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Title: The Iowa

Author: William Harvey Miner

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A GROUP OF IOWA

THE IOWA

A reprint from The Indian Record, as originally published and edited
by Thomas Foster, with introduction, and elucidations
through the text

By WILLIAM HARVEY MINER

With Illustrations and a Map

CEDAR RAPIDS, IOWA
THE TORCH PRESS, 1911

Copyright
1911
By The Torch Press
August

DEDICATED TO

A BIBLIOPHILE IN THE BEST SENSE; TO A LOVER OF
BOOKS AND MEN; TO A STUDENT OF ABORIGINAL
HISTORY; TO A HIGHMINDED AMERICAN GENTLEMAN

JOSEPH PARKER CAMP

CONTENTS

ILLUSTRATIONS

ix

PREFACE

The material forming the greater part of the present monograph is reprinted verbatim et literatim from certain portions of volume 1, Numbers 1, 2, and 3, Washington, November 30, 1876, of Foster’s Indian Record and Historical Data. The complete work so far as carried out consists only of the three parts here mentioned, printed in folio and comprising four numbered pages each. The editor, Dr. Thomas Foster, who termed himself “Indian historiographer” hoped to be able to publish the sheet weekly “should funds permit.” Evidently lack of finances or the small amount of interest shown in the venture determined against its continuance as it ceased with the third issue.

During Foster’s connection with the Indian Bureau at Washington, John Q. Smith held the position of Commissioner of Indian Affairs and it is not improbable looked with little favor on the scheme. In any event the Record is a desideratum in most collections and as such, even a portion of it may not bex amiss in this reprint. Unfortunately its short existence did not permit of finishing the sketches of the Iowa or Winnebago, though it would appear that in the instance of the former but little more would have been added. It is hoped however, that in the foreword the more necessary data are given and that it is appropriately terminated.

The actual worth of the Indian Record is slight. Foster’s idea with reference to several monographs relating wholly or in part to certain tribes was a worthy one and could be executed to advantage even at this date. The two treatises attempted in his short-lived publication were on the Iowa and their parent stock, the Winnebago, although several shorter tribal sketches, as for example those on the Attacapa,1 Oroyelles,2 Arapahoes,3 and Eries4 are included among other features, these being as scattered notesxi through the forty-eight columns and of more or less value, particularly as concerns the linguistics.5 It is evident from his Introduction that Foster must have had many difficulties to contend with, especially in the matter of procuring suitable faces of type for his Indian vocabularies as well as in the matter of actual printing. At the best the work is poorly done. The proof-reading is wretched and the statements of fact often in grave error. Abject carelessness in the matter of transcription appears without excuse, hence quoted portions through the present text have invariably been read and compared with the originals, obviously enhancing the value of such a reissue. Although a praiseworthy effort for the period and due every consideration at this time, a project of the kind attempted today would fail ingloriously unless handled with requisite care.

In the absence of any cognate facts referring in detail to the Iowa tribe it has been deemed best to reprint Foster’s sketch in its entirety from the Record and to add to it, as xii appendices, some features which will be of special interest and value to the student of American aboriginal history and ethnology. In this textual portion will be found much from Schoolcraft’s Indian Tribes of the United States, also extracts, some of considerable length, from the first volume of the Minnesota Historical Society’s Collections, 1850-56, and Neill’s History of Minnesota. Nevertheless such facts as are garnered from sources of this character although purloined, are to be welcomed, and in a certain sense it may be considered fortunate that all of the material is not wholly original.

In the introductory sketch following this, an attempt has been made to gather all material readily available on the Iowa tribe. The writer acknowledges his indebtedness to the Bureau of American Ethnology, without assistance from which no authentic or in any way exhaustive sketch on any subject connected with the Indian question could be accomplished. The many references in the form of foot-notes have been verified with the greatest care. In many instances the meanings in the original are ambiguous. In the present form this fault is rectified and itxiii is hoped that the concise yet lucid account of this important branch of the great Siouan family may assist in giving it some of that prominence to which it should rightfully aspire. A list of some of the more famous warriors is included as an appendix, and though incomplete and taken in part from printed records it will show that the tribe numbered among its members men who were famous outside of their own precincts, and these names may inspire some future historian to delve even more deeply into those archives that are known to be only memoirs of a past existence.

Students of Iowa history or of the Indians of the central west can ill afford to overlook a work on the Indian tribes by A. R. Fulton entitled The Red Men of Iowa. The volume is now scarce but fortunately the writer has been able to use it and is glad to acknowledge its excellence. To Worthington C. Ford, of the Massachusetts Historical Society, and to W. H. Holmes, of the Smithsonian Institution, James Mooney and F. W. Hodge of the Bureau of American Ethnology, he is also indebted and wishes publicly to express his thanks for their kindly interest.

xiv
xv

INTRODUCTION

THE IOWA INDIANS—AN HISTORICAL SKETCH

SYNONYMS6

Pah8tet. Marquette, (1673) in Shea, Discovery, etc., p. 268, map, 1852. Variants: Nadoessi Mascouteins, Aiounouea, Avoys, Paoté, Ayoes, Aiowais, Ayouez, Ainoves, Iawas.

