36th Infantry
Promoted from Corporal.
Jacoby, Frederick B45th Infantry
Jacobson, Adolph  2nd Cavalry
Jacobson, David B4th Cavalry
Jacobson, Jacob G4th Cavalry
 
Klauber, Charles K1st Infantry
Kohn, Jacob  5th Infantry
   (reorganized)
Kohn, Julius D9th Infantry
Kauffman, Benjamin E12th Infantry
Kaufman, Joseph B18th Infantry
Kaufman, Eli M. I20th Infantry
Kaufman, Benjamin F25th Infantry
Kohn, MartinCorporalH26th Infantry
Wounded at Resaca, Georgia.
Kaufman, Joseph L. H33d Infantry
Kaufman, Michael I43d Infantry
Kaiser, Felix D44th Infantry
Kohn, Rudolph A45th Infantry
Kaufman, Frederick G45th Infantry
Kaufman, Eli H50th Infantry
Kahns, Frederick C1st Cavalry
Kohn, Frederick C1st Cavalry
Kaufman, Julius H2nd Cavalry
Died in the service.
[403]Klein, Adolph L3d Cavalry
Kohn, Franz  2nd Battery
Kaufman, Jacob A.  Permanent Guard
 
Lowenstein, Charles D1st Infantry
Liebenstein, William B3d Infantry
Lisner, Henry F5th Infantry
Killed at Petersburg.
Loebe, Michael C6th Infantry
Liebman, Louis I7th Infantry
Wounded at Hatchers' Run.
Levy, Theodore  10th Infantry
Levi, Isidore I14th Infantry
Levison, Isaac E18th Infantry
Died in the service.
Lewison, Lewis E22nd Infantry
Lyon, Benjamin A23d Infantry
Died in the service.
Lyons, Moses J. G24th Infantry
Liebenstein, Philip B26th Infantry
Liebenstein, W. B26th Infantry
Lippman, HenryCommissaryF26th Infantry
Died of wounds.Sergeant
Loeb, Henry C35th Infantry
Loeb, Lewis E36th Infantry
Langstaat, Gotfried1st LieutenantH2nd Cavalry
Re-enlisted as Veteran; promoted from Sergeant;
served four years.
Livermore, Joseph L. L2nd Cavalry
Wounded and captured.
Lichtenberg, FrederickCorporalM3d Cavalry
Served three years.
Loeb, Isaac C4th Cavalry
Died in the service.
[404]
Mark, Frederick C1st Infantry
Marks, Jacob H  1st Infantry
Metzler, Jacob K2nd Infantry
Wounded and captured at Gainesville.
Moses, Edgar F7th Infantry
Served four years.
Marx, Jacob H9th Infantry
Marks, Joseph B. G10th Infantry
Died in the service.
Moses, Albert H10th Infantry
Maas, Marton B11th Infantry
Meyer, Simon I11th Infantry
Meyer, Bernard2nd LieutenantB17th Infantry
Enlisted as Private.
Meyer, Emanuel B17th Infantry
Maas, Frederick C17th Infantry
Maas, William D17th Infantry
Wounded in action.
Marx, Philip E18th Infantry
Captured.
Moses, Richard C21st Infantry
Moses, John C21st Infantry
Marx, Jacob D21st Infantry
Mayer, Joseph C24th Infantry
Mayer, LouisCorporalC24th Infantry
Enlisted as Private; killed at Resaca, Georgia.
Mayer, Jacob K24th Infantry
Moses, Martin E25th Infantry
Mann, Nathan G25th Infantry
Died in the service.
Metzel, AlexanderSergeant-Major B26th Infantry
Enlisted as Private.
Meyer, Leopold C26th Infantry
Served three years.
Mangold, Nathan K26th Infantry
Killed at Chancellorsville.
[405]Mandel, Theodore D27th Infantry
Served three years.
Mandel, Heinrich D27th Infantry
Wounded; captured; died as prisoner.
Mandel, Frederick D27th Infantry
Served three years.
Marx, Henry P. C33d Infantry
Served three years.
Maier, Jacob K48th Infantry
Maier, Herman A50th Infantry
Maas, Fritz K51st Infantry
Moses, Alfred D52nd Infantry
Marcus, Bernard A1st Cavalry
Mayer, John T. B1st Cavalry
Marx, Frederick B2nd Cavalry
Served three years.
Moritz, Oscar H2nd Cavalry
Marks, Theodore A3d Cavalry
Moses, Reuel E. C4th Cavalry
Marks, Henry2nd Lieutenant 12th Battery
Enlisted as private; served three years.
Mayers, Jacob  13th Battery
Maier, David C1st Heavy Artillery
Mann, Jacob C1st Heavy Artillery
 
Nauman, MoritzCorporalE9th Infantry
Captured; served three years.
Nauman, Frederick E9th Infantry
Served three years.
Newman, Carl B17th Infantry
Nathan, Daniel I24th Infantry
Newstadfor, Nathan H24th Infantry
Killed at Chickamauga, Georgia.
Nussbaum, George C33d Infantry
Served three years.
Nathan, Adolph A41st Infantry
[406]Newbaum, Michael G44th Infantry
Nussbaum, Daniel D51st Infantry
Neuberg, Jacob H2nd Cavalry
Died in the service.
 
Perlewitz, Herman H1st Infantry
Perlewitz, H.SergeantA26th Infantry
Polashak, Adolph H26th Infantry
Pollack, Frederick J. B3d Cavalry
Died in the service.
 
Rice, Morris S. C1st Infantry
Richtenstein, JuliusCorporalC1st Infantry
Entered as Private.
Rose, Alexander  5th Infantry
Rothschild, Max  5th Infantry
Rosenberg, Henry D6th Infantry
Rice, Jacob C7th Infantry
Captured; died at Andersonville.
Rosenbach, Charles F8th Infantry
Veteran; served four years.
Rosenthal, Rudolph B9th Infantry
   (reorganized)
Rothschild, William F10th Infantry
Rosenau, Charles B. F21st Infantry
Rosenbaum, Arnold C24th Infantry
Died of wounds received at Kenesaw Mountain.
Rosenthal, Henry D26th Infantry
Wounded at Gettysburg.
Rosenthal, William E26th Infantry
Wounded in action.
Rosenthal, Eugene K31st Infantry
Rosenau, Charles A35th Infantry
Died in the service.
Rosenberg, James C36th Infantry
Rosenberg, FrederickCorporalC45th Infantry
Rosenfeld, LeopoldCorporalD48th Infantry
[407]Rosenthal, August E48th Infantry
Rosenthal, William F50th Infantry
Rosenheim, Max H2nd Cavalry
Wounded at Grand Gulf, Missouri.
Rice, Simon  1st Battery
Rice, Nathan P.  5th Battery
Veteran; served four years.
Rose, Moses  6th Battery
Rice, Nathan B.  12th Battery
 
Steiner, Henry D1st Infantry
Steiner, Frederick D1st Infantry
Steinberger, Jacob E1st Infantry
Sampson, Samuel I2nd Infantry
Captured.
Schwab, Simon I3d Infantry
Samuels, AlexanderCommissary-D3d Infantry
 Sergeant
Enlisted as Private.
Samuels, AlexanderQuartermaster 5th Infantry
   (reorganized)
Schoenfeld, Joseph A5th Infantry
Samuels, David D5th Infantry
Schoneman, AugustCorporalD9th Infantry
Enlisted as Private; served three years.
Solomon, James F. E12th Infantry
Seligman, Louis { K13th Infantry
  {24th Infantry
Sampson, Samuel A15th Infantry
Died in the service.
Solomon, Edwin A. D16th Infantry
Steinman, Jacob E16th Infantry
Captured.
Simon, Jacob C17th Infantry
Solomon, James C17th Infantry
Stein, Samuel K17th Infantry
Died in the service.
[408]Solomon, G. W. E19th Infantry
Samson, Joel J. E21st Infantry
Semisch, Julius A26th Infantry
Stein, Julius C26th Infantry
Killed at Chancellorsville.
Solomon, Levi H. A29th Infantry
Sampson, Reuben  33d Infantry
Stern, William F33d Infantry
Served three years.
Stern, Charles F33d Infantry
Wounded; captured; died of wounds.
Selig, Ludwig  45th Infantry
Schoeneman, David F49th Infantry
Sachs, Lewis  49th Infantry
Salmon, Joseph H1st Cavalry
Captured.
Seidenburg, Henry D1st Cavalry
Sachs, Louis H2nd Cavalry
Served three years.
Schlesinger, William M3d Cavalry
Sachs, William G. A4th Cavalry
Steinman, William  A 1st Heavy Artillery
Simon, Charles  K 1st Heavy Artillery
Sachs, Samuel  9th Battery
Served four years.
 
Vogel, Carl I34th Infantry
Vogel, JuliusSergeantK45th Infantry
 
Wise, Solomon K1st Infantry
Wolf, VictorCaptainC8th Infantry
Promoted from Lieutenant.
Weiss, Jacob G10th Infantry
Served three years.
Wolf, Jacob B11th Infantry
Wolf, Abraham G11th Infantry
[409]Wolf, FrankSergeantD12th Infantry
Enlisted as Private.
Wetzel, AlexanderMajorB26th Infantry

Enlisted as a Private in the 20th Wisconsin Volunteers; promoted to Corporal, Sergeant and Major for bravery at Chancellorsville; he was mortally wounded at Gettysburg.

Wolf, Albert G26th Infantry
Died of wounds.
Wolf, Abraham I38th Infantry
Leg amputated.
Wenk, Theodore 45th Infantry
Wolf, Samuel A51st Infantry
Wolf, Adam A51st Infantry
Wolf, Jacob C51st Infantry

WYOMING TERRITORY.

Name.Rank.Company.Regiment.
Judell, H. D1st Infantry

[410]

SOLDIERS OF THE CIVIL WAR UNCLASSIFIED AS TO COMMANDS.

Absent from their respective places in the foregoing rolls are the names of a large number of men whose participation in the Civil Conflict is found of record, but of whom the connection with their respective commands remains unnoted. These names are printed in the following list—a supplement to the ample quota of Jewish soldiers who did duty during the Civil War.

ALABAMA.
Brisk, Isaac
 
ARKANSAS.
Adler, BenjaminFeist, Marcus
Feist, Samuel
 
GEORGIA.
Alexander, JosephHilzheim, Alexander
Bren, RobertKilled at Missionary Ridge.
Brand, HermanKraus, William
Bush, GeorgeLevy, Albert
Killed in action.Levy, Abraham
Blankensee, J.Levy, W. E.
Killed in action.Killed in action.
Cohen, Isaac G.Moise, E. W.
Cohen, Isaac S.Marcus, M.
Cohen, M.Minis, P. H.
Cohen, M. S.Magnus, ——
Frank, IsaacRose, George
Goodman, A.Russel, W.
Heyman, A.Solomon, W. C.
[411]Solomons, L.Weiss, H.
Weil, E. A.Weiss, L.
Weil, HenryDied of wounds;
Weiss, S. buried at Richmond.
Buried at Richmond. Weiss, Henry W.
 
ILLINOIS.
Cahn, Al.Jones, Levi
Cass, ——Jones, Henry
Frühling, ——King, Asa
Hirsch, WolfKarlenbach, Morris
Hecht, ——Kahn, S.
Heldman, MoritzLederman, Moses
Hefler, ——Lederman, David
Klein, ——Lippold, Julius
Kahn, S.Lester, Joseph
Jones, BenjaminLederman, Daniel
Jones, DavidLederman, Solomon
Jones, AbrahamLester, Marcus
Jones, AdolphLippold, Gottlieb
Jones, IsaacLester, Simon
Jones, JosephLilienfield, ——
Jacobs, BernardLederman, Joseph
Jones, MosesLester, Isaac
Jones, SolomonMenke, Herman
Menke, Henry
 
INDIANA.
Abrahams, J.Davis, Moses
Anchutz, G.Davis, Abraham
Anspach, NoahFrank, Gottlieb
Ackerman, FrankFriedman, Frank
Ball, LeviFreeman, Nathan
Davidson, EliasFrank, David
Davis, NathanFrank, Isaac
Davis, IsaacGreen, Aaron
Davis, LeviGreen, Jacob
Davis, AaronGoodman, Isaac
[412]Green, HeymanIsrael, Elijah
Haller, NathanIsaacs, M.
Haller, JosephJudah, Andrew
Hart, IsaacJacobs, Isaac
Hammersley, MosesJones, Israel
Hammersley, JacobLehman, B.
Haller, DavidLehman, Jacob
Harris, LeviPollock, J.
Heineman, CharlesRosenberg, D.
Israel, JosephSanders, Isaac
Isaacs, PhilipSanders, Samuel
Isaacs, SimpsonSanders, Aaron
Isaacs, ReubenWallach, B.
Wise, Louis
 
KANSAS.
Davis, AbrahamCohn, David
Frank, Harry I.
 
KENTUCKY.
Davis, IsaacMoses, Abraham
David, AbrahamMayer, Jacob
Ehrlich, MayerMayer, Isaac
Ehrlich, WilliamWolf, Abraham
 
LOUISIANA.
Aaron, IsaacLeon, Alexander
Aronstein, MosesLevenson, ——
Blum, MosesRosenau, Herman
Baer, HermanRied, ——
Cohen, JosephRosenau, Siegmund
Kaufman, MorrisWolf, Abraham
 
MARYLAND.
Kaufman, IsaacNewgarten, Harry
Moses, JosephWolf, Jacob
 
MASSACHUSETTS.[413]
Arnold, O.Jacobs, Daniel
Ackerman, JosephLehman, Frederick
Arnold, IsaacLehman, Daniel
Ackerman, DanielMeier, Joseph
Benjamin, MarkMaier, Herman
Bender, JacobMoses, Samuel
Benjamin, SamuelMann, Benjamin
Benjamin, JosephMann, Isaac
Coleman, JosephManuel, Frank
Coleman, MosesMeyers, Isaac
Daniels, MarcusMeyer, Ludwig
Davis, MosesMayer, Frederick
Davis, LeviNewman, Frank
Friedman, GottliebPhinney, Isaac
Frank, GustavPhillips, Samuel
Freeman, AbrahamRice, Moses
Freeman, NathanRich, Samuel
Green, DavidRice, Oscar
Goldsmith, JosephRice, Jacob
Green, LeviSamuel, Solomon
Green, AaronSanders, Lewis
Harris, IsaacSimons, Benjamin
Hartman, MoritzSanger, Daniel
Haller, DavidSanger, Theodore
Jacobs, JacobSanders, Nathan
Jacobs, DavidWiesenbach, Gustav
Wise, Joseph
 
MICHIGAN.
Ackerman, SamuelBenjamin, E.
Arnold, LewisColeman, Levi
Arnold, MarcusColeman, Isaac
Ackerman, AbrahamColeman, David
Ackerman, JacobDavis, Oscar
Ball, DavidDavis, David
Benjamin, M.Davis, Isaac
[414]
Benjamin, M.Davis, Isaac
Davis, AaronJones, Henry
Davidson, IsaacJacobs, Lewis
Freeman, PhineasKaiser, Jacob
Fuchs, DavidKing, Aaron
Freeman, LeviKing, Jacob
Green, IsaacKarlenbach, Joseph
Green, BenjaminKing, Marcus
Green, NathanLehman, Gottlieb
Hart, IsaacMeyers, Joseph
Hart, SamuelMyers, David
Harris, IsraelNewman, Moses
Harris, AbrahamNewman, Joseph
Jones, JacobPhillips, J.
Jones, AbrahamRose, David
Jones, DavidRich, Levi
Jones, IsaacSanders, J.
 
MISSISSIPPI.
Levy, MeyerMorse, Charles
Killed in action.Rosenau, Marx
Lichtenstein, S.Weil, J.
 Died of wounds.
 
MISSOURI.
Adler, GeorgeDavis, Emmanuel
Adolph, PhilipGottschalk, Louis
Arnold, NathanGottschalk, Frederic
Baer, IsaacGreen, David
Baer, WilliamGreen, Adolph
Block, DavidHammer, Isaac
Ball, LeonHartman, Jacob
Baum, LouisHolzinger, Charles
Cline, CharlesJacobson, A.
Cline, HenryJoel, E.
Clifman, AsaJoel, Benjamin
David, DanielJones, Isaac
Davidson, IsaacJones, Henry
David, EphraimLehman, M.
[415]Leibold, GustavRexinger, Moses
Leupp, JacobRia, Morris
Meyers, JosephSegal, Benjamin
Newman, G.Triburg, Eugene
Nogel, E.Wolf, Charles
 Wolf, Joseph
 
NEW JERSEY.
Ackerman, JosephDiaz, Henry
Alexander, AdolphDavis, Isaac C.
Abraham, JacobDavison, Lewis
Ackerman, DavidFreeman, Morris
Ackerman, AaronFreeman, Alexander
Alexander, CharlesFreeman, Aaron
Adler, WilliamFreeman, Samuel
Adler, HenryFuchs, Jacob
Arnold, JacobFuchs, Michael
Ackerman, JosephFranks, Henry P.
Ackerman, MorrisGreen, Aaron
Abrams, EliasGreen, Moses
Ackerman, AaronGeiger, George
Ackerman, AbrahamGeisinger, Jacob
Abrams, JacobGeisinger, Isaac
Arnold, MichaelGeisinger, Frederick
Abrams, CharlesGottschalk, Samuel
Buxbaum, WilliamGreen, Aaron S.
Baer, JosephGeiger, Jacob
Behrens, CharlesGreen, Joseph
Bauer, Joseph A.Goodman, Marcus
Ball, AbrahamHarris, David
Bachman, JacobHardendorf, Jacob
Bauer, Jacob S.Harris, Isaac
Brill, JacobHolzman, George
Bauer, MorrisHarris, David
Bachman, William H.Harris, Benjamin
Coleman, MosesHerrman, Henry
Coleman, ReubenHahn, Martin
Davis, IsaacHess, Charles
Davis, NathanHess, Samuel
[416]Hahn, CharlesKlein, Samuel
Harris, AbrahamKing, Jacob
Hofman, LewisKohler, Elias
Hahn, MorrisLoeb, Benjamin
Hofman, DavidLozier, Alexander
Harris, SamuelLyon, Ebenezer
Hofman, BenjaminLyon, Lewis
Hofman, IsaacLehman, Joseph
Hart, DavidMyers, Julius
Hofman, JacobMeyer, Alexander
Harris, JosephMeyer, Henry
Hartman, GustavMeyer, Frank
Harris, Jacob B.Meyer, Joseph
Hart, IsaacMeier, Charles
Hart, Jacob C.Meyer, Joseph
Isaac, HenryMeier, Charles
Jacobs, HenryMeyers, Samuel
Jacobs, WilliamMeyer, Jacob
Josephs, FrederickMoritz, George
Jacobs, JosephMeyers, Adolph
Jacobs, CharlesMeyer, Isaac
King, MosesMeyers, Joseph
Koenig, MaximilianMeyers, Louis
Kuhn, Theo.Marx, Charles
Kohler, HenryMeyer, Joseph P.
Kuhn, FerdinandMoses, William
Klein, LudwigMoses, A.
King, IsaacMarks, Joseph
King, Isaac M.Meier, Herman
King, JosephMeier, Lewis
Konig, GustavNewman, Joseph
Klein, JosephNewman, Jacob
Koch, FredericNewman, Julius
King, AlexanderNauman, Julius
Kuhn, JacobNewman, David
King, AbrahamNewman, Levi
King, LewisNewman, Joel
Kohler, JacobNewman, David
[417]Sominson, FrederickSimon, Henry
Sanger, CarlStahl, Leopold
Simons, JosephVogel, Ferdinand
Sigal, BenjaminVogel, Louis
Simon, SamuelVogel, Joseph
Simons, LeviVogel, Lewis
Simons, JosephWolf, August
Stein, LouisWeiss, Adolph
Simonson, JesseWolf, Charles
Steinbach, JosephWolf, Frederick
Simons, IsaacWolf, Joseph
Wolf, William
 
NEW YORK.
Asher, MosesBacharach, Moritz
Asher, IsaacBernstein, David
Assenheimer, IsaacBlum, Adolph
Adler, MosesBrill, Henry
Asher, DavidBlum, Isaac
Adler, MarcusBaruch, M.
Ash, IsaacBaer, Abraham
Arnheim, OscarBall, Simon
Adler, DavidBachman, Abraham
Aaron, DavidBaer, Moses
Ash, MosesBien, Moritz
Arnheim, GustavBerliner, A.
Ash, LewisBreslauer, Alexander
Aaron, LouisBauer, Julius
Aaron, MosesBaum, C.
Arnold, FrankBlumenthal, Charles
Altman, IsaacBaum, William
Auerbach, GottliebBacharach, Simon
Ackerman, AdolphBamberger, Louis
Altman, CharlesCohen, Moses
Ackerman, GustavDavidson, Jacob
Auerbach, MosesDavidson, Isaac
Bunstein, MosesDavidson, Oscar
Bacharach, MarcusDavid, Moses
Blumenstein, MayerDavid, Isaac
[418]Eppenstein, MorrisLazarus, Edward
Ehrlich, J.Lowenthal, Simon
Eiseman, MaxLederman, Moritz
Friedberg, H.Lowenstein, Isaac
Friedman, IsaacLandauer, Joseph
Fleischman, M.Mannheimer, Moses
Friedman, AdolphMann, Joseph
Fleischman, GeorgeMay, Adolph
Goodman, MayerMaas, Frederick
Gottlieb, MosesMantel, Lewis
Goodman, M.Mendelson, Joseph
Gottlieb, A.Marcus, Oscar
Goodman, LewisMandelbaum, Isaac
Goldsmith, I.Nathan, Simon
Harris, M.Nathanson, Jacob
Harris, GeorgeNussbaum, Moses
Harris, AdolphOppenheimer, Maier
Heineman, AdolphOchs, Moses
Hochheim, M.Pinkson, Gustav
Jacobson, M.Proskauer, Jacob
Jacobson, A.Pollock, Isaac
Jones, DavidPollock, Moses
Jones, MeierPosner, Joseph
Jones, OscarRosenbaum, Joseph
Jones, AdolphRothschild, Meyer
Jones, MartinRothschild, Jacob
Kohn, MayerRosenfeld, Abraham
Kohn, AlexanderRaphael, Joseph
Kaufman, IsaacRosenblatt, Julius
Kahn, OscarStrauss, Moses
Koch, J.Strauss, Oscar
Katz, JacobSinzheimer, Gustav
Kong, IsaacSchoenthal, George
Loeb, JacobSelignan, Joseph
Loeb, MosesSchoenberg, Mayer
Lichtenstein, JacobSchoeneman, Harry
Limburger, IsaacSilberman, Moses
Levy, BernhardSpiegel, Louis
Lippman, MosesSchiff, Daniel
[419]Schonewalt, MoritzWeinberg, Julius
Schwab, AdolphWiener, Moritz
Schwab, HenryWeil, Julius
Stern, FrederickWasseman, Morris
Sachs, LewisWasseman, Simon
Schlessinger, EliWeinstein, Joseph
Schwarzschild, HenryWise, Simon
 
NORTH CAROLINA.
Abraham, S.Meyer, Samuel
Cohen, MosesOppenheim, David
Mayer, NathanWolf, Joseph
Killed in action.
 
OHIO.
Aaronstein, I.Coleman, Abraham
Altman, FrankColeman, Jacob
Abraham, AlexanderColeman, David
Ackerman, HenryDavis, Joseph
Alexander, JacobDavis, Asa
Alexander, IsaacDavis, Samuel
Ackerman, JosephDavis, Frank
Alexander, DavidDavis, David
Altman, SamuelDavis, Henry
Altman, SolomonDavis, Levi
Bauer, GustavDavis, Abraham
Ball, LewisDavis, Oscar
Bauer, JacobDavis, Eli
Ball, AbrahamDavis, Isaac
Bash, MosesDavis, Lewis
Brill, DavidDavis, Benjamin
Ball, SolomonDavis, Jacob
Bash, BernardDavis, Israel
Baer, IsaacDavis, Nathan
Baum, CharlesEhrlich, Adolph
Blau, EmilEhrlich, Charles
Blau, A.Ehrlich, Lewis
Cline, JacobFix, Bernard
[420]Franks, GustavHahneman, J.
Frank, HeymanIsaacson, Henry
Friedburg, PhilipIsaacs, Moses
Fix, LewisIsrael, Elias
Fuchs, DavidJones, Isaac
Freund, DanielJones, Henry
Freeman, AbrahamJones, Jacob
Freund, JacobJones, David
Freeman, SamuelJones, Aaron
Friedman, JacobJones, Julius
Fuchs, JacobJones, Levi
Frank, DavidKlein, Jesse
Green, IsaacKlein, Lewis
Green, JacobKoch, Charles
Goodman, JosephKing, Benjamin
Goodman, DavidKlein, Charles
Green, LeviKing, Joseph
Green, DavidKlein, Henry
Green, AbrahamKonigsburger, Henry
Harris, SolomonLippold, Jacob
Harris, LeviLudwig, Lewis
Hart, IsaacLederman, Joseph
Hofman, HenryLudwig, Jacob
Harris, EphraimLester, Benjamin
Hays, AlexanderLudwig, Isaac
Heller, CharlesLederman, Samuel
Harris, AbrahamLudwig, Daniel
Haller, BenjaminLester, David
Harris, SimonLudwig, Samuel
Hochstedter, HugoLippold, Frederick
Heine, HenryLudwig, Noah
Hart, FrankLowenstein, J.
Harris, BenjaminLowenthal, I.
Harris, SamuelLevi, Nathan
Hart, BenjaminLevi, Henry I.
Harris, LewisMoses, Henry
Heller, JacobMarks, Lester
Hays DavidMangold, Henry
[421]Moses, PerryPerley, V
Mann, LewisRapp, David
Marienthal, SimonRich, Charles
Michels, AbrahamRapp, Adolph
Moses, AsaRose, Aaron
Mangold, JacobRapp, Jacob
Marks, JacobRose, Nathan
Munz, GottliebRose, David
Moses, CharlesRubd, William
Manuel, JamesSchweitzer, Jacob
Metzger, JacobSwitzer, Henry
Mangold, GeorgeSampson, Frank
Moses, JamesSchenk, Salomon
Marx, J. H.Schwarz, Gottlieb
Moses, EnochSchlosser, S.
Mangold, JosephSchiff, Simon
Mann, AlexanderTachan, Henry G.
Moses, WilliamTannhauser, A.
Moak, J.Utz, Jacob
Moses, EnochUtz, Joseph
Nieman, TheodoreUtz, Samuel
Nieman, CharlesYost, Ephraim
Ochs, JuliusYost, David
Orbanski, AbrahamYost, Charles
Phillips, EmanuelYost, Daniel
Philip, NoahYost, Henry
Phillips, LewisWisner, Henry
Phillips, DanielWittkowsky, H.
Pike, H.Wittkowsky, K.
 
PENNSYLVANIA.
De Young, CharlesLevy, Elias
Fleisher, MoyerLewi, David
32nd Regiment of PennsylvaniaSamuel Abraham
State Militia.Stern, Israel W.
Highhill, IsraelServed four years and three
Highhill, Solomonmonths.
Lehman, SolomonStern, Simon
 
SOUTH CAROLINA.[422]
Baruch, D.Lyons, Isaac L.
Cohen, O.Seriously wounded.
Killed in action.Moses, A. I.
Cohen, HenryMoses, Isaac C.
Buried at Richmond. Menken, Nathan
Goldsmith, AbrahamMiller, Ezra B.
Hirsch, IsaacKilled in action.
Jacobs, HenryMoses, Dr. Frank J.
Killed in action.Nathan, Julius
Lehman, AbrahamSimon, A.
Killed in action.Solomon, H.
Leopold, JackWeiss, Samuel
Wounded in action.Killed in action.
 
TENNESSEE.
Felsenthal, ——} (Brothers)Frauenthal, M.
Felsenthal, ——}Solomon, Ernst
 
TEXAS.
Fleischel, CaptainMayer, Leo E.
Kaufman, C.Captured.
Kaufman, K.
 
VIRGINIA.
Bacharach, M.Holzinger, E.
Buried at Richmond.Hessberg, I.
Bacharach, S.Killed in action.
Buried at Richmond.Kayton, Herrman
Eichel, JacobKromer, C. H.
Eichel, A.Levin, Solomon M.
Falk, EmanuelMoise, Wilborn
Fleischman, SolomonMarcus, Madison
Goldberg, ——Miller, Charles
Gans, LeonWeil, Charles
 
WEST VIRGINIA.
Blondheim, H.

[423]

ADDENDA TO LISTS OF SOLDIERS

[Additional names received after printing of lists, and before close of present form.]

Charles Baum served in the 80th Ohio Infantry, during the Civil War. Mr. Baum is now a resident and a leading merchant of Washington, D. C.

Solomon Polock and Louis Polock, two brothers, served in the Army during the Mexican War.

Lieutenant Lauchheimer, serves as Judge Advocate-general in the Regular Army of the United States.

Jacob Lyon enlisted in June, 1854, in Battery E, 2nd Regiment, United States Artillery. He re-enlisted in June, 1859, and was honorably discharged in June, 1864. Participated in eighteen engagements.

Charles Stein enlisted in the United States Marine Corps, June 22nd, 1864, at Philadelphia, Pa., became sergeant and was honorably discharged, June 22nd, 1868. He died on March 6th, 1881, from disease contracted while in the service.

Moritz Augenstein served in Company E, 52nd Regiment, New York Infantry, during the Civil War.

Simon Fleisher served in Company A, 18th North Carolina Infantry, during the Civil War.

Morris M. Katz served in Company A, 18th North Carolina Infantry, during the Civil War.

Abraham Mayer served in Company A, 18th North Carolina Infantry, during the Civil War.

Aaron Stern served in the Regular Army before and during the Civil War. Now attached to the Record and Pension Division of the War Department, at Washington, D. C.

Charles Katzenstein, Regular Army, now connected with the Record and Pension Division of the War Department.

Benjamin Jacobs, Regular Army, now in Adjutant General's office, at Washington, D. C.


[424]

STATISTICAL.

Number of Jewish Soldiers who Served in Different Wars
of the United States.
In the Continental Armies (including patriots)46
In the War of 181244
In the Mexican War58
In the United States Regular Army96
In the United States Navy78
In The Civil War.
Staff Officers in the Union Army16
Staff Officers in the Confederate Army24
Officers in the Confederate Navy11
Soldiers classified in Regiments from different
States who served in the Union and Confederate
Armies during the Civil War7038
Soldiers unclassified as to States who served
during the Civil War834
Other Soldiers (indicated in Addenda)12
 ——
Total in all wars8257

IN THE CIVIL WAR.

Number of Soldiers Classified According to States.
Alabama.135
Arkansas.53
California.28
Connecticut.17
District of Columbia.3
Florida.2
Georgia.144
Illinois.702
Indiana.475
Iowa.12
Kansas.9
Kentucky.22
Louisiana.224
Maine.1
Maryland.7
Massachusetts.174
Michigan.130
Mississippi.158
Missouri.86
Nevada.3
New Hampshire.2
New Jersey.277
New Mexico.2
New York.1996
North Carolina58
Ohio.1004
Pennsylvania.527
Rhode Island.4
South Carolina.182
Tennessee.38
Texas.103
Vermont.1
Virginia.119
Washington Territory.1
West Virginia.7
Wisconsin.331
Wyoming Territory.1
 ——
 7038

[425]

JEWISH PATRIOTISM IN CIVIL LIFE.

The foregoing lists of Jewish soldiers in the armies of the Civil War may well be supplemented by a review of Jewish activity in civil walks in connection with that momentous struggle. In the political movements for the abolition of slavery there were not lacking many Jews who took an active and at times a leading part in the moulding of public opinion, and the fact that the influence of these men did not become more widespread may be regarded as almost wholly due to their having been but recent immigrants from foreign lands and therefore comparative strangers in the communities in which they settled. Such men were Michael Heilprin, the scholar and philanthropist whose devotion to liberty had previously been attested by his activity as a member of Kossuth's civil staff during the Hungarian Revolution; Dr. Edward Morwitz, then a writer and afterwards publisher of the "Demokrat," a German newspaper of Philadelphia, and Rev. Dr. Sabato Morais, then and still at present the Rabbi of a Philadelphia congregation. Dr. David Einhorn's ardent advocacy of the abolition of slavery led to his removal from Baltimore; and in New York, Rev. Samuel M. Isaacs, then Rabbi of a congregation of that city and editor of the "Jewish Messenger," took an earnest part in the movement.


In the West, among the pioneers of the Jewish community, are to be named in this connection Dr. James Horwitz, of Cleveland; Rabbi Liebman Adler, then of Detroit; Henry Greenebaum, then a member of the City Council of Chicago; Edward Salomon, afterwards County Clerk of Cook county and subsequently Brigadier-General in the army, and Leopold Mayer and Michael Greenebaum, likewise of Chicago. In an article on the German pioneers of Chicago, published in a late issue in the "Times-Herald" of that city (June 9th, 1895), are printed some[426] interesting reminiscences of ante-bellum times, wherein Mr. Mayer is quoted as follows:

"The fugitive slave law set us at loggerheads with the powers that were. It was sometime in 1853 when a United States Marshal, on the corner of Van Buren and Sherman streets, arrested a poor devil of a negro as a fugitive. A crowd of citizens, led by Michael Greenebaum, liberated the prisoner and on the same evening a big meeting was held to ratify this act. The enthusiasm in this meeting reached its highest pitch when Long John Wentworth entered the hall and publicly declared from the platform that he would be with us in resisting the enforcement of the barbaric law. From that time we slowly but steadily marched up hill. The first official call for a German mass meeting to join the Republican party appeared in the 'Staats Zeitung' signed by George Schneider, Adolph Loeb, Julius Rosenthal, a cigar dealer by the name of Hanson and my humble self."

Here we find four Jews among five leaders of the German population of Chicago in a great political movement.


In another portion of the same article another of the old pioneers, William Vocke, Esq., referring to the record of the 24th Illinois regiment, is quoted as follows:

"Our regiment served three years and three months. With recruits taken in from time to time, fully 1200 men had joined it. Only 240 of us returned. One company of this regiment consisted exclusively of Hebrews. It was led by Captain Lasalle, who stuck it out with us to the last."


Another striking incident of the forcefulness of Jewish sentiment in the great agitation that preceded the outbreak of the war is recorded by Rear Admiral George Henry Preble, U. S. N., in his "History of the Flag of the United States of America," (Houghton, Mifflin & Co., Boston, fourth edition, 1894.) We quote as follows: (Page 406).

"On the 11th of February, 1861, Mr. Lincoln, the President-elect of the United States, left his home in Springfield, Illinois, for the seat of government, accompanied by a few friends. His fellow-citizens and neighbors gathered at the railway station to wish him God-speed. He was visibly affected by[427] this kind attention, and addressed the assembly of his friends in a few words, requesting they would all pray that he might receive the Divine assistance in the responsibilities he was about to encounter, without which he could not succeed, but with which success was certain. Before leaving Springfield, he received from Abraham Kohn, city clerk of Chicago, a fine picture of the flag of the Union, bearing an inscription in Hebrew on its folds. The verses being the 4th to 9th verses of the first chapter of Joshua, in which Joshua was commanded to reign over a whole land, the last verse being: 'Have I not commanded thee? Be strong and of a good courage; be not afraid, neither be thou dismayed; for the Lord, thy God, is with thee whithersoever thou goest.'"


In a recent speech at Ottawa, Kansas, on June 20, 1895, (quoted in the Reform Advocate, of Chicago, July 13, 1895,) Governor William McKinley, of Ohio, referred to this incident as follows:

"What more beautiful conception than that which prompted Abraham Kohn, of Chicago, in February, 1861, to send to Mr. Lincoln, on the eve of his starting to Washington, to assume the office of president, a flag of our country, bearing upon its silken folds these words from the first chapter of Joshua: 'Have I not commanded thee? Be strong and of good courage. Be not afraid, neither be thou dismayed, for the Lord, thy God is with thee, whithersoever thou goest. There shall not any man be able to stand before thee all the days of thy life. As I was with Moses so shall I be with thee. I will not fail thee nor forsake thee.'

"Could anything have given Mr. Lincoln more cheer, or been better calculated to sustain his courage or to strengthen his faith in the mighty work before him? Thus commanded, thus assured, Mr. Lincoln journeyed to the capital, where he took the oath of office and registered in heaven an oath to save the Union. And the Lord, our God, was with him, until every obligation of oath and duty was sacredly kept and honored. Not any man was able to stand before him. Liberty was the more firmly enthroned, the Union was saved, and the flag which he carried floated in triumph and glory from every flagstaff of the republic."


[428]

In reply to a letter addressed to him by the daughter of Abraham Kohn, Mrs. Dankmar Adler (whose husband, the architect of the Auditorium building and one of the architects of the Columbian Exposition, had fought through the war and been wounded at Chickamauga), Major McKinley wrote: "The incident deeply impressed me when I first learned of it, and I have taken occasion to use it, as in my speech at Ottawa, to which you refer.

"I am very glad to have been able to give publicity to this striking incident, and I am sure that the family of Mr. Kohn should feel very proud of his patriotic act."


The patriotism of the Jewish people in the support of the soldiers in the field was no less positive than their participation in the fray itself. The various bodies organized at the North for the support of the government, such as the Sanitary Commissions, counted a full quota of Jewish citizens among their membership everywhere.

Prominent in the West among these earnest co-workers in the cause of the Union was the lamented Benjamin F. Peixotto, of Cleveland, who severed the affiliations of an active political career and took an earnest part in arousing the patriotic sentiment of the people. He contributed largely of his means to the furtherance of the civil movements in support of the men at the front and attained a recognized position as a leader. When in 1872, the Jews of Roumania were subjected to persecutions by the Government of that principality, Mr. Peixotto was selected as Consul of the United States at Bucharest,[26] in which capacity his services were of marked importance to the cause of humanity and won for him the gratitude of the Jewish people at large, as well as the confidence and support of our government. Other Jewish patriotic leaders in the West during the war were Isidor Busch, of St. Louis; Henry Mack, of Cincinnati; Nathan Bloom, of Louisville, and others that ought, perhaps, to find mention here.

[429]

Notable in this connection at the East was Hon. A. S. Solomons, now the General Agent of the Baron de Hirsch Trust in the United States. Before the war and during its early years he was a leading Jewish citizen of Washington and enjoyed the confidence and esteem of President Lincoln, of Secretaries Stanton and Chase, and of many other leading spirits of the time. His home was a centre of patriotic activity and he made heavy sacrifices of his personal interest in behalf of the Union cause.

In the South, during the dark and trying days of the Confederacy, the Jewish citizens of that section displayed to the full their devotion to the cause which they held at heart. The Jewish Southerners were as zealous in their efforts as were their neighbors all about them, and however mistaken was their contention, they adhered to it tenaciously. A Jew, it is said, fired the first gun against Fort Sumter, and another Jew gave the last shelter to the fleeing President and Cabinet of the fallen Confederacy.

Throughout the country, North and South, the earnestness of the Jewish character found expression through an active participation by Jewish citizens in the great movements of the time. A closer examination of this feature of our subject would involve a detailed reference to the leading members of the various Jewish communities throughout the land, and carry[430] us into fields beyond our present scope, which have already received the careful attention of other writers.[27]


One specially significant example of American Jewish citizenship and manly worth yet claims our attention. In New York, foremost in every patriotic movement, were the brothers Joseph and Jesse Seligman. The place that they filled in the affairs of that time and since has become a part of our country's history. Their influence in maintaining the financial credit of the Government during the war was of far reaching import for the cause of the Union, and the recognition of their services led President Grant to offer to Joseph Seligman, who died in 1880, a place in his Cabinet as Secretary of the Treasury. The universal esteem in which Joseph and Jesse Seligman were held, not alone as men of affairs, but as patriots, citizens and philanthropists, was well betokened by the expressions given to the public feeling when Jesse Seligman died. Some of these expressions may well be cited here, for Jesse Seligman was, par excellence, as perfect a type of the American Jew as he was typically an American citizen. He died in April, 1894, and from among the innumerable tributes to his worth, we cite a few of the expressions of some of the leading men of the metropolis, whose stations are a guarantee of their judgment and sincerity, and most of whom had known him through a generation of years.

Lengthy, comparatively speaking, in view of the necessary limitations of this volume, as are these several presentations, they yet command our full consideration by reason of their great significance.


Hon. Carl Schurz, on the occasion of the Memorial Services at the New York Hebrew Orphan Asylum, Decoration Day, May 30, 1894, painted for his audience in the following deeply thoughtful utterances a vivid picture of a model Jew and a model man:

[431]

"It is most fit that the memory of Jesse Seligman should be celebrated here, on this very spot. I see him now, as he stood here years ago, when the corner-stone of this magnificent building was laid, and when, owing to his friendly invitation, I enjoyed the privilege of taking part in the dedication ceremonies, I see him, his face beaming with joy over the good that had been accomplished, and with glad anticipation of the greater good still to be done, for his whole heart was in this noble work. And here, where his monument stands—not a mere monument of stone or brass, but a living monument in grateful human hearts—here, where he still lives and will not die, the lessons of his life may be most worthily learned, not to be forgotten.

"Indeed, the legacy not only of benefactions, but of lessons which that life has left behind it, may be, especially to the young among us, if they understand well and treasure them up to inspire and guide their hearts and minds, of far greater value than any amount of his money that Jesse Seligman might have bequeathed to them. Some of us may, perhaps, have envied him while he lived, as an eminently successful man. But do we consider him worthy of envy now, since he is dead? Why do we honor his memory, and wish that, when we shall be gone, we should, in many respects, be remembered as he is? Because he was a rich man? Certainly not; for that is in itself nothing to be proud of. The ambition to be merely rich is only a small and vulgar ambition. It may be gratified by the accident of birth or of good fortune; it may be gratified by the diligent and constant exertion of faculties, which do not by any means belong to the higher attainment of human nature. Of those who, in the history of mankind, left most fragrant memories behind them, only very few were distinguished by great wealth, and the mere possession of that wealth never constituted their title to affection and reverence.

"Are we honoring Jesse Seligman because he was a successful, self-made man? This is especially in our country of great opportunities, not in itself a distinction deserving uncommon esteem. I know, and no doubt you know, self-made men so inordinately puffed up with their own success, so forgetful of the merits of others in comparison with their own, so oppressive with the ostentations and unceasing display of their riches as their self-appreciation, that they rank among the most disagreeable members of human society, making us wish that they had made anything else but themselves.

"Or do we admire Jesse Seligman above others because he [432]was a patriotic man? No, for under ordinary circumstances it is only a natural thing to be patriotic. Especially a citizen of this Republic is more apt to attract attention and to be blamed when he is not patriotic, than to be praised when he is.

"All these things, therefore, are in themselves not sufficient to make a life valuable as a memory, and as an inspiration. Jesse Seligman's life, as we look back upon it, is such a valuable memory and inspiring lesson because he was above the ordinary level of the merely rich, self-made, liberal and patriotic men.

"The ideal rich man is he, who not only has come by his wealth honestly, but who uses his riches in such a fashion as to silence the voice of envy, and to make those who knew him glad and grateful that he was rich. To reach this ideal completely is given to but few. But it may truly be said that Jesse Seligman approached it. No doubt, he wished to be rich and worked for it. He valued the acquisition of wealth, but he valued it most as the acquisition of opportunities for something larger and nobler. He saw his business success but not his higher ambition and his happiness in his balance sheets. He felt himself greater and happier in this orphan-home than in his bank. He made his wealth a blessing to others; he enjoyed it the more, the greater the blessing to others it became, and there were many who wished him to be much richer, knowing that his greater wealth would only have become to many others greater relief and comfort. He was such a self-made man as it is a joy to meet. In a high degree he had the self-made man's virtues and was remarkably free from his faults. He never forgot his lowly beginnings, but never boasted of them, to contrast his success with other people's failures. His recollections only stimulated his sympathy with those less fortunate than himself. He did not in his affluence affect the rough simplicity and contempt of refinement in which upstarts sometimes demonstratively please themselves and which is only a coarse form of vanity; and still less was he an ostentatious swaggerer bent upon letting the world perceive that he possessed his millions. He lived with his family in a style becoming his means, but with the modesty becoming a gentleman. There was no gaudy display of riches, no obtrusive flashing of diamonds on hotel piazzas, and no flaring exhibition in opera boxes. But there was nothing mean about him or his. The hospitality of his house was hearty and most generous, but it abstained from anything that might have made one of his guests feel poor or small. Nor was there anything in him of that superciliousness not unfrequently met with in rich men which claims for them much wisdom, because they have much money.

"In all my experience I have never met a rich man, more [433]modest, more generous more tolerant of adverse opinion, or a self-made man less overbearing, less vain-glorious, and less conceited, more sympathetic and more helpful. As a matter of fact, he was thought much richer than he really was—richer not because of his display, but because of his benefactions. To judge from the good he did, his wealth should have been much greater. He was a liberal giver, but he gave much more than money. That rich man only manifests the true spirit of benevolence who not only gives to the needy, but who also thinks for them and works for them. It was by this that Jesse Seligman proved the genuine gold of his humanity, and nowhere did this gold shine more brightly than on this very spot. There was indeed no charitable enterprise within his reach that did not feel the generosity of his open hand, and, when needed, the kindly thoughtfulness of his counsel, from the hospital and the home for the aged up to that remarkable triumph of wisely directed energy, the Hebrew Technical Institute, which not only successfully demonstrates that the Jew, when well guided, will take to skilled handicraft with enthusiasm and with the whole force and ingenuity of his nature, but which also in its plan, organization and conduct may serve as a noble model of its kind to the educators of any country and of any creed.

"All such endeavors could count upon Jesse Seligman's bountiful aid; and when his last will was opened and the community saw the list of the benevolent institutions to which he had left bequests, without regard to religion or nationality, with unsurpassed catholicity of spirit, people asked with wonder, not what opportunities for doing good he had thought of, but whether there was any he had failed to remember. It was, however, here in the Orphans' Home that his heart found its favorite field for beneficent work. Here he lived on the best of his nature. It was truly touching to see this man, loaded down with the enormous responsibilities and cares of a vast financial business, at least once a week, every Sunday morning, wend his way to this house, forget all about bonds and stocks and syndicates and chances of gain and financial crises in which fortunes might be lost, and to give all his thoughts to the little ones who are cast upon the mercy of the world, and study and scheme and work—as indeed he did often also when he was not here to turn sunshine upon their bereaved existence—to arm them for the struggles of life, and to enable them to become useful, self-reliant, self-respecting and happy citizens of a free country. This was the work he loved most, which satisfied his fondest ambition and in which he found the most genuine happiness. In the best sense of the word he was the father of the fatherless and it was his active, [434]untiring and unceasing care for the welfare of these children, more than any other of his benefactions, that stamped him as a truly benevolent man, a genuine friend of humanity and therefore this is the noblest and most enduring of his monuments.

