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Title: The Theory and Practice of Archery

Author: Horace Ford
        W. Butt

Release Date: December 17, 2012 [EBook #41643]

Language: English

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ARCHERY

PRINTED BY
SPOTTISWOODE AND CO., NEW-STREET SQUARE
LONDON
Your's truly,
Horace A. Ford

THE
THEORY AND PRACTICE
OF
ARCHERY

BY THE LATE
HORACE FORD
CHAMPION ARCHER OF ENGLAND FOR THE YEARS 1850 TO 1859 AND 1867
NEW EDITION
THOROUGHLY REVISED AND RE-WRITTEN
BY
W. BUTT, M.A.
FOR MANY YEARS HON. SECRETARY OF THE ROYAL TOXOPHILITE SOCIETY
LONDON
LONGMANS, GREEN, AND CO.
1887
All rights reserved

PREFACE.

No excuse need be offered to archers for presenting to them a new edition of the late Mr. Horace A. Ford's work on the Theory and Practice of Archery. It first appeared as a series of articles in the columns of the 'Field,' which were republished in book form in 1856; a second edition was published in 1859, which has been long out of print, and no book on the subject has since appeared. Except, therefore, for a few copies of this book, which from time to time may be obtained from the secondhand booksellers, no guide is obtainable by which the young archer can learn the principles of his art. On hearing that it was in contemplation to reprint the second edition of Mr. Ford's book, it seemed to me a pity that this should be done without revision, and without bringing it up to the level of the knowledge of the present day. I therefore purchased the copyright of the work from Mr. Ford's representatives, and succeeded in inducing Mr. Butt, who was for many years the secretary of the Royal Toxophilite Society, to undertake the revision.

A difficulty occurred at the outset as to the form in which this revision should be carried out. If it had been possible, there would have been advantages in printing Mr. Ford's text[vi] untouched, and in giving Mr. Butt's comments in the form of notes. This course would, however, have involved printing much matter that has become entirely obsolete, and, moreover, not only would the bulk of the book have been increased to a greater extent even than has actually been found necessary, but also Mr. Butt's portion of the work, which contains the information of the latest date, and is therefore of highest practical value to young archers, would have been relegated to a secondary and somewhat inconvenient position. Mr. Butt has therefore rewritten the book, and it would hardly perhaps be giving him too much credit to describe the present work as a Treatise on the Theory and Practice of Archery by him, based on the work of the late Horace A. Ford.

In writing his book, Mr. Ford committed to paper the principles by means of which he secured his unrivalled position as an archer. After displaying a clever trick, it is the practice of some conjurers to pretend to take the spectators into their confidence, and to show them 'how it is done.' In such cases the audience, as a rule, is not much the wiser; but a more satisfactory result has followed from Mr. Ford's instructions.

Mr. Ford was the founder of modern scientific archery. First by example, and then by precept, he changed what before was 'playing at bows and arrows' into a scientific pastime. He held the Champion's medal for eleven years in succession—from 1849 to 1859. He also won it again in 1867. After this time, although he was seen occasionally in the archery field, his powers began to wane. He died in the year 1880. His best scores, whether at public matches or in private practice, have never been surpassed. But, although no one has risen who can claim that on him has fallen the mantle of[vii] Mr. Ford, his work was not in vain. Thanks to the more scientific and rational principles laid down by this great archer, any active lad nowadays can, with a few months' practice, make scores which would have been thought fabulous when George III. was king.

The Annual Grand National Archery Meetings were started in the year 1844 at York, and at the second meeting, in 1845, held also at York, when the Double York Round was shot for the first time, Mr. Muir obtained the championship, with 135 hits, and a score of 537. Several years elapsed before the championship was won with a score of over 700. Nowadays, a man who cannot make 700 is seldom in the first ten, and, moreover, the general level both among ladies and gentlemen continues to rise. We have not yet, however, found any individual archer capable of beating in public the marvellous record of 245 hits and 1,251 score, made by Mr. Ford at Cheltenham in 1857.

One chief cause of the improvement Mr. Ford effected was due to his recognising the fallacy in the time-honoured saying that the archer should draw to the ear. When drawn to the ear, part of the arrow must necessarily lie outside the direct line of sight from the eye to the gold. Consequently, if the arrow points apparently to the gold, it must fly to the left of the target when loosed, and in order to hit the target, the archer who draws to the ear must aim at some point to the right. Mr. Ford laid down the principle that the arrow must be drawn directly beneath the aiming eye, and lie in its whole length in the same vertical plane as the line between the eye and the object aimed at.

It is true that in many representations of ancient archers the arrow is depicted as being drawn beyond the eye, and[viii] consequently outside the line of sight. No doubt for war purposes it was a matter of importance to shoot a long heavy arrow, and if an arrow of a standard yard long or anything like it was used, it would be necessary for a man to draw it beyond his eye, unless he had very long arms indeed. But in war, the force of the blow was of more importance than accuracy of aim, and Mr. Ford saw that in a pastime where accuracy of aim was the main object, this old rule no longer held good. This was only one of many improvements effected by Mr. Ford; but it is a fact that this discovery, which seems obvious enough now that it is stated, was the main cause of the marvellous improvement which has taken place in shooting.

The second chapter in Mr. Ford's book, entitled 'A Glance at the Career of the English Long-Bow,' has been omitted. It contained no original matter, being compiled chiefly from the well-known works of Roberts, Moseley, and Hansard. The scope of the present work is practical, not historical; and to deal with the history of the English long-bow in a satisfactory manner would require a bulky volume. An adequate history of the bow in all ages and in all countries has yet to be written.

In the chapters on the bow, the arrow, and the rest of the paraphernalia of archery, much that Mr. Ford wrote, partly as the result of the practice and experiments of himself and others, and partly as drawn from the works of previous writers on the subject, still holds good; but improvements have been effected since his time, and Mr. Butt has been able to add a great deal of useful information gathered from the long experience of himself and his contemporaries.

The chapters which deal with Ascham's well-known five points of archery—standing, nocking, drawing, holding, and[ix] loosing—contain the most valuable part of Mr. Ford's teaching, and Mr. Butt has endeavoured to develope further the principles laid down by Mr. Ford. The chapters on ancient and modern archery practice have been brought up to date, and Mr. Butt has given in full the best scores made by ladies or gentlemen at every public meeting which has been held since the establishment of the Grand National Archery Society down to 1886.

The chapter on Robin Hood has been omitted for the same reasons which determined the omission of the chapter on the career of the English long-bow, and the rules for the formation of archery societies, which are cumbrous and old-fashioned, have also been left out.

The portrait of Major C. H. Fisher, champion archer for the years 1871-2-3-4, is reproduced from a photograph taken by Mr. C. E. Nesham, the present holder of the champion's medal.

In conclusion, it is hoped that the publication of this book may help to increase the popularity of archery in this country. It is a pastime which can never die out. The love of the bow and arrow seems almost universally planted in the human heart. But its popularity fluctuates, and though it is now more popular than at some periods, it is by no means so universally practised as archers would desire. One of its greatest charms is that it is an exercise which is not confined to men. Ladies have attained a great and increasing amount of skill with the bow, and there is no doubt that it is more suited to the fairer sex than some of the more violent forms of athletics now popular. Archery has perhaps suffered to some extent from comparison with the rifle. The rifleman may claim for his weapon that its range is greater and that it shoots more accurately than the bow. The first position may be granted[x] freely, the second only with reserve. Given, a well-made weapon of Spanish or Italian yew, and arrows of the best modern make, and the accuracy of the bow is measured only by the skill of the shooter. If he can loose his arrow truly, it will hit the mark; more than that can be said of no weapon. That a rifleman will shoot more accurately at ranges well within the power of the bow than an archer of similar skill is certain; but the reason is that the bow is the more difficult, and perhaps to some minds on that account the more fascinating, weapon. The reason why it is more difficult is obvious, and in stating it we see one of the many charms of archery. The rifleman has but to aim straight and to hold steady, and he will hit the bull's-eye. But the archer has also to supply the motive force which propels his arrow. As he watches the graceful flight of a well-shot shaft, he can feel a pride in its swiftness and strength which a rifleman cannot share. And few pastimes can furnish a more beautiful sight than an arrow speeding swiftly and steadily from the bow, till with a rapturous thud it strikes the gold at a hundred yards.

C. J. LONGMAN.

[xi]

CONTENTS.

CHAPTER PAGE
I. OF THE ENGLISH LONG-BOW 1
II. HOW TO CHOOSE A BOW, AND HOW TO USE AND PRESERVE IT WHEN CHOSEN 17
III. OF THE ARROW 27
IV. OF THE STRING, BRACER, AND SHOOTING-GLOVE 44
V. OF THE GREASE-BOX, TASSEL, BELT, ETC. 67
VI. OF BRACING, OR STRINGING, AND NOCKING 78
VII. OF ASCHAM'S FIVE POINTS, POSITION STANDING, ETC. 83
VIII. DRAWING 94
IX. AIMING 107
X. OF HOLDING AND LOOSING 122
XI. OF DISTANCE SHOOTING, AND DIFFERENT ROUNDS 132
XII. ARCHERY SOCIETIES, 'RECORDS,' ETC. 140
XIII. THE PUBLIC ARCHERY MEETINGS AND THE DOUBLE YORK AND OTHER ROUNDS 148
XIV. CLUB SHOOTING AND PRIVATE PRACTICE 279

PLATES.

PORTRAIT OF MR. FORD Frontispiece
PORTRAIT OF MAJOR C. H. FISHER To face p. 122

ARCHERY

CHAPTER I.
OF THE ENGLISH LONG-BOW

Of the various implements of archery, the bow demands the first consideration. It has at one period or another formed one of the chief weapons of war and the chase in almost every nation, and is, indeed, at the present day in use for both these purposes in various parts of the world. It has differed as much in form as in material, having been made curved, angular, and straight; of wood, metal, horn, cane, whalebone, of wood and horn, or of wood and the entrails and sinews of animals and fish combined: sometimes of the rudest workmanship, sometimes finished with the highest perfection of art.

No work exists which aims at giving an exhaustive description of the various forms of bows which have been used by different nations in ancient and modern times, and such an undertaking would be far beyond the scope of the present work. The only form of the bow with which we are now concerned is the English long-bow, and especially with the English long-bow as now used for target-shooting as opposed to the more powerful weapon used by our forefathers for the purposes of war. The cross-bow never took a very strong hold on the English nation as compared with the long-bow,[2] and, as it has never been much employed for recreation, it need not be here described.

It is a matter of surprise and regret that so few genuine specimens of the old English long-bow should remain in existence at the present day. One in the possession of the late Mr. Peter Muir of Edinburgh is said to have been used in the battle of Flodden in 1513: it is of self-yew, a single stave, apparently of English growth, and very roughly made. Its strength has been supposed to be between 80 and 90 lbs.; but as it could not be tested without great risk of breaking it, its actual strength remains a matter of conjecture only. This bow was presented to Mr. P. Muir by Colonel J. Ferguson, who obtained it from a border house contiguous to Flodden Field, where it had remained for many generations, with the reputation of having been used at that battle.

There are likewise in the Tower two bows that were taken out of the 'Mary Rose,' a vessel sunk in the reign of Henry VIII. They are unfinished weapons, made out of single staves of magnificent yew, probably of foreign growth, quite round from end to end, tapered from the middle to each end, and without horns. It is difficult to estimate their strength, but it probably does not exceed from 65 to 70 lbs. Another weapon now in the Museum of the United Service Institution came from the same vessel. Probably the oldest specimen extant of the English long-bow is in the possession of Mr. C. J. Longman. It was dug out of the peat near Cambridge, and is unfortunately in very bad condition. It can never have been a very powerful weapon. Geologists say that it cannot be more recent than the twelfth or thirteenth century, and may be much more ancient. Indeed, from its appearance it is more probable that it is a relic of the weaker archery of the Saxons than that it is a weapon made after the Normans had introduced their more robust shooting into this country.

Before the discussion of the practical points connected with the bow is commenced, it must be borne in mind that these[3] pages profess to give the result of actual experience, and nothing that is advanced is mere theory or opinion unsupported by proof, but the result only of long, patient, and practical investigation and of constant and untiring experiment. Whenever, therefore, one kind of wood, or one shape of bow, or one mode or principle of shooting, &c., is spoken of as being better than another, or the best of all, it is asserted to be so simply because, after a full and fair trial of every other, the result of such investigation bore out that assertion. No doubt some of the points contended for were in Mr. Ford's time in opposition to the then prevailing opinions and practice, and were considered innovations. The value of theory, however, is just in proportion as it can be borne out by practical results; and in appealing to the success of his own practice as a proof of the correctness of the opinions and principles upon which it was based, he professed to be moved by no feeling of conceit or vanity, but wholly and solely by a desire to give as much force as possible to the recommendations put forth, and to obtain a fair and impartial trial of them.

The English bows now in use may be divided primarily into two classes—the self-bow and the backed bow; and, to save space and confusion, the attention must first be confined to the self-bow, reserving what has to be said respecting the backed bow. Much, however, that is said of the one applies equally to the other.

The self-bow of a single stave is the real old English weapon—the one with which the mighty deeds that rendered this country renowned in bygone times were performed; for until the decline and disappearance of archery in war, as a consequence of the superiority of firearms, and the consequent cessation of the importation of bow-staves, backed bows were unknown. Ascham, who wrote in the sixteenth century, when archery had already degenerated into little else than an amusement, mentions none other than self-bows; and it may therefore be concluded that such only existed in his day. Of the[4] woods for self-bows, yew beyond all question carries off the palm. Other woods have been, and still are, in use, such as lance, cocus, Washaba, rose, snake, laburnum, and others; but they may be summarily dismissed (with the exception of lance, of which more hereafter) with the remark that self-bows made of these woods are all so radically bad, heavy in hand, apt to jar, dull in cast, liable to chrysal, and otherwise prone to break, that no archer should use them so long as a self-yew or a good backed bow is within reach.

The only wood, then, for self-bows is yew, and the best yew is of foreign growth (Spanish or Italian), though occasionally staves of English wood are met with which almost rival those of foreign growth. This, however, is the exception; as a rule, the foreign wood is the best: it is straighter, and finer in grain, freer from pins, stiffer and denser in quality, and requires less bulk in proportion to the strength of the bow.

The great bane of yew is its liability to knots and pins, and rare indeed it is to find a six-feet stave without one or more of these undesirable companions. Where, however, a pin occurs, it may easily be rendered comparatively harmless by the simple plan of raising it—i.e. by leaving a little more wood than elsewhere round the pin in the belly and back of the bow. This strengthens the particular point, and diminishes the danger of a chrysal or splinter. A pin resembles a small piece of wire, is very hard and troublesome to the bowmaker's tools, runs right through the bow-stave from belly to back, and is very frequently the point at which a chrysal starts. This chrysal (also called by old writers a 'pinch') is a sort of disease which attacks the belly of a bow. At first it nearly resembles a scratch or crack in the varnish. Its direction is always diagonal to the line of the bow, and it gradually eats deeply into the bow and makes it appear as if it had been attacked with a chopper. If many small chrysals appear, much danger need not be feared, though their progress should be watched; but if one chrysal becomes deeply[5] rooted, the bow should be sent to the bowmaker for a new belly. A chrysal usually occurs in new bows, and mostly arises from the wood being imperfectly seasoned; but it occasionally will occur in a well-seasoned bow that has been lent to a friend who uses a longer draw and dwells longer on the point of aim, thus using the weapon beyond its wont. Another danger to the life of a bow arises from splinters in the back. These mostly occur in wet weather, when the damp, through failure of the varnish, has been able to get into the wood. Directly the rising of a splinter is observed, that part of the bow should be effectually glued and wrapped before it is again used. After this treatment the bow will be none the worse, except in appearance. Yew and hickory only should be used for the backs of bows. Canadian elm, which is occasionally used for backs, is particularly liable to splinter. It is obvious whenever a bow is broken the commencement of the fracture has been in a splinter or a chrysal, according as the first failure was in the back or the belly; therefore in the diagnosis of these disorders archers have to be thankful for small mercies. The grain of the wood should be as even and fine as possible, with the feathers running quite straight, and as nearly as possible consecutively from the handle to the horn in each limb, and without curls; also, care should be taken, in the manufacture of a bow, that the sap or back be of even depth, and not in some places reduced to the level of the belly. The feathering of a yew bow means the gradual disappearance of some of the grain as the substance of the bow is reduced between the handle and horn. A curl is caused by a sudden turn in the grain of the wood, so that this feathering is abruptly interrupted and reversed before it reappears. This is a great source of weakness in a bow, both in belly and back. There should be nothing of the nature of feathering in the back of a bow, and it is believed that the best back is that in which nothing but the bark has been removed from the stave. Any interruption of the grain of the back is a source[6] of weakness and a hotbed of splinters. A bow that follows the string should never be straightened, for the same reason that anything of the nature of a carriage-spring should on no account be reversed in application. The wood should be thoroughly well seasoned and of a good sound hard quality. The finest[7] and closest dark grain is undoubtedly the most beautiful and uncommon; but the open or less close-grained wood, and wood of paler complexion, are nearly, if not quite, as good for use.


Fig. 1.A GOOD BOW UNSTRUNG.

Fig. 2.A GOOD BOW WHEN STRUNG.

Fig. 3.A BADLY REFLEXED BOW THAT BENDS IN THE HAND.

Fig. 4.A GOOD SHAPE FOR A NEW BOW.

Fig. 5.A BOW THAT FOLLOWS STRING: STRUNG AND UNSTRUNG.

Fig. 6.A REFLEX BOW: STRUNG AND UNSTRUNG.

(Figs. 5 and 6 show the different distances which the limbs of well-shaped and of reflex bows have to go to their rest when unstrung.)


Fig. 7.

Doublefish   Singlefish

The self-yew bow may be a single-stave—that is to say,[8] made of a single piece of wood, or may be made of two pieces dovetailed or united in the handle by what is called a fish. In a single-stave bow the quality of the wood will not be quite the same in the two limbs, the wood of the lower growth being denser than that of the upper; whilst in the grafted bow, made of the same piece of wood, cut or split apart, and re-united in the handle, the two limbs will be exactly of the same nature. The joint, or fishing (fig. 7), should be double, not single. The difference, however, between these two sorts of self-yew bows is so slight as to be immaterial. In any unusually damp or variable climate single staves should be prepared; and in the grafted bows care should be taken in ascertaining that they be firmly put together in the middle. A single-stave bow has usually a somewhat shorter handle, as it becomes unnecessary to cover so much of the centre of the bow when the covering is not used as a cover to the joint, but for the purpose of holding the bow only.

In shape all bows should be full and inflexible in the centre, tapering gradually to each horn. They should never bend in the handle, as bows of this shape (i.e. a continuous curve from horn to horn) always jar most disagreeably in the hand. A perfectly graduated bend, from a stiff unbending centre of at least nine inches, towards each horn is the best. Some self-yew bows are naturally reflexed, others are straight, and some follow the string more or less. The slightly reflexed bows are perhaps more pleasing to the eye, as one cannot quite shake off the belief that the shape of Cupid's bow is agreeable. Bows which follow the string somewhat are perhaps the most pleasant to use.

The handle of the bow, which in size should be regulated to the grasp of each archer, should be in such a position that the upper part of it may be from an inch to an inch and a quarter above the true centre of the bow, or the point in the handle whereon the bow will balance. If this centre be lower down in the handle, as is usual in bows of Scotch manufacture,[9] the cast of the bow may be somewhat improved, but at the cost of a tendency to that unpleasant feeling of kicking and jarring in the hand. Again, if the true centre be higher, or, as is the case in the old unaltered Flemish bows, at the point where the arrow lies on the hand, the cast will be found to suffer disadvantageously. If the handle be properly grasped (inattention to which will endanger the bow's being pulled out of shape), the fulcrum, in drawing, will be about the true balancing centre, and the root of the thumb will be placed thereon. Considering a bow to consist of three members—a handle and two limbs—the upper limb, being somewhat longer, must of necessity bend a trifle more, and this it should do. The most usual covering for the handle is plush; but woollen binding-cloth, leather, and india-rubber are also in constant use.

The piece of mother-of-pearl, ivory, or other hard substance usually inserted in the handle of the bow, at the point where the arrow lies, is intended to prevent the wearing away of the bow by the friction of the arrow; but this precaution overreaches itself, as in the course of an unusually long life the most hard-working bow will scarcely lose as much by this friction as must, to start with, be cut away for this insertion.

The length of the bow, which is calculated from nock to nock—and this length will vary a little from the actual length, according as it may be said to hold itself upright or stoop, i.e. follow the string—should be regulated by its strength and the length of the arrow to be used with it. It may be taken as a safe rule that the stronger the bow the greater its length should be; and so also the longer the arrow the longer should be the bow. For those who use arrows of the usual length of from 27 to 28 inches, with bows of the strength of from 45 lbs. to 55 lbs., a useful and safe length will be not less than 5 ft. 10 in. If this length of arrow or weight of bow be increased or diminished, the length of bow may be proportionally[10] increased or diminished, taking as the two extremes 5 ft. 8 in. and 6 feet. No bow need be much outside either of these measurements. It may be admitted that a short bow will cast somewhat farther than a longer one of the same weight, but this extra cast can only be gained by a greater risk of breakage. As bows are usually weighed and marked by the bowmakers for a 28-inch arrow fully drawn up, a greater or less pull will take more or less out of them, and the archer's calculations must be made accordingly.

To increase or diminish the power of a bow, it is usual to shorten it in the former case, and to reduce the bulk in the latter; but to shorten a bow will probably shorten its life too, and mayhap spoil it, unless it be certain that it is superfluously long or sufficiently strong in the handle. On the other hand, to reduce a bow judiciously, if it need to be weaker, can do it no harm; but the reduction should not be carried quite up to the handle. It is a good plan to choose a bow by quality, regardless of strength, and have the best bow that can be procured reduced to the strength suitable. In all cases the horns should be well and truly set on, and the nocks should be of sufficient bulk to enclose safely the extremities of the limbs of the bow running up into them, and the edges of the nocks should be made most carefully smooth. If the edge of the nock be sharp and rough, the string must be frayed, and in consequence break sooner or later, and endanger the safety of the bow. The lower nock is not unfrequently put on or manufactured a trifle sideways as to its groove on the belly side. This is done with a view to compensate the irregularity of the loop: but this is a mistake, as it is quite unnecessary in the case of a loop, and must be liable to put the string out of position when there is a second eye to the string—and this second eye every archer who pays due regard to the preservation of his bows and strings should be most anxious to adopt as soon as possible.

From all that can be learned respecting the backed bow, it would appear that its use was not adopted in this country[11] until archery was in its last stage of decline as a weapon of war, when, the bow degenerating into an instrument of amusement, the laws relating to the importation of yew staves from foreign countries were evaded, and the supply consequently ceased. It was then that the bowyers hit upon the plan of uniting a tough to an elastic wood, and so managed to make a very efficient weapon out of very inferior materials. This cannot fairly be claimed as an invention of the English bowyers, but is an adaptation of the plan which had long been in use amongst the Turks, Persians, Tartars, Chinese, and many other nations, including Laplanders, whose bows were made of two pieces of wood united with isinglass. As far as regards the English backed bow (this child of necessity), the end of the sixteenth century is given as the period of its introduction, and the Kensals of Manchester are named as the first makers—bows of whose make may be still in existence and use—and these were generally made of yew backed with hickory or wych-elm. At the time of the revival of archery—at the close of the last century, and again fifty years ago—all backed bows were held in great contempt by any that could afford self-yews, and were always slightingly spoken of as 'tea-caddy' bows; meaning that they were made of materials fit for nothing but ornamental joinery, Tunbridge ware, &c.

The backed bows of the present day are made of two or more strips of the same or different woods securely glued, and compressed together as firmly as possible, in frames fitted with powerful screws, which frames are capable of being set to any shape. Various woods are used, most of which, though of different quality, make serviceable bows. For the backs we have the sap of yew, hickory, American, Canadian, or wych-elm, hornbeam, &c.; and for the bellies, yew, lance, fustic, snake, Washaba, and letter-wood, which is the straight grained part of snake, and some others. Of all these combinations Mr. Ford gave the strongest preference to bows of yew backed with yew. These he considered the only possible rivals of the self-yew.[12] Next in rank he classed bows of yew backed with hickory. Bows made of lance backed with hickory, when the woods used are well seasoned and of choice quality, are very steady and trustworthy, but not silky and pleasant in drawing like bows made of yew. One advantage of this combination of bow is that both these woods can be had of sufficient length to avoid the trouble in making and insecurity in use of the joint in the handle. Of bows into which more than two woods are introduced, the combination of yew for the belly, fustic or other good hard wood for the centre, and hickory for the back cannot well be improved upon, and such bows have been credited with excellent scores. There is also a three-wooded modification of the lance and hickory bow. In this a tapering strip of hard wood is introduced between the back and belly; this strip passes through the handle and disappears at about a foot from the horn in each limb. The lancewood bows are the cheapest, and next to these follow the lance-and-hickory bows, and then those of the description last mentioned. On this account beginners who do not wish to go to much expense whilst they are, as it were, testing their capacity for the successful prosecution of this sport, would do well to make a start with a bow of one or other of these descriptions. It will often be useful to lend to another beginner, or to a friend, to whom it might not be wise to lend a more valuable bow; or it may even be of use to the owner at a pinch. Bows have often been made of many more than three pieces; but nothing is gained by further complications, unless it be necessary in the way of repair.

Next in importance to the consideration of the material of which backed bows should be made comes the treatment of their shape. Judging from such specimens of backed bows, made by Waring and others, before the publication of Mr. H. A. Ford's articles on archery in the 'Field,' as have survived to the present day, and whose survival may be chiefly attributed to the fact that they were so utterly harsh and disagreeable in use[13] that it was but little use they ever got, the author was probably right in saying that they all bent in the handle more or less when drawn, and were too much reflexed. There is but little doubt that—as the joint in the handle, necessitating extra bulk and strength, could be dispensed with in these bows—the makers considered it an excellent opportunity to give their goods what (however erroneously) was then considered the best shape (when drawn), namely, the perfect arc; and this harmonious shape they obtained most successfully by making the bows comparatively weak in the handle and unnecessarily strong towards the horns; with the result that these 'tea-caddy bows' met the contemptuous fate they well deserved. Modern archers have to be thankful to Mr. Ford for the vast improvement in backed bows (even more than in the case of self-bows), which are now perfectly steady in hand, and taper gradually, and as much as is compatible with the safety of the limbs, and this in spite of their being still made somewhat more reflex when new than appears necessary in the manufacture of self-yew bows. Yet Mr. Ford was perfectly right to condemn all reflexity that does not result in a bow becoming either straight or somewhat to follow the string after it has been in use sufficiently long for its necessary training to its owner's style. The first quality of a bow is steadiness. Now this quality is put in peril either by a want of exact balance between the two limbs—when the recoil of one limb is quicker than that of the other—or by undue reflexity. These causes of unsteadiness occur in self-bows as well as in backed bows, and are felt in the shape of a jar or kick in the hand when loosed. This unsteadiness from want of balance in the limbs may be cured by a visit of the bow to the maker for such fresh tillering (as it is called) as will correct the fault of one or other limb. If the unsteadiness arise from excessive reflexity, which cannot be reduced by use, a further tapering of the limbs must be adopted. No bow of any sort that cannot be completely cured of kicking should be kept, as no[14] steady shooting can be expected from such a bow. A bow that is much reflexed will be more liable to chrysals and splinters, as the belly has to be more compressed and the back more strained than in a bow of proper shape; also, such a bow is much more destructive to strings, as a greater strain is put upon the strings by the recoil of the limbs than is the case with a bow that follows the string or bends inwards naturally. It is the uneven or excessive strain upon the string after the discharge of the arrow that causes the kicking of the bow.

When the question arises, 'Which is the best sort of bow?' it is found that the solution has only been rendered more complicated since 1859 by the great improvement in the manufacture of various sorts of backed bows: as the following remarks, then applied to the comparison between the self-yew and the yew-backed yew only, must now be extended to all the best specimens of backed bows of different sorts. The advocates of the self-yew affirm that good specimens of their pet weapon are the sweetest in use, the steadiest in hand, the most certain in cast, and the most beautiful to the eye; and in all these points, with the exception of certainty of cast, they are borne out by the fact. This being the state of the case, how is it, then, that a doubt can still remain as to which it is most profitable for an archer to use? Here are three out of four points (two of which are most important) in which it is admitted that the self-yew is superior; and yet, after much practical and experimental testing of all sorts, it must be left to the taste and judgment of each man to decide for himself. The fact undoubtedly is, that the self-yew is the most perfect weapon. But it is equally an undoubted fact that it requires more delicate handling; since, its cast lying very much in the last three or four inches of its pull, any variation in this respect, or difference in quickness or otherwise of loose, varies the elevation of the arrow to a much greater extent than the same variation of pull or loose in the others, whose cast is more uniform throughout. Now, were a man[15] perfect in his physical powers, or always in first-rate shooting condition, there would be no doubt as to which bow he should use, as he would in this case be able to attain to the difficult nicety required in the management of the self-yew; but as this constant perfection never can be maintained, the superior merits of this bow are partially counteracted by the extreme difficulty of doing justice to them; and the degree of harshness of pull and unsteadiness in hand of the others being but trifling, the greater certainty with which they accomplish the elevation counterbalances, upon average results, their inferiority in other respects. Another advantage the self-yew possesses is, that it is not so liable to injury from damp as are the backed bows; but then the latter are much less costly, and, with common care, need cause no fear of harm from damp, as an inch of lapping at either end covering the junction with the horns will preserve them from this danger. As regards chrysals, and breakage from other causes than damp, bows of all sorts of wood are about equally liable to failure. The main results of the comparison, then, resolve themselves into these two prominent features: namely, that the self-yew bow, from its steadiness, sweetness, and absence of vibration, ensures the straightness of the shot better than backed bows; whilst the latter, owing to the regularity of their cast not being confined quite to a hair's breadth of pull, carry off the palm for greater certainty in the elevation of the shot.

It is almost unnecessary to say that there are bad bows of all sorts, many being made of materials that are fit for nothing but firewood; and yet the bowmakers seem to be almost justified in making up such materials by the fact that occasionally the most ungainly bow will prove itself almost invaluable in use, while a perfect beauty in appearance may turn out a useless slug.

Though it may be no easy matter to decide which particular sort of bow an individual archer should adopt, yet, when that individual has once ascertained the description of[16] bow that appears to suit him best, he will be wise to confine his attention to that same sort in his future acquisition of bows. An archer who shoots much will find his bowmaker's account a serious annual matter if he keep none but the best self-yew bows; and therefore any who find it necessary to count the cost of this sport should do their best to adapt themselves to the cheaper though not much inferior backed bows. This also may be further said of the difference between self-yews and backed bows—namely, that there appears to be a sort of individuality attached to each self-yew bow, apart from the peculiarities of its class, which makes it difficult (not regarding the cost) to remedy the loss of a favourite self-yew bow. It is very much easier to replace any specimen of the other sorts of bows, as there is much less variation of character in each class.

The 'carriage bow' is made to divide into two pieces by means of a metal socket in the handle, after the fashion of the joint of a fishing-rod. The object of this make of bow is to render it more convenient as a travelling-companion; but, as the result is a bow heavy in hand and unpleasant in use, the remedy appears to be worse than the disease.

It is often asserted that the best bows should be made of steel, as superior in elasticity to wood; but this is not borne out by the results of experiment. The late Hon. R. Hely-Hutchinson, a member of the R. Tox. Soc., took a great deal of pains to have long-bows manufactured of steel both in England and in Belgium. The best of these, weighing about 50 lbs. for the 28-inch draw, with the aim and elevation which with a good wooden bow would carry an arrow 100 yards, scarcely carried its shaft as far as 60 yards, so deadly slow appeared the recoil; and besides this, the actual weight in the hand of the implement was so considerable that it would be a most serious addition to the toil of the day, on account of its being so frequently held out at arm's length, to say nothing of its having to be carried about all day.


[17]

CHAPTER II.
HOW TO CHOOSE A BOW, AND HOW TO USE AND PRESERVE IT WHEN CHOSEN

The next point to be considered is the strength of the bow to be chosen; and respecting this, in the first place, the bow must be completely under the shooter's command—within it, but not much below it. One of the greatest mistakes young archers (and many old ones too) commit is that they will use bows that are too strong for them. In fact, there are but few to whom, at one or other period of their archery career, this remark has not applied. The desire to be considered strong appears to be the moving agent to this curious hallucination; as if a man did not rather expose his weakness by straining at a bow evidently beyond his strength, thereby calling attention to that weakness, than by using a lighter one with grace and ease, which always give the idea of force, vigour, and power. Another incentive to the use of strong bows is the passion for sending down the arrows sharp and low, and the consequent employment of powerful bows to accomplish this; the which is perhaps a greater mistake than the other, for it is not so much the strength of the bow as the perfect command of it that enables the archer to obtain this desideratum. The question is not so much what a man can pull as what he can loose; and he will without doubt obtain a lower flight of arrow by a lighter power of bow under his command, than he will by a stronger one beyond his proper management. This mania for strong bows has destroyed many a promising archer, in an archery sense of the term. Not only did one of[18] the best shots of his day, a winner of the second and first prizes at successive Grand National Meetings, dwindle beneath mediocrity in accuracy through this infatuation, but another brought himself to death's door by a dangerous illness of about a year's duration, by injury to his physical powers, brought on by the same failing, only carried to a much greater excess. And, after all, the thing so desired is not always thus attained.

Let the reader attend any Grand National Archery Meeting, and let him observe some fifty or so picked shots of the country arranged at the targets, and contending with all their might for the prizes of honour and skill. Whose arrows fly down the sharpest, steadiest, and keenest? Are they those of the archers who use the strongest bows? Not at all. Behold that archer from an Eastern county just stepping so unpretendingly forward to deliver his shafts. See! with what grace and ease the whole thing is done!—no straining, no contortions there! Mark the flight of his arrows—how keen, and low, and to the mark they fly! None fly sharper, few so sharp. And what is the strength of that beautiful self-yew bow which he holds in his hand? Scarce 50 lbs.! And yet the pace of his shaft is unsurpassed by any; and it is close upon five shillings in weight too. There is another. Mark his strength and muscular power! Possibly a bow of 80 lbs. would be within his pull; yet he knows better than to use any such, when the prizes are awarded to skill, not brute force. The bow he employs is but 48 lbs.; yet how steady and true is the flight of his arrow! And so on all through the meeting: it will be found that it is not the strongest bows, but those that are under the perfect command of their owners, that do their work the best.

Inasmuch, then, as the proper flight of an arrow from any bow depends almost entirely upon the way in which it is loosed, the strength of the bow must not be regulated by the mere muscular powers of the individual archer; for he may be able[19] to draw even a 29-inch arrow to the head in a very powerful bow without being able during a match to loose steadily a bow of more than 50 lbs. Not the power of drawing, but of loosing steadily, must therefore be the guide here. The bow must be within this loosing power, but also well up to it; for it is almost as bad to be under- as over-bowed. The evils attendant upon being over-bowed are various: the left (bow) arm, wrist, and elbow, the fingers of the right (loosing) hand and its wrist, are strained and rendered unsteady; the pull becomes uncertain and wavering, and is never twice alike; the whole system is overworked and wearied; and, besides this, the mind is depressed by ill-success; the entire result is disappointment and failure. On the other hand, care must be taken not to fall into the opposite extreme of being under-bowed, as in this case the loose becomes difficult, and generally unsteady and unequal. The weight of the bows now in general use varies from 45 lbs. to 54 lbs., stronger ones forming the exception; and the lowest of these weights is ample for the distances now usually shot. Each archer must therefore find out how much he can draw with ease and loose with steadiness throughout a day's shooting, and choose accordingly. If a beginner, 50 lbs. is probably the outside weight with which he should commence; a few pounds less, in most cases, would even be better for the starting-point. As lately as twenty years ago bows were very carelessly marked in the indication of their strength, many bows being marked as much as 10 lbs. above their actual measure; but in the present day all the bowmakers incline towards the custom of marking a new bow to weigh rather less, perhaps by 3 lbs., than its actual weight. The reason of this is that in the opinion of the marker the bow will arrive at the strength marked in the course of use. It is indeed a very rare case when a new bow does not with use get somewhat weaker.

Besides keeping the bows for his own use mostly of the same description, every archer should also keep them of just[20] about the same weight; and if he shoot much he should possess at the fewest three, as much alike as possible, and use them alternately. This will prove an economy in the end, as each will have time to recover its elasticity, and will thus last a much longer time. It is an agreeable feature in bows that they have considerable facility in recovery from the effects of hard work. This fact may be easily tested by weighing a bow on a steelyard before and after shooting a single York round with it, when a difference of one pound or more will be found in the strength of it, more particularly if the day be hot; but with a few days' rest this lost power will be regained by the bow.

In the choice of a bow a beginner should secure the assistance of an experienced friend, or content himself with an unambitious investment in a cheap specimen of backed-bow or a self-lance, on which he may safely expend his inexperience. When an archer is sufficiently advanced to know the sort and weight of bow that best suits him, let him go to the maker he prefers, and name the price he can afford to give—the prices of trustworthy self-yews vary from twenty to five guineas, of yew-backed yews from five to three guineas, and of other backed bows from three guineas to thirty shillings; whilst self-lance bows may be procured for as little as twelve shillings—and he will soon find what choice there is for him. If there appears one likely to suit, let him first examine the bow to see that there be no knots, curls, pins, splinters, chrysals, or other objectionable flaws; then let him string it, and, placing the lower end on the ground in such a position that the whole of the string shall be under his eye and uppermost, let him notice whether the bow be perfectly straight. If it be so, the bow, so balanced between the ground at the lower and a finger at the upper end, will appear symmetrically divided by the string into two parts. Should there appear to be more on one side of the string than on the other in either limb, the bow is not straight, and should be rejected. A bow is said to have a cast[21] when it is tilted in its back out of the perpendicular to the plane passing through the string and the longitudinal centre of the bow. Any bow that has this fault should also be rejected. This fault, if it should happen to exist, will be easily detected by reversing the position of the bow just previously described, i.e. by holding the bow as before, but with the back upwards. The next step is to watch the bow as it is drawn up, so as to be able to judge whether it bend evenly in both its limbs and show no sign of weakness in any particular point. The upper limb, as before stated, being the longest, should appear to bend a trifle the most, so that the whole may be symmetrical, when considered as bending from the real centre. It may next be tested, to ascertain whether it be a kicker; thus the string must be drawn up six inches or so and then loosed (of course without an arrow). If the bow have the fault of kicking ever so little, experience will easily detect it by the jolt in the hand. But on no account in this experiment should the string (without an arrow) be fully drawn and loosed. Care should be taken that the bow be sufficiently long for its strength. What has hitherto been said applies to all bows; but in self-bows attention must be paid to the straightness of the feathering of the wood. As a general rule, the lightest wood in a yew-bow will have the quickest cast, and the heaviest will make the most lasting implement. Between two bows of the same strength and length, the one being slight and the other bulky, there will be about the same difference as between a thoroughbred and a cart-horse. Therefore the preference should be given to bows that are light and slight for their strength. Light-coloured and dark yew make equally good bows, though most prefer the dark colour for choice. Fine and more open grain in yew are also equally good, but the finer is more scarce. If there be no bow suitable—i.e. none of the right weight—let the choice fall upon the best bow of greater power, and let it be reduced. Failing this, the purchaser may select an unfinished stave[22] and have it made to his own pattern; but it is not easy to foretell how a stave will make up.

There remains one point about a bow, hitherto unnoticed, and this is its section, as to shape. This may vary, being broad and flat across its back, or the contrary—deep and pointed in the belly. Here again extremes should be avoided—the bow should in shape be neither too flat nor too deep. If it be an inch or so across the back just above the handle, it should also have about the same measurement through from back to belly. This much being granted, it is further declared that the back should be almost as flat and angular as possible, showing that it has been reduced as little as may be after the removal of the bark; but the belly should be rounded; and as the back should not be reduced in its depth towards the horns, and should not get too narrow across, it will follow that the chief reduction, to arrive at the proper curvature when the bow is drawn, must be in the belly, and therefore towards the horn. A well-shaped bow will in measurement become somewhat shallower from back to belly than it is across the back as it advances towards the horns.

Bows are broken from several causes: by means of neglected chrysals in the belly, or splinters in the back; by a jerking, uneven, or crooked style of drawing; by dwelling over-long on the point of aim after the arrow is fully drawn; by the breaking of the string; by damp, and oftentimes by carelessness; and even by thoughtlessness. Bows, moreover, may be broken on the steelyard in the weighing of them. A few years ago, when the Americans first took up archery very keenly, one of their novices wrote to a prominent English archer saying that he had broken nearly seventy bows in a couple of years, and asking the reason. He was told that he must either keep his bows in a damp place or the bows must be very bad ones, or else (to which view the writer inclined) he must be in the habit of stringing them the reverse way with the belly outwards. This would certainly have a fatal effect, but it is true[23] that the Americans bought a number of very bad bows about that time from inferior makers in England. Whenever chrysals appear they must be carefully watched, and, as has already been said, if they become serious, a new belly must be added. This will not be a serious disfigurement, even to a self-yew bow. A splinter should be glued and lapped at once, but no one nowadays seems to care to have the covering patch painted as formerly, to represent as nearly as possible the colours of the different parts of the bow. Care should be taken not to stab the belly of the bow with the point of the arrow when nocking it; and the dents in the back of the bow made with the arrow as it is carelessly pulled out of the target should be avoided. A glove-button will often injure the back of the bow whilst it is being strung. As other ornaments—buttons, buckles, &c.—may also inflict disfigurements, it is better to avoid their presence as far as possible. Breakages from a bad style of drawing, or from dwelling too long on the aim, can only be avoided by adopting a better and more rational method. In order to avoid fracture through the breaking of strings, any string that shows signs of failure from too much wear or otherwise should be discarded; and strings that are too stiff, too hard, and too thin should be avoided. If a string break when the arrow is fully or almost drawn, there is but little hope for the bow; but if it break in the recoil after the arrow is shot, which fortunately is more frequently the case, the bow will seldom suffer. Yet if after the bow is strung the archer should observe that the string is no longer trustworthy, and decide to discard it, he should on no account cut it whilst the bow is braced, as the result of so doing will be an almost certain fracture. If the string be looped at both ends and the loop at either end be made too large, so that it slip off the nock in stringing, the bow may break, so that an archer who makes his own loops at the lower end of the string must be careful not to make them too loose. Breakage from damp is little to be feared in self-bows, except in localities where it[24] is exceptionally moist, or, after long neglect, when damp has taken possession of the joint in the handle. In these cases single staves only are safe. Amongst backed bows there is much mortality from this cause. Commonly, it will be the lower limb that will fail, as that is most exposed to damp, arising either from the ground whilst shooting, or from the floor when put away. If the bow has been used in damp weather it should be carefully dried and rubbed with waxed flannel or cloth. A waterproof case, an 'Ascham' raised an inch or so above the floor in a dry room, and the bow hung up, not resting on its lower horn, are the best-known precautions. Half an inch of lapping, glued and varnished, above and below the joint of the horn is also a safe precaution against damp; also an occasional narrow lap in the course of the limb will assist to 'fast bind, fast find.' As regards the danger of carelessness, bows have been broken through attempts to string them the wrong way, or by using them upside down; and thoughtlessness will lead the inexperienced to attempt to bring a bow that follows the string upright, to its infinite peril. In such cases the verdict of 'Serve him right' should be brought against the offender if he be the owner. In weighing a bow on the steelyard care must be taken to see that the peg indicating the length to be drawn be at the right point; otherwise a lady's bow, for instance, may be destroyed in the mistaken attempt to pull it up twenty-eight inches, or three inches too much.

It has already been stated that a belly much injured by chrysals may be replaced by a new belly; any incurable failure of the back may also be cured by its renewal. A weak bow or limb may also be strengthened by these means. Also, if either limb be broken or irretrievably damaged, and the remaining one be sound, and worth the expense, another limb may be successfully grafted on to the old one. If possible, let this be an old limb also, as the combination of new and old wood is not always satisfactory; the former (though well seasoned,[25] being unseasoned by use), being more yielding, is apt after a little use to lose its relative strength, and so spoil the proper balance of the bow. This grafting of one broken limb upon another may be carried to the length of grafting together two limbs of different sorts. Mr. P. Muir, who was as good a bowyer as he was an accurate shot, had a favourite bow, that did him good service in 1865 at Clifton, when he took the third place at the Grand National Archery Meeting. This bow in one limb was yew-backed yew, and in the other lance backed with hickory. A bow that is weak in the centre, and not sufficiently strong to allow of the ends being further reduced, may be brought to the required shape, and strengthened by the addition of a short belly.

With regard to unstringing the bow during the shooting, say, of a York Round of 144 arrows, at the three distances, a good bow will not need it, if the shooting be moderately quick, excepting at the end of each of the distances. If there happen to be many shooters, or very slow ones, it may be unstrung after every three or four double ends; and of course it should be unstrung whenever an interruption of the shooting may occur from rain, or any other cause; but it certainly appears unnecessary to unstring the bow after each three shots, as this is an equally uncalled-for strain upon the muscles of the archer and relief to the grain of the wood. In a discussion on this subject, however, between Mr. James Spedding and Mr. P. Muir, the latter maintained that to be unstrung at each end was as agreeable to the bow as to rest on a camp-stool was to the archer. Some archers contend that it is better to have the bow strung some few minutes before the commencement of the shooting.

All that has been said respecting men's bows, with the exception of strength and length, applies equally to those used by ladies. The usual strength of these latter varies from 24 lbs. to 30 lbs. In length they should not be less than five feet. The usual length of a lady's arrow being twenty-five inches,[26] whilst that of a gentleman is twenty-eight inches, it appears that, when fully drawn, a lady's bow must be bent more in proportion to its length than that of a gentleman. The proportion between the bows being as 5 to 6, whilst that of the arrows is as 6-1/4 to 7; yet ladies' bows appear to be quite capable of bearing this extra strain safely.

As bows of three pieces are seldom to be met with manufactured for the use of ladies, their choice of weapons is limited to self-yews, yew-backed yews, yew backed with hickory, and lance backed with hickory; also self-lance bows for beginners, &c. Ladies' bows of snake and other hard woods are still to be met with; but they are so vastly inferior to those above-mentioned that it is scarcely necessary to refer to them.

It is too common a practice amongst archers to throw the consequences of their own faults upon the bowmakers, accusing the weapon of being the cause of their failures, instead of blaming their own carelessness or want of skill. But, before this can be justly done, let each be quite certain that he has chosen his bow with care, and kept it with care; if otherwise, any accidents occurring are, ten to one, more likely to be the result of his own fault than that of the bowmaker.


[27]

CHAPTER III.
OF THE ARROW

The arrow is perhaps the most important of all the implements of the archer, and requires the greatest nicety of make and excellence of materials; for, though he may get on without absolute failure with an inferior bow or other tackle, unless the arrow be of the best Robin Hood himself would have aimed in vain. Two things are essential to a good arrow, namely, perfect straightness, and a stiffness or rigidity sufficient to stand in the bow, i.e. to receive the force of the bow as delivered by the string without flirting or gadding; for a weak or supple is even worse than a crooked arrow—and it need hardly be said how little conducive to shooting straight is the latter. The straightness of the arrow is easily tested by the following simple process. Place the extremities of the nails of the thumb and middle finger of the left hand so as just to touch each other, and with the thumb and same finger of the right hand spin the arrow upon the nails at about the arrow's balancing-point; if it revolve truly and steadily, keeping in close and smooth contact with the nails, it is straight; but if it jump in the very least the contrary is the case. In order to test its strength or stiffness the arrow must be held by the nock, with its pile placed on some solid substance. The hand at liberty should now be pressed downwards on the middle of the arrow. A very little experience as to whether the arrow offer efficient resistance to this pressure will suffice to satisfy the archer about its stiffness. An arrow that is weaker on one side than on the other should also be rejected.

[28] Arrows are either selfs or footed; the former being made of a single piece of wood (these are now seldom in use, except for children), and the latter have a piece of different and harder wood joined on to them at the pile end. 'A shaft,' says old Roger Ascham,' hath three principal parts—the stele, the feather, and the head.' The stele, or wooden body of the arrow, used to be, and still is occasionally, made of different sorts of wood; but for target use, and indeed for any other description of modern shooting, all may be now discarded save one—red deal, which when clean, straight of grain, and well seasoned, whether for selfs or footed shafts, is incomparably superior to all others. For the footing any hard wood will do; and if this be solid for one inch below the pile it will be amply sufficient. Lance and Washaba are perhaps the best woods for this purpose; the latter is the toughest, but the former Mr. Ford preferred, as he thought the darkness of the Washaba had a tendency to attract the eye. The darker woods, however, are now mostly in use. This footing has three recommendations: the first, that it enables the arrow to fly more steadily and get through the wind better; the second, that, being of a substance harder than deal, it is not so easily worn by the friction it unavoidably meets with on entering the target or the ground; and the third, that this same hardness saves the point from being broken off should it happen to strike against any hard substance—such, for instance, as a stone in the ground or the iron leg of a target-stand. Before the shooting is commenced, and after it is finished, the arrows should be rubbed with a piece of oiled flannel. This will prevent the paint of the target from adhering to them. If in spite of this precaution any paint should adhere to them, sandpaper should on no account be used to clean them: this is most objectionable, as it will wear away the wood of the footing. Turpentine should be applied, or the blunt back of a knife.

Before entering upon the subject of the best shape for the[29] 'stele' of the arrow for practical use, it is necessary to say a few words upon a point where the theory and practice of archery apparently clash.

If the arrow be placed on the bowstring as if for shooting, the bow drawn, and an aim taken at an object, and if the bow be then slowly relaxed, the arrow being held until it returns to the position of rest—i.e. if the passage of the arrow over the bow be slow and gradual—it will be found, if the bow be held quite firmly during this action, that the arrow does not finally point to the object aimed at, but in a direction deviating considerably to the left of it—in fact, that its direction has been constantly deviating more and more from the point of aim at each point during its return to the position of rest. This is, of course, due to the half-breadth of the bow, the nock of the arrow being carried on the string, in a plane passing through the string and the axis of the bow's length; and this deviation will be greater if the arrow be chested (i.e. slighter at the pile than at the nock), and less if it be bobtailed (i.e. slighter at the nock than at the pile) than if the arrow be cylindrical throughout. If the same arrow, when drawn to the head, be loosed at the object aimed at—i.e. if the passage of the arrow over the bow be impulsive and instantaneous—it will go straight to the object aimed at, the shooting being in all respects perfect.

How, then, is the difference of the final direction of the arrow in the two cases to be explained?

It must be observed that the nock of the arrow being constrained to move, as it does move in the last case, causes a pressure of the arrow upon the bow (owing to its slanting position on the bow, and its simultaneous rapidity of passage), and therefore a reacting pressure of the bow upon the arrow. This makes the bow have quite a different effect upon the deviation from what it had in the first case, when the arrow moved slowly and gradually upon the bow (being held by the nock), the obstacle presented by the half-breadth of the bow[30] then causing a deviation wholly to the left. The pressure now considered, however, has a tendency to cause deviation to the left only during the first part of the arrow's passage upon the bow, whilst during the second part it causes a deviation to the right; or, more correctly speaking, the pressure of the bow upon the arrow has a tendency to cause a deviation to the left so long as the centre of gravity of the arrow is within the bow, and vice versâ. So that, if this were the only force acting upon the arrow, its centre of gravity (this is, of course, the point upon which the arrow, balanced horizontally, will poise) should lie midway in that part of the arrow which is in contact with the bow during the bow's recoil. There is another force which contributes towards this acting and reacting pressure between the arrow and the bow at the loose if the nocking-place of the string be properly fitted to the arrow, but not otherwise. As the fingers are disengaged from the string they communicate a tendency to spin to the string, and this spin immediately applies the arrow to the bow if it should happen to be off the bow through side-wind or that troublesome failing of beginners and others of a crooked pinch between the fingers upon the nock of the arrow. It will be observed that if the nocking-place be too small to fill the nock of the arrow this tendency to spin in the string will not affect the replacement of the arrow; but if the nocking-place be a good fit to the nock, the former must be a trifle flattened, and so communicate the spin of the string to the arrow in the shape of a blow upon the bow. It is not pretended that no arrow will fly straight unless the nocking-place fit the arrow. If the string be home in the nock the shot will still be correctly delivered, because the very close and violent pressure of the string on the nock will arrest the spin and so apply the arrow; but if the string be not home in the nock at the delivery of the loose, there is great danger that the nock will be broken, either from the nocking-place being too small, or from the other fault of its being too big. It is this spin given to the string as the[31] arrow is loosed that necessitates the delivery of the arrow from the other side of the bow when the thumb-loose of the Oriental archer is employed, because this loose communicates the same spin, but reversed, to the string.

The struggle of these forces is clearly indicated by the appearance of the arrow where it comes in contact with the bow when it leaves the string. It is here that the arrow always shows most wear. It is also shown by the deep groove that gets worn by the arrow in a bow that has seen much service.

The nature of the dynamical action may be thus briefly explained. The first impulse given to the arrow, being instantaneous and very great (sufficient, as has been seen, to break the arrow if the string be not home in the nock) in proportion to any other forces which act upon it, impresses a very high initial velocity in the direction of the aim, and this direction the arrow recovers notwithstanding the slight deviations caused by the mutual action between the arrow and bow before explained—these in fact, as has been shown, counteracting each other.


Fig. 8.BOBTAILED ARROW.

A, section of bow. B, string in nock. C, arrow nocked but not drawn. D, arrow drawn 27 inches.


Fig. 9.CHESTED ARROW.

Fig. 10.STRAIGHT CYLINDRICAL ARROW.

The recoil of the bow, besides the motion in the direction of aim, impresses a rotary motion upon the arrow about its centre of gravity. This tendency to rotate, however, about an axis through its centre of gravity is counteracted by the feathers. For, suppose the arrow to be shot off with a slight rotary motion about a vertical axis, in a short time its point will deviate to the left of the plane of projection, and the centre of gravity will be the only point which continues in that plane. The feathers of the arrow will now be turned to the right of the same plane, and, through the velocity of the arrow, will cause a considerable resistance of the air against them. This resistance will twist the arrow until its point comes to the right of the plane of projection, when it will begin to turn the arrow the contrary way. Thus, through the agency of the feathers, the deviation of the point of the arrow from[32] the plane of projection is confined within very narrow limits. Any rotation of the arrow about a horizontal axis will be counteracted in the same way by the action of the feathers. Both these tendencies may be distinctly observed in the actual[33] initial motion of the arrow. In the discussion of these rotations of the arrow about vertical and horizontal axes the bow is supposed to be held in a vertical position.

If the foregoing reasoning be carefully considered, it will be seen how prejudicial to the correct flight of the arrow in the direction of the aim any variation in the shape of that part of it which is in contact with the bow must necessarily be; for by this means an additional force is introduced into the elements of its flight. Take for example the chested arrow, which is smallest at the point and largest at the feathers: here there is during its whole passage over the bow a constant and increasing deviation to the left of the direction of aim, caused by the arrow's shape, independent of, and in addition to, a deviation in the like direction caused by the retention of the nock upon the string. Thus this description of arrow has greater difficulty in recovering its initial direction, the forces opposed to its doing so being so much increased. Accordingly, in practice, the chested arrow has always a tendency to fly to the left. These chested arrows are mostly flight-arrows, made very light, for long-distance shooting, and they are made of this shape to prevent their being too weak-waisted to bear steadily the recoil of very strong bows.

As regards the bobtailed arrow, which is largest at the point and smallest at the feathers, the converse is true to the extent that this description of arrow will deviate towards the left less than either the straight or chested arrow; moreover, any considerable bobtailedness would render an arrow so weak-waisted that it would be useless.

There is another arrow, known as the barrelled arrow, which is largest in the middle, and tapers thence towards each end. The quickest flight may be obtained with this sort of arrow, as to it may be applied a lighter pile without bringing on either the fault of a chested arrow or the weak-waistedness of a bobtailed arrow.

[34] If the tapering be of equal amount at each end of the arrow, the pressure will act and react in precisely the same manner as in the case of the cylindrical arrow, with the result that this arrow will fly straight in the direction in which it is aimed. The cylindrical and the barrelled shapes are therefore recommended as the best for target-shooting. And as the barrelled is necessarily stronger in the waist and less likely to flirt, even if a light arrow be used with a strong bow, this shape is perhaps better than the cylindrical.


bobtail chested barrelled straight

Fig. 11. a, different balancing points of thin arrows.

The feathering of the arrow is about the most delicate part of the fletcher's craft, and it requires the utmost care and experience to effect it thoroughly well. It seems difficult now to realise why the feathering of the arrow came to have grown to the size in use during Mr. Ford's time, when the feather occupied the whole distance between the archer's fingers and[35] the place on the bow where the arrow lies when it is nocked previous to shooting—i.e. the length of the feather was upwards of five inches. Mr. H. Elliott was the first archer who, about fifteen years ago, reduced the dimensions of the feathers of his arrows by cutting off the three inches of each feather furthest from the nock. He found this reduction enabled the arrow to fly further. Others soon followed his example, and in the course of about twelve months all the arrow-makers had supplied their customers with arrows of the new pattern, which, however, cannot be called a new pattern, as Oriental arrows, and many flight-arrows, were much less heavily feathered. The long feathering is now scarcely ever seen, except occasionally when it is erroneously used to diminish the difficulty of shooting at sixty yards. Mr. Ford recommended rather full-sized feathers 'as giving a steadiness to the flight.' With the reduced feathers arrows fly as steadily, and certainly more keenly towards the mark. A fair amount of rib should be left on the feather, for if the rib be pared too fine the lasting quality of the feather will be diminished. The three feathers of an arrow should be from the same wing, right or left; and as none but a raw beginner will find any difficulty in nocking his arrow the right way—i.e. with what is known as the cock feather upwards, or at right angles to the line of the nock—without having this cock feather of a different colour, it is advisable to have the three feathers all alike. Perhaps the brown feathers of the peacock's wing are the best of all, but the black turkey-feathers are also highly satisfactory. The white turkey-feathers are also equally good, but had better be avoided, as they too readily get soiled, and are not to be easily distinguished from white goose-feathers. These last, as well as those of the grey goose, though highly thought of by our forefathers, are now in no repute, and it is probable that our ancestors, if they had had the same plentiful supply of peafowls and turkeys as ourselves, would have had less respect for the wings of geese. The reason why the three feathers[36] must be from the same wing is that every feather is outwardly convex and inwardly concave. When the feathers are correctly applied, all three alike, this their peculiarity of form rifles the arrow or causes it to rotate on its own axis. This may be tested by shooting an arrow through a pane of glass, when it will be found that the scraping against the arrow of the sharp edges of the fracture passes along the arrow spirally. Some years ago a very unnecessary patent was taken out for rifling an arrow by putting on the feathers spirally, over-doing what was already sufficient. As regards the position of the feather, it should be brought as near as possible to the nock. Some consider an inch in length of feather quite sufficient. It is certain that any length between two inches and one inch will do; so each individual may please himself and suit the length of the feathering to the length and weight of his arrows. The two shapes in use are the triangular and the parabolic or balloon-shaped. Of these both are good—the former having the advantage of carrying the steerage further back, whilst the latter is a trifle stiffer.