Ho-wah. Name given by the Mdewakanton (Sioux). Ioewaig, name given by the Santee Dakota. Iyakhwa, name given by the Teton. Máqude, name given by the Omaha Ponca. Pa’-qo-tce, name given by the Kansa. Pa’qu-t[)e], name given by the Quapaw. Páquʇs[)e], name given by the Osage. Pashóhan, name given by the Pawnee. Paxodshe, name given by the Kansa. Wa-qōtc, name given by the Winnebago.

Iyuhba. Riggs, Dak. Gram. & Dict. p. 278, 1852, trans. “Sleepy Ones.” Nadouessioux Maskoutens: Minn. Hist. Coll., 1864,

xvi

(Part 2, p. 30, note), trans. “Sioux of the Prairies;” Algonkin name. Pa-ho-cha: Neb. Hist. Soc., 1885, (p. 47), trans. “Dusty Men.” Pa-ho-dje: Maximilian, (p. 507, 1843) trans. “Dust Noses.”

Iowa. Pike’s Travels; Ed. of 1811 (p. 134). Variants: Iowai, Iaways, Ihoway, Ioway, Jowoi, Jowas, Joways, Ohoa, and Pahoja, names by which they are known among themselves. May be translated as “Gray Snow.”

Sign. Draw the extended right hand across the throat from left to right as if severing the head from the body. Possibly derived from an old Siouan custom of decapitating their prisoners.7

Mallery refers to this branch of the Siouan tribe as “Cut Throats,”8 or a “Cut Throat” from a curious practice adopted by the Iowa after battle. Mooney also advocates this theory though he suggests it applied only to the Sioux and not to the whole Siouan stock and is doubtful as to the common interpretation of the sign—a sweeping motion of the hand in front of the neck—as the Kiowa and certain other tribes called the Iowa the xvii “Necklace People.” He also says that this tribe was a little too far from the plains to have a special sign and were probably merged with the Oto, Missouri, Sauk and others in the general region of the “shaved heads.”

The Iowa tribe of Indians forms one of the Southwestern branches of the great Dakota or Siouan stock and has been included both linguistically and ethnographically by careful students, with the Oto and the Missouri tribes, forming the so-called Chiwere group.9 The real difference existing between the tribes here noted is one of dialect only. Traditional evidence proves conclusively that they sprung originally from that stem which appears to have been the parent stock of certain other southwestern Siouan tribes, notably, the Winnebago, and from direct information obtained from their people as late as 1883, investigators have been told that not only the Iowa, Missouri, and Oto tribes were from the same source but that the Ponca and Omaha could without question be included, xviiihaving “once formed part of the Winnebago Nation.”10

From their primal home, to the north of the Great Lakes, as tradition has it, came the forebears of these tribes. Attracted by the abundance of fish, the Winnebago halted on the shores of Lake Michigan, while the other bands continued southwestward, eventually coming to the Mississippi. At this point another division took place and it was here that the Iowa separated from the larger group, and it is also at this period that they received the name of Pahoja or Gray Snow.11 Withxixout stopping for any length of time after separating from their comrades, the Iowa continued down the general course of the Mississippi until Rock River (in Illinois) was reached. At this point as in most of the early history of the tribe we must depend largely on hearsay. Certain traditions however, place them farther north. Waw-non-que-skoona-a’s map, drawn in 1848, shows their movements quite clearly until that date. It is hardly necessary to reiterate statements here that appear textually in connection with the cartographical features, especially as these successive movements are of comparatively recent date and considered to be substantially correct. There is a tradition still popular among the Sioux that when their ancestors first came to the Falls of St. Anthony the Iowa tribe occupied the country adjacent to the Minnesota river and that the xxCheyenne12 occupied territory farther up the same stream.13

On the arrival of Le Sueur in 1701 for the purpose of erecting his fort near the mouth of the Blue Earth river, many of the tribe were found and messengers were sent to invite them to settle in the vicinity of the stockade, because of their excellence in farming and general husbandry. Those despatched for this purpose found however, that the Indians had recently moved westward toward the Missouri river and wished to be closer to the Omaha who then dwelt in that region. The tribes with whom Le Sueur came in contact informed him that the river upon which xxihe was about to settle belonged to the Sioux of the West (Dakota), the Ayavois (Iowa), and the Otoctatas (Oto), who lived nearby. Probably the first among the whites to come in actual contact with the Iowa, was Pére André14 who referred to them in 1676, at which time they were situated about 200 miles west of Green Bay, Wisconsin. The next reference made by a European seems to be that of Father Zenobius Membré15 in 1680, who mentions the Authontontas (Oto), Nadouessious Maskoutens (Iowa)16 “about 130 leagues from the Illinois river in three great villages built near a river which empties into the Colbert (Mississippi) on the west side above the Illinois, almost opposite the mouth of the Wisconsin.” He also seems to locate a portion of the Aiuoves (probably Aioues) to the west of the Milwaukee river. On Marquette’s manuscript map which accompanied his Journal, 1673,17 the Pahoutet xxii(Iowa) are placed on or near the Missouri river, in close company with the Maha, (Omaha) and Ontontana (Oto). This is no doubt conjecture on the part of the cartographer. The Sieuer de la Salle knew of both Oto and Iowa, and in his Hennepin letter of August 22, 1682, he refers to them as Otoutanta and Atounauea respectively. He further states that one of his company18 was familiar with the languages of both these tribes, which, however, is doubtful.