"He was a patriotic man—not in the sense merely that he cheerfully performed all his duties as a citizen, or that he gave the government valuable advice and aid as a financier whenever called upon—but that he ardently loved his adopted country, was proud of it and was not only willing but eager to serve it. Some gentlemen of high standing among us here have in their published tributes to Jesse Seligman's memory, regretfully mentioned the fact that he and his son, too, have been struck at by anti-Semitic hostility, by that narrow-minded, contemptible spirit which revived the prejudices of dark ages and which seeks in barbarous persecution the remedy for evils, for which popular ignorance, sloth and improvidence are in the largest manner responsible; a spirit so utterly abhorrent to justice and enlightened reason, that it is difficult to understand how a person of self-respect can share it or behold it in others without shame and indignation.

"I have heard it said that a Jew cannot be a patriot because he has no fatherland. Those who say so do not want the Jew to have a fatherland and would, if they had their way, make it impossible for him to be a patriot. A country can hardly expect those of its inhabitants to be ardent patriots whom it treats as aliens or outcasts. In the same measure as an anti-Semitic spirit prevails, a Jew is a patriot under difficulties. If he is a patriot under anti-Semitic persecution, that patriotism is in him a virtue of especial merit. And this virtue Jesse Seligman possessed in the highest degree. I saw him and spoke with him when the smart he had suffered was fresh. I know how keenly he felt it, but I know also that had at that moment the country, or what he understood to be the public interest, demanded of him any service or any sacrifice he would have offered it with the same enthusiastic devotion that ever had animated him. He would have remained a patriot in spite of any difficulty—a shining example for his own race to follow, putting to shame its revilers; indeed, an example to every citizen of whatever creed or origin.

"And now he lies in an honored grave, and by it stand with sadness, but also with pride, his dear ones whom he loved so much, and who so warmly returned his love. And you all have come, rich and poor, native and foreign born, Christian and Jew and Gentile, with hearts full of respect and affection for the man who understood the great truth, and whose life has taught the greatest lesson, that our truest and most enduring happiness springs from the contributions we make to the happiness [435]of others—a lesson that every one may follow according to his means and opportunities, each in his sphere and in his way, to win the same happiness and to deserve the same honor. It may well be said that he had not lived in vain whose life has left its mark in the advanced well being of his kind; and there are multitudes of human beings whose tears he has dried, whose distress he has relieved, whom he has helped to make strong for the struggle of life who now and ever will gratefully affirm and proclaim that Jesse Seligman has surely not lived in vain, and who will never cease to bless his memory."


Ex-Postmaster General Thomas E. James, President of the Lincoln National Bank of New York City, wrote the following graphic and affecting tribute:—

"I have received the news of the death of Jesse Seligman with the shock which comes only with the announcement of the sudden loss of an old and valued friend. My acquaintance with him commenced away back in the sixties; and I dearly learned to value his sturdy honesty, his integrity, untiring industry, and his genial, warm-hearted friendship. Moreover, I was impressed, in those dark days when I first knew him, with his sterling patriotism, he being one of those men of foreign birth who seemed to go beyond those of us of native birth, in the all-consuming zeal and devotion for our common flag. I think that is what particularly attracted me towards Mr. Seligman; and I soon found that he really did understand more fully and completely, perhaps, than many of us did, what the war meant and what the result would be. He was one of those men, too, who, when some were anxious, speaking hesitatingly about the outcome, gave by his courageous faith and heroic example, a grand impulse of which we afterwards saw the results in that impressive tender by the financiers of New York of their credit and their gold to the government in its extremity.

"He had undying faith in General Grant, too, in those dark hours. He was one of the few men in New York who knew him personally, and he never wavered in his confidence in the great commander's ability to carry the war through to a successful issue. Later on we learned the grounds of his faith; for he was probably the oldest acquaintance of General Grant in New York, having become acquainted with him in Watertown, N. Y., where Grant was then stationed as a Second Lieutenant; and he had afterwards renewed the friendship, when General Grant was sent as First Lieutenant to the Pacific Coast, where he found his old friend Seligman one of the argonauts of California.

"It was given to me, in an especially affecting and touching manner, to see some of those traits in Mr. Seligman's inner life and his family surroundings, which made his home one of the most [436]delightful in New York, and gave to him unusual charms in social and friendly intercourse. I saw those qualities displayed in that sad, sad summer of 1881, when General Garfield, stricken with an assassin's bullet, lay on his deathbed, in a cottage at Elberon. Mr. Seligman's summer home was at Long Branch; and, with that thoughtful consideration and tenderness which distinguished the man he showed the official family of the dying President courtesies and kindnesses that were very grateful and which can never be forgotten. A more pleasant family circle than Mr. Seligman's I never met; and I will never cease to remember the charm of that fireside. There, perhaps, Mr. Seligman was seen in the highest display of the beautiful qualities of head and heart that made him not only foremost as a great financier, but as a faithful friend....

... "Of course, I do not need to speak of his genius as a financier. His name and fame in that particular are secure; and his achievements will become traditions in the history of those influences which have made this country the great financial power among the nations of the earth."


Ex-Judge Noah Davis wrote as follows:

"By the death of Jesse Seligman our country loses a loving and faithful citizen and friend. He loved America, though not his native land, with all the ardor of a native, enhanced by a keen and tender sense of gratitude for what it had done for his race and for him and his brothers ever since they became its adopted sons.

"I have never met any foreign-born American citizen more prompt to express warmly and gratefully this sentiment; and yet it will be rare to find one who has so amply and generously repaid it. His gratitude was not confined to words. His deeds preceded his words; and if it had ever been necessary, he would have staked his whole fortune and his life as well, for our country and its institutions.

"I recall an occasion, when he and I left the Union League Club together, at a late hour one evening, and walked arm in arm up the avenue to our homes. I listened as he gave me some happy reminiscences of his busy life. When we reached the street, I stopped to part with him. "No," said he, "I will walk further with you," and he kept on till he reached my home on 50th street. "Now," I said, "it is my turn to walk with you, sir," and we walked slowly back to his own street, where we compromised by his walking half way back with me. In that delightful walk he developed to me his loving nature toward our country, its government and its people. I was chiefly a listener, but a deeply interested and pleased one, for I could see and feel that a pure-hearted and patriotic man was talking from the inmost bosom of a noble and tender nature.

"A few days before General Grant sailed on his tour around the world, the brothers Seligman gave him a farewell dinner at Delmonico's. [437]There were forty or fifty people present. General Grant was then fully relieved from all public cares, and felt that the honors shown him on that occasion were the tribute of pure and disinterested esteem and affection. He talked with me as I sat near him of the services his hosts had rendered the government during the war and to himself during his administration, with a warm sense of what was due to their genuine patriotism. It happened afterwards, and after his return from his Eastern tour, that I met with General Grant in Paris. He spoke on that occasion of that dinner and his great enjoyment of the evening, and gave a warm expression of his esteem for the Seligmans and for their services to the country and himself.

"It was a merited tribute of a noble man to worthy citizens and friends, and I am glad to lay it now where General Grant would have placed it—on the bier of Jesse Seligman, his devoted friend....

... "With all his skill, ability and success in business, with all his love for his country, his devotion to order and good government, his deep and tender attachment to his family and friends, I think his chief virtue was 'Charity,' and that most comprehensive and beautiful word should be inscribed on his tomb.


From General Horace Porter:

"The news of the death of Jesse Seligman has fallen upon many of the most prominent business men in New York with something akin to the quiet of a personal bereavement. Few of our citizens have been more generally known or more highly esteemed. His sudden removal from the company of his friends and from the active walks of business life brings a deep regret to many hearts and recalls the admirable traits which adorned his character. My personal acquaintance with him began a few years after the war. I had before that time heard officers of the army and others speak in admiring terms of him during his sojourn on the Pacific Coast, where he had displayed so much public spirit and such indomitable courage at the time the law-abiding citizens were trying to redeem that community from the domination of the criminal class. I found him displaying the same qualities in the metropolis which had commended him to his fellow-citizens in the West. He had been loyally devoted to the cause of the Union in the great struggle for the preservation of its integrity, and was always an ardent laborer in all great works. He was never known to be anything but fearless in the advocacy of the principles he believed to be right, and always manifested his faith by his works.

"His death removes a foremost figure in our national and business life; and we shall long look for one to take the place of this man, Who by his genius as a financier, his broad liberal charity, and his loving kindness towards suffering humanity, will long be remembered; for Mr. Seligman's life and work have made him one of the benefactors of mankind."


[438]

From F. B. Harper, President Mutual Reserve Fund Life Association:

"Few names in the financial and business world of New York are better known than that of Jesse Seligman, financier, banker, philanthropist, and citizen. It may truly be said of Mr. Seligman that he attained one of the highest positions of good citizenship in the metropolis of the nation. While, strictly speaking, a financier, he was ever ready to bring capital, business experience and financial ability into the broader industrial enterprises of the nation which, in their building up, employ labor, pay out vast sums in wages, add comfort to the masses, and bring prosperity to the country. He was not a mere banker, but closely identified with sound enterprises, which have built up the Empire State and developed the resources of the republic. He was a man to be respected, to be looked up to, and his career, as it seems to me, is one that may well be studied to advantage by the youth of his race and his country. The Hebrew race has undoubtedly given to the world more of the most extraordinary instances of great wealth, but at the same time it has produced many of the greatest philanthropists the world has ever known.

"It is difficult to sum up in a few words such men as Mr. Seligman. He was a man who, by his example, as well as his action benefitted the community of which he was an honored member, and his death will be greatly regretted, not only by those who knew him intimately, but the whole community, because his demise will be a real loss to them. Our wealth of humanity is not so great, even in this great city, that we can afford to lose many such citizens."


From Henry G. Marquand, Esq., President, Metropolitan Museum of Art:

"I was not brought in contact with the late Jesse Seligman as often as some others, but during twenty years or more I saw enough of him to form a very high opinion of his work as a citizen of this republic. His views were always of the broad and generous stamp. They were not confined to the various schemes of philanthropy, but extended to the enterprises relating to high culture at home and abroad, and by contact with him it was easy to see how quickly his sympathies were aroused in favor of everything good...."


Ex-Mayor Abram S. Hewitt, expresses himself as follows:

"The story of Jesse Seligman's life should be produced as the best commentary on his career, and as an encouragement to all young men who are starting out on the journey of life. * * * Perhaps the most admirable point of his character was his catholic charity for the opinion of others and his willingness to co-operate in every great movement without regard to creed or race."


[439]

From Cornelius N. Bliss:

... "No truer friend, once in Jesse Seligman's confidence did man ever have. With his partners, his brothers, he has been of inestimable service to the United States Government from the time of the Civil War.

"A believer in Republican principles, he was a quiet but all-important influence in the councils of his party. Sagacious in counsel, always for peace and unity, liberal in view, rendering to all their just dues, he will be sorely missed in all circles—social, charitable, business and political."


The foregoing may be fitly supplemented by the following extract from a sermon delivered by the late Henry Ward Beecher, June 14, 1877. Mr. Beecher's pointed references to the absurd prejudices which so frequently manifest themselves at summer resorts have not yet lost their force or application:

"I have the pleasure of the acquaintance of the gentleman whose name has been the occasion of so much excitement—Mr. Seligman. I have summered with his family for several years. I am acquainted with him, with his honored wife, and with his sons and daughters; and I have learned to respect and love them. During weeks and months I was with them at the Twin Mountain House; and not only did they behave in a manner becoming Christian ladies and gentlemen, but they behaved in a manner that ought to put to shame many Christian ladies and gentlemen. They were my helpers and they were not only present at the Sunday services at the Twin Mountain House, but they were present at the daily prayer meetings on week days, volunteering services of kindness. I learned to feel that they were my deacons and that in the ministration of Christian service they were beyond the power of prejudice and did not confine themselves to the limitations which might be prescribed by their race."

Hon. Carl Schurz makes reference, as the reader will have noted, to the "unsurpassed catholicity of spirit" manifested by Jesse Seligman's "bequests without regard to religion or nationality." Among the beneficiaries of his concluding bounty were numbered no less than thirty-six different non-Jewish institutions, the aggregate of these legacies amounting to a very large sum. Unsurpassed as was this breadth of liberality, it was by no means the first time when a Jew gave signal evidence of the supreme catholicity of Judaism and the Jewish spirit. Adverting but passingly to the story of Hyam Salomon's liberality, we may stop to remember that Judah Touro,[440] whose patriotism had been attested with his blood in the defense of New Orleans, in 1815, left in his last will and testament in 1854, an example of catholic munificence unequalled before his time and unsurpassed since. Over and above the various bequests made by him to Jewish institutions in different cities of the Union, he left amounts averaging $5000 to fourteen charitable institutions under the control of various Christian denominations, besides $80,000 to the municipality of New Orleans for the poor of that city, and $10,000 to the city of Newport, R. I., for a public improvement. This latter formed the nucleus of the public park of that city, which has commemorated in its "Touro Avenue" the public spirit of this Jewish citizen, who has yet another memorial on Bunker Hill monument, to the erection of which he so largely contributed.[28]

Michael Reese, of San Francisco, who died in 1878, bequeathed amounts aggregating $70,000 to a number of non-Jewish charities, besides $50,000 to the University of California, and left provisions which eventuated in the establishment of the non-sectarian Michael Reese Hospital of Chicago. Rosenna Osterman, of Galveston, and Isidor Dyer, of the same city, divided their estates among charitable institutions without distinction of creed.


Miss Ellen Phillips, of Philadelphia, whose long and useful life, constantly devoted to the cause of charity, closed on February 2, 1891, after aiding the cause to which she was devoted by her unceasing munificence during her lifetime, bequeathed the bulk of her property to various charitable institutions. She left the large collection of paintings and statuary which she inherited from her brother, the late Henry M. Phillips, to the Commissioners of Fairmount Park, as an addition to the collections in Memorial Hall, and divided a very large sum of money among numerous charities, naming ten different non-Jewish institutions among her beneficiaries.


The will of Dr. J. D. Berndt, of Pittsburg, Pa., divides a considerable estate almost equally between Jewish and non-Jewish institutions, over twenty of the latter class being named, and the residuary estate of nearly $35,000 is equally divided between the American Hebrew College of Cincinnati and Carnegie Library of Pittsburg.

[441]


Simon Muhr, of Philadelphia, whose untimely death in February, 1895, was mourned by Jew and Gentile alike, after making certain personal bequests and devoting a fund of $10,000 for the support of scholarships in the University of Pennsylvania, left the residue of his large estate to be divided into three parts, one part to be allotted among Jewish charities, one part among non-Jewish charities, and the third part for the improvement of the public school system of Philadelphia.

The Philadelphia Times concluded an editorial reference to the death of Simon Muhr as follows:

"It was his broad and simple tolerance, his unfailing charity of heart as well as hand, his willingness and even eagerness to take personal trouble, not only to relieve distress, but to right wrong, and to defend the victim of oppression, however humble or disreputable, that gave Simon Muhr a peculiar position in the community and a peculiar usefulness. He was an example in this way to many a professing Christian, whose reading of the parable leads him only to condemn the priest and the Levite, and not to imitate the Good Samaritan."

The instances of Jewish citizenship and catholicity here cited are but the more prominent examples of that spirit. Only less conspicuous, but with equal breadth and depth of feeling are many more that would likewise point a moral for us all.

FOOTNOTES:

[26] The appointment of Mr. Peixotto to the Roumanian Consulate was initiated and brought about by Hon. Simon Wolf, who afterwards made a tour among the lodges of the Order of B'nai B'rith for the purpose of raising funds to strengthen the Consul's position at Bucharest and to enable him to more effectively exert his influence in behalf of the persecuted Roumanian Jews.

In this connection mention may well and properly be made of Mr. Wolf's untiring efforts, both in his early home in Ohio and later in Washington, in behalf of the Union cause. The movements organized by Mr. Wolf in Washington for the systematic aid of the sick and wounded in the numerous hospitals then established in and about Washington gained for him the recognition of the Government and the friendship of General Grant. In this work Mr. Wolf enlisted the support of the mass of the Jewish citizens of the District and especially the active co-operation of the women of the Jewish community. General Grant, when he became President, appointed Mr. Wolf Recorder of the City of Washington and he was subsequently appointed by President Garfield to the mission at Cairo as Diplomatic Agent and Consul General in Egypt.—Editor.

[27] See Marken's "The Hebrews in America," New York, 1888; Judge Charles P. Daly's "Settlement of the Jews in North America," edited by Max J. Kohler, New York, 1893; "History of the Jews of Boston and New England," by A. G. Daniels, Boston, 1892; "Eminent Israelites of the 19th Century," by Henry S. Morais, Philadelphia, 1880; "The Jews of Philadelphia," by the same author, Philadelphia, 1894, and the publications of the American Jewish Historical Society.

[28] See pages 63-4.


[442]

JEWS IN LATIN AMERICAN SETTLEMENTS.

The preceding pages have dealt with various aspects of Jewish influence in Anglo-Saxon America, and we have yet to consider the extent of that influence in the Latin American settlements. Here in this Western Hemisphere, where the Jew has sought an asylum from the historic oppressions and repressions of Old World prejudices, and where, in the very year that saw him expelled from Spain a new future was opened for him and all humanity, here the Jew has been at the fore from the very landing of Columbus to the present day.[29]

In the following pages is presented a review of Jewish activity and influence in the South American Colonies and the West Indies, which has been collated for this volume by Mr. George Alexander Kohut. His careful studies and scientific investigations in this hitherto almost untrodden field of historical research have resulted in the development of many highly interesting facts, and his work affords a most welcome contribution to our general subject. It will be found to command very justly the space accorded to it.

FOOTNOTES:

[29] See Dr. M. Kayserling's "Christopher Columbus and the Participation of the Jews in the Spanish and Portuguese Discoveries." Translated from the German by Charles Gross, Ph. D., Assistant Professor of History in Harvard College. New York, 1894.


[443]

SKETCHES OF JEWISH LOYALTY, BRAVERY AND PATRIOTISM IN THE SOUTH AMERICAN COLONIES AND THE WEST INDIES.

By George Alexander Kohut, New York City.

I
Services Rendered to the Dutch by the Jews of Brazil (1623-44).

In 1624, when the Dutch conquered Brazil, several Jews, desirous of joining their co-believers in the newly acquired Dutch dominions, where our brethren flourished for many decades previously in the guise of New Christians or Marranos, enlisted in the Hollandish fleet as volunteers. Encouraged by this show of patriotism on the part of their newly arrived co-religionists, who, under the reign of the United Provinces, enjoyed all the blessings of peace and equality, many Nuevos Christianos openly renounced their sham faith and re-avowed Judaism, happy once more to breathe the air of freedom without suffering persecution. It is said that the Jewish soldiers in the navy displayed so much zeal and courage in the taking possession of Brazil that the government protected them ever after.[30] Even before putting to sea,[444] remarks a French historian of Brazil,[31] the Dutch admirals obtained much useful information concerning the political situation of Brazil, from the Israelites there settled, and who were all eager to remain, or rather, to pass over to the Dutch, whose liberal spirit and religious tolerance seemed much more inviting to them than the cruel sceptre of Spain or Portugal. This is furthermore corroborated by another (English) writer, Mr. Robert G. Watson, in his excellent work: Spanish and Portuguese South America during the Colonial Period (London, 1884), Vol. II, p. 1, where we read: "The religious intolerance from which the Dutch had themselves so terribly suffered at the hands of their Spanish rulers had taught them to be tolerant in such matters towards others, and to this circumstance they were now (1623-24) indebted for much valuable information respecting Brazil, which they received from the Jews who had taken refuge amongst them."

It is apparent from these and other items to be mentioned later that the Jews rendered not only military and naval service to the Dutch in their struggle against Portugal in Brazil, but diplomatic counsel of no little weight, by means of which Holland[445] could conquer the American possessions and establish herself most firmly there. The inhabitants of Brazil at about that time (1623-38) were not very yielding. In fact R. Southey, the reliable and painstaking historian, says[32] that "The Portuguese were held in subjection only by fear, but many Portuguese Jews from Holland had taken their abode in a country where they could speak their own language as well as enjoy their own religion. These were excellent subjects; they exercised the charitable industry of their original nation secure of enjoying its fruits under a free government." The Dutch, upon taking possession of Brazil, issued a proclamation, no doubt with a view of attracting the Jews, whose accession would prove beneficial to the interests of the government, whereby they offered full possession of their property, and freedom of worship to all such as would submit. Amongst those who were thus brought under Dutch rule were two hundred Jews. (cf. Watson, l. c., II, p. 2.) This liberal charter of religious freedom lasted as long as the Dutch supremacy until the Portuguese re-conquest of Brazil in 1654, with more or less privileges, according to the whim of the public whose dictates even the government had to obey, as we may see from what took place in 1638, as recorded by Southey (l. c., Vol. I, p. 566): "Some of the Portuguese-Brazilians also, gladly throwing off the mask which they had so long been compelled to wear, joined their brethren in the synagogue. The open joy with which they now celebrated their ceremonies attracted too much notice; it excited horror in Catholics, and even the Dutch themselves, less liberal than their laws, pretended that the toleration of Holland did not extend to Brazil; the senate conceded to, and perhaps partook of the popular feeling, and hence arose the edict, by which the Jews were ordered to perform their rites more in private."[33]

[446]

Under Count Maurice's gentle reign our co-religionists lived in peace and they appear to have benefited by this temporary respite and acquired much wealth, for we find on record a petition from the Jews of Mauritsstad, dated May 1, 1642, offering an annual present of 3000 florins to Count Maurice if he would be induced to remain as their Governor in Brazil.[34] In 1642, at the urgent invitation of their co-religionists (cf. Koenen, l. c., p. 278), 600 Jews, headed by Moses Raphael de Aguilar and Ishac Aboab de Fonseca, came from Amsterdam[35] and formed a prosperous colony in Recife, which gave promise of glorious development, had not the wars between Holland and Portugal, in which our brethren took noble part, destroyed their hopes. In 1642, it must be noted, they again were permitted to worship publicly, a privilege which did not remain unrewarded, for we soon hear of certain state services rendered by the Jews in 1644 and later, when many mean conspiracies against the government were afoot, concocted, no doubt by the Portuguese under Dutch rule. Watson (Spanish and Portuguese South America, etc., London, 1884, Vol. II, p. 47) says: "At length, however, the time came when his (the chief conspirator's, Fernandes) practices could no longer be ignored by the government, who were set on their guard chiefly by the Jews. These are certainly not to be blamed for wishing a continuance of the status quo; since, in the event of an outbreak, they were certain to be plundered by both parties with complete impartiality; whilst, in the event of victory on the part of the Portuguese, they had before them the image of the fiendish agents of the Inquisition," which, as we have elsewhere shown,[36] they had good reason to fear. We read later (l. c., p. 48) that Fernandes could not be captured and summoned troops. Many obeyed the call and fell upon such Dutchmen and Jews as happened to be within their reach.

[447]

The loyalty of the Jews in the matter of revealing the various state conspiracies is thus alluded to by Pieter Marinus Netscher in his admirable work Les Hollandais au Brésil, (La Haye, 1853), p. 145: "Fortunately, national and religious fanaticism did not smother the sentiments of humanity and justice in the hearts of all the conspirators. Two Portuguese [Jews?] Sebastian Carvalho and Fernando Vale, with five Jews, fearing that their lives and fortunes were at stake, resolved to disclose the secret of the plot to the Grand Council.[37] Another conspiracy was brought to light and denounced to the government by a Jew named Moise Accoignes, who, against his will, was forced to become an accessory to the plot.[38] He is no doubt alluded to by Prof. H. Graetz, who, in his History of the Jews (English version, Philadelphia, 1895, Vol. IV, p. 693. Jewish Publication Society of America) writes: "Of course, the Brazilian Jews enjoyed perfect equality of rights with other citizens, for they rendered the Dutch essential services as advisers and warriors. When the native Portuguese, who bore the yoke of the Dutch impatiently, formed a conspiracy to get rid of the Dutch authorities at a banquet in the capital, and attack the colony bereft of government [?], a Jew gave warning, and saved the colony from certain destruction." Southey, whom at the present writing we are unable to consult, (cf. his History of Brazil, Vol. II, pp. 60-70), and Koenen, also chronicle the timely intervention of a faithful Israelite,[39] who, at the risk of his life, for the conspirators would not have scrupled to put him out of the way, informed the authorities of the impending calamity to the state.

[448]

We also know that a Jew in Lisbon proved instrumental in intercepting some official papers in reference to the revolt in Brazil.[40]

The execution of one, Jacob Rabbi, an agent of Holland, who must have been a Jew, is mentioned by Netscher in the following terms: "... The cause of this desertion [from the Portuguese troops?] was that the Lieutenant-Colonel, Garstman, had been sufficiently impolitic to put to death (in 1645 or 1646?) for a real or supposed crime, a certain Jacob Rabbi, German by birth, of a ferocious character. He had lived for many years among the savages as agent of the Hollandish government."[41]

It is evident that the Dutch Government and especially the Governor, Count Maurice de Nassau, was not backward in appreciating the services of the Jews. An ordinance from the States-General reads:

[449]

"... The persons, goods and rights of the Jews in Brazil are taken under the special protection of the Government, because of the fidelity and courage which that nation had on every occasion displayed toward the said Government."[42]

II.
Brave Defense of the Jews in Brazil in 1645-1646.

The best evidence of Jewish loyalty to their lenient Dutch rulers was given at a time when the Hollandish Government was contending with the Portuguese for the possession of Brazil. The numerous conspiracies years previous were only a foretaste of what followed and when at last, in the year 1645, war actually broke out, our co-religionists lost no time in siding with their generous patrons, regardless of consequences. Among those that distinguished themselves for their noble patriotism and whose co-operation in behalf of the needy and distressed won all hearts, was a wealthy Israelite, Abraham Coen by name, whose fame is recognized in the following verses written in his honor by one of the greatest Portuguese Jewish poets of Holland, Don Miguel Levi de Barrios, who visited Cayenne[43] in 1660 and remained there until 1662:

Abraham Coen en el Brasil remoto
del principe Mauricio halló el agrado
prospero y noble, y oy del Rey Empireo
goço la luz en ideal palacio.
Cerco al Brasil el luso balicoso
en nueve años continuos, que empeçaron
en el de mil seiscientos y quarenta
y cinco, contra el valeroso Holandio.


Y en todos con magnanima grandeza
el grande Abraham Coen sustento à quantos
Judios y Cristianos de su auxilio
en la miseria atroz necesitaron.
Entonces los Señoras del Supremo
Consejo sobre el Pueblo Brasiliano
vieron del fiel Coen la piedad grande.
[44]

[450]

Dr. Hahn informs us that "in the perilous times of 1645 and 1648 great services were rendered to the government by the Portuguese family of Cohen in furnishing ammunition and provisions."[45]

The Portuguese besieged Recife, near Pernambuco, which boasted of a large Jewish population (among them several fine scholars: David Senior Coronel, Dr. Abraham de Mercado, Jahacob Mucate, Ishac Castanho and others)[46] and the inhabitants thus deprived of every possible communication, endured much suffering. The Jews, encouraged by their learned and eloquent Rabbi Isaac Aboab, the friend of Menasse ben Israel, bore their tribulations bravely, and though almost famished for want of nourishment, defended the fort with such remarkable skill and heroism, as to evoke the praise and gratitude of the Government. Had it not been for the dauntless resistance offered by them, the garrison would have been compelled to surrender.

[451]

Aboab commemorated his thrilling experiences of war in the introductory chapter of his Hebrew version of Abraham Cohen Herrera's Porta Coeli (Sha'ar Ha'shamayîm) which he began to translate in June, 1655 (22nd of Siwan 5415). Besides this, he wrote nine years before (anno 1646) a poetical account of the siege in a work entitled Secher Rab;[47] Prayers and Confessions and Supplications, which were composed for appealing to God in his trouble and in the distress of the Congregation, when the troops of Portugal overwhelmed them during their sojourn in Brazil in the year 5406 [1646]. And I have caused the wonderful works of God to be remembered in songs and praises, when he released them from the hands of their enemies. It is written in Hebrew. The Ms. is still extant in Amsterdam, in possession of the "Arbol de las Vidas" Theological Society.[48] The part played by the Jews in the defense of the colony is described by eminent Jewish and Christian historians.[49] Dr. Kayserling's and Prof. Graetz's accounts are worth citing in extenso. The former, who is engaged in copying this earliest specimens of American Jewish literature, the work of Isaac Aboab, for the American Jewish Historical Society, writes as follows: "Aboab became Chacham (Chief) of the congregation in Recife, which would have become one of the largest and richest, had it not been hindered in its development by the disturbances of war; it was dissolved after a short existence. The new settlers enjoyed tranquility only for a few years, for already in 1645 the sanguinary struggles, for the possession of the colony, between the Portuguese and the Hollanders began. The Jews stood faithfully on the side of the Hollanders, who had granted them perfect equality, and distinguished themselves by courage and heroism, as well as by succor to the distressed. During the war Abraham Coen, a rich and high-minded man of Amsterdam, who was in great favor with Duke Moritz of Nassau, supported Jews and Christians in such a magnanimous way that the Supreme Council of the Brazilian people looked with admiration at the great work of mercy. Isaac Aboab faithfully discharged the duties of his office; he ordered days of fasting and prayer, and his fiery speeches encouraged his co-religionists to perseverance and devotion. It was a fierce struggle of nine years which brought much suffering on the Jews. Recife was besieged and the garrison decimated by hunger. 'Many of the Jewish immigrants were killed by the enemy, many died of hunger. The remainder were exposed to death from similar causes. Those who had been accustomed to delicacies were glad to be able to satisfy their hunger with dry bread; soon they could not obtain even this; they were in want of everything, and were preserved alive as by a miracle.'"

[452]

Prof. Graetz, still more explicit, writes to the following effect: "In 1646, when open war broke out between the Portuguese and the Dutch, and the garrison of Recife, exhausted by famine, was on the point of surrendering unconditionally, the Jews encouraged the governor to brave resistance. A fanatical war of race and religion between the Portuguese and the Dutch devastated fair Brazil, and a famine ensued. The Jews vied with the Dutch in suffering and bravery. Isaac Aboab, the Chacham of the Brazil community, paints the suffering of the war, which he himself endured, in lurid colors: 'Volumes would not suffice to relate our miseries. The enemy spread over field and wood, seeking here for booty and there for life. Many of us died, sword in hand, others from want; they now rest in cold earth. We survivors were exposed to death in every form; those accustomed to luxuries were glad to seize mouldy bread to stay their hunger.'

"At last, the States-General were compelled by European wars to surrender the colony to the Portuguese. The devoted zeal of the Jews for the political welfare of the Dutch was a firm band, never afterwards dissolved, between them and the Republic. The toleration and equal position of Jews in the Netherlands were ensured forever."

Southey relates (History of Brazil, Vol. II, p. 241; apud Koenen's Geschiedenis, p. 281), that when the Dutch in Recife were besieged the second time,[50] the Jews manifested much courage and bravery in its defense. One of the Pintos (Jewish stock also in Surinam, where Isaac Pinto, a member of this family, likewise displayed zeal and heroism in resisting the enemy), is said to have manned the fort Dos Affrogados single handed, until, overwhelmed by superior force, he was compelled to surrender.

"In the wars of the Dutch against the Spaniards," says Dr. A. Hahn, "one of the Pintos was killed at his post while bravely defending one of the fortresses." His death is nowhere else recorded, however.[51]

[453]

The supremacy of the United Provinces now came to an end in America. On the 23d of January, 1654, Recife, together with the neighboring cities of Mauritsstad, Parayba, Itamarica, Seara, and other Hollandish possessions, was ceded to the Portuguese conquerors, with the condition that a general amnesty be granted. (Koenen, l. c., p. 282). Although, as Netscher[52] remarks, this stipulation was agreed upon, and the Jews, who were loyal supporters of Holland, were promised every consideration, the Portuguese governor, heeding the treacherous advice of jealous persons, ordered the Jews to quit Brazil at once. It must be admitted, in justice to Portugal, that he treated them kindly, inasmuch as he placed at their disposal sixteen vessels to carry them and their property anywhere they chose, and furnished them with passports and safeguards. Thus after a residence of several decades, Aboab, Aguilar, the Nassys, Pereiras, the Mezas, Abraham de Castro, Josua Sarfati, both surnamed el Brasil,[53] returned to Amsterdam, and many others went to New York, where they formed the nucleus of a prosperous colony. They arrived in safety, although one of their vessels, attacked by pirates, was rescued by the French and escorted to New Holland.[54]

[454]

III.
Samuel Nassy of Surinam.

Not all the Jews, who were by royal order expelled from Brazil in 1654, when the Dutch possessions in South America were ceded to Portugal, left their adopted country, where they, for a brief span of years enjoyed all the privileges of their fellowmen. Many were so much attached to American soil that they dared remain, despite the edict of banishment, in Brazil and elsewhere.

In Dutch Guiana, a thrifty colony was formed as early as 1644,[55] two years after the influx and settlement of Amsterdam Jews in Brazil under Aboab and Aguilar. These were undoubtedly the original colonists of Brazil. This colony soon increased by a second settlement of Jews hailing, likewise, from Brazil, who were undoubtedly persuaded to migrate thither by their Dutch co-religionists in Cayenne. The President of the West Indian Company, recognizing their influence as a commercial and political body, granted a most liberal charter of rights[56] in 1659 (September 12th), wherein freedom of thought, and liberty of conscience and worship were duly accorded to them through their able representative, David Nassy, a native Brazilian, who, by force of his personality, culture and intelligence, was destined to play a most important part in the political and social development of this and other colonies subsequently formed in the Guianas. So enticing was this generous programme, that already in the following year, 1660, 152 Jews of both sexes,[57] embarked at Livorno, Italy,[58] bound for the land of freedom, where they arrived in the ship Monte del Cisne, having set sail on the memorable 9th day of Ab (August) 1660, in order to build up their temple under more favorable auspices in another hemisphere.[59]

[455]

Among their number was the famous Spanish poet and historian De Barrios (see above), to whom we owe many important items of early American Jewish history. His visit to America was not a happy one, for shortly after his arrival his wife, Deborah, died in Tabago (West Indies).[60]

The continuous wars between Holland and Portugal caused the colonists no little grief and annoyance. The frequent devastations of the French, too, who were equally zealous and greedy for conquest, gave them so much anxiety that they decided to transplant the colony to Surinam—a plan which was carried out on May 15th, 1664.[61]

[456]

As the writer is engaged in compiling an extensive work on the Jews of Surinam he refrains now from entering into details concerning their early career. Suffice it to say that the spirit of their Dutch masters followed them thenceforth for more than a century and a half. The English government then ruling the colony, true to their traditional standard of tolerance ever since the days of Cromwell and Menasseh ben Israel, endowed them with equal civil rights and granted them not only full exercise of their religion, but excused them from public and military service on the Sabbath day. The document is a precious chapter in the history of religious liberty in America. It was published recently by the present writer.[62] Without further prolegomena, we desire to introduce one of the members of the famous family of Nassy, all of whom fully deserved the distinction of nobility implied in their name,[63] for their bravery and statesmanship.

History records the estimable services of Samuel Nassy, who but for some unlucky circumstance would have occupied the highest official position in Surinam. De Barrios, who probably knew him personally, remembers him in the following words: "Del pueblo de Sariñam Samuel Nasi (sic) Señorea El coraçon con los dones y et estudio con la ciencia."[64] Dr. Kayserling, in a recent article says: "Of great influence upon the free development of the colony, as on the condition of the Jewish inhabitants, was the activity of Samuel Nasi, a talented and scientifically trained man, who is designated as 'Citizens' Captain,' and was a candidate for the position of governor."[65] It is said that Governor Aerssens, with whom the Jews of Surinam had some little difficulty,[66] sealed a treaty of peace with the Indians, who molested the early settlers quite often, and in order to make it of a more durable character, he formed an alliance with the chieftain's daughter.[67] While he lived there was no disturbance at all, but almost immediately after his death, the savage tribes returned to their former aggressive attitude and made a furious onslaught on the colony. With the help of the Jewish inhabitants, who were headed by Captain Samuel Nassy, the Indians were promptly repulsed.[68]

[457]

Nassy soon acquired influence and prominence among his co-religionists in particular. He strove to introduce a few necessary reforms in ritual and ceremony—the first traces of the reform movement in America—especially in the abrogation of certain festivals which were perhaps too burdensome to the community. It seems, however, that in this he met with considerable opposition, although he had the sanction and support of the Rabbis in Amsterdam, with whom he corresponded.[69] The authority with which he was vested by reason of his executive ability and earnest zeal soon diminished with the arrival of the newly appointed governor, Heer Van Scherpenhuizen, the successor of Aerssens,[70] a fact which tended much to embitter his days and aroused sharp controversy between him and his rival. He had the satisfaction of being instrumental in his recall soon after his accession.[71]

[458]

Nassy flattered himself that his personal influence was necessary to the welfare and prosperity of the colony. And he was right. The Jews relied so implicitly upon his counsels and were so certain that he would be proclaimed governor, for he enjoyed the esteem of Jew and Gentile alike, that it was an unpleasant shock to them all when quite another person, comparatively unknown, was chosen in his stead. It is, therefore, not surprising that Samuel Nassy, seeing the loss of his public prestige, thought fit to betake himself to Amsterdam, unwilling to remain in a country which owed all its present affluence to his sterling honesty and wise management, and was yet so slow in showing its gratitude to the able statesman. His disappointment and dissatisfaction in not succeeding Heer Van Sommelsdyk as governor infected the whole Jewish community. The rupture which eventually followed between the Jews and Governor Scherpenhuizen resulted in the latter's removal.[72] This was chiefly occasioned by the unfriendly treatment of the Jews at the governor's hands, who, seeing in them only the partisans of his former rival, took care to harass them with unjust taxation. This exasperated them so much that they lodged a complaint against him with Baron de Belmonte and their "Citizens' Captain" Samuel Nassy, both in Amsterdam, and demanded the immediate recall of their prejudiced governor from the State-Council. Strangely enough, Nassy's influence was still powerful, for he was replaced, in 1696, by another[459] governor, Paulus van der Veen by name, shortly after the petition was filed. Scherpenhuizen embarked for Holland. Having been taken prisoner by the French on his way thither, he arrived there only after several months. Hardly had he landed at Amsterdam, before he was arraigned by Samuel Nassy before the civil court and he was compelled to vindicate his conduct.[73] The record of that trial and defense, in which Nassy took a leading part, is still extant, published in 1697.[74]

IV.
Defense of the Jews in Surinam Against the French in 1689 and 1712.

The loyalty of the Jews to their new settlement is unparalleled in American history. Every emergency found them ready to show their allegiance to Holland. Thus, when in 1689, a French fleet, under Admiral Cassard, made a sudden attack on the colony, they were met with brave resistance by[460] the Jews. Van Chattillon, son of the previous governor, displayed great heroism on this occasion.[75] Two Dutch historians make mention of the valor of the Jews. Verburg and Fr. Holf. Merkurius relate in their Histories of the East and West Indies, that "after the death of Governor Aersen (sic) and the arrival of the new representative Scherpenhuizen, word was received that a French fleet was nearing Surinam. All soldiers and sailors were ordered out and summoned to appear at the fort. The call was obeyed by the Jews, of whom there were many in Surinam, and despite the fact that it was a Sabbath day, they fought valiantly for their colony. Two letters eulogizing their action in the matter were sent to the Society Felix Libertate, by a worthy citizen, H. L. Bromet, who lived for many years in Surinam."[76]

[461]

The colony, unmolested by strife and war, soon began to thrive and prosper. Their respite was of short duration, however, for already in in 1712, Admiral Cassard, at the head of another powerful squadron advanced upon the settlement. A fierce attack made in June, 1712, was manfully repulsed. In October of the same year, Cassard's fleet again appeared on the coast, and endeavored to sail up the Commawine River. The inhabitants, and particularly the Jews, under Captain Isaac Pinto[77] offered a stubborn resistance, and although they fought valiantly, they could not prevent the enemy from landing, bombarding the city of Paramaribo, and devastating the country. The treaty of Utrecht sealed soon after between the French and Dutch put an end to these vagaries.[78]

A recent writer on American Jewish history says: "In the war against the French in 1689, members of the families Pinto da Fonsera (read Fonseca), Arias, Naar, De Brito and D'Avilar fought valiantly."[79]

[462]

V.
Suppression of Negro-Revolts by the Jews of Surinam (1690-1772.)

Hardly were the colonists freed from the depredations of the French before danger menaced them from another direction. An anonymous writer, cited by Hannah Adams,[80] says: "The great check to the prosperity of Surinam has arisen from the inhabitants being exposed to the invasion and lawlessness of the Maroons, or runaway negroes, who have formed several communities in the inaccessible parts of the woods, and were the most implacable and cruel enemies of the colonists. The Jewish militia have often signalized themselves against them, and have been of great use to the colony; one-third of whom were of this (Jewish) nation."

[463]

Already in the year 1690 the negro slaves on the plantation of a wealthy Jewish landowner, Machado, rebelled against their master and murdered him. Governor Scharphuizen, who entertained bitter feelings against the Jews, refused to lend them the slightest assistance, so that they were thrown entirely upon their own resources.[81] More than once the Jews, exasperated by the governor's neglect, took matters into their own hands, and defended themselves with great success. The negroes, nothing daunted by this spirited show of resistance assumed a still more threatening attitude, their numbers, and hence their audacity, increasing more and more each day. The natives knowing full well that their advantage lay in their endurance of climate and similar local circumstances, understood how to utilize the fact to their benefit, and during the following years harassed the colony very much. This state of affairs, however, could not last long. In 1730 a desperate effort was made by the Jewish militia, which was determined to punish the slaves, under the lead of an under-officer followed by fourteen volunteers and thirty-six negroes. They exhibited no little courage and bravery in the taking possession and guard of an important post situated in the vicinity of the devastated negro villages.[82] This determined stand of the Jews did not, by any means, intimidate the lawless hordes who were intent upon rebellion and plunder. On the contrary it only roused their anger all the more. In 1731 it was again deemed imperative to check their depredations. The Citizens' Captain Boeyé and the spirited David Nassy, (who more than any one else before and after him worked for the prosperity of Surinam) were chosen leaders of this campaign. David Nassy is described by historians as a man of power and integrity. He is said to have drilled the negro slaves on his plantation so thoroughly for such enterprises, that his co-operation was of the utmost necessity. He was the nephew of David Nassy who first settled in Surinam and received (in 1659), the famous charter of privileges to settle in Cayenne.[83] (See above.) It seems that he entertained friendly relations with his negro slaves who, in 1717 were offered perfect freedom by the Political Council (Raad van Politie) if they volunteered to fight against the Maroons, who made frequent assaults on the colonists. Already in the year 1718, Nassy enlisted in the Jewish Corps, commanded by Captain Jacob D'Avilar, and distinguished himself in a combat of a similar nature. So impetuous and brave was he in battle that he was speedily promoted from a regular to the office of Lieutenant, and later to that of Captain of the Jewish Citizens' Company (Kapitein der Joodsche burger compagnie). He was, therefore, well qualified by dint of personal bravery and diplomatic skill to take so important a part in the expedition against the Maroons.

[464]

In the present campaign he was not less fortunate and heroic. Undaunted by the treacherous trick of Boeyé, who abandoned him in the middle of the fray, he attacked the foe in their own retreats, killed several and took as many more prisoners. Boeyé, who was his envious rival, fearful perhaps of the consequences of his own cowardice, accused Nassy of indiscretion and disobedience, but so universal was the esteem and sympathy felt for the latter, who had before earned laurels on the field and was thought incapable of such folly, that he had but little difficulty in proving his innocence. The result was that Nassy was honorably acquitted, whilst his jealous rival, the real culprit, was duly punished. He added to his fame most decisively by this new stroke of bravery and military prowess and had the honor of being praised and glorified by the Spanish-Jewish poetess Benvenida Belmonte,[84] who composed a fitting eulogy in verse on his deeds of valor.[85] Nassy was the second South American Jew, whose nobility of character and[465] state services were commemorated in Spanish-Jewish literature. (Cp. supra, rubric II, on Abraham Coen of Brazil.) His generalship and scientific tactics were called into requisition about two decades after his above detailed victory, in another expedition against the marauding band of negroes, who troubled the peace of the colony for nearly a century at various intervals. As previously noted, in the case of Machado, anno 1690, the slaves of another wealthy Jewish planter, Manuel Pereira, rebelled against their master, in 1738, and, thinking to shake off the yoke of slavery, cruelly murdered him. Hereupon, Isaac Arias, a former officer of the Jewish militia, who lived in the victim's neighborhood, sent out a detachment of Jewish volunteers, headed by David Nassy and Abraham De Brito, to wreak vengeance upon the rebels. The troops remained away for six weeks in the enemy's camp,[86] and it began to be feared that they were utterly routed and destroyed, when the company returned, bringing with them the trophies of a most successful onslaught made against the Maroons, namely six hands severed from fallen negroes, and forty-seven prisoners of war.