Fig. 12.   Fig. 13.

[37] The feathers are preserved from damp by a coat of oil paint laid on between them and for one-eighth of an inch above and below them. This should afterwards be varnished, and the rib of the feather should be carefully covered, but care must be taken to avoid injuring the suppleness of the feather with the varnish. Feathers laid down or ruffled by wet may be restored by spinning the arrow before a warm fire carefully.


Fig. 14.

The pile, or point, is an important part of the arrow. Of the different shapes that have been used, the best for target-shooting—now almost the only survivor—is the square-shouldered parallel pile. Its greatest advantage is, that if the arrow be overdrawn so that the pile be brought on to the bow, the aim will not be injured, as must be the case with all conical piles so drawn. (Very light flight-arrows, for which the piles provided for ladies are considered too heavy, must still be furnished with the conical piles used for children's arrows.) This parallel pile is mostly made in two pieces—a pointed cone for its point, which is soldered on to the cylindrical part, which itself is made of a flat piece of metal soldered into this form. This same-shaped pile has occasionally been made turned out of solid metal; but this pile is liable to be so heavy as to be unsuitable for any but the heaviest arrows, and the fletchers aver that it is difficult to fix it on firmly owing to the grease used in its manufacture. Great care should be taken, in the manufacture of arrows, that the footing exactly fits the pile,[38] so as to fill entirely the inside of it; unless the footing of the arrow reach the bottom of the pile, the pile will either crumple up or be driven down the stele when the pile comes in contact with a hard substance. It is, of course, fixed on with glue; and to prevent its coming off from damp, a blow, or the adhesiveness of stiff clay, it is well to indent it on each side with a sharp hard-pointed punch fitted for the purpose with a groove, in which the arrow is placed whilst the necessary pressure is applied. This instrument may be procured of Hill & Son, cutlers, 4 Haymarket.

The nock should be strong, and very carefully finished, so that no injury may be done by the string or to the string. Of course the nock must be of the same size in section as the stele of the arrow; and this furnishes an additional argument against the bobtailed arrow, which is smallest at this end. The notch or groove in which the string acts should be about one-eighth of an inch wide and about three-sixteenths of an inch deep. The bottom of this notch will be much improved by the application of a round file of the right gauge, i.e. quite a trifle more than the eighth of an inch in diameter; but great care must be taken to apply this uniformly, and the nock must not be unduly weakened. This application will enable the archer to put thicker, and therefore safer, lapping to the nocking-place of the string, and the danger of the string being loose in the nock will be lessened. It is possible that this additional grooving of the nock may to a very trifling extent impede the escape of the arrow from the string. Mr. Ford recommended the application of a copper rivet through the nock near to the bottom of the notch to provide against the danger of splitting the nock. But it is so doubtful whether any rivet fine enough for safe application would be strong enough to guard against this danger, that the better plan will be to avoid the different sorts of carelessness that lead towards this accident.

As regards the length of the arrow no arbitrary rule can[39] be laid down. The arrow most generally in use is twenty-eight inches in length from the point of the pile to the bottom of the groove of the nock. This arrow may be easily drawn up by any man of average height—the twenty-seven inches, or the clothyard length of the old English archer, leaving the inch of pile undrawn. A taller man may venture to draw the pile. An arrow of twenty-nine inches may be adopted by those who have very long arms or are unusually tall. Those who are short of stature or short in limb may adopt the shorter arrow of twenty-seven inches. Shorter arrows than this will be found to fly unsteadily, and the longer arrows, if thoroughly drawn up, are very trying to the bows. The shorter arrows of twenty-seven inches in length have been in much more frequent use since about 1862, when the late T. L. Coulson adopted them, and advocated that it was better to draw up a shorter arrow than to leave a longer one undrawn. The fault of drawing not far enough is so much more frequent than that of overdrawing, that archers are strongly recommended to avoid shortening their arrow unadvisedly, and rather to draw the longer ones as far as they reasonably can. The fault of overdrawing is so dangerous to the archer, his tackle, and others, that, though an unfrequent fault, a caution against it must not be omitted. Whatever be the length of the arrow, it should always be drawn up to exactly the same point.

The weight of the arrow must to a certain extent be regulated by its length and by the strength of the bow with which it is to be used; for if an arrow be a long one it must have bulk sufficient to ensure its stiffness, and stiffness also in proportion to the strength of the bow. 4s. for the lowest, and 5s. 6d. for the highest weight, are the two extremes within which every length of arrow and strength of bow may be properly fitted, so far as gentlemen are concerned. For ladies, 2s. 6d. and 3s. 6d. should be about the limits. It should be borne in mind that light arrows, unless dictated by physical weakness, are a mistake in target-shooting. For flight-shooting[40] very light-chested arrows may be procured stiff enough for any strength of bow; but in this style of shooting distance to be covered is of more importance than accuracy of aim. It would be much better if the arrow-makers, instead of selling their arrows in sets, progressing by three silver pennyweights, would sell them also weighed to the intermediate pennyweights. As the matter stands now, supposing the archer's favourite weight to be 4s. 9d., he may have at one time a set weighing rather less than 4s. 8d., and at another time rather more than 4s. 10d. As all the intermediate weights of arrows are manufactured, there can be no sufficient reason why the lighter set should not be marked and sold as 4s. 8d., and the heavier as 4s. 10d. A careful archer should attend also to the balance of his arrows. By this is meant that the same centre of gravity should pervade the whole set. Longer or shorter, lighter or heavier footing will vary this balancing-point, as also any variation in the weight of the piles.

As the variation of elevation, or distance to be shot, should not be managed by a change of weight in arrows, it is decidedly advisable to keep arrows all of the same weight, &c. Indeed it is a great mistake to change any part of the tackle, bow or arrow, during the shooting, except in unavoidable cases. The scoring will seldom be bettered by such means.

Formerly only two arrows were shot at each end, and three were carried, and called an 'archer's pair,' including the spare one. Now it is the almost universal custom to shoot three arrows at each end. Some spare ones should, of course, be at hand in case of accidents. It must be remembered that if the slightest variation in shape or weight occurs amongst those in use, the line or elevation is sure to be affected, to the serious detriment of accurate hitting; therefore too much care cannot be taken in their choice.

Whether it be for store or for daily use, the arrow should be kept in a quiver or case made on such a plan that each shall have its separate cell, and they should be kept upright[41] when possible, and so be insured from warping, or from having their feathers crushed. It is too much the custom to squeeze a quantity of arrows into a small quiver. Let not any archer who values his tackle be guilty of this folly. An arrow that has had one of its feathers crumpled from this cause will, maybe, wobble and stagger all the rest of its life, though in all other respects it be in perfect repair. Arrows will be found to wear out quite speedily enough without being subjected to ill-usage or neglect to hurry them through their short lives.

It appears to be well authenticated that if a light-chested flight-arrow be feathered at each end, with the feathers trimmed lower at the nock than at the pile end, when shot against the wind it will return back again like a boomerang. And if the same-shaped arrow be feathered in the middle only, it will in its flight make a right angle, and no power of bow can send it any considerable distance.

Mr. R. Hely-Hutchinson, already mentioned as having made experiments in modern times with steel bows, had another peculiarity. On the back of his bow he had a flat piece of hard wood or metal fixed at right angles to the length of his bow. An upright piece of the same material was fitted into a groove in this, whose outside distance was about an inch from the place where the arrow usually touches the bow above the handle. He used always to shoot with his arrow resting, not on the bow, or on his hand, but in the outside angle between this projection and the upright piece of it. He aimed as other archers do, and has been seen to make excellent hitting at the distance of one hundred yards, even when far advanced in years. In this case the axis of the arrow, or the line of aim, was distant from the plane through the string and the axis of the bow an inch in addition to the usual half-width of the arrow and half-width of the bow. Yet the arrow appeared to fly quite steadily and truly. It is not known why he adopted this peculiarity, and it is unnecessary[42] to inquire; but it will serve as a useful peg whereon to hang a further consideration of the difficulties an arrow has to contend with in getting straight to the point of aim, and its determined resolution to overcome these difficulties. In addition to the forces already discussed as acting upon the arrow, there is also the force of gravity, the resistance of the air, and the interference of the wind; but these forces affect in the same way all arrows, however shot. The same may be said of all the other forces implicated, until there is an artificially increased impediment interposed in addition to the natural one of the half-bow and half-arrow. Now, supposing the distance of the nock from the centre of the bow be such when the arrow is drawn that a perpendicular let fall from the centre of the bow to the line of aim will mark off twenty-seven inches of draw, the resolution of the force acting in the line from the nock to the centre of the bow will be correctly represented by twenty-seven in the direction of the point of aim and three-eighths at right angles to that direction; or the relation between the straight part of the whole force and its remainder will be as 216 to 5.

But when Mr. Hutchinson's peculiar method of shooting is compared with this natural way, it will appear that the relation between these same resolved forces will be as 216 to 13; showing that the obstruction in this latter case has been considerably more than doubled—the keenness of flight will be diminished, and increased friction will be shown between the arrow and its resting-place at the instant of the loose.

Besides the spin given to the string at the loose, there is also a push, at right angles to the direction delivered, by the more or less unavoidable obstruction of the fingers as they liberate the string; but this push, occurring before the liberation of the string, is the final difficulty of the aim and loose.

Immediately the string is loosed the arrow has, as it were, the nocking-place between its teeth in the nock, and contributes to the direction of its course to the point of rest; and it is[43] highly probable that the path of the nocking-place from the loose to rest is not confined to the plane of the string and axis of the bow.

Greater or diminished friction between the bow and arrow would be another way of representing greater or less obstruction to the aim of the arrow. As the arrow deepens the groove made by its passage over the bow the obstruction will be diminished, but the surface exposed to this friction will be increased.

If a bow could be so constructed that an arrow could be shot through it just above the handle, the opening must be large enough to admit free passage for the feathering as well, and the opening must be contrived so that the 'stele,' true to the point of aim throughout its passage through the bow, shall never swerve from the right side of the opening.


[44]

CHAPTER IV.
OF THE STRING, BRACER, AND SHOOTING-GLOVE

The best bowstrings are all of Belgian make, and cannot be considered of such good quality as they used to be twenty-five years ago. Then the best bowstrings were obtained from a maker at Liège, by name Meeles, the last of his race, who, with his wife, kept most jealously the secret of the manufacture, which had been transmitted through many generations in the one family, and they died childless without communicating it to anyone. Their residence was kept with the windows on the street side constantly barred up, so as to make sure that they could not be overlooked, and they depended entirely for the air and light necessary for their labour on the private garden at the back of the house.

In the choice of a string see that it has three, not two, strands; and care must be taken to avoid those that are too hard and stiff, as they are liable to be brittle and to break very soon. The next thing to be attended to is that the string is smooth and round throughout, and sufficiently increased in bulk at the ends where are the eye and loop. It cannot be doubted that a quicker cast may be obtained from a thin string than from a very thick one; but it will be better to choose strings strong enough in proportion to the strength of the bows to ensure their (i.e. the bows') safety rather than to pay too much regard to this quickness of cast. When the string is chosen its eye must be fitted into the groove of the lower horn of the bow. In order to make the loop at the other end the string must now be applied to the back of the unbent bow,[45] and the first rounded turn of the loop must be made at about three inches from the groove of the upper horn, or two and a half inches in the case of a lady's bow. At about the distance of one inch and a quarter beyond—and one inch in the case of a lady's string—the crown of this rounded turn the string must be sharply bent back, and this sharp bend applied round the string on the other side of the rounded turn. Slip the sharp turn a little further down the string towards the eye, and twist the remaining reversed end of the string three times round the looped part of the string, beginning inwards. The sharp turn must then be pushed back into the first bent position. The eye must now be passed over the upper horn, and passed far enough down the bow to allow the loop to be passed over the lower horn and into its groove, and the loop should be so applied into this groove that the waste end of string shall lie between the sharp turn and the horn (see fig. 16). If the waste end of the string be then knotted firmly, and the remainder cut off, the loop will be finished, and, if successfully managed, will never shift or stretch when it has once reached its bearings. The virtue in this loop is that it is quite fast and tight when in use, and yet it can be very readily slipped off and opened for readjustment on the same bow, or for application to another bow of different length. By far the neatest finish to a bowstring is the addition of a second eye instead of the loop, and this is now very readily done by the bowmakers for their customers at a small additional charge; but every handy archer should learn how to make this second eye for himself. The following method is recommended. When the loop has been correctly adjusted, so that the string, when the bow is braced, is at a suitable distance from the bow (i.e. six inches or so for a man's bow, or five and a half inches for a lady's bow) mark with ink the crown of the rounded turn before mentioned (i.e. the point of the string, not of the waste twisted round the string in the loop nearest to the upper horn). Now unbrace the bow and take off the string. Undo the loop and straighten[46] out the string (see fig. 15). At the distance of one inch and a quarter (one inch is sufficient for a lady's string) from the ink-mark, and on each side of it, tie tight round the string a small piece of fine waxed thread; cut off the waste end of the string at the knot made in finishing the loop. Keep the part of the string between the two ties well wound up during the whole of the succeeding stages of the manufacture of this[47] part into an eye so as to correct the necessary unwindings. Unwind up to C, fig. 17, completely separate, and straighten out the three strands (1), (2), (3), fig. 17, of the remaining portion of the waste end of the string up to its tie at C. Pass a small marlinespike or stiletto between each of the three strands of the string, just beyond the other tie at B, and as close to it as possible. Flatten out the three unwound strands of the waste end fingerwise (fig. 17). Bend (keeping it wound up) the part of the string between the two ties B and C, so as to bring these two ties exactly together, with the separated strands (1), (2), (3) lying across the string at right angles to its worm (see fig. 18). Now insert the middle strand (1), fig. 19 (taking care to cross the worm of the string), with the help of the marlinespike under that strand of the string across which it lay in fig. 18.


Fig. 15.   Fig. 16.   Fig. 17.

Fig. 18.

Fig. 19.   Fig. 20.

Give the commenced eye a quarter turn to the left (see fig. 20), so that it is seen edgewise, tie C being now out of sight.

Strand (2) now lies across the strand of the string under[48] which strand (1) has just been passed, and the next strand of the string. Insert it (2) under this latter strand, and give the eye another quarter turn, showing strand (2) inserted (see fig. 21).


Fig. 21.

Strand (3) as shown in fig. 21 must now be bent to the left across the central upright strand of the string, and passed under that strand and brought out and back towards the right again (see fig. 22).


Fig. 22.

The loop will now be an eye, as soon as the two ties B and C have been brought close together again, and the three strands, loosened by constant manipulation, have been carefully waxed and wound up again.

From this point there are two methods of proceeding: the one, which will complete the eye so as to resemble the manufactured eye, by winding each waste strand round and round its own corresponding strand; and for this method the waste strands should now be tapered before they are wound in. By the other method each waste strand in turn should be[49] passed over the next strand and under the next but one. The waste strands will again occupy alternate positions between the other strands. Wind up and wax the waste strands again carefully. Enough has now been done to secure the safety of the eye-splice; but it will be best to splice in once again each of the waste strands; then bind tightly over the waste for about half an inch down the string, and cut off the remaining waste strands.

In order to taper the waste strands, divide each into two equal parts, lengthwise, after the position shown in fig. 22 has been completed, and with a blunt knife fine down each of the two parts gradually till each tapers to nothing at the length of about two and a half inches from the string; now work in as much wax as possible, flattening each of the divided portions in so doing; readjust the divided portions, and wind them carefully together again. The waste ends may then be wound round and round the appropriate strands until they disappear; or the first method of splicing may be continued till they fade off and disappear, so that the finishing[50] process of binding and cutting off the waste ends may be dispensed with. Don't bind the eye with string, leather, or any other material. If the string was originally sufficiently thicker at this part, its final failure is very unlikely to occur at either of the eyes, and there is a general belief that any unnecessary clothing of the eye interferes with the cast of the string. If the waste strands, untapered, be spliced in and in very frequently, the string will be somewhat shortened. A string that is too short—i.e. too far from the bow when braced—cannot be lengthened without altering the loop or remaking the eye, but a string that is slightly too long—i.e. not giving sufficient distance between the string and bow when braced—can be shortened by spinning it up tighter; but care must be taken not to attempt this operation with a hard-cemented, new string, as it will almost certainly prove fatal to the string, which will snap in two at the loose; and no string should be much spun up.

The next thing to be considered is the necessary clothing of[51] the string, called its lapping. Without doubt the best lapping of all is a thin strip of whalebone, of the width of about one-eighth of an inch. This may be fastened on to the string at about two inches and a half from its (the string's) centre (this is calculated for the case of a bow whose centre or fulcrum is one inch below the top of the handle: if the centre be at the top of the handle, as in old Flemish bows, the lapping need not be so long, and if the centre be lower down than one inch, as in the Scotch make of bows, the lapping must be still longer) with very fine string, waxed thread, or silk, so that the whalebone lapping may be wrapped closely round the string in the reversed direction to the grain or worm of the string.

Let an arrow be now applied, resting on the top of the bow hand as if the hand holds the handle of the bow in shooting, and exactly at right angles to the braced string. This exact right angle must be carefully attended to, because, if the upper angle be an acute angle between the arrow and string, cast or force will be lost in the force of the cast being resolved, as shown previously in the case of an increased impediment, acting as an obstruction to the right line of force: the arrow will beat itself wastefully on the top of the hand in overcoming the unnecessary impediment; and, if this upper angle be an obtuse angle, the difference between the lower and upper portions of the string will be increased, to the manifest injury of the pre-arranged balance of the limbs of the bow. Mark carefully on the lapping the exact position of the centre of the nock of the arrow, and overlap with two or three strands of waxed filoselle very tightly for about one-third of an inch, with the mark under its centre. This is the nocking-place. The whalebone lapping must be carried down to the length of five inches in order to save the string from being frayed against the sleeve, armguard, &c.; and it will be found that this length of lapping will be sufficient for another nocking-place if the string, already provided with two eyes, be turned[52] over. The occasional use of the second nocking-place will be found to lengthen the life of the string by changing the position of the wear and tear. A narrow strip of vellum used frequently to be used for lapping, and was applied in the same way as the whalebone. Long strips of the smooth hard covering of the rib of the peacock's tail-feathers were also in high favour as lapping at one time, but were found to be too frail. The lapping usually applied to the strings, as bought in the shops, is three strands, bound on together, of waxed twine, about the substance used for chemists' parcels, and the three strands are applied together, not so much in order to finish the lapping more quickly, as to safeguard the bow from breaking should the string snap. The dangerous recoil is then caught up by the triple strength of lapping twine well secured upon the string. This, of course, is supposing that the string has broken at or near the nocking-place. It is probable that every possible sort of twine has been at different times tried for lapping—from the softest floss silk to the most wiry fishing-guts, which actually help to cut the string when in use.


Fig. 23.

After all, the best lapping is that which will give a good loose, and at the same time will be lasting and be easily and quickly repaired should it fail during the shooting. Now all the lappings already mentioned are liable to get loose in use, and it takes time to refasten them. The following somewhat tedious process, the result of more than twenty years of experience, is recommended. Take a naked string with two eyes, and make a pencil-mark on it for the exact central position of each of the two nocking-places. Wax the string well. Wrap two strands nine inches long of waxed (yellow) filoselle tightly upon the string at[53] each nocking-place for the third of an inch, with the pencil-mark under the centre of this third. Fasten off so that the waste ends shall come out close to these centres. Do not cut off the waste ends. Now take three strands of waxed filoselle of another colour (red), and in length from one yard to four feet. Wrap this tightly round the string, commencing from one and a quarter inch above the one nocking-place, and ending at the same distance below the other. Apply this wrapping the contrary way to the worm of the string, and let the waste ends of the previous wrapping (it does not signify which way this is applied) pass out between the wraps as they occur. Now take other three strands of (green) waxed filoselle, of the same length, and wrap them tightly on over all the last wrapping of red; but this time wrap the same way as the worm of the string. Again let the first ends of the yellow wrapping pass out. The principal wrapping is now complete, and the waste ends of (yellow) filoselle are ready in place to complete the necessary thickening for the nocking-places. This lapping is very firm and lasting. It cannot get loose in use, and it is in every part capable of almost instantaneous repair, and the archer has no need to carry about him any other materials than a few pieces of filoselle, some wax, and a knife.

The most convenient position for lapping a string is assumed by passing the left leg through between the braced bow and its string and sitting down with the string uppermost and the bow stave under the thigh. This description of the operation of lapping will be incomplete without instructions for fastening off, for the benefit of beginners.


Fig. 24.

In the commencement of lapping the end is passed under, and the wrapping is tightly bound over it five or six times, till it is considered sufficiently secure. To finish off, the same operation is reversed, thus: arrest the lapping by passing the filoselle, or whatever the material in use may be, over the thumb of the left hand, interposed between the lapping-material[54] and the string. Wrap the lapping material upon the string the reverse way to that in which it has been previously wrapped about five or six times (see fig. 22). Keep the material a b tight-drawn with the left thumb whilst this is being done. Now draw the end c (fig. 24) close to the string, and along its length, so that it may lie close between part a and the string. Now take the piece a b from off the left thumb, and draw the part a up to the lapping already applied. Bind part a on to the string. This binding will unwind the part b. Continue this till all b is unwound from the string and wound on again. Now hold tight the remainder unwound of a b with the left hand. Draw it through under the lapping with the right hand; but the surplus portion of a b to be drawn through must be kept tight to the last by the insertion of the left little finger to prevent kinking and cockling, which would spoil the finish. With the same object in view, keep the waste part a b as short as possible. Filoselle, being a loosely wound material, easily passes through this finish, but the kinking of some of the other tight-wound materials renders this finish troublesome if it have to be drawn under many wraps.

The Bracer or Armguard.

The object of the armguard or bracer is to protect the left arm and wrist from the blow of the string in the event of this striking upon it when loosed. The expression 'in the event of' is especially meant to imply that in most cases no need exists for the string's striking the arm at all; but if the bow be low-strung—or follow the string, as it is called—it is impossible to avoid an occasional smart blow in the neighbourhood of the[55] left wrist, and this must be guarded against. For this purpose a short armguard, covering the wrist and that half of the forearm, will be all-sufficient. As regards the blow of the string upon this limited sort of armguard, it may be observed that it cannot injuriously affect the flight of the arrow, as it occurs most probably after the arrow has left the string. This protection for the wrist should extend up the arm, but very little beyond the point where the bowstring would touch the arm when the properly-braced bow is extended at arm's length. For this armguard a piece of thin leather, laced closely at the back of the forearm, answers very well. Should this be too thin to save the arm from the blow of the string, let a piece of stiff card be slipped between the sleeve and the wrist. The sleeve about the wrist should be made to fit as closely as possible, and all other materials—cuffs, shirt-sleeves, &c.—discarded, or rolled up above the elbow. Care must also be taken to avoid all wrinkles and folds in the sleeve between the guard and the elbow. This can be best managed by having the sleeve no atom too long, and drawing it as far down the hand as possible whilst the guard is being fixed. It is unfortunate that the seam along the inside of almost every sleeve occurs just where it helps to manufacture folds and projections ready to act as impediments to the passage of the string. Some archers use stout elastic webbing, and others wrap round the wrist strong braid, &c. The main object of all these guards is to avoid the blow of the string until the string shall have advanced so far in its course to rest as to be unable to interfere with the direction of a properly aimed arrow. Some archers, shooting with the bow in the left hand, aim with the left (not with the right) eye, and this peculiarity makes it rather more difficult to avoid hitting the forearm at some point between the elbow and the short guard. With others, when the left arm, holding the bow, is extended straight out, and stiffened at the elbow, it will be found to bend inwards—knock-kneed, as it were. In such cases it would probably be better to widen[56] the handle of the bow, so as to remove the inner outline of the arm farther from the plane in which the string acts, than to increase the certainty of an aim-disturbing blow by adding the thickness of an armguard to the already existing impediment; or—but this is only mentioned as an alternative, not recommended for general adoption—the arm may be slightly bent outwards at the elbow. Some try to avoid this unnecessary hitting of the arm by keeping their bows very high-strung; but this should be avoided, as it is very trying to both the bow and the string, and it is generally believed that by keeping a bow high-strung some of its cast is lost.

The old-fashioned bracer, of which there are still many modern representatives—although Mr. Ford, in his book, successfully demolished the 'armguard-hitting theory,' which was upheld by most previous writers on the subject—was, and is, certainly admirably calculated to be hit as much as possible, being often made of very thick leather, and lined and padded as well. If something of this sort, failing other expedients to avoid hurting the arm, must be used, let it be as thin and close-fitting as possible, and in particular close-fitting for the four inches or so next to the wrist, where the reckless old armguards used to project as much as half an inch, ready to welcome the blow of the string several inches sooner than need be. And, to avoid the worst blow of all—that delivered upon the top of the armguard where it is shaped to the bend of the elbow—let the upper strap be carried round above the elbow so that it draws the front of the guard tight as the arm is straightened. In spite of all that has been said above, it cannot be denied that, such is the persistent determination of arrows well aimed and well loosed to reach the target, they will certainly very often succeed, notwithstanding frequent interruptions from an armguard in addition to the natural difficulties. Too much care cannot be taken to see that when fastened no edge or corner of the armguard protrudes that can by possibility obstruct the free passage of the string. In[57] spite of good old Ascham's statement that 'the string, gliding quickly and sharply off it' [the bracer], 'may make a sharper shoot' (he also advised that the bow be high-strung, so that this hitting may be avoided), the guard should be made of moderately soft and yielding but perfectly smooth leather, and not of any hard material. The silver armguard, which may be fitting enough as a trophy for the Field Captain of the Royal Toxophilite Society, would be about as much out of place during the shooting of the York Round as the ancient Scorton arrow would be amongst the shafts in use during one of the annual Yorkshire meetings.

The Shooting-Glove, and other Protections for the Fingers.

The old-fashioned archer's glove—still in use in Scotland, and perhaps occasionally elsewhere—resembles a boxing-glove, being made of thick buckskin, and calculated to protect the hand from some of the accidents of war. It was provided with a pocket for extra strings, wax, and other necessaries on its back; and no doubt owned a companion glove for the bow hand, also calculated to protect it from injury. This glove has pieces of hard leather sewn on to the ends of the fingers as a further protection against the string; and leather straps, passing round the roots of the fingers and along the back of the hand, are tied tightly round the wrist to prevent the finger-guards from being dragged forward out of place at the loose.


Fig. 25.

The protection for the fingers, which is probably best known to beginners and old-fashioned archers, consists of three conical tips or thimbles of leather, each sewn up at the back of the finger, and attached—also at the back—to long strips of leather, connected at the back of the hand so as to form one piece, which is fixed upon a strap which passes round the wrist and is fastened securely by a buckle (fig. 25). There is nothing to be said against this description of shooting-glove if a thimble can be got to fit each of the fingers[58] accurately; but, as it can seldom happen that in a ready-made article a perfect fit can be found, this form of finger-guard has become unfashionable, and has gone out of favour. It was probably never made with the thimbles of the right sort of leather (horse-butt), as the softer and more pliable sorts of leather would be more suitable to fit all comers. It effectually obviates one of the difficulties which occurs to most beginners—that of recovering their tips when they have been scattered all over the shooting-lawn.


Fig. 26.

The 'tab' (see fig. 26) is probably one of the most ancient of finger-guards, and it has so many merits that it can never be altogether discarded. Any archer may quickly manufacture it out of almost any sort of leather, and it is very readily altered or replaced, and it is no impediment to the free use of the fingers for other purposes than loosing an arrow. The whole of the first finger of the right hand is passed right through the opening A from the side not seen, and the tip of the finger is placed on a. The third finger is similarly passed through B, and its tip lies on [Greek: b]. The middle finger is now placed on b. It will be found that the 'tab' is now securely fastened for use, the string being applied to the side not seen. The tab can be readily turned down into the palm of the hand whilst the arrow is applied to the string. The tab is then replaced on the tips of the fingers and applied[59] to the string, with the arrow at the bottom of the opening between the parts a and b. The one drawback to this description of finger-guard is that the arrow comes into actual contact with the sides of the first and second fingers, and beginners are specially perplexed with the difficulty of keeping the arrow applied to the proper place on the side of the bow during the operation of pulling up, owing to too tight a pinch between the fingers, given by the bent string. This same difficulty occurs also with other guards, but the results are not so painful, as the corner of the nail is protected by leather from the nock of the arrow. The tab is not, therefore, to be recommended for the use of beginners. Should any archers be tempted to use it when the first difficulties are overcome, it will be found that the insertion of a piece of cork or leather between the first and second fingers will overcome the trouble caused by this pinch. The tab, as before mentioned, may be made of one piece of leather; but it is better to have it made of two pieces sewn together, as shown in the sketch (see fig. 26), the part applied to the string being made of 'horse-butt,' which is a brittle sort of leather, the part through which the fingers are passed being made of some more supple leather.

[60] Before the more elaborate and scientific finger-stall or guards come to be considered the remaining simple and old-fashioned ones must be completed.

Next in order comes an ordinary glove, which has lately come prominently to the front, because the constant use of a good thick dogskin glove has enabled the Champion of 1884 to keep his place in 1885 and 1886. To this may be applied the dogmatic words of Mr. Ford (slightly altered) with reference to the tab: 'This does not, however, alter my opinion as to its being decidedly an inferior method, as who shall say how much more [he] might have excelled had [he] adopted a different and [less] rational one?'

A well-fitting glove may be improved by sewing small pieces of pigskin or other smooth sound leather over the tips of the fingers (see fig. 27).


Fig. 27.

Constant practice on the harp has been known to enable a lady to dispense with any artificial protection, and to make three golds at one end at one of the Leamington meetings.

Another method of preparing the fingers for naked application to the bowstring is to use them industriously as pipe-stoppers; but as some archers do not smoke, and it might not be easy for a non-smoker to get employment as a pipe-stopper to others who do, a more convenient way of hardening the fingers would be by dropping on hot sealing-wax, and then dipping the finger into salt.

It is undeniable that permanently successful shooting depends mostly upon an even, certain, and unvarying loose, and such a loose can only be attained by the help of the most suitable glove, tips, tab, or other protection for the fingers. The archer must have the perfect command of the string, and of the exact 'how' and 'when' it shall be allowed to quit the fingers. If the glove &c. be too loose or too tight, this necessary[61] command is lost. In the first case, the feeling of insecurity gives a hesitating uncertainty to the loose; and in the second, the power of the fingers is so cramped that a sensation of distortion cripples their best efforts. Further, too thick a glove &c. interferes with the proper 'feel' of the string; whilst one that is too thin, by hurting the fingers, causes them to flinch from the proper degree of crisp sharpness requisite for a perfect loose. Still further, with too hard a substance—metal, for instance: finger-tips have been occasionally made of silver—the string cannot be with certainty retained till the proper instant of loosing, whilst with leather that is too soft and sodden, the string cannot be quitted without a jerk that staggers the bow-arm.

It will be seen, therefore, that positive rules cannot be laid down as to either the size, make, shape, or material of the finger-guards; as each individual must be suited according to the peculiar nature of his own fingers, be they callous or tender, strong or weak, clumsy or dexterous.

In 1859 it may have been good advice to archers to manufacture their own finger-guards, though Mr. Ford candidly confessed 'that the endeavours of ten years have hardly succeeded in producing finger-stalls perfectly to my satisfaction.' It may be safely asserted, however, that it is better to use the thinner leather (provided it be thick enough to protect the fingers from pain), and the stalls must be constructed so as to confine the hand and cramp the knuckles as little as possible.

The 'Mason' finger-stall, described by Mr. Ford, consisted of a piece of leather partly surrounding the tip of the finger, and connected over the nail with vulcanised india-rubber, and kept in place by a ring, also of india-rubber, or preferably of silver, passing over both joints of the finger, and connected inside the hand with the stall by means of a thin tongue of india-rubber about an inch or an inch and a half long; a guard or stop is placed upon each stall, about[62] half an inch from the top, by which (stop) the line of the fingers and position of the string is regulated, &c. A very similar finger-guard, produced by Mr. Buchanan of 215 Piccadilly, was made, closed at the finger-end, so as to protect the top of the finger from possible injury.

In these finger-guards the stop or catch of leather on the inside of the finger first makes its public appearance, but the contrivance in its entirety has completely gone out of favour—probably owing to the untrustworthiness of india-rubber, even though it be vulcanised. The connecting ring removed the objection to these separate tips that, unless they were glued on or too tight (both undesirable), they were sadly liable to slip off at the loose. Also the connecting tongue of india-rubber might enable the lower part of the finger to contribute some trifle of support to the tip of the finger at its fullest strain, and certainly it would assist to catch the finger-tip back from the sprawled position (much objected to by some instructors in this craft) sometimes assumed after a dead loose.


Fig. 28.

Mr. James Spedding and Mr. H. C. Mules, about the same time that Mr. H. A. Ford and others were making experiments in the construction of their own finger-tips, contrived a little brass nutted screw-bolt for securing the finger-tips safely upon the fingers without the uncertain action of india-rubber, or in any way cramping the action of the finger-joints. This little contrivance is three-quarters of an inch long. The nut A is fixed, but the nut B can be moved to any position on the screw-bolt.


Fig. 29.

This contrivance is passed through the holes at a and b (see fig. 29) of a finger-tip shaped thus. Of course the end of the screw-bolt over which the nut B is passed after the[63] screw-bolt has been passed through a and b must be clinched afterwards to prevent nut B coming off again. The lacing together of the six corresponding holes on each side of the guard at the back of the finger over the nail can be tight or loose, according to taste; but it should be laced with fine strong cord, not elastic, as generally supplied by the makers. The brass bolt passes over the top joint of the finger when the guard is put on the finger, and may then be tightened so as to keep the guard in its place and to prevent it escaping at the loose. Leather catches may easily be added of any shape or in any position that is preferred.


Fig. 30.

Fig. 31.

The elementary tip, that anybody may cut out of a piece of pigskin (fig. 30), further sophisticated, became the tip registered by Messrs. Aldred in 1868 (fig. 31) as the 'Paragon,'[64] with the Mules-Spedding contrivance added, and also a catch, and a strap over the nail, for keeping it in position.


Fig. 32.

The parrot-beak (fig. 32) is a further development of the Mules-Spedding tip, with the brass bolt omitted. This is not an improvement, as the sewing, if it suddenly failed, could not be readily replaced.

Mr. J. Spedding had a further contrivance which brought the little finger in to the assistance of the third finger. This was managed by securing a loop to the guard for the third finger. This loop was passed over the little finger, which was tightly curled up towards the palm of the hand, thus supporting the third during the strain of the aim. The little finger was, of course, uncurled at the instant of loose.

Soon after 1859 Mr. H. A. Ford began to lose the almost perfect command which he had, during about ten years, possessed over the bow. Whether this failure arose from the use of bows[65] that were too strong, causing actual physical injury to some of the muscles engaged in the action of pulling up or loosing; or whether it arose from shooting too much; or whether it arose from loss of nerve and confidence, through over-anxiety to excel, and keep in front of all the opponents who, profiting by his instruction, began to tread close upon his heels, will never be known; but certain it is that before he reappeared as Champion at Brighton in 1867, with his fourth best Grand National score of 1,037 (his better scores being, 1,251 at Cheltenham in 1857, 1,076 at Exeter in 1858, and 1,074 at Shrewsbury in 1854), he had taken to weak bows and light arrows, and had tried several different combinations of fingers for loosing. Thus he contrived a finger-tip for the little finger, to the back of which he attached the third finger, so that these two might combine to do the work of one finger. This did not prove successful; but he was satisfied with his final experiment, which consisted of a tip for the first finger, on to the back of which his second finger was also applied; and he has been heard to declare his belief that if he could have tried this loose in his best days he might have improved upon his best scores.

Occasionally the second and third fingers are furnished with a double-cell tip for the parallel action of these two fingers; but as contrivances of this sort are but the playthings of broken-down archers—of whom, alas, there are too many—they are not mentioned with any view of recommending them until, after patient trial, the other simpler finger-guards have failed.

A piece of strong quill is sometimes sewn upon the inside of the tip with the leather catch so as to prevent the string from getting embedded in the leather, and to quicken the loose; but its interference with the 'feel' of the string argues against its employment.

It is even doubtful whether anything but the most cautious use of the leather catch to the finger-tip may not be most[66] dangerous. Many of the best shots do not use it; and though no doubt the certainty of the one best position for the string on the fingers, when the archer is at his best, will produce most excellent results, yet, the possibility that a permanent breakdown may be the result of the use of the same catch when the archer is out of condition or practice, or perhaps tired, should make every archer careful to avoid the loss of liberty of hold that may be found advisable under varying circumstances.


[67]

CHAPTER V.
OF THE GREASE-BOX, TASSEL, BELT, ETC

The Grease Box.

The grease-box was, no doubt, an important part of an archer's equipment when prepared for battle, as he had to be out in all weathers, and the grease it contained could alone help him to avoid the ill consequences of moisture about his shooting-glove. The modern archer is seldom called upon to shoot more than, possibly, one end in a sudden shower; and many now never carry a grease-box at all. Yet there is no objection to its use. It should contain vaseline, which may be occasionally applied to the finger-guards, and to the lapping where in contact with the fingers; also, the arrows about the footing may be greased to prevent the paint from the target-faces adhering to them.

The Tassel.

He must be a good archer indeed who can dispense with this necessary addition to his equipment. The tassel is usually made of green worsted, and its primary use is to remove any dirt that may adhere to the arrow when it is drawn from the ground, but the head of it may be used for carrying a few pins, and concealed within the outer fringe may be kept a small piece of oiled flannel, to be applied to the arrow occasionally, so as to prevent the paint from sticking on to the shaft. The tassel should be of moderate dimensions—in fact, the smaller the better, provided it be big enough for use. It is usually hung on to a button of a gentleman's coat, but ladies usually wear it attached to their girdles.

[68]

The Belt, Quiver, etc.

In former days a leather belt was considered absolutely necessary, and some have been known to consider themselves more fully dressed for an archery contest with the green baize bag for the bow surrounding the waist. It was certainly useful, and kept together the various things then in use, namely, the glove, the quiver, the tassel, the grease-box, the tablets for scoring, the pricker for the same purpose, the armguard, &c. A well-appointed archer of the present day devotes a coat specially for the purposes of archery, and this is fitted with a long leather-lined pocket let into the back of the coat, to the left of the left back-button. This pocket holds his arrows, and becomes his quiver. The tassel is attached to a front button. Any suitable note-book with a pencil goes into a pocket, taking the place of the tablet and pricker. As a belt is not the most convenient receptacle for the rest of his equipment, no belt is carried. As ladies are not yet so well provided with pockets as gentlemen, they still find it almost absolutely necessary to carry a belt for their various requisites, and some will even voluntarily (or perhaps involuntarily, in the case of the Championess of the West) handicap themselves by carrying the whole apparatus in solid silver.

The Scoring Apparatus.


Fig. 33. Mr. Ford shot another dozen arrows at 60 yards, scoring 80, and shows his score in the St. George's Hound to be 654 from 104 hits.

Any ordinary note-book fitted with a pencil is by far the best thing for keeping the correct record of an archer's score. Very convenient scoring-books are to be bought at the archery shops, and these contain usually the forms for York Rounds for gentlemen, and National Rounds for ladies, to be filled up with plain figures entered in the right places as the scores are made. The objection to these books is that the rounds shot are not invariably York and National rounds. That the ingenious may be saved the trouble of re-inventing the best[69] scoring-apparatus of past times it is here described. A card 3-1/2 inches by 2-1/2 inches was slipped into a silver frame, which was much like the contrivance used for direction cards for luggage in travelling. Between the card and the back of the silver frame was a leather pad of the same size as the card. A pricker was used to record the score on the card, and the leather pad protected the point of the pricker from the silver back. The card had engraved upon it the form of the round usually shot. The form for a York Round is here given. The figures on the left-hand side indicate the twelve double ends of six arrows each—72 arrows shot at 100 yards; the middle figures indicate the eight double ends of six arrows each—48 arrows at 80 yards; and the figures on the right-hand side indicate the four double ends at 60 yards—24 arrows. This form is now filled up with the best York Round that Mr. H. A. Ford ever made, as recorded by himself, and here given in facsimile. It is believed that the wonderful score here recorded of 809, from 137 hits, in the York Round, was made at Cheltenham about September 4, 1855; but, through an unaccountable want of courtesy on the part of the Ford family, the accurate date of this score cannot be given as a fact. It is not entered in the way[70] invented by the Rev. J. Bramhall, which indicates not only the hits made, but also the order in which the arrows were shot. Thus (see p. 69) say the first arrow, shot at 100 yards, hit the red; the second was a gold, and the third a miss; the fourth arrow was a red; the fifth was a black, and the sixth a gold. Each set of vertical spaces for whites, blacks, blues, reds, and golds is allotted to a double end of six arrows. The result of the first arrow is marked on the left-hand side at the top, the second on the left-hand side in the middle, and the third on the left-hand side at the bottom. The same is done with the next three arrows on the right-hand side. Of course, when an arrow misses the target, no mark is made, and the order of the misses is shown by the hits.

Pin-prick scoring card

A translation into the modern method of Mr. Ford's best score is here given.

100 Yards   Hits Score
 97 973 971 731 = 11 63
753 755 711 973 = 12 60
753  75 973  53 = 10 54
 75 751 953  97 = 10 58
731  73 977 775 = 11 63
551 553 733 531 = 12 46
  Hits Score
80 Yards   66 344 Totals
977 97 955 973 = 11 77
953 993 975 975 = 12 80
975 973 755 755 = 12 74
951 775 953 955 = 12 70
60 Yards   47 301 Totals
995 997 995 775 = 12 90
977 753 775 773 = 12 74
  24 164 Totals
  —– —–
Grand totals 137 809

The incurable fault of this method of scoring by prick-marks is that it is impossible to correct a mistake or to verify the accuracy of scores as recorded. (Is there not the Hibernian story of the archer who, in perfect good faith, believed that he made seventy-three hits with seventy-two arrows at sixty yards?)[71] So much that was unpleasant transpired after the Crystal Palace Meeting in 1871, that in 1872 the system of scoring at the public meetings by means of these prick-marks in the different colours was finally abandoned, and the scoring by the figures 1, 3, 5, 7, 9 introduced instead. This scoring by figures had then already been for some years in vogue amongst the West Kent archers, introduced by the hon. secretary, Mr. R. B. Martin, and the members of the Royal Toxophilite Society had mostly, for many years previously, kept their private scores in plain figures.

In this method no attempt is ever made to record the order in which the hits at any end fall; neither is it considered advisable to do so, though it would be equally easy to enter the figures in the same order, when known, as the hits are made; but this is a matter of no importance.

The Register.

Every archer is most strongly recommended to keep a careful and accurate record of all the shooting he does, not only by entering in a scoring-book every arrow shot during the day (which will act as a check to irregular and careless practice), but also by keeping a register, or book of record, in which the results of each day's shooting should be entered. Those who have not been in the habit of booking all their successes and shortcomings have no idea of the great interest with which this record invests the most solitary practice, and how conducive it is to its steady and persevering continuance. It begets a great desire to improve: for no man likes to have evidence before his eyes of his pains and exertions being of no avail, and of himself at a standstill in any pursuit he takes an interest in; it ensures a due carefulness in the shooting of every arrow, since without it the score will be bad, and therefore disagreeable to chronicle; it excites emulation, by enabling the average of one man's shooting to be compared with that[72] of another, and restrains by its sternly demonstrating figures those flights of imagination occasionally indulged in by the owners of inaccurate memories as to feats performed and scores achieved. By taking note also in this register of the causes of failure at different times, a lessened chance will exist of their occurring again, as it will keep the same always in view, and the necessity of their avoidance prominently before the attention. In short, the archer will find the little trouble the keeping of it occasions him so abundantly repaid in a variety of ways, that when it is once commenced he will never afterwards be induced to abandon its use.

Whilst the subject of register is under consideration the beginner's attention should be called to the 'Archer's Register,' edited by Mr. J. Sharpe, which is issued annually, and gives a full account of all the public archery meetings of the previous year, and of the doings of all the principal societies in the kingdom.

The 'Ascham.'

This term is applied to an upright narrow cupboard, contrived for the purpose of holding all the implements of archery. It is constructed so that the bows may stand or hang upright in the back part, and in the front each individual arrow may stand, also upright, and sufficiently apart from its neighbour to avoid the possibility of any injury to the feathers. In height this Ascham should be upwards of six feet, so that there may be sufficient room for the longest bows, and the bows should all, if standing, be on a bottom raised some few inches above the floor of the apartment, as an additional security against damp, which is a most fatal enemy to the bow. In damp situations, and particularly at the seaside, great care must be taken to keep out all moisture. Also, as far as possible, a tolerably even temperature should be maintained. The long box in which an archer keeps his stock of bows, arrows, &c., when travelling, is also called an Ascham.

[73]

The Targets.

The backing of the target is made of thrashed or unthrashed straw (rye-straw is the best) firmly bound together whilst wet with strong tarred string, and in construction is somewhat similar to the make of beehive, only it is made flat. It is circular, and the front of this straw boss (as it is called), intended for the canvas facing, is worked up with a flat surface, so that the facing may lie upon it more evenly than it could upon the other side. The canvas facing must also be circular, and exactly four feet in diameter; of course the straw boss should also be as nearly as possible of the same size, but on no account less. The canvas facing is divided into a central circle of gold, surrounded by concentric rings of red, blue, black, and white, arranged in this order of colour from the centre outwards. The radius of the golden centre and the breadth of each of the surrounding rings should be the same, namely, one-fifth of four feet, i.e. four inches and four-fifths of an inch. Each hit in these colours is valued as follows: nine in the gold, seven in the red (formerly called scarlet), five in the blue (still occasionally known as inner white), three in the black, and one in the white. These figures, however, do not correctly represent the value of the rings according to their respective areas. The area of a circle is proportional to the square of its radius. Therefore the area of the circle containing the gold and red together is four times as large as the area of the gold circle alone; and it follows that if the gold circle be removed from this larger circle the remaining red ring will be three times the size of the gold circle. In the same manner, the circle containing the gold, red, and blue will in area be nine times as large as the gold circle alone; and if the combined gold and red circle be removed the remaining area of the blue ring will be five times as large as the gold. Again, the area of the circle containing the gold, red, blue, and black will be sixteen times larger than the gold;[74] and if the gold, red, and blue be removed, an area seven times as large as the gold will be left for the black ring. Finally, the entire face of the target contains an area twenty-five times at large as the gold, and the white ring is nine times as large as the gold. Thus we get the target divided into twenty-five parts, of which one part is gold, three parts are red, five are blue, seven are black, and nine are white. But it does not correctly follow that, nine being taken to represent the value of a hit in the gold, and one as the value of a hit in the white (because the white ring is nine times larger than the gold circle), a hit in the red ring should count as seven, a hit in the blue as five, and a hit in the black as three. The proportion of the areas between the white and black rings is as nine to seven, giving the value of 1-2/7 for each hit in the black, or 1.28571 in decimals. Similarly, the proportion of area between the white and blue rings is as nine to five, giving the value of 1-4/5, or 1.8, as the value of each hit in the blue circle. The proportion of the area between the white and the red rings is as nine to three, giving the value of three for each hit in the red ring.

It may be taken that these values of 9, 7, 5, 3, 1, representing the hits in gold, red, blue, black, and white, are the best that can be adopted, and in their sum represent the twenty-five parts, the size of the gold, into which the target may be supposed to be divided.

There appears to be no exaggeration of the value of the gold as compared with the white, and the exaggerated value of the other colours very properly rewards superior skill, as shown by central hitting of the target.1

In the days when handicapping was done by taking off rings instead of percentages it might have been better to reduce the values of these reds, blues, and blacks when made by the more skilful.

[75] The old exploded custom of adding hits to score was only a roundabout method of reducing the values of the hits from 9, 7, 5, 3, 1 to 5, 4, 3, 2, 1.

Targets are now all made of the same size, as already mentioned; but for many years after the revival of archery in 1781 four-feet targets were only used at the long distances of 120, 100, and 90 yards, whilst targets of three feet and two feet in diameter were used at the shorter distances and by ladies. In still older times our modern target-practice was represented by what was called the Paper Game, from paper being employed instead of the oil-painted canvas now in use.

It was an old fashion to score in money, thus: a gold was 2s. 6d., a scarlet 2s., an inner white 1s. 6d., a black 1s., and a white 6d.; and this is still the custom with the Woodmen of Arden, whose members still receive in cash at the end of a prize meeting the total value of their scores. The same custom also prevails at the Annual Scorton Arrow Meeting, except that each archer pays 6d. into the pool for every hit he makes in the white.

Formerly, unless an arrow was entirely in one colour, it was counted as a hit in the inferior of the two colours between which its position was divided; but now, except with the Woodmen of Arden, the contrary custom prevails, and the arrow will count as a hit in the superior colour, unless it be quite surrounded by the inferior colour. It is right that the archer should have the benefit of any doubt in this matter.

The purchasers of targets should ascertain that they have well-painted and well-seasoned facings. The American-cloth facings sometimes to be met with are most unsatisfactory, and occasionally there is too much of a sticky compound laid on the facings previous to the paint, which adheres to the arrow, and helps to denude the target of colour.

It is not generally acknowledged that the colours of the target at present in use are well adapted for most accurate shooting. They are too bright and glaring, confusing to the[76] eye, and drawing the attention away from the centre, so that it is most difficult to avoid aiming at the target generally, rather than the gold. Now that the scoring is kept in figures, and no longer in colours, there would be no difficulty in substituting other colours that would assist to concentrate the aim, if only a general agreement about the nature of the change could be arrived at.

The usual custom of fixing targets is, that the centre of the gold shall be four feet from the ground, and as the target is always sloped with its lower part advanced towards the shooter, it follows that the correct distance of the bottom of the target from the ground is a trifle more than two feet and one inch.

The Target-Stands.

The most usual target-stands are of iron, in three pieces, each of about six feet in length, hinged together at the top, and painted green, forming a tripod for the support of the target, which is caught on to it by a hooked spike at the top of the stand, and kept from shifting its position thereon by a spike about half way up each of the front legs. These stands are so destructive to any arrows that hit them, even through the targets, that, for home use, they should be padded in front with a strip of thick felt, secured with strong twine, and then carefully wrapped with strong binding and painted.

The late Mr. James Spedding first invented this method of covering the stands which he had made for the Royal Toxophilite Society, of three long ash poles, united together at the top with iron nutted screw-bolts. When the stand is so treated it is almost impossible that an arrow can be injured by contact with the stand, and the extra expense (which is, however, considerable) is soon saved by the saving in arrows at 2s. 6d. apiece.

The Meyler stand, a very expensive machine, was a strong iron arm, fitted into a metal socket fixed in the ground, and[77] at the upper end provided with three prongs, upon which the target was fixed; but it possessed the same incurable fault as the old earthen butts, in that it was immovable (except to the places where the necessary sockets were).

The Quiver.

The tin quiver, made in different sizes to contain six, a dozen, or more arrows, with sometimes a receptacle at the top for spare strings, wax, thread, silk, file, &c., is too handy an article to be ever altogether discarded, though the arrows in it do occasionally suffer by being indiscriminately jumbled together. The arrow-boxes of wood now made to hold different quantities of arrows are, of course, to be preferred. But the best receptacle for arrows on a journey is a properly fitted compartment in the bow-box, and the method invented by the Rev. J. M. Croker is the best of all. This is fitted with a hinge, so that any arrow in it can be removed without shifting any of the others.


[78]

CHAPTER VI.
OF BRACING, OR STRINGING, AND NOCKING

In the previous chapters such plain directions have been given concerning the various implements of archery as will enable each archer to provide himself with the best of the kind that his inclinations or means may lead him to adopt, and to enable him to avoid such as are in themselves radically bad, or likely to add to the difficulties he is sure to meet with before arriving at any great or satisfactory proficiency in the art. Having been thus enabled to form a choice as to his weapons, he must now be guided in their use; and, in the first place, there are a few minor matters that cannot be altogether passed over in silence. The first of these is the bracing or stringing of a bow, which may be considered as the first preliminary operation to actual shooting. This is the act of bending the bow, when unstrung, sufficiently to enable the archer to slip the upper eye of the string into the nock of the upper horn. To effect this, the usual method is to set the lower horn of the bow (its back being turned towards the archer) on the ground, against the inside of the right foot, this being turned a little inward so as to prevent the horn from slipping out of place. Then, the handle being firmly grasped with the right hand, and the lower or wrist-part of the left hand being rested upon the upper limb of the bow a few inches below the upper eye of the string, a strong steady pull must be applied with the right hand at the handle (the left hand and right foot forming the points d'appui) so that the bow may be bent, whilst the thumb and second joint[79] of the first finger, or preferably the tips of the first and second fingers of the left hand, carry the eye of the string into the nock. Novices must be particularly careful that they do not get either of the fingers entangled between the string and the bow.

In stringing the bow, it is quite unimportant whether it be held in the right or left hand; but if the finger-tips be worn on the right hand, it is better to use this hand for the purpose of grasping the bow, rather than for helping the eye of the string into its place.

To unstring the bow, the action is the same as in the final position of stringing it, except that the eye of the string is slipped out of the horn.

To string and unstring a bow gracefully and without apparent effort is an affair rather of knack than of much strength or force, and is therefore only to be learnt with a certain amount of practice. The archer must keep, as far as possible, an upright position, as to crouch over the operation is ungainly, and interferes with the satisfactory application of the necessary amount of effort.

The bow being now strung, two things must be carefully noted: first, that the bend of the bow be neither too much nor too little; and secondly, that the string starts from both horns exactly at the centre of each—i.e. no atom either to the right or left, but dividing the bow precisely in half from end to end. If this latter caution be not observed the grain of the bow runs considerable risk of being unnaturally strained, and the bow itself of being pulled away and out of its proper shape, and sooner or later breaking in consequence. It is even possible that the correct cast itself may be more or less disadvantageously affected by any carelessness on this point. This is one of the many minutiæ of archery, which is of more importance than may at first sight appear, and should always be attended to before the bow is allowed to discharge a single arrow. During the shooting, too, attention should be[80] occasionally directed to the string, to observe whether the loop may not have slipped a little away, as it may sometimes unavoidably do. If a second eye has been added to the string in the place of the loop, the string will be much more easily adjusted, and then there will be no fear of its getting away during the shooting. As regards the first point—namely, the amount of bend in a bow when strung—it has been already stated that in a man's bow the distance of the inside of the handle from the string should scarcely ever be less than six inches. The advantages of having the bow low-strung are that the bow casts quicker and farther (owing to the greater length the arrow is acted upon by the string), and that the bow, and also the string, are less strained, and consequently in less danger of breaking; but to be balanced against these advantages is the fact that the danger of striking the armguard before the extreme point of the string's recoil (already shown to be fatal to accurate shooting) is greater, and the cast may be somewhat less steady.

It has been immemorially customary to ascertain the amount of the bend of the bow when strung, by placing the fist upright upon the inside of the handle (at the centre of the bow), at the same time raising up the thumb towards the string; if the string then just touches the extremity of the thumb the bracing is supposed to be tolerably correct. This is not, however, an infallible test, as the size of hands of different individuals varies considerably; but each archer can ascertain how far his own hand, placed in the above way, varies from the old-fashioned measure of six inches, known as a fistmele, and, bearing this constantly in mind, may ascertain the bracing of his bow as accurately as if his own fistmele were the exact six inches.

The nocking of the arrow must now be considered. This is the application of the nock of the arrow to its proper place on the string. Simple as this operation may at first sight appear, yet there is a right way and a wrong way of doing it;[81] and as the wrong way leads to the injury and disfigurement of the bow, let the beginner acquire the right method at first, as follows:—

The bow being held somewhat downwards by the handle with the left hand, with the string upwards, let the arrow be placed with the right hand over the string (not on any account under the string, as this latter method of nocking is sure to lead sooner or later to the disfigurement of the belly of the bow, by numerous stabs inflicted upon it by the sharp point of the arrow) upon that part of the bow (close to the forefinger of the left hand) upon which it is to lie; the thumb of the left hand (not the forefinger) being then gently placed over it will serve to hold it perfectly under command, whilst the forefinger and thumb of the right hand take hold of the nock end of the arrow, and manipulate with perfect ease the application of the nock to the proper nocking-place on the string. Five minutes' practice will suffice to render this method of nocking easy and familiar. But if the archer be afraid of unsteadying his hold upon the handle of the bow by shifting his left thumb on to the arrow, as above described, let him hold the arrow with his right hand just above the feathers, and so apply the nock to the string without assistance from the left thumb. This method is, however, somewhat more awkward-looking.

The centre of the nocking-place should be exactly upon that point of the string which is opposite to the spot on the bow over which the arrow will pass when shot—i.e. the arrow when nocked must be precisely perpendicular to the string. If the arrow be nocked at a lower point, it will beat itself against the forefinger of the left hand, and thereby waste some of the energy that should be applied to its flight. On the other hand, if the arrow be nocked at a higher point, the drawing will be commenced from a point not contemplated in the manufacture of the bow when the compensated strength of the upper and lower limbs is arranged for a fulcrum not exactly central. Care must be taken that the nocking-part of[82] the string exactly fits or fills the nock of the arrow. The hold of the nock upon the string must be neither too tight nor too loose; if the first, the nock may, and probably will, be split; and if the second, the shaft is apt to slip whilst in the act of being drawn, and the nock will be broken, or the correct elevation and proper flight of the arrow will be lost.

A word of warning must be added for the young archer against attempting to alter the range of his arrow by varying the nocking-place. For the reasons above given, a worse system could not be adopted.