When Le Sueur first supplied these Indians with firearms in 1700 they were situated at the extreme headquarters of the Des Moines river, though from the translation of this explorer’s narrative, as contained in Wis. Hist. Coll., Vol. XVI, it would seem that this band and the Oto removed and “established themselves toward the Missouri river, near the Maha.” In Jefferys’ French Dominions in North and South America, 1760, the Iowa are located on the Mississippi in latitude 43° 30’. His map however places them on the east side of the Missouri, west of the sources of the Des Moines river and xxiiiabove the Oto, who were on the west side of the Missouri and below the Omaha.19 According to Lewis & Clark’s Travels, etc., (Coues’ edition, 1893), their villages consisted “of 300 men ... on the river De Moines.”20 The map by Waw-non-que-skoona-a as included in Schoolcraft and reproduced herexxivwith, gives the final stopping place of the Iowa at a point near the junction of the Wolf and Missouri rivers, within the limits of the present State of Nebraska. Some authorities give their final location as being in two villages, one on the Platte21 and another on the Great Nemaha river, from which places they conducted traffic with the traders from St. Louis, dealing principally in beaver, otter, racoon, deer, and bear skins. They also appear to have been cultivators of the soil to some extent, even at this early date, and it is recorded that Le Sueur made efforts to have them locate near his Fort l’Huillier22 as they were “industrious and accustomed to cultivate the earth.” In addition to corn they grew beans23 and Pike says “they cultivated corn but not proportionately as much as did the Sauks and Foxes.” This traveler xxvalso states that they were less civilized than the latter.24 At a much earlier date Father André25 writes that, while their village was a large one they were poor as a tribe, their greatest wealth being in “ox-hides26 and red calumets,”27 indicating thereby that the Iowa early traded in and manufactured catlinite pipes. In many customs prevailing among the Iowa it has been found that they differed but little from cognate tribes. In their visiting, marriage relations, and management of children they were not unlike the Omaha and others closely allied among the Dakota. In the matter of fraternity they were distinct. The camp circle28 was divided into xxvihalf circles and occupied by two phratries of four gentes each.29

The first regulated the hunt and other affairs pertaining to the tribe during the autumn and winter. Throughout the other parts of the year the lead was taken by the other phratry.30 In a general way however, xxviithe Iowa social institution differs but slightly from others of the Siouan stock, nor do their visiting or marriage customs vary greatly from those of kindred tribes. Children are managed similarly to those of the Dakota or Omaha. Formerly murder was punished with death by the nearest of kin or by some friend of the murdered person.31 Occasionally however, presents were made to the avengers by the murderer, in consequence of which the crime was palliated.

Like many other Mississippi Valley tribes the Iowa are not to any great extent associated with the tumuli of America. With the exception of some few mounds in Wapello County, Iowa, at a point near Iowaville, the site of an early trading post, there is little evidence that the Iowa were in any way connected with the mounds in that State. Along the valley located in this section, were many spots frequented by both the Sauk and Fox as well as Iowa and here also were situated the xxviiifamous race tracks of nearly a mile in length, belonging to the latter tribe.32 The various games indulged in by the Iowa differed but slightly from those in vogue among kindred or allied tribes.33 As is almost universal, dice games, or games of chance are more generally to be desired, while games of dexterity take second place. Catlin34 describes under xxixthe former class, one called Kon-tho-gra, or the game of platter which is played almost exclusively by women.35 It is said to have been exceedingly fascinating and consists of little blocks of wood marked with certain points for counting, to be decided by throws, the lot being shaken in a bowl and thrown out on a sort of a pillow. Bets were made after the bowl was turned and decided by the number of points and colors. Another game described by Catlin36 is called Ing-Kee-Ko-Kee, or, The Game of the Moccasin. It was played to a song accompaniment37 among the Iowa by two, four or six people seated on the ground in a circle. In the center are three or four moccasins, under one of which the players in turn try to conceal some small article, as a stone or a nut. The opponents choose what appears to be the lucky covering and if successful, win the stakes. The game, xxxaccording to this writer, appeared simple and almost foolish, yet he professes to have seen it played for hours without intermission in perfect musical rhythm, and states that it “forms one of the principle gambling games of these gambling people.” Among the Omaha, Ponca, Oto, and Iowa the game of Arrow (Maⁿmuqpe), was most common. This however was more of a religious game and now practically obsolete since the introduction of fire arms. Arrows were shot up into trees until they lodged in the branches. The players then tried to dislodge them and whoever brought down the first, won. There were no sides or opposing parties. Probably the most exciting and to many the most important game among many of the tribes, aside from those of the Mountain Indians, is that of Ball-playing or Racket. This is distinctly a man’s game as opposed to double-ball and some other forms commonly played by women. There are instances however of this having been played by women, and among the Santee Sioux it is at times played by both sexes together. This game has been divided into two principal classes, those of the single and those of the double racket or bat; the latter is more especially peculiar toxxxi the southern tribes.38 The racket may be likewise termed a throwing stick as it is used to pick up and throw the ball rather than for the purpose of hitting. The ball is either of wood or of buckskin stuffed with hair,39 and the usual size is about two and one-half inches in diameter. Various kinds of rackets are used by the players, some preferring long and some short handles. Among the Oto of Oklahoma, one measured was forty inches in length.40 Catlin41 gives an excellent description of this game among the Iowa Indians. His details concerning the goals and byes and various points connected with the different features, make this sketch one of the most complete we have.42