As a reward for their bravery every officer received from the Council (Raad) 75 f. (florins?); every citizen (Jewish regular) 36 f.; each armed negro 20 f.; and each colored man who was in needy circumstances, 5 f.[87]

[466]

Five years later, in 1743, brave old Captain David Nassy, who had conducted thirty like expeditions against the Maroons, sallied forth for the last time to fight for his people and, according to some, to die on the battlefield the death of a hero.[88] This time he was arrayed against the Creoles, who by reason of their more acute intelligence and culture (having been long associated with Europeans) were yet the most dangerous of all their foes. Endowed with a noble Macabbean spirit, he fell like his ancestor Matathias, in the moment of victory. It was on the Day of Atonement that the venerable sage and warrior sallied forth to war. It must have been urgent indeed, for David Nassy regardless of the solemnity of the festival put himself at the head of his trusty men, crossed over the Surinam River; penetrated further inland; pursued the enemy, set their huts ablaze; tore their fruits out of the ground; killed many on the spot and dragged about forty slaves along with them as captives. Nassy, who had already passed his three score years and ten, fell a victim to the treachery of his foes. It was told him that the negroes had poisoned all the wells in the village, so that he was compelled to turn homeward, in order to quench the burning thirst which afflicted him and his troops, without awaiting the orders of the Council. This most natural step gave his opponents a good excuse for lodging a[467] complaint against him with the authorities, who are usually ready to listen to malice and dispute. His defense was scarcely heard and he was pronounced guilty. Such wanton ingratitude the good old soldier hardly expected as a reward for his services for the welfare of his fellowmen. Bitter disappointment and grief undermined his health. He was seized with fever, and soon after at the age of seventy, or thereabouts, death released him from his sufferings. With him died the flower of the Jewish colony, an Israelite indeed, in whom there was no guile. His co-religionist, Isaac Carvalho, was chosen Captain of the Jewish Citizens' Company, in his place.[89]

A few years later, a treaty of peace was made with the Western Maroons, who were getting more and more perilous to the safety of the colonists. But a new danger threatened them from another side. In 1749 the Maroons in the east, known as Tempati (?) Negroes (Tempati-negers), broke forth in mutiny, plundered a plantation completely and carried off all the negro slaves who lived there. This plantation (as in fact all others in Surinam) belonged to a Jewish landowner, and[468] was called Auka. Henceforth the insurrection which originated there was named after the Auka-negroes. Against these marauders, an expedition, partly under the Christian chief, Rijsdorp, and partly in command of the Jewish captain, Moses Naar, was organized and dispatched in 1757. It deserves to be mentioned, by the way, that this was Naar's seventeenth campaign against the Creoles. The result of this undertaking was likewise favorable. Naar burned down a whole negro-village, made a number of captives, among them being a certain Corydon, the leader of the insurrection. For his bravery and skilful capture he was presented with a worthy gift by the Council.[90]

We are informed by David J. C. Nasi (or Nassy), the third descendant of the original settler of Surinam, who compiled with other intelligent men of his age, an exhaustive and comprehensive chronicle of the Jews in Surinam in French,[91] that already in 1750, Moses Naar and Gabriel de La Fatte, in recognition of their active zeal in suppressing a revolt of the negroes in their colony, were presented with silver cups and a vote of thanks from the government.[92]

[469]

The fame achieved by his co-religionist, Naar, so enthused and electrified the young and ambitious Isaac Nassy that he was eagerly anticipating another outbreak on the part of the Maroons, in order to show his courage and reckless heroism. The impetuous youth met with a noble, but pathetic end:

Thinking that against a well-regulated army, however small, no valor or charge of the negroes could possibly prevail, he hastily collected twelve of his followers upon the rumor of their approach; armed his and their most trusty slaves; provided himself with the barest necessities of war, sufficient for about ten or twelve days, and pursued the retreating foe with an ardor which, if imprudent, is at least a virtue in one so young and war-thirsty. He was, however, suddenly confronted by a much more considerable number of negroes than he reckoned upon. His little band stood ground but for a short while. Nassy himself displayed great bravery, and although severely wounded by a rifle shot in his right limb, he began to fight with a still more marvelous energy in order to rally his terrified men and to re-arouse their fleeting courage. But in vain. He was captured alive by the sanguinary horde and brutally murdered. Two of their chief officers and twenty soldiers fell with him on the battlefield.[93]

[470]

At last, the authorities saw that it was advisable and imperative again to make a treaty of peace with the relentless Maroons, or fugitive negroes, (gevluchte Negers) whose ravages for over half a century spread ruin and terror throughout the land. Accordingly, on the 23d of May, 1761, peace was established, to last for a good many years, apparently.[94] It was not long, however, before hostilities were resumed. In 1772 the State Council found it imperative to call in the aid of the mother country against the Maroons, who grew more audacious in proportion as they advanced in culture and education.[95] The State General, roused to action by the serious state of affairs in the colony, sent a company of 500 men, under command of Captain Forgeoud, who had previously shown much courage and ingenuity in suppressing a revolt of negroes in the Barbary States. Two years later, a series of military posts was established, beginning from the Savannah of the Jews to the banks of the Commawine River and from there to the sea. Forts, strengthened by means of palisades were constructed from plantation to plantation, and when finally peace was enforced, the colony was spared from any further molestation at the hands of the unruly negroes.[96] Koenen, though very fair and just to the Jews in his History, sees fit to reproach them[471] for their unkind treatment of slaves,[97] which, he opines, was the chief cause of the rebellion, lasting over seventy years. We are inclined to think that this rebuke is unwarranted, inasmuch as the rigid Mosaic and Rabbinic laws regarding them, were always strictly followed by the Jews and those in Surinam, who had men like the family of Nassy at their head, could not have trespassed these ordinances. He admitted, however, in his summary, that the colony in her defense was always deeply indebted to the Jewish militia, and in social and commercial matters especially beholden to them, for the Jews were the cultivators of the marshy and often dangerous soil and the masters of commerce, the chief factors of the welfare and prosperity of the settlement,[98] since its foundation. Not desiring to anticipate our conclusions in a larger work, we content ourselves with saying that nowhere else in the history of America is such devotion, disinterestedness and loyalty on the part of Jewish citizens so marked, and let us add, so gratefully recognized as in the little Dutch Province of Surinam. And nowhere else in the New World did the Israelites thrive more in culture, learning and religion than in the Jewish Savannah of Guiana, as their community was called. Small wonder, then, in view of their attachment to their Hollandish masters, when we hear that in 1785, on the occasion of the reconsecration of their synagogue, then 100 years old, the Governor Wichers, with all the provincial magistrates and other eminent citizens, attended in a body the impressive ceremonies, which are graphically narrated in a little volume published by an eye[472] witness.[99] And that two Christian philo-Semites wrote beautiful verses in Dutch in honor of these festivities, republished by the writer, elsewhere.[100] Nor does it now seem strange that the Jews loved to glorify their governors, J. G. Wichers,[101] Sir Chas. Green,[102] and Abraham De Veer,[103] in pretty songs and hymns, written in Hollandish and Hebrew. These were but poetic tokens of their patriotism. As late as 1853, the records inform us of their prosperity and constantly growing activity and interest in the colony. In that year we find them in the courts (Ellis, Juda, Fernandes, and others); among thirteen advocates, notaries, and procurators, there were seven Jews (Heilbronn, Colaço, Belmonte, de Granada, Abendañon, etc.); many served in the army as captains, lieutenants, colonels, majors, and chaplains.[473] In fact they minister to the public weal in every conceivable capacity.[104] In their hands the colony still prospers. Recent reports, made by a correspondent of the Jewish Chronicle in London, are aglow with enthusiasm for the prosperity of their now thrifty and intelligent colony, and reassure us of the vigor and tenacity of our faith in that distant land.

VI.
Extracts from a Letter of David Ebron (dated 1597) to King Philip II, Giving an Account of his Discoveries and Services to the State, in South America.

Among the numerous letters, documents and registers of the Albaic archives,[105] which bear special reference to the discovery and colonization of America, is particularly noticeable the culture-historic, perhaps valuable memorial address of David Ebron from Constantine, Algeria (dated December 9th, 1597), to the Emperor, Philip II. The writer introduces himself in the preliminary note as an Israelite, who, at a tender age, fled to Africa, and rendered important services to the King of India and other personages of rank in various sections of Africa.

He enumerates many items of surprising significance, apparently anxious to array them as an overwhelming evidence of his abilities and reliability, and eager to impress upon the august reader the great amount of gratitude due him for his achievements. He prepared accurate sketches of distant regions and established settlements, dependent upon his generous bounty; he discovered countries and conquered them, and whatsoever had been attempted in Santa Marta, South America, within the last five years, may be safely attributed to his energetic activity and perseverance. Thence he repaired by land to Peru, and enlisted in the service of the monarch in Huancabelica. The last remarkable harvest in quicksilver, which was so advantageous to the king, was chiefly due to his judicious management. By careful husbanding of material and laudable zeal he was instrumental in not only saving sixty and some odd thousand pesos (!) involved in the annual transportation of small fleets from Lima and Panama but equally as much by causing galleys to be constructed there.

[474]

Through the personal malice and mean manœuvers of two officials, the well-merited reward for the last mentioned benefits was withheld from him. "But," affirms the abused victim of ingratitude with a dignified emphasis, which seemed to restore his confidence, "my accomplishments in this regard may easily be ascertained by application to Gutierrez Florez, the Indian minister of commerce in Seville."

"I do not bring these facts to your notice," continues the self-vindicator in haughty terms, "in order to obtain reward from your Majesty, but that your serene highness might perceive how zealously and indefatigably, I, a secret Hebrew,[106] travelled everywhere, despite harassing circumstances, obstacles end even imminent perils, and have forsaken your realm out of pure fear to die outside of my faith, which, according to my conception is the only true creed appointed by the Almighty, the Creator of heaven, sun, moon, sea and all things therein, you, gracious Sire included. I do not revive these recollections in order to deplore my ill-fortune or petition for the proper remuneration and recognition denied me for the various favors rendered, for such great and weighty benefits I am yet in a position to offer from here, without necessitating my residence there; only out of simple attachment to your royal highness, whom I desire to serve and in order that the memory of this Israelite and his faithful acts be not wholly eradicated from your heart, I am quite satisfied to continue the diligent execution of projects confided to my trust. O, would it please the Heavenly Father, that the Jews in your dominion could enjoy the same liberties and privileges accorded to them by the exemplary toleration of the Pope in Rome, Venice, Milan, Naples, in the whole of Apulia, Ragusa, Florence, Pisa, Ferrara, Mantova and Italy and here in Constantine and the Barbary States.

[475]

Would that they were permitted to migrate from one portion of your realm to the other and live under the same circumstances as elsewhere. Then I would not resign from the office I so loyally occupied, and your countries would considerably increase in commercial opulence—it is inconceivable why your Grace should not participate in the profits reaped by others—then your armies, military exploits and campaigns against Lutherans, heretics and other enemies would be much more successful than they have been heretofore.

"And as regards the Spanish Inquisition against the Jews,"[107] further declares this remarkable champion of the Mosaic faith, "I have absolutely no objection to urge, if it is directed against such as voluntarily embrace Christianity and secretly profess the ancient religion." He calls the King's attention to the fact that within two months he could at command transport 200,000 pesos cash money into the state treasury without injuring anyone; in a similar manner he is able in one single day, whenever the King willed it, to obtain more than one million pieces of gold from Santa Fe in the new kingdom of Granada. Other treasures are spoken of as accessible to the all-conquering genius of David Ebron, and obtainable by him for the King, whom he is intent on reconciling to his Jewish subjects. His eloquence reaches the fever heat of indignation, however, when he alludes to the thievish officials in the King's employ. "What a pity, your Majesty, that so much money is stolen in India and Spain. I could aggravate myself to death when I contemplate upon the mass of wealth wrongfully acquired by your representatives and ministers. Were I to enumerate all the outrageous robberies committed against you, O mighty Sovereign, in Seville, and apprise you of the doings of that infamous horde there stationed, and admitted into your court! ... O lips, if only you would divulge the secrets which oppress the heart! O tongue! why not reveal what you know and feel?" In concluding his remarks, he places himself at the disposal of the government as confidential agent in the affairs of Portugal, the marriage of the Oranian, and similar matters, and enjoins upon the King to communicate with him under the seal of strictest privacy, should he require his co-operation or assistance at any future time. "The God of Abraham, Isaac and Jacob," says he, "who created the universe, protect and exalt your Majesty and inspire you to deal leniently and indulgently with your Hebrews, whom God never totally ignores or forgets, but inflicts with penalties and disasters only to try their fortitude and allegiance!"

[476]

This quite forgotten explorer and financier, whose eloquent plea in behalf of his race can not fail to appeal to every one, and whose only demand for the enormous service rendered to his king is more tolerance toward his people, deserves an honorable place in the annals of American Jewish History as a loyal, patriotic subject.

VII.
Enterprise and Influence of the Gradis Family in the West Indies, and During the Canadian Wars.

This is not to be a series of biographical sketches on the Rothschilds of the Eighteenth Century, for neither the space nor the scope of this work would permit of such an elaborate history. This chapter aims merely to set forth the political[477] prominence attained by the family of Gradis,[108] to whose hands the fortunes of two continents were entrusted, and whose labors of love and patriotic services during the war-times of France in America, deserve to be chronicled in our annals. Reserving the elaboration of the family's antecedents, and other interesting particulars for another large paper on the History of the Jews in Martinique—the seat of their chief activity—we shall here detail those facts which concern our topic the most.

We may begin with David Gradis, who, in 1731, was naturalized in Bordeaux,[109] and who died in 1751. Already in 1696 he founded the great mercantile house which had commercial connections with England, Holland, Paris, southern France and the West Indies. The exports were linen, wine and alcohol. In the year 1715, David Gradis tided over the financial crisis under Louis XIV., after paying a draft of 150,000 francs, which his house endorsed. In fact the hard times did not affect him much, for we know that only two years after he conducted all the transatlantic commerce. He fitted out three ships, one bound for Cayenne and two for the Island of Martinique (or Martinico). His cargo consisted of wine, alcohol, meal and pickled meat, which he exchanged for sugar and indigo in the West Indian ports. Another money-crisis in 1719, passed without materially injuring his prospects, although he lost heavily. In spite of it, however, he again undertook foreign expeditions and was, as before, successful. In 1724, his business expanded to such an extent that he opened a branch on the island of St. Domingo. His name and fame grew in popularity and opulence, and French America was glad to acknowledge the enterprise of this energetic man who passed under the name of the Portuguese Merchant. And, although Jews were not tolerated in the French colonies, by the stern and scheming Jesuits, as we shall have ample occasion to show elsewhere, the government was constrained to overlook his origin and belief, in view of his vast influence and commercial importance. So universal was the esteem felt for the house of David Gradis that when his son Samuel, who conducted the interests of the business in St. Pierre, Martinique, died there in 1732, his remains were interred in the garden of the frères de la Charité, and masses were held in the cloisters for the repose of his soul. True, the monks dared not erect a monument to mark the spot. The lieutenant of the colony urged in argument of their expulsion the fact that were any of the members of the house of Gradis, there established, to die, their property would have to be confiscated, for Jews were not permitted to have possessions. Nevertheless he shut his eyes on their prolonged residence on the island. Abraham, eldest son of David Gradis, succeeded his father as senior member of the firm, of which he was previously a partner. He achieved even more fame than his predecessor. Endowed with wonderful ability and speculative genius, he also controlled the trade of France with the West Indies. He received important official contracts from the government; became intimate with personages of the highest political rank; obtained the protection and friendship of M. Maurepas, the confidant of Louis XVI., and added much to the glory and renown of the house of "David Gradis, et fils." His extensive correspondence with the greatest men of the reign of Louis XV. and XVI., is still extant.

[478]

Through the friends who were influential in his behalf at court, his ships were fitted out at the cost of the government, and this gave him further opportunity to enlarge his business connections. Nor was he ungrateful for these privileges and for the consideration shown him by his royal patron. Thus we hear of remarkable exploits undertaken in behalf of his country. In the wars between England and France for the possession of Canada, he displayed extraordinary activity. In order to expedite matters, he fitted out ships to Canada,[479] although the insurance on the cargo, because of the war then pending, was most exorbitant. If his freight vessels were captured by the armed cruisers of the enemy, he built and replenished new ones, without caring for losses thus incurred for France. In 1748, he organized the society of Canada, under the auspices of the government, in order to test the possibilities of the land, and thereby again widened the sphere of his mercantile activity. Important missions were entrusted to him. His ships carried valuable cargo (presumably military ammunition, etc.), always at the expense of the firm. He even erected magazines in Quebec. Later on the government defrayed these costs, but David Gradis et fils had no little share in the success of these projects.

After his father's death in 1751, Abraham Gradis' financial interests were still more extended. To give an idea of the scope of his commercial activity we will cast a momentary glance into the private accounts of the firm. In 1758, the commerce of the house with the French colonies alone, amounted to 2,369,326 francs. In the following year, the firm received the commission to forward 4500 tons of goods and ammunition for the French troops in Canada. Twelve ships, among them eight of his own were called into service for the purpose. From 1759 to 1763, when Canada ceased to be a French possession, the export trade of the firm of Gradis was worth nine million francs. These merchant vessels, on account of the war, had to be manned by a goodly company of soldiers, who had frequent occasion to defend themselves from attacks on the sea, and saved quite often the honor of their flag by their fearlessness and bravery.

During the struggle between England and France for the occupation of Canada, the house of Gradis dispatched thither many heavily laden ships at the order and expense of the French Government, which was their debtor to the amount of several millions on more than one occasion. Of course these obligations could not be liquidated for some time. Gradis & Co.'s drafts were not promptly paid, for France was impoverished by the American wars and had no means at her disposal. Although these noble financiers suffered heavy losses from the capture and detention of richly cargoed vessels sent out in the[480] name of France, they did not lose faith and preserved their balance with a skill and energy which is remarkable. Far from fearing to sacrifice too much for the fatherland, they strove more and more to merit the good will and esteem of the king and the aristocracy. It was indeed a work of charity and patriotism on their part to ransom French captives.[110] Abraham Gradis, we are told, authorized an influential business friend in London, to supply the captains and commanders held as prisoners in England with everything necessary to ease and comfort their condition.[111]

He more than once was compelled to appeal to the government for the necessary funds due him, in order to carry on his trade with the colonies, which was increasing in dimensions every year. The road to the audience-chamber of the King was not always clear to even so influential a personage as Abraham Gradis. On one occasion, being hard pressed for money to fill a large order received from the West Indies, he presented his claim to Minister Berryer—well known for his harsh and imperious demeanor. The latter, hesitating to comply, Gradis assured him that unless his demands were soon satisfied he would be prevented from accomplishing his duties. Whereupon the stern minister cuttingly replied: "That will not be such a great misfortune; you merchants are accustomed to such things; in fact you become rich through them!" Abraham Gradis straightened himself up at this insult, and looking steadily at the great man, said: "The name of Gradis, better known in four quarters of the globe than that of the Minister of France, is free from dishonor. No taint of any kind covers its escutcheon!" With this he urged the minister with even greater persistence to render him satisfaction by appealing to the King in his behalf. Berryer, unused to such show of courage and firmness, could not but comply with his request, and Gradis' claims were duly honored.

[481]

It was no conceit that prompted his reply to the haughty representative of King Louis XV. His sovereign gave frequent sign of his favor and gratitude for the diplomatic skill and rare tact as well as noble devotion with which Gradis managed the business affairs of the empire in these revolutionary days. The minister once wrote in the following strain to Gradis & Co.: "I considered it my duty to remind his Majesty that your conduct was both unselfish and zealous for the welfare and services of the state on all occasions and under all circumstances. His Majesty commissions me to express to you his utmost satisfaction and recognition."

As a reward for his untiring interest in behalf of the French nation, exceptional privileges were granted to him (Abraham Gradis), and his family in the colonies. The right of owning real estate and civil equality in common with the other citizens of France on the Island of Martinique, were accorded to him in 1779. It is interesting to note that he was associated with the Superior of the Jesuit Missionaries in Martinique—the famous pater Lavalette, who had charge of the largest and most influential congregation there, and who conducted an immense business with foreign countries. Gradis once advanced him 400,000 francs. He often received him in his own home socially, and was charmed by the personal merits of the enterprising Jesuit. This did not prevent Gradis—a shrewd and careful merchant who knew just how much to risk—from severing all connections with him, for he rather early suspected the utter collapse of Lavalette's colossal undertakings, and thus avoided the bankruptcy which would inevitably have resulted, had he, like other careless firms, allowed himself to be drawn into the vortex of speculation. Similar causes of self-preservation prompted him to withdraw from further commercial relations with the State, as another financial crisis warned him of the outbreak of the Revolution.

Much more of interest might be told of Abraham Gradis and[482] other members of the same stock. Thus for instance of his acts of kindness during the famine in the French Colonies, at which time he sent seventeen ships laden with nourishment and merchandise for the relief of the suffering—a fact used by the Abbé Gregoire as a plea and an argument in favor of the emancipation of the Jews.

A rebellion in St. Domingo and in Martinique where the Gradis family (among them David II, Benjamin, Moses Gradis, etc.), owned extensive territory, together with the losses in the mother country during the French Revolution, caused the downfall of this princely house. Their possessions in St. Domingo, valued at three million francs, were utterly ruined. The slaves in their employ were (unknown to them) misused by their representative, hence the "habitation," as his property was called, began to yield but sad results. The younger brother, Moses, saved at least a meagre portion of the vast wealth once commanded by the house of Gradis, by visiting the island and caring for the negroes, who, in gratitude for his kind treatment of them—eulogized by the abolitionist Schoelcher—strove to make good their former losses. The family of Gradis is immortalized in the history of the commerce of two continents. "Their works are their monuments."

VIII.
The Civil and Military Status of the Jews in Jamaica.

In the West Indies, the Jews, though debarred from public office until late, contributed much to the public good. Their constancy and restless activity in behalf of the Government under which they served are chronicled by many historians. It were useless to give an elaborate account of their influence for good in the islands. It would lead us much too far to recount them, and in fact many things have been recorded of this nature by the present writer elsewhere.[112] If we mention the case of Daniel Cordoso, who was killed while defending Curaçao, from an attack of the English[483] in 1805,[113] it is because his is the only one referred to by name in the history of that island. No doubt other researches will be made by the active members of the American Jewish Historical Society, in this direction, which will silence all calumny against our patriotism. As a fitting epilogue to these pages, we subjoin a "List of Jews appointed to civil and military offices in Jamaica, since the act of 1831," extracted from the official gazettes of the island, and presented by Sir F. H. Goldsmid, in his Arguments advanced against the enfranchisement of the Jews, considered in a series of letters, Second Edition, London 1833, pp. 39-40 (First Ed., London, 1831), arranged in the following chronological order:

1831.
October 15thMyer Benjamin, Gent., to be a Quartermaster.
October 24thMoses Gomes Silva, Esq., to be a Provost
 Marshal-General.[114]
October 27thAlexander Bravo, Esq., to be a Magistrate
 and Assistant Judge of the Court of Common
 Pleas for the Parish of Clarendon.
November 2ndPhilip Lucas, Esq., to be a Magistrate and
 Assistant Judge of the Court of Common
 Pleas for the Parish of Kingston.
December 13thAaron Gomes Dacosta, Gent., to be an
 Ensign.
December 31st      Daniel Jacobs, Gent., to be an Ensign.
1832.[484]
January 19thAlexander Joseph Lindo, Gent., to be a
 Quartermaster.
March 8thJacob De Pass, Esq., to be a Magistrate and
 Assistant Judge of the Court of Common
 Pleas for the Parish Port Royal.
March 9thSamuel Delisser, Gent., to be an Ensign.
April 27thIsaac Gomes Dacosta, Gent., to be a Quartermaster.
May 1stGeorge Isaacs, Gent., to be a Quartermaster.
May 5thBarnet Isaacs, Gent., to be an Ensign.
July 6thDavid Lopez, Gent., to be a Lieutenant of
 Artillery.
July 26thAbraham Isaacs, Esq., to be a Magistrate
 and Assistant Judge of the Court of Common.
 Pleas for the Parish of St. Ann.
August 4thMoses Q. Henriques, Gent., to be an
 Ensign.[115]

It is evident from this brief and insufficient summary of our subject, that the Jews on American soil, north and south, east and west, were loyal, law-abiding citizens, noble philanthropists and exemplary patriots.

FOOTNOTES:

[30] See H. J. Koenen's prize essay, Geschiedenis der Joden in Nederland (Utrecht, 1843), pp. 277-78: "Machtig breide zich deze bevolking uit als de Nederlanders omstreeks het jaar 1624 Brazilie veroverden. Op de Hollandsche vloot hadden verscheiden Joden vrijwillig dienst genomen, om zich in het te vermeesteren gewest met hunne geloofsgenooten te vereenigen. Deze ontmoeting, en de voor hen aanlichtende vrijheid onder Hollandsche Bestuur, maakten, dat vele Braziliaansche Nieuwe Christenen wederom opentlyk het Jodendom beleden; en dat zij eerlang eene tweede volkplanting hunner geloofsgenooten te Cayenne stichteden, waar David Nassi, een geboren Braziliaan, zich met goedkeuring der West-Indische Compagnie nederzette. Inmiddels hadden de Joden, die met 's lands vloot in 1624 naar Brazilie overgestoken waren en de Nederlanders dat land hadden helpen vermeesteren, aan hunne te Amsterdam woonachtige broederen geschreven, en hen uitgenoodigd om zich in het nieuw veroverde gewest op den pas ontgonnen koophandel te komen toeleggen; waartoe eene ruime gelegendheid was, sedert de Hollanders, na het sluiten van eenen wapenstilstand met de Portugezen, eene publicatie hadden afgekondigd, dat het den Joden voortaan volkomen zoude vrijstaan, zich in Brazilie te vestigen, etc."

We have copied this in full, as Koenen, whom recent historians all follow, is the only authentic source, although in this case no authorities are given. This point, and others in connection with the early Jewish settlements in Brazil were discussed by the present writer in two papers: Early Jewish Literature in America, in Publications of the American Jewish Historical Society (= P. A. J. H. S.), No. 3 (1895), pp. 103-47 (cf. esp. pp. 104, 105, 134-40) and Jewish Martyrs of the Inquisition in South America, to appear simultaneously with this volume, in the same place, No. 4.

[31] See Pieter Marinus Netscher's Les Hollandais au Brésil, Notice Historique sur les Pays-Bas et le Brésil au XVIIe siècle (La Haye, 1853), p. 14: "Avant de mettre en mer (1623?), les amiraux Hollandais obtinrent sur la situation politique du Brésil les informations les plus utiles par l'intermédiaire des Juifs qui s'y étaient établis, et qui presque tous, désiraient avec ardeur passer sous le gouvernement des Provinces-Unies, à cause de sa tolérance en matière de religion." Cf. also De Beauchamp's Histoire du Brésil, vol. II, p. 159; Southey's History of Brazil (2nd ed.) I, pp. 477, 479, 495, supplem. note 135; vol. II, p. 241; Judge Daly's Settlement of the Jews in North America (2nd ed. New York, 1893) p. XVII.

[32] History of Brazil (London, 1810), Vol. I, p. 566; cf. also the quotation in R. G. Watson's Spanish and Portuguese South America, etc., op. cit., Vol. II, p. 29.

[33] See also Netscher's Les Hollandais au Brésil, etc., (La Haye, 1853), p. 94: "Les synagogues furent fermées, et les Juifs durent se borner à célébrer leur culte dans l'intérieur des maisons. Le mal fut d'autant plus sensible qu'un grand nombre de commerçants respectables et d'autres habitants du Brésil-Hollandais étaient des Juifs, qui depuis nombre d'années s'étaient réfugiés au Recife ou qui récemment y avaient été attirés par la tolérance du comte Maurice." Cf. also ibid., pp. 128, 202, note 82; and Judge Daly's work, op. cit., p. 6. On the subject of religious freedom enjoyed by Jews in Brazil, more at another time.

[34] Cf. Netscher's work, op. cit., p. 127. The document is preserved in Le rapport détaillé de Tolner, contresigné par le Comte, avec tous les appendices, se trouve aux Arch. du Roy., Liasse Ind. Occ., 1641-1644. The contents of this letter will be communicated elsewhere.

[35] See Dr. M. Kayserling's article in P. A. J. H. S., No. 3, (1895), p. 14 sq. Geo. A. Kohut, ibid., pp. 103, 105, 137 sq.

[36] Proofs for these statements may be found in my study on The Jewish Martyrs of the Inquisition in South America, P. A. J. H. S., No. 4, (1895.)

[37] We give the text in full: "Heureusement le fanatisme national et religieux n'avait pas étouffé les sentiments d'humanité et de loyauté dans les coeurs de tous les conjurés. Deux Portugais, Sébastian Carvalho et Fernando Vale, avec cinq Juifs, craignant d'ailleurs aussi pour leurs jours et leur fortune, se décidèrent en commun à révéler le secrèt de la conspiration au grand conseil."

[38] Cf. Montanus Arnoldus, De nieuwe en onbekende wereld of beschrijving van Amerika en 't Zuidland, Amsterdam, 1671, fol. 81; Netscher, l. c., p. 144, says: "Un Juif, Moise Accoignes, qu'on avait forcé à prendre part à cette conspiration le dénonça au grand conseil." N. G. van Kampen, in his Geschichte der Niederlande, vol. II, p. 118 and Frankel in Monatsschrift, vol. XII (1863) p. 323-324, record, that the ringleader in this conspiracy was Joan Fernandes Víníra (?), who intended to poison the government officials at a dinner given at his own home, and the plot would have succeeded had not a Jew raised the alarm.

[39] Cf. Geschiedenis der Joden, p. 279: "De terugroeping van Johan Maurits, wiens edele afkomst en schitterende eigenschappen zelfs den Portugezen eerbied inboezemden, en wiens ongelukkige opvolgers, meestal kooplieden (merchants), leden de Westindische Maatschappij, door hunne bekrompenheid, hebzucht en onmenschelijkheid algemeenen afkeer verwekten, deed onder de Portugesche ingezetenen een sluw beraamde zamenzwering tegen de Hollanders ontstaan, die op het punt was van te gelukken, toen een Joodsche geneesheer haar door het schrijven van een naamloozen brief aan den dag bracht," etc.

[40] Netscher, l. c. p. 158.: "... Mais on parvint enfin en Hollande, à se procurer, par un Juif qui demeurait à Lisbonne, le moyen d'intercepter quelques lettres du roi, qui prouvèrent au soulèvement dans le Brésil." (Ces lettres se trouvent aux Arch du Roy., Liasse Ind. Occ. 1647 et 1648.)

[41] Cf. ibid., l. c., p. 154; See also Lettre de Justif. de Garstman aux Etats-généraux en date du 27 Septembre, 1646. Arch. du Roy., Liasse Ind. Occ. 1645 et 1646.

[42] Cf. Dr. A. Hahu, in American Jews' Annual for 1886-1887, p. 35; see also Isaac de Costa, Israel und die Voelker (Frankfort a. M., 1855), p. 319; and Dr. Z. Frankel, in his Monatsschrift, vol. XII, (1863), p. 323.

[43] Cf. Kayserling's Sephardim, Romanische Poesien der Juden in Spanien (Leipzig 1859) p. 266; P. A. J. H. S., No. 3, p. 18.

[44] P. A. J. H. S., l. c., p. 15, note. Jacob Coen, Abraham's eldest son, was afterwards appointed "Contador Mayor," Receiver-General of Duke Moritz of Nassau. Cf. ib. l. c.

[45] Cf. American Jews' Annual for 1886-1887, p. 35; Isaac de Costa, l. c., p. 318; see also Hon. Oscar S. Straus's address in P. A. J. H. S., No. 3, p 3.

[46] See Kayserling in P. A. J. H. S., l. c., p. 14; Graetz, History of the Jews (Engl. transl.) vol. IV, p. 693.

[47] See full particulars concerning this work in our study on Early Jewish Literature in America, P. A. J. H. S., No. 3, pp. 105, 106, 139, No. 9, and Dr. Kayserling's paper, ibid. l. c., p. 16.

[48] Cf. l. c., p. 16, No. 3.

[49] Cf. Van Kampen, Geschichte der Niederlande, vol. II, p. 120; apud Frankel, Monatsschrift, vol. XII (1863), p. 324; Koenen's Geschiedenis der Joden in Nederland (Utrecht, 1843) p. 280 sq.; Isaac da Costa, Israel und die Voelker (Germ. ed. by K. Mann, Frankfort, A. M., 1855) p. 318 ff.; Graetz's History, l. c., p. 693-4; Kayserling, ib., l. c., pp. 17-18.

[50] Cf. Southey's History of Brazil, Vol. II, pp. 202-230; Van Kampen, Geschichte der Niederlande, Vol. II, pp. 120-122; also the same writer's Geschiedenis der Nederlanders buiten Europa; Isaac de Costa, op. cit., p. 319.

[51] See the American Jews' Annual for 1886-1887, p. 35.

[52] Les Hollandais au Brésil, p. 163, ad ann. 1653-1654: "Une amnistie pleine et entière était accordée aux Portugais et aux Juifs, qui avaient pris cause pour le gouvernement Hollandais, et les Juifs et autres personnes non-catholiques qui resteraient au Brésil y seraient traités de la meme manière, qu'au Portugal (ce qui cachait une arriere-pensée digne de l'intolérance réligieuse de ces jours-là)." Here he adds a note which is hardly correct: "Aujourdhui il ne se trouvent presque pas des Juifs au Brésil."

[53] Cf. Koenen, l. c., p. 282; Kayserling, P. A. J. H. S., No. 3, p. 17.

[54] See the Measseph for 1784; ap. Jost, Geschichte der Israeliten, Vol. VIII, pp. 241-242; Da Costa, Israel und Die Voelker, l. c., pp. 321-322; Dr. Hahn in The American Jews' Annual (1886-1887) p. 36; Rev. E. M. Myers' The Centurial (New York, 1890), p. 105; P. A. J. H. S., No. 2, p. 99. More fully in our paper on Early Jewish Literature in America, l. c., p. 138-139.

[55] Cf. Koenen's Geschiedenis der Joden in Nederland, p. 283; Dr. M. Kayserling, Sephardim, Romanische Poesien der Juden in Spanien, (Leipzig, 1859), p. 265.

[56] The Dutch text of this valuable document is published in the Essai Historique sur la Colonie Surinam, Paramaribo 1788 [Amsterdam 1791], Vol. II, pp. 113-122 and in Koenen's work on the History of the Jews in Holland, l. c., pp. 460-466. The present writer intends to reprint the original text with an English translation in the P. A. J. H. S.; cf. his paper on Early Jewish Literature in America in the Publications No. 3 (1895), p. 104, 136, 137.

[57] Cf. Kayserling, Sephardim, etc., l. c., p. 266; his paper on the Earliest Rabbis and Jewish Writers in America, in P. A. J. H. S., No. 3, p. 18; Koenen, l. c., pp. 283-284.

[58] From this it would appear that the Jews in South America were corresponding and perhaps commercially connected with their brethren in Italy. We have elsewhere proven that the Marranos in Hispañiola were carrying on an extensive trade between various large sea-ports of Italy (see our forthcoming paper on The Jewish Martyrs of the Inquisition in South America, to appear in P. A. J. H. S., No. 4, 1895), and that the Jews of Brazil as early as 1636 wrote to Rabbi Chayim Sabbathai, of Salonica, in reference to disputes arising in their midst concerning Jewish customs and ritual. Cf. the notes in our study quoted above, P. A. J. H. S., No. 3, pp. 104-105, 137.

[59] Cf. Barrios' reference at the end of his Opuscula: "En Tisa beab (sic) sali de Liorne año de 1660 con 152 Almas de Israel en la nave llamada Monte del Cisne para ir apoblar a Cayana conquista de Holandeses en America." Koenen, l. c., p. 283, numbers only 112 passengers, which is evidently erroneous. Cf. also Kayserling, Sephardim, etc., p. 266, note 1; 355, n. 402; P. A. J. H. S., No. 3, p. 18.

[60] Cf. Kayserling, Sephardim, l. c., and P. A. J. H. S., 3, p. 18; see more fully in my paper on a Contribution to the History of the Jews in the Islands of St. Thomas, Jamaica and Barbadoes, to appear in P. A. J. H. S., No. 4.

[61] See Koenen's Geschiedenis, p. 284. The date 1654 there given is probably a misprint for 1664.

[62] Cf. Appendix II to my paper on Early Jewish Literature in America, P. A. J. H. S., No. 3, pp. 145-147, cf. also pp. 125-132 where some points in their history are given.

[63] Dr. E. Carmoly, in his essay on Don Joseph Nasi, Duc de Naxos (Brussels, 1855), traces the relationship of this eminent personage even to American shores, where the Nasis flourished. The word Nasi in Hebrew indicates chief, or prince. See also Fuerst's Orient, XII (1851-2), p. 335; Steinschneider's Hammaskir, II (1859), p. 33.

[64] See Don Miguel Levi de Barrios, Arbol de las Vidas, p. 90; apud Kayserling, in P. A. J. H. S., No. 3, p. 18, note 2.

[65] Cf. Kayserling, ib., l. c.; and his article: Die Juden in Surinam, published in Frankel's Monatsschrift für die Geschichte und Wissenschaft des Judenthums, Vol. VIII, (1859), p. 207; also Van Sijpenstein, Beschrijving van Suriname, historisch-geographisch en statistisch overzigt. Uit officiele Bronnen bijeengebragt (Gravenhage, 1854,) p. 22.

[66] See Koenen's Geschiedenis der Joden, etc., pp. 291-92.

[67] Cf. ibid., l. c., p. 293; Essai Historique sur la Colonie Surinam, etc., Vol. I, p. 42.

[68] Koenen, l. c.: "Zij werden vooral door de Joden, aan wier hoofd zich als Kapitein Samuel Nassy bevond, teruggedreven."

[69] Koenen, l. c., says: "Deze Nassy verkreeg van tijd tot tijd veel invloed onder zijne geloofsgenooten, en trachtte eenige hervormingen bij hen tot stand te brengen, in zonderheid met opzicht tot hunne zoo menigvaldige feestdagen; doch hij vond daarin niet weinig tegenwerking, ofschoon hij door brieven der Amsterdamsche Rabbijnen werd ondersteund."

[70] Koenen, l. c.: "Zijn gezag verminderde zeer, toen de Kolonie op nieuw een Bewindhebber verkreeg in den Heer Van Scherpenhuizen, die Aerssens in het bestuur opvolgde."

[71] See Kayserling, in Monatsschrift, l. c., Vol. VIII, p. 207: "Samuel (Cohen) Nasi wird als Bürger-Capitaen bezeichnet und trieb nicht allein die stets wieder neu einbrechenden Indianer mit starkem Arm zurück, sondern bewirkte auch, dass der neu ernannte Gouverneur Jan (Johann) van Scharphuisen von seinem Posten abberufen wurde." Cf. also Isaac de Costa's work, op. cit., p. 321.

[72] See Koenen's Geschiedenis, etc., p. 294: "Ongelukkig ontstond er een scherpe naijver tusschen den nieuwen Gouverneur en Samuel Nassy, die voor zijne komst bijkans alle gezag in zich vereenigd had, en wellicht had gehoopt den Heer Van Sommelsdyk in het bestuur te zullen opvolgen; ten gevolge waarvan hij goedvond de nieuwe wereld te verlaten, en zich onder zijne broederen te Amsterdam te gaan nederzetten. Ook na zijn vertrek bleef de spanning tusschen de hoofden der Israelitische bevolking en den Heer Van Scherpenhuizen voortduren, zoodat de eersten zich bij den Baron de Belmonte en Samuel Nassy te Amsterdam over hem beklaagden, hun bijstand verzochten, en de terugroeping van den Bewindhebber op die wijs wisten te bewerken. Hij werd in 1696 vervangen door Paulus Van Der Veen, en deze op zijne beurt in 1706 door Willem de Gooyer."

[73] Cp. Dr. M. Kayserling's sketch on "The Jews of Surinam," in Monatsschrift, l. c., p. 207: "Ehe noch Scharphuizen auf Surinam landete, hatte Samuel Nasi die Kolonie verlassen. Nasi konnte es nicht ertragen, einen andern Mann in der Stellung zu sehen, welche er selbst zu erlangen hoffte und welche er, vermoege seiner dem Lande erwiesenen Dienste und Fähigkeiten mit Recht beanspruchen konnte. Er verliess Surinam und schiffte sich nach Amsterdam ein. In Folge der Mitbewerbung des Juden um die Gouverneurstelle hatte Scharphuizen die jüdischen Kolonisten mit weniger Freundlichkeit behandelt und sie hoeher besteuert als die uebrigen Bewohner der Kolonie, so dass jene bei dem Grafen de Belmonte und ihrem Bürger-Capitän Samuel Nasi Klage führten und die Rückberufung des Gouverneurs aufs dringenste von der Regierung verlangten. Wirklich wurde ein anderer Gouverneur in der Person des Paulus van der Veen bestellt. Scharphuizen schiffte sich nach Holland ein; unterwegs von den Franzosen zum Gefangenen gemacht, gelangte er erst nach mehreren Monaten in die Heimat. Kaum aber in Amsterdam angekommen, wurde er von Nasi vor Gericht gefordert und gezwungen sich oeffentlich zu vertheidigen."

[74] Punten en articulen, und Bericht en antwoord van den Gouverneur Jan van Scherpenhuizen. (Amsterdam, 1697.) It would be very interesting to have a copy of this important trial, in which Samuel Nassy figured so prominently.

[75] Cf. Koenen, l. c., p. 293-294: "De Joden van Surinam bewezen de Kolonie wederom groote diensten, toen zij in den jare 1689 eenen aanval te verduren had van het Fransche Eskader, onder bevel van den vlootvoogd Cassard; in welke verdediging de Heer Van Chatillon, zoon van den vorigen Bewindhebber, zich bijzonder onderscheidde." See also Isaac de Costa's Israel und die Voelker (1855), p. 321; Frankel in his Monatsschrift, vol. XII (1863), p. 362. Révue des Études Juives, Vol. IV (1882), p. 131.

[76] Dr. E. Carmoly, in a brief note entitled: "Patriotismus der Juden in Surinam," published in Dr. Leopold Loew's journal, Ben Chananja (Szegedin, 1861), Vol. IV, No. 20, p. 178, n. 37, writes: "Niemand wird ihnen den Ruhm streitig machen, nicht nur ihre Soldatendienste zu thun, sondern auch bei Zuegen gegen ihre in die Wälder geflohene Sklaven ihre Religionsgesetze den Interesse ihrer Buergerpflichten nachzusetzen; sogar abergläubische Juden werden es ihnen nicht als Suende anzeichnen. Man sehe davon einen Beweis in Verburg's O[st]en W[est] Ind. Geschied[enis], 11 D. 8, Cyd bestek, 35 hoofild. § 45, v. d. J. 1689, und Fr. Holf. Merkurius 40 D. wo erzählt wird, dass, da nach dem Tode des Gouverneur Aersen (sic) der Bevollmächtigte Scherphuizen bei seiner Ankunft in Surinam die Nachricht von der Annäherung der franzoesischen Flotte erhalten habe, sogleich alle Soldaten, nebst den Matrosen und den Bürgern auf das Kastell erboten und diesem Befehl Gehorsam geleistet worden sei, selbst von den Juden, deren viele in Surinam wohnen, ungeachtet es Sabbat war. Auch hat man darueber zwei sehr schoene Briefe an die Gesellschaft: Felix Libertate von dem kuendigen Bürger H. L. Bromet der 20 Jahre lang in Surinam wohnte." These letters may yet be extant in the State library at Amsterdam, where many documents on Surinam are preserved.

[77] See my paper in the P. A. J. H. S., No. 3, p. 121, note 1; also Révue des Études Juives, Vol. IV (1882), p. 131.

[78] See Van Kampen, Geschiedenis der Nederlanders buiten Europa, Dl. II, bl. 416-420; apud Koenen's Geschiedenis, etc., p. 294-295: "De Kolonie was van jaar tot jaar in bloei en welstand toegenomen, sedert de heilzame hervormingen van Aerssens hare talrijke vruchten begonnen af te werpen. Geen wonder, dat die opkomende welvaart de Franschen, die op dat pas met de Republiek in oorlog waren, geweldig in de oogen stak. In Junij des Jaars 1712 waagden zij een vrij hevigen aanval, die echter manmoedig werd afgeslagen. In October verscheen de Fransche vlootvoogd Cassard op nieuw voor de kust, en trachtte de rivier Commawine binnen te zeilen. De ingezetenen, in zonderheid de Joden onder hun Kapitein Isaac Pinto, boden een hardnekkigen wederstand, doch konden niet beletten, dat de vijand het land afliep, de stad Paramaribo bombardeerde, en de volkplanting op een gruwzame wijs brandschattede. Kort daarop werd de vrede van Utrecht gesloten, waardoor de Kolonie van dezen vijand gelukkig voor het vervolg verlost werd." See also Dr. Kayserling, in the Monatsschrift, l. c., p. 208. His remarks being substantially the same, we forbear citing in full.

[79] Cp. Dr. A. Hahn's article on Primitive Jewish Settlements in America, in the American Jews' Annual for 1886-1887, p. 36; also Isaac de Costa, op. cit., p. 321; Révue des Études Juives, Vol. IV (1882), p. 131. We are inclined to think that the families mentioned, distinguished themselves in subsequent engagements in Surinam, during the negro revolts of which we shall speak in the next rubric.

[80] Cp. a review of the Essai Historique sur la Colonie Surinam, etc., quoted often in this essay, in the Monthly Review for 1792; Frankel in his Monatsschrift, vol. XII (1863), p. 362; and Hannah Adams' History of the Jews (Boston, 1810) p. 457. On pp. 455-458, a fair résumé of the History of the Jews in Surinam is given.

[81] Koenen, l. c., p. 295: "Reeds in het jaar 1690 waren de slaven op de plantagie van eenen rijken Israeliet, Machado genaamd, opgestaan, en hadden hun meester vermoord. Van toen af waren de Negers, die kans zagen om zich van hunne heeren te ontslaan, begonnen naar de binnenlanden te vluchten, alwaar zij zich in de bosschen nestelden. De Gouverneur Van Scherpenhuizen vond niet goed, den Joden bij dergelijke gelegenheden eenigen bijstand te verleenen, maar beval hun, om op hunne eigene verdediging bedacht te zijn. Dit was een groote misslag; want, eensdeels leerde hij daardoor de Israelitische bevolking zich onderling tot hare eigene handhaving te verbinden, hetgeen lichtelijk voor de Christenen bij eenige botsing gevaarlijk had kunnen worden; anderdeels liet hij daardoor langzamerhand eene macht opkomen, die, gelijk de ervaring geleerd heeft, niet slechts voor de rust en veiligheid, maar voor het bestaan der volkplanting zelve hoogstgevaarlijk moest worden." Cp. also Kayserling, l. c., p. 208.

[82] Koenen, l. c., pp. 295-296: "De Joden verdedigden zich meer dan eenmaal met goed gevolg.... Evenwel deed men in 1730 eene krachtvolle poging, bij welke zich eene Joodsche compagnie, onder aanvoering van een Onderofficier met veertien blanken en zes-en-dertig Negers, onderscheidde door het bezetten en bewaken van een belangrijken post, na het verwoesten van de gehuchten der Boschnegers." Cp. also Kayserling, l. c., p. 208.

[83] Cp. Kayserling in Monatsschrift, l. c., p. 208.

[84] Koenen, l. c., p. 297, has erroneously Ben Venida del Monte—a name unknown in Spanish-Jewish literature. Dr. Kayserling, l. c., p. 208, note 6, corrects the mistake, and identifies him with the same authoress, who wrote in praise of the Spanish translation of the Psalter by Daniel Israel Lopez Laguna, of Jamaica. Cp. the present writer's papers on Early Jewish Literature in America, in P. A. J. H. S., No. 3, p. 110-112; 140-141; and Jewish Martyrs of the Inquisition in South America, in P. A. J. H. S., No. 4, (1895) where full references are given on this famous American-Shephardic poet.