[83]

CHAPTER VII.
OF ASCHAM'S FIVE POINTS, POSITION STANDING, ETC.

The various implements of archery having been now described, the proper use of these by the archer claims attention.

Roger Ascham stated in 1545 that 'fayre shootynge came of these thynges: of standynge, nockynge, drawynge, howldynge, and lowsynge'; and these his well-known five points of archery have been followed by most other writers on the subject in this same order. He has set out so well 'all the discommodities whiche ill custome hath grafted in archers' that 'can neyther be quycklye poulled out, nor yet sone reckened of me, they be so manye,' that it will be excusable to quote them for the benefit of beginners, for their avoidance before they have been acquired.

'Some shooteth his head forwarde, as though he woulde byte the marke; an other stareth wyth hys eyes, as though they shoulde flye out; another winketh with one eye, and looketh with the other. Some make a face with writhing theyr mouthe and countenance so; another blereth out his tonge; another byteth his lyppes; another holdeth his neck a wrye. In drawynge some set suche a compasse, as thoughe they woulde tourne about and blysse all the feelde; other heaue theyr hand nowe vp, nowe downe, that a man cannot decerne wherat they wolde shote; another waggeth the vpper ende of his bow one way, the neyther ende an other waye. An other wil stand poyntinge his shafte at the marke a good whyle, and by-and-by he wyll gyue a whip, and awaye, or a man wite. An other maketh suche a wrestling with his[84] gere, as thoughe he were able to shoote no more as longe as he lyued. Another draweth softly to ye middes, and by-and-by it is gon, you cannot knowe howe.

'Another draweth his shafte lowe at the breaste, as thoughe he woulde shoote at a rouynge marke, and by-and-by he lifteth his arme vp pricke heyghte. Another maketh a wrynching with hys back as though a manne pynched hym behynde.

'Another coureth downe, as though he shoulde shoote at crowes.

'Another setteth forwarde hys lefte legge, and draweth backe with head and showlders, as though he pouled at a rope, or els were afrayed of the marke. Another draweth his shafte well vntyll wythin ii fyngers of the head, and then stayeth to looke at hys marke, and that done pouleth it vp to the head, and lowseth; whiche waye, although summe excellent shoters do use, yet surely it is a faulte, and good mennes faultes are not to be followed.2

'Summe men drawe to farre, summe to shorte, summe to slowlye, summe to quickely, summe holde over longe, summe let go over sone.

'Summe sette theyr shafte on the grounde, and fetcheth him vpwarde. Another poynteth vp towarde the skye, and so bryngeth hym downewardes.

'Ones I sawe a manne whyche used a brasar on his cheke, or elles he had scratched all the skynne of the one syde of his face with his drawynge hand.

'An other I sawe, whiche at everye shoote, after the loose, lyfteth vp his ryght legge so far that he was ever in ieopardye of faulyng.

[85] 'Summe stampe forwarde, and summe leape backwarde. All these faultes be eyther in the drawynge or at the loose; with many other mo, whiche you may easelye perseyue, and so go about to auoyde them.

'Now afterwardes, when the shafte is gone, men haue manye faultes, which euell custome hath broughte them to, and specially in cryinge after the shafte and speakynge woordes scarce honest for suche an honest pastyme.

'And besyde those whiche must nedes have theyr tongue thus walkynge, other men vse other fautes: as some will take theyr bowe and writhe and wrinche it, to poule in his shafte when it flyeth wyde, as yf he draue a carte. Some wyll gyue two or iii strydes forwarde, daunsing and hoppynge after his shafte, as long as it flyeth, as though he were a madman. Some which feare to be to farre gone, runne backewarde as it were to poule his shafte backe. Another runneth forwarde when he feareth to be short, heauynge after his armes, as though he woulde helpe his shafte to flye. An other writhes or runneth a syde to poule in his shafte strayght. One lifteth up his heele, and so holdeth his foote still, as longe as his shafte flyeth. Another casteth his arme backewarde after the lowse. An other swynges his bowe aboute hym, as if it were a man with a staffe to make roume in a game place. And manye other faultes there be, whiche nowe come not to my remembraunce. Thus, as you have hearde, manye archers wyth marrynge theyr face and countenaunce wyth other partes of theyr bodye, as it were menne that shoulde daunce antiques, be farre from the comelye porte in shootynge whiche he that woulde be excellent muste looke for.'

He then frankly confesses that, though teaching others 'of these faultes, I have verie manye my selfe; but I talk not of my shootynge, but of the generall nature of shootyng. Now ymagin an archer that is clean, wythout all these faultes, and I am sure euerye man woulde be delyghted to se hym shoote.'

Another will suddenly crouch down on his hams, as[86] though he were marking a bird's flight to pluck it down, or it were out of sight.

'Another will call himself uncomely names, whilst another casteth away his bow as though he would break it for faultes that are his own; and yet another will treat himself at faulte with such harsh usage that he shall scarce shoot again without black eyes for manye a daie.'

As the term standing seems insufficient to include all that has to be said respecting the attitude and general bearing of the archer whilst in the act of shooting, the expression position is adopted instead, as more applicable and comprehensive, and under position will be included, not only the footing or standing, but also the manner in which the hand should grasp the bow, and therefore, as well, the exact position of the bow itself.

In an endeavour to lay down such plain directions as may prevent the assumption of attitudes inimical to good shooting, and as may also assist in the avoidance of such other attitudes as do violence to gracefulness and are repulsive to the looker-on, it would be venturing too far to assert that but one position is good, or even that any particular one is the best; yet some general rules can with sufficient confidence be laid down for the purpose of controlling mannerisms and of confining them within harmless limits.

As regards the footing or standing and the attitudes of archers, it may be safely asserted that there are as many varieties as there are archers to call them into existence; that no two are exactly alike in all particulars; and that no one archer has yet been seen to combine all the excellences that might be centred in a perfect archer.

That an archer's general position may be a good one it must possess three qualities—firmness, elasticity, and grace: firmness, to resist the strain and the recoil of the bow—for if there be any wavering or unsteadiness the shot will probably prove a failure; elasticity, to give free play to the muscles,[87] and the needful command over them—which cannot be the case should the position be too rigid and stiff; and grace, to render the archer and his performance agreeable, and not ludicrous, to the spectator. It so far, fortunately, happens that the third requirement—that of grace—is almost a necessary consequence of the possession of the other two: as the best position for practical results is, in fact, the most graceful one. Experience proves that an awkward ungainly style of shooting is very seldom successful. All these three requisites must be kept constantly in mind in every endeavour to arrive at the best position for combining them.

To the first part of position—that of footing, or standing—but little can be added to what has already been recommended in other books on the subject.

The heels should be, not close together, but about six or eight inches apart—thus avoiding the position that gives too little steadfastness in a wind in the one extreme, and an ungainly straddle in the other. The feet must be firmly planted on the ground, symmetrically, so as to form an angle of from 45° to 60° by the joining of the lines passing through the feet behind the heels. As regards the position of the heels with reference to the target to be shot at, undoubtedly the best position is that in which a line through the centres of the heels points to the centre of the target (fig. 34); but as many good shots have modified this position in the one or other direction, it may be allowed that any position of the feet—varying from that in which a line through the left or forward foot is at right angles to the line from the shooter's eye to the centre of the target (fig. 35) to that in which the line through the right foot is at right angles to the same line towards the target (fig. 36) (an extreme variation of 60°)—may be adopted without extreme violence to either freedom of action or grace. The fault of tipping forward towards the target shot at, caused by throwing the balance unduly upon the forward foot, may be cured by raising the heel of that foot. This is by no means an[88] uncommon fault, and should be carefully guarded against as very fatal to shooting, and liable to result in most ridiculous developments. As the opposite fault has almost overtaken some of the best shots, it may be classed amongst exaggerated virtues, and is little likely to embarrass beginners. The legs should be perfectly straightened at the knees, and not on any account bent forward; and yet the knees should not be so rigidly locked back as to interfere with the elasticity of the position.


Fig. 34.   Fig. 35.   Fig. 36.

It will be observed that in fig. 34 only, the left and right shoulders, at points A and B respectively, come naturally into the best position for shooting at the target; but by adopting the position shown in fig. 36, a full-bodied archer may be enabled to draw a trifle further before the bowstring comes in contact with the chest; whilst in the position shown in fig. 35[89] an archer of supple figure can easily get the shoulders into the best position in the course of drawing up.

The body should be naturally upright, but not stiff; the whole person well balanced; and the face turned round so as to be nearly fronting the target.

During the brief period of time between the nocking of the arrow (already described in pp. 80-2) and the loosing of it, some slight alteration of the body's attitude, as arranged when the archer assumes his footing, will take place, as in the combined act of drawing and aiming, the right shoulder will be brought a little forward, and the left shoulder will be taken a little backward, before the shoulders resume their former relative positions previous to the loose, which in that position only can be most advantageously executed. The slightest possible inclination forward should be given to the head and chest, that the arrow may be brought directly under the right or aiming eye, without bringing the line of aim so close to the line through the left shoulder and bow as to make it impossible that the string can clear the forearm at the loose.

Many archers bend the body considerably forward from the waist, and quote the following passage from Bishop Latimer's sixth sermon—My father 'taught me how to drawe, how to lay my bodye in my bowe, and not to drawe with strength of armes, as other nacions do, but with strength of bodye'—in justification of this practice. Here, laying the body in the bow means taking up the best position for shooting. An archer in olden times was said to shoot in a bow, not with a bow.

'Not stooping, nor yet standing straight upright,' as Nicholl's 'London Artillery' hath it, expresses the right position correctly.

The second part of position which is most, important also, is the manner in which the hand should grasp the bow, and the attitude of the bow itself—i.e. whether this should be vertical, or more or less oblique.

[90] It may be stated at once that the most natural and easy method of grasping the bow is also the best; in fact this remark is applicable to almost every point connected with archery, and cannot be too much or too often insisted upon. If the wrist and hand be in any way unnaturally employed bad results immediately follow. For instance, if the grasp be such as to throw the fulcrum much below the centre of the bow, its lower limb runs great risk of being pulled away and out of shape, which sooner or later will cause it to chrysal or break. Again, the Waring method, which used to be in high favour, 'of turning the wrist in as much possible,' causes the left arm to be held in such a straightened position, that it will not only present a constantly recurring obstacle and diverting influence to the free passage of the string, but will also be the cause of an increased strain and additional effort to the shooter, besides taking the spring and elasticity out of that all-important member the bow-arm. If the reverse of this method be adopted, and the wrist be turned intentionally and unnaturally outwards, it will be found that in avoiding Scylla Charybdis is at hand, and, though the string is well clear of the armguard, the wrist cannot sustain either the strain of the bow at full stretch or its recoil at the loose. Thus, as in every other instance, the extremes are bad, and the correct position will be found at the balancing-point between them.

When the footing has been taken, with the arrow nocked, let the bow lie easily and lightly in the left hand, the wrist being turned neither inwards nor outwards, but allowed to remain in the position most easy and natural for it; as the drawing of the bow commences, the grasp will intuitively tighten, and by the time the arrow is drawn to the head the position of the hand and wrist will be such as to be easiest for the shooter and best for the success of his shot.


Fig. 37.WRONG POSITION.

Fig. 39.WRONG POSITION.

Fig. 38.RIGHT POSITION.

It will be observed in the three figures giving the correct and wrong positions of the hand on the bow-handle, that the upper part of the bow hand, including the whole of the thumb[91] and first finger, is above the upper line of the wrist (line AB), whilst the fulcrum, or working centre of the bow, is also above that line, or even in such bows as have their centres in the middle of the handle but little below that line. It is pretty clear that if the hand had been originally constructed solely with a view to its application to the bow, or even as a weapon in the noble art of self-defence, it might have been constructed so as to be a more evenly-balanced hammer at the end of its handle,[92] the arm, than it is at present. Possibly its narrow escape from being another foot has interfered with its proper development from an archer's point of view. However this may be, it would be better, as a mechanical contrivance, for drawing a bow, if the strain applied by the loosing hand could pass directly along the line through the centre of the arm, with centre or fulcrum of the bow in the same line—i.e. in line a b (fig. 38).

The nearest approach to this condition of a perfect archer's hand was possessed by Mr. G. Edwards, the first archer to displace Mr. H. A. Ford from the position of Champion, in 1860, who, though he may never have made the extraordinary scores credited to Mr. Ford, was an excellent shot, and, when at his best, had the steadiest bow-arm and the firmest grip ever seen on a bow. Through a gun accident, he lost entirely his left thumb, and held his bow with his four fingers, pressing it against a leather pad inserted between the bow and his wrist, much in the position the thumb would occupy if it could be placed downwards across the palm of the hand. This altered formation shifted the position of his arm so that the line through the fulcrum of the bow was well below the upper line of his wrist.

Some archers acquire the habit of extending the thumb upwards along the belly of the bow. This method of grasping the bow tends to weaken and unsteady the drawing power, but as a point of drill for the acquisition of such a grasp of the bow with the fingers, before the thumb is placed in position to assist, as will enable the archer to clear his armguard, its trial is strongly recommended. A steadier hold of the bow is in the end obtained by keeping the upper part of the thumb off the bow, so that the hold is between the root of the thumb and the fingers. As the first finger is often used to assist in adjusting the position of the arrow on the bow, care must be taken to replace it at the commencement of the draw. Unless the bow be held firmly between the four fingers and the thumb and heel of the hand, at the loose and recoil an unpleasant jar will be[93] felt, with the further ill-consequence of blisters, &c. The position of the bow should be straight across the palm of the hand, so that the fingers when closed in position to hold it lie as nearly as possible at right angles to the axis of the bow.

A lateral projection on the left side of the handle of the bow is sometimes added, if the archer's hand be hollow, and this contrivance assists the bowstring to avoid the armguard.

Before the consideration of the final position of the bow at the loose, as to whether it should be vertical or oblique, a glance must be taken at the horizontal position which should be adopted by all those who disbelieve in the possibility of aiming with bow and arrow whilst the arrow is discharged from the side of the bow, because in that position the arrow cannot be thrown to the left of the mark aimed at. This position is so cramped and awkward as to be practically useless for shooting at a horizontal aim, when a full-length arrow cannot be drawn up, as the string comes too soon in contact with the left side. Yet archers have been known to make successful scores in this style, using weak bows and light arrows.

The vertical position of the bow (but not as sometimes adopted, when the bow is thus set up at the end of a horizontal arm to be hauled at until the beginner's arrow is discharged) is an assistance in clearing the bowstring from the chest when a full-length arrow is fully drawn; and a tendency towards this position at the instant of loose will correct the curious habit many archers acquire of throwing the upper limb of the bow down and the lower limb up after the loose, as if part of the loosing or drawing action had been a mutually antagonistic screw between the holding and loosing hands.

The chief advantage of the oblique position is that the arrow is not so likely to be blown away from its contact with the bow by a high wind from the bow side.


[94]

CHAPTER VIII.
DRAWING

Ascham seems to be right in declaring that 'Drawyne well is the best parte of shootyng'; and, as it is in the course of this part of the act of shooting that all the ridiculous antics already quoted may be exhibited, and without drawing well it is almost impossible to take aim or loose with any chance of success, every archer must pay the utmost attention to the acquisition of the best and easiest method of drawing. Yet it is not pretended that there is but one best method of drawing.

Here two things have to be previously considered, namely, the strength of the bow to be used, and the length of the arrow, or rather how much of its length must be drawn up. First, as regards the strength of bow to be used, it should be observed that when, in modern times, the practice of shooting isolated arrows was discontinued in favour of three arrows shot by each archer consecutively at each end throughout a York Round, the possibility of making the delivery of each arrow a supreme effort became impossible, and the more frequent repetition of an effort, which, though considerable (as it should always be), is not quite a tour de force, is now accepted as more likely to exhibit grace in the execution and accuracy in the result, with the natural consequence that the average strength of bows now in use is scarcely so great as it used to be; though it must not be lost sight of that bows now are more accurately weighed, than they were before the invention of the York and National Rounds; and also that now a large[95] proportion of archers pull their arrows well up, hold, and aim with them, whereas none did so in the old times when no archer had so much as dreamed that it was possible to take an aim with bows and arrows. Yet still at any public archery meeting it is easy to observe, in one or other of the many varieties of style of drawing represented, the germs of all possible contortions; but in nearly all these cases of contortion it will be found that the 'very head and front of the offending' is in the archer's vain attempt to employ a bow that is beyond his control; whilst, if the weapon be well within his control, it is as needless to distort even a muscle of the face as it is for a short-sighted person to make a grimace when fixing the glass in his eye. Still it will also be a mistake to be under-bowed with a plaything, as wasting part of the power of covering distance and overcoming wind, &c. Whilst bows varying in measure from 40 lbs. to 56 lbs. and arrows varying in weight from 4s. to 5s. can be easily procured, every archer's weakness or strength can be appropriately suited. For ladies there is the range in strength of bows from 20 lbs. to 35 lbs., and in weight of arrows from 2s. 6d. to 3s. 6d.

Next as regards the length of arrow to be drawn at each discharge. The variation in the arrows themselves may be only from 26 to 29 inches in those of men, and from 24 to 26 inches in those of ladies; but there is a much wider variation in the part of the arrow drawn up by different archers. There appears to be a widespread belief that in olden times the archer soldiers used arrows a yard long; but only a few archers participate in this belief, and join in treating this as a proof of the degeneracy of modern archers. Ascham, in his treatment of the subject of arrows, mentions them of many different lengths and thicknesses, without any precision, and no doubt they were much more various in his time than now. The 'clothyard' or the 'clothier's yard,' not the standard yard, is almost always mentioned by old writers when treating of the length of draw employed by English archers; and many considerations[96] (supposing positive proof to be altogether wanting) point to the conclusion that this 'clothyard' was the length of 27 inches. In the absence of any representative surviving war-arrow the evidence of an ancient model may be taken, and such a model exists in the possession of the Royal Toxophilite Society, described thus in 'A History of the Royal Toxophilite Society 1870.' 'The most ancient piece of plate possessed by the Society is an arrow, 28-1/4 inches long, the "stele" being of iron very thickly plated with silver, and the barbed pile (1-1/4 inch long), of solid silver. The three feathers are also of solid silver. On the "stele" are these inscriptions:

Sir Reginald Foster, Kt. and Bart.
Warwick Ledgingham, Esq.
Stewards in Finsbury.
Anno Dom. 1663.

This arrow was presented to the Society by Mr. Philip Constable.' This Mr. Philip Constable is mentioned as one of the oldest Finsbury archers in Dailies Barrington's essay on Archery in the seventh volume of 'Archæologia.' The ancient Scorton arrow (1672) is of no greater length, but has been broken and repaired and has no date on it. There is an act of Parliament (Irish?) 5 Edward IV. ch. 4, which provides that every Englishman, and Irishman dwelling with Englishmen, and speaking English, being between sixteen and sixty years of age, shall have an English bow of his own length, and a fistmele at least between the nocks, and twelve shafts of the length of three-quarters of the standard. This points to the length of 27 inches as the regulation length for the stele of an arrow. The danger of breaking a bow increases the further it is drawn up, and there is no scarcity of bows that are broken at even a shorter draw than 27 or 28 inches. How many more broken bows would there have been then if the usual length of arrows drawn were 36 inches; and this in the course of a battle, when a broken bow meant an archer temporarily disabled, as an archer? The material[97] used in the manufacture of bows, the wood, must have been the same as now, and, from the specimens extant, their length does not appear to have been much beyond those now in use. In fact, the length of a bow must always be limited so as to be within the reach of the archer who strings it, and the average stature of the human race does not appear to have diminished.

It is not pretended that no arrows were longer than 27 inches. Doubtless long and light arrows were employed to annoy an enemy whilst still at a distance; but for a war-arrow, with a heavy barbed pile, to be an effective missile, it must have been provided with a strong and stiff stele, and this cannot also have been unusually long.

As dictionaries seem to avoid the compound words clothyard and clothier's yard, no better evidence can be found than the statement that the 27 inches constitute a Flemish yard, and that Flemish bows, arrows, and strings were always in high repute. So the dispute must still be left for further consideration.

Hansard, in 'The Book of Archery,' 1840, treats the matter as fully as possible perhaps, and apparently leans towards the belief that the tallest and most stalwart archers may have drawn up huge bows a full yard of the standard; yet, as he contends, at p. 191, that 'great numbers of Welsh served at Crecy and Poictiers, and it is somewhere said that a considerable portion consisted of archers,' it seems unlikely that at the same time the average archer at those battles was of gigantic stature. Ascham might have settled the matter, but he ventures no further than the statement (p. 87 of Arber's reprint) that 'at the battel of Agincourt with vii thousand fyghtynge men, and yet many of them sycke, beynge suche archers, as the Cronycle sayeth, that mooste parte of them drewe a yarde,' &c.

Apart from the historical consideration of what used to be the average draw of the old English archers, it must be[98] admitted that modern archers err on the side of not pulling up enough rather than on the side of overdrawing. Therefore it is strongly recommended to every archer to employ as long an arrow as he can conveniently use, and to bear in mind that the portion of it to be drawn up at each loose should bear some reasonable proportion to the length of arm, &c., in each individual case. It may be safely stated that no archer will find that he can conveniently draw fully up and loose evenly an arrow of greater length than the space between the left centre joint of the collarbone and the knuckle of the left-hand index-finger when the bow-arm is fully extended.

But few experienced archers now extend the bow-arm fully and take their aim before they commence drawing at all. Neither can this method be commended, as it has an awkward appearance, from the necessity that exists of stretching the other arm so far across the body in order to reach the string, and it materially increases the exertion necessary to pull the bow. Yet this method is not without its use as a preliminary drill for a beginner, that he may learn the necessity and the difficulty of drawing his arrow up, whilst keeping it constantly and exactly on the line which the arrow is afterwards to follow towards the object to be hit when it is loosed; at the same time not yet attending to the second and equally great difficulty of a beginner, namely, that of shooting the exact length as well; also that he may learn how to cover different lengths by higher and lower positions of the bow-hand.

Much diversity of opinion exists as to the best method of getting the bow-hand into position for the aim and loose, as to whether, in the course of drawing up, the arrow shall be brought into the line of aim from below or from above, or from the right to the left; and here it would seem that to make the motion of drawing from the right to the left and upwards at the same time is the simplest and most direct plan, since, after the nocking of the arrow, the drawing commences most naturally from beneath and to the right of the object to be hit.

[99] There seem to be three successful methods of drawing—namely, first, to draw the arrow home3 at once, loosing when it has been aimed, without any further draw; secondly, to draw the arrow within an inch or a little more of home,3 aiming then, and loosing after the completion of the draw; and thirdly, the method of combining the operations of drawing and aiming so continuously that the loose is the uninterrupted completion of the draw. It is unnecessary to consider the distinct method of drawing up and letting out again before the loose, or the uncertain method of fraying up and down, or playing as it were at fast-and-loose a bit before the loose, as no archer would adopt any such uncertain style as a matter of choice; though such stuttering and hiccoughing performances may occasionally bring back an erring arrow to its duty, or may arise from the loss of nerve and the departure of the crisp finish from what was once steady and unhesitating. Any movement of the bow-hand in drawing up from the left towards the right should be avoided, as that movement tends to contract instead of expanding the chest; therefore great care should be taken, when lateral movement is used in drawing up, to avoid passing the line of aim in moving the bow-hand towards the left.

Though the theory and practice of aiming will be fully treated in another chapter, some reference must here be made to aiming, although it may lead to apparently unnecessary repetition. Reference has already, somewhat prematurely, been made to the line of aim, and also to the length to be shot. Now it is clear that the success of a scientific shot must be the result of the exact combinations of the right line of aim, and the correct level of the bow- and loosing-hands by which to attain the length. In drawing, the process by which the line of aim and the level are arrived at must be associated in practice, but may be considered separately. Advice has already [100]been given to avoid—as soon as possible after the beginner has got through the first elements—the setting-up of the bow-hand with the arrow already on the line of aim to be then hauled at, and this for reasons already given. But now comes in the apparently contradictory advice, to get it planted there to be hauled at in good time before the conclusion of the operation of drawing, so that that conclusion may be certainly in the right line of aim. And the further advice at this stage of drawing is that the loosing-hand be kept well back, and never allowed to advance between the archer's face and the object aimed at. In previous editions of this book it was laid down that 'the arrow shall be at least three-fourths drawn when brought upon the [line of] aim.' But this is far from sufficient at this point of the process. About nine-tenths of drawing should be by that time accomplished, or the archer will be in a still worse position for applying his strength to the loose with advantage should there be any pause at this stage of drawing to combine the level with the line of aim. Next come the considerations whether the arrow should be held quiescent for a short time, whilst the perfect aim is found, or whether the entire drawing should be one continuous act from the first moment of pulling and raising the bow to the loose. Neither of these methods appears to have much advantage over the other, if well executed. The former will be a little more trying to the bow, and, if the finish be imperfect, may lead to letting the arrow out, which is known as a creeping-loose. The latter may lead to an arrow being occasionally imperfectly drawn; but the bow will have no cause of complaint, and full advantage will always be taken of all the work that is done.

The method of drawing the arrow home at once, which has still to be considered, has this point apparently in its favour—that it ensures the arrow's being always drawn to the same point. But it is very trying to the bow, the arms, and the fingers, and, ending in what is called a dead-loose, at the best scarcely produces results commensurate with the labour[101] undoubtedly taken, and whenever it is imperfectly finished a creeping-loose results.

Ascham, quoting Procopius, says that 'Leo, the Emperoure, would have hys souldyers drawe quycklye in warre, for that maketh a shaft flie a pace. In shootynge at pryckes, hasty and quicke drawing is neyther sure nor cumlye. Therefore, to draw easely and uniformely ... is best both for profit and semelinesse.' The modern style of shooting the York Round, &c., is the same as used in his days to be called shooting at pricks, and his advice as to the manner of drawing cannot be much improved.

A few lines before the passage above quoted he says, 'And one thynge commeth into my remembrance nowe, when I speake of drawynge, that I never red of other kynde of shootynge, than drawing wyth a mans hand either to the breste or eare.' This he says when referring to the invention of cross-bows. But it is curious that to no writer on the subject of archery it occurred that 'under the eye' might possibly be a better direction for 'drawing' than either to the breste or to the eare. Yet so it is that until the first appearance of Mr. H. A. Ford's 'Theory and Practice of Archery' in 1855 there existed no intermediate styles between the one, that was too low, and the other, which, though in the opposite extreme, was then so highly regarded as the grand old English style, that the author, though annually Champion since 1849, must have been a bold man to give the first indication of the new, and now almost universally admitted, best style for target-practice of drawing 'to such a distance that the wrist of the right hand come to about the level of the chin,' and the level of the arrow shall be a shade lower than that of the chin; its nock being in the vertical line dropped from the right eye.

One of the main features of good drawing is that the distance pulled be precisely the same every time; that is to say, the same length of the arrow must be drawn identically, whether this length be to the pile, or any shorter distance.[102] Unless this be unerringly accomplished with every shot the length must be more or less uncertain, since the power taken out of the bow will be greater or less according to the longer or shorter draw.

A great many devices have been tried and practised to make this exact similarity in the distance drawn a matter of certainty, such as by notching the end of the arrow, so that the left hand may feel it when the right length of draw has been reached; or by touching some point of the face, neck, or chin, collar, button, or other fixed point with some part of the drawing hand. But it will be found infinitely better to arrive at an exact repetition of the same action by careful practice rather than by dodges, which may, however, be useful as experiments. These mechanical devices are unlikely to have a beneficial result when constantly in use, as, when the eye and mind are fixed and concentrated (as they should be) on the aim, if anything occurs to distract either, the loose is almost sure to become unequal.

The pile of the arrow should not be drawn on to the bow. It is far better that no arrow be drawn further than exactly to the pile; and every arrow should be longer, by at least as much as the pile, than the archer's actual draw. The danger of overdrawing, in that the arrow at the loose gets set inside the bow, to its own certain destruction and to the bow's and the archer's infinite risk, is very considerable. Nothing can be gained by the violation of this rule. In cases where a beginner may be likely to overdraw, a string of the correct length to be drawn may be tied between the bow string and the handle of the bow, which will effectually prevent such an occurrence.

It is believed that all archers, good, bad, and indifferent, are (more or less) constantly subject to one failing, namely, that in completing the draw, after the aim is taken, a slightly different line to that occupied by the arrow (if correctly aimed) is taken, instead of making the line of finish (as they should do) an exact[103] continuation of the arrow's axis, dropping the right hand, or letting it incline to the right, or both; the effect being to cast the arrow out of the direction it had indicated, and by means of which the aim had been calculated. Here nothing but the most minute attention and constant practice will save the archer; but he must be prepared for participation in this common failing, and it is one of which he will be often quite unconscious, though the cause of his frequently missing the target. The very best archer needs to bear constantly in mind the necessary avoidance of this fault; for, however skilful he may be, however experienced and practised a shot, he may be quite sure that it is one into which he will be constantly in danger of falling. Failure in wind is frequently caused more by this failing than by the effect of the wind itself; for instance, the aim, perhaps, is designedly taken so as to make some allowance for a side-wind, and then the loose is delivered as if no allowance had been made. The difficulty all experience in shooting correctly on a ground where the distant level is not horizontal is more or less connected with this dangerous failing. Here, though the archer be perfectly aware that the distance slopes, however slightly, one way or the other to the correct horizon, yet at the instant of the loose he will unconsciously overlook this, and expect to have his unfortunate arrow travel in a plane vertical to the mock horizon instead of in a really vertical plane such as it must travel in, unless diverted from it by wind. Another way of accounting for this universal failing is that there is an unconscious detection of error at the last moment, and a convulsive attempt to correct this error before the completion of the loose by altering the line of the loose. Every archer is strongly advised, when he detects an error in the aim at the last moment that cannot be corrected before the discharge except in the action of the loose, to take down his arrow and begin the shooting of it afresh. The capacity to do this, when needful, is an excellent test of nerve.

[104] As far as possible the right hand must always be drawn identically to the same point for all kinds of target-practice, whatever the distance to be shot may be. To the left arm alone should be left the delicate task of the elevation or depression necessary when a longer or a shorter distance from the target is adopted. It will be obvious that when the left hand is, according to this rule, higher or lower for the purpose of shooting a longer or shorter distance the relative positions of the two hands must vary from a greater to a less divergence from an horizontal level between them, and this leads to a most important consideration in the action of drawing, namely, the position of the right elbow. This, being necessarily out of the archer's sight whilst aiming, is too frequently forgotten, and a faulty weak position of the elbow is much more easily contracted than cured. Treated as a mechanical contrivance for drawing up an arrow, the only correct position of the right elbow with reference to the arrow is that the arrow's axis should pass through the point of the bent elbow, and in this position only can the archer apply his full strength. Yet, probably from the fact that the elbow must pass through positions of less advantage in the course of drawing before the full draw is reached, it will be observed that many archers at the loose have the elbow below the level of the arrow's axis; and not a few have the elbow projecting forwards from the same axis. These faults are believed to be the causes of the constant and otherwise unaccountable, but most frequent, downfall of successful archers, generally attributed to the failure of nerve. Yet the nerves cannot certainly be altogether at fault, for the same archer, whose arrow takes its flight into its own hands, when applied to target practice, can steadily draw and hold the same arrow when it is not to be shot. It can doubtless be observed that in such cases the arrow in the one case is drawn up with a faulty wavering of the elbow, whilst in the other the elbow is brought steadily into correct position. When a position of the elbow higher than the axis of the arrow comes[105] to be considered, it appears to partake of the nature of an exaggerated virtue rather than a fault; is an assistance in the earlier processes of drawing; and, when in excess though not graceful, will probably cure itself. Much the same may be said of the much less frequent fault of drawing the right elbow into a position further back than the axis of the arrow. This can only be brought about by overdrawing, and is seldom observable except in beginners who are anxious 'to do all they know' with too long an arrow.

The treatment of the elbow of the bow-arm remains to be considered. Here trouble is more likely to arise with beginners than in an archer's after-career. If a beginner, in obedience to the instructions of Waring and the older masters of the craft, hold out the bow-arm 'as straight as possible' i.e. locked tight at the elbow, a sprain difficult to cure may not unlikely be the result, and, at any rate, a vast deal of unnecessary arm or armguard thrashing. On the other hand, a bent bow-arm, such as may appear to be recommended in the earlier editions of this work, will lead to but poor results if a bow equal to the archer's power be used. Here again the best advice that can be given is to hit off the happy mean between the too rigid arm and that which is too slack. Let the bow-arm be straightened naturally as the strain of the loosing hand is applied to it, and by careful drill each archer will arrive at a method of rendering the recoil of the bow string harmless to the course of the arrow as well as to a naked wrist, which, it is now almost universally admitted, need not be brought into contact with the armguard.

A marked variation of the method of drawing has occasionally been adopted, with considerable success, with weapons of light calibre. The nocked arrow is placed horizontally a little below the shoulder-level. The draw then commences with the extension of the bow-arm, whilst the right hand and elbow take the position for loosing, the arrow being kept all the time on the line of aim.

[106] One not altogether uncommon distortion must be mentioned for careful avoidance. This consists of a stiffening of the right wrist, with the hand bent backwards, at the time the fingers are applied to the bowstring. This antic of course cripples considerably the draw. The action of the wrist should be quite free and unconstrained until the commencement of the draw, and during the draw the back of the hand should be kept as nearly as possible in the same line as the forearm.

The left shoulder requires most careful attention. It must not be allowed to rise too high when the bow is drawn, nor to shrink inwards, as it will sometimes do with beginners when using bows that are too strong. Moreover, this shoulder must be kept so close to the line between the bow and the right shoulder that it shall project neither before nor behind that line.


[107]

CHAPTER IX.
AIMING

The aim is undoubtedly the most abstruse and scientific point connected with the practice of archery. It is at the same time the most difficult to teach and the most difficult to learn; and yet, of all points, it is the most necessary to be taught. Upon the acquisition of a correct method of aiming depends all permanently successful practice; yet respecting this important point the most sublime ignorance prevails amongst the uninitiated.

Unless the archer acquires a perfect understanding of the science of aiming, an almost impassable barrier is presented to his progressing a single step beyond the commonest mediocrity, whilst his interest in his practice is increased tenfold as soon as he has discovered that hitting or missing the object he aims at may be removed from the mysterious condition of an unaccountable sympathy between the hand and eye to the safer ground of positive knowledge.

It is perhaps quite natural that most beginners should assume that at any rate as regards the application of their eyes to the shooting of arrows they can have nothing to learn. Have they not had the full and constant use of their eyes from their earliest infancy? and have not these been with sufficient frequency applied in such a manner as must secure the necessary qualifications for such a simple task as aiming with bows and arrows? There cannot, surely, be any science wanted in the use of weapons that any child can not only use but even make? Was it ever necessary to take lessons in[108] order to secure accuracy in throwing stones? or can any amount of abstract study of optics contribute the smallest improvement or finish to a bowler? So it is in this matter of aiming that beginners, and still more those who are more advanced in practice, seem most to resent interference and advice; partly because they object to being told that they are making a wrong or incomplete use of their own eyes—looking upon it as a direct accusation of folly—when they feel that they must surely know better than their adviser all about those useful members, which, though almost constantly in employ, have never given any trouble, and have never even seemed to require any training or education; and partly with the more advanced, who have met with considerable success in hitting with their purblind (as it may be called) method of aiming, because they fear to weaken their not wholly complete faith4 in their own system by admitting even the possibility of a better. Thus in this matter of aiming it will be better that the inexperienced archer should be referred to written instruction; and whilst on the subject of instruction it should be thoroughly well enforced that nothing is more unpleasant than the unsolicited interference and advice of the officious busybody, and—particularly at an archery meeting—no unasked advice or instruction should ever be offered.

It need now be no matter of surprise that before the first appearance of this work, in 1855, no writer on archery had been able to grapple intelligently with the subject of aiming. When firearms first took the place of bows and arrows as weapons of war and the chase, the firearms themselves were so [109]inaccurate that chance went almost, if not quite, as far as science in the use of them. Their improvement was but slow and gradual; and for the firing of them the invention of percussion instead of flint and steel, which in its turn had displaced the original fuse, belongs to quite modern times. The neglected bows and arrows naturally gained no improvement; yet, until the invention of rifling firearms, bows and arrows, except for the greater inherent difficulty in the use of them, might have had a better chance to hold their own against Brown Bess and the bullet (it was commonly believed that it cost the expenditure of about a ton of lead to kill a single enemy in battle) had aiming with them been well understood. It cannot be doubted that many an archer (besides those who converted their knuckles into pincushions, and resorted to other dodges) must have hit upon an intelligent method of aiming for himself in early times; but such early experts must have resorted to the expedient of getting the arrow under the eye by pulling low, and would have to bear the withering scorn of all their brethren, who blindly upheld that the grand old English style of aiming from the ear was alone worthy of a man; and such despised experts would be most likely to keep their better knowledge to themselves for the same selfish but valid reason that Kentfield the inventor of the side-stroke in billiards, kept his own counsel as long as he could; and also because any crusade having as its object the deposition of the pull to the ear in favour of the pull to the breast must always have proved quixotic. So it came about that Mr. H. A. Ford was the first who, after five or six years of successful practice and many diligent and careful experiments conducted in combination with Mr. J. Bramhall, braved the danger of being anathematised as a heretic for daring to impugn the dear old legend of the 'pull to the ear,' and preached in favour of a style of shooting that brought the arrow as directly under the archer's eye as is the barrel of a rifle in the hands of a marksman, without resorting to the justly condemned style of pulling as low as the breast.

[110] Much about the same time great improvements were effected in firearms, which brought the accuracy of rifles much closer to perfection. The Volunteer movement, followed by the establishment of the annual Wimbledon rifle meeting, at which a Ross (then an illustrious name) was the first Queen's Prizeman in 1860, brought the scientific practice of aiming to a pitch of perfection that had never previously been dreamed of. Thus it will be seen that archery was not behind firearms in scientific advancement.

It is stated in 'Scloppetaria'—a scarce book on the rifle, published by Colonel Beaufoy in 1812—that 'as the deflection from the original line of flight was an inconvenience from which arrows were not found so liable as bodies projected from firearms, it naturally led to an inquiry how that could arise. The prominent feature of an arrow's flight is to spin with considerable velocity all the time of its flight, and therefore attention was directed towards attaining the same advantage for firearms'; and it is not without interest to notice that the modern rifle is thus directly derived from the clothyard shaft.

The improvement of the conical bullet is a later offspring of the same ancient missile.

An archer holds an intermediate position between a sportsman, who, in his attacks upon moving game, must waste no time in taking aim, and a rifleman, who, even in a standing position, can use the utmost deliberation. If he be as quick as the sportsman he will increase the difficulty of reproducing with each discharge exactly the same accuracy of pull and position. He must not be too hesitatingly slow, or he will spoil his bows and involve himself in unnecessary toil. Further, the rifleman has plenty of leisure to close the eye with which he does not aim; and such closing assists, and in no way hinders, his taking his aim, by bringing the bead at the end of his weapon and the mechanical sight by which the 'length' (distance from the target) is compassed to bear upon the centre of the target, or such other point at some trifling distance[111] from it as the conditions of wind or weather may command; whilst the sportsman, whose weapon cannot be sighted for all the different distances at which the game he fires at may be from himself, must keep both eyes open, so that he may be better able to calculate distances and attend to such other surrounding circumstances as with the then more perfect indirect vision he will be able to do, taking in a much wider field than can be obtained when one eye only is open.

In the cases of the comparatively few archers who have but one eye, or where, from the natural but not unfrequent difference in the two eyes, one only is habitually used in aiming, the following considerations of binocular vision can have but an abstract interest. The binocular difficulties, moreover, will not occur to those archers who have acquired the habit of closing one eye whilst aiming. But the habitual closing of the non-aiming eye is not recommended, for the reason that any archer in full use of both eyes can much more readily and clearly watch the flight of his arrow towards the mark with both eyes open. There is as much enjoyment to be obtained by following the course of a well-shot arrow as there is necessity for watching the errors of those that fly amiss that the causes of such errors may if possible be avoided.

But before the demonstration of the true and only scientific mode of aiming can be proceeded with, a few words must be said on the subject of direct and indirect vision.

When both eyes are directed upon the observation of any single object—say the centre of the gold of the target at 100 yards—the axes of the eyes meet at that point, and all parts of the eyes having perfect correspondence as regards that point, the sensation of perfect vision is given, i.e. the best and most accurate image that can be obtained on the retinæ of the point to which the entire attention of both eyes is directed. But at the same time there are images formed on the retinæ, of other objects nearer (those more distant need not be considered)[112] than this point, and to the right and left of it, as well as above and below it; and all such objects are included within the attention of indirect vision. The exact correspondence of the images formed on the two retinæ applies only to the point of direct vision, and the images of all other objects—i.e. the objects of indirect vision—are differently portrayed on each retina. Any object embraced in this indirect vision will be seen less or more distinctly according to its remoteness or otherwise from one or other of the axes in any part of its length; and it will be, or at any rate naturally should be, clearest to the indirect vision of that eye to the axis of which it most approximates.

Now, in aiming with an arrow, to arrive at anything like certainty, it is necessary to have in view three things, namely, the mark to be hit (the gold of the target); the arrow, as far as possible in its whole line and length (otherwise its real future course cannot be appreciated); and the point of aim.

It may be well to explain here that by the point of aim is meant the spot which the point of the arrow appears to cover. This spot, with the bow, is seldom identical with the centre of the gold, or if it be so with any individual archer at one particular distance, it will not be so at other distances, because the arrow has no adjusting sights such as are provided to assist the aim with a rifle. As an example, let it be supposed that an archer is shooting in a side-wind, say at 80 yards, and that this distance is to him that particular one where, in calm weather, the point of his arrow and the gold are identical for the purposes of aiming. It is clear that, if he now treat them so, the effect of the wind will carry his arrow to the right or left of the mark according to the side from which it blows. He is therefore obliged to aim on one side of his mark, and the point of his arrow consequently covers a spot other than the target's centre. And this other spot in this instance is to him his point of aim. Under the parallel circumstances[113] of a long range and a side-wind the rifle will be found subject to the same rule.

Now it will be understood that it is necessary for the archer to embrace within his vision the gold, the point of aim, and the true line in which the arrow is directed.

Direct vision can only be applied to one object at a time, and as direct vision should be applied as little as possible to the arrow during the aim, it has to be shown in what way the arrow must be held in order that the archer may, by means of his indirect vision, clearly appreciate the true line in which it points at the time of aiming. The discussion as to whether the gold or the point of aim shall be the object of direct vision may be postponed for the present.

Now it may be positively asserted as an incontrovertible axiom in archery that this true line cannot be correctly appreciated by the shooter unless the arrow lie, in its whole length, directly beneath the axis of the aiming eye. This is most confidently maintained, in spite of the fact that the strongest, the most deliberate, and the most successful archer of the present day systematically keeps his arrow a trifle outside his right eye. It must be remembered that Ascham ordains that 'good mennes faultes are not to be followed.'

The indirect vision of both eyes can never be used here, for if it were, according to the law of optics, two arrows would be seen; but this is never the case with the habitual shooter—though both his eyes be open, habit, and the wonderful adapting power of the eye, preventing such an untoward effect equally well as (nay, better than) if the second eye be closed. To state this more correctly: an expert archer with both eyes open is in the same condition with two similar eyes as a person who, with imperfect sight, habitually wears a spy-glass to improve the sight of the one eye, with which improved eye alone he sees, to the complete neglect of all that is taken in by the other eye, though constantly open. Those who have shot both right- and left-handed—and there are not[114] a few such—can answer for it that, though a different indirect vision of the arrow is observed with each eye, either can at will be used without any inconvenience arising from the unnecessary presence of the other. Another unusual exception may here be mentioned of a style of aiming which, though eminently successful through a good many years in the case of a Championess, cannot be recommended for imitation.

She kept her direct vision only on the point of her arrow, thus seeing the nock end of the arrow gradually diverging from its point towards each eye by indirect vision, and also by indirect vision seeing two targets, or two sets of targets, from which she had to select the correct one to secure the right direction for the loose. Many archers close the non-aiming eye, and it will be well for all beginners to do so to avoid a very possible trouble, in the case of an archer whose non-aiming eye is the best and most used of the two, of this better eye officiously interfering to do wrong what its neighbour only can do right.

But to return to the statement that the arrow in its whole length must lie directly beneath the axis of the aiming eye, which is now assumed to be the right eye, as it is so in ninety-nine cases out of a hundred. From fig. 40 it will appear that it must be so, because otherwise the shooter will be deceived as to the true line it has to take; for so long as the point of the arrow touches the axis of the aiming eye, the arrow may appear to that eye to be pointing in a straight line to the object looked at, though really directed far away to the right or left of it, as shown in fig. 41; where the arrow CB, though really pointing in the directions bCE, may, through touching the axis of the eye from B to D at C, falsely appear to the archer to be aimed at the object D.

(In figs. 40 to 43 the distances between A and B are supposed to represent the possible two inches or so between the two eyes, and the distances between A and D and B and D to be not less than fifty yards.)

[115]

 
Fig. 40. Fig. 41.   Fig. 42. Fig. 43.
A B, the two eyes.
B, the aiming eye.
C, the arrow.
D, the object directly looked at.
A D and B D, the axes of the eyes.
E, false point of aim.
  A B, the two eyes.
A, the aiming eye.
C, the arrow.
D, the object directly looked at.
A D and B D, the axes of the eyes.
E, false point of aim.

[116] For instance: suppose the archer to be shooting at such a distance that his point of aim is included in the gold; he of course will bring the point of his arrow to bear upon it, just as a rifleman would his sights; that is, the point will touch the axis of the aiming eye. But if the arrow itself be inclined, say to the right of the axis (as in the pull to the ear it would be), it will fly away some distance to the left of the object looked at. And the converse of this will be true also; for if it incline to the left of the axis it will then fly off to the right; the archer in these cases being in the position of a marksman who instead of keeping his foresight in a line with his backsight has deliberately adjusted the aperture of his backsight to the right or left of the bead at the muzzle of his weapon with reference to the object aimed at.

An example that came within Mr. Ford's personal knowledge will afford a perfect illustration, and will be useful for the possible solution of similar cases. An archer had shot for many years, but invariably found that if ever his arrow pointed (as it seemed to him) in a straight line with the centre of the target it persistently flew off to the left of it five or six yards, even at the short distances (see fig. 43, where the arrow BC, though pointing in the direction BE, appeared to the shooter to be aimed at D). He was therefore obliged to make an allowance and to point his arrow that much to the right (see fig. 42, where the arrow BC, though pointed straight to D, appeared to the archer to be pointing in the direction AE[117]). In vain he sought a solution of this anomaly. All could tell him that there was something faulty; but, as everything in his style and mode of action appeared correct, that something remained a mystery, until it was ultimately discovered that, though the arrow was held directly beneath the axis of the right eye (this being also open), this archer actually used his left eye to aim with. It will be readily seen why the discrepancy existed between his aim and the flight of his arrow, the fact being that the arrow did not appear to the shooter to be pointing towards the object at D until it touched the axis of his left eye, and consequently not until its direction pointed far away to the left of the mark (see fig. 43). On closing the left eye the direction of the arrow's flight and the aim coincided, because the eye beneath whose axis the arrow lay became the eye with which the aim was taken.

As to whether the direct vision should be applied to the mark to be hit or to the point of aim, the argument is all in favour of the latter. For the point of aim must of necessity be in relation to the mark—either in the same vertical line with it or outside that line. If outside, then the direct vision must certainly be upon the point of aim; otherwise the arrow cannot lie directly beneath the axis of the aiming eye, which has already been shown to be necessary. Therefore the only question remaining to be decided is, When the mark falls in the same vertical line with the point of aim, which of the two should be directly looked at? Here again an argument can be adduced to determine the choice in favour of the latter; for when the point of aim is above the mark the latter will be hidden from the right or aiming eye by the necessary raising of the left or bow hand, as may be easily proved by the closing of the left eye; therefore the direct vision cannot be applied to the mark, though it may be applied to the point of aim. There now remains but one case, namely, when the point of aim falls below the mark, but in the same vertical line with it; and here (though either of them may in this case be regarded with the direct vision) as no reasoning or argument can be adduced for violating or departing from the rule shown to be necessary in the other cases; and as it is easier to view the point of aim directly and the mark indirectly than the contrary, because the point of aim will necessarily lie between the mark and the arrow's axis; and as uniformity of practice is highly desirable, the application of direct vision to the point of aim in every case is most strongly recommended. This teaching was quite contrary to[118] that taught by all the old-fashioned writers, who maintained that the eye, or eyes, should be kept always intently fixed upon the mark to be hit. It is probable that even those archers who imagine that they regard directly the mark only, do so only in the case when the mark and the point of aim coincide (which with each archer may be called his point-blank5 range); and this is analogous to all rifle practice, where from any cause allowance must be made.

It must be borne in mind that all these remarks apply only to target lengths. As regards aiming at very long distances, when the mark and the point of aim are too far apart to be sufficiently seen in conjunction, no scientific principle can be laid down for the guidance of an archer. Practice alone will give him a knowledge of the power of his bow, and the angle of elevation required to throw up the arrow as far as the mark. If the distance to be shot be a known and a fixed one-for instance, two hundred yards—the necessary calculations are more or less attainable; but the great distance renders the result so uncertain as to prevent anything approaching to the accuracy of aim attainable at the customary target distances. If the mark be a varying and uncertain one, as in Roving, the archer is entirely dependent upon his judgment of distances. This sort of shooting, though very interesting, must be attended with a great amount of uncertainty; but, as in every other case, the more judicious practice be applied the greater will be the success.

No hard-and-fast rules can be laid down for deciding where the point of aim ought to be at any particular distance, as this is dependent upon a great variety of circumstances—as strength of bows, and the sharpness and dulness of their cast, heavy or light arrows, a quick or sluggish loose, and the varying force of different winds. One archer will find his point-blank range at 120 yards, whilst another can get a point-blank aim on the target, at 60 yards even, by raising [119]his loosing hand so high that the angle between the axis of his aiming eye and the axis of the arrow is very small. It is now many years ago since two toxophilites, using bows of about fifty pounds in weight, with five-shilling arrows of the old-fashioned manner of feathering, and employing the same position (about three inches below the chin) of the right hand for the loose at each of the three usual distances of 100, 80, and 60 yards, found that the point of aim at 100 yards was about the target's diameter (4 feet) above the target, whilst the point of aim at 80 yards was about the same measure below the target, and the point of aim at 60 yards was at a spot about fifteen paces from the shooter.

It would have been highly interesting if Mr. H. A. Ford, who was always most faithful to his own dogma that the loosing hand must be brought to the same position at the loose, had published some account of his own points of aim, which must have had a very wide range of variation from those of his best period, when he was using 56 lb. bows, and arrows 29 inches in length, up to the time of his last appearance as Champion, in 1867 at Brighton, when, with weak bows and light arrows, his score was 1,037, with 215 hits.

The late ingenious Mr. James Spedding, who always touched some button on his coat-collar with his loosing hand, contrived a 'sight' upon his bow, which obviated the necessity of a point of aim. This was a bright metal bead such as is at the muzzle of a gun. This at the upper end of a slight metal rod (in fact, a bright-headed pin), and fitted into a groove added to the back of the bow (in which it could at will be lowered or raised), gave him a point of aim on the centre of the target at distances where his natural (may it be called?) point of aim would have been beneath the target. With this contrivance, the slightest variation in the slope of the bow distorted the aim.

The American contrivance of the peep-sight is a very minute instrument, with a still smaller aperture. This is[120] shifted up and down the bowstring, and, when correctly adjusted, the aiming eye should just catch sight of the centre of the target through the aperture. This instrument is confessedly useless except for very weak bows, and the smallest trembling even would put it off the aim, and blind, as it were, the aiming eye.

An Irish shot, the late Captain Whitla, succeeded in getting his aim on the target at all the three distances by varying the strength and cast of his bows, using his best and strongest at 100 yards, then one that was slower and weaker at 80 yards, and trusting himself to a slug like a broomstick at 60 yards.

Another archer (with the same bow at all distances) got his aim upon the target when shooting at 100 yards by touching with the thumb of his right hand about the position of the right collar-bone. When shooting at 80 yards he got his aim again on the target by raising his hand so high that his thumb, now coiled up and close to the root of the first finger, with its top joint touched beneath the chin. And at 60 yards he still obtained an aim on the target by raising the loosing hand higher, so that the same point of the thumb touched the right corner of his mouth. It is believed that in this case the gradual contraction of the angle between the axis of the eye and of the arrow led to a shorter draw at the nearer distances.

One class of archers, though implied in previous discussions, should also be treated separately, as they may be more in number than is generally supposed, namely, those who, because the left eye is the best of the two, or, from constant and incurable habit, aim with the left eye, though shooting, as it is called, right-handed, i.e. holding the bow in the left hand. Such archers should, if the peculiarity be detected in time, be recommended to shoot with the bow in the right hand. Possibly more than one most promising archer has been kept on the top rung but one of the ladder of fame by[121] trying to force his weaker right eye to do the work that might have been much better done by the left one. It has also been already explained that, where physical peculiarities admit it, this right-handed shooting with the left eye gives the archer a slight mechanical advantage, as the divergence from the line of force may be thus contracted.

To conclude the subject of aiming, it is not pretended that shutting one eye and aiming with the other is wrong, but that it is better, though occasionally closing one eye for experiments, to use the other eye for aiming with, the one being diligently trained to keep in the background, attending solely to its own subordinate functions.


[122]

CHAPTER X.
OF HOLDING AND LOOSING

Holding.

By holding is meant keeping the arrow fully drawn before it is loosed. Ascham has made this his fourth point of archery; and but little can be added to what he has said on the subject. 'Holding,' he says, 'must not be longe, for it bothe putteth a bowe in ieopardy, and also marreth a man's shoote; it must be so lytle yat it may be perceyued better in a man's mynde when it is done, than scene with a man's eyes when it is in doyng.' This represents so exactly what holding, at its best, should be, that it needs only be added that this almost imperceptible pause before the act of loosing serves to steady the arm and perfect the aim, and is a great assistance to the obtaining of a certain and even loose. It is therefore, in company with the other points of archery, most necessary to be cultivated if successful hitting is to be the result. But let no archer think to arrive at this perfection of holding by grasping his bow as tight as he possibly can from first to last. The grasp should be gradually tightened as the strain of the draw is increased; otherwise too much toil is given to the bow-hand, and it will fail in the loose. One very successful shot had so many faults that his success was always a surprise; yet he had this invariable virtue, that, though it was obvious that he held his bow quite loosely during the draw, at the final pause his grasp was visibly tightened most firmly.

Mention should not be omitted of the sadly false conception[123] many archers have of holding when fully drawn. This they exhibit by constantly letting the arrow creep out whilst they appear to be taking aim, as though they were quite incapable of checking its impatience to be off. This is a most dangerous fault, and must be most carefully guarded against.


MAJOR C. H. FISHER, CHAMPION ARCHER FOR THE YEARS 1871-2-3-4.

Loosing.

After the bow has been drawn up to its proper extent, and the aim correctly taken, there still remains one more point which the archer must achieve successfully before he can ensure the correct and desired flight of his arrow to its mark; and this is the point of loosing, which term is applied to the act of quitting or freeing the string from the fingers of the right hand which retain it. It is the last of Ascham's famous 'Quintette,' wherein, though he does not say much, yet what he does say is so much to the point that it may well be quoted. 'It must be so quycke and hard yet it be wyth oute all guides, so softe and gentle that the shafte flye not as it were sente out of a bow case. The meane betwixt bothe, whyche is the perfyte lowsynge, is not so hard to be folowed in shootynge as it is to be descrybed in the teachyng. For cleane lowsynge you must take hede of hyttynge anythynge aboute you. And for the same purpose Leo the Emperour would haue al archers in war to haue both theyr heades pouled and there berdes shauen, lest the heare of theyr heades should stop the syght of the eye, the heere of theyr berdes hinder the course of the strynge.'

This loosing is the archer's crowning difficulty; for no matter how correct and perfect may be all the rest of his performance, the result will infallibly prove a failure, and end in disappointment, unless the loose also be successfully mastered. Upon this the flight of the arrow mainly depends, and to how great an extent this may be affected by it may be gathered from the fact that the same bow with a like weight of arrow[124] and length of pull will cast many yards further in the hands of one man than it will in those of another, owing solely and entirely to the different manner in which the string shall have been quitted.

No arguments are necessary to prove how delicate an operation it is in archery to loose well, and to accomplish, with the evenness, smoothness, and unvarying similarity necessary for accurate hitting, the consummating effort, including as it does on the one side of an instant the greatest exertion of muscles that on the other side of that instant are in perfect repose. But considerable misapprehension exists amongst archers as to what is a good loose, it being often thought that if an extreme sharpness of flight be communicated to the arrow, it is conclusive evidence as to the goodness of the loose, without reference to the consideration that this extreme sharpness of loose seldom produces steadily successful hitting at any distance, and still less frequently is effective at all the distances. A thoroughly good loose cannot exist unless accuracy of hitting as well as keenness of flight be the combined result; and if the two cannot be obtained together, a slower flight with accuracy rises immeasurably superior to the rapid flight with uncertainty.

The flight of an arrow keenly loosed is as fair to view as that of any bird, whilst the flight of an arrow that is badly loosed is as uninteresting as the staggerings of a drunken man. This is quite apart from the consideration of hitting the object aimed at; but when the question resolves itself into this practical form—'Is it possible for the same mode of loosing to give the utmost rapidity of flight and at the same time certainty of line and elevation?'—the consensus of experience should be in the negative. There is no denying that a few successive arrows may be shot accurately in this way, but during any prolonged period the inaccuracy of flight is sure to be such as to render the average shooting inferior. The difficulty, amounting almost to an impossibility, of obtaining a loose[125] which shall combine great sharpness and accuracy of flight at the same time arises from the fact that such a loose requires, to obtain that sharpness, that the fingers of the right hand be snatched away from the string with such suddenness and rapidity as to compromise the second quality of accuracy—such a sudden jerk of the string endangering the steadiness of the left arm at the final moment, and, by its unavoidable irregularity, not only having a tendency to drag the string and consequently the arrow out of the proper line of flight, but also simultaneously to vary the elevation. Excepting for long-distance shooting, then, a very sharp loose cannot be recommended; nevertheless, in case he may be at any time engaged therein, the archer perfect at all points should have it under his command.