As among all tribes east and west, north and south, the Iowa were given to their nuxxxiimerous dances, many of which were of the highest importance. Mention is made here, only of several of the more common or necessary dances, inasmuch as the subject is one if it were treated fully would occupy a volume in itself.

This is a peculiar dance given in honor of one or more strangers whom the tribe may decide to welcome to their village. The musicians as well as spectators, out of respect, all rise to their feet while it is being performed. The song which accompanies it is at first one of lament, but ends in a gay and lively manner.

The most exciting as well as the longest and most tiresome of all dances. It is usually divided into three parts, i. e., Eh-Ros-Ka—The Warriors Dance—usually given after a party had returned from war as a boast and was ofttimes given as an amusement. The song used at this time entitled Wa-Sissica—The War Song—appeared to be addressed to the body of an enemy, from the name Eh-Ros-Ka, meaning tribe, war party or body.43

xxxiii

The most spirited part of this greatest of all dances was called the Approaching Dance in which the dancers by their gestures exhibited the methods of advancing on an enemy. The song in this portion is also similar to that above mentioned.44

Ha Kon-E-Crase, or as more familiarly known “the soaring eagle,” forms the third and most pleasing part of the War Dance and is in every respect a most interesting spectacle. Each dancer imagines himself a bird on the wing, and as they dance forward from behind the musicians, they take the position of an eagle headed against the wind and about to swoop down upon some unsuspecting prey. They have a peculiar method of singing and whistling at the same time.45

The Calumet Dance, the Ball-Play Dance, the Scalp Dance, the Buffalo Dance, and the Bear Dance, are all important but vary very slightly from those of similar import among other tribes of the same family. What we have said about the dances applies with equal xxxivforce to the songs and music. The War Song, Death Song, Wolf Song, Medicine Song, Bread Song, and Farewell Song are all of much significance, indeed so much so that a large amount of space could well be devoted to this subject as well as to the dances.

In 1836 the Iowa were assigned a reservation in northeastern Kansas, having two years previous, ceded all their lands in Missouri. A portion of the tribe later moved to another tract in Oklahoma allotted to them in 1890 in severalty, the surplus acreage being opened to settlement by the whites.

It is difficult to compile a bibliography that will treat exhaustively of this tribe. Catlin’s Works, Lewis and Clark’s Travels, Long’s Expedition, Pike’s Explorations, Maximilian’s Travels, and in fact nearly all of the prominent trans-continental explorers knew the tribe under one or another name. In the absence of any well defined plan it is best to refer to the various titles as shown in the index to the present volume. Such titles are printed in small capitals throughout. Special stress must be laid on the value of Dr. Hayden’s important work, Contributions to the Ethnography and Philologyxxxv of the Indian Tribes of the Missouri Valley. Phila., 1862. The map is particularly useful. The Burrows Brothers monumental reprint of the Jesuit Relations (73 vols. octavo) is of course invaluable.

William Harvey Miner

March 5, 1911

1

THE IOWAY MONOGRAPH

“IOWAY” TRIBE: (Aiyuwæ, or Pähu’tchæ)

This is the cognomen of a small tribe of Indians, never very numerous,46 known to the whites for the last one hundred and eighty years,47 during which period they have been wanderers from the Mississippi to the Missouri, and from the Missouri to the Mississippi: their migrations being confined main2ly to the limits of the present State of Iowa, which was therefore very properly named after them.48 They are now located within a Reservation of land on the west bank of the Missouri, between the Great Nemahaw and Wolf Creeks, in the State of Nebraska, on the borders of Kansas and Iowa.49