[85] See Koenen's Geschiedenis, l. c., p. 296-297: "..... Reeds in 1718 had hij, (David Nassy) onder bevel van den Joodschen Kapitein Jacob d'Avilar, aan een welgelukten aanslag van dien aard deel genomen: ten gevolge van welken hij van Onderofficier tot eersten Luitenant, straks tot Kapitein der Joodsche burger-compagnie, benoemd was. Thans was hij niet minder voorspoedig; en ofschoon door Boeyé verlaten, trof hij den vijand in zijne woningen aan; versloeg er velen, en nam een aantal anderen gevangen. Boeyé, die den Israelitischen Hoofdman wegens gebrek aan ondergeschiktheid, had aangeklaagd, werd zelf gestraft, en Nassy oogstte van dezen tocht zoo groot eenen naam in, dat hij door den Spaansch-Joodschen dichter (sic) Ben Venida del Monte (sic) in sierlijke lofdichten werd bezongen en gevierd." See also Kayserling, l. c., p. 208. His notes based on Koenen's are not as full.

[86] Van Kampen, in his Geschiedenis der Nederlanders buiten Europa, Dl. III, bl. 116, says, curiously enough, that they were away about six months instead of six weeks.

[87] Cp. Koenen, l. c., p. 297: "In 1738 stonden de Negers der plantagie van den Joodschen eigenaar Manuel Pereira op, en vermoorden hunnen meester. Hierop zond Isaac Arias, voormalig Officier der Joodsche compagnie, die zijne bezittingen in de nabuurschap had, eenige vrijwilligers van zijne natie, onder aanvoering van David Nassy en Abraham De Brito, tegen de Boschnegers uit. Zes weken lang bleef deze bende op vijandelijken grond, zoodat niemand wist wat van haar geworden was; doch bij hunne terugkomst bleek het, dat zij een allervoorspoedigsten aanval hadden gedaan, terwijl zij de afgehouwene handen van zes gesneuvelde Negers, en zeven-een-veer-tig krijgsgevangenen medevoerden. Iedere Officier ontving daarop van den Raad voor dezen tocht f. 75; iedere burger f. 36; elke gewapende Neger f. 20, en iedere zwarte die met levensmiddelen belast geweest was, f. 5 ter belooning." See also Dr. Kayserling, l. c., pp. 208-209. He does not state what the rewards were.

[88] Cf. Dr. Hahn's article on Primitive Jewish Settlements in America, in The American Jews' Annual for 1886-87, p. 36, who says that "among those who fell on the battlefield was David Nassi, in 1743, at the age of seventy. That was his thirty-first campaign against the French." We are inclined to believe that this is wrong, for earlier historians (see the following note) state that he died of a broken heart—a victim of slander. Furthermore, he did not fight against the French, but the Maroons. See also Isaac de Costa, op. cit., p. 321.

[89] Cf. Koenen, l. c., p. 297-98: "Vijf jaren later deed dezelfde onvermoeide Israeliet (David Nassy), die wel dertig tochten tegen de Boschnegers heeft ondernomen, ofschoon reeds bejaard, nog eenen aanval op het dorp der kreoolsche Negers, die door hunne meerdere beschaving en hun omgang met de Europeers de gevaarlijkste van alle waren. Deze strooptocht had plaats op den grooten Verzoendag der Joden. Zonder dat zij zich door de heiligheid van het feest lieten terughouden, trokken deze, de rivier Suriname langs, het binnenland in, vervolgden den vijand, staken zijne hutten in vlam, roeiden de veldvruchten uit den grond, brachten een aantal Negers om, en voerden veertien krijgsgevangenen met zich. Doch Nassy werd het slachtoffer van een list des vijands. Men maakte hem diets, dat de waterbronnen door de Negers vergiftigd waren; en hij, door gebrek aan de noodige verversching gedwongen, neemt op zich om terug te keeren, zonder den last of de orders ven deen Raad af te wachten. Zijne benijders en tegenstanders wisten hem deswege bij den Raad in een kwaad gerucht te brengen; zijne verdediging werd naauwelijks aangehoord; zijn proces opgemaakt. Dit krenkte den wakkeren man zoo geweldig, dat hij door eene koorts werd aangetast, die hem in den ouderdom van zeventig jaren ten grave sleepte. Na zijnen dood werd zijn geloofsgenoot, Isaac Carvalho, in zijne plaats tot Kapitein der Joodsche burger-compagnie benoemd." Cp. also, Kayserling, l. c., p. 209.

[90] See Koenen, l. c., p. 298-299: "Eenige jaren daarna werd een verdrag van vrede met de meer en meer gevaarlijk wordende westelijke Marrons gesloten. Doch nu vertoonde zich een nieuw gevaar van den kant der oostelijke of Tempati-negers, die in het jaar 1749 eene plantagie plonderden, en de Negerslaven die zich aldaar bevonden, met zich voerden. Deze plantagie behoorde eenen Joodschen eigenaar, en heette Auka; van daar bleef aan deze opstandelingen de naam van Auka-negers. Tegen dien vijand was het, dat in 1757 een tocht werd ondernomen, gedeeltelijk onder den Christenoverste Rijsdorp, gedeeltelijk onder den Joodschen Kapitein Naar, die reeds vroeger zestien malen tegen denzelfden vijand opgetrokken was. De uitslag ook van deze onderneming was allergunstigst. Naar verbrandde een groot Negerdorp, maakte een aantal gevangenen, waaronder zich zekere Corydon, de belhamel der opstandelingen, bevond, en werd voor zijn manmoedig bedrijf door den Raad met een aanzienlijk geschenk begiftigd." See also Dr. Kayserling, l. c., p. 209: "Im Verein mit dem obersten Rijsdorp bekriegte Naar die noch immer Verheerung anrichtenden Neger. Er verbrannte eine ihrer groessten Doerfer, nahm ihren Häuptling gefangen und wurde wegen seiner an den Tag gelegten Tapferkeit ansehnlich belohnt."

[91] See the Essai Historique sur la Colonie de Surinam, etc., (Paramaribo, 1788; Dutch version, Amsterdam, 1791), Vol. I, p. 123. Of this rare and valuable work, which was called forth by the writings of Dohm on the Emancipation of the Jews, only one copy (in the British Museum) is known to be in existence. The writer of these lines is having the volumes copied in view of his History of the Jews in Surinam. See for further references his paper in the P. A. J. H. S., No. 3, pp. 126-30. It is worthy of mention that this is the first work published in Paramaribo.

[92] Cf. Rev. E. M. Myers' Centurial (New York, 1890), p. 117, ad ann. 1750.

[93] Cp. Essai Historique sur la Colonie de Surinam, etc. (Paramaribo, 1788), Vol. I, pp. 98, 99; Koenen, l. c., pp. 299, 300 gives a graphic account: "Zoodanige belooning, de eerzucht ook van den nog jeugdigen Isaac Nassy prikkelende, berokkende dezen moedigen jongeling zijn ondergang. Naijverig op de onderscheiding, door zijnen geloofsgenoot verworven, en wanende, dat de Boschnegers tegen een' geregelden aanval geen moed noch kracht wisten over te stellen, verzamelt hij in haast een twaalftal zijner vrienden, wapent hunne beste slaven en de zijnen, voorziet zich met een onbeduidenden voorraad van krijgsbehoeften en levensmiddelen voor tien of twaalf dagen en vervolgt alzoo den op de vlucht gedreven vijand. Doch hij stutte op een veel grooter aantal dan hij berekend had. Eenen tijd lang hielden de blanken zich nog staande. Nassy leide groote dapperheid aan den dag, een ofschoon hij een geweerschot in het rechterbeen bekomen had, deed hij nog groote moeite om zijne lieden te hereenigen en hun zinkenden moed weder aan te wakkeren. Doch te vergeefs. Hij werd levend door de Negers gevat, en wreedaardig vermoord. Wellicht zouden zij hem nog het leven gespaard hebben, ten einde de voldoening te smaken van zich door een' blanke te laten dienen; maar de wraakzucht, die al te hevig in hun woesten boezem blaakte, liet hun zelfs deze wreede barmhartigheid niet toe. Zij verloren echter bij deze gelegenheid een tweetal hunner opperhoofden, en nog wel twintig gemeenen." See also Kayserling, in Monatsschrift, l. c., pp. 209, 210.

[94] Cf. Koenen, l. c., p. 300-301: "Den 23sten Mei, 1761, werd er een vrede met hen gesloten, die thans een einde maakte aan de gewapende tochten," etc., etc.

[95] See Essai Historique sur la Colonie de Surinam, etc., Vol. I, p. 130.

[96] Cf. Essai Historique, etc., Vol. I, p. 135; Koenen, l. c., p. 301-302.

[97] See Koenen, l. c., p. 300: "... De afkeer des verdrukten Negers was veel grooter voor den Israelitischen meester dan voor den Christenplanter; en de Jood was harder tegen den armen slaaf, dan zijn landgenoot van verschillend geloof," etc.

[98] Cf. Koenen, ibid., l. c., p. 300-301: "... Haasten wij ons intusschen, tegenover deze treurige bedenkingen de aangenamer opmerking te maken, dat de volkplanting wegens hare verdediging niet minder verplichtingen aan hare Joodsche bevolking in die dagen gehad heeft, dan vroeger wegens de oorbaarmaking harer woeste gronden, of als het moederland door de herlevendiging van deszelfs handel; en dat dus de Jood in de kolonien door het beoefenen van den landbouw en het waarnemen der landsbeveiliging, die verdiensten verworven heeft, die hem in het Gemeenebest zelve nog schenen te ontbreken."

[99] Beschrijving van de plechtigheden, nevens de lofdichten en gebeden uitgesproken op het eerste Jubelfeest van de Synagogue der Portugeesche Joodsche gemeente, op de Savane in de Colonie Suriname, genaamd Zegen En Vrede. [Berakha Ve-Shalom] op den 12den van Wijnmaand 1785. (Amsterdam, Hendrik Willem en Cornelis Dronsberg, 1786). The volume is described at length in my paper on Early Jewish Literature in America, P. A. J. H. S., No. 3, pp. 126-129, where the Hebrew title is also given.

[100] See the writer's Literary Gleanings on American Jewish History, No. II, in the Menorah Monthly for September, 1895 (Vol. XIX), pp. 149-152.

[101] See S. J. Rudelsom's Lofzang op den bleyde dag der inhuldiging van ... J. G. Wichers, gouverneur-generaal over de colonie v. Suriname, 2 Juni, 1785. The Ms. of this interesting pamphlet will soon be printed, with other works of Surinam Jews, in the French Jewish periodical, Révue des Études Juives, published in Paris. See also P. A. J. H. S., No. 3, p. 127.

[102] Plechtigheden, vreugde gezangen en gebeeden in de Hoogd. Joodsche Synagogue Neve Salom, te Suriname, op d. dag d. inhuldig. van Sir Charles Green, Gouverneur-Generaal over Suriname, opgesteld en gezongen d. J. M. De Vries, Voorzanger. (Paramaribo, 1804.) See also P. A. J. H. S., No. 3, p. 130.

[103] See Plechtige Vreugde Gezangen, en Gebeden, Verricht in de Hoogduitsche Israelitische Sinagogue Neve Salom ... te Suriname, ter gelegenheid, en op den blyden dag der Inhuldiging van Zynen Hoog Edelen Gestrengen Heer Abraham De Veer, Gouverneur-Generaal der gemelde kolonie,—Gezongen door den Eerwaarden Heer Tobias Tall. The Hebrew title and other particulars are given in the writer's paper, P. A. J. H. S., No. 3, pp. 130-131.

[104] Cf. Dr. Kayserling, Monatsschrift, l. c., p. 213.

[105] For completeness' sake we reproduce this chapter from a recent sketch in the Menorah Monthly (Vol. XIX), for September, 1895, pp. 145-148, entitled: A 16th Century document written by David Ebron, a Jewish financier in America. This newly discovered letter is perhaps the most important evidence yet furnished of the services rendered by the Jews in the discovery and financial improvement of America, and deserves to be incorporated in this work. The book containing a copy of this document was lately published in Madrid (1891), under the title: Documentos Escogidos del Archivo de la Casa di Alba. See for other particulars the above quoted article in Menorah, note. We intend publishing Ebron's letter soon in the original.

[106] On the Marranos in Hispañiola and South America, Dr. Kayserling has published some interesting data in the P. A. J. H. S., No. 2; see also his Christopher Columbus and the Participation of the Jews in the Discovery of America (New York, 1894).

[107] The writer of these pages, in another paper, treats of the sufferings of the Marranos or New Christians in Mexico, Peru and Brazil from 1570 to 1750. See his article on "The Jewish Martyrs of the Inquisition in South America," in P. A. J. H. S., No. 4, (1895). Dr. Cyrus Adler furnishes in the same Publications, No. 4, a valuable sketch on the "Trial of Jorge de Almeida by the Inquisition in Mexico," 1590-1609, which sets forth the social condition of the secret Jews in that country at the end of the sixteenth century.

[108] The sources whence the materials contained in this chapter are taken, being for the most part accessible, and, as in a forthcoming essay on the Jews of Martinique, all the references will be incorporated in full, the writer merely quotes the following authorities: Notice sur la famille Gradis et sur la maison Gradis ét fils de Bordeaux, par Henri Gradis (1875), apud Graetz, "Die Familie Gradis," in his Monatsschrift, etc., Vol. XXIV (1875), pp. 447-459; XXV (1876), pp. 78-85; his Geschichte der Juden, Vol. XI (Leipzig, 1870), pp. 190, 200, 202, 223; see also Ad. Thierry: Dissertation sur cette quest, est-il des moyens de rendre les juifs plus heureux et plus utile en France—(ouvrage couronné) Paris, 1788; and several books on the history of the Jews in Bordeaux. In our narrative of the career of the Gradis family we follow Prof. Graetz, in his Monatsschrift, l. c.

[109] Cf. also Dr. Graetz, in Monatsschrift, Vol. XXIV, p. 557.

[110] This important fact is thus recorded by Prof. Graetz: (Geschichte der Juden, vol. XI, p. 190) "Gradis aus einer reichen und angesehenen Familie in Bordeaux, die grosse Bank- und ueber-seeische Geschaefte fuer die franzoesischen Colonien betrieb, eigene Schiffe ausruestete und dem franzoesischen Staate in den entfernten Besitzungen durch Ausloesung franzoesischer Gefangener aus den Haenden der Englaender Dienste geleistet hatte." See also the following note, which is still more explicit.

[111] Cf. Graetz, in Monatsschrift, vol. XXIV., p. 452: "... Abraham Gradis gab einem Geschaeftsfreunde in London den Auftrag, den gefangenen franzoesischen Capitaenen und Commandanten auf seine Rechnung Alles zu verabreichen, was sie noethig haben sollten, um ihre Lage zu erleichtern."

[112] Cf. G. A. Kohut's article on Jews in St. Thomas, Jamaica and Barbados, in the P. A. J. H. S., No. 4.

[113] See Koenen's Gesehiedenis, etc., p. 307-8: "... Toen in 1805 de Engelschen een vruchteloozen aanval op dit eiland deden, de Joden, aldaar woonachtig, hun plicht ter verdediging van hetzelve moedig betracht hebben, zoodat een van hen, zijnde Daniel Cardoso, geboortig van Amsterdam, bij die gelegenheid gesneuveld is." Cf. also Van Hamelsveld, Gesehiedenis der Joden, p. 363.

[114] This is analogous to the English office of Sheriff.

[115] This list was already published by the writer in an article on The Civil and Military Status of American Jews, in Menorah Monthly, Vol. XVIII, No. 4, pp. 256-7.


[485]

JEWS IN THE ARMIES OF EUROPE.

The purpose of the present volume, as its title indicates, is a review of the record and the status as patriot, soldier and citizen of the American Jew. But the Jew is co-extensive with civilization, not only historically but geographically as well, and wherever civilization makes its way, there the Jew will be found exerting a positive influence in furthering its progress. He will be found at the nucleus and core of conservatism and order wherever order is akin to right, but he has never been wanting at the front of Revolution when wrong could no longer otherwise be righted.

Avoiding more than a passing advertence to Jewish military achievements in the beginning of Israel's history, in the later struggles against the Greeks and subsequently against the Romans; stopping but a moment to remember Joshua, and Gideon, and Deborah, the successive Maccabæan heroes, and the last desperate struggle for freedom that was led by Bar Cochba against Hadrian; passing down through all the martyrdoms of the Dark Ages to the present "nineteenth century," we come face to face with the fact that Jews have been present in European armies since the time of the Napoleonic wars. They were to be found in the ranks of all the combatants during that bloody prelude to the great political regeneration that is yet going on before us, and they have risen as far above the ranks as the prejudices of the Christianity-professing majority would admit.

In the successive Polish uprisings, in all the great political upheavals of 1848, and especially in the Hungarian revolution of that time, the Jews of their respective nationalities took a vigorous and aggressive part.[116] Their position in this regard was so positive and unmistakable that when those great socio-political[486] disturbances had been quieted through the partial concession of popular rights by the monarchies of Europe, the Jews of Germany and Austria had reached a position where they could logically demand their political enfranchisement and the abolition of the mediæval restrictions which remained imposed on them. That they did not obtain a full measure of citizenship until after the establishment of the German Empire in 1871, is indeed true, and even yet the spirit of the Dark Ages is so far prevalent in Germany and in Austria (leaving Slavic Europe out of consideration as not yet modernized) as to preclude the advancement of Jews to the higher posts of the[487] army. In France, however, since the French Revolution, and in Italy since the consolidation of the Kingdom, Jews have been advanced to the highest military commands. In both countries and especially in France, several Jewish soldiers at present hold the rank of General of Division, and quite a number, proportionately, that of Brigade and Regimental Commander.[117]

FOOTNOTES:

[116] ... "It is a gratifying proof of progress that the President of the Magyars (Kossuth) has promised freedom to those who equally with himself are struggling for the independence of their country, since it is said that there are no less than 35,000 Israelites in the Hungarian army." Extract from a French newspaper reprinted in "The Occident," August, 1849. Phila.; Edited by Isaac Leeser.

... "It cannot be denied that already at that time the majority of the Magyar Jews were patriotically inclined towards the country which they called their home. As by magic, they felt themselves drawn towards the man who preached liberty and equality, and at whose hands they were expecting redemption from the Ghetto and from civil and political degradation. As a matter of fact, thousands of Jews, among them a general, fought in the Magyar army.... The contribution which the notorious Haynau levied upon the Jewish congregations was but a consequence of the loyalty to the man of the New Era, attributed to the Jews." Dr. Adolph Kohut on "The Relations of Kossuth to the Jews," in the American Hebrew, N. Y., March, 1894.


To the above may be added the following testimony of General Julius Stahel, one of the active participants in the Hungarian Revolution, and who subsequently made a distinguished military record in our civil war.

New York, May 22d, 1895,

Hon. Simon Wolf, Washington, D. C.,

Dear Sir:

I know from personal knowledge that many Jews fought in the battles for the independence of Hungary in 1848, with as much bravery and gallantry as the American Jew fought here during the late strife between the North and the South, and I also know that the late humane and illustrious apostle of liberty, Louis Kossuth, always fully appreciated the patriotism, loyalty and devotion of the Jews to the cause of Hungary during that great struggle for freedom.

Patriotism and bravery are not the birthright of one nation or race, but of all mankind.

Very sincerely yours,

J. Stahel.

[117] Referring to a newspaper item regarding the rumors of a duel between Capt. Cremieux Foa, a French cavalry officer, and a certain anti-Semite editor of a Paris newspaper, General Franz Sigel wrote as follows:

The part played by the Jews of Europe in all the various avenues of progress need not detain us here. The recurrent ebullitions of unreasoning prejudice against them which become manifest from time to time, are ultimately traceable as but distorted expressions of the unrest which the European social organism is suffering under its abnormal political and economic conditions. What there is left of this spirit on American soil is but a reflex of that of Europe, but there, as here, the record made by the Jewish people in politics and in war, in commerce and in industry, in science, art and literature, has placed beyond question their position as patriots, soldiers and citizens.

New York, May 31st, 1892.

Hon. Simon Wolf, Washington, D. C.,

Dear Sir:

Not knowing whether you have seen or will see the inclosed item, I send it to you. It shows at least that there are no less than 300 Jewish officers serving in the French army, probably the highest number in any of the great European armies, which speaks well for France and her republican government.

Hoping that you are well, I am,

Truly yours,
Franz Sigel.

[488]

THE JEWISH PEOPLE BEFORE THE WORLD.

As already noted by the author in the introduction to this work, it was in December, 1891, that another of the numberless public vilifications of the Jewish people which have appeared from time to time had demanded a no less public refutation of its falsities. It has furthermore been noted that this refutation was dictated not by anything specially remarkable in the nature of the slander itself, nor of its source, inasmuch as the former was commonplace and the latter obscure, but that the reply had been called forth wholly by reason of the extraordinary condition of the public mind with regard to the subject at that particular juncture. It was the time and the occasion that gave the slander prominence, rather than any peculiarity of its own.

It has been so for a long time past. From the time, nearly 1900 years ago, when Philo of Alexandria appeared before Caligula in defence of his people, down along the centuries to the date of Menasseh ben Israel's appeal to Cromwell in 1656, there were repeated occasions for such defenses and appeals, and there have been many since. These contingencies have repeatedly arisen in the course of the slow process of popular enlightenment which makes up the history of Man, and as that process is yet far from accomplishment it is not at all unlikely that they may be repeated in the future.

It is, however, more than passingly remarkable that in the closing decade of the 19th Century, when "the thoughts of men have widened with the process of the suns," an occasion of this nature should have arisen. That such exigencies occur but rarely in the midst of our Western civilization, and that rare as they are, their occurrence is always traceable to foreign impulses, only renders more apparent the liberalizing influences of our free American institutions, while on the other hand further emphasizing the lessons taught us[489] by the spectacle of Monarchic Europe. There the remnants of the mediæval system, political, ecclesiastic and social, that remained as historic debris after the cataclysm of the French Revolution, still clog the advance of true enlightenment. In Germany and in Austria a considerable portion of the populace is still affected by a taint of monkish fanaticism, and in Russia only a comparatively few individuals appear to be free from it. Schools are numerous in Austria and universities flourish in Germany, but the prejudices which form the obverse side of folly find still some teachers in the schools and preachers in the pulpit.

"Knowledge comes, but wisdom lingers,"

and the dictates of reason, the teachings of political and economic science, the lessons of history, will have to be yet more than once repeated before that umbra of the Dark Ages, the so-called "anti-Semitism" of Slavic and Teutonic Europe, and its penumbra in America, will have been lost in historic space.

These lessons have been learned and these teachings taught by the foremost minds of every epoch and latterly of every generation. From the time of Reuchlin's defense of the Talmud and Jewish literature generally against the fanatics of his day, a defense which caused a religious and political agitation that became the prelude to the Reformation, down to our present time, there have not been wanting Christian men of learning and of understanding who strove successfully in the defense of Jewish polity against the prejudices of ignorance. The great Renaissance of German letters in the latter half of the 18th century afforded numerous instances of men of this character, among whom need but be cited Lessing, Herder, Schiller, and Goethe. These writers and thinkers carried on their polemics in the domain of idealism, in poetry and philosophy, and their thoughts were soon re-echoed in the out-givings of the succeeding generation of scientists, students and statesmen. We will not attempt here to adduce all the great array of leading minds who have been impelled to express themselves on this theme, but will limit our citations to a few of the most authoritative thinkers and a quotation of the most positive utterances on the subject.

[490]

In marked contrast with the accusation of the passing school of anti-Semitic writers against Judaism as materialistic in its tendencies, there may be cited an expression by the great German and cosmopolitan philosopher, ALEXANDER von HUMBOLDT. In a letter to a Jewish friend regarding the natural idealism expressed in Hebrew literature, he refers him to the following passage in his Cosmos (Vol. III, p. 44), and closes his letter as below.

"It is a characteristic sign of the natural poetry of the Hebrews, that, as a reflex of Monotheism, it always comprises the whole of the universe in its unity, both life on earth and the bright realms on high. It seldom dwells upon single phenomena, but rejoices in the contemplation of great masses. Nature is not described as self-existent, or glorified by a beauty of her own; to the Hebrew singer she always appears in connection with an over-ruling spiritual power. Nature to him is ever a thing created and ordained, the living utterance of God's Omnipresence in the works of the world of matter. Therefore, the lyrical poetry of the Hebrews, by reason of its subject, is grand and grave in its solemnity."

"Stand fast by your brethren who have accomplished so remarkable a course of martyrdom through centuries and now stand on the threshold of their liberation; devote all the energies of your intellect to the spiritual labor wherewith your millennial history is instinct; success cannot, will not fail you and the rich results that you, my young friend, will obtain from the mines of science, will calm and comfort you in many a sad experience in the dull and cloudy present, that is but the precursor of the bright dawn of the day of liberty."


Another world-famous scientist, ALPHONSE L. P. PYRAME De CANDOLLE, in his Histoire des sciences et des savants depuis deux siécles, Geneva, 1873, makes the following very remarkable observations:

"If Europe had been peopled by Jews only we might have witnessed a curious spectacle. There would no longer be any wars; hence the moral sensibility would be violated much less and millions of people would not be torn away from useful occupations. Public debts and taxes would decrease. The cultivation of science, of literature, of fine arts, especially music, for which the Jews have a great predilection, would be furthered to the highest extent. Industry and commerce would flourish. Few crimes of personal violence would be committed, and those against property would but seldom be accompanied by violence. The wealth of the community as a whole and of individuals would largely increase by the effect of intelligent and regular labor, combined with economy. This wealth would have a [491]beneficent effect. The clergy would not come in collision with the State. Perhaps there would be less corruption among the officials and greater firmness."

The above passage is approvingly quoted by another great leader in the world of science, Professor Carl Vogt, in an article published in Westerman's Monatshefte, wherein the writer, treating of the habits and qualities acquired by European peoples through hereditary transmission, speaks of the Jewish people as having attained the highest civilization notwithstanding their having lived for ages under oppression.


On the occasion of the centennial anniversary, in 1891, of the political enfranchisement of the French Jews, the celebrated leader of the French Liberal Catholics, PERE HYACINTHE, addressed to the Grand Rabbi of Paris the following expressive communication:

"Monsieur le Grand Rabbin:—You will have seen from the papers that our Gallican Catholic church intends to commemorate the centenary of the emancipation of the Jews by the Constituent Assembly. The 27th of September, 1791, is a date of even greater glory to France than it is to the Jews. It was a day that witnessed the reparation of a long and cruel injustice; it inaugurated for the whole world an era of liberty and brotherhood from which no evil disposed person has since been able to make us swerve. We are too enlightened and too liberal-minded to become anti-Semites. Besides, we are Christians, and as such we must not forget that it is from Israel's bosom that we have sprung. Israel, the grand old olive tree from which we have been grafted. For the French Jews the interregnum which commenced with Sedecias ended with Napoleon. Napoleon it was, who boasted of being the King of the Jews, and the Jews accordingly treated him as their political Messiah. Than him they could not have had a greater.

"But Napoleon's empire, like the kingdom of David, is no more, and the French Republic now has the keeping of these two illustrious necropoles, that at Jerusalem wherein reposes the race of David, that at Paris wherein rests the hero who was in himself his own sole dynasty.

"But none the less, France has remained, as Bonaparte remarked, the new tribe of Judah, where Frenchmen and Jews constitute one people.

"Republicans by virtue of the Mosaic legislation, I would almost say socialistic, in the best sense of the term, before they became monarchists by Samuel's dispensation, the traditions of the Jews comprise all the essentials for the service of France.

[492]

"'Hear, Lord, the voice of Judah and bring him unto his people; let his hands be sufficient for him, and be Thou a help to him from his enemies.'

"These are my wishes, Monsieur le Grand Rabbin and may the God of the Jews, who is also the God of the Christians, cause them to be fulfilled speedily.

"Accept, monsieur, the assurance of my fraternal friendship.

Hyacinthe Loyson,
Priest."

As focussing effectively the most salient aspects of this general subject, we will here cite a thoughtful statement from a strictly orthodox Roman Catholic source, the French clerical journal, Le Monde:

"The immortality of the soul has been repudiated by the Academie des Inscriptions and Belles-Lettres. The Jews had to serve as the occasion. The Old Testament, however, was vindicated. But in how many feeble minds was not an uncertainty left? How many will take the trouble to read over the Sacred Books, when the reading of the daily papers absorbs all their time? Voltaire knew well enough that to sustain his iconoclastic views he had to discredit the Jewish people, to falsify their history, and to take up again the pagan theory of presenting them as the most degraded of people.

"Such, indeed, was the opinion of the Greeks and Romans in regard to the Jews. The Greeks, given over to all conceivable turpitude and tyranny, to an anarchy without bounds and without end, incapable of even simulating a defence against Rome, despised the Jewish people, and the Romans entertained the same feelings. They despised them for the same reason that the economists, the capitalists, the modern free-thinkers, despise the Catholics. The Jews did not worship idols; they alone did not prostrate themselves before nature; they condemned, despised that pantheism, that idol-worship, which sanctified the vices and the passions and which the Greeks and Romans embraced with such ardor. The dignity and regularity of their habits formed a striking contrast to pagan dissipation. They opposed in their individuality, the beauty of their rigorous law to the impure teachings of paganism. They never presented a disgraceful spectacle in the time of their prosperity; they never participated in the bloody games of the ring; they held human sacrifices in horror.

"The Jews did not profess the principle of equity, of which the Greeks and Romans boasted so much—themselves absolute partisans of Slavery. They simply upheld the institution of family hierarchy, the paternal authority. Their habits and institutions, inspired by the parental sentiment—were they not full of kindliness and foresight? Could they overlook the feeble and the poor? Amongst them [493]brothers could not know contention and strife, because they were equals in reality. Without the parent, fraternity would disappear.

"In order to subsist it is necessary that children should always have before them the image, the memory, the principle of the paternity from which they emanated, which formed the bonds of their friendship. Their unity proceeds from thence, a unity, sweet, lively, inculcated in infancy, formed by the heart before the mind could grasp it. The lawgiver had no occasion, therefore, to enjoin fraternity, but needed only to submit it to that law of nature which organizes the paternal authority. The Jews were ignorant of those social ideas that desolated the ancient cities and that spring up again in modern times. The poor had no demands to make upon the rich. The Jews never forget, and had they done so, the law reminded them that the earth belongs to the Lord and that in God they are all brothers. The constitutional wars between the poor and the rich in Rome and Athens were caused by extortion. This question of extortion fills Roman history with its pale shadow; it is at the bottom of all the troubles, dissensions, periodical massacres and revolts. It has again taken possession of society with the reform of the Nineteenth Century. Only in 1789 France passed from under the yoke of extortion. The Jewish fraternity condemned extortion as a principle of tyranny.

"This fraternity, so powerful a principle, led the Jews to love their fellow-beings, to see in them colleagues and brothers; they received the stranger willingly, extended to him their hospitality, even a share in the benefits of their law—something that was foreign to all other nations. With these other nations the stranger was regarded simply as an enemy; "enemy" and "stranger" were expressed by one and the same word. Pantheism, denying the principle of unity, as indicated in the Divine origin, left men in a continual state of war. And war never ceased; the cities fought with each other, until the strongest had subdued the others, and in their turn were conquered and absorbed by a greater. This is the invariable history of Greece and Rome. The dogma of Divine creation exhibited to the Jews all men as brethren. They did not treat the stranger therefore as a barbarian. They, the Israelites, alone of all the nations of antiquity, did not carry on aggressive wars; once established upon their soil, they had no other desire than to live in peace by living out their laws. This is the object of all their institutions. They do not make war upon the stranger, because they had no hate against him.

"Their God, greater than the gods of the Olympus, neither flattered nor served their passions. He was a jealous God, who exacted the submission of the heart. He chastised his rebellious children. And this people purified by persecution and misfortune, returned to the laws of their fathers, to the observance of their precepts. No city in ancient, no people in modern times could have passed through like [494]vicissitudes and recovered again. It is not through progress that they endured and were capable of resistance, but by holding fast to the past; by rallying around the law, which they had never abandoned and which they never modified, hard as it was. It often became irksome, it never bargained with its conscience. What else existed, before the laws of Moses, than that paganism which legalized all vices? The Jews defended their law with their lives; they fought for it against the Greek kings of Syria; they preferred to be buried under the ruins of Jerusalem to making a compact with Roman paganism. The Greeks and Romans never had the idea that one can die for one's religion.

"By their habits in the government of the State the Jews were separated completely from Greece and Rome. They never brooked the insults of the ancient or modern mobocracy, because they respected the principle of the family, the foundation of their political, judicial, administrative and military organization. They alone in antiquity repudiated slavery. They practiced a national brotherhood which the Christian people are hardly capable of comprehending; it is so sublime, and almost beyond human nature. The institution of the jubilee, of the seventh year, the seventh day, was the perfection of social order; but even with Christianity these institutions could not maintain themselves. Dispersed, reduced to direst need and to the humiliation of exile, the Jews have never abandoned these first principles. Tacitus remarked the close ties of brotherhood that united them in his time. Inter ipsos obstinata fides. Since then and up to this time is it not the same sentiment? Are there many dissensions amongst them? This moral greatness of the Jewish people made them the target of pagan enmity. The policy of Rome was to be enforced upon all nations. The Jews share with the Christians the honor of having been singled out as the victims of utter extermination.

"The Jewish nation has survived all its victors; it alone, says Jean-Jacques Rousseau, withstood the power of time, fortune and defeat. Greece and Rome were enveloped in a system of superstition which weighed heavily upon the actions of public and private life. The Jews lived beyond the pale of that ignominy. The causes of this intellectual and moral superiority became the subject of jealous depreciation generally."


The essential spirit of the Jewish polity has seldom, if ever, been more effectively portrayed than by Rev. Dr. HENRY M. FIELD, in his scholarly work, On the Desert, published by Charles Scribner's Sons, New York, 1883. It deals with the system of law instituted by Moses, which became ingrained in the Jewish people through long centuries of victorious contention[495] against barbarism in all its historic forms, and which remains to-day the guiding principle of Jewish life in all the relations of man to man.

We quote from Dr. Field's work as follows:

Theocracy and Democracy.

"Perhaps it does not often occur to readers of the Old Testament that there is much likeness between the Hebrew Commonwealth and the American Republic. There are more differences than resemblances, at least the differences are more marked. Governments change with time and place, with the age and the country, with manners and customs; yet at the bottom there is one radical principle that divides a republic from a monarchy or an aristocracy; it is the natural equality of men—that "all men are born free and equal"—which is as fully recognized in the laws of Moses as in the Declaration of Independence. Indeed the principle is carried further in the Hebrew Commonwealth than in ours; for not only was there equality before the laws, but the laws aimed to produce equality of condition in one point, and that a vital one—the tenure of land—of which even the poorest could not be deprived, so that in this respect the Hebrew Commonwealth approached more nearly to a pure democracy.

"Of course the political rights of the people did not extend to the choice of a ruler, nor did it to the making of the laws. As there was no king but God, it was the theory of the State that the laws emanated directly from the Almighty and his commands could not be submitted to a vote. No clamorous populace debated with the Deity. The Israelites had only to hear and to obey. In this sense the government was not a popular, but an absolute one.

"But how could absolutism be consistent with equality? There is no contradiction between the two, and indeed, in some respects, no form of government is so favorable to equality as a theocracy. Encroachments upon popular liberty and the oppression of the people do not come from the head of the State so often as from an aristocratic class which is arrogant and tyrannical. But in a theocracy the very exaltation of the Sovereign places all subjects on the same level. God alone is great and in His presence there is no place for human pride. Divine Majesty overawes human littleness, and instead of a favored few being lifted up above their fellows, there is a general feeling of lowliness and humility, in the sight of God, in which lies the very spirit and essence of equality.

"As the Hebrew law recognized no natural distinctions among the people, neither did it create any artificial distinctions. There was no hereditary class which had special rights; there was no nobility exempted from burdens laid on the poor, and from punishments inflicted on the peasantry. Whatever political power was permitted [496]to the Hebrews belonged to the people as a whole. No man was raised above another; and if in the making of the laws the people had no voice, yet in the administration of them they had full power, for they elected their own rulers.

"Moses found soon after he left Egypt that he could not administer justice in person to a whole nation, so he directed the tribes to choose out of their number their wisest men, whom he would make judges to decide every common cause, reserving to himself only the more important questions. Here was a system of popular elections, which is one of the first elements of a republican or democratic state.

"In the administration of justice a Theocracy is an ideal government, for it is Divinity enthroned on earth as in Heaven, and no other form of government enforces justice in a manner so absolute and peremptory. In the eyes of the Hebrew lawgiver the civil tribunal was as sacred as the Holy of Holies. The office of the judge was as truly authorized, and his duty as solemnly enjoined, as that of the priest. The judgment is God's, said Moses, and he who gave a false judgment disregarded the authority of Him whose nature is justice and truth. The judgment seat was a holy place, which no private malice might profane. Evidence was received with religious care. Oaths were administered to give solemnity to the testimony. Then the Judge, standing in the place of God, was to pronounce equitably, whatever might be the rank of the contending parties. 'Ye shall not respect persons in judgment, but ye shall hear the small as well as the great; ye shall not be afraid of the face of man, for the judgment is God's.' He recognized no distinctions, all were alike to him. The judge was to know no difference. He was not to be biased even by sympathy for the poor. 'Neither shall thou countenance a poor man in his cause. Thou shalt not respect the person of the poor, nor honor the person of the mighty; but in righteousness shalt thou judge thy neighbor.' Magistrates were not allowed to accept a gift; 'for the gift blindeth the wise, and perverteth the words of the righteous.'

"The humanity of the Hebrew code is further seen in its mitigation of slavery. This was a legal institution of Egypt, out of which they had just come. They themselves had been slaves. Their ancestors, the patriarchs, had held slaves. Abraham had over three hundred servants born in his house. The relation of master and slave they still recognized, but by how many limitations was this state of bondage alleviated! No man could be subjected to slavery by violence. Man-stealing was punished with death. The more common causes of servitude was theft or debt. A robber might be sold to expiate his crime, or a man overwhelmed with debt might sell himself to pay it; that is, he might bind himself to service for a term of years: still he could hold property, and the moment he acquired the means might purchase back his freedom, or he might be redeemed by his nearest kinsman. If his master treat him with [497]cruelty; if he beat him so as to cause injury the servant recovered his freedom as indemnity. At the longest his servitude came to an end in six years. He then recovered his freedom as a natural gift; 'If thou buy a Hebrew servant, six years he shall serve, and in the seventh he shall go out free for nothing.' A Hebrew slave was therefore merely a laborer hired for six years. Nor did the law permit the servant to go forth in naked poverty, and with the abject feeling of a slave still clinging to him. He was to be loaded with presents by his late master—sheep, oil, fruits, and wine—to enable him to begin housekeeping. Thus for a Hebrew there was no such thing as hopeless bondage. The people were not to feel the degradation of being slaves. God claimed them as his own, and as such they were not to be made bondmen. Every fiftieth year was a jubilee, a year of universal emancipation. Then 'liberty was proclaimed throughout all the land to all the inhabitants thereof.' This was the time of the restitution of all things. Though a man had sold himself as a slave, his right in the land was not alienated. It now returned to him free of encumbrance. At the year of jubilee all debts were extinguished. His native plot of ground, on which he played in childhood, was restored to him in his old age. Again he cultivated the paternal acres. He was not only a free man but a holder of property. Says Michaelis: 'The condition of slaves among the Hebrews was not merely tolerable, but often extremely comfortable.'

"That the sympathies of the law were with the oppressed appears from the singular injunction that a foreign slave who fled to a Hebrew for protection should not be given up: 'Thou shalt not deliver unto his master the servant which is escaped from his master unto thee.' No Fugitive Slave Law remanded the terror-stricken fugitive to an angry and infuriated master and to a condition more hopeless than before.

Such was the democracy of Theocracy—a union in which one sprang out of the other. Men were equal because God was their Ruler—a Ruler so high that before him there was neither great nor small, but all stood on the same level. But the Hebrew Law did not stop with equality; it inculcated fraternity. A man was not only a man, he was a brother. That law contains some of the most beautiful provisions ever recorded in any legislation, not only for the cold administration of justice, but for the exercise of humanity. The spirit of the Hebrew law was broader than race, or country, or kindred. What liberality, for example, in its treatment of foreigners. Against race hatred Moses set up this command, 'Thou shalt not oppress a stranger,' which he enforced upon the Israelites by the touching remembrance of their own bitter experience, 'for ye know the heart of a stranger seeing ye were strangers in the land of Egypt.' But not only were foreigners to be tolerated; they were to receive the fullest [498]protection. 'Ye shall have one manner of law as well for the stranger as for one of your own country.'

"In several requirements we discern a pity for the brute creation. Long before modern refinement of feeling organized societies for the prevention of cruelty to animals, Moses recognized dumb beasts as having a claim to be defended from injury. Birds' nests were protected from wanton destruction.

"But perhaps the most beautiful provision of the law was for the poor.

"'When ye reap the harvest of your land, thou shalt not wholly reap the corners of thy field, neither shalt thou gather the gleanings of thy harvests. And thou shalt not glean thy vineyard, neither shalt thou gather every grape of thy vineyard; thou shalt have them for the poor and the stranger.' If the reaper dropped a sheaf in the field, he might not return to take it. Whatever olives hung on the bough, or clusters on the vine, after the first gathering, were the property of the stranger, the fatherless and the widow. Under the shelter of this law came many a Ruth, gleaning the handfuls of golden corn to carry home to her mother, who was thus saved from utter destitution. By these means the law kept the poor from sinking to the extreme point of misery. At the same time, by throwing in their path these wayside gifts, it saved them from theft or vagabondage. As a proof of its successful operation, it is a curious fact that, in the five books of Moses, such a class as beggars is not once mentioned. The tradition of caring for those of their own kindred, remains to this day and it is an honorable boast that among the swarms of beggars that throng the streets of the Old World or the New, one almost never finds a Jew.

"The law took also under its care all whom death had deprived of their natural protectors; 'Ye shall not afflict any widow or fatherless child.' They were sacred by misfortune. God would punish cruelty to them. 'If thou afflict them in any wise, and they cry unto me, I will surely hear their cry; and your wives shall be widows and your children fatherless.'

"Thus the Hebrew law took the poor and the weak under its special protection; death, sorrow, widowhood, orphanage, all threw a shield of protection over the desolate and the unhappy. By this spirit of humanity infused into the relations of life, all the members of a community—the rich and poor, the strong and the weak—were united in fellowship and fraternity. One sacred tie bound them still closer; not only were they of the same race and nation, but they had the same religious inheritance; all were fellow-citizens with the saints and of the household of God."


[499]

As a supplement to Dr. Field's effective presentation of his subject we add here, an extract from the Christian Union, on "Moses and his Laws," by HARRIET BEECHER STOWE:

"The strongest impulse in the character of Moses appears to have been that of protective justice, more particularly with regard to the helpless and down-trodden classes. The laws of Moses, if carefully examined, are a perfect phenomenon; an exception to the laws of either ancient or modern nations in the care they exercised over women, widows, orphans, paupers, foreigners, servants and dumb animals. No so-called Christian nation but could advantageously take a lesson in legislation from the laws of Moses. There is a plaintive, pathetic spirit of compassion in the very language in which the laws in favor of the helpless and suffering are expressed, that it seems must have been learned only of superhuman tenderness. Not the gentlest words of Jesus are more compassionate in their spirit than many of these laws of Moses. Delivered in the name of Jehovah, they certainly are so unlike the wisdom of that barbarous age as to justify of them to Him who is Love."


Another woman of commanding authority, GEORGE ELLIOT, speaks on this topic as follows:

"Unquestionably the Jews, having been more than any other race exposed to the adverse moral influences of alienism, must, both in individuals and in groups, have suffered some corresponding moral degradation; but in fact they have escaped with less abjectness, and less of hard hostility toward the nations whose hands have been against them, than could have happened in the case of a people who had neither their adhesion to a separate religion founded on historic memories, nor their characteristic family affectionateness. Tortured, flogged, spit upon, the corpus vile on which rage or wantonness vented themselves with impunity, their name flung at them as an opprobrium by superstition, hatred, and contempt, they have remained proud of their origin. Does any one call this an evil pride? The pride which identifies us with a great historic body is a humanizing, elevating habit of mind, inspiring sacrifices of individual comfort, gain, or other selfish ambition, for the sake of that ideal whole; and no man swayed by such a sentiment can become completely abject. That a Jew of Smyrna, where a whip is carried by passengers ready to flog off the too officious specimens of his race, can still be proud to say, 'I am a Jew,' is surely a fact to awaken admiration in a mind capable of understanding what we may call the ideal forces in human history.

"And again, a varied, impartial observation of the Jews in different countries tends to the impression that they have a predominant kindness, which must have been deeply ingrained in the constitution of their race to have overlasted the ages of persecution and oppression. [500]The concentration of their joys in domestic life has kept up in them the capacity of tenderness; the pity for the fatherless and the widow, the care for the women and the little ones, blent intimately with their religion, is a well of mercy, that cannot long or widely be pent up by exclusiveness, and the kindness of the Jew overflows the line of division between him and the Gentile.

"On the whole, one of the most remarkable phenomena in the history of this scattered people, made for ages 'a scorn and a hissing,' is that, after being subjected to this process, which might have been expected to be in every sense deteriorating and vitiating, they have come out of it (in any estimate which allows for numerical proportion) rivaling the nations of all European countries, in healthiness and beauty of physique, in practical ability, in scientific and artistic aptitude, and in some forms of ethical value. A significant indication of their natural rank is seen in the fact, that at this moment the leader of the Liberal party in Germany is a Jew, the leader of the Republican party in France is a Jew, and the head of the conservative ministry in England is a Jew."


THOMAS BABINGTON MACAULEY (afterwards Lord Macauley) delivered a celebrated oration in the British House of Commons on April 17, 1833, in support of the bill for the removal of the disabilities of the Jews. After a destructive criticism of the arguments and reasons which were then being advanced by the opponents of liberalism, arguments which have since then been so completely outlived as to be no longer, in any Anglo-Saxon community, deemed worthy of consideration, the great statesman concluded his masterly presentation in a lucid statement and eloquent peroration, as follows:

"Whatever the sect be which it is proposed to tolerate, the peculiarities of that sect will, for the time, be pronounced by intolerant men to be the most odious and dangerous that can be conceived. As to the Jews, that they are unsocial as respects religion is true; and so much the better; for surely, as Christians, we cannot wish that they should bestir themselves to pervert us from our own faith.

"But that the Jews would be unsocial members of the civil community, if the civil community did its duty by them, has never been proved. My right honorable friend who made the motion which we are discussing has produced a great body of evidence to show that they have been grossly misrepresented; and that evidence has not been refuted by my honorable friend, the member for the University of Oxford.

"But what if it were true that the Jews are unsocial? What if it were true that they do not regard England as their country? Would [501]not the treatment which they have undergone explain and excuse their antipathy to the society in which they live? Has not similar antipathy often been felt by persecuted Christians to the society which persecuted them?