The different looses may now be divided into the slashing loose, which may degenerate into the snatch or may be improved into the steady continuous loose. The chief contrast to this is the dead loose, which in strong hands is very useful. This consists of the simple opening of the fingers for the escape of the string, and is liable to degenerate into the creeping loose, which need not be further referred to except for the purpose of again urging its avoidance. Another loose, which may be called an active loose, is an appreciable improvement upon the dead loose in that the fingers at the loosing instant are withdrawn from the string, though without any further draw, and will be found, after the escape of the string, to have resumed their previous position—i.e. curled up instead of being sprawled out straight as is the case in the dead loose. The only remaining loose may be called the lively loose, and consists of a short and quick additional draw, after the aim has been taken, of say from half an inch to three inches, and finished with an active loose, and care must be taken to prevent the degeneration of this into a snatch.

Before the final treatment of the loose be entered upon, it[126] will be useful to consider how the different sorts of shooting-gloves and finger-tips affect this intricate operation. Doubtless in the times when the English archer was in such high repute in battle, the only loose suitable to the old glove was the slash, as the only method of quitting the string, which, with the strongest bow each individual could use, must, for the longest pull on such bow, have been gripped as close as possible to the inside of the knuckles of the last joints of the two or three fingers used. No other loose could be employed with any chance of obtaining full results from the work done, and it is evident from the Acts of Parliament on the subject that in the archer's drill none but long-distance shooting was countenanced. The comparatively modern finger-tips or thimbles connected by straps at the back of the hand and buckled on round the wrist must have been used with the same slashing sort of loose. But, with the old tab made of horse-butt leather, and all the different neatly-fitting tips with catches that have been invented long since the commencement of the public meetings at which York Rounds are shot, a much steadier and quieter loose may be obtained without wasting any of the work done; but, it must be admitted, with the general result that there is some slight decrease in the average strength of the bows that are used now. Moreover, it has been found that in the closely-contested matches of the present times the slashing sort of loose stands at a positive disadvantage at the shorter ranges.


Fig. 46.

With the glove and tab and tips without catches the best loose may be obtained with the fingers extended as far as is compatible with the retention of the string; and, by applying the fingers almost diagonally to the string, a very firm grip is secured combined with much facility of liberation (fig. 46, p. 128). With the help of catches on the tips the string can be taught to rest at any intermediate point on the last joint or third phalanx of either of the fingers—it will be found more convenient here to use the word phalanx for each part of the[127] finger, each finger having three phalanges, first, second, and third—and the most entirely different hold on the string to the one previously described is that where the fingers are almost completely curled up (fig. 45); with an active or lively loose the string may be very sharply quitted with this hold, but it is more liable to strain the fingers, unless the bow be weak, and the high-set catch, though more popular twenty years ago, is now very little used. With a strong common glove and all four fingers on the string, this extreme position has been known to contribute to first-rate scores at all the distances, and it is probably the necessary position when four fingers are used.


Fig. 45.

The intermediate position between these two extremes will probably be found the best, and this may be thus described.

The third phalanx of the middle finger should be as nearly as possible at right angles with the line of the drawn-up arrow.

The second phalanx will make an obtuse angle with the third, and the first about the same obtuse angle with the second; and these obtuse angles will vary in individual instances according to the stiffness or suppleness of the finger-joints.

[128] The back of the hand will incline slightly away from the line through the forearm, so that the line from the elbow through the wrist may be quite straight with the same line continued through the wrist to the position of the string on the fingers at A. The positions of the phalanges of the first and third fingers will vary from those of the second finger, as shown in fig. 44.


Fig. 44.

This position of the string across the fingers should be neither too near to nor too far from the tips, as too great a grip necessitates a drag or a jerk to free the fingers, besides exposing more surface to the friction of the string in passing over it; whilst an insufficient hold of the string weakens the shooter's command over it, and renders the giving way of the finger a constant occurrence. It is therefore recommended that the string be placed as nearly as possible midway between the tips and first joints of the fingers.

Now a good loose may be described as possessing the characteristic that the fingers do not go forward one hair's breadth with the string, but their action is, as it were, a continuance of the draw rather than an independent movement, yet accompanied with just enough additional muscular action in a direction away from the bow and simultaneous expansion[129] of the last joints of the fingers at the final instant of quitting the string as to admit of its instantaneous freedom from all and each of them at the same identical moment of time; for should one finger linger on the string but the minutest moment longer than its fellows, or should all or any of them follow forward with the string in the slightest degree, the loose will be faulty and the shot a probable failure. So slight, however, is this muscular movement that, though a distinct and appreciable fact to the mind of the shooter, it is hardly if at all perceptible to the lookers-on, as in a good loose the fingers should instantly recover their holding position, but will be at a slight though appreciable distance further from the bow consequent upon the combined effect of the removal of the pulling weight of the bow and the loosing effort. A passage out of Mr. Townsend's article, 'How should the String be Loosed,' in the 'Archer's Register for 1866-7,' may here be quoted. 'The string of the bow having been pulled to the fullest extent intended, and the pause having been felt or made, next comes the loose; and, as this must be effected by an opening of the fingers, the tendency of the string would be to run forward, if ever so little, during the opening; and, as the whole spring [cast] of the bow is not given to the string [and arrow] until it is altogether freed from the fingers, so, to prevent [the] loss of power, the pulling hand and arm are drawn so much further back, as the opening of the fingers would allow the string to run forward before it is altogether released. Thus the string in reality remains stationary or nearly so [quite so] during the loose; and the fingers are freed without going one hair's breadth forward with the string.'

As an assistance towards this instantaneous recovery of the loosing fingers, some archers wore silver rings round the first phalanges of their three fingers, and these rings were connected by india-rubber straps with the finger-tips, thus compelling the first and third phalanges to approximate, as described in the Mason tips.

[130] Mr. Townsend's 'india-rubber practising apparatus' has not been seen for many years, though of great assistance in experiments and in correcting faults and general improvement of drawing and loosing.

Some archers use only the first and second fingers, and the loose thus obtained possesses the advantage that the string when quitting the fingers has less surface in contact with it.

Mr. Ford's own latest loose was from the first and third fingers, with the second finger packed upon the back of the first finger for its support; and he has been heard to declare that this arrangement of the fingers gives the best loose possible, as already described.

One of the commonest faults at the present day is the habit of making the third finger do more than its fair share of work. Evidence of this failing may be found in the fact that blisters are far more common on the third finger than on either of the others, and a frequent result is that the muscles of the third finger get strained and even partially torn from their attachments. This is one of the most frequent causes of the breakdown of archers who practise much. This may be avoided and the loose much improved by turning the backs of the fingers while drawing slightly upwards, and inwards, and thus exerting more pressure with the forefinger. An example of what is meant may be seen in the picture (opp. p. 122) of Major Fisher, whose loose is remarkably good. Here it will be seen that the line of the knuckles is not perpendicular, but slopes outwards and downwards from the knuckle of the forefinger to that of the fourth.

The utility of catches on the finger-tips has already been explained in a previous chapter, but may be further mentioned in connection with the loose as contributing by an invariable hold on the string to a constant repetition of exactly the same loose.

Especial care must be taken that, whilst loosing, the left arm must maintain its position firmly and unwaveringly, and[131] must not give way at the final moment in the slightest degree in the direction towards the right hand, as arrows constantly dropping short are the certain consequence of any such shrinking of the bow-arm—the same injurious effect being produced on their flight as when the fingers of the right hand are allowed to go forward with the string. This yielding of the left arm is of more constant occurrence than archers will generally admit, and is the cause of many an arrow, otherwise correctly treated, missing its mark. This failing is not unfrequently the result of too much practice. All must be firm to the last, and the attention of the shooter should never be relaxed for a single instant until the arrow has actually left the bow. But, though this firmness be necessary for the shooting of an arrow it is not necessary, however satisfactory the result or good the attitude, to remain for some seconds in rivalry with the Apollo Belvedere; the bow-arm should, if possible, be instantly and quietly moved to the left whilst the next arrow is procured from the quiver or whilst the shooting station is given up to the next in order; and this leftward motion of the left arm will correct the very general tendency there is to throw the upper horn of the bow to the right and downwards convulsively, which is a very frequent and unsightly antic. Many of the other objectionable antics already referred to are brought to perfection at this instant, and should also be most carefully avoided.


[132]

CHAPTER XI.
OF DISTANCE SHOOTING, AND DIFFERENT ROUNDS

The attention may now be turned to the results obtained by the use of the bow and arrow.

The best notion of the old practice of archery may be gained from a review of the ancient butts or shooting-fields of our ancestors. These shooting-grounds were evidently attached to every town (if not also village) in the kingdom, as may be gathered from the universal survival of the local name of Butts. There is extant 'A plan of all the marks belonging to the Honourable Artillery Company in the fields near Finsbury, with the true distance as they stood, Anno 1737, for the use of long-bows, cross-bows, hand guns, and artillery.' These marks all have different appellations, and there is but one single instance of a repetition of the same distance between one of these marks and the other.

The ground on which these marks were situated appears to extend from a mark called Castle6 to Islington Common, and there were two sets of actual butts at the Islington end. The distance between the one pair of these butts is given as six score and ten yards—i.e. 130 yards. The distance between the other pair is not given in the plan, but it appears to be less than half of the other, and is probably about sixty yards. The whole length of these shooting-fields appears to be about one mile on the plan; and this is about the actual distance between the Artillery Ground and the 'Angel,' Islington.[133] The longest distance between any of the two marks is thirteen score and five yards—i.e. 265 yards—between Turk's Whale and Absoly. Here follow the names of the marks; and these may possibly be still traced in the neighbourhood in some instances. The distances are also given.

The start is made from 'Castle.'

  Score yards Yards
From Castle to Gard stone 9·5  185
From Gard stone to Arnold 10·0  200
From Arnold to Turk's Whale 8·4  164
From Turk's Whale to Lambeth 3·13 73
From Lambeth to Westminster Hall 11·7  227
From Westminster Hall to White Hall 11·2  222
From White Hall to Pitfield 7·17 157
From Pitfield7 to Nevil's House or 'Rosemary Branch' 9·17 197
Total yards   1425

At 'Nevil's House' there appears to be a break in the marks, but they are taken up again at the 'Levant.'

  Score yards Yards
From the Levant to Welch Hall 8·18 178
From Welch Hall to Butt (1) 11·11 231
From Butt(1) to Butt(2) on Islington Common 6·18 138
And, on going back to Welch Hall, from Welch Hall to Egg-Pye 10·10 210
Total yards   757

Here there is another break.

To continue the round of the marks on the return journey without going over the same distance twice, return to Pitfield.

[134]

  Score yards Yards
From Pitfield to Bob Peek 11·3  223
From Bob Peek to Old Absoly 8·12 172
From Old Absoly to Pitfield 10·16 216
From Pitfield to Edw. Gold 6·11 131
From Edw. Gold to Jehu 9·9  189
From Jehu to Old Absoly 8·17 177
From Old Absoly to Scarlet 9·11 191
From Scarlet to Edw. Gold 7·2  142
From Edw. Gold to White Hall 12·2  242
From White Hall to Scarlet 12·2  242
From Scarlet to Jehu 4·2  82
From Jehu to Blackwell Hall 9·18 198
From Blackwell Hall to Scarlet 9·6  186
From Scarlet to Star or Dial 9·14 194
From Star or Dial to White Hall 7·0  140
Total yards   2725

Returning to Star or Dial:—

  Score yards Yards
From Star or Dial to Westminster Hall 8·8  168
From Westminster Hall to Dial or Monument 8·4  164
From Dial or Monument to Star or Dial 9·9  189
From Star or Dial to Blackwell Hall 13·5  185
From Blackwell Hall to Old Speering 9·1  129
From Old Speering to Star or Dial 9·16 196
Total yards   1031

Returning to Blackwell Hall:—

  Score yards Yards
From Blackwell Hall to Dial or Monument 10·16 216
From Dial or Monument to Lambeth 6·10 130
From Lambeth to Old Speering 10·8  208
Total yards   554

[135] Returning to Lambeth:—

  Score yards Yards
From Lambeth to Day's Deed 8·14 174
From Day's Deed to Turk's Whale 9·12 192
From Turk's Whale to Absoly (longest) 13·5  265
From Absoly to Arnold 9·1  181
From Arnold to Blood House Bridge 7·14 154
Total yards   966

Returning to Day's Deed:—

  Score yards Yards
From Day's Deed to Absoly 9·11 191
From Absoly to Gard stone 9·15 195
Total yards   386

The sum of all these distances amounts to about 4-1/2 miles, being actually 4 miles and 804 yards. There is a pathway extending the whole distance from Blood House Bridge to Islington Common. There are boggy places set down as lying between Turk's Whale and Absoly, and Turk's Whale and Day's Deed. There is also a bog located between the two nearest butts, which must have been inconvenient; also a pond on one side, and another bog on the other side of them.

Two other measurements are given—namely, fifteen score and eight yards, or 308 yards, for the length of a garden wall lying some yards to the right of the White Hall and Pitfield marks; and sixteen score and two yards, or 322 yards, in the same neighbourhood, close by the pathway, and indicating about the distance between Star or Dial and Edw. Gold.

The widest part of these shooting-fields seems to be at about this same part—viz. from White Hall to Scarlet 242 yards, and on to Jehu 82 yards, a total width of 324[136] yards; and the narrowest part extends from Nevil's House to Islington Common, in which narrow part are both the sets of butts.

There appear to be some eight or ten fields included in the plan, with hedges indicated, but there is no appearance of either a road or a pathway crossing them.

These marks, giving a great variety of distances, from the shortest of 73 yards between Turk's Whale and Lambeth to the longest of 265 already particularised, seem admirably calculated for the training of the old English archer and the teaching him readily to calculate the various distances at any time between himself and his enemy; and it is worthy of observation that all these distances are well within the belief of modern archers as such distances as—bearing in mind that there is no evidence of general deterioration—our ancestors could easily compass, seeing that there are well-authenticated instances of lengths somewhat beyond 300 yards having been attained in modern times without any lengthened special training.

In these fields no doubt was seen the clout shooting, which is still kept up by the Woodmen of Arden, at Meriden in Warwickshire, and by the archers of the Scottish Bodyguard at Edinburgh.

This style of shooting is so called from the aim having been taken at any white mark (cloth, etc.), placed at a fixed distance; but the clout in use now is a white target with a black centre, set slantwise on the ground. The distances vary from 180 to 240 yards, and this latter distance may be taken as about the extreme range of this style of shooting in olden times; as Shakespeare mentions (2 Henry IV. iii. 2) that 'old Double,' who 'drew a good bow,' and 'shot a fine shoot,' 'would have clapped i' the clout at twelve score, and carried you a forehand shaft a fourteen and fourteen and a half, that it would have done a man's heart good to see.' As the clout is but rarely hit, the arrow nearest to it at each end, if[137] within three bows' lengths (about eighteen feet) of it, counts as in bowls and quoits.

When the Grand National Archery Meeting was held at Edinburgh in 1850, some of this shooting was introduced, with the result that, out of 2,268 shots at 180 yards, there were 10 hits, and out of 888 shots at 200 yards there were 5 hits.

At the meetings at Meriden stands a marker right in front of this clout, whose duty it is to signal back to each archer, when he has shot, whether his arrow fall short, or go too far, or wide, and—to avoid being hit himself.

The ordinary target arrows may be used in this practice up to the distance of 200 yards, but beyond this distance much stronger bows or flight arrows must be employed.

In these fields, too, would be kept up the practice of roving, or taking, as the object to be aimed at, not these or any known mark, but some stray or accidental mark. This practice must have been valuable in olden times in testing the knowledge of distances acquired at the different fixed marks, and it would still be interesting as an amusement, but it is not now so easy to find grounds sufficiently open for the purpose. Where there is sufficient space for golf links, roving might still be practised, and already the golfer's ball and the archer's arrow have been matched together between hole and hole.

Of flight-shooting, or shooting with flight or light arrows, it may be said that such practice was probably in vogue in old times for the purpose of annoying the enemy whilst at a distance, or in such a ruse as is described by Hall in his account of the battle of Towton in 1461, when 'The Lord Fawconbridge, which led the forward of King Edwardes battail, beinge a man of great Polyce, and of much experience in Marciall feates, caused every archer under his standard to shoot one flight (which before he caused them to provyde), and then made them to stand still. The Northern men, felyng the shoot, but by reason of the snow not wel vewyng the distaunce betwene them[138] and their enemies, like hardy men shot their schefe arrowes as fast as they might, but al their shot was lost and their labor vayn, for thei came not nere the Southern men by xl. tailors' yerdes.'

Flight-shooting has also been used in experiments to determine the extreme casts of different weights and kinds of bows, and the greatest range attainable by the power and skill of individual archers. As a result of such experiments, it may be stated that very few archers can cover more, or even as much as, 300 yards. To attain this range, a bow of at least sixty-two or sixty-three pounds must not only be used but thoroughly mastered, not merely as regards the drawing, but in respect of quickness and sharpness of loose also.

The only remaining style of shooting in vogue in old times—that at the butts or mounds of earth—was known as prick-shooting, a small mark being fixed upon the butt and shot at from various distances. This style of shooting was probably popular even then, as many of the Acts of Parliament are levelled against it, on account of its interfering with the more robust practice of the long distances necessary for the purpose of war. This prick-shooting next became known as the paper game, when cardboard, and paper stretched on canvas, were placed on the butts. It is not very clear when such targets as are now in use came into fashion, with their gaudy heraldic faces. The distances employed for this butt-shooting appear to have been differently calculated from the lengths in the longer-distance shooting, an obsolete measure of 7-1/2 yards, known as an archer's rood, having been employed; and the butt-shooting in vogue at the revival of archery in 1781 was at the distances of 4, 8, 12, and 16 roods, or 30, 60, 90, and 120 yards; and the modern distances of 60 yards, 80 yards, and 100 yards do not seem to have come into use until they were mentioned towards the end of the last century as Princes' lengths at the annual contests held in the grounds of the Royal Toxophilite Society, for the possession of the[139] silver bugles presented by their patron, George IV., then Prince of Wales.

About the date of the Introduction of the York Round in 1844, two other rounds were in use amongst archers and in archery clubs. These were the St. Leonard's Round, which first consisted of 75 arrows at 60 yards only, but afterwards of 36 arrows at 80 yards, and 39 arrows at 60 yards; and the St. George's Round, consisting of 36 arrows at each of the distances of 100 yards, 80 yards, and 60 yards, the round of the St. George's Archers, who occupied grounds in St. John's Wood, near London.

The York Round, having been now firmly established for more than forty years as the round appointed to be shot at all the public archery meetings, has become the acknowledged test of excellence in bow practice, and all other rounds have dropped out of use with the exception of the round known as the National Round, which is practised by ladies at the public meetings, and consists of 48 arrows at 60 yards and 24 arrows at 50 yards; and of 48 arrows at 80 yards and 24 arrows at 60 yards, as practised by gentlemen at meetings where the 100 yards shooting is omitted.


[140]

CHAPTER XII.
ARCHERY SOCIETIES, 'RECORDS,' ETC.

Prince Arthur, the elder brother of King Henry VIII., enjoys the reputation of having been an expert archer, and it is believed that in his honour a good shot was named after him; but as he was born in 1486 and died in 1502, his skill in the craft cannot have had time to arrive at maturity, though even in modern times a stripling has occasionally snatched the palm of success from the more mature experts.

That King Henry VIII. took a deep interest in archery as necessary for the safety and glory of his kingdom is quite certain, and the various Acts of Parliament passed in the course of his reign (3 Henry VIII. ch. 3, 4, 13; 6 Henry VIII. ch. 2, 11, 13; 14 & 15 Henry VIII. ch. 7; 25 Henry VIII. ch. 17; and 33 Henry VIII. 6 & 9) sufficiently prove his determination to stimulate the more frequent use of the long bow. But, apart from his public encouragement of archery, he took personal interest in it himself, and, being a famous athlete, he was no doubt as successful with his bow as his natural impatience would allow. The following extracts from the accounts of his privy purse for the year 1531, when he was forty-one years of age, may be taken as the nearest approach to his actual scores that can be reached. The late Lord Dudley's score at 60 yards, when shooting with one of the best shots at that distance, at one guinea per arrow, must have shown an equally unfavourable balance:—

'20 March.—Paied to George Coton for vij shottes loste by[141] the Kinges Grace unto him at Totehill at vjs. viijd. the shotte xlvjs. viijd.

'29 March.—Paied to George Gifford for so moche money he wanne of the Kinges Grace unto him at Totehill at shoting xijs. vjd.

'13 May.—Paied to George Coton for that he wanne of the Kinges Grace at the Roundes the laste day of April iijl.

'3 June.—Paied to George Coton for so moche money by him wonne of the Kinges Grace at bettes in shoting vijl. iis.'

And again on the last day of June there were 'paied to the iii Cotons for three settes which the King had lost to them in Greenwich Park xxl. and vjs. viijd. more to one of them for one up shotte.'

This George Coton (Cotton) is probably the same person who was governor to the Duke of Richmond, the King's natural son.

On January 31, 1531, 'paied to Byrde Yoeman of the Kinges bowes for making the Roundes at Totehill by the Kinges commandment xijs. viijd.'

The musters, or what we should now call reviews, were at this time held in the Tothill Fields.

Sir W. Cavendish, the historian of Cardinal Wolsey, thus speaks of his interview with the King in 1530, when he was the bearer of the news of the death8 of Wolsey to the King, then staying at Hampton Court. (See Cavendish's 'Wolsey,' 1827, p. 396.)

'Upon the morrow (of St. Nicholas Eve, 1530) I was sent for by the King to come to his grace; and being in Master Kingston's chamber in the Court (Hampton Court), had knowledge thereof, and repairing to the King, found him shooting at the rounds in the park, on the backside of the garden.

'And perceiving him occupied in shooting, thought it not my duty to trouble him: but leaned to a tree, intending to[142] stand there, and to attend his gracious pleasure. Being in a great study, at last the King came suddenly behind me, where I stood, and clapped his hand upon my shoulder; and, when I perceived him, I fell upon my knee. To whom he said, calling me by name, "I will," quoth he, "make an end of my game, and then will I talk with you," and so he departed to his mark, whereat the game was ended.

'Then the King delivered his bow unto the yeoman of his bows, and went his way inward to the palace, whom I followed.'

Sir Thos. Elyot, the first edition of whose book, the 'Governour,' was printed in 1531, devoted chapter xxvii. to the praise of the long bow, and was the earliest writer on the subject of archery, unless the unknown author of the 'Book of King Modus,' which is said by Hansard ('Book of Archery,' 1840, p. 210) to be 'preserved in the royal library at Paris,' wrote about two centuries and a half before the 'Toxophilus,' by Roger Ascham, was printed in 1545.

Neither Elyot nor Ascham makes any mention of the societies of archers known as the Fraternities of St. George and of Prince Arthur, but something of the kind is plainly indicated by Richard Mulcaster in his book, the 'Positions,' published in 1581, where he quaintly says, 'This exercise' (archery) 'I do like best generally of any rounde stirring without the dores, upon the causes before alleaged: which, if I did not that worthy man our late learned countriman Maister Askam, would be halfe angrie with me though he were of milde disposition, who both for the trayning of the Archer to his bowe and the scholler to his booke, hath showed himselfe a cunning archer and a skilful maister.

'In the middest of so many earnest matters I may be allowed to intermingle one which hath a relice of mirthe: for in praysing of Archerie as a principall exercise to the preseruing of health how can I but prayse them who profess it thoroughly and maintain it nobly, the friendly and franke[143] fellowship of Prince Arthur's knights in and about the Citie of London which of late yeares have so reuiued the exercise, so countenaunced the artificers, so inflamed emulation, as in themselues for friendly meting, in workmen for good gayning, in companies for earnest comparing, it is almost growne to an orderly discipline, to cherishe louing society, to enriche labouring pouerty, to maintaine honest actiuitie, which their so encouraging the under trauellours, and so increasing the healthfull traine, if I had sacred to silence would not my good friend in the Citie, Maister Heugh Offley, and the same my noble fellow in that order, Syr Launcelot, at our next meeting haue giuen me a sowre nodde, being the chief furtherer of the fact, which I commend, and the famousest knight of the fellowship, which I am of? Nay, would not even Prince Arthur himself, Maister Thomas Smith, and the whole table of those wel known knights, and most actiue Archers haue layd in their challeng against their fellow knight, if, speaking of their pastime, I should haue spared their names? Whereunto I am easily led bycause the exercise deseruing suche prayse, they that loue so prayseworthy a thing, neither can themselues, neither ought at my hande to be hudled up in silence.'

In 'the Auncient order Societie and unitie laudable of Prince Arthure and his Knightly Armory of the Round Table London, 1583,' Richard Robinson says, 'King Henry VIII. not onely ... proceeded with what his Father had begun,' by keeping up a body guard of archers, 'but also added greater dignity ... by his gracious charter confirmed unto the worshipful citizens (of London) ... this your now famous Order of Knights of Prince Arthure's Round Table or Society.'

But when the practice of archery was enforced by Act of Parliament, and there were shooting butts and fields at hand almost everywhere for the use of those who took a genuine interest in the exercise, there could be but little reason for the[144] introduction of archery societies and clubs. The meetings for the exhibition of skill would be the regular musters.

How different the position of archery would have been if, instead of clamouring for and getting passed irksome Acts of Parliament, compelling all to shoot, archers, bowmakers, fletchers and others had started a National Long-Bow Association with State sanction and encouragement for the promotion of this exercise and the reward of the most successful shots!

As in early times there were great musters or reviews of companies of archers, of whom the sole actual survivor is the Royal Body-Guard of Scotland (the Archers Company of the Honourable Artillery Company, itself originally a body of archers, was revived late in the last century, and is now represented by the Royal Toxophilite Society) for military display; and local festivities, and wardmotes, as still maintained by the Woodmen of Arden (revived in 1785) and the Scorton Arrow Meetings (dating back to 1673), for the glorification of the best local shots; and the daily use of the long-bow for exercise and sport, i.e. killing of game; so now there are the meetings of the Grand National Archery Society, established for the peaceable purpose of annually rewarding the champion and championess and other illustrious archers, as hereafter set out in the full account of these meetings, and also the local public meetings of similar character also given; and in addition to these there are the meetings of the numerous archery societies and clubs in different localities, and the constant private practice either at home or on club grounds.

Nothing is now to be gained by insisting upon the marked inferiority of the 'incomparable archers' who flourished towards the close of the eighteenth and in the first half of the present centuries, as compared with the many strong and accurate shots who have displayed their skill since the establishment of the Grand National Archery Meetings. Mr. H. A. Ford seems to have been unable to find any records of shooting at 100 yards where more than one-half of the shots were hits,[145] though he says (p. 112), 'I have seen a letter as late as 1845, from good old Mr. Roberts' (the author of the 'English Bowman,' 1801), 'who was well acquainted with the powers of all the best archers of the preceding half-century, in which he states "he never knew but one man that could accomplish it."' This one man was probably Mr. Augustus L. Marsh, Royal Toxophilite Society, who owned, and was able to use, the magnificent self-yew bow of 85 lbs. now in the possession of Mr. Buchanan, of 215 Piccadilly, as may be seen from the following records of his best scores in 1837:—

1837     Hits Score
June 1 at 4 ft. targets, 100 shots at 100 yards 61 233
" 27 "   "   " 59 235
" 29 "   "   " 52 214
July 6 "   "   " 54 204
" 11 "   "   " 58 246
" 20 "   "   " 58 204
" 21 "   "   " 51 197

These would be considered even respectable performances now when hits in the petticoat count, and all hits between the colours count in that of higher value, also when three arrows are shot consecutively, instead of two separately, at each end. Competitive examinations had not then been brought to their more recent perfection, and standards of excellence in athletics were as yet unrecorded. Professor John Wilson's ('Christopher North') wonderful long jump remained as unsurpassable as the 'Douglas cast,' unless it were, perhaps, beaten or preceded by the deeds of the wondrous athlete who could clear a full-sized billiard-table lengthwise, though in his first attempt to do so he failed through knocking the back of his head against the far side of the table.

Mr. Frederick Townsend, in 1865, made the best 'record' of shooting at 100 yards, at a wardmote of the Woodmen of Arden, when all the old customs just referred to were still, as now, in vogue, his score being 322 from 80 hits out of 150 shots.

[146] There is now left for consideration the subject of 'record,' or standard of highest excellence at the public meetings, and it appears that Mr. A. P. Moore's performance at Derby in 1849 of 747, when, however, Mr. H. A. Ford became champion by the points, was the earliest notable score. Mr. H. A. Ford improved upon this in the next year at Edinburgh by scoring 899, and in 1854, at Shrewsbury, he made an advance to 1,074. In 1857, at Cheltenham, he took the record on to 1,251 score with 245 hits, and there it now remains.

The first eminent score by a championess was 634, made by Miss H. Chetwynd at Cheltenham, also in 1857. Mrs. Horniblow took the record on to 660 at Worcester in 1862, Miss Betham next advanced it, at the Alexandra Park Meeting in 1864, to 693. At Bath, in 1870, Mrs. Horniblow took it further to 700, and also still further to 764, with 142 hits, in 1873 at Leamington, and at that point it now remains, though very closely approached by Miss Legh's score of 763 at Sutton Coldfield in 1881.

Miss Legh's still better score of 840, with all the 144 hits, was made at the Grand Western Meeting at Bath in 1881; and Mrs. Piers F. Legh outstripped this 'record' by scoring 864 with 142 hits at the Leamington and Midland meeting in 1885; 33 of the hits on this occasion were golds.

The best 'record' of target practice at 120 yards is to be found amongst the doings of the Royal Toxophilites. Mr. H. O'H. Moore, in 1872, on the Norton prize-day, shooting 144 arrows, scored 213 with 43 hits, and Mr. G. E. S. Fryer, on the similar occasion in 1873, scored 273 with 67 hits.

In the shooting at 100 yards of the same society, on the Crunden day in 1854, shooting 144 arrows, Mr. H. A. Ford scored 362 with 88 hits. This score remained unbeaten, though surpassed in hits by Mr. G. E. S. Fryer in 1873 (361 score, 91 hits), until it was fairly outstripped by Mr. C. E. Nesham, who scored 478 with 104 hits in 1883. He also made 435 score with 95 hits in 1886.

[147] In 1866 Mr. T. Dawson, Royal Toxophilite Society, presented a challenge medal for the reward of excellence in shooting at 80 yards, 144 arrows being shot, and in the first year this medal was taken by Mr. T. Boulton with 501 score from 113 hits. This record he took on further in 1875, with 591 score from 125 hits. This has been nearly approached only by Mr. C. E. Nesham in 1886, with 576 score from 124 hits.

The record for the 60 yards (144 arrows being shot) medal, presented by the same gentleman in 1866, was also started in that same year by Mr. T. Boulton, with 824 score from 142 hits. This record was surpassed by Mr. W. Rimington in 1872, his score being 840 from the same number of hits.

A good record for best shooting at 100 yards at the annual West Berks meeting, when 216 arrows are shot at that distance, was first reached by Major C. H. Fisher in 1871, when he made 140 hits with 556 score. In 1877 he carried the record on to 572 score with 136 hits. Mr. C. H. Everett made a still further advance with 155 hits and 633 score in 1880; and in 1881 Mr. H. H. Palairet made 153 with 623 score.

To Mrs. Butt (then Miss S. Dawson) still belongs the best 'record' for the 'Ladies' Day' of the Royal Toxophilite Society, the largest annual gathering of ladies, when the single National Round of 48 arrows at 60 and 24 arrows at 50 yards is shot. She made 70 hits with 406 score in 1867; in 1875 she scored 401 with 69 hits; and in 1885 Mrs. P. F. Legh made 70 hits with 400 score.


[148]

CHAPTER XIII.
THE PUBLIC ARCHERY MEETINGS AND THE DOUBLE YORK AND OTHER ROUNDS.

In 1791, ten years after the revival of archery by the establishment of the Royal Toxophilite Society, a public meeting of all the Archery Societies, which had already become very numerous in the United Kingdom, was held on Blackheath, and this meeting was followed by other similar meetings in 1792 and 1793. Here ended this series of National Archery Meetings, and in the early part of the present century the use of the bow appears to have languished.

The records of the Scorton Arrow Meetings go back, in an almost uninterrupted succession of annual meetings, to the year 1673. These meetings, though originally confined to a limited locality—'six miles from Eriholme-upon-Tees,' near Richmond, in Yorkshire—were open to all comers. In 1842 and 1843 these meetings were held at Thirsk, in Yorkshire, and to those present thereat the establishment of an annual Grand National Archery Meeting is certainly owing.

The first Grand National Archery Meeting was held at York on August 1 and 2, 1844, the Scorton Arrow Meeting having been again held at Thirsk on July 30 in the same year. It was originally intended that the meeting should occupy one day only, but the weather proved so unfavourable on the first day that the Round had to be finished on the second day. To the enterprising archers of Yorkshire is also due the invention of the York Round, which has since become[149] the almost universally acknowledged test of the comparative excellence of all archers. This Round—which is now always shot on each of the two days of a public archery meeting—consisting of six dozen arrows at 100 yards, four dozen arrows at 80 yards, and two dozen arrows at 60 yards, was so arranged in the belief that about the same scores would then be made at each distance; and this has been proved tolerably correct as regards the average of archers, though not so as regards Mr. H. A. Ford, Major C. H. Fisher, Mr. H. H. Palairet, Mr. C. E. Nesham, and some others, when shooting in their best form, as it would be clearly impossible for them to score, in four dozen arrows at 60 yards, the 495 which Mr. H. A. Ford made in twelve dozen arrows at 100 yards at Cheltenham in 1857, or the 466 which he made on the same occasion in eight dozen arrows at 80 yards. Efforts have occasionally been made to reduce the quantity of shooting at 100 yards, for the benefit of those who look upon 80 yards as a long distance; and it has also been suggested that a few arrows might be taken from 80 yards and added to 60 yards; but it is generally acknowledged that the York Round cannot well be mended.

The Ladies' National Round of four dozen arrows at 60 yards, and two dozen arrows at 50 yards, shot on each of two days, did not become the established Round until 1851, and then the only reason of its adoption was that it corresponded in quantities with the shooting of the gentlemen at 80 yards and 60 yards.

In the year after the Third Leamington Grand National Archery Meeting—i.e. in 1854—the Leamington Meeting was started, and has ever since been an annual institution, except in those years when the Grand National Meeting has been again held at Leamington.

The first Crystal Palace Archery Meeting was held in 1859, and has since been repeated annually.

The Grand Western Archery Meeting was started at[150] Taunton in 1861, and has been repeated annually at different places, except in 1865, when the Grand National Meeting was held at Clifton, and in 1867, when no Grand Western Archery Meeting was held. In 1886 this meeting was combined with the Grand National Archery Meeting when held at Bath.

Occasionally an extra public meeting has occurred—as at Aston Park, Birmingham, in 1858 and in 1868; at the Alexandra Park, Muswell Hill, in 1863, and again in 1873 and 1882; also at Hastings, in 1867.

The first of a series of Grand Northern Meetings was established in 1879. This meeting has since been repeated annually.

In 1881 the Royal Toxophilite Society, in celebration of their centenary, gave a Double York Round meeting, which, though not strictly speaking a public meeting, was so well attended that it cannot be omitted from the records of the York Round. This meeting has also been repeated annually ever since 1881.

Almost the largest attendance of gentlemen at a public Archery Meeting consisted of one hundred and ten at York in 1845, when there were only eleven ladies shooting. At Cheltenham, in 1856, there were seventy-two ladies and one hundred and twelve gentlemen shooting. The best attended meeting was in 1860, at Bath, when there were one hundred and nine gentlemen and ninety-nine ladies. This was just before the beginning of the Grand Western Meetings, and there was a full meeting of ninety gentlemen and ninety-three ladies in 1865, in which year no Grand Western Meeting was held.

With the exception of the Seventh Grand National Archery Meeting, which was held in Edinburgh in 1850, all the Grand National Archery Meetings have occurred in England.

Two Double York Round Scottish National Meetings were[151] held in Scotland in the years 1865 and 1866; but they were not largely attended.

In Ireland, in the course of the years 1862 to 1866, Irish National and other public meetings were held, mostly in the grounds of the Dublin Exhibition; but though the Double York Round was shot, and some good shooting was done by the Irish and also by English visitors, the meetings were mostly small, and there seems but little probability of their revival.

A few words should be said about the scoring at public meetings. The original plan was for the Captain at each target to mark, with a pricker made on purpose, the hits made by each shooter in a space representing each of the colours of the target—gold, red, blue, black, and white. In 1872 an improved plan was adopted of keeping a proper space for the hits made at each end, in which is entered each hit in the figure representing its value, as 9, 7, 5, 3, or 1. When no hit is made at any end, this fact should also be recorded; and thus the progress of the shooting is always kept accurately noted, and the possibility of mistakes in the scores is very much diminished.

Mr. H. A. Ford often mentions the St. George and St. Leonard's Rounds—the former being three dozen arrows at each of the distances of 100, 80, and 60 yards, and the latter (originally 75 arrows at 60 yards only) being three dozen arrows at 80 yards, and three dozen and three at 60 yards. The practice of these Rounds has now entirely disappeared from amongst archers.

During the whole of the period from 1844 to 1886 inclusive the appointed Round has been completed (except at the Leamington Meeting in 1862, when the weather rendered it quite impossible); and this says a great deal for the steadfastness of archers, as they have frequently had to submit to the ill-treatment of pitiless downpourings of rain and arrow-breaking storms of wind in order to get the Round finished.

[152] No approach has been made to Mr. H. A. Ford's best public score of 1,251, made at Cheltenham in 1857, or to his second best record of 1,162 at Leamington in 1856; but his other scores of over 1,000 are easily counted—namely, 1,076 at Exeter in 1858, 1,014 at Leamington in 1861, 1,037 at Brighton in 1867, 1,087 at Leamington in 1868, and 1,032 at Leamington in 1869. Major C. H. Fisher made 1,060 at Sherborne in 1872. Mr. Palairet made 1,025 at the Crystal Palace in 1882, and 1,062 in the Regent's Park in 1881. Mr. C. E. Nesham made 1,010 in the Regent's Park in 1883, and 1022 at Bath in 1886. No other archers have reached 1,000 at a public match.

Miss Legh's score at Bath in 1881 of 840, when she made all the 144 hits, stood foremost amongst ladies' achievements until it was beaten by Mrs. Legh's score of 864 with 142 hits at Leamington in 1885. Miss Legh in 1882, at the Crystal Palace, scored 792, and in 1885 809 with 143 hits. Mrs. Butt's score of 785 at Leamington in 1870 ranks next. Then come Mrs. Horniblow's scores of 768 at Leamington in 1871, and of 764—also at Leamington—in 1872. Mrs. Piers F. Legh scored 763 at Sutton Coldfield in 1881. Mrs. V. Forbes scored 752 at the Crystal Palace in 1870. Mrs. Marshall scored 744 at the Crystal Palace in 1884. Miss Betham's best score was 743 at Leamington in 1867. Mrs. P. Pinckney scored 729 at the Crystal Palace in 1873; and Mrs. Pond scored 700 in 1874, also at the Crystal Palace. No other ladies appear to have made as much as 700.

Other scores of 700 and upwards have been—

Mrs. Horniblow Miss Betham Mrs. Butt Mrs. P. F. Legh
1871 746 1864 735 1876 752 1882 750
1873 733 1867 733 1879 744 1879 743
1873 719 1866 701 1876 730 1881 723
1872 712 1870 722 1883 712
1863 706 1877 718 1884 701
1870 700 1871 713
1877 707

[153] The summary of Public Meetings is—

43 Grand National Archery Meetings.
31 Leamington Archery Meetings.
28 Crystal Palace Archery Meetings.
24 Grand Western Archery Meetings.
7 Grand Northern Archery Meetings.
2 Alexandra Park Archery Meetings.
1 Hastings Archery Meeting.
2 Aston Park Archery Meetings.
6 Royal Toxophilite Society's Archery Meetings.
–—
144 Meetings.

When attention is turned towards the meetings at which most gentlemen have made more than 600, and most ladies have made over 500, it is found that in 1860, at Bath, seventeen gentlemen reached or passed the score of 600, but at the same time only two ladies passed 500. This still remains the largest meeting which has yet been held, two hundred and eight shooters having been present. At the Alexandra Park Meeting in 1864, sixteen gentlemen and six ladies attained the same amount of excellence. At Brighton, in 1867, seventeen gentlemen and seven ladies passed the same levels. But, in 1882, at the Crystal Palace, the corresponding numbers were ten gentlemen and nineteen ladies, and at Leamington in the same year, fourteen gentlemen and sixteen ladies; whilst in 1883, at Cheltenham, nineteen gentlemen passed 600 and fourteen ladies passed 500, though the shooters competing at this meeting were only one hundred and thirty-one. At Windsor in 1884, thirteen ladies scored more than 500, and twelve gentlemen more than 600. This shows clearly that, although the number of attendances has diminished since the extraordinary start given to archery by Mr. H. A. Ford's book (and this is possibly due to the multiplication of public matches), yet the average of excellence, particularly amongst the ladies, has made considerable progress. This is a most encouraging symptom for the future of archery.

[154] The First Grand National Archery Meeting was held on August 1 and 2, 1844, at Knavesmire, near York.

Gentlemen 100 Yards 80 Yards 60 Yards Totals
Hits Score Hits Score Hits Score Hits Score
Rev. J. Higginson 18 66 21 93 14 62 53 221
Rev. E. Meyrick 15 65 24 76 19 77 58 218

Sixty-five gentlemen shot, and no ladies appeared at the targets.

The single York Round (72 arrows at 100 yards, 48 arrows at 80 yards, and 24 arrows at 60 yards) was shot first on this occasion.

*****

The Second Grand National Archery Meeting was held on June 25 and 26, 1845, at the same place.

Ladies 60 Yards
Hits Score
Miss Thelwall 48 186
Miss Townshend 45 163
Miss Emma Wylde 33 161
Miss Jane Forster 40 152

Eleven ladies shot 96 arrows, all at 60 yards.

Gentlemen 100 Yards 80 Yards 60 Yards Totals
Hits Score Hits Score Hits Score Hits Score
Mr. Peter Muir 53 185 46 182 36 170 135 537
Mr. J. Jones 28 110 63 243 38 146 129 499
Rev. E. Meyrick 42 150 42 146 32 150 116 446
Mr. Blackley 27 113 44 176 30 128 101 417

One hundred and ten gentlemen shot at this meeting, and the York Round, as before described, was shot on each day and at all the following meetings.

[155]

*****

The Third Grand National Archery Meeting was held on July 29 and 30, 1846, at the same place.

Gentlemen 100 Yards 80 Yards 60 Yards Totals
Hits Score Hits Score Hits Score Hits Score
Mr. R. G. Hubbock 41 175 47 209 29 135 117 519
Rev. E. Meyrick 40 174 47 211 30 132 117 517
Rev. T. Meyler 35 135 51 179 30 154 116 476
Mr. Glasgow 27 97 56 228 33 127 116 452
Mr. C. Garnett 35 125 40 166 36 150 111 441
Mr. J. P. Marsh 44 178 40 144 27 119 111 441
Rev. J. Higginson 24 90 51 201 29 149 110 422
Mr. A. Radcliff 36 124 44 162 34 136 114 422

Eighty-three gentlemen shot at this meeting, but no ladies appeared.

*****

The Fourth Grand National Archery Meeting was held on July 28 and 29, 1847, at Derby.

—— 60 Yards
Hits Score
Miss Wylde 65 245

The ladies, who numbered only six, again shot—at 60 yards only—the same number of arrows as in 1845, namely, 96.

Gentlemen 100 Yards 80 Yards 60 Yards Totals
Hits Score Hits Score Hits Score Hits Score
Mr. Peter Muir 63 217 53 229 37 185 153 631
Mr. Hutchons 33 125 55 267 41 211 129 603
Mr. E. Maitland 38 144 51 197 42 208 131 549
Mr. E. Marr 44 182 40 146 39 177 123 505
Rev. J. Bramhall 34 132 52 198 39 165 125 495
Mr. C. Garnett 44 146 40 158 38 164 122 488
Rev. T. Meyler 44 164 45 169 32 146 121 479
Mr. G. Attwood 44 142 39 141 37 129 120 412
Rev. E. Meyrick 30 114 47 145 33 141 110 410

[156] Fifty-eight gentlemen shot at this meeting, and on the following day—July 30—half a York Round was shot for a bow (Buchanan's) and two other prizes.

—— 100 Yards 80 Yards 60 Yards Totals
Hits Score Hits Score Hits Score Hits Score
Rev. J. Bramhall won the bow 18 58 16 74 9 41 43 173
*****

The Fifth Grand National Archery Meeting was held on July 19 and 20, 1848, at the same place.

Ladies 60 Yards 50 Yards Totals
Hits Score Hits Score Hits Score
Miss J. Barrow 14 54 33 113 47 167
Miss Temple 18 80 26 80 44 160

Only five ladies shot, and they shot 72 arrows at 60 yards, and 72 at 50 yards.

Gentlemen 100 Yards 80 Yards 60 Yards Totals
Hits Score Hits Score Hits Score Hits Score
Mr. E. Maitland 55 245 44 206 36 130 135 581
Rev. J. Bramhall 45 145 52 218 35 151 132 514
Mr. C. Wilkinson 45 161 40 150 28 134 113 445
Mr. E. Marr 42 170 47 167 29 99 118 436
Mr. Willis 35 117 38 156 34 146 107 419
Mr. J. Wilson 42 152 41 141 29 109 108 402

Seventy-four gentlemen shot at this meeting. Horace A. Ford here made his first public appearance, scoring—

100 Yards 80 Yards 60 Yards Totals
Hits Score Hits Score Hits Score Hits Score
31 81 38 142 32 118 101 341

He stood fifteenth in the list.

[157]

*****

The Sixth Grand National Archery Meeting was held on July 18 and 19, 1849—again at Derby.

Ladies 60 Yards 50 Yards Totals
Hits Score Hits Score Hits Score
Miss Temple 36 122 19 67 55 189
Miss Mackay 24 98 19 65 43 163
Miss Billing 25 89 14 62 39 151

Eight ladies attended this meeting, and the National Round (96 arrows at 60 yards, and 48 arrows at 50 yards), equally divided between the two days, was shot now for the first time, and has been ever since shot by the ladies, except at the next meeting at Edinburgh.

Gentlemen 100 Yards 80 Yards 60 Yards Totals
Hits Score Hits Score Hits Score Hits Score
Mr. A. P. Moore 62 238 68 318 43 191 173 747
Mr. H. A. Ford 69 231 63 264 44 208 176 703
Mr. G. Attwood 65 255 49 235 35 125 149 615
Mr. E. Meyrick 52 196 41 183 29 161 122 540
Mr. G. Ollier 38 130 49 187 41 199 128 516
Mr. J. Wilson 30 108 58 218 37 177 125 503

Forty-six gentlemen shot at this meeting, and the Champion's medal was first awarded on this occasion, and won by Mr. H. A. Ford, who won most points9 (5), Mr. Moore having won 4—namely, hits and score at 80 yards, and gross score—and Mr. Attwood won the points for score at 100 yards.

[158]

*****

The Seventh Grand National Archery Meeting was held on July 24, 25, and 26, 1850, at Edinburgh, in Warrender Park.

Ladies 60 Yards 50 Yards Totals
Hits Score Hits Score Hits Score
Mrs. Calvert 27 89 20 72 47 161
Miss E. Forster 29 113 13 43 42 156

Eight ladies shot at this meeting, and the round, which, owing to the condition of the weather, was all shot on the third day, consisted of 72 arrows at 60 yards, and 36 arrows at 50 yards.

Gentlemen 100 Yards 80 Yards 60 Yards Totals
Hits Score Hits Score Hits Score Hits Score
Mr. H. A. Ford 79 343 70 314 44 242 193 899
Mr. C. Garnett 65 249 61 221 40 168 166 638
Rev. G. Mallory 59 197 55 235 30 150 144 582
Mr. G. W. Willis 45 175 46 184 39 181 130 540
Mr. J. Wilson 50 192 49 203 36 140 135 535
Mr. O. K. Prescot 58 224 41 165 35 125 134 514
Mr. J. Turner 50 208 44 196 31 101 125 505

Eighty-three gentlemen shot, and the Champion's medal was won by Mr. H. A. Ford, who made all the points.

At this meeting there was also some shooting at 200 yards, 180 yards, and at 100 feet, in addition to the usual double York Round.

*****

The Eighth Grand National Archery Meeting was held on July 25 and 26, 1851, on Wisden's Cricket-ground at Leamington. At this meeting thirty-three ladies shot the National Round.

Mr. H. A. Ford won all the points for the Champion medal except that for score at 80 yards, which was won by Mr. K. T. Heath.

[159]

—— 60 Yards 50 Yards Totals
Hits Score Hits Score Hits Score
Miss Villers, afterwards Mrs. Davison 73 323 35 181 108 504

Miss Villers's score showed a rapid stride in advance amongst the ladies, as she was more than 100 points ahead of the second lady, Miss Eaton—73 hits, 297 score—and the third, Mrs. Thursfield—75 hits, 293 score.

Gentlemen 100 Yards 80 Yards 60 Yards Totals
Hits Score Hits Score Hits Score Hits Score
Mr. H. A. Ford 76 308 72 324 45 229 193 861
Mr. K. T. Heath 61 235 67 327 40 214 168 776
Rev. J. Bramhall 65 283 71 273 42 204 178 760
Mr. P. Muir 67 243 51 197 41 228 160 668
Mr. H. Garnett 61 257 52 186 35 163 148 606

Ninety gentlemen shot at this meeting.

On the 27th a handicap sweepstake match was shot.

*****

The Ninth Grand National Archery Meeting was held on July 7 and 8, 1852, at the same place, in Leamington.

Ladies 60 Yards 50 Yards Totals
Hits Score Hits Score Hits Score
Miss Brindley 45 155 39 181 84 336
Miss M. Peel 51 217 33 113 84 330
Miss Villers 49 197 30 132 79 329

At this meeting thirty-six ladies and seventy-eight gentlemen shot.

Mr. H. A. Ford won the Champion's medal with 6 points,[160] Mr. Bramhall having won 2 points for hits and score at 100 yards, and Mr. J. Wilson 2 points for hits and score at 60 yards.

Gentlemen 100 Yards 80 Yards 60 Yards Totals
Hits Score Hits Score Hits Score Hits Score
Mr. H. A. Ford 72 306 74 282 42 200 188 788
Rev. J. Bramhall 84 352 61 249 39 177 184 778
Mr. J. Wilson 68 238 55 207 44 204 167 649
Mr. H. Garnett 68 230 59 229 34 152 161 611

This match had a most exciting finale. When the last three arrows alone remained to be shot, Mr. Bramhall was 2 points ahead in score. It was then a simple question of nerve, and Mr. Ford's proved the best, as he scored 14 to his opponent's 2. The two gentlemen were placed at adjoining targets, and Mr. Bramhall's nerve was further disturbed by his hearing some one noisily offer to bet heavily in favour of Mr. Ford. Mr. Ford shot first at his target, and Mr. Bramhall second at his.

Mr. Ford's score on July 9, in the handicap match, amounted to 485.

*****

The Tenth Grand National Archery Meeting was held on July 6 and 7, 1853—again at Leamington.

Ladies 60 Yards 50 Yards Totals
Hits Score Hits Score Hits Score
Mrs. Horniblow 54 230 35 135 89 365
Miss M. Peel 44 180 40 184 84 364
Miss Clay 46 192 35 145 79 337
Mrs. Tennant (née Temple) 48 190 31 129 79 319

The silver bracer for the Lady Championess, presented by the Norfolk Bowmen, was first competed for at this meeting,[161] and won by Mrs. Horniblow, who won 6 of the 8 points, Miss M. Peel having secured the 2 points for hits and score at 50 yards.

Gentlemen 100 Yards 80 Yards 60 Yards Totals
Hits Score Hits Score Hits Score Hits Score
Mr. H. A. Ford 78 322 77 367 47 245 202 934
Rev. J. Bramhall 56 212 66 300 45 221 167 733
Mr. C. Garnett 55 197 57 251 39 157 151 605

Mr. Ford won all the Champion's points, and now first began to show his marked superiority.

Fifty ladies and eighty-two gentlemen shot.

*****

The Eleventh Grand National Archery Meeting was held on July 5 and 6, 1854, on the racecourse at Shrewsbury.

Ladies 100 Yards 80 Yards Totals
Hits Score Hits Score Hits Score
Mrs. Davison (née Villers) 68 318 41 171 109 489
Mrs. Horniblow 56 212 40 186 96 398
Miss Baker 61 245 34 152 95 397

Mrs. Davison won the silver bracer with 7 points, Mrs. Horniblow, who made a score of 325 on the handicap day, having secured the eighth point with the highest score at fifty yards.

Gentlemen 100 Yards 80 Yards 60 Yards Totals
Hits Score Hits Score Hits Score Hits Score
Mr. H. A. Ford 101 411 87 415 46 248 234 1,074
Rev. J. Bramhall 62 270 77 329 37 149 176 748
Mr. H. Hilton 62 230 66 260 39 175 175 667
Mr. H. Garnett 54 214 61 249 41 205 156 668
Mr. P. Muir 67 229 52 206 41 197 160 632

[162] Mr. Ford won all the points of the Champion's medal, and made a further stride in front of all other competitors, making over 1,000.

Sixty-six ladies and ninety-four gentlemen shot.

*****

The First Grand Leamington and Midland Archery Meeting was held in the Jephson Gardens, on July 19 and 20, 1854.

Ladies 60 Yards 50 Yards Totals
Hits Score Hits Score Hits Score
Mrs. Horniblow 73 361 36 146 109 507
Miss Baker 71 277 42 198 113 475
Gentlemen 100 Yards 80 Yards 60 Yards Totals
Hits Score Hits Score Hits Score Hits Score
Colonel Clowes 57 197 57 237 36 156 150 590
Mr. R. Garnett 42 162 44 212 32 134 118 508
*****

The Second Grand Leamington and Midland Archery Meeting was held on June 20 and 21, 1855.

Ladies 60 Yards 50 Yards Totals
Hits Score Hits Score Hits Score
Mrs. Horniblow 67 265 39 161 106 426
Miss H. Chetwynd 54 210 38 162 92 362
Gentlemen 100 Yards 80 Yards 60 Yards Totals
Hits Score Hits Score Hits Score Hits Score
Mr. H. A. Ford 82 270 79 323 46 268 207 861
Mr. T. G. Golightly 63 231 55 205 35 151 153 587

[163]

*****

The Twelfth Grand National Archery Meeting was held on August 1 and 2, 1855—again at Shrewsbury.

Ladies 60 Yards 50 Yards Totals
Hits Score Hits Score Hits Score
Mrs. Davison 70 278 45 213 115 491
Mrs. Horniblow 67 277 36 160 103 437
Miss Clay 64 282 36 146 100 428

Mrs. Davison won 7 points, and again secured the silver bracer.

Miss Clay won 1 point for score at 60 yards.

Miss H. Chetwynd made 296 on the handicap day.

Gentlemen 100 Yards 80 Yards 60 Yards Totals
Hits Score Hits Score Hits Score Hits Score
Mr. H. A. Ford 69 281 65 285 45 243 179 809
Rev. J. Bramhall 68 242 63 261 44 206 175 709
Mr. P. Muir 59 251 57 217 39 159 155 627
Mr. J. Wilson 50 164 59 253 45 197 154 614
Mr. H. Hilton 53 195 64 258 34 160 151 613

Mr. Ford won the Champion's medal, having won all the points except that there was a tie between him and Mr. Wilson for hits at 60 yards.

The weather was unfavourable at this meeting, which helps to account for the apparent falling off in the scores.

Fifty-five ladies and eighty-three gentlemen shot.

The series of eighteen articles, out of which this book was afterwards formed, began to appear in the 'Field' on October 6 in this year.

*****

The Third Grand Leamington and Midland Archery Meeting was held on June 18 and 19, 1856.

[164]

Ladies 60 Yards 50 Yards Totals
Hits Score Hits Score Hits Score
Mrs. Horniblow 74 338 41 203 115 541
Miss H. Chetwynd 67 299 41 209 108 508
Gentlemen 100 Yards 80 Yards 60 Yards Totals
Hits Score Hits Score Hits Score Hits Score
Mr. H. A. Ford 105 447 91 431 48 284 244 1162
Mr. G. Mallory 65 241 58 220 40 176 163 637
Colonel Phillipps 47 185 59 247 44 202 150 634
Mr. G. Edwards 61 251 53 221 40 148 154 620
*****

The Thirteenth Grand National Archery Meeting was held on July 2 and 3, 1856, on the College Cricket-ground, at Cheltenham.

Ladies 60 Yards 50 Yards Totals
Hits Score Hits Score Hits Score
Mrs. Horniblow 68 294 41 193 109 487
Mrs. Davison 10 68 312 35 149 103 461

10 Did not shoot the last six arrows at 50 yards, being prevented by indisposition.

Gentlemen 100 Yards 80 Yards 60 Yards Totals
Hits Score Hits Score Hits Score Hits Score
Mr. H. A. Ford 81 299 87 439 45 247 213 985
Rev. J. Bramhall 82 346 69 271 40 168 191 785
Mr. P. Muir 65 289 65 253 34 146 164 688
Mr. C. Garnett 68 260 51 211 39 189 158 660
Mr. W. Peters 57 189 57 235 32 160 146 584

Mrs. Horniblow won the silver bracer with six points, Mrs. Davison having won the point for score at 60 yards, and[165] having made the same number of hits as Mrs. Horniblow at that distance. Miss H. Chetwynd made the same number of hits at 50 yards as Mrs. Horniblow.

Mr. Ford again secured the Champion's medal with eight points, his old opponent Mr. Bramhall having won the points for hits and score at 100 yards.

Seventy-two ladies and 112 gentlemen shot at this meeting.

The first edition of 'The Theory and Practice of Archery' was published in the course of this year.

*****

The Fourth Grand Leamington and Midland Archery Meeting was held on June 10 and 11, 1857.