NOMENCLATURE

The name by which we know them—that of Ioway—(or Iowa, which is the form the word takes when applied to the State)—is not that for themselves, nor is it a name which belongs to the language of any one Indian tribe; but seems to have been made up, or compounded, by the early French, from the Dakota-Sioux designation for them of Ayu’h’äpä, by taking the first two syllables, Ayu’, and adding to it one of the common Algonquin-French terminations to tribal 3names in ois, vois, or vais or ouez: all of which terminations appear on the early records compounded with Ayu, or a modification of it, to indicate the Ioway Tribe. In La Harpe’s50 narrative of Le Sueur’s51 mining expedition, in 1700, to the Blue Earth region, in now Minnesota, where the Ioways are first of record referred to, they are written of as “Aya-vois”; in Pennecaud’s52 rela4tion of the same expedition they are the Aiaos or Aiavos, (his MSS53 in the Congressional Library is obscure); in Charlevoix’s54 history, 1722, he gives the name with a characteristic effort at precision, as “Aiouez”; and in Lewis and Clark’s Travels, 1812,55 5they appear as “Ayauways.” The French first knew of the Ajowæ through the Dakota-Sioux: (as we will observe hereafter in the gleanings of their early history,) and it is not surprising to me that they should (or that other Indian tribes should) seek to find some easier way of distinguishing the Tribe than to attempt to pronounce the extremely difficult guttural ending of their Sioux designation. The Dakota-Lexicon56 thus gives its meaning:

6

“Ayu’hpä, n. p. (sleepy ones:) the Ioway Indians.”

The proper name which the Ioway give themselves, acknowledging no other, is Pähutch’æ, Dusty-Heads: sometimes translated, but I think erroneously, Dusty-Noses.57 The prefix pä anciently signified head; and it does yet in some cognate dialects and in combinations, especially in old hereditary proper names; though in modern parlance it is generally confined to nose, but not invariably.

Inquiring into the origin of this name Pähutch’æ, which, whether meaning Dusty-Heads or Dusty-Noses, is quite a singular one for a people to confer upon themselves,

7

I find recorded a theory to fit each translation. In Schoolcraft’s official Collections, in a paper prepared February 1, 1848, by the Ioway missionaries,58 page 262, volume III, I read of the fanciful and somewhat strained solution, as follows:

Per contra: During November, 1873, when I was at the former Winnebago Agency, Blue Earth County, Minnesota, I mentioned the above theory of the Ioway name to the intelligent Winnebago ex-Chief “Baptiste,” the Half-Breed, who in his youthful wanderings had lived a considerable time on the Missouri amongst the Ioway. He smiled at 8it, and, in his broken English at first and then through ex-Interpreter Menaige, who was present, said, that the Ioway name meant Dusty, or Dusty Gray, Heads, and that it occurred in this way: Living on the Missouri as they had done in the earliest time: wandering away from it and then wandering back again; they were accustomed to bathe a great deal in its yellow-muddy waters; and that when they dried off after coming out of the water, the sediment of the water remained on their heads making them look dusty and gray; and this was the true reason they became the Pähutch’æ, or Dusty-Head Tribe. Baptiste said this was the accepted theory amongst the old people of the Ioway as to the way Pähutch’æ came to be their name. The Winnebago cognomen for them, which is Wähōtch’ærä, the Gray-Ones, is evidently but a modification of the same Dusty-Head idea: (in the Hōtchank’ærä language hōtch is gray and rähätch, ashes). And such modification is, also, I think the Dakota-Sioux name for them of Äyu´h’äpä, notwithstanding the Dakota-Sioux Lexicon gives it as meaning the Drowsy-Ones, and to doubt such authority may seem presumptuous. But, in these investigations I have noticed, that ab9original nations, unless there is some special reason to the contrary—for instance a special enmity—(as the Chippeway name for the Sioux of Ōpwan’äk, “those whom we roast,”) all endeavor to translate into their own vernacular the names of neighboring tribes, rather than adopt them bodily: a notable instance of which is, that the name Saulteurs, people of the Sault or Leap or Rapids, is repeated in idea but in different forms by both the Winnebago and the Sioux, the latter terming them Hähä’towa and the former Ræh’ätchē’rä, both meaning, alike, “The Falls Dwellers.” Sometimes, in these dialectical translations, the original meaning of the tribal name was correctly rendered, and sometimes not: the early French in fact, made frequent failures. Now, the Sioux were well acquainted with the Ioway. They were, at the advent of the whites, their allies and neighbors, living as the Ioway did in 1700, on the borders of Iowa and Minnesota, about the headwaters of the Blue Earth and Des Moines rivers:59 though they soon wandered from there to the Missouri again. The Dakota must have known the name they called themselves, and the reason for it: and 10what more likely than that they should endeavor to render the idea it conveyed literally into their own language? May not the Sioux name for them, therefore, have been originally Äyu’h’äpä, deduced thus: Ä is the preposition on or upon; yu “as a prefix to adjectives and sometimes to nouns, it sometimes forms verbs, and means to make or cause to be” (Dakota-Lexicon); h’ä, is an adjective, meaning, (says the Lexicon) “gray or mixed, as black and white, the black appearing under the white, as in the badger;” and pä, signifying head. This combination would be literally, “upon—to cause—graymixed—the head:” which is exactly the idea that the Ioway themselves and the Winnebago also seek to convey by their respective names Pähutch’æ, the Dusty-Heads, and Wähōtch’ærä, the Gray, (through dust?) People.