"While the bloody code of Elizabeth was enforced against the English Roman Catholics, what was the patriotism of Roman Catholics? Oliver Cromwell said that in his time they were Espaniolized. At a later period it might have been said that they were Gallicised. It was the same with the Calvinists. What more deadly enemies had France in the day of Louis XIV, than the persecuted Huguenots?

"But would any rational man infer from these facts that either the Roman Catholic as such, or the Calvinist as such, is incapable of loving the land of his birth? If England were now invaded by Roman Catholics, how many English Roman Catholics would go over to the invader? If France were now attacked by a Protestant enemy, how many French Protestants would lend him help? Why not try what effect would be produced on the Jews by that tolerant policy which has made the English Roman Catholic a good Englishman and the French Calvinist a good Frenchman?

"Another charge has been brought against the Jews, not by my honorable friend, the member for the University of Oxford—he has too much learning and too much good feeling to make such a charge—but by the honorable member for Oldham, who has, I am sorry to see, quitted his place.

"The honorable member for Oldham tells us that the Jews are naturally a mean race, a money-getting race; that they are averse to all honorable callings; that they neither sow nor reap; that they have neither flocks nor herds; that usury is the only pursuit for which they are fit; that they are destitute of all elevated and amiable sentiments.

"Such, sir, has in every age been the reasoning of bigots. They never fail to plead in justification of persecution the vices which persecution has engendered. England has been, legally, a home to the Jews less than half a century, and we revile them because they do not feel for England more than a half patriotism.

"We treat them as slaves, and wonder that they do not regard us as brethren. We drive them to mean occupations, and then reproach them for not embracing honorable professions. We long forbade them to possess land, and we complain that they chiefly occupy themselves in trade. We shut them out from all the paths of ambition, and then we despise them for taking refuge in avarice.

"During many ages we have, in all our dealings with them, abused our immense superiority of force, and then we are disgusted because they have recourse to that cunning which is the natural and universal defense of the weak against the violence of the strong. But were they always a mere money-changing, money-getting, money-hoarding [502]race? Nobody knows better than my honorable friend, the member for the University of Oxford, that there is nothing in their national character which unfits them for the highest duties of citizens.

"He knows that, in the infancy of civilization, when our island was as savage as New Guinea, when letters and arts were still unknown to Athens, when scarcely a thatched hut stood on what was afterward the site of Rome, this contemned people had their fenced cities and cedar palaces, their splendid temple, their fleets of merchant ships, their schools of sacred learning, their great statesmen and soldiers, their natural philosophers, their historians and their poets.

"What nation ever contended more manfully against overwhelming odds for its independence and religion? What nation ever, in its last agonies, gave such signal proofs of what may be accomplished by a brave despair? And if, in the course of many centuries, the depressed descendants of warriors and sages have degenerated from the qualities of their fathers, if, while excluded from the blessings of law and bowed down under the yoke of slavery, they have contracted some of the vices of outlaws and slaves, shall we consider this as a matter of reproach to them?

"Shall we not rather consider it as a matter of shame and remorse to ourselves? Let us do justice to them. Let us open to them the door of the House of Commons. Let us open to them every career in which ability and energy can be displayed. Till we have done this, let us not presume to say that there is no genius among the countrymen of Isaiah, no heroism among the descendants of the Maccabees.

"Sir, in supporting the motion of my honorable friend, I am, I firmly believe, supporting the honor and the interest of the Christian religion. I should think that I insulted that religion if I said that it cannot stand unaided by intolerant laws. Without such laws it was established, and without such laws it may be maintained.

"It triumphed over the superstitions of the most refined and of the most savage nations, over the graceful mythology of Greece and the bloody idolatry of the northern forests. It prevailed over the power and policy of the Roman Empire. It tamed the barbarians by whom that empire was overthrown. But all these victories were gained, not by the help of intolerance, but in spite of the opposition of intolerance.

"The whole history of Christianity proves that she has little indeed to fear from persecution as a foe, but much to fear from persecution as an ally. May she long continue to bless our country with her benignant influence, strong in her sublime philosophy, strong in her spotless morality, strong in those internal and external evidences to which the most powerful and comprehensive of human intellects have yielded assent, the last solace of those who have outlived every [503]earthly hope, the last restraint of those who are raised above every earthly fear!

"But let us not, mistaking her character and her interests, fight the battle of truth with the weapons of error, and endeavor to support by oppression that religion which first taught the human race the great lesson of universal charity."


Here is an utterance on this subject by OTTO von BISMARCK. This man, whose iron hand puddled the smelt of the furnace wherein, with fire and blood, the German people were fused into political unity, was—or rather, is, for he is yet living, and will long remain a power—this man is no friend of the Jews. His spirit crystallized, and his nature drew its inspiration out of the time when "Polen, Juden und Franzosen" were a trinity of bugbears for the worshippers of royal divinity in Europe. Bismarck never fully recovered from that nightmare of his youth and early manhood, but he towered above his fellows, and he had the faculty of perceiving the truth and a habit of telling it which, notwithstanding his diplomatic training, he was wont to indulge. In a notable debate in the Prussian Landtag during the session of 1871, he expressed himself as follows:

"In my position as President of the Ministry I must repudiate any obligation to fill the places in the civil service with Roman Catholics according to their proportionate number in the population of the country.... The existence of a distinctively religious body in a political assembly is in itself a monstrous phenomenon.... This tends to make religion the subject of parliamentary debates.... I adhere to the principle that every religion should be allowed perfect freedom, without considering it, for that reason, necessary that it should be represented in the executive departments in the same ratio as in the population. Every religious body would have as much right as the Catholics to claim this; the Lutherans as well as the Jews, and I have found that it is the latter particularly who are most distinguished by their special intelligence and capacity for administrative functions."


As an estimate of Jewish citizenship by a man whose life experience has afforded him a rare insight into social and political conditions on both sides of the Atlantic, we quote the following expression by CARL SCHURZ, on the occasion of[504] the dedication of the Montefiore Home for Chronic Invalids, in New York City:

"Honor to the men and women who have accomplished this and who are bound to accomplish still more. They do honor to the community which calls them its own; for any community, whatever its pretensions, will be honored by citizens who take so high a view of their duties to humanity.

"And who are these citizens? They are Jews. This is not the only monument the Jews of New York have planted to their benevolence and public spirit. There are others—some even far exceeding this in costliness and grandeur. But none—none of their own and none instituted by any other class of citizens excels it, nay, perhaps none equals it in beauty of sentiment and devotion. And for whom is this done? Hear the noble words of the President of the Society as found in last year's report: 'As Israelites we are compelled, both by circumstances and inclination, to provide for the needy of our own faith; but this must not induce us to exclude any human being because of his religious belief from the benefit of an institution charged with the improvement of bodily ailment.' Thus it is done for the brotherhood of men. This is the true spirit, worthy of him whose name this edifice bears. It is the spirit, too, which more than any other, has created the brightest, the most stainless glories of our great American Republic—the spirit which, without any governmental action, out of the spontaneous initiative of the patriotic citizen, through private munificence, through individual solicitude for the welfare of all, has covered this land all over with educational institutions and enterprises of benevolence. In our school days we read of the Roman matron Cornelia, who, when other noble ladies exhibited to her their stores of pearls and precious stones, called in her children, and pointing to them, said: 'These are my jewels.' So when the Old World shows to us the magnificence of its baronial halls and royal castles, the American Republic may point to her colleges and hospitals and asylums founded by the patriotic generosity of simple citizens, and say, 'These are my palaces.'

"And to entitle the American people to this proud distinction, the Jews have done as much as any other class of citizens—nay, I may repeat in their presence what I have frequently said in the presence of others—the Jews have, in proportion to their numbers, done far more. I repeat this with all the greater willingness, as I have recently had occasion to observe the motive springs, the character and the aims of the so-called "anti-Semitic" movement, a movement whose dark spirit of fanaticism and persecution insults the humane enlightenment of the 19th century; whose appeals are addressed to the stupidest prejudice and the blindest passion, whose injustice affronts every sense of fairness and decency and whose cowardice—for cowardice is an essential element in the attempt to [505]suppress the competing energies of a mere handful of people—whose cowardice I say, should provoke the contempt of every self-respecting man.

"In the face of this movement, which for years has stirred some European countries, and thrown its shadows even across the ocean, upon our shores, it is most grateful to the human heart to hear the President of the Montefiore Home say, that while this roof is to shelter the neediest of Israel, no human being because of his religious belief shall be excluded from its protection. He might take the clamorous anti-Semitic by the hand, show him the hospitals, orphans homes, charity schools, founded and sustained by Jewish money, Jewish labor, Jewish public spirit, benevolence and devotion and say to him: 'If you have any sick, any aged, any children who cannot find help elsewhere, here we shall have room for them, and they are welcome.' What has the anti-Semite to answer? No, no, that movement cannot survive. It must perish in shame. It will be consigned to an ignominious grave by the generous impulses of human nature and the civilization of this age. And what will remain will be the beneficent influence and the sweet memory of such good actions as yours, and the brotherhood of mankind."


On the same occasion as that noted above, the opening of the Montefiore Home for Chronic Invalids, Hon. ABRAM S. HEWITT, Mayor of New York City, spoke as follows:

"No other people, so far as I have observed, no sect or denomination or party have done so much as the Jews, to relieve distress, give education and elevate the standard of morality in our midst, and I make that statement after a good deal of observation and attention, particularly that part of it concerning the subject of education.

"I have never found the Jews lacking in public spirit. It is said of them that they have the art of getting wealth. If but a part of what is said of them be true, they understand well the use of wealth when once acquired. They are found among the first admirers of art, they love music and have since the daughters of Judah hung their harps on the willows by the waters of Babylon.

"This charity is unique, and it is a link in the chain of Jewish institutions. So long as there are calls by suffering humanity, the Jews will year by year add new links to their beautiful chain until it embraces every need of society regardless of race and religion.

"I have read at the door as I entered, that the Israelites erected this building to the chronic sick in honor of Moses Montefiore, a Jew, who for nearly a hundred years set an example to other people and creeds of a broad charity that affects all people and all lands.

"This institution was one long wanted in New York for a class for whom there is no hope save such offered by the poor-house or Blackwell's [506]Island. They were here given instead a home in which love reigned and religion presided, religion which opened the portals of the other world where all must go, rich and poor, Jew and Christian, where reigns the Heavenly Father whose chosen people have proven steadfast amid all oppression and persecution, and who has so long preserved them, but who nevertheless knows no difference between His children."


From a deeply thoughtful address before the Young Men's Hebrew Association of Philadelphia, by Judge F. CARROLL BREWSTER, on the Valley of Baca as referred to in Psalm lxxxiv, we quote the following as the expression of a Nestor among jurists:

"Perhaps, then, the very dreariness of this barren place was intended as a prophecy of the woes which God's chosen people should encounter on their march through the history of many ages. And the water to be found in the midst of this desolation might prefigure the refreshing deliverance which the centuries were to bring. Of bitterness and of persecution, of suffering beyond man's power to describe, of its depth, of all that is sad and sorrowful, the history of the Jewish nation bears tearful testimony. The student has two marvels, as he turns these weary pages of the very monotony of cruelty. He wonders how the ferocity of man could ever enact this horrible tragedy, and then he wonders how the race survived.

"It would be a vain and painful task to recite here the thousandth part of what history tells us, and it is certain that history does not, in this case as in many others, falsify the facts. These narratives were all written by the actors who took a horrid pride in recounting their own infamy. The man who has but a moderate installment of feeling in his breast must cry out with indignation as he reads of these outrages. To the jurist they are especially repugnant, for they tell not only of the slaughter of human beings, but of the murder of justice."


The following is from the pen of GEORGE WILLIAM CURTIS, the life-long editor of "Harper's Weekly" and "Harper's Magazine." As a prominent actor in the stirring events of his generation he has left a marked impress on our national life, but great as was his influence in the councils of the nation he was yet best known to the large mass of the American people as the genial, persuasive writer of the "Easy Chair" in the magazine which he so ably edited. The extract which we print is from that department of Harper's Magazine, where it appeared in July, 1877, vol. 55, p. 300.

[507]

What We Owe to the Jews.

"One beautiful June evening in Paris the 'Easy Chair' strolled with a friend into a café on the Boulevard. They had been to hear 'Robert le Diable' at the French Opera, and gaily humming and gossiping they sat upon the broad walk that was still thronged on the still summer night. Presently a dark-haired man came quietly along and seated himself at a table near by. He was alone, and seemed not to care for recognition. He was simply dressed and was entirely unnoticeable except for the strong Jewish lines of his intellectual face. The 'Easy Chair's' companion whispered, 'That is the man to whom we owe the delight of this evening; that is Meyerbeer.' After a little while he added with feeling, 'How much we owe to the Jews and how mean Christendom is!'

"It was remarkable how much of the conspicuous work and influence on that evening was due to the genius of a people whose name is so constantly used as a word of reproach. A few months before, Mendelssohn had been buried in Leipsic, and in Berlin the 'Easy Chair' had heard the memorial concert of his music at the Sing-Akademie. Rossini was still living, and Verdi was writing operas, but Mendelssohn and Meyerbeer were the recognized masters of music. The evening before, the 'Easy Chair' had seen the Jewess Rachel in 'Phedre'—the one woman who contests the laurel with Mrs. Siddons, and who was then the great living actress. Beyond the channel, Disraeli, the child of Spanish Jews, was just about to kiss hands as Chancellor of the Exchequer, and to become the political leader of the British Tories. In the vast city in which they were sitting, the 'Easy Chair' knew that the Jewish Heine was living, breathing his weird and melancholy song, while in Paris and London and Frankfort and Vienna the great masters of the mainspring of industrial activity, the capitalists, who held peace and war in their hands, and by whose favor kings ruled, were Jews. The philosophy, the arts, the industry, the politics of Christendom were full of the Jewish genius, the gayety of nations, the delight of scholars, the scepters of princes, the movements of civilization, hung in great degree upon it. It is as true to-day as in that long summer night, and the words of the 'Easy Chair's' friend are still as shamefully true. 'How mean Christendom is!'

"Recently in New York an estimable and accomplished gentleman was rejected as a member of the Bar Association 'for no other reason that can be conceived,' indignantly said one of the leading members, 'except that he was a Jew.' Doubtless a few votes would procure the rejection. But the Association is not a social club, and presumptively a man who is an honorable member of the Bar is a fit member of the Association. The few hostile votes, however, represent the prejudice. It is very old and very universal. To the audience of to-day there is nothing in Shakespeare more vital and intelligible than the fervent [508]appeal of 'Shylock' to the common humanity of the world around him. The Jew is still separate, and the prejudice which has pursued him for generations is but slightly relaxed. The lines of demarcation are fine. They are often almost invisible. But they are deep, and apparently absolute. It is one of the most common and most tenacious of the objections to 'Daniel Deronda' that it deals with Jews and Jewish life and character. The fact is sometimes almost resented as an offence to the mass of readers. Even in 'Ivanhoe,' although torrents of Christian tears have flowed over the closing pages, where the noble and beautiful 'Rebecca' asks to see the face of the fair 'Rowena,' yet such is the fell and weird outlaw of the Jew from general sympathy, that the catastrophe seems to be an inevitable fate. There is no doubt that this prejudice is as cruel in its effects as it is unreasonable in its origin....

"The legend of the 'Wandering Jew' has a pathos beyond the usual interpretation. The story is told that the Jew, who refused to comfort Christ as he toiled under the weight of the cross, was condemned to tarry until he came, and so wanders around the world until the second coming. But it is the symbol also of the restlessness of the race, roaming through Christendom, homeless and rejected. It is the curse, says many a Christian heart, of the people that crucified the Redeemer. This is the common theory of the origin of the traditional antipathy to the Jews, and, undoubtedly, this is with many persons a vague justification of the feeling with which a Jew is regarded. But should it be nothing to such persons that when, as they believe, the Creator would incarnate himself, He became a Jew? Or, again, do they reflect that if it was in the eternal decrees that the sins of men were to be atoned and condoned by the innocent sacrifice, those who accomplished the sacrifice were but the agents of the Divine will? Are all such ingenious speculations other than devices to explain and justify a mere prejudice of race, such as some African tribes cherish against people of white skins? Those who find in such prejudice a profound significance will continue to plead the feeling as its own sufficient reason. But honorable men will be careful how they carelessly use the name of a race to which the religion, the literature, the art, the civilized progress of humanity, are so greatly indebted, as a term of utter derision and scorn."


Mr. Curtis in his reference to Shakespeare's "Shylock" truly says that "there is nothing in Shakespeare more vital and intelligible than the fervent appeal of Shylock to the common humanity around him." Much has been said and written concerning this remarkable creation of the dramatist's genius, and often and again it has been remarked that Shakespeare's Jew was not the real Jew, not even the Jew of his own imagination, but the Jew as mirrored in the distorted consciousness of[509] mediæval Europe. The great pathologist of human feeling only then failed in his diagnosis when he sought to realize the Jew, the real Jew and his attributes were beyond his ken.

One of the grandest and most cherished of our poets, WILLIAM CULLEN BRYANT, long the editor of the New York Evening Post, in a trenchant criticism of the character of Shylock on the occasion of a presentation of the drama by Edwin Booth, wrote as follows:[118]

"In terming Shylock 'the Jew whom Shakespeare drew,' there is a perfect logic, for Shylock is, of all Shakespeare's characters, the only one untrue to nature. He is not a Jew, but a fiend presented in the form of one; and whereas he is made a ruling type, he is but an exception, if even that, and the exception is not to be met with either in the Ghettos of Venice or of Rome. Shakespeare holds up the love of money that marks the race, although he does not show that this passion was but the effect of that persecution which, by crowding the Jew out of every honorable pursuit, and thus cutting off his nature from every sympathy with the world around, sharpened and edged the keen corners of his brain for the only pursuit left to him.

"It is true that money-changers once spat on in the Ghetto are now hugged in the palace. But we fear that it is not so much that the prejudice against the Jews has ceased, but that the love of money among the Christians has increased. Shakespeare was not true in the picture he has drawn of the Jew's cravings for revenge, and in the contempt with which he is treated by his daughter. Revenge is not a characteristic of the Jew. He is subject to sudden fits of passion, but that intellect which always stands sentinel over the Hebrew soon subdues the gust. However strong in Shylock's time might have been the hatred of the Jew towards the Christian, the lust of lucre was more strong, and Shakespeare might have ransacked every Ghetto in Christendom without finding a Jew, or a Christian either, who would have preferred a pound of flesh to a pound sterling; and Jews also shrink from physical contests. Their disposition is to triumph by intellect rather than violence. It was this trait more than any other that rendered them, in the Middle Ages, so repulsive to the masses, who were all of the Morrissey and muscular Christianity school. The contempt of a daughter for her parent is equally uncharacteristic of the Jew. The Jews are universally admired for the affections which adorn their domestic life. The more they have been pushed from the society of the family of man the greater has been the intensity with which they have clung to the love of their own family.

[510]

"No one can ever have visited the houses of the Jews without having been struck by the glowing affection with which the daughter greets the father as he returns from the day's campaign and the slights and sneers his gaberdine and yellow cap provoke, and without observing how those small, restless eyes that sparkle and gleam, shine out in a softened, loving lustre as they fall upon the face of Rebecca, or Jessica, or Sarah, and how he stands no longer with crooked back, but erect and commanding, as he blesses his household gods with an exultation as vehement as the prejudices which during the day have galled and fretted his nature. To do justice to the grandeurs of the Jewish race, and to brand with infamy its infirmities, it is not enough to produce a repulsive delineation of the latter. It would only be just to give expression to the former, and to exhibit that superiority of intellect which has survived all persecution, and which, soaring above the prejudices of the hour, has filled us with reluctant admiration on finding how many of the great events which mark the progress of the age or minister to its improvements, or elevate its tastes, may be traced to the wonderful workings of the soul of the Hebrew, and the supremacy of that spiritual nature which gave to mankind its noblest religion, its noblest laws, and some of its noblest poesy and music."


Treating the same subject the great German critic, ROBERT BENEDIX, writes as follows:[119]

"Let us look at this Shylock closer. Antonio calls him an usurer; the proof he fails in. Shylock takes high interest; so did all the merchants of Venice. Shylock deals in money; to-day we call him a banker. Why does he deal in money? Because it is the only trade permitted. He does not carry on an industry, has no agricultural pursuits, no official station—only trade. If the Jews, under centuries of restriction, ostracised from social life, did cling to money and its uses, whose fault was it? No one can say anything dishonorable of Shylock. He is penurious; in no law-book of the world is that denominated as a crime. What is against this man? Simply nothing more than that he is a Jew. But for the poet, who, enthroned on Olympian heights, there should exist only the man, not the Jew. Shylock is revengeful. Well, who has instigated it? Only they who have despised him. After persecuting and deriding him, they crown their infamy by asking him to turn Christian. That is the very depth of baseness. What is left to the poor Jew, whom you have trodden under foot, when you rob him of his faith? It is the bond that binds him to his fathers, to his home. It has been his solace in persecutions a thousand times repeated. To this faith Israel clings with devoted love, and from this faith shall Shylock turn to become a Christian? No wonder he turns with abhorrence from those who torture him so cruelly. Christians they may be. Men they are not. And is there no feeling for a father? To exalt a daughter who absconds and robs him whom she should honor? Is that Jewish or Christian? The grand speech, 'Has not a Jew eyes,' etc., is the exclamation of a martyr people who for centuries had been the victims of debauched, bigoted priests.

[511]

"It is impossible to acquit Shakespeare of the prejudice of his age. He has morally sinned; artistically erred. Contrast Lessing; and he wrote in an age of equal intolerance. His 'Nathan the Wise' is an embodiment of morality and sublime virtues; his figures are apostles of true humanity. Nathan is an evangelist of true worth; and Lessing, taking for his hero a Jew, made thereby the amende honorable in the name of humanity."


As a veritable anti-climax to these utterances of poet and critic, we may here consider the views of the representative proletary of America, who deals with the Shylock theme from an entirely different standpoint. This dissertation is by Mr. TERRENCE V. POWDERLY, long the leader of the organization of wage-earners known as the Knights of Labor, and as such will command the attention of the reader. Under the caption of "The Real Shylock," he writes in the Journal of the Knights of Labor as follows:

"Flings at the Jews are flying about promiscuously on every hand, and it seems to me that this practice is neither just nor manly. Turn the pages of history backward to the dawn of Christianity and notice how the Jew has been persecuted by those who professed to be actuated by Christian charity. Notice how he has been driven from country and home, how he has been driven ahead of the advanced guard of Christianity, and then pause for a moment to ask if the Christian is not in some small measure to blame for the money-lending characteristics of the Jew of this day and generation. Driven from all other branches of trade, with a price on his head, and his home at the mercy of others, how could the Jew protect himself? It is well enough to single out Rothschild and to point to him as a fit representative of an usury-taking class, but when he is pointed to as 'Rothschild the Jew,' the bounds of propriety are overstepped and common justice is violated.

"What right has a Christian to drive a man from every walk in life but that of money-lending and then insult his race and religion because of that fact, in sneeringly calling him a Jew. It is proper to call a money-lender a 'Shylock,' for that is a term that is applicable to men of all races and religions if they practice usury, but to single the Jew out as the only one who should wear that appellation is an outrage. I know Christians, and the reader knows them, who on every [512]Sunday morning will walk slowly down the middle aisle in the Christian church, and with sanctimonious mien bend the knee before the altar of God with no more of Christianity in their hearts than may be found in the stone steps leading up to the church door. If a living representative of 'Shylock' is to be singled out, one whose talon-like fingers itch for usury and stretch out toward your pocket for the principal as well, let us be honest enough to admit that we can throw a stone into any of our temples of Christianity and hit such a sinner. Do not lay it all to the Jew. I admit that he knows how to deal in money, but, who gave him points in the game of usury? Look over the United States to-day. Contrast the acts of pretended Christians with the principles of Christ, and then dare to lay the blame of all the wrong that usury has wrought, to the door of the Jew. Look at our American Congress and tell us if those who obey the voice of greed in that body are all Jews.... Are all who have cornered lands, railroads and homes Jews? Let the reader whose home is mortgaged inquire who it is holds the mortgage, and if he happens to be a Christian, as in nine cases out of ten he will be, ask him to be lenient with you, and you will learn that he wants his 'pound of flesh,' and will be anxious to go old Shylock one better, by sucking the blood along with it."


The Jewish Question and the Mission of the Jews, published by Harper and Brothers, New York, 1894, contributes a valuable addition to historical literature. The work ably elucidates its comprehensive subject matter and deserves the careful perusal of every student of whatever creed. A few characteristic extracts are collated in the following:—

"If we turn to Europe, in which we are chiefly interested, we find that the Jews were settled there as early as Roman times, and lived on terms of perfect equality with all their neighbors, until religious intolerance set itself to repress them or directed and intensified the jealousy which their success elicited. When the west of Europe was raised out of its barbarism by Charlemagne, this great leader of modern civilization also took account of the valuable civilizing influence of the Jews, especially as regarded commerce and learning. He granted them privileges, and even made use of them for diplomatic services; and as he transplanted learned men from Italy into France and Germany in order that their wisdom might be diffused among those people, so he also desired to engraft the learning of the Jews in these districts. He encouraged them to found Talmudic Schools and transplanted from Lucca the learned family Kalonymos to Narbonne about the year 787, gave them a large tract of land, where the chief of the family and his successors were called princes, while the part of the town where they lived was called 'The Court of the King of the [513]Jew.' The position which the Jew, Isaac, held in the embassy of Charlemange to Haroun al Rashid is a matter of history."


"As to the pluck and courage of the Jews it certainly did not die out with the Maccabees and the Zealots. I will not mention the spiritual courage it required for the whole race to survive at all during the persecutions which might have been avoided by the simple act of conversion, or of the thousands that burned at the stake singing. I should say, even numerically, more than the whole Christian martyrology has to show. The numbers who heroically during the Spanish Inquisition, and at other times and places, preferred burning at the stake to baptism, the perfidy which often met their heroic resistance, would fill volumes. In the history of the Spanish Jews more than in that of any other of their numerous communities do we meet with heroism, courage and chivalry. They fought, in the Spanish battles as the bravest knights. Alfonso X of Castile, rewarded them en masse for their war-like assistance against Seville and gave them, when the enemies' land was divided, a village which was called "Aldea de los Judeos." They fought desperately for Dom Pedro, even after the Black Prince had forsaken him, defended Burgos to the last man, so that even their opponent, Dom Enrico, recognized publicly their valor."


"Even in Germany during the Black Death and the butchery of Jews, and in Poland, the spirit of the Maccabees and the Zealots had not forsaken them. It very often met with the basest treachery on the part of their enemies and allies. One instance is a striking, if not a typical one. During the onslaught of the Cossacks into Poland in the Thirty Years' War the Jews were brave defenders of the Polish territory. When a horde of Hadamaks attacked the town of Tulczyn, six thousand Christians and about two thousand Jews retreated to the fortress. Nobles and Jews pledged themselves by oath to defend the fortress to the last man. The Cossacks resorted to a stratagem, and assured the Nobles that they were only fighting against their real enemies, the Jews. If they were handed over to them they would withdraw. The nobles asked the Jews to give up their arms; and when they complied, they opened the gates to the Cossacks. When the Cossacks had plundered the Jews, they proposed to them the alternative of death or baptism. Not one of them accepted the latter, and they were put to the sword. But the nobles suffered the same fate, as the Cossacks held that there was no cause to hold faith by the faithless."


"The late James Russell Lowell was wont to say that a large proportion of the great families of the English aristocracy had some [514]admixture of Jewish blood, while some of the great names were in a direct line to be traced back to Jewish ancestors. So, for instance, he believed, and he must have had good grounds for his belief, that the families of the Cecils and the Russells were originally Jewish. Of course such conversational statements must not be taken literally. Many years ago I met a Russian scholar, deeply read in literature and science—the pure Russian, without any associations with Jews—who told me he was engaged upon a work which set itself the task of tracing the origin of most of the great men in letters and science that were then living in Germany, and that he was coming to the conclusion that, not only were a great many of them actually Jews, but that a large proportion of the best known among the Christian dignitaries had also some admixture of Jewish blood."


Our symposium could not be more effectively and fitly rounded out than by a quotation of the Preface to M. Anatole Leroy Beaulieu's celebrated work, "Israel chez les nations," and of the Preface written by the author for the English translation by Mrs. Theodore Hellman, which has just been announced as soon to be published by Messrs. G. P. Putnam's Son's, New York. M. Leroy Beaulieu, whose mastery of the philosophy of history has commanded universal recognition, makes clear his standpoint in the preface to the original work, and in the preface to the English translation he evinces his thorough insight, not only into his general subject, but furthermore into its American phases especially.

We copy these extracts from the columns of the American Hebrew, New York, September 13, 1895, and from its editorial reference to the subject we gladly quote the concluding paragraph, as follows:

"The publication of M. Leroy Beaulieu's work in its English dress will be timely for two reasons: Its Jewish readers will find it an eloquent appeal for renewed devotion to the noble cause of Israel's mission; its Christian readers, recognizing the important part Judaism has played in the production of our present-day civilization, will recognize how baseless is the prejudice that reigns against the Jew. May the book find many readers."

FOOTNOTES:

[118] See note, next page.

[119] These citations are gleaned from the notable lecture by Hon. Simon Wolf, on "The Influence of the Jews on the Progress of the World," delivered before the Schiller Bund in Washington, April 1st, 1888.


[515]

ISRAEL AMONG THE NATIONS.

The Prefaces to M. Leroy-Beaulieu's "Israel chez les nations."
[Copyrighted, 1895, by G. P. Putnam's Sons.]

I. Preface to the Original Work.

The author of this book is a Christian and a Frenchman. As a Christian, he is one of those who believe that a spirit of intolerance is repugnant to Christianity, and nothing appears to him less consistent with the Gospel than race-hatred. Be it a war of races or a war of classes, popular jealousy can never screen itself behind the robe of Christ. Be it Aryan or Semitic, a nation should never purchase its salvation at the cost of another's rights.

As a Frenchman, the author is one of those who are convinced that France ought to remain true to her traditions of justice and liberty. They are the only glory and the only wealth which the fortunes of war cannot wrest from her. The more severe the trials that she has undergone, the more menacing the dangers that await her, the more essential is it to her honor that she should remain herself and not belie, in the eyes of the nations, those great ideas which she was the first to proclaim. To abjure them would be not only an act of apostasy, but a forfeiture of her place in history. A France that should stoop, more than a century after 1789, to abridge religious and civil liberty and to establish among her inhabitants distinctions based upon name or birth, would no longer be the France that the world has thus far known.

The inheritance of the Revolution, which we have come to regard with so much reverence, may possibly include rash postulates and exaggerated inferences that tend to intoxicate, almost to madness, a people infatuated with its title of sovereign; but surely neither religious liberty nor civil equality is likely to produce such effects; neither the one nor the other can have any tendency to turn the people's heads; and, after having been the first to preach these principles to Europe, France will not disavow them now, when, thanks to our propaganda or our example, they have conquered almost all the countries of both hemispheres. On others be the shame of such a recantation!

Anti-Semitism is consistent with neither the principles nor the genius of our nation. It came to us from the outside, from countries which have neither our spirit nor our traditions. It came to us from across the Rhine, from old Germany, always ready for religious quarrels, and always imbued with the spirit of caste; from new Germany, all inflated with race-pride and scornful of whatever is not Teutonic.

Anti-Semitism may be traced also to Russia, to that huge and shapeless Russia, which, with its steppes and forests, has remained isolated from the great currents of modern life; to holy, Orthodox [516]Russia, half Oriental, half Asiatic, which endeavors to find its national unity in its religious unity, and which regards the Catholic and the Lutheran with little more favor than the Israelite; to that autocratic Russia, which differs from us in all its institutions, as well as in all its conditions, be they economic, political, religious or social. Whatever sympathy we may feel with the Slavonic mind or the Russian spirit, the Russians, who so often emulated us, would be greatly surprised to see us copying them; as well might one propose to the Czar to model the government of his moujiks and cossacks on that of the French Republic.

Men of my age, who have grown up under the Second Empire and in the worship of liberty—it was fashionable then among the young—have witnessed many distressing sights. How often was the lie given to our youthful faith in right and justice! How many truths which we thought established forever were again called into question by the selfish passions or the ignorant claims of new generations! How many of the conquests won by reason and liberty were we unable to maintain against the encroachments of power or the delusions of political sophistry! Popular rights trodden under foot in the name of the principle of nationality, everywhere heralded as a principle of emancipation; European states transformed, for half a century, into entrenched camps and separated once more from each other by custom-house barriers and ramparts of prejudice almost as high as the Wall of China; freedom of thought and religious toleration cynically overridden or hypercritically evaded by those very political parties that professed to be their champions; laws passed to the detriment of special persons; decrees of exile or confiscation promulgated in the name of liberty, within so-called free countries and by self-styled liberals; appeals to secular power, demands for legal restriction, for paternalism, addressed to the government by all manner of clashing interests and passions. And all this, not only in Eastern Russia, buried neck-deep in the Middle Ages or rather in the ancien régime, but in the West, in France, in Germany, among nations said to be the most advanced of ancient Europe. Oh, how old she is, this ancient Europe, and how difficult it is for her to slough her skin and regain her youth! What an effort it is for her to strip off her old prejudices and practices and clothe herself in the spirit of a new age!

And this new age, the age that we have so ardently invoked, what will it bring us and how will it fulfil its boasted promises? To judge by the methods and the teachings extolled by those who proclaim themselves its representatives, this new age is in great danger of reviving the worst practices of the past. Men who boast of being the pioneers of the future openly praise deeds of absolutism, and smile sanctimoniously at legal brutalities borrowed from the ancien régime by the jurists of the Revolution. Visions of the future and mediæval prejudices; Utopias conceived by dreamers deluded with misty ideals and belated memories of a superannuated past; unceasing race-competition [517]and ever-recurring class jealousies, all these have become confused and entangled in the minds of the learned as well as in those of the masses. And something of all this is contained in anti-Semitism; something of the old and of the new, of the far-off Middle Ages and of visionary socialism, of reactionary instincts and of revolutionary passions; and it is because of this that anti-Semitism finds an echo in such different quarters, from the drawing-rooms of society to the grog-shop of the working-man.

Let us confess it once again: we have presumed too much on reason, and relied too confidently on civilization. This brilliant civilization, which inspires our idlers with such ludicrous pride, is often shallow and unsound, even in the most advanced countries of the continent. In our proudest capitals it is barely thicker than a light veneer, underneath whose surface, if we scratch it ever so little, we shall find all the ignorance and savagery of the ages that we deem barbarous. Thus, in Paris, Vienna and Berlin, the close of our century suffers the disgrace of seeing measures of proscription and confiscation advocated by people who are really good-natured and ordinarily harmless.

It must not be inferred from what has been said that the complaints of the anti-Semites are wholly imaginary. By no means. Whether they attack our private or our public morals and customs, many of their complaints are but too well founded. Abroad, as well as at home, and most especially, perhaps, in our republic France, they are right, these noisy anti-Semites, in loudly denouncing certain governmental methods, certain practices which seem about to take root in the life of modern nations. Anti-Semitism may have been, in its time, a protest, on the part of public conscience, against culpable concessions of men in office, against the venality of politicians, and the domination, at once mysterious and contemptuous, of stock-jobbing interlopers. Despite its excesses and outrages, anti-Semitism is within its rightful province when it assails the worship of money, the scandalous barter of political influences, and the shameless exploitation of the people by the men whom they have elected; or, again, when it unmasks the hypocritical intolerance of inconsistent free-thinkers, who have erected irreligion and corruption into a method of government.

Modern society is ailing indeed, more ailing that the most honest anti-Semite imagines. The error of anti-Semitism lies in its misapprehension of the origin and the seat of the evil. It sees, or is willing to see, but one of the symptoms, and it calls this symptom the cause of the disease. Anti-Semitism is essentially "simple-minded," in the literal sense of the word. It fails to grasp the complexity of social phenomena. But this failure, which should prove its ruin, is largely the cause of its success with the masses, who in their simplicity are always carried away by that which they deem simple.

Even if the Jews had all the vices and all the power which the [518]hatred of their enemies sees fit to ascribe to them, it were none the less childish to discover in a handful of Semites the source of the evils that afflict modern society.

It is not true that, in order to restore it to health, we need but to eliminate the Semite, as the surgeon's knife eradicates a cyst or a malignant excrescence. The extent and gravity of the evil are of a different nature. The evil is in ourselves, in our blood, in the very marrow of our bones. To cure us, it will not be enough to remove a foreign body from our flesh. Though every Jew be banished from French soil, though Israel be swept from the face of Europe, France would be not one whit more healthy, nor Europe in any better state. The first condition of a cure is a knowledge of the nature of one's malady. Now, anti-Semitism deceives us; it blinds us to our condition by trying to make us believe that the cause of the evil is external, instead of internal. There is no more dangerous error. We are afflicted with an internal trouble, due to our constitution and our entire mode of living; and the anti-Semites insist upon telling us, over and over again, that it is but a superficial ailment, brought on by chance, and foreign to our race and blood. Even when they boast of exposing our secret wounds, they misconstrue their nature; consequently, instead of furnishing a cure for them, they are in great danger of inflaming them still more.

Such will be, I doubt not, the feeling of every reader who is sufficiently thoughtful and independent to base his opinions upon reflection, and not upon the antipathies of the mob. Anti-Semitism, even when most justified in its complaints, is mistaken as to the source of our evils. It would be easy for me to prove this conclusively, could I, in this volume, have treated of finance, capital, and the ascendancy of the stock-exchange. Unfortunately, I have been obliged, for the present, to omit a part of my subject—that which in these days of subserviency to material interests so completely engrosses the public mind—the money question. I had intended at first to devote one or two chapters to it. But this money-question has assumed so prominent a place in our democratic society; it so easily takes the lead everywhere, it is so complex, and so liable to give rise to confusion, that it seemed to me worthy of separate treatment. Therefore this volume will be followed by another, in which I shall attempt to define the role played by money among the nations of to-day. On that occasion I shall take up again some of the views set forth in my book on Papacy, Socialism, and Democracy. There may, perhaps, seem to be no connection between these two subjects. That is a mistake, for anti-Semitism, too, is a social question. And as for myself, in studying the influence of the Jew and of modern Israel, as well as in examining the teachings of the Pope on socialism and democracy, I have always the same object in view: religious liberty and social peace. Caritas et Pax, such is ever my motto; and, if I mistake not, it is a Christian motto, not unbecoming a Frenchman.

[519]

II. Preface to the English Version.

Our age will constitute a critical, a supreme epoch in the long history of Israel. To-day the prophecies of the seers are at last approaching fulfilment, and Israel is really being scattered to the ends of the earth. We are witnessing a new diaspora, the great and final dispersal.

The tree of Israel, the ancient vine of Judah, transplanted to the Sarmatian plains, has again been rudely shaken by the blast of persecution; its branches have fallen and its seeds have blown afar, over the hills and across the deserts and oceans.

As in earlier times, the wrath of their persecutors is forcing Jews and Judaism into countries where the Sabbath-lamp has never yet been lighted. The spectacle witnessed during the Renaissance and at the end of the fifteenth century, in consequence of the edicts of Isabella of Castile—the exodus of a people driven forth, without means of existence, from the land of its ancestors because it clung to the faith of its fathers—this spectacle disgraces the closing years of our nineteenth century, in consequence of the ukases of a Russian czar.

What will be the verdict of history as to the effects upon Judaism of the harsh policy of Alexander III? Possibly in years to come, when the tears of her exiles and their present sufferings shall be forgotten, the historians of Israel may affirm that the Russian autocrat contributed, more than any other man, to the expansion and renovation of Judaism.

The Jews who are driven from Slavic soil by the law or by their own poverty, are forced to begin a new life under kindlier skies and in freer lands. They are torn from the old Jewries where, closely herded together, they had barely air enough to breathe; and this painful expatriation may well prove of equal benefit to their souls and their bodies.

The majority of these exiles have gone to America, and especially to the United States. To their brethren already established between the Atlantic and the Pacific this sudden influx of a whole people, in the main poor and ignorant, who demand from them shelter and support, must indeed prove a very heavy burden. The Jews of the United States have been confronted here with an enormous task, to which, however, they have shown themselves equal. Fortunately, the most trying years seem to be over. The accession of the young emperor, Nicholas II, to the throne of Russia gives rise to the hope of some mitigation of those antiquated laws which, under Alexander III, had furnished official intolerance with the means of hypocritical persecution. The stream of emigration, whose volume is already lessening, will probably slacken. It will not wholly cease, for free America will long continue to attract the victims of persecution.

[520]

I, for one, do not believe that the United States ought to view this Jewish immigration with any disquietude; I cannot see what there is to fear from it. Among all the races and nations that have furnished the United States with colonists and have thus helped to advance its marvelous growth, I can find none more intelligent or more industrious; nor can I find any that is more capable of assimilating American civilization and of introducing into it a useful competition.

I am told that one of the charges brought against the Jews of America is that they frequently manifest leanings toward socialism; or rather toward anarchism. This may be the case with many Russian and Roumanian Jews—we have some in Paris who show such tendencies—but the fact is due less to the racial character of the Jews than to the conditions under which they have long been forced to live in Europe, and to which they are still subjected in Russia and Roumania. If Lassalle and Karl Marx were the prophets of German socialism, one of the causes of their revolt against the old social order lay in the sort of life which that order imposed upon the sons of Israel, even in Germany. This is still more evident in the case of the Jews who have been infected in Russia by the germs of nihilism and anarchy. The Jew of the old secluded Jewry is—as I have shown in this book—essentially conservative. If, in the past twenty or twenty-five years, a certain number of young Jews and Jewesses have joined the ranks of the nihilists, if some of them have been concerned in the conspiracies against the person or the authority of Alexander II and of Alexander III, this is due to the social conditions imposed on the Jews by the Russian laws. This I think I have conclusively proved, both in my present volume and in my larger work: "The Empire of the Tsars."

Only the most systematic vexations and humiliations could have aroused the children of Abraham to this spirit of revolt, to these political conspiracies, so opposed to Jewish ideas and traditions. A further proof of this, which ought to appeal to the most furious anti-Semites, is that in Russia conspiracy can lead to nothing, as yet, but transportation or the gallows.

Moreover, I have often noticed that all the Israelites implicated in political trials were what I call "de-Judaized" Jews—that is to say, Jews who have renounced the beliefs and practices of Judaism. It was Christian contagion that gave the Jews their revolutionary ideas. Some of the Jewish emigrants from Russia and other parts of Europe have been obviously degraded and corrupted by centuries of oppression. Many years—perhaps one or two generations—will be needed to raise their moral plane, to imbue them with a sense of honor, and dignity. It is a great mistake to believe that this moral uplifting can be facilitated by detaching them from their religion. On the contrary, the least praise-worthy Jews that I have met have generally been "de-Judaized" Jews, those who had ceased to observe [521]the Mosaic law. The Jew—such, at least, is my opinion—stands in even greater need of religious support than the Christian; and, as a rule, he can find that support only in the faith of his fathers. There are indeed, Israelites who become converts to Christianity. But, in order to be morally efficacious, such conversion should be genuine and disinterested. Its object should be to find favor, not in the eyes of society or of man, but of God. Now, it is well known that such true conversions are rare, and this accounts for the fact that the baptized Jews are often the least commendable.

I must confess that, in many cases, the Christian missionaries are to blame. They are too often satisfied with purely external, nominal conversions, and, for the winning of souls, they too often employ means that are neither holy nor honest. I have been told that there are missionaries—mainly of the Protestant faith—in London, New York, and the East, who angle for Jewish souls with the coarse bait of worldly benefits, taking unfair advantage of the poverty, abandonment, and loneliness of immigrants driven out of their country by want or persecution, to lead them to the Christian font. These conversions by seduction, if I may venture so to call them, are not a whit less odious than conversions by force. Such proselytizing is unworthy of the Christian ministry and is a disgrace to the churches that encourage it. It can result only in making bad Christians and in educating bad citizens.

I need say little, in addressing my English-speaking readers, of the fear entertained by some persons, that the Jewish newcomers are likely to monopolize the national wealth. Although these apprehensions are quite common among the simple souls of the old world, I do not imagine that they have crossed the Channel or the Atlantic. Englishmen and Americans have too much faith in themselves to share such visionary fears. However great may be the commercial talents of the Jews, the Anglo-Saxons feel themselves by no means inferior to them; and when it comes to "making money," the Yankee does not fear the competition of the Semite.

Nor do I believe that, in extending hospitality to the sons of Israel, the United States, or Australia, or even old England herself, has reason to apprehend what German anti-Semites call the "judaizing" of modern society.

This expression is often used in Europe to indicate the growing ascendancy of material interests and the encroachment of the mercantile spirit. I do not think that the Jew can be held responsible for this tendency, and I shall attempt to show this in my forthcoming work: "Le Règne de l'Argent." What the anti-Semites call the "judaizing" of society might, as I have taken the liberty of asserting, be more correctly called the "Americanizing" of morals. I trust that this remark will not bring down the resentment of my American readers. That would be unfair, for I am, in many respects, a sincere admirer of their great Republic. If I have ventured to speak of the [522]"Americanizing" of modern society, it is simply because the typical characteristics of democratic industrial society were first revealed in the United States, and have there been developed on a larger scale than in any other country. This form of social organization, new to history, is gradually becoming dominant in all parts of the old world, as well as the new. If it has its advantages, it has also its faults, which we are all in duty bound to correct. The ascendancy of material interests, the greed for money, the frantic race for wealth, are the most deplorable characteristics of our modern industrial and democratic society. These are not social characteristics; they are peculiar neither to the Yankee nor to the Jew, although they sometimes seem to be most pronounced in the Jew and the Yankee. They are the result of our social conditions, and it is not by proscribing any particular race or any faith, but only by appealing to moral forces and by bringing all such forces to their highest development that our modern democracies can escape from the practical materialism that threatens to engulf them.

Paris, April, 1893.


[523]

RUSSIA'S CRIME AGAINST THE JEWS AND CIVILIZATION.

The closing citation in the symposium of general opinion which we have presented under our preceding rubric, the preface to the English translation of Leroy Beaulieu's work on "Israel among the Nations," may serve almost without further comment as an effective introduction to our present subject. It deals directly with the great wrong committed by the government of Russia against Israel and Humanity, and it deals with it from the vantage ground of an impartial authority.

The proscriptive policy adopted by Russia against the Jewish people, a policy whose animus appears to be a mixture of political and religious fanaticism, has erected the provinces along the Western frontier of the Empire, on the German and Austrian borders, into a "Pale of Jewish Settlement" and thus created a Ghetto-country, into which the Jews of the interior provinces have been driven, to live as best they may. Even in these confines they are forbidden to apply themselves to agriculture and forced into various towns and cities, there to huddle and if need be to starve.