Ladies 60 Yards 50 Yards Totals
Hits Score Hits Score Hits Score
Mrs. Horniblow 66 276 41 183 107 459
Mrs. Litchfield 58 230 38 158 96 388
Gentlemen 100 Yards 80 Yards 60 Yards Totals
Hits Score Hits Score Hits Score Hits Score
Mr. H. A. Ford 97 387 88 398 45 241 230 1026
Mr. C. H. Fisher 59 231 62 212 44 172 165 615
*****

The Fourteenth Grand National Archery Meeting was held on July 1 and 2, 1857—again at Cheltenham.

Ladies 60 Yards 50 Yards Totals
Hits Score Hits Score Hits Score
Miss H. Chetwynd 82 390 46 244 128 634
Mrs. Davison 73 339 41 209 114 548
Mrs. Horniblow 80 346 42 194 122 540
Mrs. R. Blaker 69 325 39 171 108 496

[166] Miss H. Chetwynd won the silver bracer with all the points, and exceeded all the previous performances of ladies in match shooting.

Gentlemen 100 Yards 80 Yards 60 Yards Totals
Hits Score Hits Score Hits Score Hits Score
Mr. H. A. Ford 107 495 90 466 48 290 245 1251
Mr. G. Edwards 69 255 76 322 43 209 188 786
Mr. W. J. W. Baynes 65 245 74 314 44 212 183 771
Mr. P. Muir 69 261 57 315 39 201 165 777
Mr. J. Bramhall 67 233 58 254 46 234 171 721
Mr. H. C. Mules 66 254 58 260 40 206 164 720
Mr. E. Mason 57 215 65 279 41 197 163 691
Mr. H. Garnett 61 235 67 263 35 169 163 667
Mr. H. Hilton 55 243 59 243 37 183 151 669
Mr. J. Wilson 62 260 57 237 35 161 154 658
Mr. C. H. Fisher 40 122 54 248 42 194 136 564

Mr. Ford again secured all the points for the Champion's medal, and made the finest score ever yet made in public.

The average of the shooting of all showed a marked improvement at this meeting; and it was gratifying to Mr. Ford to be able to state that several of the leading archers attributed their high positions in the prize-list to their careful following out of the principles and directions laid down in his book.

Sixty-one ladies and ninety-seven gentlemen shot.

Mr. H. C. Mules scored 389 on the handicap day.

*****

The Fifth Grand Leamington and Midland Archery Meeting was held on June 23 and 24, 1858.

Ladies 60 Yards 50 Yards Totals
Hits Score Hits Score Hits Score
Miss H. Chetwynd 74 344 41 191 115 535
Miss Dixon 62 270 39 179 101 449

[167]

Gentlemen 100 Yards 80 Yards 60 Yards Totals
Hits Score Hits Score Hits Score Hits Score
Mr. H. A. Ford 100 424 87 463 43 241 230 1128
Mr. G. Edwards 77 303 64 298 45 263 186 864
Mr. H. Walters 58 256 66 276 43 225 167 757
Mr. W. J. W. Baynes 60 260 63 239 45 213 168 712
Mr. H. C. Mules 56 256 55 225 45 209 156 690
Mr. S. Mason 53 197 59 267 38 172 150 636
Colonel Clowes 44 202 49 211 42 214 135 627

Twenty-nine ladies and twenty-nine gentlemen shot.

*****

The Fifteenth Grand National Archery Meeting was held on July 21 and 22, 1858, at Exeter.

Ladies 60 Yards 50 Yards Totals
Hits Score Hits Score Hits Score
Mrs. Horniblow 58 256 43 201 101 457
Mrs. St. George 58 254 36 174 94 428
Miss H. Chetwynd 56 204 43 219 99 423
Mrs. R. Blaker 54 228 38 184 92 412
Lady Edwardes 54 262 31 139 85 401
Miss Turner 59 255 34 136 93 391
Gentlemen 100 Yards 80 Yards 60 Yards Totals
Hits Score Hits Score Hits Score Hits Score
Mr. H. A. Ford 87 399 81 385 46 292 214 1076
Mr. G. Edwards 73 267 70 324 44 226 187 817
Mr. J. T. George 59 217 63 311 40 212 162 740
Mr. W. J. W. Baynes 57 229 60 254 43 219 160 702
Mr. J. Spedding 48 184 71 299 44 212 163 695
Mr. E. Mason 52 172 66 292 42 176 160 640
Mr. H. C. Mules 56 176 59 255 44 210 159 641
Mr. P. Muir 48 176 60 250 39 209 147 635

Mrs. Horniblow won the silver bracer with 4-1/2 points. Miss Turner won the point for hits at 60 yards, Lady Edwardes[168] the point for score at 60 yards, and Miss H. Chetwynd won the point for score at 50 yards and divided the point for hits at this distance with Mrs. Horniblow.

Mr. Ford, having won all the ten points, became Champion for the tenth time. He accounted for the apparent falling off in the shooting at this meeting as compared with the previous one by the fact that the weather was rough and the ground difficult.

Eighty-four ladies and eighty-six gentlemen shot.

*****

A Grand Archery Meeting was held in the grounds of Aston Park, near Birmingham, on September 8 and 9, 1858.

Gentlemen 100 Yards 80 Yards 60 Yards Totals
Hits Score Hits Score Hits Score Hits Score
Mr. H. A. Ford 87 339 73 343 48 294 208 976
Mr. G. Edwards 63 277 65 255 46 250 174 782
Mr. H. Walters 55 231 53 253 37 193 145 677
Mr. H. Elliott 60 242 63 247 39 185 162 674
Mr. G. L. Aston 35 141 57 243 40 164 132 548
Mr. W. J. W. Baynes 49 185 47 175 41 185 137 545
Ladies 60 Yards 50 Yards Totals
Hits Score Hits Score Hits Score
Mrs. Horniblow 75 317 42 218 117 535
Miss H. Chetwynd 65 287 39 187 104 474
Miss Aston 67 251 41 175 108 426
Lady Edwardes 61 267 32 142 93 409

It was intended, and advertised, that this meeting should be repeated in 1859; but, from insufficient support, it was abandoned, and the first of the series of annual archery meetings held in the grounds of the Crystal Palace was substituted for it.

[169]

*****

The Sixth Grand Leamington and Midland Archery Meeting was held on June 15 and 16, 1859.

Thirty ladies and thirty-three gentlemen shot.

Ladies 60 Yards 50 Yards Totals
Hits Score Hits Score Hits Score
Mrs. Horniblow 70 282 48 262 118 544
Miss H. Chetwynd 67 313 39 179 106 492
Gentlemen 100 Yards 80 Yards 60 Yards Totals
Hits Score Hits Score Hits Score Hits Score
Mr. G. Edwards 93 355 76 350 47 257 216 962
Mr. H. A. Ford 75 327 82 382 43 213 200 922
Mr. E. Mason 55 217 67 297 42 240 164 754
Mr. G. L. Aston 56 254 56 244 41 205 153 703
Mr. H. C. Mules 52 214 65 257 37 185 154 656
Mr. H. Walters 44 170 63 253 40 200 147 623
*****

The Sixteenth Grand National Archery Meeting was held on July 6 and 7, 1859—again at Exeter.

Miss Turner won the silver bracer with 5 points, Miss H. Chetwynd having won 2 points for gross hits and 1 point for hits at 60 yards.

Ladies 60 Yards 50 Yards Totals
Hits Score Hits Score Hits Score
Miss Turner 77 385 45 245 122 630
Miss H. Chetwynd 82 370 43 215 125 585
Mrs. G. Atkinson 76 334 42 207 119 541
Mrs. Horniblow 74 356 38 160 112 536

The Champion's medal for the eleventh consecutive time[170] was won by Mr. Ford with 8 points, Mr. Edwards having won the points for hits and score at 80 yards.

Gentlemen 100 Yards 80 Yards 60 Yards Totals
Hits Score Hits Score Hits Score Hits Score
Mr. H. A. Ford 85 357 72 312 48 282 205 951
Mr. G. Edwards 65 269 74 370 45 249 184 888
Rev. W. J. Richardson 70 298 68 332 40 182 178 812
Mr. A. Edmondstone 78 300 66 250 41 231 185 781
Mr. H. C. Mules 58 218 61 255 37 215 156 688
Mr. E. Meyrick 70 252 50 198 40 184 160 634
Mr. J. Rimington 54 238 56 244 44 204 154 686
Mr. J. T. George 49 205 67 285 39 173 155 663
Mr. T. Boulton 57 237 56 204 41 171 154 612
Mr. H. Walters 49 165 60 266 40 188 149 619
Mr. H. B. Hare 47 219 53 225 37 183 137 627
Mr. W. Swire 57 213 47 223 42 176 146 612
Mr. C. H. Fisher 55 253 49 187 34 146 138 586

Eighty-six ladies and eighty-four gentlemen shot.

*****

The second edition of Mr. Ford's book was issued in this year, and the account of this Grand National Archery Meeting was not included in it.

*****

A Grand Archery Meeting, under the management of Mr. Merridew, was proposed to be held in the grounds of Aston Park, Birmingham, on July 27 and 28, 1859, as mentioned by Mr. H. A. Ford at page 124; but at the Leamington meeting of the same year it was decided that this proposed meeting should be transferred to the grounds of the Crystal Palace at Sydenham, and thus commenced the annual Crystal Palace Archery Meetings.

*****

The First Grand Annual Crystal Palace Archery Meeting was held on July 27 and 28, 1859, on the Cricket-ground.

[171]

Ladies 60 Yards 50 Yards Totals
Hits Score Hits Score Hits Score
Miss Turner 66 272 41 203 107 475
Mrs. Horniblow 50 226 40 198 90 424
Gentlemen 100 Yards 80 Yards 60 Yards Totals
Hits Score Hits Score Hits Score Hits Score
Mr. H. A. Ford 78 314 80 380 48 252 206 946
Mr. G. Edwards 64 264 66 252 45 259 175 775
Mr. H. C. Mules 67 257 57 285 41 179 165 721
Mr. H. Walters 54 186 73 311 42 202 169 699
Mr. T. Boulton 54 226 47 181 42 216 143 623

Twenty ladies and forty-one gentlemen shot.

*****

The Seventh Grand Leamington and Midland Archery Meeting was held on June 13 and 14, 1860.

Ladies 60 Yards 50 Yards Totals
Hits Score Hits Score Hits Score
Mrs. E. Lister 72 336 45 197 117 533
Mrs. Litchfield 72 324 39 163 111 487
Mrs. Horniblow 66 238 46 202 112 440
Gentlemen 100 Yards 80 Yards 60 Yards Totals
Hits Score Hits Score Hits Score Hits Score
Mr. H. A. Ford 82 336 80 406 47 255 209 997
Mr. E. Mason 70 268 64 266 46 226 180 760
Mr. T. G. Golightly 54 228 67 277 44 204 165 709
Mr. T. Boulton 49 197 66 284 39 197 154 678
Mr. H. Walters 57 217 61 249 43 207 161 673

Thirty-two ladies and thirty-six gentlemen shot.

[172]

*****

The Seventeenth Grand National Archery Meeting was held on July 4 and 5, 1860, at Bath.

Ladies 60 Yards 50 Yards Totals
Hits Score Hits Score Hits Score
Mrs. E. Lister 69 337 43 213 112 550
Mrs. G. Atkinson 79 341 42 190 121 531
Mrs. Rogers 66 306 38 188 104 494
Gentlemen 100 Yards 80 Yards 60 Yards Totals
Hits Score Hits Score Hits Score Hits Score
Mr. G. Edwards 71 277 71 337 46 272 188 886
Mr. P. Muir 68 276 70 322 45 257 181 855
Mr. H. A. Ford 70 260 74 294 47 253 191 807
Mr. H. C. Mules 57 243 66 312 40 202 163 757
Mr. W. Rimington 58 244 61 273 41 223 160 740
Mr. E. Mason 59 211 68 304 42 210 169 725
Rev. W. J. Richardson 61 235 66 264 40 202 167 701
Mr. H. Walters 57 223 64 276 43 201 164 700
Mr. H. B. Hare 61 221 60 254 46 224 167 699
Mr. G. T. Golightly 55 233 62 228 45 221 162 682
Mr. J. Spedding 61 261 55 257 34 152 150 670
Mr. J. Wilson 47 203 59 259 39 197 145 659
Mr. T. Boulton 55 197 59 257 38 182 152 636
Mr. C. H. Fisher 43 169 60 250 42 216 145 635
Mr. J. Turner 62 230 53 211 35 183 150 624
Col. Clowes 51 189 52 230 42 204 145 623
Mr. E. Meyrick 58 248 45 189 37 183 140 620

Mrs. Lister won the first score prize, but Mrs. Atkinson won the silver bracer with 4 points.

Mrs. Lister won 2 points for gross score.

Mrs. Horniblow won the point for score at 50 yards, and Mrs. Litchfield won the point for hits at 50 yards.

At this meeting Mr. Edwards won the Champion's medal with 6 points, Mr. Ford, who took third rank, having won 4 points—namely, 2 for gross hits and those for hits at 80 yards and hits at 60 yards.

Ninety-nine ladies and 109 gentlemen shot.

[173] The influence of hits as affecting the position of the winners of the best prizes was now entirely abandoned, and the order of the prizes taken from the gross score only, except when two had a tie in score. In this case the difference (if any) in hits was considered.

Want of space prevents the introduction of all the winners of best prizes, who vary in number at the different meetings from six to twelve, according to the numbers present; but it should be mentioned that at the earliest meetings the second prize was allotted to the maker of most gross hits. This rule prevailed up to 1851. In 1852, 1853, and 1854 the order of prize-winners was in accordance with the order of the gross scores. From that date the first prizes were named 'first, second, third, &c. gross score, and hits,' and the rule by which the order of the prize list was obtained was that the number of each shooter's position in hits was taken and added to the number representing his position in score. The lowest total won the first score and hits prize, and the next lowest the second, and so on. In cases where the totals of two were the same, the highest score would win. The application of this rule may be observed in 1859, when Mr. Richardson made the third score (812), but won the fourth prize; whilst Mr. Edmondstone, who made the fourth score, won the third prize. Mr. Edmondstone was second in hits and fourth in score (total, 6); Mr. Richardson was third in score and fourth in hits (total, 7).

*****

The Second Grand Annual Crystal Palace Archery Meeting was held on July 18 and 19, 1860.

Ladies 60 Yards 50 Yards Totals
Hits Score Hits Score Hits Score
Mrs. Horniblow 65 271 39 179 104 450
Miss Turner 58 258 34 132 92 390

[174]

Gentlemen 100 Yards 80 Yards 60 Yards Totals
Hits Score Hits Score Hits Score Hits Score
Mr. G. Edwards 67 247 77 359 46 224 190 830
Mr. H. Walters 66 258 72 306 46 220 184 784
Mr. H. A. Ford 63 289 64 258 46 226 173 773
Mr. Bradford 66 256 64 256 42 218 172 730
Mr. H. C. Mules 60 254 63 257 42 200 165 711
Mr. T. Boulton 57 247 57 243 31 133 145 623

Twenty-six ladies and forty-three gentlemen shot.

*****

The Eighth Grand Leamington and Midland Archery Meeting was held in the Jephson Gardens on June 12 and 13, 1861.

Twenty-six ladies and thirty-four gentlemen shot.

Ladies 60 Yards 50 Yards Totals
Hits Score Hits Score Hits Score
Mrs. Horniblow 78 366 46 230 124 596
Mrs. E. Lister 69 315 44 236 113 551
Mrs. Litchfield 79 351 39 159 118 510
Gentlemen 100 Yards 80 Yards 60 Yards Totals
Hits Score Hits Score Hits Score Hits Score
Mr. H. A. Ford 83 321 83 419 46 274 212 1014
Mr. G. Edwards 52 238 76 354 47 279 175 871
Mr. T. G. Golightly 69 255 68 346 41 223 178 824
Mr. M. Knapp 77 309 55 257 32 164 164 730
Mr. H. C. Mules 65 263 67 273 37 179 169 715
Mr. W. Ford 60 218 59 259 39 177 158 654
Mr. G. Mallory 57 217 49 213 43 211 149 641
Mr. W. Swire 52 208 58 232 39 177 149 617
Mr. J. Spedding 60 224 54 244 39 137 153 605
Mr. T. L. Coulson 46 174 57 231 40 196 143 601
Mr. H. B. Hare 50 186 53 205 39 209 142 600

[175]

*****

The Eighteenth Grand National Archery Meeting was held on the Racecourse at Aintree, near Liverpool, on July 17 and 18, 1861.

Ladies 60 Yards 50 Yards Totals
Hits Score Hits Score Hits Score
Mrs. G. Atkinson 73 367 40 208 113 575
Miss Turner 65 291 42 214 107 505
Mrs. Horniblow 67 265 42 212 109 477

Mrs. Atkinson won the silver bracer with 6 points. Miss Turner won the point for score at 50 yards, and Mrs. E. Lister the point for hits (44) at 50 yards.

Gentlemen 100 Yards 80 Yards 60 Yards Totals
Hits Score Hits Score Hits Score Hits Score
Mr. G. Edwards 68 288 63 235 44 222 175 745
Mr. T. G. Golightly 60 250 58 270 41 205 159 725
Mr. P. Muir 49 175 62 266 43 221 154 662
Mr. H. A. Ford 54 220 56 200 45 241 155 661
Mr. T. Boulton 54 178 58 268 40 196 152 638
Mr. J. Wilson 46 220 56 212 36 164 138 596

The Champion's medal was again won by Mr. G. Edwards with 7 points. Mr. Golightly won the point for score at 80 yards, and Mr. H. A. Ford won two points for score and hits at 60 yards.

The wind at this meeting—on an exposed ground—was tremendous.

Sixty-four ladies and eighty-nine gentlemen shot.

Some better scores—Mr. E. Mason (446), Mr. F. Townsend (374), and Mr. H. C. Mules (365)—were made on July 19 in the handicap match.

[176] The Grand National Archery Society was first established at a meeting of archers held at the Adelphi Hotel in Liverpool on July 19, 1861.

*****

The Third Annual Crystal Palace Archery Meeting was held on July 30-31 and August 1, 1861.

Ladies 60 Yards 50 Yards Totals
Hits Score Hits Score Hits Score
Miss Turner 77 345 45 255 122 600
Mrs. Horniblow 66 336 44 216 110 552
Miss H. Chetwynd 72 326 42 200 114 526
Gentlemen 100 Yards 80 Yards 60 Yards Totals
Hits Score Hits Score Hits Score Hits Score
Mr. H. A. Ford 80 314 75 319 43 211 198 844
Mr. G. Edwards 50 206 79 361 47 251 176 818
Mr. H. Hilton 54 236 51 219 36 142 141 597

No other shooter made as much as 600.

Twenty-two ladies and thirty-seven gentlemen shot.

*****

The First Grand Western Archery Meeting was held at Bishop's Hull, near Taunton, on August 7 and 8, 1861, when fifty-three ladies and forty-two gentlemen shot.

Ladies 60 Yards 50 Yards Totals
Hits Score Hits Score Hits Score
Miss Turner 80 386 45 259 125 645
Miss Mignon 66 276 41 197 107 473
Miss H. Chetwynd 56 236 40 228 96 464
Miss James 59 271 37 165 96 436
Mrs. A. Malet 62 256 34 142 96 398

[177]

Gentlemen 100 Yards 80 Yards 60 Yards Totals
Hits Score Hits Score Hits Score Hits Score
Mr. G. Edwards 59 263 85 381 45 253 189 897
Mr. H. A. Ford 65 235 73 319 47 275 185 829
Colonel Clowes 53 215 62 272 39 189 154 676
Mr. W. Rimington 53 207 58 272 39 191 150 670
Mr. H. B. Hare 58 226 56 232 41 205 155 663
Mr. W. Swire 57 205 57 251 36 180 150 636
Mr. H. Walters 42 140 57 257 41 223 140 620
*****

The Fourth Annual Crystal Palace Archery Meeting was held on May 29 and 30, 1862.

Ladies 60 Yards 50 Yards Totals
Hits Score Hits Score Hits Score
Mrs. Horniblow 76 328 44 220 120 548
Mrs. H. Walters 73 329 41 209 114 538
Gentlemen 100 Yards 80 Yards 60 Yards Totals
Hits Score Hits Score Hits Score Hits Score
Mr. F. Townsend 75 299 72 344 41 223 188 866
Mr. H. A. Ford 77 319 67 291 43 201 187 811
Mr. G. Edwards 58 252 70 312 47 241 175 805
Mr. H. B. Hare 54 238 61 305 37 145 152 688
Mr. W. Swire 56 238 64 254 39 189 159 681
Mr. T. Boulton 62 220 58 238 39 179 159 637
Mr. J. H. Chance 38 144 55 233 44 234 137 611

Twenty-six ladies and forty gentlemen shot.

*****

The Ninth Grand Leamington and Midland Archery Meeting was held in the Jephson Gardens on June 11 and 12, 1862.

[178]

—— 60 Yards 50 Yards Totals
Hits Score Hits Score Hits Score
Mrs. Horniblow ? 191 23 143 ? 334

This was Mrs. Horniblow's score on the first day. The round on the second day was not completed on account of the bad weather.

Gentlemen 100 Yards 80 Yards 60 Yards Totals
Hits Score Hits Score Hits Score Hits Score
Mr. H. A. Ford ? 186 ? 184 23 137 ? 507
Mr. G. Edwards 29 131 41 169 24 144 94 444

This was the best shooting of the first day. On the second day only 48 arrows at 100 yards were shot.

Thirty-three ladies and twenty-eight gentlemen shot.

*****

The Nineteenth Grand National Archery Society's Meeting was held at Worcester, on July 17 and 18, 1862.

Sixty-five ladies and eighty-eight gentlemen shot.

Ladies 60 Yards 50 Yards Totals
Hits Score Hits Score Hits Score
Mrs. Horniblow 80 384 48 276 128 660
Mrs. G. Atkinson 76 334 40 208 116 542
Miss Jarrett 68 296 43 229 111 525
Miss H. Chetwynd 65 313 40 176 105 489

Mrs. Horniblow won the silver bracer with all the 8 points.

Mr. G. Edwards secured the Champion's medal with 7 points. Mr. H. A. Ford won the point for score at 80 yards, and the points for score and hits at 60 yards.

[179]

Gentlemen 100 Yards 80 Yards 60 Yards Totals
Hits Score Hits Score Hits Score Hits Score
Mr. G. Edwards 71 297 78 366 45 239 194 902
Mr. H. A. Ford 67 245 76 376 47 275 190 896
Mr. E. Mason 65 239 71 339 42 210 178 788
Mr. T. Boulton 63 279 56 230 42 156 161 665
Mr. W. Rimington 52 204 62 230 41 199 155 633
Mr. H. B. Hare 65 249 51 177 40 200 156 626
Mr. H. Walters 48 194 61 235 40 194 149 623

Some good scores—Mr. H. A. Ford (479), Mr. G. Edwards (447), and Mr. H. B. Hare (386)—were made on July 19 in the handicap match.

*****

The Second Grand Western Archery Meeting was held at West Harnham, near Salisbury, on July 9 and 10, 1862, when sixty-four ladies and fifty-one gentlemen shot.

Ladies 60 Yards 50 Yards Totals
Hits Score Hits Score Hits Score
Miss H. Chetwynd 65 309 36 154 101 463
Mrs. A. Malet 60 264 37 163 97 427
Gentlemen 100 Yards 80 Yards 60 Yards Totals
Hits Score Hits Score Hits Score Hits Score
Mr. G. Edwards 51 189 61 255 45 275 157 719
Mr. H. A. Ford 57 235 63 283 42 188 162 706
Mr. H. B. Hare 50 190 64 244 39 171 153 605

Mrs. A. Malet and Mr. H. B. Hare became respectively the Championess and Champion of the West.

*****

The Fifth Grand Annual Crystal Palace Archery Meeting was held on June 11 and 12, 1863.

Thirty-four ladies and forty-six gentlemen shot.

[180]

Ladies 60 Yards 50 Yards Totals
Hits Score Hits Score Hits Score
Mrs. Horniblow 78 364 43 237 121 601
Mrs. Blaker 61 275 36 188 97 463
Gentlemen 100 Yards 80 Yards 60 Yards Totals
Hits Score Hits Score Hits Score Hits Score
Mr. H. A. Ford 59 221 72 326 44 244 175 791
Mr. F. Townsend 58 196 68 284 41 195 167 675
Mr. T. L. Coulson 53 233 65 281 34 142 152 656
Mr. MacNamara 49 169 64 292 42 192 155 653
Mr. G. Edwards 49 185 64 264 42 188 155 637
Mr. A. R. Tawney 59 245 55 209 26 156 140 610
Colonel Clowes 45 173 57 245 36 190 138 608
*****

The Tenth Grand Leamington and Midland Archery Meeting was held in the Jephson Gardens on June 25 and 26, 1863.

Twenty-eight ladies and thirty-two gentlemen shot.

Ladies 60 Yards 50 Yards Totals
Hits Score Hits Score Hits Score
Mrs. Horniblow 90 442 44 264 134 706
Miss B. Edwards 73 305 47 229 120 534
Miss Waller 74 322 42 206 116 528
Gentlemen 100 Yards 80 Yards 60 Yards Totals
Hits Score Hits Score Hits Score Hits Score
Mr. H. A. Ford 73 295 65 291 41 227 179 813
Mr. McNamara 58 266 65 265 46 246 169 777
Captain Betham 59 227 69 317 37 201 165 745
Mr. T. L. Coulson 74 324 63 237 40 152 177 713
Mr. H. B. Hare 64 246 61 295 33 133 158 674
Colonel Clowes 57 197 63 277 36 180 156 654
Mr. H. Walters 54 204 66 254 39 179 159 637
Mr. J. Spedding 49 209 58 246 33 159 140 614

[181]

*****

The Twentieth Grand National Archery Society's Meeting was held on the Christ Church Cricket-ground at Oxford on July 1 and 2, 1863.

Ladies 60 Yards 50 Yards Totals
Hits Score Hits Score Hits Score
Mrs. Horniblow 73 285 43 193 116 478
Miss H. Chetwynd 61 281 39 189 100 468
Miss B. Edwards 60 258 38 192 98 450

Mrs. Horniblow won the silver bracer with all the 8 points.

Gentlemen 100 Yards 80 Yards 60 Yards Totals
Hits Score Hits Score Hits Score Hits Score
Mr. P. Muir 72 292 65 295 44 258 179 845
Mr. H. A. Ford 62 242 70 290 44 248 176 780
Mr. T. L. Coulson 59 219 58 240 41 223 158 682
Mr. G. Edwards 54 206 59 245 42 218 155 669
Mr. H. Walters 38 160 64 290 45 209 147 659
Mr. F. Townsend 55 211 50 200 43 207 148 618

The weather was very rough.

Mr. P. Muir won the Champion's medal with 8 points; Mr. H. A. Ford won the point for hits at 80 yards; and Messrs. H. Walters and E. W. Atkinson divided the point for hits at 60 yards (45).

Fifty-four ladies and ninety-six gentlemen shot.

Mr. T. L. Coulson (452) shot well on July 3 in the handicap match.

*****

The Third Grand Western Archery Meeting was held at Weymouth on July 15 and 16, 1863, when fifty-nine ladies and sixty-four gentlemen shot.

There was a tie between Miss L. Turner and Miss S. Dawson in points; and on drawing lots (not a fair way of deciding the tie) Miss S. Dawson won, and became Championess.

[182]

Ladies 60 Yards 50 Yards Totals
Hits Score Hits Score Hits Score
Miss L. Turner 69 331 42 200 111 531
Miss S. Dawson 71 295 42 200 113 495
Gentlemen 100 Yards 80 Yards 60 Yards Totals
Hits Score Hits Score Hits Score Hits Score
Mr. H. A. Ford 65 243 77 341 44 242 186 826
Mr. T. L. Coulson 70 258 57 277 42 236 169 771
Captain Betham 50 194 76 322 43 219 169 735
Mr. W. Rimington 64 234 67 249 43 207 174 690
Colonel Clowes 56 208 59 243 34 176 149 627

Mr. H. B. Hare (148 hits, 594 score) became Champion of the West.

*****

A Grand Inaugural Archery Fete was held in the Alexandra Park, Muswell Hill, on July 23 and 24, 1863.

Ladies 60 Yards 50 Yards Totals
Hits Score Hits Score Hits Score
Mrs. Horniblow 78 370 47 269 125 639
Miss H. Chetwynd 76 354 40 188 116 542
Mrs. Hare 74 328 43 177 117 505
Gentlemen 100 Yards 80 Yards 60 Yards Totals
Hits Score Hits Score Hits Score Hits Score
Mr. G. Edwards 64 234 71 293 47 279 182 806
Mr. W. Rimington 70 264 66 266 43 225 179 755
Mr. T. L. Coulson 59 257 62 264 41 193 162 714
Mr. H. Walters 60 212 60 254 45 247 165 713
Colonel Clowes 64 236 58 232 39 193 161 661
Mr. T. Boulton 52 198 67 267 38 192 157 657
Mr. J. Rogers 50 180 65 263 44 196 159 639
Captain Betham 50 174 58 224 40 200 148 598

Mr. J. Buchanan acted as manager of this meeting.

Nineteen ladies and forty-one gentlemen shot.

[183]

*****

The Eleventh Grand Leamington and Midland Archery Meeting was held in the Jephson Gardens on June 15 and 16, 1864.

Ladies 60 Yards 50 Yards Totals
Hits Score Hits Score Hits Score
Miss Betham 88 464 47 271 135 735
Mrs. Horniblow 86 396 46 234 132 630
Mrs. E. Lister 67 313 38 184 105 597
Gentlemen 100 Yards 80 Yards 60 Yards Totals
Hits Score Hits Score Hits Score Hits Score
Mr. G. Edwards 57 239 82 346 46 258 185 843
Mr. H. Walters 55 199 54 284 43 239 152 722
Captain Betham 54 212 63 231 47 251 164 694
Mr. G. L. Aston 56 208 65 269 41 215 162 692
Mr. T. L. Coulson 61 207 58 248 42 230 161 685
Mr. Betham 68 232 58 238 40 194 166 664
Mr. McNamara 50 176 60 242 41 185 151 603

Thirty-five ladies and thirty-three gentlemen shot.

*****

The Sixth Grand Annual Crystal Palace Archery Meeting was held on June 30 and July 1, 1864.

Thirty-eight ladies and forty-four gentlemen shot.

Gentlemen 100 Yards 80 Yards 60 Yards Totals
Hits Score Hits Score Hits Score Hits Score
Mr. G. Edwards 66 276 68 274 47 269 181 819
Mr. Betham 63 249 59 275 46 232 168 756
Mr. H. Walters 57 207 71 287 43 211 171 705
Captain Betham 57 209 62 246 45 215 164 670
Mr. W. Rimington 57 219 58 236 42 194 157 649
Mr. James Spedding 55 189 61 229 43 207 159 625
Mr. H. B. Hare 55 205 56 232 38 182 149 619
Mr. J. Rogers 69 245 54 192 39 179 162 616

[184]

Ladies 60 Yards 50 Yards Totals
Hits Score Hits Score Hits Score
Miss Betham 76 350 41 253 117 603
Mrs. Horniblow 73 343 45 221 118 564
Miss Turner 72 296 41 225 113 521
*****

The Twenty-first Grand National Archery Society's Meeting was held in the Alexandra Park, Muswell Hill, near London, on July 6 and 7, 1864.

Ladies 60 Yards 50 Yards Totals
Hits Score Hits Score Hits Score
Miss Betham 83 429 46 264 129 693
Mrs. G. Atkinson 74 392 43 243 117 635
Mrs. Horniblow 76 314 45 227 121 541
Miss A. S. Butt 79 339 46 200 125 539
Miss Quin 68 320 44 208 112 528
Miss Turner 66 300 41 211 107 511

Miss Betham won the silver bracer with 7-1/2 points. Miss A. S. Butt divided the point for hits at 50 yards with her.

Gentlemen 100 Yards 80 Yards 60 Yards Totals
Hits Score Hits Score Hits Score Hits Score
Mr. G. Edwards 63 205 80 418 46 274 189 897
Mr. P. Muir 81 325 63 269 45 227 189 821
Mr. H. Walters 53 179 68 318 46 240 167 737
Mr. W. R. Atkinson 60 230 61 237 43 249 164 716
Captain Betham 57 247 60 246 41 213 158 706
Mr. James Spedding 62 246 67 287 35 169 164 702
Mr. Betham 44 180 77 329 42 188 163 697
Mr. T. L. Coulson 60 242 55 269 41 175 156 686
Mr. St. J. Coventry 68 260 55 219 37 177 160 656
Mr. A. R. Tawney 64 242 54 214 39 179 157 645
Captain C. H. Fisher 65 267 57 193 39 183 161 643
Mr. H. B. Hare 62 238 64 260 32 134 158 632
Mr. J. Wilson 55 231 59 201 40 190 154 622
Mr. H. Elliott 47 201 51 215 39 199 137 615
Mr. McNamara 52 200 55 215 41 193 148 608
Mr. H. Garnett 51 227 53 217 37 161 141 605

[185] Mr. G. Edwards secured the Champion's medal with 6-1/2 points. Mr. P. Muir won 2 points for hits and score at 100 yards, and Mr. H. Walters divided the point for hits at 60 yards with Mr. G. Edwards.

Eighty-two ladies and eighty-six gentlemen shot.

Good scores appear to have been made in the handicap match on July 8—namely, 356 by Miss Betham, 334 by Mrs. G. Atkinson, and 321 by Miss Turner; 463 by Mr. G. Edwards, 420 by Mr. W. R. Atkinson, and 394 by Mr. W. Rimington.

*****

The Fourth Grand Western Archery Meeting was held at Exeter on August 3 and 4, 1864, when one hundred and seventeen ladies and fifty-eight gentlemen shot.

Ladies 60 Yards 50 Yards Totals
Hits Score Hits Score Hits Score
Miss S. Dawson 86 416 46 252 132 668
Mrs. C. H. Everett 68 330 43 223 111 553
Miss Quin 75 347 42 188 117 535
Gentlemen 100 Yards 80 Yards 60 Yards Totals
Hits Score Hits Score Hits Score Hits Score
Mr. G. L. Aston 72 280 74 336 44 220 190 836
Captain C. H. Fisher 80 340 64 250 37 195 181 785
Mr. H. B. Hare 53 225 65 251 35 169 153 645
Mr. W. Rimington 50 174 45 207 40 204 135 585

Miss S. Dawson and Mr. H. B. Hare became Championess and Champion of the West.

*****

The Twelfth Grand Leamington and Midland Archery Meeting was held on June 14 and 15, 1865, in the Jephson Gardens.

[186]

Ladies 60 Yards 50 Yards Totals
Hits Score Hits Score Hits Score
Miss Betham 86 412 47 259 133 671
Miss S. Dawson 84 404 45 241 129 645
Mrs. Horniblow 86 384 46 240 132 624
Mrs. E. Lister 69 311 40 198 109 509
Miss A. S. Butt 74 300 40 206 114 506
Miss Waller 70 310 40 192 110 502
Gentlemen 100 Yards 80 Yards 60 Yards Totals
Hits Score Hits Score Hits Score Hits Score
Mr. G. Edwards 78 338 76 352 44 218 198 908
Mr. T. L. Coulson 64 282 64 278 42 202 170 762
Mr. Betham 55 231 65 281 47 241 167 753
Mr. H. Walters 68 210 73 301 46 208 187 719
Captain Betham 69 261 73 267 35 175 177 703
Mr. Chance 70 304 64 240 38 154 172 698
Mr. H. Elliott 47 175 59 249 43 219 149 643
Mr. A. R. Tawney 55 207 59 235 37 161 151 603

Thirty-two ladies and forty gentlemen shot.

*****

The Seventh Grand Annual Crystal Palace Archery Meeting was held on July 6 and 7, 1865.

Ladies 60 Yards 50 Yards Totals
Hits Score Hits Score Hits Score
Miss Betham 70 352 46 246 116 598
Miss E. K. Fenton 67 307 38 178 105 485
Mrs. Horniblow 70 304 38 176 108 480
Gentlemen 100 Yards 80 Yards 60 Yards Totals
Hits Score Hits Score Hits Score Hits Score
Mr. E. A. Holmes 71 267 67 263 39 181 177 711
Mr. G. Edwards 50 162 63 265 44 246 157 673
Mr. H. Elliott 45 181 59 255 40 194 144 630
Mr. H. Walters 30 100 65 269 43 225 132 594

[187] Miss H. Chetwynd (afterwards Mrs. Christie) had the management of this meeting, and of the previous one in 1864.

Forty ladies and forty-nine gentlemen shot.

*****

The Twenty-second Grand National Archery Society's Meeting was held at Clifton, near Bristol, on College Cricket-ground, on July 26 and 27, 1865.

Ladies 60 Yards 50 Yards Totals
Hits Score Hits Score Hits Score
Miss Betham 79 385 45 221 124 606
Miss S. Dawson 76 376 45 205 121 581
Mrs. E. Lister 74 362 42 218 116 580
Mrs. P. Becher 71 323 40 212 111 535
Mrs. FitzGerald 73 337 37 185 110 522
Mrs. Horniblow 67 281 43 213 110 494

Miss Betham won the silver bracer with 6-1/2 points. Miss L. J. Butt won the point for score at 50 yards (222); and Miss S. Dawson divided the point for hits at 50 yards with Miss Betham.

Gentlemen 100 Yards 80 Yards 60 Yards Totals
Hits Score Hits Score Hits Score Hits Score
Mr. E. A. Holmes 60 254 73 297 41 237 174 788
Mr. T. Boulton 68 272 64 288 41 205 173 765
Mr. P. Muir 71 289 60 250 38 180 169 719
Mr. G. Edwards 54 192 65 301 46 226 165 719
Mr. R. W. Atkinson 54 196 58 256 44 260 156 712
Mr. H. Walters 42 154 63 191 46 222 151 667
Mr. E. Mason 53 199 64 268 40 184 157 651
Mr. W. Rimington 52 188 66 274 40 176 158 638
Mr. T. L. Coulson 62 218 59 255 35 135 156 608
Mr. G. L. Aston 47 177 56 258 36 166 139 601

Mr. E. A. Holmes became the Champion, having won most points (5). Mr. P. Muir won 2 points for hits and score at 100 yards; Mr. G. Edwards won the point for score at 80[188] yards; and Mr. R. W. Atkinson won the point for score at 60 yards. Messrs. G. Edwards and H. Walters divided the point for hits at 60 yards.

Ninety-three ladies and ninety gentlemen shot.

*****

No Grand Western Archery Meeting was held this year.

*****

The Thirteenth Grand Leamington and Midland Archery Meeting was held in the Jephson Gardens on June 13 and 14, 1866.

Ladies 60 Yards 50 Yards Totals
Hits Score Hits Score Hits Score
Miss Betham 82 444 45 257 127 701
Mrs. Horniblow 83 423 46 276 129 699
Miss S. Dawson 91 459 43 187 134 646
Mrs. E. Lister 78 374 42 218 120 592
Gentlemen 100 Yards 80 Yards 60 Yards Totals
Hits Score Hits Score Hits Score Hits Score
Mr. G. Edwards 71 287 71 333 42 226 184 846
Mr. T. L. Coulson 70 290 76 362 40 180 186 832
Mr. T. Boulton 74 274 64 266 43 205 181 745
Mr. O. K. Prescot 51 205 64 288 43 229 158 722
Mr. H. Elliott 64 232 63 279 42 194 169 705
Mr. Golightly 56 244 65 271 42 188 163 703
Mr. Betham 65 267 64 264 44 168 173 699
Captain Betham 52 198 68 262 41 193 161 653
Mr. H. Walters 41 185 58 222 42 194 141 601

Mr. Golightly scored 405 on June 15 in the handicap match.

Thirty-one ladies and thirty-six gentlemen shot.

*****

The Eighth Grand Annual Crystal Palace Archery Meeting was held on June 28 and 29, 1866.

Twenty-nine ladies and forty-five gentlemen shot.

[189]

Ladies 60 Yards 50 Yards Totals
Hits Score Hits Score Hits Score
Miss Betham 81 389 44 244 125 633
Mrs. Hosken 78 346 46 234 124 580
Mrs. Horniblow 82 348 44 222 126 570
Miss A. S. Butt 68 338 41 201 109 539
Mrs. P. Becher 72 332 42 194 114 526
Gentlemen 100 Yards 80 Yards 60 Yards Totals
Hits Score Hits Score Hits Score Hits Score
Mr. H. Elliott 55 253 67 317 40 194 162 764
Mr. G. Edwards 71 285 55 261 41 213 167 759
Mr. T. Boulton 55 243 69 321 41 195 165 759
Mr. E. A. Holmes 67 275 74 296 40 184 181 755
Mr. T. L. Coulson 67 301 64 258 39 189 170 748
Mr. R. W. Atkinson 48 174 68 278 46 226 162 678
Mr. W. Rimington 52 234 55 243 41 199 148 676
Mr. F. Townsend 55 237 64 242 38 188 167 667
Captain C. H. Fisher 56 238 57 243 41 177 154 658
Captain Whitla 55 227 59 251 37 147 151 625
*****

The Fifth Grand Western Archery Meeting was held at Weymouth on July 18 and 19, 1866, when seventy-seven ladies and fifty-nine gentlemen shot.

Miss S. Dawson and Mr. H. Walrond became respectively Championess and Champion of the West.

During these five Grand Western Archery Meetings Mr. T. Dawson acted as Hon. Secretary. No meeting was held in 1865, when the Grand National Archery Meeting was held at Clifton; and none was held in 1867.

Ladies 60 Yards 50 Yards Totals
Hits Score Hits Score Hits Score
Miss Betham 76 384 46 262 122 646
Miss S. Dawson 82 414 41 195 123 609
Miss A. S. Butt 66 296 42 221 108 517

[190]

Gentlemen 100 Yards 80 Yards 60 Yards Totals
Hits Score Hits Score Hits Score Hits Score
Mr. H. Walrond 44 180 66 320 40 198 150 698
Mr. Betham 53 191 62 268 43 223 158 682
Mr. T. G. Golightly 51 205 56 254 38 202 145 661
Mr. W. Rimington 47 177 65 255 39 183 151 615
Mr. H. A. Ford 45 123 61 275 45 215 151 613
*****

The Twenty-third Grand National Archery Society's Meeting was held in the grounds of Sir R. Harvey, Bart., at Crown Point, near Norwich, on July 25 and 26, 1866.

Ladies 60 Yards 50 Yards Totals
Hits Score Hits Score Hits Score
Miss Betham 85 405 45 257 130 662
Mrs. Horniblow 86 428 42 212 128 640
Miss L. J. Butt 72 316 43 189 115 505
Miss A. S. Butt 60 262 44 228 104 490

Miss Betham won the silver bracer with 6 points. Mrs. Horniblow won the 2 points for hits and score at 60 yards.

Gentlemen 100 Yards 80 Yards 60 Yards Totals
Hits Score Hits Score Hits Score Hits Score
Mr. G. Edwards 66 280 79 345 47 275 192 900
Mr. E. A. Holmes 65 247 69 297 46 246 180 790
Mr. W. Rimington 59 255 65 251 44 224 168 730
Mr. Betham 60 200 74 288 44 194 178 682
Mr. R. W. Atkinson 58 198 68 282 42 202 168 682
Mr. F. Townsend 57 217 64 274 42 188 163 679
Mr. T. L. Coulson 61 229 65 251 40 188 166 668
Mr. H. A. Ford 59 191 63 255 40 220 162 666
Captain Whitla 65 241 65 239 36 184 166 664
Mr. O. K. Prescot 49 179 72 280 43 197 164 656
Captain C. H. Fisher 71 255 59 195 42 192 172 642
Mr. C. C. Ellison 52 198 49 203 41 219 142 620
Mr. F. Partridge 63 227 50 226 36 166 149 619
Mr. Chance 61 283 56 200 34 116 151 599

[191] Mr. G. Edwards won all the points, and became the Champion.

Seventy-four ladies and seventy-five gentlemen shot.

*****

The Fourteenth Grand Leamington and Midland Archery Meeting was held in the Jephson Gardens on June 12 and 13, 1867.

Ladies 60 Yards 50 Yards Totals
Hits Score Hits Score Hits Score
Miss Betham 86 466 47 277 133 743
Mrs. Horniblow 85 423 37 217 122 640
Mrs. E. Lister 84 394 45 237 129 631
Mrs. Litchfield 65 337 31 169 96 506
Gentlemen 100 Yards 80 Yards 60 Yards Totals
Hits Score Hits Score Hits Score Hits Score
Mr. H. A. Ford 94 416 78 322 47 257 219 995
Mr. O. K. Prescot 83 317 76 362 43 245 202 924
Mr. R. Caldwell 65 281 69 327 41 225 175 833
Mr. H. Elliott 69 271 64 272 42 246 175 789
Mr. Betham 61 259 59 245 38 192 158 696
Mr. T. L. Coulson 51 181 59 255 40 182 150 618
Mr. W. Butt 51 193 62 230 39 193 152 616
Mr. Spottiswoode 65 213 61 225 38 170 164 608

Mr. R. Caldwell scored 423 on June 14 in the handicap match.

Twenty-five ladies and forty-one gentlemen shot.

*****

The Ninth Grand Annual Crystal Palace Archery Meeting was held on July 18 and 19, 1867.

Mr. O. K. Prescot scored 451 on July 20 in the handicap match.

Forty-nine ladies and sixty-six gentlemen shot.

[192]

Ladies 60 Yards 50 Yards Totals
Hits Score Hits Score Hits Score
Miss S. Dawson 84 378 44 248 128 626
Miss Ripley 70 320 43 201 113 521
Miss Betham 69 281 42 218 111 499
Gentlemen 100 Yards 80 Yards 60 Yards Totals
Hits Score Hits Score Hits Score Hits Score
Mr. H. A. Ford 62 224 73 325 47 239 182 788
Mr. O. K. Prescot 54 186 72 350 44 210 170 746
Mr. Spottiswoode 69 247 66 268 43 209 178 724
Mr. W. Rimington 68 248 55 215 45 215 168 678
Mr. E. A. Holmes 63 219 69 259 38 198 170 676
Mr. H. Elliott 41 173 67 291 44 206 152 670
Mr. Betham 39 131 60 272 43 239 142 642
Captain C. H. Fisher 45 173 64 276 40 186 149 635
Mr. J. M. Croker 52 186 61 259 41 181 154 626
Mr. R. W. Atkinson 47 153 59 235 43 217 149 605
Admiral Lowe 44 156 67 297 33 151 144 604
Mr. St. J. Coventry 44 182 55 205 43 217 142 604
*****

The Twenty-fourth Grand National Archery Society's Meeting was held at Preston, near Brighton, on July 24 and 25, 1867.

Ladies 60 Yards 50 Yards Totals
Hits Score Hits Score Hits Score
Mrs. E. Lister 86 454 42 236 130 690
Miss Betham 82 366 47 281 129 647
Miss S. Dawson 88 404 44 242 132 646
Mrs. Horniblow 88 450 42 196 130 646
Miss Stephenson 70 310 41 233 111 543
Mrs. J. R. Thomson 75 361 35 169 110 530
Miss A. S. Butt 69 319 41 191 110 510

Mrs. E. Lister won the silver bracer of the Championess with 3 points. Miss S. Dawson won the 2 points for most[193] hits, and divided the point for hits at 60 yards with Mrs. Horniblow. Miss Betham won 2 points for hits and score at 50 yards.

Gentlemen 100 Yards 80 Yards 60 Yards Totals
Hits Score Hits Score Hits Score Hits Score
Mr. H. A. Ford 94 396 74 364 47 277 215 1037
Mr. E. A. Holmes 88 412 73 345 42 216 203 973
Mr. Spottiswoode 90 350 71 293 41 205 202 848
Mr. O. K. Prescot 67 285 77 313 45 235 189 833
Mr. W. Rimington 74 254 72 316 46 232 192 802
Mr. G. Edwards 60 230 75 361 39 197 174 788
Mr. Betham 58 242 62 290 45 233 165 765
Mr. P. Muir 75 281 50 236 44 212 169 729
Mr. R. Caldwell 59 189 74 314 41 221 174 724
Admiral Lowe 55 221 58 266 45 221 158 708
Mr. H. Elliott 58 198 61 255 44 232 163 685
Captain C. H. Fisher 76 290 59 223 38 170 173 683
Mr. R. W. Atkinson 56 208 57 245 45 229 158 682
Mr. T. Boulton 46 154 66 312 44 208 156 674
Mr. C. Ellison 45 193 63 263 38 194 146 650
Mr. T. L. Coulson 61 215 58 242 39 175 158 632
Mr. G. Holmes 58 198 57 219 41 205 156 622

Mr. H. A. Ford became the Champion for the twelfth and last time. He won 8 points, Mr. E. A. Holmes having won the point for score at 100 yards, and Mr. O. K. Prescot that for score at 80 yards. Mr. E. A. Holmes was unwell during the shooting at 60 yards on the second day, when he made only 89 at that distance. The average value of the first ten on this occasion, all over 700, was 820·7; and this still remains the highest average ever yet attained. Mr. H. A. Ford on this occasion was using very weak bows, not much more than forty pounds in weight, and light arrows.

Seventy-two ladies and eighty-six gentlemen shot.

*****

A Grand Archery Meeting was held, in the Public Recreation Ground at Hastings, on July 31 and August 1, 1867.

Thirty-three ladies and twenty-seven gentlemen shot.

[194]

Ladies 60 Yards 50 Yards Totals
Hits Score Hits Score Hits Score
Miss Betham 88 458 47 275 135 733
Miss A. Betham 76 324 48 238 124 562
Mrs. P. Becher 78 336 39 207 117 543
Miss L. J. Butt 70 294 43 227 113 521
Gentlemen 100 Yards 80 Yards 60 Yards Totals
Hits Score Hits Score Hits Score Hits Score
Mr. H. A. Ford 82 302 76 298 40 230 198 830
Mr. O. K. Prescot 83 331 72 302 39 165 194 798
Mr. Betham 76 304 63 235 44 210 183 749
Mr. W. Butt 66 246 53 191 43 231 162 668
Admiral Lowe 60 266 48 196 40 206 148 668
Mr. T. Boulton 49 225 58 244 37 179 144 648
Captain C. H. Fisher 50 190 63 291 37 165 150 646
Captain Betham 57 197 50 230 41 189 148 616

In the handicap match shot in the Archery Ground, St. Leonards-on-Sea, on the next day—August 2—Captain C. H. Fisher scored 472 and Mr. H. A. Ford 471.

*****

The Fifteenth Grand Leamington and Midland Archery Meeting was held in the Jephson Gardens on June 10 and 11, 1868.

Ladies 60 Yards 50 Yards Totals
Hits Score Hits Score Hits Score
Mrs. Horniblow 90 474 45 245 135 719
Miss Ripley 80 412 48 244 128 656
Miss Betham 79 411 44 220 123 631
Mrs. W. Butt (Miss S. Dawson) 83 401 43 225 126 626
Mrs. A. Knox (Miss E. A. Betham) 77 385 46 226 123 611
Mrs. P. Becher 70 344 42 222 112 566
Miss Stephenson 72 306 44 230 116 536
Mrs. W. S. Miller 71 317 43 209 114 526
Miss H. Hutchinson 75 325 44 194 119 519

[195]

Gentlemen 100 Yards 80 Yards 60 Yards Totals
Hits Score Hits Score Hits Score Hits Score
Mr. H. A. Ford 89 419 83 405 47 263 219 1087
Mr. O. K. Prescot 76 262 78 334 45 231 199 827
Mr. Betham 74 290 66 282 43 225 183 797
Captain C. H. Fisher 69 241 63 291 45 239 177 771
Mr. R. Caldwell 61 201 72 310 45 217 178 728
Mr. H. Elliott 52 186 71 313 42 208 165 707
Mr. W. Butt 57 187 70 266 38 192 165 645
Mr. Coker 52 200 66 268 31 137 149 605
Mr. Jenner-Fust 47 171 64 250 41 181 152 602

Thirty ladies and forty-one gentlemen shot.

*****

A Grand Archery Meeting was held in the Lower Ground, Aston Park, Birmingham, on June 16 and 17, 1868.

Ladies 60 Yards 50 Yards Totals
Hits Score Hits Score Hits Score
Miss Ripley 82 444 45 249 127 693
Mrs. W. Butt 84 422 44 232 128 654
Miss Betham 80 342 47 253 127 595
Mrs. P. Becher 83 373 41 191 124 564
Miss H. Hutchinson 83 391 38 172 121 563
Mrs. A. Knox (Miss A. Betham) 84 358 44 180 128 538
Gentlemen 100 Yards 80 Yards 60 Yards Totals
Hits Score Hits Score Hits Score Hits Score
Mr. H. A. Ford 82 338 80 410 46 248 208 996
Captain C. H. Fisher 93 397 66 258 41 207 200 862
Mr. W. Butt 54 256 58 258 43 215 155 729
Mr. O. K. Prescot 64 232 62 250 43 227 169 709
Mr. Betham 67 245 58 236 40 202 165 683
Mr. H. Elliott 51 189 71 299 41 195 163 683
Mr. R. Caldwell 50 202 64 264 46 190 160 656
Mr. Coker 59 225 58 246 32 144 149 615

[196] Twenty-two ladies and thirty gentlemen shot.

This meeting was managed by Mr. N. Merridew for Mr. Quilter.

*****

The Tenth Grand Annual Crystal Palace Archery Meeting was held on July 2 and 3, 1868.

Ladies 60 Yards 50 Yards Totals
Hits Score Hits Score Hits Score
Mrs. W. Butt 87 443 43 217 130 660
Mrs. Horniblow 86 424 44 230 130 654
Miss Betham 83 421 42 230 125 651
Miss H. Hutchinson 86 408 39 193 125 619
Miss Ripley 80 368 46 228 126 596
Miss Ellis 68 280 43 235 111 515
Miss Adams 66 308 41 207 107 515
Mrs. A. Knox 81 345 38 168 119 513
Gentlemen 100 Yards 80 Yards 60 Yards Totals
Hits Score Hits Score Hits Score Hits Score
Mr. E. A. Holmes 77 339 79 355 40 208 196 902
Mr. W. Rimington 84 338 78 296 42 228 204 862
Mr. H. A. Ford 81 315 75 313 39 157 195 785
Mr. Spottiswoode 62 234 66 302 43 219 171 755
Mr. E. N. Snow 49 195 58 258 44 224 151 677
Mr. F. Townsend 52 200 69 299 36 172 157 671
Mr. J. M. Croker 40 162 68 292 42 214 150 668
Mr. Betham 44 160 67 295 41 195 152 650
Mr. Jenner-Fust 53 209 67 243 40 196 160 648
Captain C. H. Fisher 68 272 47 185 43 189 158 646
Mr. H. Elliott 54 172 60 262 39 171 153 605

Thirty-seven ladies and fifty gentlemen shot.

*****

The Twenty-fifth Grand National Archery Society's Meeting was held at Hereford, on the Racecourse, on July 29 and 30, 1868.

[197]

Ladies 60 Yards 50 Yards Totals
Hits Score Hits Score Hits Score
Miss Betham 80 382 48 290 128 672
Mrs. W. Butt 87 359 47 265 134 624
Mrs. P. Becher 79 401 41 193 120 594
Mrs. E. Lister 72 346 43 247 115 593
Mrs. Horniblow 82 364 44 222 126 586
Miss Ripley 70 330 42 214 112 544

Miss Betham won the silver bracer with 4 points. Mrs. W. Butt won 2 points for most hits and another point for hits at 60 yards. Mrs. P. Becher won the point for score at 60 yards.

Gentlemen 100 Yards 80 Yards 60 Yards Totals
Hits Score Hits Score Hits Score Hits Score
Mr. W. Rimington 77 299 68 288 42 220 187 807
Mr. O. K. Prescot 69 281 63 315 39 191 171 787
Captain C. H. Fisher 78 312 57 235 40 208 175 755
Mr. E. A. Holmes 62 242 66 290 42 208 170 740
Mr. H. A. Ford 66 230 65 291 42 214 173 735
Colonel M. F. Ward 51 197 64 302 43 223 158 722
Mr. J. M. Croker 51 191 65 263 44 242 160 696
Mr. H. Elliott 64 258 61 267 35 157 160 682
Mr. Betham 56 210 57 239 41 219 154 668
Mr. H. Walrond 48 192 62 286 41 187 151 665
Mr. Jenner-Fust 45 173 67 295 40 190 152 658
Mr. W. Butt 49 211 53 289 43 199 145 649

Mr. W. Rimington became the Champion with 5 points. Captain C. H. Fisher won 2 points for hits and score at 100 yards. Mr. O. K. Prescot won the point for score at 80 yards; and Mr. J. M. Croker won the points for score and hits at 60 yards.

Sixty-three ladies and sixty-nine gentlemen shot.

*****

Mr. W. Rimington scored 433 on July 31 in the handicap match.

[198]

*****

The Sixth Grand Western Archery Meeting was held at Bitton, near Teignmouth, on September 9 and 10, 1868.

Ladies 60 Yards 50 Yards Totals
Hits Score Hits Score Hits Score
Mrs. Horniblow 83 453 44 238 127 691
Miss Ripley 85 397 45 219 130 616
Miss Rowlett 62 268 43 201 105 469
Gentlemen 100 Yards 80 Yards 60 Yards Totals
Hits Score Hits Score Hits Score Hits Score
Mr. H. A. Ford 70 300 76 364 44 260 190 924
Colonel M. F. Ward 67 299 68 320 39 217 174 836
Mr. H. B. Hare 53 199 73 325 30 198 156 722
Mr. E. N. Snow 48 192 63 275 43 237 154 704
Admiral A. Lowe 69 283 56 242 34 160 159 685
Mr. C. H. Everett 63 221 56 212 37 189 156 622
Mr. H. Walrond 58 206 47 207 42 188 147 601

Miss Ripley became Championess, and Colonel Ward Champion of the West.

Fifty-six ladies and thirty-eight gentlemen shot.

*****

The Sixteenth Grand Leamington and Midland Archery Meeting was held on June 9 and 10, 1869, in the Jephson Gardens.