EARLY HISTORY OF THE IOWAY

The earliest mention60 of the Tribe is in Le Sueur’s narrative of his expedition in 11 1700 to the fancied copper mines61 of Riviere 12 de Vert, (the Blue Earth tributary of the Minnesota river), embodied in La Harpe’s mss.62 History of Louisiana, parts of which including Le Sueur’s Narrative, have been recently published.63 As to this mine, we are told in the mss. copy64 in the Congressional Library of the Relation of Penicaud, the shipwright who accompanied Le Sueur—“a man, (says Neill,65 the erudite historian of 13Minnesota) of discernment but little scholarship”—that:

This acquaintance with the Ioway must have been achieved when, as chief trader,66 he occupied the “factory” of “Fort Perrot” on the “left” or east bank of the Mississippi,67 just below Point Le Sable, near the foot of Lake Pepin: which first trading post of 14the upper Mississippi was erected in 1683, by Nicholas Perrot68 and M. le Sueur by order of Governor De la Barre,69 of Canada, “to establish (says the historian Neill) friendly alliances with the Ioway and Dakota”; and this post was for years the only one in all that region, until Le Sueur himself, in 1695, built the “French factory” of “Isle Pelee,” at the “right” bank, on Prairie or “Bald” Island, about ten miles below the St. Croix. The Ioway, (as will hereafter appear), occupied at that time a not very remote nor inaccessible location from Fort Perrot, in the region around and amidst the head waters of the Des Moines and Blue Earth rivers, and being allies of the Sioux, they doubtless 15brought their furs and obtained their trading supplies of Le Sueur at this “Fort”: and it is not improbable that Le Sueur (and his engages) also travelled in their country on hunting or trading expeditions.

In La Harpe’s account of Le Sueur’s long “voyage” up the Mississippi from its mouth to the “mine” with his “felucca,70 two canoes and twenty men,”71 the Ioway are frequently mentioned. The first instance is when about the 14th72 of July, 1700, as he passed the mouth of the Illinois, he “met three Canadian voyageurs, who came to join his band, and received by them a letter from Father Marest,73 Jesuit, dated July 10, 1700, at the Mission of the Immaculate Conception of the Holy Virgin in Illinois:” of which the following is a copy:

This letter of Father Marest shows, that the Ioway were then in alliance with the Sioux, and establishes, that their Indo-French name of “Ayavois” was already pretty well understood: and that even their own name for themselves was not unknown, Paoutees, or—(to transliterate the French orthography into our Indian alphabet),—Päut’æs, was not far off from their true designation of Pähutchæs: though, curiously enough, they are held to be another tribe! The warning of this war-party given Le Sueur by the “Father” proved no false alarm; for just below the Wisconsin, “five 17Canadians” were met with, “descending from the Scioux to go to Tamarois,” who, above the Wisconsin, had been fallen in with by a war-party of “ninety savages in nine canoes,” being of “four different nations, the Outagamis [Foxes], Saquis [Saukes], Poutouwatamis and Puans [Winnebago], who had “robbed and cruelly beat them.” Taking these five men with him as volunteers, Le Sueur proceeded up the river until he met this war-party near Black River, returning from an unsuccessful encounter with the “Scioux,” and brought them to terms, and, being evidently too strong for them to maltreat or meddle with in any way, extorted a kind of apology from them for what they had done.

On the first of October Le Sueur finally reached his destination near his “mine.” We extract from the narrative of his proceeding while here so much of it as refers to the Ioway:

An assertion, a hope and an expectation which rather proves, that Le Sueur knew nothing of these Indians from actual observation in their country, but only knew of them from report and by a few individuals19 whom he probably met for trade at the posts at Forts Perrot or Isle Pele; for there is no evidence that they ever were “industrious,” or given to “cultivating the earth” any more than other Indians: nor are they at this day. But, to continue our extracts:

In May, 1701, Le Sueur left Fort d’Huillier in charge of M. d’Evaque, a Canadian gentleman, with a force of twelve Frenchmen, while he himself in his felucca with the rest of his men returned to Mobile, carrying with him “three canoe loads,” or “four thousand pounds,” of the “green earth,” supposed to be oxide of copper, but which was really from a kind of shelly marly strata, interposed between the fossiliferous limestone and the sandstone of that region, that was colored bluish-green by silicate of iron. We next find Le Sueur—(who it has been stated was the father of the three distinguished brothers D’Iberville, DeBienville, and Sau20volle)75—in the summer of 1701 accompanying D’Iberville, the Governor of Louisiana, on his return to France, and assisting him while on shipboard in concocting a Memorial on the Mississippi Valley, addressed to the French government: in which D’Iberville says:

The memorial, (a manuscript copy of 21which, quoted by Professor Neill in his Minnesota history, is in possession of the Historical Society of that State), contains the first attempt we have upon the record at a Census of the Tribes of the Mississippi, and partially of the Missouri Valleys: made thirty-four years before the French Census of the Cass manuscript76—a census formerly claimed as being the very first extant—so claimed by Schoolcraft, in the third volume of his Collections.