It has been held that this seemingly inexplicable policy has been deliberately directed to the end and with the purpose of crowding a mass of helpless and impoverished population on the Western borders of the Empire, to be utilized as an abattis against a foreign foe or as a cushion against foreign invasion, but it seems incredible that Russian fanaticism, shortsighted and ruthless as it is, should reach such a degree of turpitude and folly. It would seem, on the contrary, to be persisted in notwithstanding the manifest political and military dangers which the unreasonable procedure harbors and which, since its inception in 1879-80 has not ceased to bring about widespread[524] economic and social disorganization, not to speak of the political disturbance of the Empire. The "russification" of the Empire, the retaining of "Russia for the Russians" (as though the Jews who are conscripted in disproportionate numbers into the army, who fought valiantly for their native land in the Crimea and on the Balkans, were not to be regarded as Russians), is the ostensible purpose of the proscription. With this purpose the ruling power of Russia continues to drive out its Jewish subjects; the historic tragedy wrought out by Spanish bigotry and fatuousness 400 years ago is being re-enacted by Russia at the present day, and the political and economic lessons taught by that example, not to mention the admonitions of humanity and the protests of an outraged civilization remain unheeded. The end of this wicked folly is apparently still afar, and seems likely to be brought nearer in point of time only by a political explosion. It were difficult to arrive at a conclusion as to which prospect is the worst.

The facts concerning the persecution of the Russian Jews have constantly been belied by the Russian authorities, in conformity with the historic methods of Russian diplomacy, but have for some years past been placed beyond question through the efforts of our own government. In view of the positive contradictions between the Russian official statements and the constantly reported and seemingly well-established facts, it was deemed expedient by the administration of President Harrison, in 1891, to send an official American Commission to investigate the condition of affairs in Russia, and the report of this Commission, referred to below by Ambassador White, gave official confirmation to the previously published details of the relentless and heartrending cruelties practiced by the Russian officials in the name of the Czar. Into these details we will not here enter. The Commissioners' Report has been widely published and has become historic.[120]

[525]

A statement of the general subject has, however, been formulated in another official report, made subsequently to that noted above, by our Ambassador at St. Petersburg, Hon. Andrew D. White, in a despatch to the Secretary of State, the late Walter Q. Gresham. In this document Mr. White summarizes the conditions relating to the persecution of the Russian Jews in a manner so concise and lucid, and in a spirit so entirely dispassionate, that it may properly be cited here as a statement whose authority is entirely beyond question.[121]

[526]

 

[527]

OFFICIAL DISPATCH OF AMBASSADOR WHITE TO SECRETARY OF STATE GRESHAM.

Legation of the United States,
St. Petersburg, July 6, 1893.

(Received July 27.)

Sir:—Your telegram, presumably of May 17, was received on the morning of May 18, and answered at once.

Since telegraphing you I have made additional inquiries with reference to your question, and am persuaded that there has been no new edict banishing Israelites from Poland, as was stated in some of the papers of Western Europe; but for some time past the old edicts and regulations against them have been enforced in various parts of the Empire with more and more severity.

Soon after my arrival at this post it was rumored that there was to be some mitigation in the treatment of them, but the hopes based on this rumor have grown less and less, and it is now clear that the tendency is all in the direction not only of excluding Israelites more rigorously than ever from parts of the Empire where they were formerly allowed on sufferance, but to make life more and more difficult for them in those parts of the Empire where they have been allowed to live for many generations.

As you are doubtless aware, there are about 5,000,000 Israelites in Russia, forming, it is claimed, more than half of the entire Jewish race, and these are packed together in the cities and villages of what was formerly Poland and adjacent governments,[528] in a belt extending along the western borders from northwest to southeast, but which for some years past has been drawn back from the frontier about forty miles, under the necessity, as it is claimed, imposed by the tendency of the Israelites in that region to conduct smuggling operations. In other parts of the Empire they have only been allowed to reside as a matter of exceptional favor. This alleged favor, under the more kindly reign of Alexander II, was largely developed and matured into a sort of quasi right in the case of certain classes, such as Israelites who have been admitted to the learned professions, or have taken a university degree, or have received the rights of merchants of the first or second guild, paying the heavy fees required in such cases. Certain skilled artisans have also been allowed to reside in certain towns outside the Jewish pale, but their privileges are very uncertain, liable to revocation at any time, and have in recent years been greatly diminished. Besides this, certain Israelites are allowed by special permits to reside as clerks in sundry establishments, but under the most uncertain tenure. This tenure can be understood by a case which occurred here about a month since.

At that time died an eminent Israelite of St. Petersburg, a Mr. —— ——, who had distinguished himself by rescuing certain great companies from ruin by his integrity and skill in various large operations, and by the fact that, while he made large and constant gains for those interested in these companies and operations, he laid up for himself only a moderate competence. He had in his employ a large number of Jewish clerks, and it is now regarded here as a matter of fact that at the expiration of their passes, say in a few months, all of them must leave St. Petersburg.

The treatment of the Israelites, whether good or evil is not based entirely upon any one ukase or statute; there are said to be in the vast jungle of the laws of this Empire more than one thousand decrees and statutes relating to them, beside innumerable circulars, open or secret, regulations, restrictions, extensions, and temporary arrangements, general, special, and local, forming such a tangled growth that probably no human being can say what the law as a whole is—least of all can a Jew in any province have any certain knowledge of his rights.

From time to time, and especially during the reign of Alexander II, who showed himself more kind to them than any other sovereign had ever been, many of them were allowed to leave this overcrowded territory, and, at least, were not hindered from coming into territory and towns which, strictly speaking, they were not considered as entitled to enter; but for some time past this residence on sufferance has been rendered more and more difficult. Details of the treatment to which[529] they have been subjected may be found in the report made by Mr. J. B. Weber and his associate commissioners entitled, "Report of the Commissioners of Immigration upon the Causes which incite Immigration to the United States," Government Printing Office. I must confess that when I first read this report its statements seemed to me exaggerated, or at least, over-colored, but it is with very great regret that I say that this is no longer my opinion. Not only is great severity exercised as regards the main body of Israelites here, but it is from time to time brought to bear with especial force on those returning to Russia from abroad. The case was recently brought to my notice of a Jewish woman who, having gone abroad, was stopped on her return at a frontier station, and, at last accounts, had been there three days, hoping that some members of her family in Russia might be able to do something to enable her to rejoin them.

Israelites of the humbler classes find it more and more difficult to re-enter Russia, and this fact will explain the case of Mrs. Minnie Levin, referred to in Mr. Wharton's dispatch No: 60 as being refused a visa at the Russian Consulate-General in New York, and it will also throw light on various cases we have had in which the legation has been able to secure mitigation of the application of the rules.

On this latter point we have been successful in obtaining such mitigation in cases of many Israelites who have been subjected to annoyance by over-zealous local authorities.

It may appear strange that any nation should wish to expel a people who, in other parts of the world, have amassed so much wealth. The fact is that but a very small fraction of them in Russia are wealthy; but few even in comfortable circumstances. The vast majority of them are in poverty, and a very considerable part in misery—just on the border of starvation.

Nearly forty years ago, when, as an attaché of this legation, I was for seven days and nights on the outside of a post coach between St. Petersburgh and Warsaw—there being then no railway to the frontier—I had an ample opportunity to see something of these Israelites and of the region in which they live. They exist for the most part in squalor, obliged to resort to almost anything that offers, in order to keep body and soul together. Even the best of them were then treated with contempt by the lowest of the pure Russians. I myself saw two Israelites, evidently of the wealthier class and richly clad, who had ventured into the enclosure in front of the posthouse to look at the coach in which I was, lashed with a coach whip and[530] driven out of the enclosure with blows by one of the postilions—evidently a serf.

A very few millionaire Israelites are to be found among the merchants of the first guild in some of the larger cities, but there is no such proportion of wealthy men among them as in the United States, Great Britain, France, and Germany. In the smaller towns, in some of which they form the majority of the residents, their poverty is so abject that they drag each other down, making frequently a ruinous competition with each other in such branches of business as they are allowed to pursue. This is now even more the case than ever before, since recent regulations have swept the Israelites living in many rural districts into the towns.

A case was a few days since mentioned to me in which a small town of 8000 or 10,000 inhabitants had recently received into its population nearly 6000 Israelites from the surrounding country.

The restrictions are by no means confined to residence; they extend into every field of activity. Even in the parts of the Empire where the Israelites are most free they are not allowed to hold property in land, or to take a mortgage on land, or to farm land, and of late they have even been, to a large extent, prevented from living on farms, and have been thrown back into the cities and villages.

As to other occupations, Jewish manufacturers have at times, even under the present reign, been crippled by laws or regulations forbidding them to employ Christian workmen, but these are understood to be not now in force. They are relics of the old legislation which, in the interest of the servant's soul, forbade a Jew to employ a Christian servant under pain of death, and which, in a mitigated form, remained on the statute book until 1865, when it was abolished by Alexander II.

There are also many restrictions upon the professions considered more honorable. A few Israelites are allowed to become engineers, and they are allowed to hold 5 per cent of the positions of army surgeons, but no more; and this in spite of the fact that from the Middle Ages until how their race has been recognized as having a peculiar aptitude for medicine and surgery. As a rule, also, they are debarred from discharging any public functions of importance, and even as to lesser functions, a Jew can not be elected mayor of a village or even member of its council.

Not more than one man in ten of those summoned to do jury duty can be a Jew, and even in the cities within the pale, where the Jews form the great majority of the population, they can not hold more than one-third of the places on a municipal council.

[531]

Perhaps the most painful of the restrictions upon them is in regard to the education of their children. The world over, as is well known, Israelites will make sacrifices to educate their sons and daughters, such as are not made, save in exceptional cases, by any other people. They are, as is universally recognized, a very gifted race, but no matter how gifted a young Israelite may be, his chances of receiving an education are small.

In regions where they are most numerous, only 10 per cent of the scholars in high schools and universities are allowed to be Jews, but in many cases the number allowed them is but 5 per cent, and in St. Petersburgh and Moscow only 3 per cent. Out of the seventy-five young Israelites who applied for admission to the University of Dorpat in 1887 only seven were allowed to enter. A few days since the case was brought to my notice of a well-to-do Israelite who wished to educate his son, whom he considered especially gifted, but who could not obtain permission to educate him in St. Petersburg, and was obliged to be satisfied with the permission to enter him at one of the small provincial universities remote from the capital.

To account for this particular restriction it is urged that if freely allowed to receive an advanced education they would swarm in the high schools, universities, and learned professions; and, as a proof of this, the fact is mentioned that some time since, in the absence of restrictions, at Odessa from 50 to 70 per cent of the scholars in sundry Russian colleges were Jews.

As to religious restrictions, the general policy pursued seems to an unprejudiced observer from any other country so illogical as to be incomprehensible. On the one hand great powers are given to the Jewish rabbis and religious authorities. They are allowed in the districts where the Israelites mainly live to form a sort of state within the state, with power to impose taxes upon their co-religionists and to give their regulations virtually the force of law. On the other hand, efforts of zealous orthodox Christians to proselyte Israelites, which must provoke much bitterness, are allowed and even favored. The proselytes, once brought within the orthodox Russian fold, no matter by what means, any resumption of the old religion by them is treated as a crime.

Recent cases have occurred where Jews who have been thus converted and who have afterwards attended the synagogue have been brought before the courts.

So, too, in regard to religious instruction it would seem to an unprejudiced observer, wishing well both to Russia and to the Israelites, that the first thing to do would be to substitute instruction in science, general literature, and in technical[532] branches for that which is so strongly complained of by Russians generally—the instruction in the Talmud and Jewish theology. But this is just what is not done, and indeed, as above stated not allowed.

The whole system at present in vogue is calculated to make Talmudic and theological schools—which are so constantly complained of as the nurseries and hotbeds of anti-Russian and anti-Christian fanaticism—the only schools accessible to the great majority of gifted young Israelites.

As to the recent interferences of which accounts have been published in the English newspapers and especially as to a statement that a very large number of Jewish children were, early during the present year, taken from their parents in one of the southern governments of Russia and put into monastic schools under the charge of orthodox priests, this statement having been brought to my notice especially by letters addressed to me as the representative of the United States, I communicated with our consuls in the regions referred to and also obtained information from other trustworthy sources, and the conclusion at which I arrived was that the statement was untrue; it probably had its origin in the fact that much anxiety has recently been shown by certain high officials, and especially ecclesiastics, to promote education in which orthodox religious instruction holds a very important part.

In justification of all these restrictions various claims are made. First of all it is claimed that the Jews lend money to peasants and others at enormous rates of interest. But it is pointed out, in answer to this, that sundry bankers and individuals in parts of Russia where no Jews are permitted have made loans at a much higher rate than Jews have ever ventured to do; while it is allowed that 100 per cent a year has not unfrequently been taken by the Israelites, there seems to be no doubt of the fact that from 300 to 800 per cent, and even more sometimes, has been taken by Christians.

This statement seems incredible, but it is unimpeachable. In a general way it is supported by the recent report of a Russian official to Mr. Sagonof; and a leading journal of St. Petersburg, published under strict censorship, has recently given cases with names and dates where a rate higher than the highest above named was paid by Russian peasants to Christian money lenders.

Those inclined to lenity towards the Jews point to the fact that none of them would dare take any such rates of interest as Christians may freely demand; that to do so would raise against the Israelites in their neighborhood storms which they could not resist, and it is argued that, as their desire for gain is restricted in this way, their presence in any part of Russia[533] tends to diminish the rate of interest rather than to increase it. On the other hand it is claimed that they will not work at agriculture and, indeed, that they will do no sort of manual labor which they can avoid.

As to the first of these charges, the fact is dwelt upon, which has so impressed Mr. Mackenzie Wallace and other travelers, that the Jewish agricultural colonies founded by Alexander I, in 1810, and by Nicholas I, in 1840, have not done well.

But in answer it may be stated as a simple matter of history that, having been originally an agricultural people they have been made what they are by ages of persecutions which have driven them into the occupations to which they are now so generally devoted; that in Russia they have for generations been incapacitated for agricultural work by such restrictions as those above referred to; that even if they are allowed here and there to till the land, they are not allowed, in the part of the Empire which they most inhabit, to buy it or even to farm it, and that thus the greatest incentive to labor is taken away.

As to other branches of manual labor, simply as a matter of fact, there are very large bodies of Jewish artisans in Poland, numbering in the aggregate about one-half the entire adult male Israelite population. Almost every branch of manual labor is represented among them, and well represented. As stone masons they have an especially high reputation, and it is generally conceded that in sobriety, capacity, and attention to work they fully equal their Christian rivals.

Complaint is also made that they, as far as possible, avoid military service. This is doubtless true, but the reasons for it are evident. For the Jewish soldier there is no chance of promotion, and when he retires after service, he is, as a rule, subject to the same restrictions as others of his race. In spite of this fact the number of them in the conscription of 1886 was over 40,000.

I find everywhere in discussing this subject, a complaint that the Israelites, wherever they are allowed to exist, get the better of the Russian peasant. The difficulty is that the life of the Israelite is marked by sobriety, self-denial and foresight; and, whatever may be the kindly qualities ascribed to the Russian peasant, these qualities are rarely, if ever, mentioned among them.

It is also urged against the Israelites in Russia that they are not patriotic, but in view of the policy pursued regarding them the wonder is that any human being should expect them to be patriotic.

There is also frequent complaint against Jewish fanaticism, and recently collections of extracts from the Talmud have been published here as in western Europe, and even in the United[534] States, to show that Israelites are educated in bitter and undying hate of Christians, and taught not only to despise but to despoil them; and it is insisted that the vast majority of the Israelites in Russia have, by ages of this kind of instruction and by the simple laws of heredity, been made beasts of prey with claws and teeth especially sharp, and that the peasant must be protected from them.

Lately this charge has been strongly reiterated, a book having appeared here in which the original Hebrew of the worst Talmudic passages, with translations of them, are placed in parallel columns. It seems to be forgotten that the Israelites would be more than human if such passages did not occur in their sacred writings. While some of these passages antedate the establishment of Christianity, most of them have been the result of fervor under oppression and of the appeal to the vengeance of Jehovah in times of persecution; and it would be but just to set against them the more kindly passages, especially the broadly and beautifully humane teachings which are so frequent in the same writings.

An eminently practical course would be to consider the development of Judaism in the United States, Great Britain, and other countries where undeniably those darker features of of the Talmud have been more and more blotted out from Jewish teaching, and the unfortunate side of Talmudic influence more and more weakened.

But this charge of Talmudic fanaticism is constantly made, and Russians, to show that there is no hatred of Israelites, as such, point to the fact that the Karaites, who are non-Talmudic, have always been treated with especial kindness.

To this the answer would seem to be that the Karaites are free from fanaticism because they have been so long kindly treated, and that this same freedom and kindness which has made them unobjectionable to Russian patriotism would, in time, probably render the great mass of Israelites equally so.

There is no need of argument, either in the light of history or of common sense, to prove that these millions of Israelites in Russia are not to be rendered less fanatical by the treatment to which they are subjected.

To prove that the more bitter utterances in the Talmud complained of do not necessarily lead Israelites to hate Christians, and indeed to show that the teachings which the Israelites receive in countries where they have more freedom lead to a broad philanthropy of the highest type, I have been accustomed, in discussing the subject with Russians, to point to such examples of the truest love for human kind as those shown by Judah Touro in the United States, Sir Moses Montefiore in England, Nathan de Rothschild in Austria, James de Rothschild[535] and Baron Hirsch in France, and multitudes of other cases, citing especially the fact of the extensive charities carried on by Israelites in all countries, and the significant circumstance that the first considerable contribution from the United States to the Russian famine fund came from a Jewish synagogue in California, with the request that in the use of it no discrimination should be made between Jews and Christians. Cases like these would seem to do away effectually with the idea, that Jewish teachings necessarily inculcate hostility to people of other religious beliefs.

There is also a charge closely connected wtth the foregoing which undoubtedly has much to do with the present severe reaction. It is constantly repeated that, in spite of the fact that the late Emperor Alexander II had shown himself more kindly toward the Israelites than had any of his predecessors—relaxing the old rules as to residence, occupation, education, and the like, and was sure, had he lived, to go much farther in the same direction, probably as far as breaking down a mass of the existing barriers, and throwing open vast regions never before accessible to them—the proportion of Israelites implicated in the various movements against him, especially in the Nihilistic movement, and in the final plot which led to his assassination, was far beyond the numerical proportion of their race in Russia to the entire population. This feeling was certainly at the bottom of the cruel persecutions of the Israelites by the peasants just after the death of the late Emperor, and has no less certainly much to do with the prejudices of various personages of high influence as well as of the vast mass of the people which still exist.

The remarkable reaction now dominant in Russia is undoubtedly in great measure, if not entirely, the result of the assassination of Alexander II; it is a mere truism to say that this event was the most unfortunate in its effects on well-ordered progress that has occurred in this Empire; but, so far as the Israelites are concerned, the facts at the bottom of this charge against them can be accounted for, without imputing anything to the race at large, by the mass of bitterness stored up during ages of oppression, not only in Russia, but elsewhere. The matter complained of must certainly be considered as exceptional, for it cannot hide the greater fact that the Jews have always shown themselves especially grateful to such rulers as have mitigated their condition or even shown a kindly regard for them.

I was myself, as minister at Berlin, cognizant of innumerable evidences of gratitude and love shown by the entire Jewish population toward the Crown Prince, afterwards the Emperor Frederick III, who, when Jew-baiting was in fashion, and[536] patronized by many persons in high positions, set himself quietly but firmly against it. And this reminiscence leads me to another in regard to the oft-repeated charge that the Israelite is incapable of patriotism, is a mere beast of prey, and makes common cause with those of his race engaged in sucking out the substance of the nation where he happens to be. It was my good fortune to know personally several Israelites at Berlin, who as members of the Imperial Parliament showed their patriotism by casting away all hopes of political advancement and resisting certain financial claims in which some of their co-religionists, as well as some leading and very influential Christians, were deeply engaged. There is nothing nobler in recent parliamentary history than the career of such Israelites as Lasker and Bamberger during that period, and at this moment no sane man in Germany hesitates to ascribe to the Israelite Simson all the higher qualities required in his great office, that of chief justice in the highest court of the German Empire.

The same broad and humane characteristics have been shown among the vast majority of Israelites eminent in science, philosophy, literature and the arts. Long before the Israelite Spinoza wrought his own ideal life into the history of philosophy, this was noted, and it has continued to be noted in Russia. During my former residence here there were two eminent representatives of the proscribed race in the highest scientific circles, and they were especially patriotic and broad in their sympathies; and to-day the greatest of Russian sculptors, Antokolski, an Israelite, has thrown into his work not only more genius, but also more of profound patriotic Russian feeling, than has any other sculptor of this period. He has revived more evidently than has any other sculptor the devotion of Russians to their greatest men in times past, and whenever the project of erecting at St. Petersburg a worthy monument to the late Emperor shall be carried out, there is no competent judge who will not acknowledge that he is the man in all Russia to embody in marble or bronze the gratitude of the nation. This is no mere personal opinion of my own, for when recently a critic based an article against Antokolski's works, evidently upon grounds of race antipathy, a brilliant young author, of one of the oldest and most thoroughly Russian families in the Empire, Prince Sergius Wolkonsky, wrote a most cogent refutation of the attack. It is also charged that in Russia, and, indeed, throughout Europe, an undue proportion of Jews have been prominent in movements generally known as "socialistic," and such men as Ferdinand Lasalle and Karl Marx are referred to.

When this statement has been made in my hearing I have[537] met it by the counter statement of a fact that seems to me to result from the freedom allowed in the United States, namely, the fact that at a meeting of the American Social Science Association in 1891, in which a discussion took place involving the very basis of the existing social system, and in which the leading representatives of both sides in the United States were most fully represented, the argument which was generally agreed to be the most effective against the revolutionary and anti-social forces was made by a young Israelite, Prof. Seligman, of Columbia University, in the city of New York. Here, again, results are mistaken for causes; the attitude complained of in the Israelites is clearly the result of the oppression of their race.

But there is one charge which it is perhaps my duty to say that I have never heard made against Israelites even by Russians most opposed to them—the charge that they are to be found in undue or even in any considerable proportion among inebriates or criminals. The simplest reason for this exception in their favor is found in the official statistics which show that in the Governments where they are most numerous diseases and crimes resulting from the consumption of alcoholic drinks are least numerous, and that where the number of Israelites is greatest the consumption of spirits is least. It is also well known, as a matter of general observation, that the Russian Israelites are, as a rule, sober, and that crimes among them are comparatively infrequent.

Yet, if in any country we might expect alcoholism to be greatly developed among them it would be in this Empire, where their misery is so great and the temptation to drown it in intoxicating beverages so constant; and if we might expect crime to be developed largely among them it would be in this Empire, where, crowded together as they are, the struggle for existence is so bitter. Their survival under it can only be accounted for by their superior thrift and sobriety.

It would be a mistake to suppose that religious hatred or even deeply religious feeling is a main factor in this question. The average Russian believes that all outside the orthodox Greek Church are lost; but he does not hate them on that account, and though there has been of late years, during the present reaction, an increase of pressure upon various Christian organizations outside the established church, this has been undeniably from political rather than religious reasons; it has been part of the "Russifying process," which is at present the temporary fashion. The rule in Russia has always been toleration, though limited by an arrangement which seems to a stranger very peculiar. In St. Petersburg, for example, there are churches for nearly all the recognized forms of Christian belief, as well as synagogues for Hebrews, and at least one Mohammedan[538] mosque; but the only proselytism allowed is that between themselves and from them to the established church; in other words, the Greek church may proselyte from any of them, and, within certain limits, each one may proselyte from its orthodox neighbors, but none of them can make converts from the Greek Church.

This regulation seems rather, the result, on the whole, of organized indifference than of zeal, its main purpose being undoubtedly to keep down any troublesome religious fervor. The great body of the Russian peasantry, when left to themselves, seem to be remarkably free from any spirit of fanatical hostility toward religious systems differing from their own, and even from the desire to make proselytes. Mr. Mackenzie Wallace, in his admirable book, after showing that the orthodox Russian and the Mahommedan Tartar live in various communities in perfect peace with each other, details a conversation with a Russian peasant, in which the latter told him that just as God gave the Tartar a darker skin, so he gave him a different religion; and this feeling of indifference, when the peasants are not excited by zealots on one side or the other, seems to prevail toward the Roman Catholics in Poland and the Protestants in the Baltic provinces and Finland. While some priests have undoubtedly done much to create a more zealous feeling, it was especially noted during the fierce persecution of the Jews early in the present reign that in several cases the orthodox village priests not only gave shelter to Israelites seeking to escape harm, but exerted themselves to put an end to the persecutions. So, too, during the past few days the papers have contained a statement that a priest very widely known and highly esteemed, to whom miraculous powers are quite generally attributed, Father John, of Cronstadt, has sent some of the charity money, of which he is almoner, to certain Jewish orphanages under the control of Israelites.

The whole present condition of things is rather the outcome of a great complicated mass of causes, involving racial antipathies, remembrances of financial servitude, vague inherited prejudices, with myths and legends like those of the Middle Ages.

But, whatever may be the origin of the feeling toward the Israelites the practical fact remains that the present policy regarding them is driving them out of the country in great masses. The German papers speak of large numbers as seeking the United States and the Argentine Republic—but especially the former—through the northern ports of that Empire, and, as I write, the Russian papers state that eight steamers loaded with them are just about leaving Libau for America.

It is, of course, said in regard to these emigrants that they[539] have not been ordered out of the country, that they can stay in Russia if they like, and that Russia has simply exercised her right to manage her own internal affairs in her own way; but it is none the less true that the increasing severity in the enforcement of the regulations regarding the Israelites is the main, if not the only, cause of this exodus. In order that this question may be understood in its relations to the present condition of political opinion in the Empire, there is need to make some additional statement.

There has never been a time, probably, when such a feeling of isolation from the rest of the world, and aversion to foreign influence of every sort, have prevailed in Russia as at present; it is shared by the great majority from the highest to the lowest, and it is echoed in the press. Russia has been, during the last ten years, in a great reactionary period, which now seems to be culminating in the attempted "Russification" of the Empire, involving such measures as increasing pressure upon Poland, increasing interference with the Baltic provinces and the German colonies, in the talk of constitutional changes in Finland, in the substitution of Russian for German names of various western towns, in the steadily increasing provisions for strengthening the orthodox Russian Church against all other religious organizations, in the outcry made by various papers in favor of such proposals as that for transferring the university at Dorpat into the Muscovite regions of the interior, for changing the name of St. Petersburg, and for every sort of Russifying process which the most imaginative can devise.

In this present reaction, connected as it is with bitter disappointment over the defeat of Russian aspirations in the Berlin treaty and since, reforms which were formerly universally considered honorable and desirable for Russia are now regarded with aversion; the controlling feeling is for "Russification."

Peter the Great is now very largely regarded by Russians as having taken a wrong road, and, while monuments are erected to Alexander II, his services as emancipator of the serfs are rarely alluded to, and the day formerly observed in remembrance of the emancipation has ceased to be publicly noticed. This reaction shows itself in general literature, in paintings, in sculpture, in architecture, in everything. Any discussion regarding a change in the present condition of things is met by the reply that strangers do not understand Russian questions, and that these questions are complicated historically, politically, economically and socially to such a degree that none but those having personal experience can understand them. If the matter is still further pressed and the good effects of a different policy in the United States, Great Britain, and elsewhere are[540] referred to, it is answered that in those countries a totally different state of things exists, and that no arguments can be made from them to Russia. Any continuance of the discussion is generally met by the statement that Russian questions are largely misrepresented by the press of western Europe; that there is a systematic propaganda against Russia in England, Germany, Austria, and Italy; that England does or allows worse things in her Irish evictions and in her opium traffic, and the United States in lynch law proceedings and treatment of the Chinese, than any done or allowed in Russia; that, in short, Russia is competent to take charge of her own internal policy, and that other powers will do well to mind their own business. This feeling is closely akin to that which was shown sometimes in the United States before the civil war toward foreign comments upon our own "peculiar institution," when representations by such philanthropists as the Duchess of Sutherland, George Thompson, M. P., and others were indignantly repelled.

This condition of opinion and the actions resulting from it are so extreme that it naturally occurs to one who has observed Russian history that a reaction cannot be long deferred.

The progress of Russia thus far has been mainly by a series of reactions. These have sometimes come with surprising suddenness. In view of that which took place when the transition was made from the policy of restriction followed by the Emperor Nicholas to the broadly liberal policy adopted by Alexander II, of which, being connected with this legation at that time, I was a witness, a reaction at present seems by no means impossible or even improbable. It is by no means necessary that a change of reign should take place. A transition might be occasioned as others have been, by the rise of some strong personality bringing to bear upon the dominant opinion the undoubted fact that the present system of repression toward the Israelite is from every point of view a failure, and that it is doing incalculable harm to Russia.

This dispatch ought not, perhaps, to close without an apology for its length; the subject is one of great importance, and it has seemed to me a duty to furnish the Department, in answer to the Secretary's question, with a full report regarding the present stage in the evolution of the matter concerned as my opportunities have enabled me to make.

I am, etc.,
Andrew D. White.

[541]

Note:—The attitude of our Government with regard to the general question here involved has repeatedly been manifested through our State Department. On the occasion of the Mohammedan outrages against the Jews in 1840, and under date of August 19th of that year, Secretary of State John Forsyth addressed to our Minister to Turkey, David Porter, a dispatch as follows:

Sir: In common with the people of the United States, the President has learned with profound feelings of surprise and pain, the atrocious cruelties which have been practised upon the Jews of Damascus and Rhodes in consequence of charges, extravagant and strikingly similar to those, which in less enlightened ages, were made pretexts for the persecution and spoliation of these unfortunate people. As the scenes of these barbarities are in the Mohammedan dominions, and as such inhuman practises are not of infrequent occurrence in the East, the President has directed me to instruct you to do everything in your power with the Government of his Imperial Highness, the Sultan, to whom you are accredited, consistent with discretion and your diplomatic character, to prevent or mitigate these horrors, the bare recital of which has caused a shudder throughout the civilized world, and in an especial manner to direct your philanthropic efforts against the employment of torture in order to compel the confession of imputed guilt. The President is of opinion that from no one can such generous endeavors proceed with so much propriety and effect as from the Representative of a friendly power whose institutions, political and civil, place upon the same footing the worshipers of God, of every faith and form, acknowledging no distinction between the Mohammedan, the Jew and the Christian. Should you in carrying out these instructions find it necessary or proper to address yourself to any of the Turkish authorities, you will refer to this distinctive characteristic of our government, as investing with a peculiar propriety and right the interposition of your good offices in behalf of an oppressed and persecuted race among whose kindred are found some of the most worthy and patriotic of our citizens. In communicating to you the wishes of the President I do not think it advisable to give you more explicit and minute instructions, but earnestly commend to your zeal and discretion a subject which appeals so strongly to the universal sentiments of justice and humanity.

I am, Sir,
Your obedient servant,
J. Forsyth.

In 1870, when the persecution of the Roumanian Jews, which had been started in 1868, was growing from bad to worse, our government, at the instance of the Order of B'nai B'rith, (as noted on page 428), established a diplomatic agency at[542] Bucharest. On this occasion President Grant furnished Consul-General Peixotto with a special authorization, as follows:

Executive Mansion, Washington, D. C.,
December 8th, 1870.

The bearer of this letter, Mr. Benjamin F. Peixotto, who has accepted the important, though unremunerative, position of United States Consul to Roumania, is commended to the good offices of all representatives of this Government abroad.

Mr. Peixotto has undertaken the duties of his present office more as a missionary work for the benefit of the people he represents than for any benefit to accrue to himself—a work in which all citizens will wish him the greatest success. The United States, knowing no distinction of her own citizens on account of religion or nativity, naturally believes in a civilization, the world over, which will secure the same universal views.

U. S. Grant.

President Grant's interest in the subject was furthermore evinced when, in 1871, at the earnest request of Hon. Simon Wolf, he called a special Cabinet meeting to consider the reported expulsion of the Jews of Russian Bessarabia. This meeting resulted in the sending of a cable dispatch to Minister Andrew G. Curtin at St. Petersburg, protesting against the ukase of banishment. The protest was heeded by the Czar and the ukase was rescinded.

As a further indication of the position taken by our Government in regard to the matter, we quote the following dispatch from Secretary of State Hamilton Fish to Consul General Peixotto:

Department of State,
Washington, D. C.
, April 10, 1872.

Sir:—Among the large number of Israelites in this country there are probably few whose sympathies have not been intensely excited by the recent intelligence of the grievous persecutions of their co-religionists in Roumania. This feeling has naturally been augmented by the contrast presented by the position of members of that persuasion here, who are equals with all others before the law, which sternly forbids any oppression on account of religion. Indeed, it may be said that the people of this country universally abhor persecution anywhere for that cause, and deprecate the trials of which, according to your dispatches, the Israelites of Roumania have been victims.

This Government heartily sympathizes with the popular instinct upon the subject, and while it has no disposition or intention to give offence by interfering in the internal affairs of Roumania, it is deemed [543]to be due to humanity to remonstrate against any license or impunity which may have attended the outrages in that country.

You are consequently authorized to address a note to the Minister of Foreign Affairs of the Principality in which you will embody the views herein expressed, and you will also do anything which you can do discreetly, with a reasonable prospect of success, toward preventing a recurrence or continuance of the persecutions adverted to.

I am, Sir, etc., etc.,
Hamilton Fish.

As a plain and unmistakable summary of the attitude of the American people with regard to the brutalities deliberately perpetrated by Russia, we close these citations with that of the Resolution of Congress, introduced by Representative Amos J. Cummings of New York, December 19th, 1890, and adopted unanimously by the House.

Resolved, etc.: "That the members of the House of Representatives of the United States have heard with profound sorrow and feelings akin to horror the reports of the persecutions of the Jews in Russia, reflecting the barbarism of past ages, disgracing humanity and impeding the progress of civilization; that our sorrow is intensified by the fact that such occurrences should happen in a country which has been, and is now, the firm friend of the United States, and in a nation that clothed itself with glory, not long since, by the emancipation of its serfs and by its defence of helpless Christians from the oppression of the Turks; that a copy of this resolution be forwarded to the Secretary of State with a request that he send it to the American Minister at St. Petersburg and that said Minister be directed to present the same to His Imperial Majesty Alexander III, Czar of all the Russias."

FOOTNOTES:

[120] This Commission was appointed, under direction of the President, by Secretary of the Treasury Charles Foster, by virtue of authority of the act of Congress (Sundry Civil Appropriation Bill) of March 3, 1891, and its Report was transmitted by the Secretary to Congress, February 25, 1892. The Commission consisted of Hon. John B. Weber, Commissioner of Immigration at the port of New York, Chairman, and the following named special immigrant inspectors: Judson N. Cross, of Minnesota; Walter Kempster, M. D., of Wisconsin; Joseph Powderly, of Pennsylvania, and Herman J. Schultheis, of Washington, D. C. The investigations with which the Commission was charged were made in the various countries of Europe by the Commissioners in severalty, those relating to Russia and the persecution of its Jewish subjects being made by the Chairman, Col. Weber, with the assistance of Dr. Kempster.

Col. Weber's report on the condition of affairs in Russia affords the most detailed and exhaustive statement of the subject that has been given to the world. It followed closely upon the publication in the New York Times, (Sept.-Dec., 1891,) of the masterly review of Russian affairs generally, by Harold Frederic, in a series of articles entitled "An Indictment of Russia," and these two publications finally disposed of the glossing with which Russian diplomacy had attempted to hide the facts.

[121] This subject had on frequent occasions previously received the attention of our State Department. In a despatch under date of July 29, 1881, Secretary of State Jas. G. Blaine directs our minister at St. Petersburg, Mr. John W. Foster, to demand of the Russian Government the due rights of American Jewish citizens travelling or temporarily sojourning in Russia, in compliance with treaty obligations. From this document we quote the following salient paragraphs:

"From a careful examination of the causes of grievances heretofore reported by your legation, it appears that the action of the Russian authorities toward American citizens, alleged to be Israelites, and visiting Russia, has been of two kinds:

"First. Absolute prohibition of residence in St. Petersburg and in other cities of the Empire, on the ground that the Russian law permits no native Jews to reside there, and that the treaty between Russia and the United States gives to our citizens in Russian jurisdiction no other rights or privileges than those accorded to native Russians. The case of Henry Pinkos may be taken as a type of this class.

"Second. Permission of residence and commerce, conditionally on belonging to the first guild of Russian merchants and taking out a license. The case of Rosenstrauss is in point.

"The apparent contradiction between these two classes of actions becomes more and more evident as the question is traced backward. The Department has rarely had presented to it any subject of inquiry in which a connected understanding of the facts has proved more difficult. For every allegation, on the one hand, that native laws, in force at the time the treaty of 1832 was signed, prohibited or limited the sojourn of foreign Jews in the cities of Russia, I find, on the other hand, specific invitation to alien Hebrews of good repute to domicile themselves in Russia, to pursue their business calling under appropriate license, to establish factories there, and to purchase or lease real estate. Moreover, going back beyond 1832, the date of our treaty, I observe that the imperial ukases concerning the admission of foreigners into Russia are silent on all questions of faith; proper passports, duly viséd being the essential requisite. And, further back still, in the time of Empress Catharine, I discover explicit tolerance of all foreign religions laid down as a fundamental policy of the empire.

"It would be, in the judgment of this government, absolutely inadmissible that a domestic law restraining native Hebrews from residence in certain parts of the empire might operate to hinder an American citizen, whether alleged or known to profess the Hebrew faith, from disposing of his property or taking possession thereof for himself (subject only to the laws of alien inheritance) or being heard in person by the courts which, under Russian law, may be called upon to decide matters to which he is necessarily a party. The case would clearly be one in which the obligation of a treaty is supreme, and where the local law must yield. These questions of the conflict of local law and international treaty stipulations are among the most common which have engaged the attention of publicists, and it is their concurrent judgment that where a treaty creates a privilege for aliens in express terms, it cannot be limited by the operation of domestic law without a serious breach of the good faith which governs the intercourse of nations. So long as such a conventional engagement in favor of the citizens of another state exists, the law governing natives in like cases is manifestly inapplicable.

"I need hardly enlarge upon the point that the Government of the United States concludes its treaties with foreign states for the equal protection of all classes of American citizens. It can make absolutely no discrimination between them, whatever be their origin or creed. So that they abide by the laws, at home or abroad, it must give them due protection and expect like protection for them. Any unfriendly or discriminatory act against them on the part of a foreign power with which we are at peace would call for our earnest remonstrance whether a treaty existed or not. The friendliness of our relations with foreign nations is emphasized by the treaties we have concluded with them. We have been moved to enter into such international compacts by considerations of mutual benefit and reciprocity, by the same considerations, in short, which have animated the Russian Government from the time of the noble and tolerant declarations of the Empress Catharine in 1784 to those of the ukase of 1860. We have looked to the spirit rather than to the letter of these engagements, and believed that they should be interpreted in the broadest way; it is, therefore, a source of unfeigned regret to us when a government, to which we are allied by so many historical ties as to that of Russia, shows a disposition in its dealing with us to take advantage of technicalities, to appeal to the rigid letter and not the reciprocal motive of its international engagements, in justification of the expulsion from its territories of peaceable American citizens resorting thither under the good faith of treaties and accused of no wrong-doing or of no violation of the commercial code of the land, but of simple adherence to the faith of their fathers."


[544]

THE RUSSIAN JEWISH REFUGEES IN AMERICA.

CONSIDERED IN CONNECTION WITH THE GENERAL SUBJECT OF IMMIGRATION IN ITS HISTORICAL AND ECONOMIC ASPECTS.

(Note.—In the preparation of the following article the editor has utilized the contents of a paper read by him before the Board of Presidents of the National Societies of Philadelphia, as a member of that body, December 12th, 1891).

A review of the subject of American Jewish citizenship necessarily involves a consideration of the recent accretions to the Jewish population in this country through the immigration of those of the expatriated Russian Jews who have found and are yet finding their way to our shores. The influx and settlement here of this practically new element of the population has attracted a large measure of public attention, notwithstanding the fact that it comprises an average of not over 8 per cent. of the total immigration. This has been due not only to the extraordinary causes of the influx, but also to the fact that the settlement of a large number of the newcomers in the seabord cities has caused some disturbances in the labor market at those points.

The influence of this movement on the future development of American Judaism is beyond our immediate purview, and its present bearing on the Jewish community need be considered but incidentally. In view, however, of the repeated changes in our immigration laws since 1882, when the immigration of the Russian Jews began to reach its present marked proportions by reason of their expulsion from their homes, and of the agitation for such further legislation as will result in a practically complete disbarment of these and other unfortunate victims of European oppression, we may here properly proceed to a brief[545] consideration of the social, political and economic aspects of the question, both as regards the Russian Jewish immigrants and immigration in general.

The earliest immigration movement of which a record has come down to our day is that which carried the Hebrew Abram from "Ur of the Chaldees" westward to the plains of Canaan. It carried with it the latent energy whose force has been the most potent in the world's affairs; which has become the moving spirit of the Caucasian race, and which afforded the vehicle of development for Judaism, Christianity and Islam. The far-reaching consequences of that first of recorded immigrations need not be dwelt upon; it forms the prologue to the history of civilization, a history whose epilogue is yet to be enacted, and whose processes are not only still a living reality in the present, but are proceeding towards an infinitely greater compass in the future.

The migration of Abraham is to be regarded, not only from the historic standpoint, but in the most abstract scientific sense, as a force, resulting as all forces must, from some cause of equal or greater potentiality, and moving, as all forces do, along the lines of least resistance. The movement proceeded, as we know, from the East, away from, if not out of, the cradle of the Caucasian race; from where expansion was hemmed and development was hampered, towards the West and South where the possibilities of both were greater and the requisite conditions more favorable. This was forty centuries ago; from that time to the present the movement has still been westward and southward, and by virtue of the same natural law that operated in the early dawn of history, its course is manifestly destined to trend in the same direction for some time longer.

In the meantime, throughout all the course of the historic past, migration after migration has successively marked the greatest epochs in the annals of mankind. The migration of Abraham was followed by many others, none indeed of more far-reaching significance, but all or nearly all of greater magnitude, and not a few of them of vast importance as factors in the history of man. Some centuries after Abraham's time the[546] migration of the Canaanite Cadmus westward to the Isles of Greece, or perhaps the migration of the Pelasgic tribes westward from Asia Minor, opened the first chapter in the history of Europe. Still later, through the great migrations at the close of the Roman period, and in the early Middle Ages, the barbarians of Europe became imbued with the leaven of Jewish ideals in the form of Christianity, and further still in the course of time the migrations of the hunted Jews from Germany to Poland, and from Spain to Holland and to England, influenced permanently the current of the world's affairs. Subsequently, the migration of the Pilgrim Fathers to North America left an indelible impress in our modern civilization, and finally the migrations of yesterday and to-day, trending still westward to the Pacific, and the offshoots of the current to Australia, to New Zealand and to South America, have opened in the history of mankind a chapter which the Twentieth Century will not complete.

It is remarkable that of all these notable migrations, that of Abraham may be considered as not only first in point of time, but also as altogether normal in its character. In all the later historic movements of this kind, the element of force is more or less definitely manifest, but Abraham's migration was a peaceful one, and when he took up the sword at all, it was only to benefit the people among whom he dwelt. We find him earnestly pleading the cause of his adopted countrymen, notwithstanding their great wickedness; he bought and paid for even his last resting place rather than accept it as a gift, and in general he figures on the historic horizon as in all respects not only a typical but a model immigrant.

Had the great migrations of later times been as peaceful as that of Abraham, the annals of humanity would have been less troubled than we find them. But the subsequent movements of population were migrations of masses of people, forced from their native soil by extraneous pressure or lured away by the incitements of conquest, or by both agencies combined, and such movements must in their very nature, be violent and sanguinary.

The earliest peoples required for their sustenance far more space than do equal numbers in a more civilized state. They had no developed means of subsistence; the most primitive[547] inhabitants relied solely on the products of unaided nature, and these they found mainly in the chase. As this became more difficult, or its produce scarcer, they betook themselves to herding, a culture in itself, the first step in civilization, and the first expedient to support an increasing population. In this respect the inhabitants of the Eastern plains were far in advance of their Western contemporaries; the Asiatic herdsman was more favorably situated than the huntsman in the forests of primeval Europe, and hence we find both culture and population first evolved in the East and flowing thence by natural sequence towards the West. Culture, the outgrowth of population, was first planted in the East; there it rooted and there it blossomed, and there humanity gathered its first fruits, but its ripened products have fructified upon its Western grafts. Westward indeed the star of Empire has made its way, and here on our Western Continent, under the ægis of our great Republic, under the influence of American liberty and freedom, it seems destined to reach its ascendant.

In the upbuilding of this Republic the descendants of the first great emigrant have taken, as we have recorded in the preceding pages, an ample share, and among these descendants the compatriots of the present victims of Russian barbarity were by no means wanting. The emigration of the Slavic Jews to America had been going on in a normal manner, and therefore to a limited extent, for a long time before the present exodus, and in fact, so to speak, from the beginning. After each of the successive uprisings of Poland against the barbarous tyranny of its Russian oppressors, from the time of Pulaski, who after leading his countrymen vainly against the Russian hordes in 1768, came to America to die in the struggle for liberty here; from the time of Kosciuszko, who came here to fight successfully for the independence of our country and then returned to fight vainly for the independence of his own, there have been Polish emigrants to America and among them were many Jews. Haym Solomon, who afforded one of the noblest examples of devotion to American liberty that is recorded in our annals, was as we have seen[122] a Polish Jew and an intimate of the two patriots named above, and on Pulaski's staff was a Jewish officer[123] and others of his Jewish countrymen were doubtless serving in his command.

[548]

Down to the bloody outbreak of Russian fanaticism in 1879-1880, followed by the officially decreed expulsions of the succeeding years the influx of the Slavic Jews, was, as we have noted, a normal tide, like that which brought to these shores millions of immigrants from every European country. Normally, without being forced, and of their own volition they had come, as had the Sephardic Jews from England and Holland during our Colonial period and in the early decades of our independence, and as the German Jews came with the stream of German immigration after the beginning of steam navigation and the Revolution of 1848. The English Sephardim ceased to emigrate after their enfranchisement in 1850; the German Jews have ceased to emigrate since their enfranchisement in 1871, and the Polish and Russian Jews would come in fewer numbers if they were not driven from their homes, and would scarcely come at all if but the boon of unhampered domicile, not to mention political liberty, were accorded to them there.