Ladies 60 Yards 50 Yards Totals
Hits Score Hits Score Hits Score
Miss Betham 70 344 47 251 117 595
Mrs. Kinahan 80 344 45 233 125 577
Mrs. P. Becher 79 349 43 227 122 576
Mrs. Horniblow 78 352 43 221 121 573
Miss Peel 75 353 43 203 118 556
Miss Stephenson 73 315 42 204 115 519
Mrs. E. Lister 67 311 38 202 105 513
Miss H. Hutchinson 74 328 44 178 118 506
Miss F. Flight 67 333 36 166 103 499

[199]

Gentlemen 100 Yards 80 Yards 60 Yards Totals
Hits Score Hits Score Hits Score Hits Score
Mr. H. A. Ford 95 403 77 369 48 260 220 1032
Captain C. H. Fisher 60 250 74 312 43 205 177 767
Mr. O. K. Prescot 79 281 65 291 37 161 181 733
Mr. H. Elliott 74 286 69 247 39 145 182 678
Mr. T. L. Coulson 56 236 59 231 40 164 155 631
Mr. Walford 50 198 52 210 44 220 146 628
Mr. W. Ford 49 195 60 238 35 179 144 612

Twenty-one ladies and thirty-nine gentlemen shot.

*****

The Eleventh Grand Annual Crystal Palace Archery Meeting was held on July 8 and 9, 1869.

Ladies 60 Yards 50 Yards Totals
Hits Score Hits Score Hits Score
Mrs. Horniblow 88 410 48 266 136 676
Miss Ripley 81 369 46 278 127 647
Miss H. Hutchinson 68 308 41 243 109 551
Miss Stephenson 74 336 40 200 114 536
Mrs. P. Becher 69 305 43 229 112 534
Mrs. Kinahan 74 344 40 184 114 528
Gentlemen 100 Yards 80 Yards 60 Yards Totals
Hits Score Hits Score Hits Score Hits Score
Mr. W. Rimington 80 334 73 347 44 236 197 917
Mr. H. A. Ford 66 258 76 362 47 269 189 889
Captain C. H. Fisher 77 313 71 319 42 210 190 842
Mr. H. Elliott 60 234 80 380 40 204 180 818
Mr. E. A. Holmes 68 258 66 250 45 241 179 749
Mr. Walford 38 156 63 287 47 237 148 680
Mr. Horlock 54 210 60 262 41 193 155 665
Mr. W. L. Selfe 63 223 56 222 42 218 161 663
Mr. J. M. Croker 49 209 57 217 45 233 151 659
Admiral Lowe 57 207 59 233 40 192 156 632
Mr. Betham 57 213 48 176 40 212 145 601
Mr. Lea 48 198 47 193 41 209 136 600

Forty-two ladies and fifty-seven gentlemen shot.

[200]

*****

The Twenty-sixth Grand National Archery Society's Meeting was held in the Aston Park Grounds, near Birmingham, on July 28 and 29, 1869.

Ladies 60 Yards 50 Yards Totals
Hits Score Hits Score Hits Score
Mrs. Horniblow 78 402 45 227 123 629
Mrs. Kinahan 83 409 40 198 123 607
Mrs. E. Lister 65 299 45 219 110 518
Miss Betham 61 247 43 239 104 486
Miss Stephenson 62 276 41 201 103 477
Miss H. Hutchinson 73 321 35 155 108 476

Mrs. Horniblow won the silver bracer with the highest score, as there was a tie between her and Mrs. Kinahan in points. This was said to be the case at the time, but it does not appear to have been so from the published scores, as Mrs. Horniblow had the advantage by one-half a point. Mrs. Horniblow appears to have won 2 points for gross score, 1 point for a tie with Mrs. Kinahan for total hits, and one-half a point for a tie with Mrs. E. Lister for hits at 50 yards—total, 3-1/2 points. Mrs. Kinahan won 2 points for hits and score at 60 yards, and 1 point for the tie in total hits—her total being only 3 points. Miss Betham won 1 point for score at 50 yards. The annual report of this meeting was never issued by the Hon. Secretary, the Rev. O. Luard, so the actual state of the case cannot now be made certain. Of course there may have been an error in the unofficial accounts published.

Mr. W. Rimington won the Champion's gold medal with the highest score, as there was a tie in points between him and Captain C. H. Fisher, each having won 4 points. Mr. W. Rimington won 1 point for score at 100 yards, 1 point for score at 60 yards, and 2 points for gross score. Captain C. H. Fisher won 2 points for score and hits at 80 yards, and 2 for most total hits. Mr. E. A. Holmes won 1 point for[201] hits at 60 yards, and Mr. O. K. Prescot one point for hits at 100 yards.

Gentlemen 100 Yards 80 Yards 60 Yards Totals
Hits Score Hits Score Hits Score Hits Score
Mr. W. Rimington 71 335 75 311 45 263 191 909
Mr. E. A. Holmes 66 274 74 356 47 253 187 883
Captain C. H. Fisher 73 279 77 369 42 212 192 860
Mr. H. A. Ford 65 247 67 343 44 224 176 814
Mr. G. Edwards 54 216 70 324 46 232 170 772
Mr. O. K. Prescot 76 298 62 270 44 198 182 766
Mr. H. Elliott 69 237 63 277 37 193 169 707
Mr. H. Walrond 55 213 68 300 41 187 164 700
Mr. C. H. Everett 69 237 60 294 38 142 167 673
Captain Lewin, R. E. 51 201 60 218 38 198 149 617
Mr. H. B. Hare 54 214 65 265 33 135 152 614
Mr. T. L. Coulson 59 211 51 221 35 175 145 607

On this occasion it was decided by the Committee that in future the Champion honours at their meetings should be decided by gross score and not by points. A handsome silver cup, value 50 guineas, collected by small subscriptions from numerous archers, was presented on July 29 to Mr. C. M. Caldecott, of Holbrooke Grange, near Rugby, who had acted for many years as judge at these meetings.

Only thirty-six ladies and sixty-nine gentlemen shot at this meeting.

*****

The Seventh Grand Western Archery Meeting was held in Mr. Parson's grounds at Bitton, near Teignmouth, on August 4 and 5, 1869.

Ladies 60 Yards 50 Yards Totals
Hits Score Hits Score Hits Score
Miss Ripley 76 390 46 270 122 660
Mrs. Kinahan 86 412 36 176 122 588

[202]

Gentlemen 100 Yards 80 Yards 60 Yards Totals
Hits Score Hits Score Hits Score Hits Score
Mr. C. H. Everett 59 227 74 310 39 175 172 712
Mr. R. Price 51 211 63 279 40 194 154 684
Mr. H. Walrond 45 157 64 296 38 186 147 639
Mr. Jenner-Fust 53 233 55 193 40 212 148 638
Colonel M. F. Ward 56 182 60 266 40 180 158 628

Miss Ripley and Mr. R. Price became Championess and Champion of the West.

Sixty-two ladies and thirty-nine gentlemen shot.

*****

The Seventeenth Grand Leamington and Midland Archery Meeting was held in the Jephson Gardens on June 15 and 16, 1870.

Ladies 60 Yards 50 Yards Totals
Hits Score Hits Score Hits Score
Mrs. W. Butt 93 525 44 260 137 785
Mrs. Villiers Forbes 86 454 43 227 129 681
Miss H. Hutchinson 83 403 44 232 127 635
Mrs. Horniblow 83 389 44 236 127 625
Mrs. E. Lister 83 365 44 232 127 597
Miss Joan Ley 76 326 41 223 117 539
Gentlemen 100 Yards 80 Yards 60 Yards Totals
Hits Score Hits Score Hits Score Hits Score
Mr. H. Elliott 83 359 69 283 44 248 196 890
Mr. Jenner-Fust 67 245 69 295 46 240 182 780
Mr. Betham 61 243 69 295 40 212 170 750
Mr. O. K. Prescot 62 242 79 311 40 194 181 747
Colonel M. F. Ward 59 211 63 323 37 179 159 713
Mr. W. F. Heideman 50 168 64 286 42 214 156 668
Captain Lewin, R. E. 66 224 57 239 38 166 161 629
Mr. W. Butt 43 159 48 214 45 233 136 606
Mr. T. L. Coulson 58 196 64 246 41 163 163 605

[203] Twenty-five ladies and forty gentlemen shot.

Mr. O. K. Prescot scored 400 on June 17 in the handicap match.

*****

The Twelfth Grand Annual Crystal Palace Archery Meeting was held on July 7 and 8, 1870.

Ladies 60 Yards 50 Yards Totals
Hits Score Hits Score Hits Score
Mrs. V. Forbes 93 479 45 273 138 752
Mrs. W. Butt 86 442 46 280 132 722
Mrs. Horniblow 78 392 45 241 123 633
Mrs. Kinahan 79 377 41 231 120 608
Miss H. Hutchinson 78 332 46 252 124 584
Miss Joan Ley 66 338 47 207 113 545
Miss H. Holmes 75 307 42 224 117 531
Mrs. Hosken 68 302 45 219 113 521
Gentlemen 100 Yards 80 Yards 60 Yards Totals
Hits Score Hits Score Hits Score Hits Score
Mr. E. A. Holmes 74 284 79 365 46 248 199 897
Mr. H. Elliott 73 263 72 338 41 193 186 794
Captain C. H. Fisher 86 336 60 264 40 184 186 784
Mr. Jenner-Fust 42 168 72 342 46 212 160 722
Mr. H. Walrond 52 214 63 297 41 207 156 718
Mr. Walford 58 206 60 286 41 169 159 661
Mr. W. Butt 49 201 60 258 40 180 149 639
Colonel A. Robertson 47 181 56 236 41 195 144 612
Mr. T. Boulton 48 186 58 240 36 182 142 608

Forty-eight ladies and thirty-nine gentlemen shot.

*****

The Twenty-seventh Grand National Archery Society's Meeting was held on July 21 and 22, 1870, at Weston, near Bath.

[204]

Ladies 60 Yards 50 Yards Totals
Hits Score Hits Score Hits Score
Mrs. Horniblow 86 412 48 288 134 700
Mrs. V. Forbes 87 405 47 279 134 684
Mrs. W. Butt 90 424 46 232 136 656
Mrs. E. Lister 81 395 44 218 125 613
Miss H. Hutchinson 82 364 44 232 126 596
Mrs. P. Pinckney 74 350 44 246 118 596
Miss Hulme 75 359 46 234 121 593
Miss Joan Ley 69 337 41 183 110 520
Miss Ripley 11 45 191 47 285 92 476
Mrs. J. R. Thomson 60 254 46 214 106 468

11 Shot only 15 arrows at 60 yards the first day.

Mrs. Horniblow became the Championess by highest gross score. The points happened to be equally divided between her and Mrs. W. Butt.

Gentlemen 100 Yards 80 Yards 60 Yards Totals
Hits Score Hits Score Hits Score Hits Score
Mr. E. A. Holmes 66 258 72 302 45 247 183 807
Captain C. H. Fisher 77 349 64 270 42 178 183 797
Mr. C. H. Everett 86 348 72 284 36 146 194 778
Mr. Walford 70 274 64 286 44 206 178 766
Mr. H. Elliott 75 313 67 267 42 184 184 764
Mr. W. Rimington 66 192 58 236 45 215 169 743
Mr. W. Butt 45 185 64 318 43 223 152 726
Mr. E. Ley 51 205 69 333 38 186 158 724
Mr. O. K. Prescot 63 287 58 220 38 202 159 709
Mr. Betham 51 207 66 266 42 228 159 701
Colonel M. F. Ward 52 192 61 263 45 237 158 692
Mr. W. F. Heideman 43 149 72 334 39 189 154 672

Mr. E. A. Holmes became the Champion with the highest score under the rule passed in 1869 abolishing points. He would have become champion by one-third of a point.

The average of the shooting at this meeting was unusually good amongst the gentlemen, being 751·5 for the first ten.

Mr. H. A. Ford was present, but did not shoot.

The weather was excessively hot.

[205] Eighty-three ladies and seventy-nine gentlemen shot.

Good scores were made by Mr. E. A. Holmes (490), Captain C. H. Fisher (443), and Mr. Walford (411), on July 23, in the handicap match.

*****

The Eighth Grand Western Archery Meeting was held in the grounds at Bitton, near Teignmouth, on July 27 and 28, 1870.

Ladies 60 Yards 50 Yards Totals
Hits Score Hits Score Hits Score
Miss M. Lockyer 91 463 45 235 136 698
Mrs. V. Forbes 81 407 47 275 128 682
Mrs. P. Pinckney 85 403 45 249 130 652
Miss J. Ley 85 387 45 263 130 650
Miss Ripley 78 362 47 283 125 645
Miss H. Hutchinson 78 320 45 249 123 569
Mrs. J. R. Thomson 83 343 39 205 122 548
Gentlemen 100 Yards 80 Yards 60 Yards Totals
Hits Score Hits Score Hits Score Hits Score
Captain C. H. Fisher 91 375 88 424 46 234 225 1033
Mr. H. Walrond 50 216 71 331 44 246 165 793
Mr. Betham 52 250 68 302 40 192 160 744
Mr. O. K. Prescot 57 215 64 282 42 208 163 705
Mr. E. N. Snow 65 277 50 226 42 200 157 703
Mr. W. Rimington 54 198 57 223 42 242 153 663
Mr. Price 35 137 71 323 36 160 142 620
Colonel M. F. Ward 53 179 57 239 41 189 151 607

Miss M. Lockyer and Mr. Walrond became Championess and Champion of the West.

Sixty-three ladies and forty-three gentlemen shot.

*****

The Eighteenth Grand Leamington and Midland Archery Meeting was held in the Jephson Gardens on June 14 and 15, 1871.

[206]

Ladies 60 Yards 50 Yards Totals
Hits Score Hits Score Hits Score
Mrs. Horniblow 89 503 47 265 136 768
Mrs. V. Forbes 77 431 48 268 125 699
Mrs. W. Butt 83 403 44 240 127 643
Mrs. E. Lister 76 368 45 221 121 589
Miss Joan Ley 76 348 46 218 122 566
Mrs. P. Becher 71 329 42 176 113 505
Gentlemen 100 Yards 80 Yards 60 Yards Totals
Hits Score Hits Score Hits Score Hits Score
Captain C. H. Fisher 88 356 72 340 45 221 205 917
Mr. T. L. Coulson 76 296 74 294 45 225 195 815
Mr. Jenner-Fust 58 228 71 305 44 222 173 755
Mr. C. H. Everett 61 227 63 259 40 210 164 696
Mr. G. L. Aston 69 287 54 206 38 194 161 687
Mr. F. Townsend 59 209 66 284 35 167 160 660
Mr. W. Butt 47 157 66 290 41 197 154 644
Mr. H. Elliott 49 193 61 231 44 204 154 628

Twenty-three ladies and thirty-six gentlemen shot.

During all these eighteen Leamington meetings Mr. N. Merridew acted as Secretary and Manager, and Mr. C. M. Caldecott as Judge.

*****

The Twenty-eighth Grand National Archery Society's Meeting was held on the College Cricket-ground, at Cheltenham, on June 28 and 29, 1871.

At this meeting the system of points for the selection of the Champion and Championess was reintroduced, and Mrs. Horniblow became the Championess with all the points, except that Mrs. V. Forbes and Mrs. Eyre W. Hussey tied her in hits at 50 yards, with 47 hits. This score of 746 was the best yet made, Mrs. Horniblow's own score of 700 at Bath in 1870 being the next best.

[207]

Ladies 60 Yards 50 Yards Totals
Hits Score Hits Score Hits Score
Mrs. Horniblow 91 467 47 279 138 746
Mrs. E. Lister 90 434 44 230 134 664
Mrs. W. Butt 79 391 45 261 124 652
Mrs. V. Forbes 80 358 47 269 127 627
Mrs. Eyre W. Hussey 75 365 47 231 122 596
Mrs. J. E. Thomson 73 325 46 258 119 583
Miss Betham 75 315 45 249 120 564
Miss Joan Ley 70 308 41 205 111 513
Miss Hulme 68 300 43 211 111 511
Miss F. Flight 63 269 45 237 108 506
Gentlemen 100 Yards 80 Yards 60 Yards Totals
Hits Score Hits Score Hits Score Hits Score
Captain C. H. Fisher 80 338 80 358 45 259 205 955
Mr. W. Rimington 66 232 68 330 47 233 181 795
Mr. H. Walrond 58 242 67 337 42 210 167 789
Mr. Jenner-Fust 56 250 62 268 46 220 164 738
Mr. T. L. Coulson 52 180 62 260 41 221 155 663
Mr. Walford 49 213 56 240 41 199 146 652
Mr. H. Elliott 58 212 56 230 43 197 157 639
Mr. P. Muir 44 194 57 263 40 180 141 637

Captain C. H. Fisher won the Championship with all the points, except that for hits at 60 yards, which was won by Mr. W. Rimington (47). This 955 was the best score yet made by anybody except Mr. H. A. Ford, and Mr. Holmes, whose score was 973 at Brighton in 1867.

Fifty-nine ladies and sixty-eight gentlemen shot at this meeting.

On the next day—June 30—Mr. Aston made 389, Miss Hulme 388, and Mrs. W. Butt 380.

*****

The Thirteenth Grand Annual Crystal Palace Archery Meeting was held on July 12 and 13, 1871.

Twenty-three ladies and thirty-seven gentlemen shot.

[208]

Ladies 60 Yards 50 Yards Totals
Hits Score Hits Score Hits Score
Mrs. W. Butt 86 438 47 275 133 713
Mrs. Horniblow 80 396 46 256 126 652
Mrs. Eyre W. Hussey 80 392 46 248 126 640
Miss Ripley 75 335 47 251 122 586
Miss Betham 76 340 43 217 119 557
Mrs. V. Forbes 79 349 40 188 119 537
Mrs. J. R. Thomson 69 315 38 208 107 523
Mrs. Kinahan 70 288 43 223 113 501
Gentlemen 100 Yards 80 Yards 60 Yards Totals
Hits Score Hits Score Hits Score Hits Score
Captain C. H. Fisher 87 349 81 337 46 274 214 960
Mr. H. Elliott 70 276 70 328 44 226 184 830
Mr. C. H. Everett 56 254 63 287 42 194 161 735
Mr. H. Walrond 56 232 64 310 41 185 161 727
Mr. T. L. Coulson 53 203 66 284 40 182 159 669
Captain Lewin, R. E. 72 254 62 258 35 153 169 665
Mr. Walford 49 159 66 290 43 211 158 660
Mr. B. P. Gregson 53 227 64 240 37 173 154 640
Mr. Jenner-Fust 39 141 57 229 44 224 140 594

Mr. R. Butt acted as Hon. Secretary to these meetings from 1867 to 1871 inclusive.

*****

The Ninth Grand Western Archery Meeting was held at Bitton, near Teignmouth, on August 2 and 3, 1871, when fifty-four ladies and thirty-five gentlemen shot.

Ladies 60 Yards 50 Yards Totals
Hits Score Hits Score Hits Score
Miss Ripley 86 434 45 265 131 699
Mrs. V. Forbes 75 337 44 248 119 585
Mrs. Letts 68 342 39 177 107 519
Mrs. P. Pinckney 70 318 37 177 107 495

[209]

Gentlemen 100 Yards 80 Yards 60 Yards Totals
Hits Score Hits Score Hits Score Hits Score
Mr. H. Walrond 66 296 68 328 45 227 179 851
Admiral A. Lowe 79 353 59 265 36 180 174 798
Mr. R. Price 73 283 68 288 42 226 183 797
Captain C. H. Fisher 73 293 66 302 39 171 178 766
Mr. C. H. Everett 58 256 57 243 38 236 153 735
Mr. T. L. Coulson 70 268 56 208 38 164 164 640

Miss Ripley and Mr. Walrond became Championess and Champion of the West.

*****

The Nineteenth Grand Leamington and Midland Archery Meeting was held in the Jephson Gardens, on June 12 and 13, 1872.

Ladies 60 Yards 50 Yards Totals
Hits Score Hits Score Hits Score
Mrs. Horniblow 88 470 46 242 134 712
Mrs. Kinahan 90 434 43 237 133 671
Mrs. V. Forbes 82 390 48 276 130 666
Mrs. E. Lister 81 381 46 226 127 607
Gentlemen 100 Yards 80 Yards 60 Yards Totals
Hits Score Hits Score Hits Score Hits Score
Captain C. H. Fisher 88 358 73 267 39 179 200 804
Mr. H. Sagar 65 241 70 284 40 210 175 735
Mr. G. E. S. Fryer 64 242 73 273 42 206 179 721
Mr. G. L. Aston 54 226 48 266 41 213 143 705
Mr. Betham 61 259 58 222 44 206 163 687
Mr. W. Ford 59 219 71 263 40 198 170 680
Mr. H. Elliott 51 201 61 281 38 184 150 666
Mr. T. L. Coulson 68 242 58 262 34 150 160 654
Mr. B. P. Gregson 70 264 51 191 42 190 163 645
Captain Lewin, R. E. 65 241 66 258 34 134 165 633
Mr. O. K. Prescot 66 246 50 196 39 189 155 631

Eighteen ladies and thirty-two gentlemen shot.

[210]

*****

The Fourteenth Grand Annual Crystal Palace Archery Meeting was held on July 11 and 12, 1872.

Ladies 60 Yards 50 Yards Totals
Hits Score Hits Score Hits Score
Mrs. J. R. Thomson 81 343 47 261 128 604
Mrs. P. Pinckney 72 328 46 208 118 536
Miss Ripley 69 299 40 200 109 499
Gentlemen 100 Yards 80 Yards 60 Yards Totals
Hits Score Hits Score Hits Score Hits Score
Mr. H. Sagar 52 214 73 335 41 197 166 746
Captain C. H. Fisher 74 258 67 211 45 225 186 694
Mr. G. E. S. Fryer 59 195 63 289 41 201 163 685
Mr. H. Elliott 55 207 56 222 41 193 152 622

Thirty-six ladies and thirty-three gentlemen shot.

*****

The Twenty-ninth Grand National Archery Society's Meeting was held, in the grounds of the College at Cheltenham, on June 26 and 27, 1872.

Ladies 60 Yards 50 Yards Totals
Hits Score Hits Score Hits Score
Mrs. Horniblow 88 394 48 266 136 660
Mrs. J. R. Thomson 80 372 45 233 125 605
Mrs. Kinahan 75 365 46 216 121 581
Mrs. E. Lister 75 327 41 243 116 570
Miss H. Hutchinson 72 320 45 239 117 559
Mrs. Acklom 73 317 41 201 114 518

Mrs. Horniblow won the silver bracer, having secured all the points.

Captain C. H. Fisher became Champion with highest gross score, as he was a tie with Mr. Betham for points, each having 4—Captain Fisher having hits and score at 80 yards[211] and gross score, and Mr. Betham hits and score at 100 yards and gross hits. Mr. Sagar won the 2 points for hits and score at 60 yards.

Gentlemen 100 Yards 80 Yards 60 Yards Totals
Hits Score Hits Score Hits Score Hits Score
Captain C. H. Fisher 64 242 75 347 36 182 175 771
Mr. Jenner-Fust 68 250 65 291 43 207 176 748
Mr. Betham 71 269 67 267 40 176 178 712
Mr. G. E. S. Fryer 63 259 50 216 43 209 156 684
Mr. H. Sagar 37 139 58 250 47 227 142 616
Mr. H. Elliott 56 188 59 233 42 194 157 615

Fifty-five ladies and fifty-eight gentlemen shot at this meeting.

Mrs. Thomson made a score of 345 on the following day—June 28—in the handicap match.

*****

The Tenth Grand Western Archery Meeting was held at Sherborne, in Mr. Digby's grounds, on August 7 and 8, 1872, when fifty-four ladies and forty-four gentlemen shot.

Ladies 60 Yards 50 Yards Totals
Hits Score Hits Score Hits Score
Mrs. P. Pinckney 85 401 47 249 132 650
Miss Lockyer 72 334 43 223 115 557
Gentlemen 100 Yards 80 Yards 60 Yards Totals
Hits Score Hits Score Hits Score Hits Score
Captain C. H. Fisher 95 429 76 370 47 261 218 1060
Mr. G. E. S. Fryer 68 256 65 299 46 262 179 817
Mr. R. Price 58 234 59 261 41 211 158 706
Mr. H. Walrond 52 206 58 256 47 221 157 683
Mr. C. H. Everett 55 229 53 199 40 188 148 616
Mr. T. Boulton 53 211 60 264 33 141 146 616
Mr. Jenner-Fust 66 244 55 217 31 149 152 610

[212] Mrs. P. Pinckney and Mr. Price became Championess and Champion of the West.

*****

No Leamington Archery Meeting was held in 1873, as the Grand National Archery Society's Meeting was held in Leamington in the course of the year.

*****

The Fifteenth Grand Annual Crystal Palace Archery Meeting was held on July 9 and 10, 1873.

Ladies 60 Yards 50 Yards Totals
Hits Score Hits Score Hits Score
Mrs. P. Pinckney 88 468 47 261 135 729
Mrs. Horniblow 89 477 46 242 135 719
Mrs. Piers F. Legh 84 398 46 244 130 642
Miss H. Hutchinson 73 317 46 234 119 551
Miss Ripley 77 329 39 221 116 550
Mrs. Mayhew 79 345 35 179 114 524
Mrs. M. Barnard 78 334 38 172 116 506
Gentlemen 100 Yards 80 Yards 60 Yards Totals
Hits Score Hits Score Hits Score Hits Score
Mr. C. H. Everett 76 340 78 316 38 192 192 848
Mr. G. E. S. Fryer 69 265 66 288 45 241 180 794
Mr. H. H. Palairet 68 278 71 325 42 182 181 785
Mr. H. Sagar 43 195 64 308 46 228 153 731
Mr. T. Boulton 63 251 65 241 41 213 169 705
Mr. Betham 62 214 62 284 44 188 168 686
Mr. B. P. Gregson 59 247 64 258 35 151 158 656
Mr. T. L. Coulson 50 172 60 266 35 181 145 619
Mr. A. Henty 51 181 57 235 38 180 146 596
Dr. R. Harris 45 167 61 263 36 166 142 596

Forty-four ladies and twenty-seven gentlemen shot.

Major Lewin acted as Hon. Secretary to these meetings in 1872 and 1873.

[213]

*****

A Grand Archery Meeting was held on the Cricket-ground of the Alexandra Park Company, Muswell Hill, near Hornsey, on July 17 and 18, 1873.

Ladies 60 Yards 50 Yards Totals
Hits Score Hits Score Hits Score
Mrs. Horniblow 90 460 47 273 137 733
Miss H. Hutchinson 77 343 45 239 122 582
Mrs. P. Pinckney 73 321 47 253 120 574
Miss Betham 73 365 40 198 113 563
Mrs. Piers F. Legh 76 330 44 228 120 558
Gentlemen 100 Yards 80 Yards 60 Yards Totals
Hits Score Hits Score Hits Score Hits Score
Mr. H. H. Palairet 62 266 77 309 46 242 185 817
Major C. H. Fisher 84 298 65 285 42 194 191 777
Mr. G. E. S. Fryer 72 262 65 289 44 220 181 771
Mr. C. H. Everett 60 252 72 310 39 169 171 731
Mr. H. Sagar 62 250 66 292 39 183 167 725
Admiral A. Lowe 49 219 71 303 43 195 163 717
Mr. T. Boulton 59 215 56 216 43 217 158 648
Mr. Betham 48 176 62 222 43 209 153 607
Mr. G. L. Aston 54 188 53 237 33 161 140 586
Mr. R. Braithwaite 42 152 56 258 34 176 132 586

Mr. T. Aldred had the management of this meeting.

Thirty-seven ladies and thirty-four gentlemen shot.

*****

The Thirtieth Grand National Archery Society's Meeting was held at Leamington, in Mrs. Wise's grounds, Shrublands, on July 23 and 24, 1873.

Mrs. Horniblow again won the silver bracer with 6 points. Mrs. P. Pinckney won the points for hits and score at 50 yards.

Major Fisher became Champion with 8-1/2 points. Mr. A.[214] Henty won the point for hits at 60 yards, and Mr. Fust tied Major Fisher for the point for score at 60 yards.

Ladies 60 Yards 50 Yards Totals
Hits Score Hits Score Hits Score
Mrs. Horniblow 95 521 47 243 142 764
Miss Ripley 86 414 44 240 130 654
Mrs. Piers F. Legh 82 396 45 243 127 639
Mrs. P. Pinckney 81 351 48 272 129 623
Miss H. Hutchinson 81 405 40 210 121 615
Miss Betham 76 338 45 225 121 563
Mrs. Villiers Forbes 75 331 44 230 119 561
Mrs. Hornby 77 359 44 200 121 559
Mrs. Letts 87 305 42 208 129 513
Gentlemen 100 Yards 80 Yards 60 Yards Totals
Hits Score Hits Score Hits Score Hits Score
Major C. H. Fisher 75 291 81 373 42 234 198 898
Mr. H. H. Palairet 67 243 75 305 44 226 186 774
Mr. C. H. Everett 52 216 73 329 39 205 164 750
Mr. T. Boulton 64 262 68 266 37 185 169 713
Mr. Jenner-Fust 69 261 58 216 42 234 169 711
Admiral A. Lowe 61 259 56 220 42 190 159 669
Mr. O. K. Prescot 59 227 66 276 39 165 164 668
Mr. G. E. S. Fryer 66 276 56 202 37 175 159 653
Mr. E. N. Snow 58 250 60 230 39 153 157 633
Mr P. Muir 58 214 54 234 36 182 148 630
Mr. A. Henty 47 145 57 247 45 219 149 611

In the handicap match on the next day—July 25—Miss Hutchinson scored 350, Mrs. Hornby 312, Major Fisher 462, Mr. Everett 439, and Mr. Fryer 360.

Sixty-three ladies and seventy-six gentlemen shot at this meeting.

*****

The Eleventh Grand Western Archery Meeting was held in Mr. Parson's grounds at Bitton, near Teignmouth, on[215] August 27 and 28, 1873, when fifty-three ladies and thirty-nine gentlemen shot.

Ladies 60 Yards 50 Yards Totals
Hits Score Hits Score Hits Score
Mrs. P. Pinckney 83 375 45 273 128 648
Miss Ripley 80 362 47 285 127 647
Mrs. Kinahan 70 308 45 233 115 541
Mrs. Letts 64 290 40 206 104 496
Gentlemen 100 Yards 80 Yards 60 Yards Totals
Hits Score Hits Score Hits Score Hits Score
Mr. C. H. Everett 60 264 73 323 40 182 173 769
Mr. O. K. Prescot 58 264 63 269 38 170 159 703
Mr. H. Walrond 47 171 68 294 42 216 157 681
Captain C. H. Garnett 64 266 60 258 35 151 159 675
Mr. T. L. Coulson 57 203 65 273 35 167 157 643
Major C. H. Fisher 40 158 64 256 41 197 145 611

Mrs. Pinckney and Mr. Walrond became Championess and Champion of the West.

*****

The Twentieth Grand Leamington and Midland Archery Meeting was held on June 24 and 25, 1874.

Ladies 60 Yards 50 Yards Totals
Hits Score Hits Score Hits Score
Mrs. E. Lister 83 441 44 250 127 691
Mrs. V. Forbes 83 381 47 275 130 656
Miss H. Hutchinson 78 344 45 263 123 607
Mrs. Pond 74 322 47 261 121 583
Mrs. Hornby 77 345 47 235 124 580
Mrs. Piers F. Legh 75 271 47 261 122 532
Mrs. Mayhew 69 329 42 202 111 531
Miss M. A. Hollins 76 336 42 190 118 526
Mrs. J. F. Stilwell 67 301 38 196 105 497

[216]

Gentlemen 100 Yards 80 Yards 60 Yards Totals
Hits Score Hits Score Hits Score Hits Score
Mr. O. K. Prescot 90 350 65 279 43 195 198 824
Mr. Betham 61 261 71 325 45 217 177 803
Mr. G. E. S. Fryer 74 288 63 225 44 228 181 741
Mr. G. L. Aston 57 211 57 223 41 199 155 633
Mr. H. Sagar 56 244 50 196 38 188 144 628
Captain C. H. Garnett 39 149 68 296 39 177 146 622
Colonel Norbury 44 140 65 279 45 201 154 620

Twenty-four ladies and thirty-eight gentlemen shot.

*****

The Sixteenth Grand Annual Crystal Palace Archery Meeting was held on July 8 and 9, 1874.

Ladies 60 Yards 50 Yards Totals
Hits Score Hits Score Hits Score
Mrs. Pond 83 421 47 279 130 700
Miss Croker 74 382 42 230 116 612
Mrs. Mayhew 77 339 48 266 125 605
Mrs. J. F. Stilwell 75 357 44 236 119 593
Miss H. Hutchinson 71 323 44 244 115 567
Mrs. Marshall 83 375 37 189 120 564
Mrs. P. Pinckney 69 311 46 240 115 551
Gentlemen 100 Yards 80 Yards 60 Yards Totals
Hits Score Hits Score Hits Score Hits Score
Mr. W. Rimington 73 329 78 334 46 250 197 913
Major C. H. Fisher 80 326 74 354 42 206 196 886
Mr. Betham 67 283 70 304 38 176 175 763
Mr. H. Sagar 61 229 68 310 43 197 172 736
Mr. A. Henty 56 222 68 288 42 160 166 670
Major Lewin, R. E. 53 195 57 277 35 161 145 633
Mr. G. E. S. Fryer 46 214 55 221 39 183 140 618

Thirty-nine ladies and forty-three gentlemen shot.

[217]

*****

The Twelfth Grand Western Archery Meeting was held at Weymouth on July 29 and 30, 1874, when fifty-two ladies and thirty-six gentlemen shot.

Ladies 60 Yards 50 Yards Totals
Hits Score Hits Score Hits Score
Mrs. Pond 75 327 41 187 116 514
Mrs. Horniblow 72 304 44 200 116 504
Mrs. C. Betham 68 304 41 191 109 495
Miss Betham 60 270 44 212 104 482
Mrs. Piers F. Legh 73 289 43 191 116 480
Miss Lowe 66 306 37 169 103 475
Mrs. P. Pinckney 64 244 44 230 108 474
Gentlemen 100 Yards 80 Yards 60 Yards Totals
Hits Score Hits Score Hits Score Hits Score
Major C. H. Fisher 72 246 65 267 42 244 179 757
Mr. H. Walrond 55 243 56 286 35 133 146 662
Mr. W. Rimington 65 233 60 244 38 156 163 633
Mr. T. L. Coulson 49 195 63 297 34 122 146 614
Mr. O. K. Prescot 63 239 57 217 34 148 154 604

Miss Lowe and Mr. H. Walrond became Championess and Champion of the West.

*****

The Thirty-first Grand National Archery Society's Meeting was held on August 5 and 6, 1874, on the College Cricket-ground, at Winchester.

Mrs. Pond won the silver bracer with 6 points. Mrs. P. F. Legh won the point for score at 50 yards; and Mrs. P. Pinckney and Mrs. Horniblow divided the point for hits at 50 yards.

Major C. H. Fisher became Champion, having secured all the points.

Eighty-two ladies and sixty-four gentlemen shot at this meeting.

[218]

Ladies 60 Yards 50 Yards Totals
Hits Score Hits Score Hits Score
Mrs. Pond 87 431 45 213 132 644
Mrs. Piers F. Legh 77 369 46 272 123 641
Mrs. P. Pinckney 82 362 47 271 129 633
Mrs. Horniblow 76 352 47 269 123 621
Mrs. E. Lister 76 330 46 252 122 582
Miss Milne 76 384 46 196 122 580
Miss Betham 73 351 44 204 117 555
Miss E. Martin 73 333 42 208 115 541
Mrs. Mayhew 64 280 46 250 110 530
Mrs. Holland 68 308 46 220 114 528
Gentlemen 100 Yards 80 Yards 60 Yards Totals
Hits Score Hits Score Hits Score Hits Score
Major C. H. Fisher 71 289 75 331 47 253 193 873
Mr. C. H. Everett 63 225 58 254 43 233 164 712
Mr. G. E. S. Fryer 55 213 65 291 41 205 161 709
Mr. Betham 60 234 62 248 41 221 163 703
Mr. H. Walrond 48 180 64 266 44 248 156 694
Mr. O. K. Prescot 58 224 63 271 37 153 158 648
Mr. B. P. Gregson 58 216 55 215 42 188 155 619
Mr. A. Henty 54 184 60 244 40 184 154 612
Mr. W. Rimington 57 179 61 241 41 191 159 611

In the handicap match on August 7, Mrs. E. Lister scored 356, Mrs. Piers F. Legh 333, and Mrs. Horniblow 319; Major C. H. Fisher 443, and Mr. Betham 418.

*****

The Twenty-first Grand Leamington and Midland Archery Meeting was held in the Jephson Gardens, on June 23 and 24, 1875.

Ladies 60 Yards 50 Yards Totals
Hits Score Hits Score Hits Score
Mrs. W. Butt 86 422 43 235 129 657
Mrs. Pond 82 366 44 258 126 624
Miss M. A. Hollins 80 360 48 262 128 622
Miss H. Hutchinson 82 328 41 181 123 509
Mrs. Hornby 74 326 37 181 111 507

[219]

Gentlemen 100 Yards 80 Yards 60 Yards Totals
Hits Score Hits Score Hits Score Hits Score
Mr. C. H. Rimington 74 280 73 339 44 238 191 857
Mr. C. H. Everett 82 310 71 265 45 215 198 790
Mr. H. H. Palairet 62 256 66 276 47 227 175 759
Mr. Betham 58 244 63 253 44 196 165 693
Mr. W. Porter 47 185 70 300 33 165 150 650
Mr. H. Elliott 55 213 60 238 40 166 155 617

Twenty-four ladies and forty gentlemen shot.

*****

The Seventeenth Annual Crystal Palace Archery Meeting was held on July 28 and 29, 1875.

Ladies 60 Yards 50 Yards Totals
Hits Score Hits Score Hits Score
Mrs. Horniblow 84 394 48 280 132 674
Mrs. Pond 82 374 46 250 128 624
Mrs. Kinahan 76 310 48 258 124 568
Mrs. Piers F. Legh 80 350 43 195 123 545
Miss Legh 75 313 40 184 115 497
Gentlemen 100 Yards 80 Yards 60 Yards Totals
Hits Score Hits Score Hits Score Hits Score
Major C. H. Fiher 83 315 80 360 43 213 206 888
Mr. W. Rimington 59 199 80 310 44 258 183 767
Mr. Betham 61 211 68 278 43 233 172 722
Mr. Piers F. Legh 49 171 67 289 45 225 161 685
Mr. C. H. Everett 66 262 61 261 38 150 165 673
Mr. H. Walrond 62 218 47 209 45 231 154 658
Mr. H. H. Palairet 50 228 60 240 33 171 143 639
Mr. G. E. S. Fryer 52 194 64 256 39 185 155 635
Mr. W. Ford 60 226 58 228 36 148 154 602

Forty ladies and fifty-seven gentlemen shot.

*****

The Thirty-second Grand National Archery Society's Meeting was held on August 4 and 5, 1875, in the Deer-park at Richmond, Surrey.

[220]

Ladies 60 Yards 50 Yards Totals
Hits Score Hits Score Hits Score
Miss M. A. Hollins 88 430 45 263 133 693
Miss Horniblow 71 311 43 229 114 540
Mrs. P. Pinckney 69 307 44 228 113 535
Mrs. E. Lister 74 304 45 223 119 527
Mrs. Marshall 68 304 42 220 110 524
Mrs. Pond 61 287 42 210 103 497
Miss H. Hutchinson 70 302 43 185 113 487
Miss Milne 76 334 35 151 111 485
Mrs. C. E. Hornby 59 255 43 219 102 474
Miss Benwell 70 272 41 193 111 465

Miss Hollins won the silver bracer with 7-1/2 points, as she divided the point for hits at 50 yards with Mrs. Lister.

Gentlemen 100 Yards 80 Yards 60 Yards Totals
Hits Score Hits Score Hits Score Hits Score
Mr. G. E. S. Fryer 77 279 75 361 46 236 198 876
Mr. W. Rimington 78 358 66 308 42 196 186 862
Major C. H. Fisher 69 275 71 341 45 233 185 849
Mr. B. P. Gregson 71 277 63 279 44 200 178 756
Mr. Betham 59 233 63 269 48 238 170 740
Mr. H. H. Palairet 55 217 72 326 36 190 163 733
Mr. Piers F. Legh 61 259 64 296 40 168 165 723
Mr. A. T. D. Berrington 52 232 59 259 39 181 150 672
Mr. C. H. Everett 63 237 60 272 34 144 157 653
Mr. H. Walrond 54 226 44 180 45 241 143 647
Mr. W. Butt 32 122 64 246 42 250 138 618

Mr. Fryer became Champion with 6 points. Mr. Rimington won the point for hits and score at 100 yards; Mr. Betham the point for hits at 60 yards; and Mr. Butt the point for score at 60 yards.

Eighty-four ladies and seventy-two gentlemen shot at this meeting.

*****

The Thirteenth Grand Western Archery Meeting was held at Bitton, near Teignmouth, on August 11 and 12, 1875, when forty-seven ladies and twenty-seven gentlemen shot.

[221]

—— 60 Yards 50 Yards Totals
Hits Score Hits Score Hits Score
Mrs. Hosken 69 313 39 193 108 506
Gentlemen 100 Yards 80 Yards 60 Yards Totals
Hits Score Hits Score Hits Score Hits Score
Mr. W. Rimington 74 286 81 381 47 259 202 926
Major C. H. Fisher 77 289 77 341 40 206 194 836
Mr. G. E. S. Fryer 72 290 63 297 38 190 173 777
Mr. H. Walrond 64 274 65 275 40 198 169 747
Mr. H. H. Palairet 60 236 68 316 34 150 162 702
Mr. H. Sagar 65 253 56 242 37 169 158 664
Mr. Grant Dalton 45 171 59 257 43 203 147 631

Mrs. Hosken and Mr. Walrond became Championess and Champion of the West.

Major Fisher scored 442, and Mr. Palairet 424, in the handicap match on the following day—August 13.

*****

The Twenty-second Grand Leamington and Midland Archery Meeting was held on June 21 and 22, 1876.

Twenty-nine ladies and thirty-four gentlemen shot.

Ladies 60 Yards 50 Yards Totals
Hits Score Hits Score Hits Score
Mrs. W. Butt 91 463 47 267 138 730
Mrs. Horniblow 83 383 47 249 130 632
Mrs. Pond 79 373 42 218 121 591
Mrs. Piers F. Legh 73 321 47 269 120 590
Miss H. Hutchinson 75 379 39 199 112 578
Mrs. E. Lister 80 366 41 205 121 571
Miss M. A. Hollins 74 324 46 244 120 568
Mrs. Hornby 74 322 43 233 117 555
Mrs. Kinahan 77 355 39 191 116 546

[222]

Gentlemen 100 Yards 80 Yards 60 Yards Totals
Hits Score Hits Score Hits Score Hits Score
Mr. C. H. Everett 94 364 70 348 39 185 203 897
Mr. G. L. Aston 65 243 66 288 45 209 176 740
Mr. W. Ford 66 230 71 313 41 185 178 728
Mr. W. Butt 42 174 64 276 46 240 152 690
Mr. W. Porter 52 204 51 191 44 208 147 603

Mr. C. H. Everett scored 451 on June 23 in the handicap match.

*****

The Eighteenth Grand Annual Crystal Palace Archery Meeting was held on June 28 and 29, 1876.

Ladies 60 Yards 50 Yards Totals
Hits Score Hits Score Hits Score
Mrs. W. Butt 89 447 44 248 133 695
Mrs. Kinahan 82 368 48 250 130 618
Mrs. Marshall 82 376 44 226 126 602
Mrs. Pond 74 338 45 233 119 571
Miss Berens 68 316 44 236 112 552
Miss Croker 70 302 45 231 115 533
Mrs. D. Ainsworth 70 298 44 224 114 522
Mrs. Piers F. Legh 81 319 43 199 124 518
Miss Follett 71 331 40 170 111 501
Gentlemen 100 Yards 80 Yards 60 Yards Totals
Hits Score Hits Score Hits Score Hits Score
Mr. C. H. Everett 77 333 69 283 45 209 191 825
Major C. H. Fisher 65 291 66 294 40 176 171 761
Mr. J. Rogers 67 229 66 264 43 213 176 706
Mr. W. Rimington 69 259 72 274 34 140 175 673
Mr. Eyre W. Hussey 46 178 56 240 41 207 153 625

Thirty-nine ladies and thirty-five gentlemen shot.

[223]

*****

The Thirty-third Grand National Archery Society's Meeting was held on July 5 and 6, 1876, at Sandown Park, near Esher, Surrey.

Ladies 60 Yards 50 Yards Totals
Hits Score Hits Score Hits Score
Mrs. W. Butt 91 483 47 269 138 752
Mrs. Marshall 87 409 44 202 131 611
Mrs. Kinahan 69 325 44 246 113 571
Miss M. A. Hollins 75 303 44 246 119 549
Mrs. Kane 74 330 39 201 113 531
Miss Croker 75 331 35 195 110 526
Mrs. D. Ainsworth 67 307 43 207 110 514
Miss H. Hutchinson 70 304 44 202 114 506
Mrs. Horniblow 65 283 43 217 108 500

Mrs. Butt won the silver bracer with all the points.

Gentlemen 100 Yards 80 Yards 60 Yards Totals
Hits Score Hits Score Hits Score Hits Score
Mr. H. H. Palairet 59 233 77 313 45 227 181 773
Major C. H. Fisher 78 358 60 208 42 204 180 770
Mr. C. H. Everett 70 248 56 232 39 203 165 683
Mr. Rogers 51 201 54 240 43 225 148 666
Mr. W. Rimington 61 235 59 231 39 163 159 629
Mr. G. E. S. Fryer 53 195 63 225 38 184 154 604

Mr. H. H. Palairet became the Champion with 8 points after a very close contest during the shooting of the last 3 arrows at 60 yards with Major Fisher, who won the 2 points for hits and score at 100 yards.

In the handicap match on the next day Mrs. Horniblow made 340, and Mr. Everett 427.

Sixty-three ladies and fifty-three gentlemen shot at this meeting.

*****

The Fourteenth Grand Western Archery Meeting was held at Salisbury on August 2 and 3, 1876, when fifty-three ladies and forty gentlemen shot.

[224]

Ladies 60 Yards 50 Yards Totals
Hits Score Hits Score Hits Score
Mrs. Piers F. Legh 86 368 46 266 132 634
Miss E. Pinckney 81 345 45 213 126 558
Mrs. Horniblow 78 316 45 223 123 539
Mrs. Kane 65 289 47 233 112 522
Mrs. E. Lister 63 271 40 216 103 487
Gentlemen 100 Yards 80 Yards 60 Yards Totals
Hits Score Hits Score Hits Score Hits Score
Mr. H. H. Palairet 64 234 64 302 45 229 173 765
Mr. C. H. Everett 69 271 59 229 44 204 172 704
Mr. H. Walrond 55 201 62 250 46 236 163 687
Mr. J. Penrose 56 210 63 259 44 198 163 667
Mr. H. B. Hare 44 160 65 285 36 172 145 617
Mr. P. F. Legh 49 169 57 231 39 193 145 593

Miss E. Pinckney and Mr. Palairet became Championess and Champion of the West.

*****

The Twenty-third Grand Leamington and Midland Archery Meeting was held on June 27 and 28, 1877. Forty ladies and twenty-seven gentlemen shot.

Ladies 60 Yards 50 Yards Totals
Hits Score Hits Score Hits Score
Mrs. W. Butt 88 432 45 275 133 707
Miss M. A. Hollins 85 413 45 287 130 700
Mrs. Kinahan 87 383 46 248 133 631
Mrs. Piers F. Legh 86 370 46 260 132 630
Miss Legh 80 378 47 249 127 627
Mrs. D. Ainsworth 81 353 40 202 121 555
Mrs. Acklom 77 361 46 188 123 549
Mrs. E. Lister 73 313 38 214 111 527
Miss H. Hutchinson 75 327 42 196 117 523

[225]

Gentlemen 100 Yards 80 Yards 60 Yards Totals
Hits Score Hits Score Hits Score Hits Score
Mr. H. H. Palairet 66 262 77 363 41 213 184 838
Major C. H. Fisher 77 299 72 286 44 242 193 827
Mr. H. Elliott 58 220 59 247 37 185 154 652

Mrs. W. Butt scored 365 on June 29 in the handicap match.

*****

The Nineteenth Grand Annual Crystal Palace Archery Meeting was held on July 12 and 13, 1877. Forty-six ladies and forty gentlemen shot.

Ladies 60 Yards 50 Yards Totals
Hits Score Hits Score Hits Score
Mrs. W. Butt 91 477 45 241 136 718
Mrs. Kinahan 87 439 45 221 132 660
Miss Legh 84 372 48 266 132 638
Mrs. Marshall 83 359 45 261 128 620
Mrs. Piers F. Legh 80 356 47 251 127 607
Mrs. P. Pinckney 77 317 44 266 121 583
Mrs. Kane 79 385 40 198 119 583
Mrs. Hulse 65 297 43 221 108 518
Gentlemen 100 Yards 80 Yards 60 Yards Totals
Hits Score Hits Score Hits Score Hits Score
Major C. H. Fisher 95 389 72 330 43 213 210 932
Mr. P. Pinckney 73 307 69 313 47 243 189 863
Mr. H. H. Palairet 67 269 75 341 43 213 185 823
Mr. W. Rimington 77 301 70 288 36 154 183 743
Mr. E. N. Snow 47 173 66 268 43 199 156 640
Mr. H. Sagar 64 242 59 205 37 189 150 636
Mr. H. Walrond 51 185 60 244 38 180 149 609
Mr. J. Rogers 62 198 60 246 36 164 158 608
Major Lewin, R. E. 46 204 58 218 42 186 146 608

[226]

*****

The Thirty-fourth Grand National Archery Society's Meeting was held at Doncaster, on the Racecourse, on August 8 and 9, 1877.

Ladies 60 Yards 50 Yards Totals
Hits Score Hits Score Hits Score
Mrs. W. Butt 80 414 46 262 126 676
Miss M. A. Hollins 84 376 42 220 126 596
Mrs. D. Ainsworth 73 327 45 253 118 580
Mrs. Horniblow 72 316 46 244 118 560
Mrs. E. Lister 70 320 42 216 112 516
Mrs. Marshall 75 319 46 188 121 507
Mrs. Piers F. Legh 73 311 44 196 117 507

Mrs. Butt won the silver bracer with 5-1/2 points. Miss Hollins won the point for hits at 60 yards, and made an equal number of gross hits with Mrs. Butt; and Mrs. Horniblow made the same number of hits at 50 yards as Mrs. Butt.

Gentlemen 100 Yards 80 Yards 60 Yards Totals
Hits Score Hits Score Hits Score Hits Score
Mr. W. Rimington 55 227 70 290 38 186 163 703
Mr. H. H. Palairet 46 170 61 259 40 220 147 649
Mr. Betham 54 242 54 206 41 179 149 627
Mr. G. E. S. Fryer 58 222 53 229 39 159 150 610

Mr. W. Rimington became Champion with 7 points. Mr. Betham won the 2 points for score at 100 yards and hits at 60 yards; Mr. Fryer the point for hits at 100 yards; and Mr. Palairet the point for score at 60 yards.

In the handicap match on the next day—August 10—Mrs. Butt scored 44 hits, 280 sc. and 24 hits, 154 sc. = 68 hits, 434 sc., and Miss Hollins 362. Mr. Palairet scored 400.

The weather on the two first days at this meeting was most unsuitable.

Forty-four ladies and fifty-four gentlemen attended this meeting.

[227]

*****

The Fifteenth Grand Western Archery Meeting was held at Bitton, near Teignmouth, on August 29 and 30, 1877, when forty-nine ladies and thirty gentlemen shot.

Ladies 60 Yards 50 Yards Totals
Hits Score Hits Score Hits Score
Mrs. C. E. Nesham 74 360 44 240 118 600
Miss E. Pinckney 75 327 46 240 121 567
Miss C. Radford 82 392 41 173 123 565
Mrs. V. Forbes 71 329 40 202 111 531
Mrs. Gataker 71 301 44 214 115 515
Miss Follett 68 302 41 201 109 503
Miss E. Matthews 64 294 40 206 104 500
Gentlemen 100 Yards 80 Yards 60 Yards Totals
Hits Score Hits Score Hits Score Hits Score
Major C. H. Fisher 91 357 66 292 41 201 198 850
Mr. P. Pinckney 73 251 67 307 42 228 182 786
Mr. H. H. Palairet 67 263 70 288 44 198 181 749
Mr. O. L. Clare 75 285 48 186 43 205 166 676
Mr. H. Walrond 57 219 65 255 43 195 165 669

Miss E. Pinckney and Mr. P. Pinckney—sister and brother—became Championess and Champion of the West.

*****

The Twenty-fourth Grand Leamington and Midland Archery Meeting was held on June 26 and 27, 1878.

Thirty-one ladies and twenty-nine gentlemen shot.

Ladies 60 Yards 50 Yards Totals
Hits Score Hits Score Hits Score
Mrs. Horniblow 89 399 46 260 135 659
Miss M. A. Hollins 80 412 44 206 124 618
Miss Legh 81 375 43 219 124 594
Mrs. Piers F. Legh 81 331 45 249 126 580
Mrs. W. Betham 71 311 41 213 112 524

[228]

Gentlemen 100 Yards 80 Yards 60 Yards Totals
Hits Score Hits Score Hits Score Hits Score
Major C. H. Fisher 83 359 73 307 41 183 197 849
Mr. C. H. Everett 82 298 68 310 44 202 194 810
Mr. Betham 70 278 61 277 29 161 160 716
Mr. G. L. Aston 55 199 65 231 44 214 164 644
Mr. W. Yates Foot 37 163 61 223 43 223 141 609

On June 28, in the handicap match, Miss Hollins scored 387, and Mr. C. H. Everett 460.

*****

The Twentieth Grand Annual Crystal Palace Archery Meeting was held on July 10 and 11, 1878.

Ladies 60 Yards 50 Yards Totals
Hits Score Hits Score Hits Score
Mrs. Marshall 90 482 43 217 133 699
Mrs. Horniblow 86 418 47 241 133 659
Mrs. D. Ainsworth 84 370 43 241 127 611
Mrs. Piers F. Legh 78 354 46 244 124 598
Miss M. Protheroe 71 347 42 180 113 527
Miss Ellis 69 317 38 200 107 517
Mrs. Berens 71 321 40 188 111 509
Miss Benwell 68 298 46 204 114 502
Gentlemen 100 Yards 80 Yards 60 Yards Totals
Hits Score Hits Score Hits Score Hits Score
Mr. H. H. Palairet 75 299 76 382 47 247 198 928
Mr. W. Rimington 67 305 73 329 44 216 184 850
Major C. H. Fisher 78 308 56 218 46 244 180 770
Mr. Walrond 58 198 57 261 44 234 159 693
Mr. G. W. Chapman 46 176 67 305 39 203 152 684
Mr. Betham 57 219 65 251 36 210 158 680
Mr. O. K. Prescot 75 301 55 227 35 131 165 659
Mr. C. H. Everett 64 244 57 253 34 162 155 659

Thirty-seven ladies and thirty-four gentlemen shot.

[229]

*****

The Thirty-fifth Grand National Archery Society's Meeting was held on July 24 and 25, 1878, at Tunbridge Wells, on the Cricket-ground.

Ladies 60 Yards 50 Yards Totals
Hits Score Hits Score Hits Score
Mrs. Marshall 87 425 45 267 132 692
Mrs. Horniblow 86 406 46 226 132 632
Mrs. Piers F. Legh 85 367 44 246 129 613
Miss Legh 79 369 42 186 121 555
Miss M. A. Hollins 78 344 42 190 120 534
Mrs. D. Ainsworth 79 319 42 196 121 515
Mrs. E. Lister 71 297 39 199 110 496

Mrs. Marshall won the silver bracer with 6 points; Mrs. Horniblow having won the point for hits at 50 yards, and tied with Mrs. Marshall for gross hits.

Gentlemen 100 Yards 80 Yards 60 Yards Totals
Hits Score Hits Score Hits Score Hits Score
Mr. H. H. Palairet 83 335 72 360 47 237 202 932
Mr. O. Leigh Clare 74 286 77 371 39 183 190 840
Mr. W. Rimington 56 234 66 286 48 286 170 806
Mr. C. H. Everett 64 246 60 282 38 194 162 722
Major C. H. Fisher 63 259 53 247 40 208 156 714
Mr. Betham 62 270 56 240 41 167 159 677
Mr. Eyre W. Hussey 58 268 59 217 42 170 159 655
Mr. Walrond 55 191 56 248 40 196 151 635
Mr. A. Henty 54 194 58 226 42 192 154 612
Mr. G. E. S. Fryer 54 208 55 235 36 162 145 605
Mr. G. W. Chapman 44 150 58 262 39 191 141 603

Mr. Palairet became Champion, having won 7 points. Mr. Clare won the point for hits at 80 yards, and Mr. Rimington won the points for hits and score at 60 yards.

In the handicap match on the next day—July 26—Mrs. Piers F. Legh scored 360, and Mr. Rimington 401.

Sixty-two ladies and fifty-six gentlemen shot at this meeting.

[230]

*****

The Sixteenth Grand Western Archery Society's Meeting was held at Weymouth, on August 7 and 8, 1878, on the ground of the Weymouth Archery Society.

Ladies 60 Yards 50 Yards Totals
Hits Score Hits Score Hits Score
Mrs. Horniblow 74 348 44 244 118 592
Mrs. C. E. Nesham 68 336 41 215 109 551
Mrs. Piers F. Legh 79 315 43 227 122 542
Gentlemen 100 Yards 80 Yards 60 Yards Totals
Hits Score Hits Score Hits Score Hits Score
Mr. Walrond 56 228 73 327 46 260 175 815
Mr. H. H. Palairet 70 278 76 328 42 180 188 786
Mr. A. Meyrick 45 165 63 261 44 216 152 642
Mr. Piers F. Legh 55 219 58 242 39 175 152 636
Mr. E. N. Snow 54 200 57 223 38 210 149 633
Mr. C. H. Everett 68 254 53 193 39 175 160 622

On August 9, in the handicap match, Mrs. Piers F. Legh made 315 and Mrs. Horniblow 314.

*****

The Twenty-fifth Grand Leamington and Midland Archery Meeting was held in the Jephson Gardens on June 25 and 26, 1879.

Thirty ladies and twenty-five gentlemen shot.