Penicaud, the carpenter, states, that D’Evaque and the men Le Sueur left in charge of the Blue Earth post, abandoned it, and returned to Mobile [arriving there on the 3d of March], 1703, having left, as they alleged, on account of being warred upon “by the nations of Maskoutens and Foxes,” and “seeing that he was out of powder and lead.” Le Sueur for several years after his operations on the Blue-Earth was kept busy leading expeditions against the Natchez and other Indians of the southwest; and is 22said to have died77 on the road during one of them.

Some further information in regard to the Ioway is gathered from a chart of the northwestern part of Louisiana, by “William De L’Isle, de l’Academy Royale des Sciences, et Premier Geographe du Roy: a Paris: 1703” in the preparation of which Le Sueur probably assisted by his notes and observations.78 A section of this map, (lithograph23ed for Neill’s History of Minnesota), shows a traders trail marked “Chemin des Voyageurs,” across the State of Iowa, commencing at the Mississippi, a few miles below the mouth of the Wisconsin, and following west by a little north until in the vicinity of Spirit Lake, it struck just below the lowest of the lakes which are at the head of the Little Sioux river, upon which lower lake is marked “Village des Aiaoues ou Paoutez” (Pähutch’æ); then continuing due westward towards the Big Sioux this Chemin du Voyageurs bends a little southward towards the mouth of that river; on which river, near the Missouri, three or four villages of “Maha” (Omahaw), are marked. Besides these a couple of minor “Aianouez” villages are likewise set down at the west end of the Che24min des Voyageurs where it strikes the Big Sioux, which is apparently about the junction of “Fish Creek” with it: [See Waw-non-que-skoon-a’s map of Ioway migrations in Vol. III, Schoolcraft, page 256],79 and again further westward, considerably beyond the western termination of the “Chemin” on the James River, four minor villages of “Aiaouez” are also noted: while far south by a little east of the first mentioned main “Village des Aiaoues ou Paoutez,” upon the north or “left” bank of the Missouri river at a point nearly due west from the mouth of the “Des Moines ou le Moingona,” we find located the “Yoways,” and a few miles above them on the same side, the “Les Octotata”: which locations were not a great distance from the spot where the Ioway and Otoe now live upon one common “Reservation,” on the opposite side of the Missouri just within Nebraska.

ANTE-WHITE HISTORY OF THE IOWAY

For the history of the Ioway before the whites knew them, there is no data, beyond language and ancestral beliefs and customs, except their own vague traditions or those 25equally vague and uncertain of other tribes. The Reverends William Hamilton, and S. M. Irvin, their missionaries, communicated to Schoolcraft80 in 1848, this statement of “an old Ioway Indian [aged] about sixty years or more.”

The same missionary gentlemen, in the 26same paper, make these observations, which every one who has ever engaged in Indian researches, or in inquiries of the Indians themselves, will endorse as entirely correct:

Now, in regard to the story of the “old Ioway Indian” above quoted, it may be remarked that it is quite certain the Ioway Tribe did not “about sixty years” previous to 1848, that is, in 1788, live anywhere on the east side of the Mississippi, nor had they for more than a hundred years before 1848, and it is doubtful if they had ever done so since the advent of the whites upon the great lakes. But though documents extant nega27tive this story of the “old Ioway Indian” as to time, may there not be in this statement the shadowy tribal recollection of the period when they were a Band of the Hōtchankærä or Winnebago, and lived near them? This lake and river “east of the Mississippi,” their former residence, may have been Mille Lacs and its outlet in Minnesota, subsequently the home of the Sioux when first visited by De Groseilliers and Raddison,81 and then by 28 DuLuth82 and Hennepin? or the Chippeway River? or the Wisconsin? or Rock River? Traditions of the Santee [Esanyätē] Sioux who up to 1852 occupied the upper Mississippi in Minnesota allege that when they emigrated from the North the Ioway were in possession of the region around the mouth of the Minnesota river, and that they drove them away. On this head, two of their reliable missionaries, Reverends Dr. Williamson and G. H. Pond, have communicated articles to the Minnesota Historical Collections.

29

Mr. Pond writes, in the number for 1852, pages 23 and 24, as follows:

Dr. Williamson, on page 10 to 12, of the Minnesota Historical Collections of 1856, says:

In Schoolcraft’s Collections, Volume III, page 256, there is presented a map drawn by the Ioway Missionaries, the Reverends Hamilton and Irvin, from the rough draft of “Waw-non-que-skoon-a,” an Ioway brave, showing the successive migrations of the tribe: their starting point being given from the mouth of Rock River in Illinois: which last named river, it may be observed, answers exactly the description of the one on which was the ancient or first residence of the Tribe mentioned in the tradition before given as being “a river which runs from a lake to the Mississippi from the east, and on the east side of that river:” Rock river heading as is well known in the “Four Lakes” upon the banks of one of which Madison, the capital of Wisconsin, is built, and also in another, Lake Koshkonong; which lakes, however, did not become the seat of the Winnebago until long after they were known to the whites. The letter-press description37 of this map of the “Migrations of the Ioway,” Vol. III, at page 257, of Schoolcraft, we here copy, with additional explanations, inserted in brackets:

By the official returns made to the Indian Bureau, in 1848, they are stated at “a fraction under seven hundred and fifty souls,” but in Sub-Agent Vaughan’s report in the fall of the same year, 669 is the enumeration.89 In the report of 1844 their census is 41stated at 470. In 1701,90 D’Iberville’s memorial91 to France says:

In the report of the Indian Bureau for 1874, the Ioway and Otoe together, including some Sauk and some Missourie, numbered 864 persons.