The calamitous condition of general suffering into which the Russian Jews were plunged by the proscriptive policy of their government, appears to have passed its acute stage. While the expulsion of the Jews from the interior of the Empire and their settlement, permanent or temporary, in the "Pale" of the Western Russian provinces, including Poland, was in the height of its progress a few years ago, the number of those who were eventually forced to emigrate was very large, aggregating, it is estimated, nearly two hundred thousand in a single year. The newcomers in the Pale, nearly all of them utterly impoverished through pillage by the low element of the populace and by the extortion of the officials, disorganized the economic condition of the older settlers in the district and caused a most excessive competition for the means of livelihood. The emigration of some of the surplus population and the gradual reorganization of the remainder, has tended to render the general condition less acute, and while a considerable[549] emigration from the Pale must, in the nature of things, be looked for until the existent conditions are fully ameliorated, the great exodus that marked the years 1891-2 is not likely to be repeated unless further measures of oppression and repression are adopted by the Russian government.

Meanwhile the world looks on while the Jews of Western Europe and America are laboring to help those of their Russian brethren who, unable to gain a foothold in the Pale, are forced out from their wretched surroundings. The world looks on while the philanthropist Maurice de Hirsch, emulating the spirit of Montefiore, is devoting his wealth to the succor of his co-religionists and striving to found an asylum for them on the plains of Argentina. It looks on while the Alliance Israélite Universelle, from its headquarters in Paris, is establishing and maintaining primary schools for the Jews throughout the Orient, and agricultural schools for the Russian refugees in Palestine; while this educational work is being seconded by both the American and European branches of the Order of B'nai B'rith, and while Edmond de Rothschild is fostering agricultural colonies near Jaffa and Jerusalem and aiding Russian Jews to gain a foothold in the land of their forefathers.

In our own country agricultural colonies of Russian Jews have been founded, educational institutions built up, distribution of the refugees effected, through the efforts of Jewish communal organizations or by means of the funds devoted for the purpose by Baron de Hirsch, or by both in unison. The de Hirsch Trust dispenses in this manner the income of $2,500,000 donated for this purpose by the great-hearted and open-handed philanthropist, supplementing to this large extent the charitable efforts of the American Jews in their work of succor. That work is carried on by independent local organizations both in Europe and America, ramifying from the Vistula westward to the Golden Gate; centering in Königsberg, Memel, Lemberg and Brody, in Berlin and Vienna, Hamburg and Bremen, in Paris, London and Liverpool, in New York, Philadelphia, Boston and Baltimore, in Chicago, San Francisco and Portland, and at other intervening points. These organizations are apart from the great movement organized by Baron de Hirsch and chartered in England under the title of "The[550] Jewish Colonization Association." That institution, which the Baron has endowed with the sum of $10,000,000, has its headquarters in St. Petersburg and affiliated centers throughout the Jewish Pale, and is devoted exclusively to furthering the Jewish emigration to the Argentine Republic. The Russian Jewish emigrants to other lands proceed wholly by dint of their own means or those of their relatives already in the haven of rest, and these wayfarers are frequently impoverished and always in need of protection and counsel. Onerous as has been the burden which the wickedness of Russian folly has imposed on the Jewish people at large, they have thus far coped with a reasonable degree of success against the almost overwhelming difficulties of the situation.[124]

During the progress of this movement a hue and cry has repeatedly been raised all along the roads which the Russian refugees have taken in escaping from their oppressors and in seeking an asylum and resting place. Here in our country, where many of our State governments have made organized efforts to induce immigration into their borders, where numerous towns and hamlets in the interior are organizing "booms" to increase their population, here, where the single State of Texas, with less than two and a half millions of population, extends over an area greater than Germany and England together; where a state like Montana, larger than England, Scotland, Wales, and Ireland combined, has a population of but 132,000, only half as many as the single English town of Leeds, here there have not been wanting those who have constantly urged in Congress and in the press, that European immigration should be not only regulated, but largely restricted and even entirely debarred. All this because in the metropolitan centres and at times at other points, a surplus of wage workers in one or two industries was causing friction and disturbance.


This agitation, by reason of its obvious causes, may well claim our attention in connection with our present subject.

[551]

The effort towards better material conditions which has formed the main impulse of all emigration movements, has, as we learn from history, been always fraught with suffering and misery for the populations first effected, and frequently for several of the succeeding generations, but, in the end, improvement has resulted to the greater number at least. Even when the natural surroundings of a migrated population are not more favorable than those of their previous experience, the mere change of environment has generally furthered an improvement of their social arrangements. The change of their location may disappoint an immigrant people in their hopes of material betterment, but they never fail to take advantage of their new beginnings to eliminate from their new organization such conditions as their previous experience had proved objectionable. Migrations, whether peaceful or otherwise, and for that matter sudden changes of material conditions generally, inevitably consume a large part of the existing powers of those effected, but where those powers are not totally exhausted and destroyed, where enough energy remains to form a nucleus of recuperative force, and especially where the new material surroundings are more favorable than those which were left behind, there a marked improvement of all the conditions of life, physical and intellectual, material and social, becomes developed. It would be superfluous to cite the proofs of this proposition; the history of civilization is a record of its examples, and its latest annals are but statements of this fact.

Palpable as is this fact, and nowhere is it more so than on this Western Continent, and especially in our own country, there are yet many who regard an immigrant with the narrow prejudice of mediæval ignorance, and to whom a stranger is still, as to the barbarians of old, an enemy. Over and over again in the course of the great new departure which the establishment and growth of these United States has made in the world's history, over and over again in the course of our development, has the debarment of immigrants been proposed and advocated. At times the opposition to the new comers has been born of Old World animosities, at other times of religious prejudice, and latterly we hear most frequently of restrictions proposed on political and economic grounds.

That political reasons may justify a restriction, or even dictate the entire debarment of certain defined classes of immigrants, is to be admitted. Thus the exclusion of Chinese[552] immigrants may be defended on the grounds of a broad public policy, with reasons which cannot logically be adduced with regard to any branch of the Caucasian race. The most cogent of these reasons, and the one that has afforded the only rational basis for the policy adopted, is not the economic element of the subject, not that the Chinese live cheaply and work cheaply, but that their assimilation with the rest of the population is practically impossible. To what extent the theoretical possibility of their being merged in the general population could be realized, to what extent its realization would be desirable or the contrary, to what extent a mixture of the Caucasian and Mongolian races would enhance or deteriorate their respective qualities, physical and psychical, we need not here stop to inquire. Suffice it to re-state the fact that political, or perhaps ultimately ethnological reasons may here be considered as prompting a course which could not reasonably be adopted on any other ground. But in the case of immigrants of the Caucasian race, such opposition as has been made from time to time, though frequently insisted upon as a political necessity, can only, in the absence of any broad ethnological basis, be argued on economic grounds.


The discussions engendered by propositions to restrict immigration have recurred at various periods of our history and have been factors in our politics from the beginning of our institutions. There was indeed already in the old Colonial times an anti-immigration or Nativist Party, almost before there were any natives to make it up. In fact, the subject has cropped out whenever some slight occasion offered, and particularly whenever politicians on the in- or the outside needed a new string to harp upon. Some of us are old enough to remember something of the native American agitation which began as far back as 1835, and which took shape in the so-called "American" party, afterwards generally known as the "Know-Nothings," about 1844. In that year the Know-Nothing Party carried the city of New York on a mayoralty election by a large majority, and for a time the movement spread widely throughout the country. It developed strong religious prejudices, and was marked by the memorable anti-Catholic riots in Philadelphia.[553] The odium which those disgraceful outrages brought on the "American" party was attempted to be overcome by making it a secret organization, and in the political confusion resulting from the breaking up of the old Whig party, the former grew to such proportions that in 1855 it carried no less than nine state elections. That the movement then had no vital force, but was only a political stalking-horse for partisan purposes, became manifest in the Presidential election of 1856, when the Know Nothing candidates carried only the State of Maryland, and that only by aid of the remnant of the Whig party and the bludgeons of the "Plug-Uglies." The outcome of the whole movement, politically considered, was the complete extinction of the party organization which had fostered, and the permanent discredit of the party leaders who had promoted it.

But the lessons of the past, the arguments and considerations which have repeatedly led to the rejection of a prescriptive policy, have now to be gone over again in this later generation, and the reason for this is plain enough. The economic aspect of the question is more permanent than the political, and the economic argument more plausible than the other. The objectionable features inseparable from a considerable influx of newcomers into a community, large or small, are palpable and on the surface, while the inestimable value of these newcomers, by virtue of the added material and social forces with which they endow the community, becomes perceptible only upon a closer investigation of the subject. It thus happens that when an unusually large number of new arrivals disturbs for a time some existing economic condition, the community is startled by those immediately affected with an outcry against the intruding force, and it is then only on investigation that it becomes apparent that while indeed a comparatively few individuals suffer, and even they but temporarily, the new element is of far-reaching benefit to the community at large.

A quite parallel instance, as far as it goes, is the effect of the introduction of machinery in substitution of hand labor. The history of inventions is burdened with the details of opposition which gathered at every step of the process through which Man has brought to his service the forces of Nature. So too, the practical aid of immigration in subduing the domain of Nature[554] on this Western Continent has often been decried as inimical to the interests of those native to the soil, notwithstanding that even a cursory analysis of the question proves clearly the fact that the immigrant not only does not travail against the native's interest, but on the contrary, aids and enhances that interest beyond all computation. Just as the throng of new inventions temporarily disarranges existent conditions of commerce and of industry, with the immediate result of causing economic distress to some groups of individuals, so the tide of immigration temporarily affects existent conditions in the centers of population, but the eventual benefit of the new force is as certain to be felt in the latter case as in the former.

Let us for a moment consider the character and extent of the impulses which the influx of the newcomers imparts to the social organism. The nature of these impulses is two-fold; the increase of numbers adds power to the community, and the diversity of interests which is an inevitable concomitant of increased population, brings wealth, culture, and all the higher gains of human effort.

To elucidate these propositions we cannot do better than here quote the carefully considered statements of the foremost of American publicists, Henry C. Carey, himself an American of Americans, and the great expounder of the protective system of political economy. As Chairman of the Committee on Industrial Interests and Labor, in its report to the Constitutional Convention of Pennsylvania in 1873, referring to the Immigration question, he writes as follows:

"Closing their eyes to the important facts which have been thus presented, very many of our working men look with jealous eyes at every measure tending toward bringing those of other countries to take a place side by side with them, believing, as they do, that the more the supply of labor the lower must certainly become the price. Nevertheless, could they but be persuaded to study carefully the facts of even the last twenty years they could not fail to become impressed with the fact, that growth of wages has always kept even pace with growth of immigration; the reward of labor on the contrary declining as immigration has been arrested or destroyed. At no previous period had the demand for labor, or its reward, grown so rapidly as in the early years of the great California one, say from 1850 to 1854, when immigration grew to 400,000. At none, has labor been more in excess of the demand than in the years that followed the great crisis of 1857, when [555]immigration declined to figures scarcely greater than had been attained 20 years before; and when, as in 1860-61, not one out of five of the skilled workmen of the country was steadily employed. Here, in Philadelphia, when it was desired to build a street railroad they advertised for two hundred and fifty hands at but sixty cents a day, and had more than five thousand offered, a majority of whom were skilled artisans who were wholly out of work. In the neighborhood of one great establishment, a rolling mill, the number of unemployed men was so great that the county authorities, to save its skilled workmen from open pauperism, determined to build a turnpike, employing experienced hands at breaking stone, for fifty cents a day, rather than supporting them as paupers. At no period of our history has the reward of labor grown so rapidly as in the last ten years, when the exodus of European working men has so rapidly increased that the states of Central and Western Europe now find themselves forced to consideration of the measures required for retaining their countrymen at home; and when the highest German authorities admit that the pecuniary loss resulting from training and educating men for export to this country has now already more than counterbalanced the French indemnity of $1,200,000,000. To all appearance the immigration of the present year will closely approach to half a million; and yet it is at this moment, in face of so wonderful an addition to our stock of working men and women, that we have a determined agitation for bringing about a reduction of time and increase of wages. In the years prior to the rebellion, when immigration so largely declined, the agitation was for employment at almost any price. Why is this? Why is it that, contrary to the rule elsewhere observed, demand for labor goes ahead of supply when this latter is great, and falls behind it when the supply is small? To this the answer is, that the power to compel nature to labor in man's service increases almost geometrically as numbers increase arithmetically; as employment becomes diversified; and as men are more enabled to combine their efforts for attainment of that object."


"As a consequence of the great increase in the power of combination that has thus been brought about, we find the manufacturing product of the country to have grown in the period 1860 to 1872, from 1800 to 5000 millions, the mere increase having been almost twice the total amount to which the country had attained in the centuries that had preceded the war of the rebellion. Adding to the figures the foreign manufactures consumed, we obtain for the first—a period when immigration was rapidly declining—a total consumption of about $65 per head; whereas in the period which since has passed, and in which immigration has so greatly grown, it has risen to more than $130 per head. So far, therefore, is the working man from having occasion to dread the competition of the immigrant, that he needs, night and morning, to pray for maintenance of that policy [556]which is now making demand on Europe for so much of its half fed and half clothed population, thereby compelling both landed and manufacturing capitalists to the adoption of measures tending so to improve the condition of them who are left behind as to induce them to forego the idea of abandoning their native land. Never in the world's history has there been furnished such conclusive evidence of the fact, that measures tending to benefit the working man anywhere tend toward raising his condition everywhere; and that, therefore, there is a perfect harmony in the real and permanent interests of mankind at large."


As still more directly bearing on this subject, I quote from the same report as follows:

"Less than a dozen years since, our working men looked jealously upon the negro, believing that any measure tending toward his emancipation would certainly be followed by such an influx of cheap labor as must seriously affect themselves. Directly the reverse, the negro migrates to Texas and there becomes a customer for manufactured products of a class greatly higher than that of those which his master had been accustomed to purchase for his slave."

Carey here reaches the very pith of the question. Every newcomer becomes a customer for those already on the ground, for all that he needs for his maintenance, just as the new born babe furnishes a new customer for the dry goods store, the milk man, not to mention the doctor and sometimes the lawyer. The baby, it is true, does not, as the phrase goes, "enter into competition" for a living, while the immigrant does, but in this respect the latter is the more valuable acquisition, for unless the immigrant is supported by charity, he has to produce at least as much as he consumes, and thus the community is an inevitable gainer by his presence. Inasmuch as a very large proportion of the immigrants produce more than they consume, in other words, save something of their earnings, it is manifest that the community gains doubly by their presence. It gains through the increase by the immigrant of the general social force, in his contribution to the total of the community's traffic and exchange, and also gains through the newcomer's addition to the general capital stock.

But, it is urged on the other hand, this may all be true of some kinds of immigrants, and not be true of others who are low in the scale of moral worth and of physical and intellectual[557] capacity, and it is these whose coming should be restricted. Be it so; we may safely admit this proposition, and proceed thence to the sole remaining problem of drawing the line.

Where shall this line be drawn? The native American agitation proceeded on the very ground we have postulated, and grew to the proportions of carrying a majority in no less than nine states. It grew to these proportions as the result of an agitation that arose from the influx of impoverished Irishmen after the famine of 1847, and of their followers from Scotland and England in the succeeding decade. Has the agitation been justified by time? Have the prophecies of the Know Nothings that our people could not possibly assimilate the great mass of foreigners who were then thronging hither, whose proportion to the native population was even greater than it is now, who were alien to our institutions and our laws, in habits and in religion at variance with the great majority of the citizens, been fulfilled? Of course not; the facts have but developed what the common sense of the people soon perceived to be true. These immigrants have all been assimilated. Those of them that survive, and their children assuredly, have become thoroughly Americanized and effectually welded into the commonalty of our republic.

How was it with the Germans who came hither in such swarms under the allurements of the great gold finds in the West, and the growth of steam navigation on the ocean after 1850? They too have been assimilated, notwithstanding that through their variance in language they were even more differentiated from the native inhabitants than the immigrants from the British Isles. How about the Scandinavians and the Holland Dutch, the French and Italians? Has the grafting of these scions on the rooted stem degenerated the stock? We have ample evidence to the contrary, sufficiently palpable to need no citation in detail.

Where then shall we draw the line? We have seen that the immigrant, though he arrives penniless as tens of thousands of them have done and do, does certainly not impoverish the community. We have seen, on the contrary, that though he arrives penniless, he enhances the wealth of the community by bringing with him the germ of all commodities, Labor. Where[558] then shall we draw the line? Shall we exclude the poor Roman Catholic Pole, who is driven from his home by the vindictive policy of his barbarous conquerer? Does he not bring energy and labor? Shall we exclude the Russian Jew, who is driven from his native soil by the stupid villany of the same Tartar barbarism? Is his thrift and industry likely to impoverish our community? The pious fools who, four hundred years ago, drove three hundred thousand of such people from the Iberian Peninsula had a bigger majority than the Know Nothings of later date who wanted to do as much for the Roman Catholics fifty years ago, and they had their way. They diminished the population according to their wish, but they wrought the ruin of the then richest nation of Europe, a ruin from which it has even to this day not yet arisen.

No; let the immigrants come, as they have come. Let us but guard ourselves against the preventable evils which are likely to attend their coming, by the careful enforcement of the laws that are enacted to that end. Let us draw the line so as to exclude the habitual paupers, the habitual criminals, the incurably insane; the rest will take care of themselves and add to our well being and our wealth by filling up the waste stretches of the great expanse behind us; they will but follow in the way trodden by the immigrants who landed two hundred and seventy years ago at Plymouth Rock, and will work out their salvation as did their predecessors by making the desert to blossom as the rose.

[559]

Note:—Various movements for the relief of the Russian refugees have been organized independently from 1882 on by the Jewish communities throughout the country and especially in the seabord cities. The renewed severity of the Russian persecutions in 1890 called forth a general movement for the relief of the sufferers which was focused at a convention held in Philadelphia, February 16, 1891, and which resulted in the formation of the "Jewish Alliance of America."[125] This organization was composed in the main of Russian Jews already settled in this country, but the increasing demand on the Jewish people by the extraordinarily large influx of the refugees during 1891 necessitated a more general organization of the measures for their relief. To that end the Trustees of the Baron de Hirsch Fund issued a call[126] for a general convention of representatives of the Jewish organizations throughout the country, which accordingly met in New York City on September 23, 1891. This convention[127] resolved itself into "The American Committee for Ameliorating the Condition of Russian Refugees," and elected an Executive Committee[128] to carry out its plans. With this organization the Jewish Alliance of America was merged in February, 1892, but with the diminution of the influx in the course of that year the united organization devolved its functions on a "Central Committee" composed of members of the American Committee, the Baron de Hirsch Trust and the United Hebrew Charities of New York.

[560]


The several organized movements above noted elicited earnest expressions of sympathy from many leading men in our community. A number of these are so pointed and relevant to our present subject matter as to dictate their citation in this connection.

On the occasion of the movement for the formation of the Jewish Alliance, CARDINAL GIBBONS wrote as follows, under date of Baltimore, Dec. 15th, 1890.

"Every friend of humanity must deplore the systematic persecution of the Jews in Russia.

"For my part, I cannot well conceive how Christians can entertain other than kind sentiments towards the Hebrew race, when I consider how much we are indebted to them. We have from them the inspired volume of the Old Testament, which has been a consolation in all ages to devout souls. Christ, our Lord, the Founder of our religion, His blessed mother, as well as the Apostles, were all Jews [561]according to the flesh. These facts attach me strongly to the Jewish race."


The call for the convention which resulted in the organization of the American Committee for Ameliorating the Condition of Russian Refugees, elicited the following letter from Judge DILLON to Mr. Seligman:

Dear Sir: Coming to this place (Saratoga) on the train from New York, I saw in the Evening Post a statement that prominent Hebrews in all parts of the United States have been invited by the Trustees of the Baron de Hirsch fund to meet in this city on Wednesday, September 23rd in the building of the Hebrew Educational Alliance at East Broadway and Jefferson streets, for the purpose of co-operating in the formation of an American Relief Committee to make the best possible disposition of the exiled Russian Jews coming to this country.

The persecution of your people with mediæval cruelty, whereby they are exiled without cause, suddenly and en masse, with all the multiplied and nameless hardships and sufferings which must necessarily attend such an exodus, from a country in which they had lived for generations and had the right to peacefully remain, has awakened among all right-thinking persons sympathy for the victims and indignation against their oppressors. This is not a matter that appeals alone to the people of your race. It appeals to every man with a heart of flesh in his bosom. There remains no longer any place for prejudice or selfishness. Reports are made that some Jewish refugees have already been sent back from this country for fear that they may become a public charge. This must not be. Without shame we cannot remain idle and cold spectators and see this done under our very eyes. Ever since the establishment of our nation, it has been its just boast that it was the asylum of the toiling and oppressed people of all other countries, who in good faith sought our shores with a view of permanent residence and citizenship. I am not criticising necessary or provident defensive modification of this policy, but the former considerations have a rightful application to your fugitive people, who in their necessity come from preference to this land of freedom to find and make themselves homes.

I would as soon shut my door against a benighted wanderer seeking refuge from the merciless blizzard as to shut our national ports against those of your people, who, stricken like wild beasts, are driven here in the stress of the raging storm which threatens their destruction. Let us receive them with welcome and hospitality. Let us show to the nations of the world that there is one spot on God's earth where these unfortunate exiles may rest their tired feet, set up again their household goods, reconstruct their ruined homes and worship in peace the God of their fathers.

I notice in the article referred to that it is proposed "to appeal to [562]the Jews of the United States to unite in a co-operative plan to find homes and employment for Russian immigrants." I beg to suggest that this concerns not your people alone. It quite as deeply concerns the good name of the American people to see that no refugee shall be returned for poverty, or for any cause, save for crime, or shall be allowed to suffer until he can find work.

I do not rest these sentiments upon the unfeigned respect I feel for the immemorial traditions and glorious history of your people, who in theology, ethics, philosophy, arts, literature, jurisprudence and legislation have either led the thought of the world or kept abreast with it. I prefer to rest them upon the broader, higher and truer ground, that these exiles are men, with all the inprescriptable rights that belong to men because they are men, irrespective of religion, race or nationality, rights which governments do not create or confer, so they cannot rightfully deny or destroy. I enclose my check for the cause (would it were more), and in doing so, I could not refrain, before resting my head upon my pillow, to thus state the reasons why I did it.

With great respect, I am as ever,
Very truly yours,
John F. Dillon.

To Jesse Seligman, Esq.


On the same occasion as that noted above, Hon. CHAUNCEY M. DEPEW expressed himself as follows:

"We behold to-day in Russia with horror the amazing spectacle in the nineteenth century of the whole power of the government brought to bear upon three millions of Hebrews to treat them as aliens and enemies. They have been for three hundred years the subjects and the citizens of the Russian Empire, and yet the whole power of the state, of its army, of its civil force, is brought to bear to deprive them of the opportunities of employment and to refuse them, except within certain limits, the right to live in the country where their ancestors have lived for ten to twenty generations. It is because monarchical institutions, autocratic institutions, class institutions do not possess the power of assimilation and of homogeneity.

"In the past fifty years, fifteen millions of people have come to this country from abroad. They belonged to every race, they spoke every language but our own. They worshipped in every form, under every symbol and in every creed. But American liberty solved the problem. These people did not know about our institutions, or understand them. They had been taught to believe that liberty was license, and yet the solvent power of American liberty made them citizens and gave to the immigrants of a few years ago, the same [563]rights before the law and in making the law that is possessed by the descendants of the Pilgrim Fathers. These fifteen millions of people, under the operation of this glorious principle, have become bone of our bone, flesh of our flesh. They have aided in the development of the country; they have assisted in increasing its wealth, its power and its glory, and have marched with equal step and equal love under the old flag for the preservation of the glorious Republic which had made them free."


Following is an extract from a letter written to Hon. Simon Wolf by Father Sylvester Malone, of St. Peter and Paul Church, Brooklyn:

I have listened to St. Patrick's Day discussions in time past in which your co-religionists were likened to the Irish. Both suffered because of their holding with such tenacity to what was their belief. This was true in the case of the Hebrew in his own native land and in every other land whither tyranny forced him to emigrate. The Irish have been the victims of cruel persecution in their own native land. Here, however, they are free, and are always successful when they do not by some fault of their own mar their best hopes of success. The Jewish people too have had great success in America, but the later emigration, directly from Russia, has not been acceptable to many of our citizens. They have run the gauntlet, as my countrymen had to do some fifty years ago. They must learn wisdom and patience."


As an instructive conclusion to our present subject we add the following extract from the New York Sun of September 1st, 1894. It needs no further comment:

"In the Jews, Judaism is deeply ingrained. As many as 10,000 or 12,000 of the Jewish tailors of this city were on a strike for higher wages all last week; and day after day they loitered in the streets, or congregated in their hall, or sat down any where to talk in their jargon. But upon the forenoon of Saturday last the strikers, who had been highly excited the day before, were not to be found at their usual places of rendezvous. Nearly all of them had gone to their synagogues. They were engaged in Divine worship. They were at prayer. They were listening to the voice of the rabbi. They were following a custom established by Moses, and kept up through all the ages ever since his time. In the hundreds of garrets, rear halls, and rickety old edifices which are used as synagogues in what is called the "ghetto," on the east side of New York, the Jews on strike celebrated the everlasting name of "Jahveh" last Saturday forenoon, the holy Sabbath.

"This is Judaism in New York and the world over.

"Lots of workingmen, who are called Christians, go on a strike from [564]time to time, but who is there that ever heard of any body of strikers other than Jews, giving heed to the ceremonies of their religion during the heat of a strike? We are told that nearly all of these Jewish strikers are orthodox, and all wore their hats in the synagogues. Many of them, we are assured, are familiar with the Torah and the Talmud, and can quote Ben Ezra and Maimonides....

"Judaism is in the bones of the Jews, and of all Jews, from the equator to the poles.

"Was there ever any crowd of Presbyterian strikers, or of Baptist, Methodist, or Unitarian strikers, or of Roman Catholic strikers, who made it their business to go to church in a body, for the purpose of engaging in worship and prayer, during a strike? Let us ask Rev. Dr. John Hall, or Bishop Simpson, or that learned and mirthful priest, Father Flattery, not to speak of the eminent Dominican, Father O'Neil, or our three Universalist preachers.

"The Jews of New York, like the Jews of all the rest of the world, believe in Judaism, and are rooted and grounded in it.

"Oh, that we could say that the people who call themselves Christians believe in Christianity and practise it, either at work or when on strike!"

FOOTNOTES:

[122] Page 15.

[123] See page 51.

[124] See note, p. 559.

[125] The officers of this organization were as follows:

President: Simon Muhr, Philadelphia.

Vice Presidents: Hon. Ferdinand Levy, New York; Rev. Dr. H. W. Schneeberger, Baltimore; Dr. Chas. D. Spivak, Philadelphia.

Secretary: Bernard Harris, Philadelphia.

Treasurer: Hon. Simon Wolf, Washington, D. C.

Board of Directors—Philadelphia: Louis E. Levy, Chas. Hoffman, Dr. Solomon Solis-Cohen; Baltimore: Jacob J. H. Mitnick, Joseph Eisner, S. L. Auerbach; New York: Daniel P. Hays, Dr. Henry M. Leipziger; Chicago: Dr. A. P. Kadison, A. Bernstein; Boston: David Blaustein; Pittsburg, Pa.: Wm. Hoffman; Albany, N. Y.: Louis Aronowitch; Troy, N. Y.: H. Kuschevsky; Omaha, Neb.: B. Kohn.

[126] The call was signed by the officers of the Baron de Hirsch Fund as follows:

President: Myer S. Isaacs.

Vice President: Jacob H. Schiff.

Treasurer: Jesse Seligman.

Honorary Secretary: Julius Goldman.

Trustees: Oscar S. Straus, Henry Rice, and James H. Hoffman, of New York; Mayer Sulzberger, and Wm. B. Hackenburg, of Philadelphia.

General Agent: Adolphus S. Solomons, Washington, D. C.

[127] The convention was organized with the following named officers:

President: Lewis Seasongood, Cincinnati; Vice Presidents: Lazarus Silverman, Chicago, Joseph Fox, New York; Secretaries: Adolphus S. Solomon, Washington, and Bernard Harris, Philadelphia.

[128] The Executive Committee thus elected, in addition to the general officers, was composed of representatives of various organizations in different sections of the country, as follows:

New York: Henry Rice, Julius Bien, Jacob H. Schiff, Morris Tuska, Ferdinand Levy, Isaac Hamburger, M. Warley Platzek; Philadelphia: Simon Muhr, Louis E. Levy; Baltimore: Aaron Friedenwald; Boston: Jacob Hecht; Cincinnati: Julius Freiburg; Chicago: Adolph Loeb, Julius Rosenthal; Peoria, Ill.: Samuel Woolner; Washington, D. C.: Simon Wolf; Milwaukee: Bernard Gross; St. Louis, Mo.: Marcus Bernheimer; Portland, Or.: David Solis-Cohen; Detroit, Mich.: Martin Butzel; Minneapolis, Minn.: Emanuel Cohen; Atlanta, Ga.: Aaron Haas; Galveston, Tex.: Leo. N. Levi; Memphis, Tenn.: Elias Loewenstein; Ex-Officio, Myer S. Isaacs, New York.

The Committee organized by electing as Chairman, M. Warley Platzek, of New York, and as Vice Chairman, Julius Freiburg, of Cincinnati, the Secretaries of the General Committee acting in the same capacity on the Executive Committee.


[565]

CONCLUSION.

The project of the present volume had contemplated a lesser number of pages than it now includes, but it has been restricted to its present bounds only by eliminating much that was germane to its subject. The grand fabric of Jewish charity, whose broad expanse extends throughout the land, compassing every element of society, responsive to every call of humanity, expressive of every trait of civilization and conducive to every avenue of culture, has been adverted to but incidentally. In the field of philanthropic effort the Jewish citizens of the American Union may unhesitatingly claim to have built for themselves monuments more numerous and larger by far than their proportionate share; in this field the historic spirit of Judaism continues even increasingly to manifest itself. In this field and in this alone the Jewish spirit has been materialistic. Its forces have been directed not to saving souls by a change of creed, but by bettering the conditions of human existence. The great ideals of Judaism, the universal fatherhood of God, the universal brotherhood of men, and the direct responsibility of every human being to the Maker of all, have steadfastly been upheld, but its forces have not been exerted in striving to make good the seeming shortcomings of the Divine nature, but in striving to make good the essential shortcomings of our human nature, by alleviating the distresses arising from the constitution of society and by lessening the sufferings that are inevitably incident to the conditions of life. To this end the American Jewish citizens have organized a widely diversified system of relief for the sick and the needy, and while so doing have not restricted their efforts within denominational bounds, but have opened their doors and stretched out their hands to all humanity. Not alone, however, in dealing with conditions that are inseparable from the social system, but furthermore in dealing with such as are removable, in educating and lifting up those of the community who are in need of fostering care, in furthering the spread of intelligence and in raising the standard of[566] citizenship, the Jewish people have been unceasingly active, and especially so in free America, where, as the foregoing pages have recorded, they have stood from the very beginning "shoulder to shoulder" with their fellow citizens of every creed, in every movement that has made for freedom and for liberty, for culture and for charity. And well they might. To no others of the Old World denizens was the New World more completely new; for no other people has the promise of the Columbian epoch been more completely fulfilled than for the Jews.

And, therefore, more especially while the closing years of the nineteenth century have seen its brilliant promise darkened by a broad shadow of the Middle Ages; while the ghastly tragedy that marked in Spain the opening year of American discovery is being rehearsed in Russia with all the effects of modern aggrandizement, we may not better close this book than with the grand apostrophe of the Columbian year that has been left us by the Jewish poetess, Emma Lazarus:

Thou, two-faced year, mother of Change and Fate,
Didst weep when Spain cast forth with flaming sword
The children of the prophets of the Lord.
Prince, priest and people spurned by zealot hate,
Hounded from sea to sea, from state to state,
The West refused them and the East abhorred,
No anchorage the known world could afford,
Close locked was every port, barred every gate.
Then smiling, thou unveil'dst, O two-faced year,
A virgin world where doors of sunset part,
Saying, 'Ho, all who weary, enter here!
Here falls each ancient barrier that the art
Of race or creed or rank devised, to rear
Grim-bulwarked hatred between heart and heart.'

[567]

INDEX.

Aboab, Ishac, de Fonseca, 446, 450, 451, 452, 453, 454

Abraham, Lewis, two papers by, 53-66

Accoignes, Moise, 447

Adams, Charles Francis, 91-96

Adams, Hannah, referred to, 462 (note 51)

Adams, Professor Herbert B., paper by, 14-26

Adams, John, 61

Adams, John Quincy, 64

Addenda to Lists of Soldiers, 423

Adler, Dr. Cyrus, referred to, 475 (note 78)

Adler, Rabbi Liebman, 425

Aguilar, Moses Raphael de, 446, 453, 454

Ainsworth, Colonel F. C., referred to, 11

Alabama, List of Jewish Soldiers from, 117-122

Alexander I, of Russia, 533

Alexander II, of Russia, 528, 530, 535, 539, 540

Alexander III, of Russia, 519, 543

Alliance, Jewish, of America, 559, 560

American Committee for Ameliorating the Condition of Russian Refugees, 559, 560

American Party, 552, 553

Antokolski, Russian sculptor, 536

Appel, Alexander M., Sergeant Major, 187

Appleton, William, 63

Arias, Isaac, 465

Arkansas, List of Jewish Soldiers from, 123-124

Argentina, Emigration to, 538, 550


Baltimore Jewish Patriots, 38-40

Bamberger, Dr. Ludwig, 536

Barrios, Don Miguel Levi de, 449, 455, 456

Beaulieu, M. Anatole Leroy, quoted, 515-522

Beecher, Henry Ward, quoted, 439

Belmonte, Benvenida, 464

Benedix, Robert, quoted, 510-511

Benjamin, Judah P., 102

Berndt, Dr. J. D., 440-441

Bismarck, Otto von, quoted, 503
[568]
Blaine, James G., letter to John W. Foster, on rights of American Israelites in Russia, 525-527

Bliss, Cornelius N., quoted, 439

Bloom, Nathan, 429

Blumenberg, Leopold, Brevet Brigadier-General, 199-200

Brackenridge, H. M., quoted, 67 (note)

Brewster, Hon. F. Carroll, quoted, 506

Brito, Abraham de, 465

Bromet, H. L., 460

Brothers-in arms, 109-111
Cohen (6), North Carolina, 109
Jonas (5), Mississippi and Illinois, 109
Moses (5), South Carolina, 109
Moses (4), Georgia, 110
Cohen (3), Arkansas, 110
Goldsmith (3), Georgia and South Carolina, 110
Levy (3), Virginia, 110
Moses (3), Alabama, 110
Wenk (5), New York, 111
Feder (3), New York, 111
Levy (4), New York, 111
Emanuel (3), Pennsylvania, 111
Koch (3), Ohio, 111

Bryant, William Cullen, quoted, 509-510

Bunker Hill Monument, 63-64

Bush, Isidor, 429

Bush, Mathias, 13


California, List of Jewish Soldiers from, 125-126

Carey, Henry C., quoted, 554-556

Carmoly, Dr. E., referred to, 456 (note 34), quoted, 460 (note 47)

Carvalho, Isaac, 467

Carvalho, Sebastian, 447

Castanho, Isaac, 450

Catharine II, of Russia, 526, 527

Chase, Miss Kate, 89

Chase, Hon. Salmon P., 89, 97

Chittenden, L. E., 87, 90, article by, 91-97

Civil Life, Jewish Patriotism in, 425-441

Clinton, Sir Henry, 16

Coen, Abraham, 449, 451

Coen, Jacob, 449

Cohen, Abraham, Captain, 244-245

Cohen, Benjamin, 44

Cohen, Dr. Marx E., 374

Cohen, Brothers (six), 374

Cohn, Abraham, Adjutant, 106 (medal of honor), 224-226
[569]
Colonies, Jewish Agricultural;
in America, 549;
in Argentina, 550;
in Palestine, 549;
in Russia, 533

Colonization, the Jewish, Association, 550

Commission to investigate condition of affairs in Russia, 524-525

Connecticut, List of Jewish Soldiers from, 127

Confederate Army, Jewish Staff Officers in the, 114-115

Confederate Navy, Jewish Officers in the, 116

Continental Armies, Jewish Soldiers in the, 44-52

Cooper, General, 103

Cordoso, Daniel, 482

Coronel, David Senior, 450

Costa, Isaac de, referred to, 449, 451 (note 20), 452 (note 21), 453 (note 25), 458 (note 42), 460 (note 46), 461 (note 50)

Cullum, General George W., referred to, 35

Cummings, Representative Amos J., introduces a resolution about the Jews in Russia, 543

Curtis, George William, quoted, 506-508


Daly, Hon. Charles P., referred to, 33, 41, 444 (note), 446 (note)

D'Angers, David, 62

Daniels, A. C., referred to, 430 (note)

Davidson, Solomon, 125

Davis, Jefferson, 93

Davis, Ex-Judge Noah, quoted, 436-437

De Candolle, Alphonse L. P. Pyrame, quoted, 490-491

Depew, Hon. Chauncey M., quoted on Russian Jews, 562-563

Dexter, Franklin, 64

Dillon, Hon. John F., letter on Russian Jews, 561-562

District of Columbia, List of Jewish Soldiers from, 128

Dyer, Isidor, 440


Ebron, David, Letter to Philip II, 473-176

Einhorn, Dr. David, 425

Einstein, Max, Colonel, 349-350

Eliot, George, quoted, 499-500

Etting, Solomon, 44, 67

Europe, Jews in the Armies of, 485-487

Everett, Edward, 64


Field, Rev. Dr. Henry M., quoted, 494-498

Fish, Hamilton, Secretary of State, letter by him to Consul General Peixotto, of Roumania, 542-543

Florida, List of Jewish Soldiers from, 128

Forsyth, John, Secretary of State, letter by him to David Porter, Minister to Turkey, on outrages on the Jews, 541

Frank, Mayer, Captain, 141

Frankel, Dr. Zachariah, referred to, 447 (note 9), 449 (note 13), 451 (note 20), 456 (note 36), 462 (note 51)
[570]
Franklin, Benjamin, 30, 65

Franks, David, 13

Franks, David S., 15, 27-32

Franks, Rebecca, 27

Frederic, Harold, referred to, 525

Frederick III, of Germany, 535

Friedenwald, Dr. Herbert, referred to, 25, 27, 30

Friedheim, Herman, 191

Friedman, Max, Colonel, 351

Fuerst, Dr. Julius, 456 (note 34)


Gans, Isaac (medal of honor), 107

Garfield, President James Abram, 429

Georgia, List of Jewish Soldiers from, 129-135

Gibbons, Cardinal, about the Russian Jews, 560

Goldsmid, Sir Francis H., referred to, 483

Goldsmith, M., 103, 104

Gordon, General J. B., referred to, 11

Gradis Family, enterprise and influence of, in the West Indies and during the Canadian Wars, 476-482

Grant, General U.S., referred to, 6, 429, 430;
official paper by, 542

Graetz, Professor Dr. H., quoted, 447, 451, 452, 477 (notes 79 and 80), 480 (notes 81 and 82)

Gratz, Barnard, 13

Gratz, Michael, 13

Greenebaum, Henry, 425

Greenebaum, Michael, 425-426

Greenhut, Joseph B., Captain, sketch of and address by, 143-149

Gregoire, Abbé, 482

Gross, Charles, Ph.D., referred to, 442 (note)

Grunwalt, Abraham (medal of honor), 107


Hackenburg, William B., referred to, 6

Hahn, Dr. A., referred to, 449 (note 13), 450, 452, 453 (note 25), 461 (note 50), 466 (note 59)

Hancock, John, 63

Harby, Isaac, 67

Harper, E. B., quoted, 438

Hart, Abraham, Captain and Brigade Adjutant-General, 354-355

Hart, Isaac, 33-34

Hart, Jacob, 38

Heilprin, Michael, 425

Heller, Henry (medal of honor), 106

Hendricks, Herman, 35

Herrera, Abraham Cohen, 450

Hewitt, Hon. Abram S., quoted, 438, 505-506
[571]
Hirsch, Baron Maurice de, 535, 549

Hirsch, Baron de, Trust, in the United States, 559

Historical Society, American Jewish, referred to 430 (note)

Hollander, Dr. J. H., annotations by, 14-26

Horwitz, Dr. James, 425

Howe, General William, 41, 46

Humboldt, Alexander Von, quoted, 490

Hyacinthe, Père, quoted, 492-493

Hyneman, Elias Leon, Sergeant, sketch of, 356-357


Illinois, List of Jewish Soldiers from, 136-171

Immigration, Historical and Economic Aspects of, 544-564;
from British Isles, 557;
Chinese, 551-552;
German, 548, 557;
Polish, 547;
Report of Commissioners on, 524, 529;
Sephardic-Jewish, 548;
Slavic-Jewish, 519, 548

Indiana, List of Jewish Soldiers from, 172-186

Iowa, List of Jewish Soldiers from, 187

Isaacs, Rev. Samuel M., 425


Jacobs, Benjamin, 26

Jacobs, Joseph, 13

Jamaica, Civil and Military Status of the Jews in, 482-484

Jamaica, List of Jews appointed to Civil and Military office since the Act of 1831 in, 483-484

James, Thomas L., ex-Postmaster General, quoted, 435-436

Jastrow, Professor Morris, Jr., referred to, 27

Jay, John, 30

Jefferson, Thomas, 59-60; statute of, 62-63, 65

Joachimsen, Philip J., Brevet-Brigadier-General, 262-263

Josephsen, Manuel, 58

Jost, Dr. I. M., referred to, 453

Judah, Samuel, 34


Kansas, List of Jewish Soldiers from, 188

Karpeles, Leopold, Color-Sergeant, 106 (medal of honor), 204-206

Kayserling, Dr. M., referred to, 442, 446 (note), 449 (note 14), 450 (note 17), 451 (note 20), 453 (note 24), 454 (note 26), 455 (notes 28 and 32), 457 (note 42), 459 (note 44), 461 (note 49), 462 (note 52), 463 (notes 53 and 54), 464 (note 55), 465 (note 56), 466 (note 58), 467 (note 60), 468 (note 61), 473 (note 75), 474 (note 77)

Kentucky, List of Jewish Soldiers from, 188-189

Knefler, Frederick, Brigadier-General, 179

Know-Nothing Party, 552, 553, 557

Koenen, H. J., referred to, 443 (note), 444 (note), 462, 453 (note 24), 454 (notes 26 and 27), 455 (notes 28 and 31), 456, 457 (notes 37, 38, 39, 40, and 41), 458 (note 43), 460 (note 46), 462 (note 52), 463 (note 53), 464 (notes 55 and 56), 465 (note 58), 467 (note 60), 468 (note 61), 469 (note 64), 470 (notes 65 and 67), 471 (notes 68 and 69), 483 (note 84)
[572]
Kohler, Max J., referred to, 11;
article by, 27-43, 430 (note)

Kohn, Abraham, 427-428

Kohut, Dr. Adolph, quoted, 486 (note)

Kohut, George A., referred to, 11, 442;
article by, 443-484

Kosciuszko, General, 16, 547

Kossuth, Louis, 485, 486


Labatt, David Cohen, Captain, 195

La Fatte, Gabriel de, 469

Lafayette, General de, 38, 39

Laguna, Daniel Israel Lopez, referred to, 464 (note 55)

Lasalle, Ferdinand, 536

Lasker, Eduard, 536

Latin-American Settlements, Jews in, 442

Lawrence Amos, 63, 64

Lazarus, Emma, her poem, "1492" cited, 566

Leeser, Rev. Isaac, article quoted, 40, 485-486 (note)

Le Monde, quoted, 492-494

Levi, Leo N., 100

Levis, Chevalier de, 32-33

Levy, Benjamin, 13-26

Levy, Benjamin, 270-271

Levy, Benjamin B. (medal of honor), 106

Levy, Eugene H., referred to, 11

Levy, Hayman, 34

Levy, Hyman, Jr., 13

Levy, Samson, 13

Levy, Uriah Phillips, Commander, 62, 63, 81, 84

Levy, father and three sons, sketches, 275-276

Lichtenstein, L., referred to, 11

Lincoln, President Abraham, 87, 107, 427, 429

Lopez, Aaron, 33

Louisiana, List of Jewish Soldiers from, 190-199

Loyalty, Sketches of Jewish, etc., 443-484

Luria, Albert (Moses), Lieutenant, 303

Lyon, General, referred to, 7

Lyon, Samuel, 26


Macaulay, Thomas Babington, quoted, 500-502

Mack, Henry, 429

Madison, President James, 17, 18 (note), 25, 60

Maine, List of Jewish Soldiers from, 199

Malone, Rev. Sylvester, letter on Russian Jews, 563

Marlon, General, 26

Markens, Isaac, referred to, 11, 39, 430 (note)

Marquand, Henry G., quoted, 438

Marx, Karl, 536
[573]
Maryland, List of Jewish Soldiers from, 199-200

Massachusetts, List of Jewish Soldiers from, 201-209

Maurice of Nassau, Count, 445, 448, 449 (note 15), 451

Mayer, Daniel, Captain, letter to, 395

Mayer, Leopold, 425

Mayer, William, General, 284

McDougall, General, 16

McKinley, Governor William, quoted, 427-428

Medals of Honor, Jews who received, 106-108

Menken, Nathan D., Captain, 364

Mercado, Dr. Abraham de, 450

Mexican War, Jewish Soldiers in the, 72-75

Michelbacher, Rev. M., 102, 103

Michigan, List of Jewish Soldiers from, 209-214

Mississippi, List of Jewish Soldiers from, 214-220

Missouri, List of Jewish Soldiers from, 220-223

Mohammedan Outrages on the Jews, 541

Montefiore, Sir Moses, 534, 549

Morais, the Rev. Dr. Sabato, 425

Morais, Henry S., referred to, 11, 20 (note 6), 430 (note)

Mordecai, Alfred, Major, 78-79

Mordecai, Alfred, Jr., Colonel, 79

Mordecai, Moses, 13

Morris, Robert, 17, 22, 30, 38

Morton, Governor Marcus, 64

Morwitz, Dr. Edward, 425

Moses, Isaac, 26

Moses, Isaac, Adjutant-General, 279

Moses, Israel, Lieutenant-Colonel, 74, 281

Moses, Jacob, 34

Moses, Five Brothers, 378

Mucate, Jahacob, 450

Muhr, Simon, 441

Myers, Rev. E. M., referred to, 453, 469 (note 63)

Myers, Isaac, 44

Myers, Jacob, 34

Myers, Nathan, 35


Naar, Moses, 468, 469

Napoleon III, 88

Nassy, David, 454, 463, 465, 466, 468

Nassy, Isaac, 469

Nassy, Samuel, 454-459

Nations, Israel Among the, 515-522

Navy, Jews in the United States, 81-86

Negro Revolts, Suppression of, by the Jews of Surinam (1690-1772), 462-473
[574]
Netscher, Pieter Marinus, 444 (note 2), 445 (note 4), 446 (note 5), 447, 448

Nevada, List of Jewish Soldiers from, 224

New Hampshire, List of Jewish Soldiers from, 224-226

New Jersey, List of Jewish Soldiers from, 226-236

Newman, Leopold, Lieutenant-Colonel and Brigadier-General, 285

New Mexico, List of Jewish Soldiers from, 236

New York, Jewish Patriots, 34-35, 38

New York, List of Jewish Soldiers from, 236-301

Nicholas I, of Russia, 533, 540

Nicholas II, of Russia, 519

Noah, Manuel Mordecai, 26, 35

Noah, Mordecai M., 14, 59, 60

Noah, Samuel, 35-38

Non-Importation Resolutions, Signers of, 13

North Carolina, List of Jewish Soldiers from, 301-305


Obranski, David (medal of honor), 106

Official dispatch of Ambassador White to Secretary of State, Gresham, 527-540

Ohio, List of Jewish Soldiers from, 305-344

Osterman, Rosanna, 440


Pale, the Russian-Jewish, 523, 528, 548, 550

Palmer, John W., referred to, 39

Patriots aided by Hyam Solomon, 17

Peixotto, Hon. Benjamin Franklin, 428, 542

Pennsylvania, List of Jewish Soldiers from, 344-372

People, The Jewish, before the World, 488-522

Pereira, Manuel, 465

Peter the Great, 539

Phillips, Miss Ellen, 440

Phillips, Henry M., 440

Phillips, Jonas, 34

Pinto, Isaac, 452

Polack, Cushman, 41

Porter, General Horace, 437

Powderly, Terrence V., quoted, 511-512

Preble, Rear Admiral George Henry, quoted, 426-427

Pulaski, General, 15, 547


Question, The Jewish, quotation, 512-514


Rabbi, Jacob, 448

Randolph, Edmund, 18 (note)

Reese, Michael, 440

Regular Army, Jews in the United States, 76-80

Religious Liberty, Statue, 65-66

Rhode Island, a List of Jewish Soldiers from, 372
[575]
Rosecrans, General, referred to, 7

Rothschild, Baron Edmond de, 549

Rothschild, Baron James de, 534

Rothschild, Baron Nathan de, 534

Roumania's Oppression of the Jews, 542

Rudelson, S. J., referred to, 472

Russia, Instances of foreign Jews who were maltreated in, or expelled from, 525, 526, 529, 530, 531

Russia's Crime Against the Jews and Civilization, 523-543

Russian Jewish Refugees in America, 544-564


Sachs, Max, Lieutenant, 184

Salomon, Edward S., Brigadier-General, a Sketch, etc., 164-170, 425

Salomon, Haym, 13, 14-26, 39, 43, 87, 439, 547

Salomon, Haym M., 15, 20 (note), 21 (note), 23, 24, 25, 39

Sarfati, Joshua, 453

Schurz, Hon. Carl, quoted, 165, 430-435, 439, 503-505

Scott, General Winfield, 36

Seddon, Mr., 103

Seixas, David G., 71

Seixas, Isaac, 34

Seixas, Moses, 56

Seligman, Jesse, tributes to, 430-439

Seligman, Joseph, 430

Seligman, Professor, 537

Sheftall, Levi, 54

Sheftall, Mordecai, 40-43

Sheftall, Sheftall, 41

Sherman, General, William T., referred to, 6

Sigel, General Franz, 487

Snowberger, Albert Leopold, a sketch, etc., 369

Sola, Rev. Meldola de, 27

Soldiers named in Introduction, 2-5

Solomons, Hon. Adolphus S., 429

South Carolina Jewish Patriots, 40

South Carolina, a List of Jewish Soldiers from, 372-381

Sparks, Jared, 15, 54

Spiegel, Marcus M., Colonel, 340

Stahel, General J., letters by, 99, 486

Stanton, Hon. Edwin M., 167

Statistical, 424

Steinschneider, Dr. M., referred to, 456 (note 34)

Story, Joseph, 64

Stowe, Harriet Beecher, quoted, 499

Straus, Hon. Oscar S., referred to, 450 (note 16)

Sumner, Hon. Charles, 62

Sumner, Professor, 22 (note)
[576]
Sun, New York, about the Jews, 563-564

Surinam, defense of the Jews in, against the French, in 1689 and 1712, 459

Swift, General Joseph G., 36


Texas, List of Jewish Soldiers from, 384-388

Touro, Judah, 63, 64, 71, 439-440, 534


Ullman, Captain, 371

Unclassified List of Soldiers in Civil War, 410-422

Union Army, Jewish Staff Officers in the, 112-113

United Hebrew Charities, of New York, 560


Vale, Fernando, 447

Valentine, Jacob, Captain, 380-381

Vermont, List of Jewish Soldiers from, 388

Virginia, List of Jewish Soldiers from, 389-394

Vogt, Professor Carl, quoted, 491


Wallace, Mackenzie, 533, 538

War of 1812, Jewish Soldiers in the, 67-72

Washington, President George, 16, 23, 26, 46, 63
Correspondence between him and Hebrew Citizens, 61-65

Washington Territory, List of Jewish Soldiers from, 394

Watson, Robert G., referred to, 444-445, 446 (note)

Waul, General T. N., letter by, 100-101

Weber, J. B., Chairman of Commission on Immigration, 524, 525, 529

Webster, Daniel, 64

Wertheimer, Edwin, Captain, 299

West Virgina, List of Jewish Soldiers from, 395

Wheaton, Henry, letter by, 17 (note)

White, Andrew D., official dispatch to Secretary of State, Gresham, 527-540

Wisconsin, List of Jewish Soldiers from, 396-409

Wolf, Simon, 8, 11, 20 (note), 22 (note), 66 (note), 89, 90, 99, 428-429;
letters to, 486, 487, 542

Wolkonsky, Prince Sergius, 536

Wood, William P., a letter by, 200

Worthington, Colonel W. G., 67 (note)

Wyoming Territory, List of Jewish Soldiers from, 394


PUBLICATIONS OF THE LEVYTYPE COMPANY, PHILADELPHIA
628-630-632 Chestnut Street, Cor. Seventh Street

The Pennsylvania Academy
of The Fine Arts

Album of Reproductions of Selected Works
From the Permanent Collections

A highly artistic Livre-de-Luxe, 66 pages, large quarto, enamelled paper, bound
in card-board covers, cloth back. Price, $1.00

This standard publication of the Pennsylvania Academy of the Fine Arts contains 28 faithfully copied reproductions of selected and typical works in the Permanent Collections of the Academy, together with a view of the exterior of the building and one of the interior of the gallery. The pictures selected for compilation in this album, comprise characteristic works of every epoch, from the Renaissance (Bennozzo Gozzoli's "Virgin and Child," ca. 1450) down to the present time.