Ladies 60 Yards 50 Yards Totals
Hits Score Hits Score Hits Score
Mrs. Piers F. Legh 89 455 48 288 137 743
Miss M. A. Hollins 84 408 43 207 127 615
Mrs. E. Lister 74 356 44 208 118 564
Mrs. Hulse 77 327 40 208 117 535
Miss E. D. Pryce 60 282 42 222 102 504
Mrs. Butt 12 45 245 23 119 68 364

12 Mrs. Butt shot only on the first day of the meeting one-half the National Round.

[231]

Gentlemen 100 Yards 80 Yards 60 Yards Totals
Hits Score Hits Score Hits Score Hits Score
Mr. C. E. Nesham 68 268 63 269 34 156 165 693
Mr. Piers F. Legh 66 258 62 240 42 190 170 688
Mr. H. Sagar 61 251 55 241 36 152 152 644
Mr. E. N. Snow 56 218 53 207 42 206 151 631
Mr. Betham 60 210 48 222 39 197 147 629

Miss Hollins, on June 27, in the handicap match, scored 353.

*****

The Twenty-first Grand Annual Crystal Palace Archery Meeting was held on July 10 and 11, 1879.

Ladies 60 Yards 50 Yards Totals
Hits Score Hits Score Hits Score
Mrs. Marshall 86 428 46 248 132 676
Mrs. Piers F. Legh 89 397 45 269 134 666
Mrs. C. H. Everett 84 382 42 258 126 640
Mrs. Butt 81 411 44 218 125 629
Miss H. Hutchinson 76 328 47 241 123 569
Mrs. C. E. Nesham 78 352 41 183 119 535
Mrs. Hulse 75 325 42 194 117 519
Miss E. D. Pryce 69 337 38 176 107 513
Miss C. Radford 75 291 40 220 115 511
Miss F. Shuter 74 356 37 145 111 501
Gentlemen 100 Yards 80 Yards 60 Yards Totals
Hits Score Hits Score Hits Score Hits Score
Mr. W. Rimington 83 327 85 379 46 260 214 966
Mr. C. E. Nesham 66 214 66 308 45 267 177 789
Mr. E. N. Snow 65 261 70 314 42 186 177 761
Mr. H. Sagar 60 268 61 249 42 208 163 725
Mr. Walrond 54 190 68 326 43 207 165 723
Mr. A. T. D. Berrington 59 227 64 248 43 185 166 660
Mr. C. H. Everett 58 250 56 232 36 166 150 648
Mr. H. Elliott 57 229 53 217 40 184 150 630
Mr. Eyre W. Hussey 49 199 56 246 34 156 139 601

Forty-eight ladies and thirty gentlemen shot.

[232]

*****

The Thirty-sixth Grand National Archery Society's Meeting was held on August 6 and 7, 1879, at Cheltenham, on the College Cricket-ground.

Ladies 60 Yards 50 Yards Totals
Hits Score Hits Score Hits Score
Mrs. Marshall 84 462 46 246 130 708
Mrs. Piers F. Legh 86 424 46 264 132 688
Mrs. Butt 89 437 47 235 136 672
Mrs. E. Lister 67 379 48 268 115 647
Miss M. A. Hollins 72 304 43 241 115 545
Mrs. Hulse 66 314 44 224 110 538
Mrs. C. E. Nesham 77 331 43 197 120 528
Mrs. Hornby 71 303 41 223 112 526
Miss E. Matthews 74 344 33 181 107 525
Miss I. Carter 67 337 38 182 105 519
Miss H. Hutchinson 68 318 44 196 112 514
Lady Harberton 77 341 33 159 110 500

On this occasion Mrs. Marshall won the silver bracer with the highest score, as she and Mrs. Butt each had 3 points—the former for gross score and for score at 60 yards, and the latter for gross hits and for hits at 60 yards. Mrs. Legh won the points for hits and score at 50 yards.

Gentlemen 100 Yards 80 Yards 60 Yards Totals
Hits Score Hits Score Hits Score Hits Score
Mr. W. Rimington 58 244 64 304 43 251 165 799
Mr. E. Walters 70 256 70 254 47 219 187 729
Mr. P. S. Nevile 65 249 61 261 43 183 169 693
Mr. Walrond 53 201 73 265 44 212 170 678
Mr. A. T. D. Berrington 59 223 56 236 43 203 158 662
Mr. Betham 66 256 47 187 41 201 154 644
Mr. C. H. Everett 54 230 58 212 35 159 147 601

Mr. Walters became Champion with 4-1/2 points—gross hits, hits at 100 yards and at 60 yards, and a tie with Mr. Betham for score at 100 yards. Mr. Rimington won 3 points, for gross[233] score and for score at 80 yards; and Mr. Walrond won the point for hits at 80 yards.

Eighty-three ladies and sixty-one gentlemen shot.

Mrs. Butt scored 381, and Mrs. Piers F. Legh 370; Mr. Walters 458, Mr. Berrington 430, and Mr. Rimington 414, in the handicap match on August 8.

*****

The Sixteenth Grand Western Archery Meeting was held at Teignmouth, in Mr. Parson's grounds, on August 13 and 14, 1879.

Ladies 60 Yards 50 Yards Totals
Hits Score Hits Score Hits Score
Mrs. Butt 89 445 47 299 136 744
Mrs. Piers F. Legh 89 469 45 231 134 700
Miss Isabel Carter 84 402 44 234 128 636
Miss K. Lowe 77 343 42 220 119 563
Gentlemen 100 Yards 80 Yards 60 Yards Totals
Hits Score Hits Score Hits Score Hits Score
Mr. W. Rimington 79 327 76 372 45 221 200 920
Mr. Walrond 48 166 72 308 45 235 165 709
Mr. Piers F. Legh 53 225 59 251 39 207 151 683
Mr. C. H. Everett 71 273 63 249 36 152 170 674
Mr. E. N. Snow 52 202 59 221 40 210 151 633
Mr. W. Yates Foot 57 205 61 275 33 151 151 631
Mr. H. Kendall 58 216 59 247 40 166 157 629

Forty-six ladies and twenty-seven gentlemen shot.

*****

The Twenty-sixth Grand Leamington and Midland Archery Meeting was held in the Jephson Gardens on June 23 and 24, 1880.

Thirty-seven ladies and thirty-three gentlemen shot.

[234]

Ladies 60 Yards 50 Yards Totals
Hits Score Hits Score Hits Score
Mrs. Butt 80 378 46 282 126 660
Mrs. E. Lister 84 404 45 249 129 653
Mrs. Piers F. Legh 86 388 47 243 133 631
Miss Legh 78 360 42 246 130 606
Miss M. A. Hollins 73 355 39 175 112 530
Miss M. Allen 72 338 40 174 112 512
Gentlemen 100 Yards 80 Yards 60 Yards Totals
Hits Score Hits Score Hits Score Hits Score
Mr. W. Rimington 79 325 70 314 47 249 196 888
Mr. R. Walters 71 251 64 318 39 177 174 746
Mr. J. H. Bridges 64 228 66 298 41 213 171 739
Mr. Piers F. Legh 64 256 57 223 39 187 160 666
Mr. G. L. Aston 51 195 64 298 31 143 146 636
Mr. C. E. Nesham 74 296 50 190 35 149 159 635
Mr. G. O. Pardoe 46 184 64 276 37 169 147 629
Mr. Eyre W. Hussey 62 232 54 212 39 163 155 607

In the handicap match on June 25 Mrs. Piers F. Legh, Mrs. E. Lister, and Mrs. Butt scored 367, 364, and 337 respectively, and Mr. C. E. Nesham and Mr. J. H. Bridges 421 and 409.

*****

The Twenty-second Grand Annual Crystal Palace Archery Meeting was held on July 1 and 2, 1880.

Gentlemen 100 Yards 80 Yards 60 Yards Totals
Hits Score Hits Score Hits Score Hits Score
Mr. W. Rimington 88 350 71 319 40 194 199 863
Mr. C. E. Nesham 68 262 64 272 37 169 169 703
Mr. C. H. Everett 75 281 54 236 40 174 169 691
Mr. R. Walters 70 248 63 243 38 196 171 687
Mr. H. Kendall 41 149 67 325 42 200 150 674
Mr. G. O. Pardoe 54 200 58 266 38 182 150 648
Mr. Eyre W. Hussey 53 197 57 249 40 188 150 634
Mr. G. G. Phillips 60 218 57 271 33 141 150 630
Mr. P. S. Nevile 37 141 67 273 42 204 146 618

[235]

Ladies 60 Yards 50 Yards Totals
Hits Score Hits Score Hits Score
Mrs. Piers F. Legh 82 408 45 235 127 643
Mrs. Marshall 85 393 44 246 129 639
Mrs. Horniblow 81 393 42 246 123 639
Mrs. Butt 77 367 45 255 122 622
Mrs. Kinahan 85 415 41 191 126 606
Miss F. Shuter 83 399 40 198 123 597
Miss M. Norton 84 390 38 184 122 574
Miss Ellis 76 356 41 211 117 567
Miss C. Radford 69 281 44 238 113 519
Miss I. Carter 65 275 46 244 111 519
Mrs. C. E. Nesham 71 305 41 197 112 502

Fifty-four ladies and twenty-six gentlemen shot.

*****

The Thirty-seventh Grand National Archery Society's Meeting was held on July 28 and 29, 1880, at Shrewsbury.

Ladies 60 Yards 50 Yards Totals
Hits Score Hits Score Hits Score
Mrs. Piers F. Legh 78 346 46 254 124 600
Mrs. Horniblow 86 372 47 221 133 593
Mrs. Butt 77 351 48 238 125 589
Mrs. Marshall 75 343 44 226 119 569
Mrs. C. H. Everett 76 352 41 187 117 539
Mrs. D. Ainsworth 69 311 41 185 110 496
Miss Legh 72 308 43 181 115 489
Mrs. Eyre W. Hussey 66 302 38 180 104 382

Mrs. Horniblow, with the second score, won the silver bracer with 4 points—namely, 2 for most hits and 2 for score and hits at 60 yards. Mrs. Legh had 3 points, 2 for highest gross score and 1 for score at 60 yards. Mrs. Butt had 1 point for hits at 50 yards. A very close contest between the three first ladies.

Mr. Palairet became Champion with 9 points.

Mr. Rimington won the point for score at 60 yards.

[236]

Gentlemen 100 Yards 80 Yards 60 Yards Totals
Hits Score Hits Score Hits Score Hits Score
Mr. H. H. Palairet 68 272 81 401 46 224 195 897
Mr. C. H. Everett 62 248 71 287 43 227 176 762
Mr. W. Rimington 57 201 54 192 43 239 154 632
Captain M. Allen 43 179 58 226 45 227 146 632
Mr. C. E. Nesham 48 164 50 204 40 208 138 576
Mr. G. G. Phillips 54 194 52 204 41 177 147 575

Sixty-nine ladies and fifty-seven gentlemen shot at this meeting. The weather and the ground were anything but good.

In the handicap match on the next day—July 30—Mrs. Butt's score was—

60 Yards 50 Yards   Totals
Hits Score Hits Score   Hits Score
47 289 24 132 = 71 421

Mr. Everett's score was 471.

This meeting was made memorable by the retirement of the Rev. O. Luard from the office of Hon. Secretary of the Grand National Archery Society, after having acted as Secretary at thirty-six meetings—in fact, at every meeting hitherto, except the first in 1844. He was presented with a complimentary scroll, setting out the universal appreciation of his services, and with a purse containing 200 guineas. Mr. Palairet was elected to succeed Mr. Luard as Hon. Secretary.

*****

The Seventeenth Grand Western Archery Meeting was held at Sherborne on August 11 and 12, 1880.

Ladies 60 Yards 50 Yards Totals
Hits Score Hits Score Hits Score
Miss Ripley 79 389 43 245 122 634
Mrs. D. Ainsworth 77 337 43 223 120 560
Miss I. Carter 75 325 42 232 117 557
Miss E. M. Farrington 80 362 35 179 115 541

[237]

Gentlemen 100 Yards 80 Yards 60 Yards Totals
Hits Score Hits Score Hits Score Hits Score
Mr. H. H. Palairet 77 319 79 403 47 221 203 943
Mr. Walrond 69 307 61 265 42 196 172 768
Mr. C. H. Everett 82 322 60 240 41 199 183 761
Mr. O. K. Prescot 61 243 63 249 34 152 158 644
Mr. H. P. Okeden 41 185 56 242 39 191 136 618

Miss I. Carter and Mr. Palairet became Championess and Champion of the West.

Fifty-four ladies and thirty-two gentlemen shot.

*****

The First Grand Northern Archery Meeting was held at York on September 1 and 2, 1880.

Ladies 60 Yards 50 Yards Totals
Hits Score Hits Score Hits Score
Mrs. Piers F. Legh 82 402 45 239 127 641
Mrs. C. E. Nesham 76 360 44 216 120 576
Mrs. H. Clarke 75 321 48 254 123 575
Mrs. Eyre W. Hussey 81 349 44 202 125 551
Mrs. W. Yates Foot 81 367 41 183 122 550
Mrs. D. Ainsworth 70 284 48 266 118 550
Mrs. W. C. Booth 72 256 40 188 112 544
Mrs. Kinahan 82 374 35 169 117 543
Miss M. A. Hollins 85 363 39 147 124 510
Gentlemen 100 Yards 80 Yards 60 Yards Totals
Hits Score Hits Score Hits Score Hits Score
Mr. W. Rimington 65 243 79 361 45 231 189 835
Mr. C. E. Nesham 66 250 70 300 41 209 177 759
Mr. J. H. Bridges 60 220 68 282 47 221 175 723
Mr. P. S. Nevile 61 257 63 263 43 201 167 721
Mr. G. L. Aston 57 211 61 277 41 223 159 711
Mr. G. G. Hulme 44 186 62 248 45 231 151 665
Mr. G. G. Phillips 65 279 51 183 44 188 160 650
Mr. Eyre W. Hussey 54 220 64 266 33 157 151 643
Mr. G. O. Pardoe 63 239 57 231 32 140 152 610

[238] Mrs. H. Clarke and Mr. P. S. Nevile became Championess and Champion of the North.

Fifty-seven ladies and thirty-seven gentlemen shot.

*****

The Twenty-seventh Grand Leamington and Midland Archery Meeting was held on June 22 and 23, 1881.

Ladies 60 Yards 50 Yards Totals
Hits Score Hits Score Hits Score
Mrs. Piers F. Legh 87 471 48 252 135 723
Miss Legh 90 436 46 260 136 696
Mrs. Butt 87 441 45 225 132 666
Miss M. A. Hollins 81 367 46 240 127 607
Mrs. Hulse 71 313 40 216 111 529
Mrs. W. Yates Foot 68 324 36 184 104 508
Miss H. Hutchinson 57 297 38 206 95 503
Gentlemen 100 Yards 80 Yards 60 Yards Totals
Hits Score Hits Score Hits Score Hits Score
Mr. C. H. Everett 79 327 55 235 43 207 177 769
Mr. P. F. Legh 70 292 70 302 36 164 176 758
Mr. C. E. Nesham 74 268 71 309 41 171 186 748
Mr. E. N. Snow 50 190 64 252 39 221 153 663
Mr. G. O. Pardoe 49 207 61 225 44 216 154 648
Mr. O. K. Prescot 55 197 61 265 40 156 156 618
Mr. H. Sagar 63 249 49 195 34 160 146 604
Mr. W. Ford 53 199 58 128 39 175 150 602

Thirty-four ladies and thirty-four gentlemen shot.

Mr. Everett scored 444 in the handicap match on the next day.

*****

The Twenty-third Grand Annual Crystal Palace Archery Meeting was held on July 7 and 8, 1881.

Thirty-nine ladies and twenty-four gentlemen shot.

[239]

Ladies 60 Yards 50 Yards Totals
Hits Score Hits Score Hits Score
Miss Legh 81 385 48 280 129 665
Mrs. Piers F. Legh 80 402 46 236 126 638
Mrs. Butt 86 392 46 244 132 636
Mrs. Eyre W. Hussey 79 409 42 200 121 609
Mrs. Marshall 81 399 39 207 120 606
Miss F. Shuter 81 391 44 204 125 595
Miss H. Hutchinson 75 337 43 221 118 558
Mrs. Horniblow 77 351 44 202 121 553
Mrs. Kane 73 325 43 225 116 550
Mrs. P. Pinckney 70 318 44 222 114 540
Mrs. Hulse 75 319 41 211 116 530
Miss Friend 72 310 42 220 114 530
Mrs. W. Yates Foot 75 351 43 167 118 518
Miss E. O. Parr 70 314 46 198 116 512
Mrs. C. E. Nesham 80 320 40 186 120 506
Gentlemen 100 Yards 80 Yards 60 Yards Totals
Hits Score Hits Score Hits Score Hits Score
Mr. C. E. Nesham 86 346 54 232 37 183 177 761
Mr. J. H. Bridges 68 264 70 276 44 216 182 756
Mr. W. Rimington 76 276 68 282 44 196 188 754
Mr. P. F. Legh 62 262 56 248 46 224 164 734
Mr. E. N. Snow 69 251 64 266 43 199 176 716
Mr. C. H. Everett 48 212 68 294 40 188 156 694
Mr. G. O. Pardoe 53 193 69 287 37 159 159 639
Mr. Eyre W. Hussey 52 208 52 224 39 201 143 633
Mr. O. K. Prescot 58 216 53 217 38 184 149 617
*****

The Nineteenth Grand Western Archery Meeting was held at Bath on August 3 and 4, 1881, when seventy-four ladies and forty-five gentlemen shot.

Miss Legh's score of 840 is an achievement never yet approached at a public meeting of two days' duration, and every one of her 144 arrows were in the target. Her scores were—

60 Yards 50 Yards   Totals
Hits Score Hits Score   Hits Score
48 252 24 156 = 72 408 the first day,
48 282 24 150 = 72 432 the second day.

[240]

Ladies 60 Yards 50 Yards Totals
Hits Score Hits Score Hits Score
Miss Legh 96 534 48 306 144 840
Miss I. Carter 84 444 45 245 129 689
Mrs. Butt 84 402 48 264 132 666
Mrs. Eyre W. Hussey 76 356 46 256 122 612
Mrs. E. Lister 75 351 47 257 122 608
Mrs. Kane 73 329 43 233 116 562
Miss H. Hutchinson 72 314 42 204 114 518
Gentlemen 100 Yards 80 Yards 60 Yards Totals
Hits Score Hits Score Hits Score Hits Score
Mr. H. H. Palairet 76 352 81 375 45 255 202 982
Mr. C. H. Everett 100 394 74 330 41 183 215 907
Major C. H. Fisher 74 322 75 387 42 188 191 897
Mr. W. Rimington 62 256 70 286 45 239 177 781
Captain M. Allen 57 225 66 294 43 203 166 722
Mr. E. N. Snow 59 217 59 255 42 214 160 686
Mr. H. Kendall 52 236 58 234 40 186 150 656
Mr. C. E. Nesham 67 273 58 226 33 141 158 640
Mr. G. O. Pardoe 43 159 67 287 42 186 152 632
Mr. Perry-Keene 62 242 54 194 33 185 149 621
Mr. A. Meyrick 52 220 54 218 40 166 146 604

Miss I. Carter and Mr. Palairet became Championess and Champion of the West.

Mr. C. H. Everett scored 477 in the handicap match on the next day, August 5.

*****

The Thirty-eighth Grand National Archery Society's Meeting was held on July 20 and 21, 1881, at Four Oaks Park, Sutton Coldfield, near Birmingham.

Miss Legh won the silver bracer with all the points; and her score of 763 has only once been beaten by Mrs. Horniblow, in 1873, who made 764, only 1 more.

[241]

Ladies 60 Yards 50 Yards Totals
Hits Score Hits Score Hits Score
Miss Legh 92 482 47 281 139 763
Mrs. Marshall 75 399 46 246 121 645
Mrs. Butt 85 399 43 225 128 624
Mrs. Eyre W. Hussey 79 359 46 246 125 605
Mrs. Horniblow 68 340 44 226 112 566
Mrs. Piers F. Legh 70 320 46 230 116 550
Mrs. E. Lister 74 324 42 224 116 548
Mrs. W. Y. Foot 65 303 42 232 107 535
Miss M. A. Hollins 72 320 44 212 116 532
Miss Steel 66 272 46 250 112 522
Gentlemen 100 Yards 80 Yards 60 Yards Totals
Hits Score Hits Score Hits Score Hits Score
Mr. H. H. Palairet 66 260 78 352 47 237 191 849
Mr. J. H. Bridges 65 243 67 307 42 204 174 754
Mr. C. H. Everett 62 248 69 285 41 209 172 742
Mr. C. E. Nesham 68 302 54 238 39 175 161 715
Mr. Piers F. Legh 65 231 65 273 38 196 168 700
Mr. W. Rimington 65 243 53 239 41 197 159 679
Captain M. Allen 44 146 66 278 48 246 158 670
Mr. G. L. Aston 60 236 60 238 42 192 162 666
Mr. E. N. Snow 51 187 65 293 39 183 155 663
Mr. C. F. Garratt 55 195 57 231 40 190 152 616

Mr. Palairet won the Championship with 6 points. Mr. Nesham won the points for hits and score at 100 yards; and Captain Allen the points for hits and score at 60 yards.

Fifty-seven ladies and fifty-six gentlemen shot at this meeting.

In the handicap match on July 22 Mr. Palairet scored 434.

*****

The Second Grand Northern Archery Meeting was held in Croxteth Park, near Liverpool, on August 24, 25, and 26, 1881.

[242]

Ladies 60 Yards 50 Yards Totals
Hits Score Hits Score Hits Score
Mrs. Piers F. Legh 81 419 42 230 123 649
Mrs. Butt 79 351 43 209 122 560
Mrs. D. Ainsworth 68 316 42 204 110 520
Mrs. Eyre W. Hussey 71 325 37 183 108 508
Miss Steel 65 303 39 201 104 504
—— 100 Yards 80 Yards 60 Yards Totals
Hits Score Hits Score Hits Score Hits Score
Mr. H. H. Palairet 59 221 71 329 43 211 173 761

Mrs. D. Ainsworth and Mr. G. Greenwell became Championess and Champion of the North.

The next score was Mr. G. O. Pardoe's of 536. The weather at this meeting was most unfavourable, with storms of wind and almost constant rain.

*****

In 1882 there was no Leamington Archery Meeting, as the Grand National Archery Meeting was held there.

*****

The Twenty-fourth Grand Annual Crystal Palace Archery Meeting was held on June 29 and 30, 1882.

Gentlemen 100 Yards 80 Yards 60 Yards Totals
Hits Score Hits Score Hits Score Hits Score
Mr. H. H. Palairet 99 437 80 346 42 242 221 1025
Mr. W. Rimington 69 283 64 294 45 219 178 796
Mr. C. E. Nesham 84 354 61 303 28 130 173 787
Mr. E. Walters 59 253 61 267 39 211 159 731
Mr. G. O. Pardoe 57 245 70 298 39 187 166 730
Mr. C. H. Everett 54 206 62 290 39 211 155 707
Mr. Eyre W. Hussey 57 213 61 245 39 177 157 635
Mr. H. Kendall 53 191 68 296 37 139 158 626
Major C. H. Fisher 61 225 53 215 36 164 150 604
Mr. J. Hayllar 63 251 57 233 30 118 150 602

[243]

Ladies 60 Yards 50 Yards Totals
Hits Score Hits Score Hits Score
Miss Legh 88 514 46 278 134 792
Miss I. Carter 87 459 47 255 134 714
Mrs. Piers F. Legh 91 455 46 226 137 681
Miss F. Shuter 87 425 45 211 132 636
Mrs. Butt 84 398 45 227 129 625
Mrs. Kinahan 80 400 42 214 122 614
Mrs. Marshall 85 413 38 184 123 597
Mrs. Graily Hewitt 82 396 43 199 125 595
Mrs. C. E. Nesham 78 352 41 227 119 579
Miss H. Hutchinson 77 373 38 192 115 565
Miss F. Bardswell 80 382 40 182 120 564
Mrs. C. H. Everett 84 370 41 191 125 561
Mrs. A. Waithman 75 349 44 204 119 553
Mrs. W. Y. Foot 72 320 43 213 115 533
Miss C. Radford 70 324 37 205 107 529
Miss Croker 70 342 38 176 108 518
Mrs. Alex. Smith 67 311 39 199 106 510
Miss E. O. Parr 67 273 44 236 111 509
Mrs. Keyworth 71 267 43 239 114 506

Colonel Lewin acted as Hon. Secretary.

Forty-three ladies and twenty-seven gentlemen shot.

*****

A Public Archery Meeting was held on the Cricket-ground of the Alexandra Park Company on July 6 and 7, 1882.

Ladies 60 Yards 50 Yards Totals
Hits Score Hits Score Hits Score
Mrs. Butt 80 378 47 265 127 643
Miss Legh 69 329 45 273 114 602
Miss Steel 60 288 44 238 104 526

Nothing could well be worse than the weather during this meeting. The highest gentlemen's scores were Mr. H. Kendall, 151 hits, 625 score, and Mr. C. E. Nesham, 153 hits, 623 score.

Twenty-nine ladies and twenty gentlemen shot.

Better scores were made on the next day in the handicap[244] match—Miss Legh, 357; Mrs. Butt, 350; Mrs. P. F. Legh, 315; and Mrs. Keyworth, 303.

Mr. T. Aldred had the management of this meeting.

*****

The Thirty-ninth Grand National Archery Society's Meeting was held on July 26 and 27, 1882, in the Shrubland Hall Grounds (Mrs. Wise's), near Leamington.

Ladies 60 Yards 50 Yards Totals
Hits Score Hits Score Hits Score
Mrs. Piers F. Legh 86 460 48 290 134 750
Mrs. Marshall 81 409 48 276 129 685
Mrs. Horniblow 81 395 45 229 126 624
Mrs. Butt 80 396 46 224 126 620
Miss F. Bardswell 76 364 46 248 122 612
Mrs. W. Y. Foot 81 397 42 214 123 611
Miss Legh 76 352 44 258 120 610
Miss F. Shuter 79 387 45 215 124 602
Miss Steel 80 368 46 230 126 598
Miss I. Carter 73 321 45 249 118 570
Miss M. A. Hollins 71 311 45 231 116 542
Mrs. Kinahan 76 338 40 200 116 538
Miss Clayton 68 308 45 213 113 521
Mrs. E. Lister 64 304 42 216 106 520
Mrs. Hulse 73 329 42 188 115 517
Mrs. G. Hewitt 67 321 41 187 108 508
Gentlemen 100 Yards 80 Yards 60 Yards Totals
Hits Score Hits Score Hits Score Hits Score
Mr. H. H. Palairet 78 340 75 349 42 196 195 885
Mr. R. Walters 60 260 72 388 44 236 176 884
Mr. W. Rimington 75 311 67 285 42 198 184 794
Mr. W. Ford 57 221 71 319 44 230 172 770
Mr. O. K. Prescot 67 243 63 297 46 224 176 764
Mr. C. E. Nesham 81 319 58 234 34 172 173 725
Mr. C. H. Everett 55 227 65 295 41 195 161 717
Mr. C. J. Longman 74 266 69 253 41 197 184 716
Mr. J. H. Bridges 54 212 73 315 36 178 163 705
Mr. G. O. Pardoe 51 161 72 332 40 204 163 697
Mr. H. Sagar 46 230 48 222 37 177 131 629
Captain M. Allen 43 189 64 238 41 197 148 624
Mr. Piers F. Legh 48 178 60 228 42 214 150 620
Mr. H. Kendall 63 257 52 208 34 146 149 611

[245] Mrs. Piers F. Legh won the silver bracer with all the points, except that Mrs. Marshall also made all the hits at 50 yards.

Mr. Palairet won the Championship with 6 points, after a very close contest with Mr. Walters, who won 2 points for score at 80 and at 60 yards, and was only 1 behind in gross score. Mr. Nesham won the point for hits at 100 yards, and Mr. Prescot that for hits at 60 yards.

Sixty-three ladies and fifty-five gentlemen shot at this meeting.

On July 28, in the handicap match, Mr. Pardoe scored 411 and Mr. Walters 410.

*****

The Twentieth Grand Western Archery Meeting was held at Exeter, on the Grammar School Cricket-ground, on August 2 and 3, 1882, when sixty-four ladies and thirty-nine gentlemen shot.

Ladies 60 Yards 50 Yards Totals
Hits Score Hits Score Hits Score
Miss I. Carter 74 332 42 226 116 558
Mrs. Butt 67 275 46 260 113 535
Mrs. Kinahan 77 353 38 166 115 519
Mrs. Eyre W. Hussey 77 343 31 161 108 504
Miss F. Bardswell 65 305 41 187 106 492
Gentlemen 100 Yards 80 Yards 60 Yards Totals
Hits Score Hits Score Hits Score Hits Score
Mr. H. H. Palairet 70 272 73 367 42 184 185 823
Mr. W. Rimington 75 291 65 283 41 237 181 811
Mr. O. K. Prescot 58 216 64 278 44 208 166 702
Mr. R. Walters 60 198 69 301 37 189 166 688
Mr. Perry-Keene 63 233 66 300 35 137 164 670
Mr. A. Meyrick 59 191 61 239 38 186 158 616
Mr. E. W. Hussey 51 179 58 232 43 201 152 612

In the handicap match on the next day Mr. O. K. Prescot scored 480, and Mr. R. Walters 431.

[246]

*****

The Third Grand Northern Archery Meeting was held at Harrogate, on the Cricket-ground, on August 23 and 24, 1882.

Ladies 60 Yards 50 Yards Totals
Hits Score Hits Score Hits Score
Mrs. D. Ainsworth 81 365 46 286 127 651
Miss Legh 79 349 41 201 120 550
Mrs. Piers F. Legh 73 313 44 228 117 541
Mrs. Kinahan 65 303 40 208 105 511
Mrs. Swire 66 322 37 187 103 509
Mrs. Butt 65 257 46 234 111 491
Gentlemen 100 Yards 80 Yards 60 Yards Totals
Hits Score Hits Score Hits Score Hits Score
Mr. C. Perry-Keene 49 211 57 273 37 183 143 667
Mr. C. H. Everett 49 189 62 278 39 165 150 632
Mr. C. E. Nesham 44 178 60 278 37 167 141 623
Mr. G. O. Pardoe 54 212 59 225 38 158 151 595

Mrs. D. Ainsworth and Mr. Houghton became Championess and Champion of the North.

*****

The Twenty-eighth Grand Leamington and Midland Archery Meeting was held on June 27 and 28, 1883.

Twenty-nine ladies and twenty-two gentlemen shot.

Ladies 60 Yards 50 Yards Totals
Hits Score Hits Score Hits Score
Mrs. Piers F. Legh 90 406 47 277 137 683
Miss Steel 84 384 47 277 131 661
Miss F. Bardswell 81 389 45 237 126 626
Mrs. D. Ainsworth 76 372 45 239 121 611
Mrs. E. Lister 81 389 46 218 127 607
Miss I. Carter 86 400 41 203 127 603
Miss M. A. Hollins 75 365 40 206 115 571
Mrs. Eyre W. Hussey 75 349 43 209 118 558
Mrs. C. E. Nesham 66 308 42 230 108 538
Mrs. W. Yates Foot 74 342 44 180 118 522
Miss Legh 74 342 37 171 111 513
Mrs. Keyworth 68 338 41 163 109 501

[247]

Gentlemen 100 Yards 80 Yards 60 Yards Totals
Hits Score Hits Score Hits Score Hits Score
Major C. H. Fisher 75 305 77 347 45 223 197 875
Mr. C. E. Nesham 87 341 74 314 38 148 199 803
Mr. H. Kendall 64 248 71 333 39 203 174 784
Mr. T. R. Dunne 59 193 69 279 41 221 169 693
Mr. T. T. S. Metcalfe 53 189 58 208 46 260 157 657
Mr. G. L. Aston 57 223 57 253 38 172 152 648
Mr. Eyre W. Hussey 51 191 54 234 41 191 146 616
Mr. W. Ford 60 212 58 226 37 175 155 613
Hon. A. Hanbury 54 190 60 230 40 186 154 606

In the handicap match on June 29 Mrs. Piers F. Legh and Miss Legh scored 374 and 363 respectively, and Mr. C. E. Nesham 398.

*****

The Twenty-fifth Grand Annual Crystal Palace Archery Meeting was held on July 12 and 13, 1883.

Ladies 60 Yards 50 Yards Totals
Hits Score Hits Score Hits Score
Mrs. Marshall 85 357 45 265 130 622
Miss F. Bardswell 83 403 41 199 124 602
Miss Pears 79 373 45 201 124 574
Mrs. D. Ainsworth 75 357 43 215 118 572
Miss I. Carter 77 349 45 219 122 568
Miss Steel 71 325 45 243 116 568
Miss H. Hutchinson 75 341 43 197 118 538
Mrs. Eyre W. Hussey 73 349 37 177 110 526
Gentlemen 100 Yards 80 Yards 60 Yards Totals
Hits Score Hits Score Hits Score Hits Score
Major C. H. Fisher 72 234 81 359 45 235 198 828
Mr. C. E. Nesham 64 256 52 232 37 185 153 673
Mr. C. H. Everett 54 226 59 257 37 187 150 670
Mr. A. Meyrick 45 195 63 297 36 170 144 662
Mr. T. R. Dunne 57 225 63 275 38 136 158 636
Mr. W. Rimington 42 180 57 243 43 195 142 618

Forty-seven ladies and twenty-nine gentlemen shot.

[248]

*****

The Twenty-first Grand Western Archery Meeting was held at Salisbury on July 25 and 26, 1883, when fifty-five ladies and forty-one gentlemen shot.

Ladies 60 Yards 50 Yards Totals
Hits Score Hits Score Hits Score
Miss Legh 85 433 47 249 132 682
Mrs. Piers F. Legh 84 376 47 271 131 647
Miss I. Carter 86 392 44 236 130 628
Miss F. Bardswell 79 377 43 235 122 612
Mrs. P. Pinckney 78 374 42 238 120 612
Miss H. Hutchinson 80 346 45 245 125 591
Mrs. Eyre W. Hussey 83 383 38 196 121 579
Miss C. Radford 79 349 43 197 122 546
Mrs. W. Yates Foot 73 297 39 207 112 504
Gentlemen 100 Yards 80 Yards 60 Yards Totals
Hits Score Hits Score Hits Score Hits Score
Major C. H. Fisher 102 406 73 327 43 229 218 962
Mr. H. Kendall 76 324 73 309 46 242 195 875
Mr. H. H. Palairet 66 262 76 322 44 212 186 796
Mr. Eyre W. Hussey 72 288 69 297 38 192 179 777
Mr. Piers F. Legh 66 242 59 235 37 199 162 676
Mr. N. Rattray 60 218 54 242 39 205 153 665
Mr. Perry Keene 62 226 59 211 44 212 165 649

Miss I. Carter and Mr. H. H. Palairet became Championess and Champion of the West.

*****

The Fortieth Grand National Archery Society's Meeting was held on August 1 and 2, 1883, at Cheltenham, on the College Cricket-ground.

Sixty-seven ladies and sixty-four gentlemen shot at this meeting.

Mrs. Legh won the silver bracer with 6 points. Miss I. Carter won the point for hits at 50 yards, and Mrs. Ainsworth the point for score at the same distance.

[249]

Ladies 60 Yards 50 Yards Totals
Hits Score Hits Score Hits Score
Mrs. Piers F. Legh 92 434 46 278 138 712
Miss I. Carter 90 408 47 271 137 679
Miss Steel 81 411 46 264 127 675
Mrs. D. Ainsworth 83 375 45 289 128 664
Mrs. Eyre W. Hussey 80 400 47 243 127 643
Miss M. A. Hollins 78 396 44 228 122 624
Miss F. Bardswell 84 366 46 256 130 622
Miss C. Radford 75 367 45 241 120 608
Mrs. Horniblow 80 364 45 239 125 603
Miss Legh 72 344 46 252 118 596
Miss Pardoe 79 391 44 200 123 591
Miss H. Hutchinson 81 347 46 232 127 579
Mrs. E. Lister 84 342 44 210 128 552
Mrs. Marshall 74 328 43 219 117 547
Mrs. C. H. Everett 73 315 42 224 115 539
Mrs. C. E. Nesham 76 310 43 223 119 533
Mrs. W. Y. Foot 68 290 44 242 112 532
Miss Hayllar 87 365 42 166 129 531
Miss Panter 63 283 46 230 109 513
Miss Oakley 71 299 41 213 111 512
Miss B. Oakley 75 315 38 188 113 503
Mrs. Edgar 63 303 38 198 101 501
Gentlemen 100 Yards 80 Yards 60 Yards Totals
Hits Score Hits Score Hits Score Hits Score
Mr. C. J. Longman 69 285 77 343 47 241 193 869
Mr. Eyre W. Hussey 73 267 71 335 44 212 188 814
Major C. H. Fisher 72 296 63 307 45 203 180 806
Mr. H. H. Palairet 68 238 71 353 42 200 181 791
Captain M. Allen 68 244 65 279 45 225 178 748
Mr. Piers F. Legh 65 263 60 282 38 188 163 733
Mr. C. E. Nesham 66 256 67 301 42 172 175 729
Mr. W. Rimington 58 212 60 290 43 225 161 727
Mr. R. Walters 69 253 75 309 37 163 181 725
Mr. H. Kendall 63 243 67 275 42 198 172 716
Mr. Perry-Keene 62 234 68 288 39 173 169 695
Mr. T. R. Dunne 67 223 72 294 37 173 176 690
Mr. O. K. Prescot 59 217 72 278 39 181 170 676
Mr. G. L. Aston 51 203 66 280 38 180 155 663
Mr. Gregson 63 205 63 277 43 177 169 659
Mr. Walrond 55 207 61 237 41 209 157 653
Mr. C. H. Everett 60 216 59 209 41 195 160 620
Mr. A. Meyrick 43 147 57 291 39 181 139 619
Captain C. H. Garnett 50 188 60 250 39 179 149 617

[250] Mr. Longman became Champion with 7 points. Mr. Hussey won the point for hits at 100 yards, Major Fisher the point for score at 100 yards, and Mr. Palairet the point for score at 80 yards. Mr. Longman also won the Spedding Memorial Challenge Cup, now first presented by the Royal Toxophilite Society, to be held by the maker of the highest gross score.

In the handicap match on August 3, Miss Legh scored 416, Major Fisher 508, Mr. Nesham 442, and Mr. Dunne 417.

*****

The Fourth Grand Northern Archery Meeting was held at Derby on August 8, 9, and 10, 1883, when the weather was so unfavourable that the highest lady's score was that of Mrs. Piers F. Legh—490, with 108 hits.

The only notable scores made by gentlemen were—

Gentlemen 100 Yards 80 Yards 60 Yards Totals
Hits Score Hits Score Hits Score Hits Score
Mr. F. A. Govett 54 220 49 211 39 191 142 622
Captain M. Allen 58 238 47 189 41 189 146 616

Mrs. T. Hibbert and Mr. Gregson became Championess and Champion of the North.

*****

The Twenty-ninth Grand Leamington and Midland Archery Meeting was held on June 12 and 13, 1884.

Ladies 60 Yards 50 Yards Totals
Hits Score Hits Score Hits Score
Mrs. Marshall 87 419 48 270 135 689
Miss M. A. Hollins 83 413 43 191 126 604
Mrs. Eyre W. Hussey 85 385 44 208 129 593
Miss F. Bardswell 72 340 44 240 116 580
Mrs. Horniblow 75 323 44 214 119 537
Mrs. Kinahan 69 279 44 248 113 527
Mrs. W. Yates Foot 68 292 45 235 113 527
Miss Steel 72 320 44 206 116 526

[251]

Gentlemen 100 Yards 80 Yards 60 Yards Totals
Hits Score Hits Score Hits Score Hits Score
Mr. C. E. Nesham 81 325 56 258 43 215 180 798
Mr. C. H. Everett 73 287 64 294 33 153 170 734
Mr. J. H. Bridges 58 244 57 225 46 262 161 731
Mr. H. J. B. Kendall 66 252 68 284 42 192 176 728
Mr. Eyre W. Hussey 58 212 60 244 47 251 165 707
Mr. Gregson 64 262 61 235 40 204 165 701
Mr. C. J. Longman 80 260 64 252 42 188 186 700
Mr. T. R. Dunne 56 218 66 280 38 178 160 676
Mr. G. L. Aston 63 289 52 198 39 179 154 666
Mr. F. A. Govett 54 198 54 210 40 188 148 596

In the handicap match on June 14 Mr. C. J. Longman scored 401.

Twenty-nine ladies and twenty-seven gentlemen shot at this meeting.

*****

The Twenty-sixth Grand Annual Crystal Palace Archery Meeting was held on July 12 and 13, 1884.

Ladies 60 Yards 50 Yards Totals
Hits Score Hits Score Hits Score
Mrs. Marshall 83 475 47 269 130 744
Mrs. Piers F. Legh 79 361 45 259 124 620
Mrs. Eyre W. Hussey 77 329 41 215 118 544
Miss H. Hutchinson 71 329 42 194 113 523
Miss Ellis 66 298 44 212 110 510
Gentlemen 100 Yards 80 Yards 60 Yards Totals
Hits Score Hits Score Hits Score Hits Score
Major C. H. Fisher 90 348 74 340 46 224 210 912
Mr. C. E. Nesham 92 344 64 262 43 249 199 855
Mr. C. J. Longman 69 225 76 374 44 244 189 843
Mr. H. Kendall 65 241 65 295 43 223 173 759
Mr. Eyre W. Hussey 66 244 70 310 42 178 178 732
Mr. C. H. Everett 54 208 59 263 39 199 152 670
Mr. J. H. Bridges 61 211 60 244 43 213 164 668
Mr. Gregson 78 320 47 207 27 105 152 632
Mr. T. T. S. Metcalfe 54 178 58 230 41 197 153 605

[252] Thirty-eight ladies and twenty-two gentlemen shot at this meeting.

*****

The Twenty-second Grand Western Archery Meeting was held at Taunton on July 23 and 24, 1884.

Ladies 60 Yards 50 Yards Totals
Hits Score Hits Score Hits Score
Mrs. Eyre W. Hussey 72 374 44 246 116 620
Miss I. Carter 67 279 37 197 104 476
Miss F. Bardswell 72 282 38 182 110 464
Miss M. Winwood 70 298 37 159 107 457
Gentlemen 100 Yards 80 Yards 60 Yards Totals
Hits Score Hits Score Hits Score Hits Score
Major C. H. Fisher 79 353 69 303 44 258 192 914
Mr. C. E. Nesham 82 314 69 303 47 241 198 868
Mr. C. J. Longman 57 209 67 269 44 222 168 700
Mr. F. A. Govett 66 260 55 233 35 179 156 672
Mr. Eyre W. Hussey 48 178 64 262 44 192 156 632
Mr. H. Kendall 53 195 66 244 40 168 159 607
Mr. T. T. S. Metcalfe 46 190 58 226 42 190 146 606
Mr. Gregson 57 203 68 216 40 174 165 593

Mr. and Mrs. Eyre W. Hussey became Champion and Championess of the West.

Fifty ladies and thirty-eight gentlemen shot at this meeting.

*****

In the handicap match on July 25, the only good score was made by Mr. C. E. Nesham, 362.

*****

The Forty-first Grand National Archery Society's Meeting was held on August 6 and 7, 1884, on the Cricket-ground of St. Mark's School (Rev. Stephen Hawtray) at Windsor.

[253]

Ladies 60 Yards 50 Yards Totals
Hits Score Hits Score Hits Score
Mrs. Piers F. Legh 88 434 47 267 135 701
Miss Oakley 84 440 47 257 131 697
Miss Legh 80 418 43 263 123 681
Mrs. Marshall 87 407 43 223 130 630
Miss B. Oakley 78 390 47 237 125 627
Miss Hayllar 81 387 42 212 123 599
Mrs. C. E. Nesham 78 350 45 245 123 595
Miss H. Hutchinson 81 351 46 234 127 585
Miss Pears 76 348 42 232 118 580
Mrs. Horniblow 79 353 46 216 125 569
Miss M. Winwood 69 329 43 239 112 568
Miss C. Radford 76 318 44 220 120 538
Miss I. Carter 72 316 43 191 115 507

Mrs. Piers F. Legh won the Challenge bracer with 6-1/3 points. Miss Oakley won 1 point for score at 60 yards; and she and Miss B. Oakley divided the point for hits at 50 yards with Mrs. P. F. Legh.

Gentlemen 100 Yards 80 Yards 60 Yards Totals
Hits Score Hits Score Hits Score Hits Score
Major C. H. Fisher 75 315 71 369 45 257 191 941
Mr. C. E. Nesham 84 340 79 343 45 219 208 902
Mr. H. Kendall 64 272 73 357 47 223 184 852
Mr. Gregson 52 218 72 326 43 217 167 761
Captain M. Allen 64 252 66 284 41 213 171 749
Mr. O. L. Clare 13 63 229 73 327 36 182 172 738
Mr. N. Rattray 51 223 62 250 45 211 158 684
Mr. J. H. Bridges 63 235 62 268 39 171 164 674
Mr. Eyre W. Hussey 49 205 61 239 42 228 152 672
Mr. F. A. Govett 73 291 49 195 34 144 156 630
Mr. G. G. Hulme 55 209 50 242 43 177 148 628
Mr. C. J. Longman 46 158 66 280 40 180 152 618
Mr. T. T. S. Metcalfe 52 168 55 219 44 228 151 615

13 Entered as Mr. Hindley.

Mr. C. E. Nesham won the Champion's medal with 5 points. Major Fisher won the 2 points for gross score and the Spedding Challenge Cup, and 2 more points for score at 80 and at 60 yards. Mr. H. Kendall won the point for hits at 60 yards.

[254] In the handicap match on August 8 Mrs. P. F. Legh scored 357, and Miss Legh 354; Mr. C. E. Nesham 482, Mr. H. Kendall 411, and Mr. Gregson 406.

Fifty-seven ladies and fifty gentlemen shot at this meeting. The weather was intensely hot.

*****

The Fifth Grand Northern Archery Meeting was held on the West Cliff Cricket-ground at Preston, in Lancashire, on August 27 and 28, 1884.

Ladies 60 Yards 50 Yards Totals
Hits Score Hits Score Hits Score
Mrs. Piers F. Legh 84 432 42 234 126 666
Miss Legh 90 426 45 233 135 659
Mrs. Eyre W. Hussey 84 380 47 275 131 655
Mrs. Waithman 70 332 41 223 111 555
Mrs. Swire 66 294 42 230 108 524
Mrs. H. Clarke 64 298 43 217 107 515
Gentlemen 100 Yards 80 Yards 60 Yards Totals
Hits Score Hits Score Hits Score Hits Score
Mr. C. E. Nesham 81 311 76 382 47 271 204 964
Mr. Gregson 74 320 78 336 42 192 194 848
Mr. Eyre W. Hussey 74 316 66 280 44 228 184 824
Mr. O. L. Clare 57 247 63 245 38 176 158 668

Mrs. Waithman and Mr. Gregson became Championess and Champion of the North.

Forty-four ladies and thirty-five gentlemen shot at this meeting.

*****

The Thirtieth Grand Leamington and Midland Archery Meeting was held in the Jephson Gardens on June 10[255] and 11, 1885, when twenty-nine ladies and thirty-eight gentlemen shot.

Ladies 60 Yards 50 Yards Totals
Hits Score Hits Score Hits Score
Mrs. Piers F. Legh 94 554 48 310 142 864
Miss Steel 85 389 47 257 132 646
Miss Legh 82 390 43 247 125 637
Mrs. Eyre W. Hussey 86 372 44 254 130 626
Miss F. Bardswell 85 395 43 199 128 594
Miss B. Oakley 76 370 39 173 115 543
Mrs. Keyworth 67 273 46 246 113 519
Mrs. Wade 68 308 39 195 107 503
Gentlemen 100 Yards 80 Yards 60 Yards Totals
Hits Score Hits Score Hits Score Hits Score
Major C. H. Fisher 87 369 72 316 43 233 202 918
Mr. C. E. Nesham 90 348 63 301 45 257 198 906
Mr. Perry-Keene 70 284 70 272 45 213 185 769
Mr. R. Walters 67 289 72 290 39 171 178 750
Mr. T. T. S. Metcalfe 49 203 77 331 43 215 169 749
Mr. Gregson 44 174 68 308 44 236 156 718
Mr. Eyre W. Hussey 54 228 71 291 43 197 168 716
Mr. G. L. Aston 65 251 68 260 34 180 167 691
Mr. H. Howman 67 289 59 259 39 143 165 691
Mr. Piers F. Legh 61 207 64 272 41 199 166 678
Mr. Brodie Hoare 36 134 78 352 39 179 153 665
Mr. H. H. Longman 60 228 65 263 32 146 157 637
Mr. H. Kendall 46 182 60 264 37 181 143 627
Mr. G. G. Hulme 46 168 56 254 39 191 141 613

Miss Legh scored 352 and Mr. Hussey 390 in the handicap match on June 12.

*****

The Twenty-seventh Grand Annual Crystal Palace Archery Meeting was held on the Cricket-ground on July 9 and 10, 1885, when forty-eight ladies and twenty-nine gentlemen shot.

Mr. Nesham acted as Hon. Secretary to the meeting.

[256]

Ladies 60 Yards 50 Yards Totals
Hits Score Hits Score Hits Score
Miss Legh 95 517 48 292 143 809
Mrs. Piers F. Legh 88 486 46 250 134 736
Mrs. Eyre W. Hussey 81 397 46 242 127 639
Miss F. Bardswell 80 372 45 231 125 603
Miss Carlisle 71 341 46 216 117 557
Miss Pears 79 325 45 227 124 552
Miss Hayllar 76 318 46 230 122 548
Mrs. Stilwell 72 342 41 205 113 547
Miss Milne 68 312 43 225 111 537
Mrs. W. Yates Foot 71 317 42 196 113 513
Mrs. Marshall 70 294 44 218 114 512
Mrs. C. E. Nesham 72 316 43 191 115 507
Gentlemen 100 Yards 80 Yards 60 Yards Totals
Hits Score Hits Score Hits Score Hits Score
Mr. C. E. Nesham 76 324 73 313 47 223 196 860
Major C. H. Fisher 75 273 77 351 42 176 194 800
Mr. R. Walters 67 241 71 293 42 204 180 738
Mr. C. H. Everett 65 265 67 279 38 188 170 732
Mr. Brodie Hoare 68 266 62 252 41 197 171 715
Mr. H. Kendall 71 283 54 240 39 177 164 700
Mr. Perry-Keene 69 277 58 236 38 184 165 697
Mr. T. T. S. Metcalfe 58 226 66 282 43 185 167 693
Mr. Eyre W. Hussey 42 188 61 271 47 269 150 678
Mr. Gregson 34 140 58 248 46 238 138 626
*****

The Twenty-third Grand Western Archery Meeting was held at Weymouth on July 22 and 23, 1885, when forty-nine ladies and twenty-eight gentlemen shot.

Ladies 60 Yards 50 Yards Totals
Hits Score Hits Score Hits Score
Mrs. Eyre W. Hussey 80 360 46 250 126 610
Miss F. Bardswell 80 354 43 197 123 551
Mrs. P. Pinckney 71 329 43 221 114 550
Mrs. W. Yates Foot 83 345 39 201 122 546
Mrs. C. E. Nesham 73 317 45 227 118 544
Miss M. Winwood 66 282 43 221 109 503

[257]

Gentlemen 100 Yards 80 Yards 60 Yards Totals
Hits Score Hits Score Hits Score Hits Score
Mr. C. E. Nesham 84 324 66 268 46 250 196 842
Mr. R. Walters 56 220 66 264 43 209 165 693
Mr. T. T. S. Metcalfe 56 202 53 193 44 208 153 603
Mr. Eyre W. Hussey 39 129 66 252 40 196 145 577

Mr. and Mrs. Eyre W. Hussey became Champion and Championess of the West.

Mrs. Hussey and Mr. Nesham scored 367 and 530 respectively in the handicap match on July 24.

*****

The Forty-second Grand National Archery Meeting was held in the College-grounds at Great Malvern on July 29 and 30, 1885, when sixty-four ladies and fifty-one gentlemen shot.

Ladies 60 Yards 50 Yards Totals
Hits Score Hits Score Hits Score
Mrs. Piers F. Legh 88 460 47 289 135 749
Miss Legh 91 417 44 258 135 675
Mrs. Eyre W. Hussey 84 386 46 248 130 634
Mrs. Marshall 84 360 42 228 126 588
Miss Steel 77 345 41 197 118 542
Miss B. M. Legh 75 363 42 172 117 535
Miss F. Bardswell 72 310 43 217 115 527
Gentlemen 100 Yards 80 Yards 60 Yards Totals
Hits Score Hits Score Hits Score Hits Score
Mr. C. E. Nesham 94 356 72 316 45 245 211 917
Major C. H. Fisher 79 381 68 310 40 194 187 885
Mr. T. T. S. Metcalfe 52 211 64 310 40 224 163 745
Mr. Perry-Keene 46 194 67 261 45 261 158 716
Mr. R. Walters 69 291 59 251 32 130 160 672
Mr. H. Kendall 61 241 62 270 33 159 156 670
Mr. Eyre W. Hussey 51 213 58 248 42 184 151 645
Captain M. Allen 54 216 62 252 37 153 153 621

[258] Mrs. P. F. Legh became the Championess with 6 points, Miss Legh having 1 point for a tie on the gross hits, and 1 point for most hits at 50 yards.

Mr. Nesham won the Champion's medal for most points—7-1/2—and the Spedding memorial cup with the highest score. Major Fisher won 1 point for hits at 100 yards, and Mr. Perry-Keene won 1-1/2 points, having tied Mr. Nesham with 45 hits at 60 yards, and he won the point for highest score at 60 yards.

Mrs. Eyre W. Hussey and Mrs. P. F. Legh scored 374 and 371 respectively in the handicap match on July 31, and Mr. C. E. Nesham and Mr. Perry-Keene scored 462 and 402 on the same day.

*****

The Sixth Annual Grand Northern Archery Meeting was held at York, on the Gentlemen's Cricket-ground, September 2 and 3, 1885, when forty-eight ladies and thirty-one gentlemen shot.

Ladies 60 Yards 50 Yards Totals
Hits Score Hits Score Hits Score
Mrs. W. Yates Foot 72 360 44 256 116 616
Mrs. D. Ainsworth 84 392 45 219 129 611
Mrs. Eyre W. Hussey 82 360 44 206 126 566
Miss F. Bardswell 74 294 46 244 120 538
Miss K. Sharpe 70 296 42 233 113 529
Miss M. A. Hollins 61 295 45 225 106 520
Mrs. H. Clarke 70 272 44 234 114 506
Gentlemen 100 Yards 80 Yards 60 Yards Totals
Hits Score Hits Score Hits Score Hits Score
Mr. Eyre W. Hussey 58 198 73 305 42 248 173 751
Mr. T. T. S. Metcalfe 54 218 64 304 41 225 159 747
Mr. Gregson 42 162 68 276 44 208 154 646
Mr. C. E. Thorpe 56 190 54 276 32 156 142 622

[259] Mrs. D. Ainsworth became the Championess of the North.

Mr. Gregson became the Champion of the North.

In the handicap match on September 4, Mr. Nesham scored 495, Mr. Metcalfe 411, and Mr. Hussey 401.

*****

The Thirty-first Grand Leamington and Midland Archery Meeting was held in the Jephson Gardens on June 9 and 10, 1886, when twenty-three ladies and twenty-eight gentlemen shot.

Ladies 60 Yards 50 Yards Totals
Hits Score Hits Score Hits Score
Miss Legh 83 409 45 253 128 662
Mrs. Kinahan 78 386 45 247 123 633
Mrs. Eyre W. Hussey 84 354 45 259 129 613
Miss F. Bardswell 85 385 45 223 130 608
Mrs. Gilmour 81 369 40 210 121 579
Mrs. W. Yates Foot 74 372 39 179 113 551
Mrs. D. Ainsworth 64 292 45 247 109 539
Mrs. Berens 72 326 41 189 113 515
Mrs. Hibbert 73 323 40 188 113 511
Mrs. Keyworth 74 318 40 182 114 500
Gentlemen 100 Yards 80 Yards 60 Yards Totals
Hits Score Hits Score Hits Score Hits Score
Major C. H. Fisher 86 404 69 317 43 205 198 926
Mr. Perry-Keene 77 293 83 353 42 234 202 880
Mr. C. E. Nesham 93 339 69 277 44 222 206 838
Mr. T. T. S. Metcalfe 80 354 62 240 42 242 184 836
Mr. Brodie Hoare 60 236 60 264 46 240 166 740
Colonel H. A. Burton 69 259 60 270 41 203 170 732
Mr. R. Walters 66 212 68 282 40 196 174 690
Captain Garnett 64 248 54 226 38 186 156 660
Mr. C. J. Longman 48 216 64 258 34 168 146 642
Mr. Gregson 31 101 75 325 38 190 144 616
Mr. G. G. Hulme 59 207 54 236 36 168 149 611
Mr. F. N. Garnett 49 181 63 259 39 167 151 607

Mr. Perry-Keene scored 474 in the handicap match on June 11.

[260]

*****

The Seventh Grand Northern Archery Meeting was held at Lincoln on June 23 and 24, 1886, when twenty-six ladies and nineteen gentlemen shot.

Ladies 60 Yards 50 Yards Totals
Hits Score Hits Score Hits Score
Mrs. D. Ainsworth 82 350 46 248 128 598
Mrs. Eyre W. Hussey 75 343 42 242 117 585
Miss F. Bardswell 75 375 43 207 118 582
Mrs. Kinahan 78 370 43 207 121 577
Mrs. Waithman 67 301 44 238 111 539
Gentlemen 100 Yards 80 Yards 60 Yards Totals
Hits Score Hits Score Hits Score Hits Score
Mr. Perry-Keene 88 348 81 377 46 244 215 969
Mr. C. E. Nesham 74 286 46 178 44 222 164 686

Mrs. D. Ainsworth and Mr. Gregson (145 hits, 591 score) became Championess and Champion of the North.

Mr. Perry-Keene scored 530 in the handicap match on June 25.

*****

The Twenty-eighth Grand Annual Crystal Palace Archery Meeting was held on the Cricket-ground on July 15 and 16, 1886.