The successive subjects are elucidated by brief but comprehensive references to the various painters and their notable works, collated under the direction of the Academy, and are prefaced by a compendious history of the institution.

Engraved and Printed for the Academy by the Levytype Company, Philadelphia


Forty Works of Art
FROM THE
Sixty-Third Annual Exhibition
OF THE
Pennsylvania Academy of the Fine Arts

OCTAVO, 44 LEAVES; 88 PAGES; ARTISTICALLY PRINTED
AND BOUND IN HEAVY PAPER COVERS.

PRICE, 25 CENTS.

These reproductions of art works from the Sixty-third Annual Exhibition of the Fine Arts were collated with the view to affording a souvenier of the most notable exhibition of distinctively American art productions held within recent years. From the large collection of famous subjects, many of them fresh from the walls of the Art Palace of the World's Fair, a series of works were selected for illustration as embodying in a due measure the representative character of this special exhibition.

Published under the Auspices of the Pennsylvania Academy of the
Fine Arts, Philadelphia


For Sale by all Booksellers

PUBLICATIONS OF THE LEVYTYPE COMPANY, PHILADELPHIA
628-630-632 Chestnut Street, Cor. Seventh Street

Catalogue OF THE
W. P. Wilstach Collection


Memorial Hall, Fairmount Park, Philadelphia

Edited by CAROL H. BECK

104 Pages, 12 mo., Bound in Heavy Paper Cover, Cloth Back

Full Descriptive Catalogue of the Wilstach Art Gallery, illustrated, with 28 autoglyphic engravings on India tint, sumptuously executed throughout.

Engraved and Printed for the Commissioners of Fairmount Park, Philadelphia,
by the Levytype Company, Philadelphia

Price, 25 Cents

Washington

The...
Federal City

An Illustrated Guide Book for the City of
Washington, Descriptive of its History,
Official Life, Points of Interest, and
Environs


By EUGENE MURRAY AARON

Illustrated by 100 Photo-engravings of principal objects of interest in the Capital City and two maps, 88 pages, 12mo, paper covers, cloth back, Levytype Edition. Price 25c.

This is the most compendious and accurate guide book to Washington, Mount Vernon, and the District of Columbia thus far published. A complete historical and topographic encyclopædia of its subject.

FOR SALE BY ALL BOOKSELLERS.
THE UNION NEWS COMPANY
NEW YORK CITY, GENERAL AGENTS

PUBLICATIONS OF THE LEVYTYPE COMPANY, PHILADELPHIA
628-630-632 Chestnut Street, Cor. Seventh Street

The Golden Day
And Miscellaneous Poems


By WILLIAM T. DUMAS

Broad Octavo. 144 pp. Cloth. Price, $1.00

"The Golden Day," the first portion of the work, is a series of poems beginning with "Cock-Crowing" and leading the reader through various scenes to the evening. The design of this portion is to portray the day in the Sunny South, as is evinced by such titles as "The Fox Hunt," "The Dinner Horn," "Corn Husking," etc. Interwoven with these are sonnets and longer pieces on a variety of themes, sentimental, humorous, lyrical.

Of the miscellaneous poems, undoubtedly the finest, in phrasing, meter and conception is "The Cyclone." It is in a strong dactylic verse and is a gem. "Joy: an ode" is of a different type, but full of fine expression. In this portion of the work is also contained an "Ode on the death of Jefferson Davis" and a tribute to Gen. Joseph E. Johnston entitled "From the Valley of the Shadow." A number of the author's earlier poems are also included in the volume.

This production, taken as a whole, stamps the author as possessing in a high degree the true poetic spirit, and his renditions cannot fail to find an appreciative audience, not only throughout the South, but wherever the memories of its former times are harmonized with the realizations of to-day. The book is a well bound and superbly printed octavo of 144 pages. Price $1.00. For sale by all booksellers.


The Dinner Horn

By WILLIAM T. DUMAS

Illustrated by PAUL T. HILL

An Album of 24 leaves, embracing a pictorial title page and the 16 stanzas of "The Dinner Horn," admirably illustrated, each stanza and illustration on a separate leaf.

AN ARTISTIC LIVRE-DE-LUXE

sumptuously printed and bound, gilt edges. Long octavo, album style.

Price, One Dollar

PUBLICATIONS OF THE LEVYTYPE COMPANY, PHILADELPHIA
628-630-632 Chestnut Street, Cor. Seventh Street

From.... Independence Hall
Around the World

BY
F. CARROLL BREWSTER, LLD.

216 Pages, 12mo., Copiously Illustrated, Enamelled Paper, Fine
Cloth Binding. Price, $1.50.

This itinerary of Judge Brewster's recent tour around the world contains the notes of his journey from San Francisco to Brindisi, and records his impressions of the countries and people of Hawaii, Japan, China, Mallacca, Ceylon and India. The report of such a journey by so trained and unprepossessed an observer as Judge Brewster will be welcomed by all who have become acquainted with the accuracy of his observations through his other published works, and will be read with interest by the public generally.

The book is fully illustrated with over 70 phototypes of salient and interesting subjects, which have been selected especially with the view to supplementing the traveler's narrative to the fullest possible extent.

FOR SALE BY ALL BOOKSELLERS

PUBLICATIONS OF THE LEVYTYPE COMPANY, PHILADELPHIA
628-630-632 Chestnut Street, Cor. Seventh Street

IN PREPARATION.—To be Published December, 1895

Cuba and the Cubans

BY
RAIMUNDO CABRERA

MEMBER OF THE CENTRAL EXECUTIVE COMMITTEE OF THE
AUTONOMIST PARTY OF CUBA, Etc., Etc.


Author of "Mis Buenos Tiempos," "Los Estados Unidos," "Impresiones de Viaje"
Etc., Etc.

Translated from the Eighth Spanish Edition of
"Cuba y Sus Jueces"


By LAURA GUITÉRAS

Revised and Edited by
LOUIS EDWARD LEVY

Illustrated with 91 Line Engravings of Portraits and Localities,
and 16 Larger Portraits in Phototype.


396 Pages, 12 Mo., Bound in Cloth PRICE $1.50

This translation of Señor Cabrera's masterly work on Cuba renders accessible to English readers the most authentic, comprehensive and thorough statement of the Cuban question that has emanated from the press. It has the advantage of presenting the subject in a spirit free from the rancors of the present armed conflict between the Cuban colonists and the mother country, the original work having been published in Cuba and throughout Spain some years before the present struggle began. It commanded the universal attention of the Spanish-speaking world from its first publication in 1887, since which time it has gone through eight editions in the Spanish, successively amplified by the author with notes, appendices and illustrations.

Señor Cabrera deals with his subject-matter from the vantage ground of an acknowledged leadership of the Autonomist party of Cuba, and his work, although voicing the demands of the Cuban people for reforms which Spain has constantly postponed or absolutely refused, has commanded the recognition and the respect of Spanish statesmen of the first rank.

With scholarly insight and a thorough analysis, Señor Cabrera traces the existing social, political and economic condition of Cuba and its people with an impartial pen, in brief but effective outlines and in a lucid and trenchant style. No other contribution to the literature of this important subject compares with this work as an authoritative presentation, and as such it appeals to the attention of the American public.

For Sale by all Booksellers. Price $1.50

PUBLICATIONS OF THE LEVYTYPE COMPANY, PHILADELPHIA
628-630-632 Chestnut Street, Cor. Seventh Street

The Jewish Year

Illustrated by Pictures of Old-Time Jewish Family Life, Customs
and Observances. From the Paintings by

PROFESSOR MORITZ OPPENHEIM


With Historical and Explanatory Text by
LOUIS EDWARD LEVY

An Imperial Folio Volume (17 x 21)

Containing 20 Levytype Autoglyphic Reproductions of the original Paintings, mounted on boards, and some 50 folio pages of superbly printed text, securely bound in heavy half Russia covers.

In addition to the 20 Autoglyphs of Oppenheim's celebrated paintings, this sumptuous volume contains a line reproduction of a notable work by Leopold Horovitz, and the text itself is furthermore embellished and illustrated by numerous effective relief etchings representing various incidents and accessories of Jewish religious observance.

The twenty-one impressive compositions are collated in illustration of the Jewish year; they represent the successive festivals, fasts and holidays of the religious year, the various aspects of the Sabbath, and the distinctive customs and observances of Jewish family life.

The following is a list of the subjects:—

1. Passover, the Feast of Unleavened Bread.
2. Shabuoth, The Feast of Weeks.
3. Tisha B'Ab, The Feast of the Ninth Day of Ab.
4. Kal Nidre, Eve of The Day of Atonement.
5. Succoth, The Feast of Tabernacles.
6. Hanukah, The Feast of the Dedication.
7. Purim, The Feast of Esther.
8. Beginning of Sabbath.
9. Sabbath Eve.
10. Sabbath Afternoon.
11. Sabbath Rest.
12. Close of Sabbath.
13. The Rite of the Covenant (B'rith Milah).
14. The First Birthday.
15. The Rabbi's Blessing.
16. The Examination.
17. The Confirmation (Bar Mitzva.)
18. The Wedding.
19. The Village Vender.
20. The Anniversary of Mourning (Minyan.)
21. The Return of the Volunteer.

The complete cycle of Oppenheim's masterly Pictures of Jewish Life is included in this work, the original paintings being reproduced with all the fidelity and effectiveness of the most advanced reproductive art.

The text has been written with a special regard to its educational import. Each subject is elucidated by a brief citation of the historic data bearing on it, and by a consideration of those of its features which are directly or indirectly traceable in their origin and development. The various articles thus make up a succession of historic monographs, each one presenting, so to speak, a different cross-section of the outline perspective of Jewish history which the text in its entirety affords.

In the preparation and arrangement of this work the Publishers have endeavored to maintain for its various elements, artistic, literary and mechanical, a standard commensurate with the dignity of the subject. They believe that they have measurably succeeded in their purpose, and they bring the work before the Jewish public with a confident reliance on its support.


The Oppenheim Album of the Jewish Year is furnished at $20,

a price which, while necessarily greater than that of ordinary books, is far below the usual cost of art books of equal magnitude. This has been rendered possible through the economies resulting from the concentration of all the requisite facilities for its production and the compassing of all the latest advances in the heliographic and typographic arts. The work forms a magnificent livre de luxe. The pictures are mounted on artistically matted boards, hinged on guards, and bound in heavy covers with fine cloth and half Russia leather binding. It may be ordered through any bookseller, and if ordered direct it will be sent by express prepaid to any address in the United States or Canada on receipt of the subscription price.

LEVYTYPE COMPANY, Publishers
7th and Chestnut Streets,
Philadelphia, PA.

PUBLICATIONS OF THE LEVYTYPE COMPANY, PHILADELPHIA
628-630-632 Chestnut Street, Cor. Seventh Street

The Jews of Philadelphia

THEIR HISTORY FROM THE EARLIEST SETTLEMENTS
TO THE PRESENT TIME

By Henry Samuel Morais
Author of "Eminent Israelites of the Nineteenth Century," Etc., Etc.

This work describes the history of the Jews in America from their earliest arrival with Columbus, and their subsequent settlement in Pennsylvania and Philadelphia; their growth in the chief city of the Keystone State in every sphere of Congregational, Institutional and Communal activity. Every religious corporation and society existing among the Jews of Philadelphia is traced from its beginning up to the date of publication of this work. Many rare historic subjects are introduced. Biography is a special feature of the work.

Part I, treats of history and biography. Part II deals with biographical and miscellaneous data, subdivided into sections as follows: In Communal Affairs; In Literature, Science and Journalism; In Art; In Music and Drama; In Politics; In Law; In Medicine, Dentistry, etc.; In the University of Pennsylvania and In Old Philadelphia. Part III treats of Pennsylvania Jews in the United States Regular Army; In the United States Navy; In Pennsylvania Volunteers during the Civil War, embracing Field and Staff Officers, Company Officers and Privates; In Other Regiments and in European Armies, etc., etc.

A copious index is supplied. The volume is handsomely printed and substantially bound. It comprises 592 pages, large octavo. The price has been set at $2.50 per volume; the edition is limited and only a fraction of the edition remains for disposal. Those desiring copies should send in their orders without delay.

FOR SALE THROUGH ALL BOOKSELLERS

PUBLICATIONS OF THE LEVYTYPE COMPANY, PHILADELPHIA
628-630-632 Chestnut Street, Cor. Seventh Street

The American Jew
AS
Patriot, Soldier and Citizen


By HON. SIMON WOLF

Edited by LOUIS EDWARD LEVY

This timely work on a timely topic, called forth by recent magazine discussions regarding the position of Jewish citizens as patriots and as soldiers, contains an alphabetical register and numerous detailed notices of American citizens of the Jewish faith who have been enrolled in the armies of the country from the earliest period of American history to the present time, including those in the Confederate armies during the War for the Union.

In elucidation of this subject there are included in this volume, besides a prefatory introduction by the author, a number of historical papers on the part taken by American Jews in the upbuilding of this Republic, and a special contribution on the same subject in relation to the South American Countries, the West Indies and Canada. The book furthermore contains a carefully collated series of articles, discussions and letters bearing upon the question at issue, from eminent Christian writers and publicists of Europe and America, and a brief but comprehensive review of the subject of the Russian Jewish immigrants.

The various matters are successively prefaced with introductory references by the editor, and the book affords a thorough and complete refutation of the falsities and misstatements regarding Jewish citizenship which have been put forth from time to time through ignorance, bigotry or selfish interest.

This work has been undertaken by the author in response to suggestions arising out of recently published contentions on this subject, and THE NET PROFITS OF ITS SALE ARE DEVOTED WHOLLY AND EXCLUSIVELY TO THE ENLARGEMENT OF THE HEBREW ORPHAN'S HOME, ESTABLISHED IN ATLANTA, GA., under the auspices of the Order of B'nai B'rith, of which Mr. Wolf is President.

The work contains 592 pages large octavo, bound in cloth, blue back and gray sides, and is offered at the low price of $2.00 per copy.

For sale by all booksellers.


La Compañia Lévytype de Filadelfia

Editores, Impresores y Grabadores
CHESTNUT 638, 630, 632
ESQUINA DE SEPTIMO

Obras de Raimundo Cabrera


CUBA Y SUS JUECES

(RECTIFICACIONES OPORTUNAS)
Septima Edicion, 8 vo. Aumentada con Notas y un
Apendice


Ilustrada con 91 Grabados en linea, de retratos y edificios, y con 16 grandes
retratos foto-autoglyficos. 344 paginas.
$1.80


LA MISMA OBRA, 12 mo. Octava y Novena Ediciones, reproducida en
pequeño temaño. Con todas las ilustraciones. 50 c.



MIS BUENOS TIEMPOS

Memorias de Estudiante
Secunda Edicion, 12 mo. Ilustrada con 82 Grabados autoglyficos, y lujosamente
impresa. 320 paginas. $1.00



Obra de Rafael Montoro

Diputado a Cortes, 1878-1893

Discursos Politicos y Parlamentarios, Informes y Disertaciones. Grande 8vo.
634 paginas, con retrato, lujosamente impresa. $2.50

Transcriber's Notes

Obvious errors of punctuation and diacritics repaired.

The lists of names have not been changed even when they are not in lexicographic order.

Hyphen removed: fellow[-]men (pp. 63, 467), land[-]owner (p. 468), law[-]giver (p. 493), re[-]organized (p. 242), re[-]inforced (P. 37), Sabbath[-]day (p. 460), Sharp[-]shooters (p. 215).

Hyphen added: co[-]religionists (pp. 445, 446, 454, 536).

Both "battlefield" and "battle-field" appear and have not been changed.

P. 7: abusing the privilige -> abusing the privilege.

P. 13: a succint statement -> a succinct statement.

P. 20fn: nothwithstanding -> notwithstanding.

P. 32: bids fair to be perpetuatad -> bids fair to be perpetuated.

P. 38: April 18, 1871 -> April 18, 1781.

P. 42: Commitee on Claims -> Committee on Claims.

Pp. 45 (twice), 130, 227, 245, 337: In unit designations, 3rd -> 3d.

P. 46: Subsistance and Support -> Subsistence and Support.

Pp. 48, 388: aid-de-camp -> aide-de-camp.

P. 58: throught the events -> throughout the events.

P. 61: generosity ond good breeding -> generosity and good breeding.

P. 63: Levy famliy -> Levy family.

P. 79: 1st Lieutant George J. Newgarden -> 1st Lieutenant George J. Newgarden.

P. 91: cabable of great speed -> capable of great speed.

P. 92: Confaderate ports -> Confederate ports.

P. 95: especicially as communication -> especially as communication.

P. 95: the registed were required -> the registered were required.

P. 101: atttribute suited to the soldier -> attribute suited to the soldier.

P. 104: businesss of war -> business of war.

P. 107 (twice): New Hamshire -> New Hampshire.

P. 107: he was addresesd -> he was addressed.

P. 107: Shiloh, Tennesee > Shiloh, Tennessee.

P. 108: apppointed escort -> appointed escort.

P. 115: assigneds to duty -> assigned to duty.

P. 120: 1st Artilery -> 1st Artillery.

P. 122: 2nd Infantyy -> 2nd Infantry.

P. 142: Goldsmith, Geroge -> Goldsmith, George.

P. 143: Goldsmith, Beujamin -> Goldsmith, Benjamin.

P. 147: Cemtery Hill -> Cemetery Hill.

P. 156: Leopold, Wiliam 8th Cavalry -> Leopold, William 8th Cavalry.

P. 164: Major Saloman ultimately became Colonel -> Major Salomon ultimately became Colonel.

P. 166: Respecfully forwarded -> Respectfully forwarded.

P. 166: Lieutenant Colonel Solomon has won the good opinion -> Lieutenant Colonel Salomon has won the good opinion.

P. 168: thirteeenth day of March -> thirteenth day of March.

P. 177: 86nd Infantry -> 82nd Infantry.

P. 185: Lilled at Richmond, Kentucky -> Killed at Richmond, Kentucky.

P. 246: Davis, Benjamim -> Davis, Benjamin.

P. 299: Weil, Josfph -> Weil, Joseph.

P. 322: Klein, Franx 82nd Infantry -> Klein, Frank 82nd Infantry.

P. 337: Schwarz, Adodph -> Schwarz, Adolph.

P. 367: Rowland, Adolphus Major 5th Cavarlry -> Rowland, Adolphus Major 5th Cavalry.

P. 373: Murfreesboro, Tennnessee -> Murfreesboro, Tennessee.

P. 374: close of the the war -> close of the war.

P. 386: Gains' farm -> Gaines' farm.

P. 386: 2nd C2valry -> 2nd Cavalry.

P. 424: North Corolina -> North Carolina.

P. 428: Ottowa -> Ottawa.

P. 428: Mr. Pexiotto was selected as Consul -> Mr. Peixotto was selected as Consul.

P. 429: Cincinnatti -> Cincinnati.

P. 429: Fort Sumtner -> Fort Sumter.

P. 430fn: Eminent Isralites -> Eminent Israelites.

P. 432: He never fargot -> He never forgot.

P. 432: obstrusive flashing -> obtrusive flashing.

P. 436: happy reminisences -> happy reminiscences.

P. 448: chronicle the the timely intervention -> chronicle the timely intervention.

P. 458: took care to harrass them -> took care to harass them.

P. 459: brave resistence -> brave resistance.

P. 465: afer his above detailed victory -> after his above detailed victory.

P. 468: parly in command of -> partly in command of.

P. 469: Nassy himsely -> Nassy himself.

P. 473: if his abilities -> of his abilities.

P. 473fn: soon in the orginal -> soon in the original.

P. 479: the goverment defrayed -> the government defrayed.

P. 486fn: liberty and eqality -> liberty and equality.

P. 488: public villifications -> public vilifications.

P. 490: energies of yonr intellect -> energies of your intellect.

P. 491: political enfanchisement -> political enfranchisement.

P. 491: Irael's bosom -> Israel's bosom.

P. 491: Republicans by virture -> Republicans by virtue.

P. 492: family hiearchy -> family hierarchy.

P. 494: Jean-Jaques Rousseau -> Jean-Jacques Rousseau.

P. 495: trom the head of the State -> from the head of the State.

P. 496: administration of jusiice -> administration of justice.

P. 498: If thou afflct -> If thou afflict.

P. 499: persecution aud oppression -> persecution and oppression.

P. 504: class of citizens excells -> class of citizens excels.

P. 505: anti-Semic -> anti-Semitic.

P. 509: ihe glowing affection -> the glowing affection.

P. 511: morality and and sublime virtues -> morality and sublime virtues.

P. 512: voicc of greed -> voice of greed.

P. 512: Narbornne -> Narbonne.

Pp. 527, 531: St. Petersburgh -> St. Petersburg.

P. 532: instructon in the Talmud -> instruction in the Talmud.

P. 535: wtth the foregoing -> with the foregoing.

P. 538: control of Israelities -> control of Israelites.

P. 539: Great Britian -> Great Britain.

P. 540: representatations by such philanthropists -> representations by such philanthropists.

P. 541: respeatedly been manifested -> repeatedly been manifested.

P. 541: expicit and minute instructions -> explicit and minute instructions.

P. 542: forbids any oppresion -> forbids any oppression.

P. 547: Asiastic herdsman -> Asiatic herdsman.

P. 547: decendants of the first -> descendants of the first.

P. 547: preceeding pages -> preceding pages.

P. 551: It would be superflous -> It would be superfluous.

P. 552: make it np -> make it up.

P. 554: Let us for a momemt -> Let us for a moment.

P. 554: pursuaded to study -> persuaded to study.

P. 555: steadly employed -> steadily employed.

P. 557: been fullfilled -> been fulfilled.

P. 560: revelant to our present subject -> relevant to our present subject.

P. 561: Baron de Hirsh -> Baron de Hirsch.

P. 568: refered to -> referred to.

P. 571: Brevet-Brigidier-General -> Brevet-Brigadier-General.

P. 572: Loyalty, Sketches ef -> Loyalty, Sketches of.

P. 575: named in Introdnction -> named in Introduction.

P. 576: Texas .. 382-283 -> Texas ... 384-388.

Endpaper for "The Dinner Horn": seperate -> separate.

Endpaper for "Around the World": accurracy -> accuracy.

Endpaper for "Obra de Rafael Montoro": lujosamenta -> lujosamente.


Footnotes [30]-[104] contain extensive quotes in Dutch from H. J. Koenen. _Geschiedenis der Joden in Nederland_. The text reflects the scan, except for the following corrections that were made on the advice of native speakers of the language. Nevertheless, additional errors may remain, either because of errors made by the author in copying from the source, or because of decisions not to change what may be archaic spelling and grammar.

[30] dat het den Joden voortan -> dat het den Joden voortaan.

[33] on qui récemment y avaient été attirés -> ou qui récemment y avaient été attirés.

[39] eigenschappe -> eigenschappen.

[39] ongelookige -> ongelukkige.

[39] de Hollanders onstaan -> de Hollanders ontstaan.

[42] Frankfort o. M. -> Frankfort a. M.

[69] menigvaldige feestdagen -> menigvuldige feestdagen.

[72] hij goedvond de nieuw wereld -> hij goedvond de nieuwe wereld.

[78] p. 294-495 -> p. 294-295.

[78] dat ire opkomende welvaart -> dat die opkomende welvaart.

[78] en trachte de rivier Commawine -> en trachtte de rivier Commawine.

[81] om up hunne -> om op hunne.

[82] dan eenmaal net goed gevolgdan -> dan eenmaal met goed gevolg.

[82] een belankrijken post -> een belangrijken post.

[85] fierlijke -> sierlijke.

[87] standen de Negers -> stonden de Negers.

[87] vermoorden hunnen meester -> en vermoorden hunnen meester.

[87] zeven-een-veer-tig -> zeven-en-veertig.

[87] (three times) Jeder -> Iedere.

[87] elk gewapende Neger -> elke gewapende Neger.

[89, 93] Kuenen -> Koenen.

[89] onvermoeide Israelit -> onvermoeide Israeliet.

[89] viertien krijgssgevangenen -> veertien krijgsgevangenen.

[89] een hij, door gebrek aan de noodige -> en hij, door gebrek aan de noodige.

[89] neemt op zich om terug de keeren -> neemt op zich om terug te keeren.

[89] ven deen Raad af te wachten -> van den Raad af te wachten.

[90] en nieuw gevaar -> een nieuw gevaar.

[93] de blanken zich nog stande -> de blanken zich nog staande.

[93] groote dapperheid aan een dag -> groote dapperheid aan den dag.

[93] deze wreede barmhartigkeid -> deze wreede barmhartigheid.

[102] dinhuldig -> inhuldig.

[103] Gezongen door den Erwaarden -> Gezongen door den Eerwaarden.






End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of The American Jew as Patriot, Soldier
and Citizen, by Simon Wolf

*** END OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK AMERICAN JEW, PATRIOT, SOLDIER, CITIZEN ***

***** This file should be named 47135-h.htm or 47135-h.zip *****
This and all associated files of various formats will be found in:
        http://www.gutenberg.org/4/7/1/3/47135/

Produced by Moti Ben-Ari and the Online Distributed
Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net. and the Online
Distributed Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net.

Updated editions will replace the previous one--the old editions will
be renamed.

Creating the works from print editions not protected by U.S. copyright
law means that no one owns a United States copyright in these works,
so the Foundation (and you!) can copy and distribute it in the United
States without permission and without paying copyright
royalties. Special rules, set forth in the General Terms of Use part
of this license, apply to copying and distributing Project
Gutenberg-tm electronic works to protect the PROJECT GUTENBERG-tm
concept and trademark. Project Gutenberg is a registered trademark,
and may not be used if you charge for the eBooks, unless you receive
specific permission. If you do not charge anything for copies of this
eBook, complying with the rules is very easy. You may use this eBook
for nearly any purpose such as creation of derivative works, reports,
performances and research. They may be modified and printed and given
away--you may do practically ANYTHING in the United States with eBooks
not protected by U.S. copyright law. Redistribution is subject to the
trademark license, especially commercial redistribution.

START: FULL LICENSE

THE FULL PROJECT GUTENBERG LICENSE
PLEASE READ THIS BEFORE YOU DISTRIBUTE OR USE THIS WORK

To protect the Project Gutenberg-tm mission of promoting the free
distribution of electronic works, by using or distributing this work
(or any other work associated in any way with the phrase "Project
Gutenberg"), you agree to comply with all the terms of the Full
Project Gutenberg-tm License available with this file or online at
www.gutenberg.org/license.

Section 1. General Terms of Use and Redistributing Project
Gutenberg-tm electronic works

1.A. By reading or using any part of this Project Gutenberg-tm
electronic work, you indicate that you have read, understand, agree to
and accept all the terms of this license and intellectual property
(trademark/copyright) agreement. If you do not agree to abide by all
the terms of this agreement, you must cease using and return or
destroy all copies of Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works in your
possession. If you paid a fee for obtaining a copy of or access to a
Project Gutenberg-tm electronic work and you do not agree to be bound
by the terms of this agreement, you may obtain a refund from the
person or entity to whom you paid the fee as set forth in paragraph
1.E.8.

1.B. "Project Gutenberg" is a registered trademark. It may only be
used on or associated in any way with an electronic work by people who
agree to be bound by the terms of this agreement. There are a few
things that you can do with most Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works
even without complying with the full terms of this agreement. See
paragraph 1.C below. There are a lot of things you can do with Project
Gutenberg-tm electronic works if you follow the terms of this
agreement and help preserve free future access to Project Gutenberg-tm
electronic works. See paragraph 1.E below.

1.C. The Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation ("the
Foundation" or PGLAF), owns a compilation copyright in the collection
of Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works. Nearly all the individual
works in the collection are in the public domain in the United
States. If an individual work is unprotected by copyright law in the
United States and you are located in the United States, we do not
claim a right to prevent you from copying, distributing, performing,
displaying or creating derivative works based on the work as long as
all references to Project Gutenberg are removed. Of course, we hope
that you will support the Project Gutenberg-tm mission of promoting
free access to electronic works by freely sharing Project Gutenberg-tm
works in compliance with the terms of this agreement for keeping the
Project Gutenberg-tm name associated with the work. You can easily
comply with the terms of this agreement by keeping this work in the
same format with its attached full Project Gutenberg-tm License when
you share it without charge with others.

1.D. The copyright laws of the place where you are located also govern
what you can do with this work. Copyright laws in most countries are
in a constant state of change. If you are outside the United States,
check the laws of your country in addition to the terms of this
agreement before downloading, copying, displaying, performing,
distributing or creating derivative works based on this work or any
other Project Gutenberg-tm work. The Foundation makes no
representations concerning the copyright status of any work in any
country outside the United States.

1.E. Unless you have removed all references to Project Gutenberg:

1.E.1. The following sentence, with active links to, or other
immediate access to, the full Project Gutenberg-tm License must appear
prominently whenever any copy of a Project Gutenberg-tm work (any work
on which the phrase "Project Gutenberg" appears, or with which the
phrase "Project Gutenberg" is associated) is accessed, displayed,
performed, viewed, copied or distributed:

  This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere in the United States and
  most other parts of the world at no cost and with almost no
  restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or re-use it
  under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included with this
  eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org. If you are not located in the
  United States, you'll have to check the laws of the country where you
  are located before using this ebook.

1.E.2. If an individual Project Gutenberg-tm electronic work is
derived from texts not protected by U.S. copyright law (does not
contain a notice indicating that it is posted with permission of the
copyright holder), the work can be copied and distributed to anyone in
the United States without paying any fees or charges. If you are
redistributing or providing access to a work with the phrase "Project
Gutenberg" associated with or appearing on the work, you must comply
either with the requirements of paragraphs 1.E.1 through 1.E.7 or
obtain permission for the use of the work and the Project Gutenberg-tm
trademark as set forth in paragraphs 1.E.8 or 1.E.9.

1.E.3. If an individual Project Gutenberg-tm electronic work is posted
with the permission of the copyright holder, your use and distribution
must comply with both paragraphs 1.E.1 through 1.E.7 and any
additional terms imposed by the copyright holder. Additional terms
will be linked to the Project Gutenberg-tm License for all works
posted with the permission of the copyright holder found at the
beginning of this work.

1.E.4. Do not unlink or detach or remove the full Project Gutenberg-tm
License terms from this work, or any files containing a part of this
work or any other work associated with Project Gutenberg-tm.

1.E.5. Do not copy, display, perform, distribute or redistribute this
electronic work, or any part of this electronic work, without
prominently displaying the sentence set forth in paragraph 1.E.1 with
active links or immediate access to the full terms of the Project
Gutenberg-tm License.

1.E.6. You may convert to and distribute this work in any binary,
compressed, marked up, nonproprietary or proprietary form, including
any word processing or hypertext form. However, if you provide access
to or distribute copies of a Project Gutenberg-tm work in a format
other than "Plain Vanilla ASCII" or other format used in the official
version posted on the official Project Gutenberg-tm web site
(www.gutenberg.org), you must, at no additional cost, fee or expense
to the user, provide a copy, a means of exporting a copy, or a means
of obtaining a copy upon request, of the work in its original "Plain
Vanilla ASCII" or other form. Any alternate format must include the
full Project Gutenberg-tm License as specified in paragraph 1.E.1.

1.E.7. Do not charge a fee for access to, viewing, displaying,
performing, copying or distributing any Project Gutenberg-tm works
unless you comply with paragraph 1.E.8 or 1.E.9.

1.E.8. You may charge a reasonable fee for copies of or providing
access to or distributing Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works
provided that

* You pay a royalty fee of 20% of the gross profits you derive from
  the use of Project Gutenberg-tm works calculated using the method
  you already use to calculate your applicable taxes. The fee is owed
  to the owner of the Project Gutenberg-tm trademark, but he has
  agreed to donate royalties under this paragraph to the Project
  Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation. Royalty payments must be paid
  within 60 days following each date on which you prepare (or are
  legally required to prepare) your periodic tax returns. Royalty
  payments should be clearly marked as such and sent to the Project
  Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation at the address specified in
  Section 4, "Information about donations to the Project Gutenberg
  Literary Archive Foundation."

* You provide a full refund of any money paid by a user who notifies
  you in writing (or by e-mail) within 30 days of receipt that s/he
  does not agree to the terms of the full Project Gutenberg-tm
  License. You must require such a user to return or destroy all
  copies of the works possessed in a physical medium and discontinue
  all use of and all access to other copies of Project Gutenberg-tm
  works.

* You provide, in accordance with paragraph 1.F.3, a full refund of
  any money paid for a work or a replacement copy, if a defect in the
  electronic work is discovered and reported to you within 90 days of
  receipt of the work.

* You comply with all other terms of this agreement for free
  distribution of Project Gutenberg-tm works.

1.E.9. If you wish to charge a fee or distribute a Project
Gutenberg-tm electronic work or group of works on different terms than
are set forth in this agreement, you must obtain permission in writing
from both the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation and The
Project Gutenberg Trademark LLC, the owner of the Project Gutenberg-tm
trademark. Contact the Foundation as set forth in Section 3 below.

1.F.

1.F.1. Project Gutenberg volunteers and employees expend considerable
effort to identify, do copyright research on, transcribe and proofread
works not protected by U.S. copyright law in creating the Project
Gutenberg-tm collection. Despite these efforts, Project Gutenberg-tm
electronic works, and the medium on which they may be stored, may
contain "Defects," such as, but not limited to, incomplete, inaccurate
or corrupt data, transcription errors, a copyright or other
intellectual property infringement, a defective or damaged disk or
other medium, a computer virus, or computer codes that damage or
cannot be read by your equipment.

1.F.2. LIMITED WARRANTY, DISCLAIMER OF DAMAGES - Except for the "Right
of Replacement or Refund" described in paragraph 1.F.3, the Project
Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation, the owner of the Project
Gutenberg-tm trademark, and any other party distributing a Project
Gutenberg-tm electronic work under this agreement, disclaim all
liability to you for damages, costs and expenses, including legal
fees. YOU AGREE THAT YOU HAVE NO REMEDIES FOR NEGLIGENCE, STRICT
LIABILITY, BREACH OF WARRANTY OR BREACH OF CONTRACT EXCEPT THOSE
PROVIDED IN PARAGRAPH 1.F.3. YOU AGREE THAT THE FOUNDATION, THE
TRADEMARK OWNER, AND ANY DISTRIBUTOR UNDER THIS AGREEMENT WILL NOT BE
LIABLE TO YOU FOR ACTUAL, DIRECT, INDIRECT, CONSEQUENTIAL, PUNITIVE OR
INCIDENTAL DAMAGES EVEN IF YOU GIVE NOTICE OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH
DAMAGE.

1.F.3. LIMITED RIGHT OF REPLACEMENT OR REFUND - If you discover a
defect in this electronic work within 90 days of receiving it, you can
receive a refund of the money (if any) you paid for it by sending a
written explanation to the person you received the work from. If you
received the work on a physical medium, you must return the medium
with your written explanation. The person or entity that provided you
with the defective work may elect to provide a replacement copy in
lieu of a refund. If you received the work electronically, the person
or entity providing it to you may choose to give you a second
opportunity to receive the work electronically in lieu of a refund. If
the second copy is also defective, you may demand a refund in writing
without further opportunities to fix the problem.

1.F.4. Except for the limited right of replacement or refund set forth
in paragraph 1.F.3, this work is provided to you 'AS-IS', WITH NO
OTHER WARRANTIES OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT
LIMITED TO WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY OR FITNESS FOR ANY PURPOSE.

1.F.5. Some states do not allow disclaimers of certain implied
warranties or the exclusion or limitation of certain types of
damages. If any disclaimer or limitation set forth in this agreement
violates the law of the state applicable to this agreement, the
agreement shall be interpreted to make the maximum disclaimer or
limitation permitted by the applicable state law. The invalidity or
unenforceability of any provision of this agreement shall not void the
remaining provisions.

1.F.6. INDEMNITY - You agree to indemnify and hold the Foundation, the
trademark owner, any agent or employee of the Foundation, anyone
providing copies of Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works in
accordance with this agreement, and any volunteers associated with the
production, promotion and distribution of Project Gutenberg-tm
electronic works, harmless from all liability, costs and expenses,
including legal fees, that arise directly or indirectly from any of
the following which you do or cause to occur: (a) distribution of this
or any Project Gutenberg-tm work, (b) alteration, modification, or
additions or deletions to any Project Gutenberg-tm work, and (c) any
Defect you cause.

Section 2. Information about the Mission of Project Gutenberg-tm

Project Gutenberg-tm is synonymous with the free distribution of
electronic works in formats readable by the widest variety of
computers including obsolete, old, middle-aged and new computers. It
exists because of the efforts of hundreds of volunteers and donations
from people in all walks of life.

Volunteers and financial support to provide volunteers with the
assistance they need are critical to reaching Project Gutenberg-tm's
goals and ensuring that the Project Gutenberg-tm collection will
remain freely available for generations to come. In 2001, the Project
Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation was created to provide a secure
and permanent future for Project Gutenberg-tm and future
generations. To learn more about the Project Gutenberg Literary
Archive Foundation and how your efforts and donations can help, see
Sections 3 and 4 and the Foundation information page at
www.gutenberg.org Section 3. Information about the Project Gutenberg
Literary Archive Foundation

The Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation is a non profit
501(c)(3) educational corporation organized under the laws of the
state of Mississippi and granted tax exempt status by the Internal
Revenue Service. The Foundation's EIN or federal tax identification
number is 64-6221541. Contributions to the Project Gutenberg Literary
Archive Foundation are tax deductible to the full extent permitted by
U.S. federal laws and your state's laws.

The Foundation's principal office is in Fairbanks, Alaska, with the
mailing address: PO Box 750175, Fairbanks, AK 99775, but its
volunteers and employees are scattered throughout numerous
locations. Its business office is located at 809 North 1500 West, Salt
Lake City, UT 84116, (801) 596-1887. Email contact links and up to
date contact information can be found at the Foundation's web site and
official page at www.gutenberg.org/contact

For additional contact information:

    Dr. Gregory B. Newby
    Chief Executive and Director
    gbnewby@pglaf.org

Section 4. Information about Donations to the Project Gutenberg
Literary Archive Foundation

Project Gutenberg-tm depends upon and cannot survive without wide
spread public support and donations to carry out its mission of
increasing the number of public domain and licensed works that can be
freely distributed in machine readable form accessible by the widest
array of equipment including outdated equipment. Many small donations
($1 to $5,000) are particularly important to maintaining tax exempt
status with the IRS.

The Foundation is committed to complying with the laws regulating
charities and charitable donations in all 50 states of the United
States. Compliance requirements are not uniform and it takes a
considerable effort, much paperwork and many fees to meet and keep up
with these requirements. We do not solicit donations in locations
where we have not received written confirmation of compliance. To SEND
DONATIONS or determine the status of compliance for any particular
state visit www.gutenberg.org/donate

While we cannot and do not solicit contributions from states where we
have not met the solicitation requirements, we know of no prohibition
against accepting unsolicited donations from donors in such states who
approach us with offers to donate.

International donations are gratefully accepted, but we cannot make
any statements concerning tax treatment of donations received from
outside the United States. U.S. laws alone swamp our small staff.

Please check the Project Gutenberg Web pages for current donation
methods and addresses. Donations are accepted in a number of other
ways including checks, online payments and credit card donations. To
donate, please visit: www.gutenberg.org/donate

Section 5. General Information About Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works.

Professor Michael S. Hart was the originator of the Project
Gutenberg-tm concept of a library of electronic works that could be
freely shared with anyone. For forty years, he produced and
distributed Project Gutenberg-tm eBooks with only a loose network of
volunteer support.

Project Gutenberg-tm eBooks are often created from several printed
editions, all of which are confirmed as not protected by copyright in
the U.S. unless a copyright notice is included. Thus, we do not
necessarily keep eBooks in compliance with any particular paper
edition.

Most people start at our Web site which has the main PG search
facility: www.gutenberg.org

This Web site includes information about Project Gutenberg-tm,
including how to make donations to the Project Gutenberg Literary
Archive Foundation, how to help produce our new eBooks, and how to
subscribe to our email newsletter to hear about new eBooks.