Ladies 60 Yards 50 Yards Totals
Hits Score Hits Score Hits Score
Mrs. Marshall 79 391 46 252 125 643
Mrs. D. Ainsworth 84 392 45 245 129 637
Mrs. Kinahan 83 413 46 224 129 637
Mrs. Haigh 75 355 39 215 114 570
Miss A. Barton 67 353 41 207 108 560
Mrs. Keyworth 72 320 43 211 115 531
Miss Hayllar 72 342 41 181 113 523
Miss Norton 70 320 43 191 113 511
Miss F. Bardswell 71 299 43 209 114 508
Miss C. Smith 71 307 41 201 112 508
Mrs. Kane 71 311 44 194 115 505
Miss Carlisle 68 296 41 209 109 505

[261]

Gentlemen 100 Yards 80 Yards 60 Yards Totals
Hits Score Hits Score Hits Score Hits Score
Mr. Perry-Keene 87 339 73 379 44 226 204 944
Mr. Eyre W. Hussey 55 243 69 367 42 242 166 852
Mr. C. E. Nesham 81 299 71 315 42 206 194 820
Mr. T. T. S. Metcalfe 62 266 69 283 38 200 169 749
Mr. J. H. Bridges 58 218 61 297 43 185 162 700
Colonel H. A. Burton 55 211 65 307 34 166 154 684
Captain M. Allen 54 186 61 251 43 235 158 672
Mr. C. H. Everett 56 222 67 255 38 200 161 677
Mr. H. Kendall 62 266 48 198 40 196 150 660
Mr. Gedge 50 200 60 244 40 194 150 638
Mr. Burrowes 45 173 56 236 42 204 143 613
Mr. Erskine 62 258 56 228 33 125 151 611
Mr. Walrond 59 237 57 217 38 154 154 608
Colonel Lewin 58 228 53 223 34 150 145 601

Fifty-two ladies and thirty-five gentlemen shot.

*****

The Forty-third Grand National and the Twenty-fourth Grand Western Archery Meetings were united and held together at Bath on July 29 and 30, 1886.

Ladies 60 Yards 50 Yards Totals
Hits Score Hits Score Hits Score
Miss Legh 89 437 47 289 136 726
Mrs. Eyre W. Hussey 83 397 46 246 129 643
Mrs. Marshall 75 375 48 262 123 637
Mrs. D. Ainsworth 83 389 46 242 129 631
Miss Steel 84 416 43 211 127 627
Miss B. Oakley 84 420 39 201 123 621
Mrs. Gilling 77 377 44 242 121 619
Mrs. Kinahan 80 368 43 225 123 593
Miss F. Bardswell 76 304 45 273 121 577
Miss C. Radford 74 328 43 221 117 549
Miss M. Winwood 76 332 41 217 117 549
Mrs. Horniblow 73 341 42 188 115 529
Mrs. Berens 76 364 40 164 116 528
Miss B. M. Legh 68 316 41 203 109 519
Miss Pedder 68 290 45 221 113 511
Mrs. Maltby 67 317 38 194 105 511
Miss Palmer 75 355 36 150 111 505
Mrs. Gilmour 75 311 41 191 116 502

[262]

Gentlemen 100 Yards 80 Yards 60 Yards Totals
Hits Score Hits Score Hits Score Hits Score
Mr. C. E. Nesham 81 411 76 354 45 257 202 1022
Major C. H. Fisher 70 278 72 344 45 243 187 865
Mr. E. Sharpe 75 309 71 303 42 180 188 792
Mr. J. H. Bridges 62 222 68 322 42 206 172 750
Colonel H. A. Burton 70 300 60 266 39 179 169 745
Mr. Perry-Keene 65 257 70 290 42 196 177 743
Mr. T. T. S. Metcalfe 53 213 66 216 42 214 163 743
Mr. F. A. Govett 72 322 56 232 32 182 160 736
Mr. Eyre W. Hussey 55 217 67 259 43 219 165 695
Mr. G. G. Hulme 57 209 53 237 43 225 153 671
Mr. Gedge 48 188 63 263 44 204 155 655
Mr. Gregson 37 149 73 329 41 171 151 649
Mr. Gataker 55 225 60 246 36 170 151 641
Mr. Piers F. Legh 46 194 55 253 39 185 140 632
Mr. Erskine 64 244 57 233 34 148 155 625
Mr. R. Walters 54 204 53 231 35 179 142 614
Captain M. Allen 46 160 60 222 44 226 150 608

Ninety-five ladies and sixty-five gentlemen shot.

Miss Legh became the Championess with 7 points, Mrs. Marshall having won the point for hits at 50 yards.

Mrs. Eyre W. Hussey became the Championess of the West.

Mr. C. E. Nesham became the Champion with 9-1/2 points, Major C. H. Fisher having tied with him in the point for hits at 60 yards.

Mr. Perry-Keene became the Champion of the West.

*****

In the handicap match on July 31, Miss Legh scored 391, Miss B. Oakley 363, Mrs. D. Ainsworth 344, Mrs. Marshall 343, and Mrs. Horniblow 337; and on the same day Mr. E. Sharpe scored 429.


[263]

ROYAL TOXOPHILITE SOCIETY'S HANDICAP MEETINGS

A series of meetings extending over two days, the double York Round being shot, commenced in 1881, and the Grand Centenary Archery Meeting of the Royal Toxophilite Society was held in the Society's ground in the Regent's Park, on October 12 and 13, 1881.

Gentlemen 100 Yards 80 Yards 60 Yards Totals
Hits Score Hits Score Hits Score Hits Score
Mr. H. H. Palairet 82 364 81 417 47 281 210 1062
Mr. W. Rimington 76 294 75 337 43 241 194 872
Mr. J. H. Bridges 72 292 75 337 44 206 191 835
Mr. O. K. Prescot 14 74 274 72 298 44 234 190 806
Mr. Piers F. Legh 14 69 261 69 299 43 215 181 775
Mr. G. O. Pardoe 14 57 225 77 327 41 201 175 753
Mr. C. H. Everett 65 231 65 287 40 198 170 716
Major C. H. Fisher 71 255 63 279 36 162 170 696
Mr. H. Kendall 58 206 64 248 44 222 166 676
Mr. C. J. Longman 59 237 59 251 37 183 155 671
Mr. E. N. Snow 54 234 52 224 40 212 146 670
Mr. C. E. Nesham 72 264 55 203 37 199 164 666
Mr. A. Meyrick 14 45 181 65 299 28 162 138 642
Colonel Lewin 62 244 58 238 32 154 152 636
Mr. O. L. Clare 54 204 64 238 40 178 158 620
Mr. A. Newall 54 182 58 268 40 170 152 620
Mr. Eyre W. Hussey 14 55 209 57 207 39 195 151 611
Captain M. Allen 14 46 146 69 249 41 211 156 606
Mr. Perry-Keene 14 66 234 47 217 33 153 146 604

14 Visitors.

Sixty-five gentlemen shot.

*****

A Grand Annual Handicap Meeting of the Royal Toxophilite Society was held on October 11 and 12, 1882.

[264]

Gentlemen 100 Yards 80 Yards 60 Yards Totals
Hits Score Hits Score Hits Score Hits Score
Major C. H. Fisher 83 315 77 337 44 238 204 890
Mr. C. E. Nesham 84 332 66 296 38 188 188 816
Mr. O. L. Clare 60 222 64 294 46 260 170 776
Mr. R. Walters 73 265 74 316 41 191 188 772
Mr. Piers F. Legh 15 56 236 75 325 43 207 174 768
Mr. C. H. Everett 67 257 69 285 45 201 181 743
Mr. G. W. Chapman 60 248 52 198 38 210 150 656
Mr. H. Kendall 51 227 52 238 40 174 143 639
Mr. G. O. Pardoe 15 47 211 53 249 40 172 140 632
Mr. W. Yates Foot 53 209 54 230 35 187 142 626
Mr. C. J. Longman 56 198 55 195 43 207 154 600

15 Visitors.

Thirty-three gentlemen shot.

*****

The Grand Annual Handicap Meeting of the Royal Toxophilite Society was held on October 11 and 12, 1883.

Gentlemen 100 Yards 80 Yards 60 Yards Totals
Hits Score Hits Score Hits Score Hits Score
Mr. C. E. Nesham 100 426 75 337 45 247 220 1010
Mr. C. J. Longman 72 274 69 305 47 229 188 808
Major C. H. Fisher 79 313 67 291 37 185 183 789
Mr. H. A. Howman 16 65 273 57 259 41 231 163 763
Mr. N. Rattray 69 221 71 315 41 225 181 761
Mr. F. A. Govett 68 258 66 292 46 208 180 758
Mr. O. L. Clare 57 229 69 281 41 213 167 723
Mr. Eyre W. Hussey 16 69 291 60 238 39 189 168 718
Colonel Lewin 59 203 64 270 43 211 166 684
Mr. G. W. Chapman 54 224 63 271 38 164 155 659
Mr. G. G. Hulme 16 53 219 57 227 38 186 148 632
Captain M. Allen 16 64 228 57 215 40 178 161 621
Mr. C. H. Everett 59 231 54 220 38 164 151 615

16 Visitors.

Twenty-eight gentlemen shot.

*****

The Grand Jubilee and Annual Handicap Meeting of the Royal Toxophilite Society was held on October 9 and 10, 1884.

[265]

Gentlemen 100 Yards 80 Yards 60 Yards Totals
Hits Score Hits Score Hits Score Hits Score
Mr. C. E. Nesham 89 393 70 290 45 211 204 894
Mr. R. Walters 70 264 69 305 43 219 182 788
Mr. O. L. Clare 83 321 66 268 42 198 191 787
Mr. J. H. Bridges 66 242 75 327 41 215 182 784
Mr. Eyre W. Hussey 17 58 206 75 323 45 247 178 776
Mr. C. J. Longman 76 310 68 270 38 172 182 752
Captain M. Allen 17 67 243 71 309 42 198 180 750
Mr. Gregson 17 74 252 65 291 38 188 177 731
Mr. T. T. S. Metcalfe 55 225 64 276 44 200 163 701
Mr. Piers F. Legh 17 57 201 69 283 40 192 166 676
Mr. A. Newall 57 225 60 256 31 147 148 628
Mr. C. H. Everett 45 149 66 288 41 179 152 616
Mr. Walrond 57 195 57 199 41 205 155 599
Mr. G. G. Hulme 17 47 179 52 210 41 209 140 598
Mr. H. Kendall 54 184 51 209 41 199 146 592

17 Visitors.

Forty-nine gentlemen shot.

Nothing could have been more unfavourable than the weather on this occasion. It was wet, stormy, and bitterly cold.

*****

The Grand Annual Autumn Handicap Meeting of the Royal Toxophilite Society was held on October 8 and 9, 1885.

Gentlemen 100 Yards 80 Yards 60 Yards Totals
Hits Score Hits Score Hits Score Hits Score
Mr. Perry-Keene 18 69 245 84 384 43 255 196 884
Mr. C. E. Nesham 79 273 81 355 45 243 205 871
Mr. R. Walters 72 256 78 370 39 203 189 829
Mr. E. Brodie Hoare 66 274 58 246 43 201 167 721
Mr. H. H. Longman 61 205 60 268 42 230 163 703
Mr. C. H. Everett 63 249 61 259 39 175 163 683
Mr. H. Kendall 44 174 52 224 43 233 139 631

18 Visitor.

Twenty-one gentlemen shot at this meeting.

*****

The Grand Annual Autumn Handicap Meeting of the Royal Toxophilite Society was held on October 14 and 15, 1886.

[266]

Gentlemen 100 Yards 80 Yards 60 Yards Totals
Hits Score Hits Score Hits Score Hits Score
Mr. C. E. Nesham 86 354 78 354 44 208 208 916
Mr. J. H. Bridges 65 269 69 309 43 211 177 789
Mr. N. Rattray 67 289 54 242 43 203 164 734
Mr. Walrond 67 259 63 245 44 220 174 724
Mr. H. H. Longman 59 207 68 298 36 180 163 685
Captain M. Allen 19 47 189 68 328 30 15420 145 671
Mr. E. Fisher 19 63 215 57 239 44 212 164 666
Mr. C. H. Everett 51 187 67 261 40 188 158 636
Mr. E. C. Gedge 19 59 235 57 197 36 178 152 610
Mr. A. Henty 45 171 57 207 44 222 146 600
Mr. T. T. S. Metcalfe 53 205 53 207 39 187 145 599

19 Visitors.

20 Did not complete the shooting at 60 yards.

Twenty-one gentlemen shot at this meeting.


SCOTCH PUBLIC MEETINGS

The Eleventh Annual Scottish Archery Meeting was held on the Cricket-ground (Lavilands), near Stirling, on August 4 and 5, 1865.

Ladies 60 Yards 50 Yards Totals
Hits Score Hits Score Hits Score
Miss Betham 88 424 46 290 134 714
Mrs. Horniblow 82 432 43 253 125 685
Gentlemen 100 Yards 80 Yards 60 Yards Totals
Hits Score Hits Score Hits Score Hits Score
Mr. P. Muir 85 315 61 239 44 266 190 820
Mr. J. Murdoch 54 194 58 238 39 193 151 625
Mr. P. Murdoch 59 243 49 163 40 208 148 614
Mr. J. Allan 52 162 42 206 40 226 134 594

Thirteen ladies and thirty-six gentlemen shot.

[267]

*****

The Twelfth Annual Scottish National Archery Meeting was held on the County Cricket-ground in Raeburn Place, Stockbridge, Edinburgh, on August 17 and 18, 1866.

—— 60 Yards 50 Yards Totals
Hits Score Hits Score Hits Score
Mrs. Horniblow 82 368 45 241 127 609
Gentlemen 100 Yards 80 Yards 60 Yards Totals
Hits Score Hits Score Hits Score Hits Score
Mr. P. Muir 67 279 63 261 42 212 172 752
Captain Betham 47 195 56 232 42 196 145 623

Nine ladies and thirty-eight gentlemen shot.

It was only on these two occasions that the Double Rounds were shot at these meetings.

IRISH PUBLIC MEETINGS

The Second Irish Grand National Archery Meeting was held at Bray, not far from Dublin, on August 12 and 13.

Twenty-three ladies and twenty-eight gentlemen shot.

Ladies 60 Yards 50 Yards Totals
Hits Score Hits Score Hits Score
Mrs. Horniblow 86 428 47 263 133 691
Miss Betham 78 362 47 245 125 607
Miss Warde 69 301 42 218 111 519

[268]

Gentlemen 100 Yards 80 Yards 60 Yards Totals
Hits Score Hits Score Hits Score Hits Score
Mr. G. Edwards 68 266 77 357 48 298 193 921
Mr. R. W. Atkinson 69 303 66 298 42 228 177 829
Mr. T. L. Coulson 60 230 52 248 39 195 151 673
Mr. H. Walters 63 223 57 235 36 180 156 638
Mr. Macnamara 46 160 62 254 42 224 150 638
Mr. E. Popham 54 198 63 287 34 134 151 619
Captain Betham 48 178 61 263 42 170 151 611

Mr. G. Edwards scored 404 in the handicap match on August 14.

*****

The Third Irish Grand National Archery Meeting was held in the Rotunda Gardens, Dublin, on July 27 and 28, 1864.

Ladies 60 Yards 50 Yards Totals
Hits Score Hits Score Hits Score
Miss Betham 85 437 42 218 127 655
Miss H. Tarleton 72 320 32 134 104 454
Gentlemen 100 Yards 80 Yards 60 Yards Totals
Hits Score Hits Score Hits Score Hits Score
Mr. G. Edwards 70 276 73 308 48 248 191 827
Captain Betham 64 234 66 276 43 215 173 725
Mr. Betham 58 210 60 246 44 226 162 682
Mr. R. W. Atkinson 51 179 68 282 42 202 161 663
Mr. Maconchy 63 215 55 207 40 214 158 636
Mr. H. Elliott 48 150 59 269 44 200 151 619

Twenty-two ladies and twenty-one gentlemen shot.

[269]

*****

The Fourth Irish Grand National Archery Meeting was held in the New Winter Gardens, Dublin, on May 31 and June 1, 1865.

Ladies 60 Yards 50 Yards Totals
Hits Score Hits Score Hits Score
Miss Betham 85 375 46 264 131 639
Mrs. Ormsby 65 257 41 175 106 432
Gentlemen 100 Yards 80 Yards 60 Yards Totals
Hits Score Hits Score Hits Score Hits Score
Mr. G. Edwards 50 192 77 387 45 231 172 810
Mr. Betham 74 306 62 248 42 204 178 758
Captain Betham 59 227 61 277 39 157 159 661
Captain Whitla 59 223 57 237 28 130 144 590

Thirteen ladies and seventeen gentlemen shot.

*****

The Second Grand Leinster Archery Meeting was held in the grounds of the Exhibition Palace, Dublin, on September 19 and 20, 1865.

Ladies 60 Yards 50 Yards Totals
Hits Score Hits Score Hits Score
Miss Macpherson 75 343 42 220 117 563
Miss Hendley 67 305 41 187 108 492
Miss Betham 66 290 36 200 102 490
Gentlemen 100 Yards 80 Yards 60 Yards Totals
Hits Score Hits Score Hits Score Hits Score
Captain Whitla 41 149 64 310 40 230 145 689
Mr. Betham 49 197 56 234 39 171 144 602

Twenty-six ladies and sixteen gentlemen shot.

[270]

*****

The Fifth Irish Grand National Archery Meeting was held in the New Winter Gardens in Dublin on August 1, 2, and 3, 1866. Eighteen ladies and seventeen gentlemen shot.

Ladies 60 Yards 50 Yards Totals
Hits Score Hits Score Hits Score
Mrs. Horniblow 86 386 46 268 132 654
Miss Betham 80 378 40 244 120 622
Miss A. Betham 61 291 44 238 105 529
Gentlemen 100 Yards 80 Yards 60 Yards Totals
Hits Score Hits Score Hits Score Hits Score
Mr. Betham 63 241 68 272 45 287 176 800
Mr. G. Edwards 36 134 70 348 45 231 151 713
Mr. R. W. Atkinson 54 210 57 259 41 213 152 682
Captain Whitla 58 226 60 260 40 192 158 678
Captain Betham 36 130 60 240 46 238 142 608
*****

The First Ulster Grand Archery Meeting was held at Ulsterville, Belfast, on August 8, 9, and 10, 1866.

Ladies 60 Yards 50 Yards Totals
Hits Score Hits Score Hits Score
Miss Betham 88 418 46 274 134 692
Mrs. Horniblow 79 349 40 202 119 551
Miss Ada Betham 70 320 41 209 111 529
Gentlemen 100 Yards 80 Yards 60 Yards Totals
Hits Score Hits Score Hits Score Hits Score
Mr. Betham 72 274 65 257 40 196 177 727
Captain Betham 50 172 53 255 41 173 144 600

Eighteen ladies and nine gentlemen shot.

[271]

*****

The Third Grand Leinster Archery Meeting was held in the grounds of the Exhibition Palace at Dublin on September 4 and 5, 1866.

Ladies 60 Yards 50 Yards Totals
Hits Score Hits Score Hits Score
Miss Betham 87 467 287 134 754
Miss L. Quin 74 336 39 191 113 527
Gentlemen 100 Yards 80 Yards 60 Yards Totals
Hits Score Hits Score Hits Score Hits Score
Mr. Betham 59 209 71 287 41 205 171 701
Captain Betham 59 201 71 305 41 195 171 701
Mr. R. W. Atkinson 54 214 67 305 41 181 162 700
Mr. W. Butt 52 192 50 236 38 172 140 600

Twenty-three ladies and twenty-three gentlemen shot.

*****

The Second Ulster Grand Archery Meeting was held in the grounds of the Armagh Archers, at Armagh, on August 7 and 8, 1867.

Ladies 60 Yards 50 Yards Totals
Hits Score Hits Score Hits Score
Miss Betham 84 400 48 294 132 694
Miss H. Hutchinson 81 367 44 226 125 593
Miss A. Betham 73 329 43 237 116 566
Miss Davison 72 296 42 220 114 516
Gentlemen 100 Yards 80 Yards 60 Yards Totals
Hits Score Hits Score Hits Score Hits Score
Mr. Betham 63 281 73 291 43 233 179 805
Mr. R. W. Atkinson 55 191 56 234 43 231 154 656
Mr. Russell 58 216 58 244 36 162 152 622

Twenty ladies and seventeen gentlemen shot.

[272]

*****

The Grand Munster Archery Meeting was held at Limerick, on September 21 and 22, 1867.

Ladies 60 Yards 50 Yards Totals
Hits Score Hits Score Hits Score
Miss Betham 84 424 48 234 132 658
Miss A. Betham 82 380 46 246 128 626
Miss Warde 64 312 41 225 105 537
Mrs. Ormsby 68 294 44 214 112 508
Gentlemen 100 Yards 80 Yards 60 Yards Totals
Hits Score Hits Score Hits Score Hits Score
Mr. Betham 63 267 58 246 41 227 162 740
Mr. A. E. Knox 60 212 58 270 38 186 156 668
Mr. R. W. Atkinson 58 204 52 220 37 169 147 593

Twenty-eight ladies and eighteen gentlemen shot.

*****

The Fourth Grand Annual Meeting of the Leinster Archers was held in the grounds of the Exhibition Palace, Dublin, on August 26 and 27, 1867.

Ladies 60 Yards 50 Yards Totals
Hits Score Hits Score Hits Score
Miss Betham 84 416 46 278 130 694
Miss A. Betham 84 390 47 231 131 621
Miss H. Hutchinson 75 329 42 224 117 553
Miss Mayne 73 313 46 226 119 539
Gentlemen 100 Yards 80 Yards 60 Yards Totals
Hits Score Hits Score Hits Score Hits Score
Mr. Betham 70 282 80 358 45 231 195 871
Mr. A. Knox 63 277 66 252 38 196 167 725
Mr. Russell 53 205 59 299 40 186 152 690
Mr. R. W. Atkinson 59 217 44 176 45 225 148 618

Twenty-three ladies and seventeen gentlemen shot.

[273]

*****

The Sixth Irish Grand National Archery Meeting was held in the grounds of the Exhibition Palace in Dublin, on September 14 and 15, 1867.

Ladies 60 Yards 50 Yards Totals
Hits Score Hits Score Hits Score
Miss Betham 88 440 47 303 135 743
Miss Ormsby 83 425 44 232 127 657
Miss L. Quin 76 384 47 259 123 643
Miss A. Betham 76 328 46 258 122 586
Gentlemen 100 Yards 80 Yards 60 Yards Totals
Hits Score Hits Score Hits Score Hits Score
Mr. Betham 61 269 70 268 44 230 175 767
Mr. Russell 65 247 59 251 38 192 162 690
Mr. N. A. Knox 63 253 58 244 34 154 155 651

Fourteen ladies and fourteen gentlemen shot.

*****

The Second Grand Munster Archery Meeting was held in the grounds of Cortigan (Sir Denham Norreys, Bart.), near Mallow, on September 2 and 3, 1868.

Ladies 60 Yards 50 Yards Totals
Hits Score Hits Score Hits Score
Miss Betham 87 473 48 292 135 765
Miss L. Quin 72 326 43 217 115 543
Miss Ormsby 72 334 40 198 112 532
Mrs. Vansittart 74 326 35 181 109 507
Gentlemen 100 Yards 80 Yards 60 Yards Totals
Hits Score Hits Score Hits Score Hits Score
Mr. Betham 52 182 65 269 41 219 158 670

Nineteen ladies and twelve gentlemen shot.

[274]

*****

The Third Grand Munster Archery Meeting was held in Sir D. Norreys's grounds at Cortigan, near Mallow, on September 8 and 9, 1869.

Ladies 60 Yards 50 Yards Totals
Hits Score Hits Score Hits Score
Miss Peel 85 373 45 199 130 572
Mrs. V. Forbes 70 308 46 236 116 544
Miss L. Quin 83 359 42 176 125 535
Miss Ormsby 73 313 44 220 117 533
Gentlemen 100 Yards 80 Yards 60 Yards Totals
Hits Score Hits Score Hits Score Hits Score
Mr. Betham 66 232 67 305 41 189 174 726

Twenty-four ladies and fourteen gentlemen shot.

*****

A Grand Leinster Meeting was held in the grounds of the Exhibition Palace, Dublin, on October 6 and 7, 1869.

Ladies 60 Yards 50 Yards Totals
Hits Score Hits Score Hits Score
Miss H. Hutchinson 84 412 46 254 130 666
Mrs. V. Forbes 88 408 46 252 134 660
Miss Mayne 73 323 41 239 114 562
Mrs. C. W. Betham 73 333 40 212 113 545
Miss Peel 80 374 38 164 118 538
Gentlemen 100 Yards 80 Yards 60 Yards Totals
Hits Score Hits Score Hits Score Hits Score
Mr. Betham 65 285 57 223 42 208 164 716
Mr. McNamara 47 183 45 199 43 183 135 565

[275]

AMERICAN NATIONAL ARCHERY MEETINGS

The First American National Archery Meeting was held at Chicago on August 12, 13, and 14, 1879. On this occasion the ladies shot forty-eight arrows at each of the distances of 30, 40, and 50 yards. The gentlemen shot forty-eight arrows at 60 yards, and ninety-six arrows at 80 yards, on the first day, and seventy-two arrows at 100 yards on each of the other days; thus making up the quantities of a York Round, though in unusual order. The best results were as follows:—

Gentlemen 100 Yards 80 Yards 60 Yards Totals
Hits Score Hits Score Hits Score Hits Score
Mr. W. H. Thompson 39 155 43 155 68 236 150 546
Mr. T. McMechan 35 175 47 177 34 126 116 478
Mr. E. P. Hall 37 157 50 178 28 104 115 439
Mr. C. Leach 34 152 38 138 39 149 111 439
*****

The Second Annual American National Archery Meeting was held at Buffalo, near New York, on July 11 and 12 (13 and 14?), 1880, when the Round shot by the ladies was forty-eight arrows at each of the distances of 50, 40, and 30 yards; but the gentlemen shot a single York Round on each day. The result of each day's shooting only is given, as the details of the different distances cannot be discovered.

Gentlemen 1st Day 2nd Day Double York Round
Hits Score Hits Score Hits Score
Mr. L. L. Peddinghaus 74 346 78 360 152 706
Mr. W. H. Thompson 82 370 78 332 160 702
Mr. W. Burnham 81 331 78 342 159 673
Mr. F. H. Walworth 68 274 76 316 144 590

[276]

*****

The Fourth Annual American National Archery Meeting was held at Chicago on July 11, 12, and 14, 1882, the National and York double Rounds being shot.21

Ladies 60 Yards 50 Yards Totals
Hits Score Hits Score Hits Score
Mrs. A. H. Gibbes 63 251 38 198 101 449
Mrs. F. Morrison 94 374
Gentlemen 100 Yards 80 Yards 60 Yards Totals
Hits Score Hits Score Hits Score Hits Score
Mr. D. A. Nash 58 210 65 257 44 246 167 713
Mr. H. S. Taylor 55 151 67 275 46 252 168 678
Mr. R. Williams 49 179 55 235 44 236 148 650
Mr. W. A. Clark 45 197 62 244 41 195 148 636
Mr. W. H. Thompson 46 178 54 234 44 198 144 610
Mr. F. E. Perry 42 148 56 226 39 179 137 553
*****

The Fifth Annual American National Archery Meeting was held at Cincinnati on July 10, 11, and 12, 1883.

Gentlemen 100 Yards 80 Yards 60 Yards Totals
Hits Score Hits Score Hits Score Hits Score
Mr. P. Williams 76 300 79 371 44 236 199 907
Mr. H. S. Taylor 53 191 51 223 45 235 149 649
Mr. W. A. Clark 56 192 63 257 39 171 158 620
Mr. D. A. Nash 35 135 57 243 45 209 137 587

[277]

Ladies 60 Yards 50 Yards Totals
Hits Score Hits Score Hits Score
Mrs. C. Howell 85 413 47 277 132 690
Mrs. S. A. Whitfield 88 436 39 185 127 621
Mrs. T. F. George 71 299 45 237 116 536
Mrs. H. M. Pollock 76 328 42 198 118 526
Mrs. Arthur 72 296 43 213 115 509
*****

The Sixth Annual American National Archery Meeting was held at Pullman in 1884 on July 8, 9, and 10.

—— 60 Yards 50 Yards Totals
Hits Score Hits Score Hits Score
Mrs. H. Hall 46 204 42 212 88 416
Gentlemen 100 Yards 80 Yards 60 Yards Totals
Hits Score Hits Score Hits Score Hits Score
Mr. W. H. Thompson 63 237 68 314 43 209 174 760
Mr. R. Williams, jun. 67 251 65 267 43 227 175 745
Mr. C. C. Beach 46 176 65 297 44 250 155 723
Mr. H. S. Taylor 44 160 50 198 39 181 133 539
*****

The Seventh Annual American National Archery Meeting was held at Eaton, Ohio, on July 7, 8, and 9, 1885.

Ladies 60 Yards 50 Yards Totals
Hits Score Hits Score Hits Score
Mrs. M. C. Howell 75 353 46 252 121 605
Miss J. Pollock 78 300 44 216 122 516
Mrs. J. Arthur 65 271 42 210 107 481

[278]

Gentlemen 100 Yards 80 Yards 60 Yards Totals
Hits Score Hits Score Hits Score Hits Score
Colonel R. Williams 91 357 78 360 46 278 215 995
Mr. C. C. Beach 46 172 75 347 44 214 165 733
Mr. J. W. B. Siders 39 173 57 275 41 199 137 647
Mr. W. H. Thompson 52 198 53 233 38 176 143 607
Mr. W. A. Clark 51 197 50 200 41 197 142 594

[279]

CHAPTER XIV.
CLUB SHOOTING AND PRIVATE PRACTICE

In the following scores an attempt is made to give authentic specimens of the best shooting of as many as possible of the best archers of the past and present time. Mr. Ford himself mentioned how sadly disheartened and crestfallen he felt on his return from his first Grand National Meeting at Derby, where he had scored 341 with 101 hits in the double York Round, which was far below the score he had anticipated, and warned his readers that shooting at a public meeting was very different from private practice or small match shooting. There are but very few archers who have not met with the same disappointment, as will be easily seen when the public and private records here given are compared. Young archers should be strongly recommended to make their public débuts as early as possible—as well to work off the novelty and excitement of the scene as to compare the methods and results of other archers—before they have established great local reputations, which may run the greater risk of being fatally exploded from the very over-anxiety which is employed to keep or increase those reputations in public.

The erroneous practice of shooting trial arrows before the commencement of the regular round has been mostly given up of late years, being altogether discountenanced by the rules of the private practice club, and disallowed at all the public meetings.

In fact, it was a most dangerous practice at the public meetings, where, in former years, before the match shooting[280] commenced, or when it was finished, those who had to cross the ground ran no little risk of being shot by some of the industrious archers, who, not satisfied with the round allotted to the day, were threshing out themselves and their bows, not with shooting at the targets, but mostly at a piece of white paper placed about so far from themselves as an arrow would fall when supposed to have passed through the gold at the particular distance at which these zealots were ever engaged in the apparently hopeless search of the 'range' or a 'point of aim.'

The earliest grand score on the testified York Round in the books of the Royal Toxophilite Society belonged to Mr. H. C. Mules, and was shot on August 24, 1856.

Hits Score Hits Score Hits Score   Hits Score
50 240 42 232 23 131 = 115 603

He also has scores of 116 hts. 500 sc. and 106 hts. 508 sc. in the books made in 1858. This was surpassed by Mr. H. A. Ford on November 3, 1858, in the Toxophilite grounds:

Hits Score Hits Score Hits Score   Hits Score
47 227 46 258 24 138 = 117 623

and the score of Mr. G. E. S. Fryer, made in the same grounds on August 2, 1872, of

Hits Score Hits Score Hits Score   Hits Score
59 289 44 218 24 132 = 127 639

went further, and still remains unsurpassed.

This last-mentioned score took, and still holds, the Wilkinson practice medal, which was given to the Royal Toxophilite Society in 1866, and was first taken by Mr. T. Boulton with

Hits Score Hits Score Hits Score   Hits Score
43 175 40 186 24 148 = 107 509

who afterwards improved his holding of it by making

Hits Score Hits Score Hits Score   Hits Score
48 206 46 208 23 133 = 117 547

[281] On July 6, 1867, Mr. W. Spottiswoode scored

Hits Score Hits Score Hits Score   Hits Score
50 244 41 201 23 129 = 114 574

and took and held it until it was transferred to Mr. Fryer in 1872.

The full details of Mr. H. A. Ford's best private-practice score of 809 with 137 hits have been already given.

He also records a score in which the only arrow missed was the 59th, shot at 100 yards, the particular of the score being

Hits Score Hits Score Hits Score   Hits Score
71 335 48 272 24 158 = 143 765

When shooting with the Royal Toxophilite Society on June 23, 1854, the round being 96 arrows at 100 yards, 72 arrows at 80 yards, and 48 arrows at 60 yards, he made the following score:

Hits Score Hits Score Hits Score   Hits Score
79 373 71 325 47 313 = 197 1011

His best double York Round, made privately, seems to be as follows:

Hits Score Hits Score Hits Score   Hits Score
61 295 48 306 24 186 = 133 787
63 299 46 278 24 168 = 133 745
Total   266 1532

His best scoring at 100 yards is represented by 371 with 69 hits—

G. R. B. BK. W.
12 17 19 14 7

from his second best York Round score of

Hits Score Hits Score Hits Score   Hits Score
69 371 48 274 24 154 = 141 799

his best score at 80 yards being 306 with all the 48 hits,

G. R. B. BK. W.
10 19 15 2 2

[282] and his best at 60 yards 186,

G. R. B.
10 13 1

Mr. H. A. Ford himself reports one of his own most extraordinary feats as follows: 'Not but what I have been the originator of a respectable fluke or two myself in my time. For instance, on the second day of the first Grand National Meeting at Shrewsbury in 1854, an old archer, Mr. Hughes, offered a silver bracer as a prize for most golds at any one end, 100 yards to take precedence of 80, and 80 yards of 60. In a very few minutes two gentlemen, Messrs. Garnett and Hilton, if I remember rightly, got two; but this was not enough, the third arrow being destined to go there as well. Accordingly, but a few rounds after, my friend Chance came to my aid, and so the whole three went into the desired spot. Now the combination here was curious. But once during my archery experience has a special prize been offered for a feat of this particular nature, and upon that occasion, and that occasion only in a match, have three golds been got at one end, by one shooter, at 100 yards' ('Archer's Register,' 1864).

Mr. Bramhall gives a good idea of Mr. Ford's indomitable perseverance. 'If,' he says, 'I reported a good score, he persevered until he had beaten it—e.g. in 1853, March 7, I completed 409 following hits at 60 yards. He soon sent me a report of a little over 600' ('Archer's Register,' 1881).

Mr. John Bramhall's best single York Round was made November 25, 1851:

Hits Score Hits Score Hits Score   Hits Score
61 317 41 223 23 135 = 125 675

In 1849 the average of the 54 York Rounds he shot was 453 score from 103 hits; in 1850 it was 502 from 110 hits in 70 rounds; in 1851 it was 561 from 117 hits in 64 rounds; in 1852 it was 575 from 117 hits in 52 rounds; and in 1853 it was 567 from 114 hits in 38 rounds. In shooting at 100 yards[283] he has made 4 golds in consecutive hits, and often 3 at one end. At 80 yards his best in 48 arrows was 47 hits 273 score; and he has made 55 consecutive hits at 80, and 5 following golds. At 60 yards his best record is 24 hits 172 score—409 consecutive hits and 5 following golds. His best double York Round was:

Hits Score Hits Score Hits Score   Hits Score
107 535 91 497 48 290 = 256 1322

shot on June 26 and July 1, 1852.

Mr. E. A. Holmes (champion 1865 and 1870) made his best score on the single York Round in private practice at Harrow, soon after the Grand National Meeting at Brighton in 1867, which is as follows:

Hits Score Hits Score Hits Score   Hits Score
66 284 46 206 22 132 = 134 622

Mr. C. E. Nesham (Royal Toxophilite Society), champion 1884-5-6, has 13 York Rounds scores on the Royal Toxophilite Society's books of over 500, of which the highest is:

Hits Score Hits Score Hits Score   Hits Score
55 281 41 187 22 126 = 118 594

made on May 5, 1887.

In private practice at Bournemouth he scored, on May 14, 1883,

Hits Score Hits Score Hits Score   Hits Score
63 281 43 243 22 108 = 128 632

and

Hits Score Hits Score Hits Score   Hits Score
53 269 41 203 22 122 = 116 594

made in the Regent's Park, March 6, 1884.

On twenty-three other occasions, in private and in club matches, he has scored 500 and upwards. Of these, in the Royal Toxophilite Society's books, are:

Hits Score Hits Score Hits Score   Hits Score
46 228 47 253 20 110 = 113 591

[284] shot on October 16, 1884, and

Hits Score Hits Score Hits Score   Hits Score
50 224 44 220 24 148 = 118 592

shot on October 29, 1885.

Major C. H. Fisher's (Champion 1871-2-3-4, and made highest score at Windsor in 1884 when Mr. Nesham became champion) best York Round score in the books of the Royal Toxophilite Society, made on July 2, 1885, is as follows:

Hits Score Hits Score Hits Score   Hits Score
53 239 42 192 24 136 = 119 557

and his next best, made on October 20, 1871, is

Hits Score Hits Score Hits Score   Hits Score
47 227 42 194 23 113 = 112 534

His best private practice score on the York Round is the following:

Hits Score Hits Score Hits Score   Hits Score
49 227 45 243 24 158 = 862 118

made on May 25, 1872; and he reports that this Round was shot too quickly, and might have been improved if he had taken more pains.

He has made the following good double rounds in practice, namely:

  Hits Score
May 27 and 28, 1873 235 1079
July 23 and 24, 1874 235 1123

and in 1876:

  Hits Score Hits Score Hits Score   Hits Score
June 12, 50 196 43 213 23 103 = 116 512
June 13, 46 194 45 233 23 113 = 114 540
  Totals   230 1052

and in 1877 a single York Round:

  Hits Score Hits Score Hits Score   Hits Score
Sept. 7, 55 241 44 202 23 125 = 122 568

[285] Mr. T. T. S. Metcalfe's (Royal Toxophilite Society) best single York Round is:

Hits Score Hits Score Hits Score   Hits Score
54 258 37 173 19 93 = 100 524

made on May 22, 1886, in private practice.

Mr. C. H. Everett's best single York Rounds appear to be:

  Hits Score Hits Score Hits Score   Hits Score
Aug. 9, 1880 45 179 41 229 22 114 = 108 522
April 2, 1883 48 180 42 222 24 134 = 114 536
April 16, 1883 54 214 37 177 24 158 = 115 549

made in private practice.

At a meeting of the Royal Toxophilite Society on October 4, 1874, he scored:

Hits Score Hits Score Hits Score   Hits Score
45 187 40 190 23 123 = 108 500

and again in the Regent's Park on September 30, 1880:

Hits Score Hits Score Hits Score   Hits Score
52 192 41 209 23 109 = 116 510

and on October 14, 1880:

Hits Score Hits Score Hits Score   Hits Score
50 224 38 166 22 116 = 110 506

Mr. W. J. Richardson (Royal Toxophilite Society) has a good score on the York Round in the books of the Royal Toxophilite Society, made on June 7, 1860:

Hits Score Hits Score Hits Score   Hits Score
44 190 39 193 21 133 = 104 516

as also has Mr. W. Rimington (Royal Toxophilite Society) champion 1868-69 and 1877:

Hits Score Hits Score Hits Score   Hits Score
48 206 42 178 24 120 = 114 504

made on July 2, 1869.

Col. H. F. C. Lewin's (Royal Toxophilite Society) best[286] scores have been made in private practice at Eltham, in the late Mr. Mill's grounds, and are:

Hits Score Hits Score Hits Score   Hits Score
41 199 38 194 21 115 = 100 508

made on November 3, 1870, and

Hits Score Hits Score Hits Score   Hits Score
50 226 36 146 24 136 = 110 508

made in 1869.

Mr. G. E. S. Fryer (Champion in 1875, Royal Toxophilite Society), besides his excellent score of 639 with 127 hits, has another very good York Round score in the books of the Royal Toxophilite Society, made on June 3, 1873:

Hits Score Hits Score Hits Score   Hits Score
55 235 47 249 24 138 = 126 622

He made another fine York Round on August 15, 1873, in private practice:

Hits Score Hits Score Hits Score   Hits Score
54 238 46 218 24 150 = 124 606

and in the books of the Royal Toxophilite Society in 1874, on May 27:

Hits Score Hits Score Hits Score   Hits Score
50 200 42 242 23 129 = 115 571

on June 17:

Hits Score Hits Score Hits Score   Hits Score
58 242 44 200 23 155 = 125 597

and on July 1:

Hits Score Hits Score Hits Score   Hits Score
48 184 45 243 24 132 = 117 559

Mr. H. H. Palairet's (Champion in 1876, Royal Toxophilite Society) best scores on the York Round appear to be the following:

Hits Score Hits Score Hits Score   Hits Score
53 241 45 239 24 108 = 122 588

[287] made at a West Berks Meeting at Great Marlow (Colonel Wethered's) on June 20, 1882, and this score is the York Round 'record' of the West Berks Archers.

In private practice on July 15, 1875, he scored:

Hits Score Hits Score Hits Score   Hits Score
54 252 43 205 23 121 = 120 578

showing a very good score at 100 yards; and on July 30 he scored 46 hits 264 score in the 48 arrows at 80 yards.

His best shooting at 60 yards appears to have been made on July 24, 1874, when, shooting 96 arrows, he scored 579 with 95 hits.

Mr. C. J. Longman's (Champion in 1883, Royal Toxophilite Society) best York Round score in the books of the Royal Toxophilite Society is dated November 1, 1883, and is as follows:

Hits Score Hits Score Hits Score   Hits Score
49 199 41 189 23 149 = 113 537

and his best private practice scores made in the same grounds are:

Hits Score Hits Score Hits Score   Hits Score
55 249 41 213 23 129 = 119 591
46 204 46 220 24 148 = 116 572
Totals   235 1163

made on June 17 and 18, 1884, respectively.

Mr. H. H. Longman's (Royal Toxophilite Society) best York Round score made in private practice in the Royal Toxophilite Society's grounds on March 30, 1887, is as follows:

Hits Score Hits Score Hits Score   Hits Score
51 223 41 191 21 91 = 113 505

Mr. Piers F. Legh (Royal Toxophilite Society) has made some good single York Rounds in private practice, viz.:

  Hits Score Hits Score Hits Score   Hits Score
July 14, 1879 45 181 40 194 24 154 = 109 529
July 19, 1880 41 177 44 208 24 124 = 109 509
Sept. 20, 1880 51 223 38 180 24 124 = 113 527

[288] Mr. R. Walters (Champion in 1879, Royal Toxophilite Society) has made some good scores in private practice, of which the best appear to be as follows:

  Hits Score Hits Score Hits Score   Hits Score
Oct. 25, 1884 48 184 43 211 23 133 = 114 528
Aug. 15, 1885 45 187 44 214 24 126 = 113 527

Mr. J. H. Bridges' (Royal Toxophilite Society) best single York Rounds in private practice are:

  Hits Score Hits Score Hits Score   Hits Score
Oct. 7, 1881 39 181 42 222 24 120 = 105 523
June 8, 1884             = 118 546

At 100 yards, in 72 arrows, he has made:

  Hits Score
April 2, 1884 55 261

At 80 yards, in 48 arrows, he has made:

  Hits Score
January 27, 1887 45 263
April 12, 1887 48 216

At 60 yards, in 24 arrows:

  Hits Score
April 23, 1884 24 166

and in 100 arrows at 60 yards:

  Hits Score
September 18, 1879 100 586
April 23, 1884 99 627

It will be observed that nearly all Mr. Bridges' practice occurs early or late in the season, as cricket absorbs much of his attention in the summer.

Mr. L. R. Erskine (Royal Toxophilite Society) has made some good single York Rounds in private practice, viz.:

  Hits Score Hits Score Hits Score   Hits Score
Nov. 8, 1886 49 195 41 215 22 122 = 112 532
Mar. 1, 1887 50 210 46 222 23 117 = 119 549
Mar. 5, 1887 53 231 46 198 24 126 = 123 555
Mar. 11, 1887 52 220 45 227 23 133 = 120 580

[289] The full particulars of Mr. O. K. Prescot's (Royal Toxophilite Society) best private practice double York Round score of 1197 cannot be given, as they have been lost or destroyed. It was shot in two days of September 1867. The first total score was 621, and the score at 100 yards was 256—200 having been made in the first 4 dozen. The second round was 567, and, in this round, the score at 80 yards was 249. The most annoying thing about the round was that the last arrow at 60 yards missed the target, when a black even would have brought the total up to 1200.

Mr. H. J. B. Kendall's (Royal Toxophilite Society) best score in the York Round was made in private practice on August 14, 1884:

Hits Score Hits Score Hits Score   Hits Score
46 222 46 228 22 118 = 114 568

On this occasion the 2 arrows not counted at 80 yards went through weak places in the target.

He also made 52 hits 224 score at 100 yards on Aug 28, 1884.

On July 5, 1877, he made 3 golds in one end at 100 yards in the course of the Summer Handicap match of the Royal Toxophilite Society, repeating the feat performed by Mr. H. A. Ford at Shrewsbury in 1854.

Mr. O. Leigh Clare (Royal Toxophilite Society) has made some good private practice, viz.:

  Hits Score Hits Score Hits Score   Hits Score
July 23, 1879, 52 266 43 193 23 109 = 118 568

in the single York Round; and in 72 arrows at 100 yards:

  Hits Score
October 12, 1878 56 250

also in 48 arrows at 80 yards:

  Hits Score
July 13, 1878 42 212

Mr. C. J. Perry-Keene made the following fine score[290] in private practice on July 24, 1886, in the single York Round:—

Hits Score Hits Score Hits Score   Hits Score
57 225 45 229 24 150 = 126 604

and two other good scores made by him are:

  Hits Score Hits Score Hits Score   Hits Score
May 6, 1886, 43 217 40 188 23 119 = 106 524
May 7, 1886, 51 215 45 199 24 152 = 120 566
April 18, 1887, 48 202 44 230 24 124 = 116 556

In private practice Mr. F. A. Govett (Royal Toxophilite Society) made:

  Hits Score Hits Score Hits Score   Hits Score
October 12, 1883, 50 204 38 184 21 113 = 109 501

and on May 29, at one of the meetings of the same society, he made:

Hits Score Hits Score Hits Score   Hits Score
52 198 41 209 24 114 = 117 521

Again, in private practice, he made on April 11, 1884:

Hits Score Hits Score Hits Score   Hits Score
38 174 43 215 23 123 = 104 512

On September 23, 1886, Mr. F. L. Govett (Royal Toxophilite Society) scored in private practice:

Hits Score Hits Score Hits Score   Hits Score
47 227 40 176 24 130 = 111 533

Mr. F. Townsend's (Woodman of Arden) best York Round score appears to be as follows:

Hits Score Hits Score Hits Score   Hits Score
49 237 33 177 22 102 = 104 516

made on December 27, 1862.

He seldom practised the York Round, and never allowed his archery practice to interfere with his other numerous avocations.

[291] Mr. W. Spottiswoode, P.R.S. (Royal Toxophilite Society), has another good score on the Society's books:

Hits Score Hits Score Hits Score   Hits Score
50 194 38 194 22 124 = 110 512

made on May 30, 1867.

Captain A. P. Moore, who made the highest score in 1849, at Derby, when Mr. H. A. Ford was first champion, reports that his best score in a single York Round was in private practice:

Hits Score Hits Score Hits Score   Hits Score
65 309 44 230 24 152 = 133 691

and that he has made 316 score with 56 hits and 304 score with 64 hits in the 72 arrows at 100 yards.

His best performance at 80 yards was 254 score with 44 hits in the 48 shots, and at 60 yards his best score was 164 with the 24 hits. His best double York Round was 1288 with 252 hits, mentioned by Mr. H. A. Ford. In the month of March 1852 he shot 14 rounds, and their average was 557 score with 115 hits.

Two very good records of Mr. Charles Garnett's (Royal Toxophilite Society) shooting at 100 yards are:

Hits Score   Hits Score
58 288 and 61 269

72 arrows being shot on each occasion.

He says: 'I shot a distance of 304 yards on a calm day with an 85-lb. bow and four-and-ninepenny 28-inch arrow. I could not get a flight-arrow to stand the bow, or I should probably have shot further, as the four-and-ninepenny arrow was one of the old pattern and heavily feathered.'

Captain C. H. Garnett's (John o' Gaunt Bowmen) best score in the York Round amounted to 522, but he has been unable to find a record of the details. The following is another good score made by him on November 17, 1873:

Hits Score Hits Score Hits Score   Hits Score
48 202 34 182 23 127 = 105 511

[292] In October of the same year, in 72 arrows at 100 yards he made 48 hits 220 score, and made 3 golds in one end.

He reports that his father, Mr. H. Garnett, shooting with the John o' Gaunt Bowmen on one occasion, scored 500 in the York Round.

Another John o' Gaunt Bowman, Mr. B. P. Gregson, has scored as much as 497 in the York Round.

A good St. George's Round (of 36 arrows at each distance) made by Mr. Marr is:

100 Yards 80 Yards 60 Yards   Totals
Hits Score Hits Score Hits Score   Hits Score
24 114 32 118 35 181 = 101 413

another by Mr. Heath:

100 Yards 80 Yards 60 Yards   Totals
Hits Score Hits Score Hits Score   Hits Score
25 89 31 139 35 203 = 91 431

A good St. George's Round made by Mr. E. Maitland (Champion in 1848, Royal Toxophilite Society) is:

100 Yards 80 Yards 60 Yards   Totals
Hits Score Hits Score Hits Score   Hits Score
25 97 34 190 36 196 = 95 483

and he says: 'I tried hard to catch up Mr. H. A. Ford on my return to England from Australia in 1858, but had scarcely got within 25 per cent. of his scores when I broke down from overwork—bows too strong, and practice too unremitting. He said if I did not beat him, there was no one else in the field to do it. I don't think I ever should, because I had not his indomitable steadiness and threw away many a shot on a chance: for I was a rapid shooter. I never dwelt on the aim as he did.'

Mr. T. L. Coulson (Royal Toxophilite Society) recorded his first score of 500 on the single York Round on May 1, 1861, on November 18, 1862:

Hits Score Hits Score Hits Score   Hits Score
228 207 130 = 105 565

[293] and on October 21, 1865:

Hits Score Hits Score Hits Score   Hits Score
56 224 44 198 24 136 = 124 558

On January 13, 1869, he made 3 golds in one end at 100 yards.

Mr. J. A. Froude (Royal Toxophilite Society) says: 'I did once make [a score of] over 500 [in the single York Round] in a private match; but only once, and the record of it has long vanished. Richardson and Spedding were both shooting on that occasion, and I, for a miracle, in that single instance beat Richardson.' This probably happened about 1860.

It is generally believed that the private practice of Mr. G. Edwards (Champion in 1860-1-2-4-6) was far beyond his public shooting. He has been heard to say that, though Mr. Ford had been able to land only 71 of the 72 arrows shot at 100 yards in the target (missing his 59th arrow), he (Mr. G. E.) had put all his 72 arrows into the target at the same distance. There is no reason to disbelieve his positive statement that on one occasion, shooting 24 arrows at 60 yards, he put every one of them in the red circle.

'Some of the scores made by Mr. Edward Mason in private practice were very large, and it is to be regretted that no actual details can be given. It is well known, however, that on several occasions he made a score of over 1000 on the double York Round, and were the figures available they could not fail to be of wide interest' ('Archers' Register,' 1882-3).

Mr. Peter Muir (Champion 1845-7 and 1863) was a most successful shot at all distances, short as well as long, but probably seldom, if ever, practised the York Round. Mr. H. A. Ford gives as his best score the following, made at the distance of from 20 to 30 yards, 2 shots, 2 hits—a hawk and a crow (fact).

Mr. E. Meyrick says: 'It is true that I have seen Escott hurl his eight-shilling arrows from a bow of 80 lbs. and ten-shilling arrows from a 100-lb. bow, but then he could not do much hitting. I should think something authentic must exist[294] of my old friend Marsh's long shot of 360 yards up and down. He would hit half his arrows at 100 yards very often,' as may be seen from the extracts given from his actual scores.

A point of interest in Mr. W. Butt's (Royal Toxophilite Society) shooting is, that he shot with both hands, though only on one occasion did he shoot two rounds on the same day, one with each hand. This was at a West Berks meeting at Coombe Wood, Surrey (Sir W. Baynes), as follows:

Hits Score Hits Score Hits Score   Hits Score
34 134 28 122 21 105 = 83 361 Right-handed
16 68 23 77 21 95 = 60 240 Left-handed

His best right-handed shooting was as follows:

80 Yards 60 Yards
Hits Score Hits Score
43 215 24 158

shot on October 3, 1863; and on October 9, 1863, in 110 arrows at 60 yards:

Hits Score G. R. B. Bk. W.
110 640 19 32 39 15 5

On February 8, 1864, in a York Round:

Hits Score Hits Score Hits Score   Hits Score
48 216 42 172 23 113 = 113 501

and on March 12, 1864, at 80 yards 41 hits 207 score in the 48 arrows.

Shooting left-handed, his best scores in the books of the Royal Toxophilite Society are 47 hits 201 score, in 72 arrows at 100 yards, on the first half of the shooting on the Crunden Day on April 18, 1867; and on May 30 in the same year in the York Round:

Hits Score Hits Score Hits Score   Hits Score
44 206 36 154 24 138 = 104 498

and on October 5, 1876, at 60 yards, 24 hits with 160 score—'record' for 60 yards shooting in the York Round at the meetings of the Royal Toxophilite Society.

[295] Mr. Macnamara made good scores at the public meetings, but it is believed that his shooting in private practice was of infinitely higher quality. He took to shooting left-handed afterwards, but without much success in public.

Mr. G. L. Aston also has been at different periods a successful shot, both right-handed and left-handed, at the public meetings.

About thirty years ago Mr. Aubrey Patton shot so well that Mr. H. A. Ford took the trouble to explain in the pages of the Field that he had not yet been beaten by him; but Mr. Patton's regimental duties took him out of reach of more archery practice.

Mr. E. Sharpe (John o' Gaunt Bowmen) made

Hits Score Hits Score Hits Score   Hits Score
48 240 36 164 22 112 = 106 516

in private practice October 2, 1886.

No attempt has yet been made to collect the records of the many excellent scores that have been made by numerous ladies in club matches, or in private practice; but it is believed that, owing to the ladies' shooting at the public meetings being more like their club and private practice, in that it occupies an afternoon only, and is not spun out all over the day, as is the case with the gentlemen, the ladies' public shooting more fairly represents the best they can do; yet many ladies have scored over 400 in the half of the National Round who have not yet approached the 800 which both Mrs. and Miss Legh have shown to be attainable at a public meeting in the National Round. A few samples of their accuracy of aim can however be here given as specimens of what might be contributed to another edition of this book.

Mrs. Butt, shooting in private practice in the Jephson Gardens, at Leamington, on June 10, 1870, made

60 Yards 50 Yards   Totals
Hits Score Hits Score   Hits Score
48 280 24 168 = 72 448

[296] and, in the course of this score at 50 yards, made 6 consecutive golds in one double end.

Miss Ripley (now Mrs. Bradford), shooting at a Prize Meeting of the Torbay Archers, on August 5, 1871, is reported to have scored

60 Yards 50 Yards   Totals
Hits Score Hits Score   Hits Score
46 292 24 170 = 70 462

Mrs. Piers F. Legh, shooting at home on September 9, 1881, scored

60 Yards 50 Yards   Totals
Hits Score Hits Score   Hits Score
48 316 24 162 = 72 478

Doubtless many other archers have already made noteworthy scores in the course of their private practice. These scores and the many others hereafter to be made, as much as possible better than any herein given, the editor (with Mr. H. A. Ford's adieu of 'Farewell and shoot well') will gladly record in the fourth edition.

PRINTED BY
SPOTTISWOODE AND CO., NEW-STREET SQUARE
LONDON

FOOTNOTES:

1 See Sir John F. W. Herschel's Familiar Lectures on Scientific Subjects, 'Estimation of Skill in Target-shooting,' p. 495.

2 It should seem possible that Roger Ascham's condemnation of this style may be insincere, as he speaks of it as 'the waye of summe excellent shoters,' and further as good 'mennes faultes.' May it not be hoped that he refers to this as his own style when he says (see further on) 'of these faultes I have verye manye myself,' modestly classing his own excellence as possibly faulty. See Mulcaster, who says he (R. A.) 'hath showed himself a cunning Archer,' but this refers to his capacity for 'trayning the Archer to his bowe.'

3 By 'drawing the arrow home' the full length of the arrow is not necessarily intended, but so much of its length as each archer should draw.

4 It must have been from the absence of this complete faith that the celebrated archer mentioned by Montaigne in his seventeenth chapter was constrained to decline the offer made to him when condemned to die, that 'to save his life he should exhibit some notable proof of his art; but he refused to try, fearing lest the too great contention of his will should make him shoot wide, and that, instead of saving his life, he should also lose the reputation he had got of being a good marksman.' And again in the case of Tell the same scarcity of faith became apparent from his securing in his quiver that second quasi-historical arrow.

5 'Point-blank' can have no other meaning in Archery.

6 Possibly now the 'Castle' publichouse, 9 Finsbury Pavement.

7 The 'Rosemary Branch' publichouse, 2 Shepperton Road, Islington, N., is perhaps too far off the line to be identical. The same may be said of Pitfield Street, Hoxton.

8 Wolsey died November 30, 1530

9 The points for the Champion's medal are—

2 points each for gross score and gross hits.
1 point each for score and hits at 100 yards.
1 point"   " 80 yards.
1 point"   " 60 yards.
Total, 10 points.

Transcriber's note: Footnotes 10-20 immediately follow the tables that refer to them.

21 No report of the meeting in 1881 can be traced.

Transcriber's Notes:

Punctuation and spelling standardized when a predominant preference was found in this book; otherwise unchanged. Simple typographical errors remedied; most retained.

Captions of some adjacent illustrations have been combined to preserve the continuity of the original book.

Illustrations have been moved to be adjacent to paragraphs that reference them.

Footnotes for scoring tables appear immediately below those tables.

Text on cover added by transcriber and placed in the Public Domain.

Page 111: in thee phrase "vision he will be able to do", 'he' was printed as 'be'.






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