It is recorded, that there were ten Ioway “Ayeouais”) with Montcalm and the French Army at the seige of Ticonderoga in July, 1757, and also 48 Winnebago (“Puants”)—De Tailly being their joint Interpreter.

According to Lieutenant Zebulon M. Pike’s report of 1806,93 the “Aiowais” were called by the French, colloquially, “Ne Perce”; which was probably “Nez Perce,” Pierced or Perforated Noses:94 the first syllable of Pähutchæ, their own tribal name, being translated nose, which in some word-relations would be correct; while probably the last two syllables—ru’tchæ—were deemed to be in the sense of Kēru’tchæ, a word signifying to divide or part. This was a near enough translation for the early French traders, who were not particular.

43

MA-HAS-KAH, THE YOUNGER

44

APPENDICES

45

APPENDIX A

THE IOWA CAMPING CIRCLE

The camping circle among the Iowa was usually divided into two half circles, each occupied by two phratries of four gentes each. These regulated the hunt and numerous other tribal affairs during the four seasons, the first phratry taking the lead during Autumn and Winter; the second during Spring and Summer.

The list which follows was prepared in part by Rev. William Hamilton about 1880 and before his death communicated to the late J. O. Dorsey, who added a considerable number of gentes and subgentes, some further assistance being obtained through the aid of a delegation of Iowa while on a visit to Washington.

48
49

APPENDIX B

TREATIES BETWEEN THE IOWA AND THE UNITED STATES, 1815-1861

(For further reference to treaties with complete amendments thereto see Laws and Treaties, by Charles J. Kappler, 2 vols. Washington, 1903. The early texts of some of the first peace negotiations previous to the publication date, can be found in the volumes of The American State Papers, edited by Walter Lowrie and Matthew St. C. Clarke, Indian Affairs, 2 vols. Washington, 1832. See also Royce, Cessions of Land by Indian Tribes to the United States, in Rep. B. A. E., vol. 1, 1881, and the same author’s Indian Land Cessions in the United States, Rep. B. A. E., 1889).

TREATY WITH THE IOWAS, [SEPTEMBER 16,] 1815

A treaty of peace and friendship, made and concluded at Portage des Sioux, between William Clark, Ninian Edwards, and Auguste Chouteau, Commissioners Plenipotentiary of the United States of America, on the part and behalf of the said States, of the one part; and the undersigned, King, Chiefs, and Warriors, of the Iaway Tribe or Nation, on the part and behalf of the said Tribe or Nation, of the other part.

The parties being desirous of re-establishing peace and friendship between the United States and the said tribe or nation, and of being placed in all things, and50 in every respect, on the same footing upon which they stood before the war, have agreed to the following articles:

Article 1

Every injury, or act of hostility, by one or either of the contracting parties against the other shall be mutually forgiven and forgot.

Article 2

There shall be perpetual peace and friendship between all the citizens of the United States and all the individuals composing the said Ioway tribe or nation.

Article 3

The contracting parties do hereby agree, promise, and oblige themselves, reciprocally to deliver up all the prisoners now in their hands, (by what means soever the same may have come into their possession,) to the officer commanding at St. Louis, to be by him restored to their respective nations, as soon as it may be practicable.

Article 4

The contracting parties, in the sincerity of mutual friendship, recognize, re-establish, and confirm, all and every treaty, contract, and agreement, heretofore concluded between the United States and the said Ioway tribe or nation.

TREATY WITH THE IOWAYS [AUG. 4,] 1824

Articles of a treaty made and concluded at the city of Washington, on the 4th day of August, 1824, between William Clark, Superintendent of Indian51 Affairs, being specially authorized by the President of the United States thereto, and the undersigned chiefs and headmen of the Ioway tribe or nation, duly authorized and empowered by the said nation.

Article I. The Ioway tribe or nation of Indians, by their deputies, Mah-hos-kah, (or White Cloud,) and Mah-ne-hah-nah, (or Great Walker,) in council assembled, do hereby agree, in consideration of a certain sum of money, etc., to be paid to the said Ioway tribe by the Government of the United States, as hereinafter stipulated, to cede and forever quit claim, and do, in behalf of their said tribe, hereby cede, relinquish, and forever quit claim, unto the United States, all right, title, interest, and claim to the lands which the said Ioway tribe have or claim within the State of Missouri, and situated between the Mississippi and Missouri rivers, and a line running from the Missouri, at the mouth or entrance of Kanzas river, north one hundred miles, to the northwest corner of the limits of the State of Missouri, and from thence east to the Mississippi.

Article II. It is hereby stipulated and agreed, on the part of the United States, as a full compensation for the claims and lands ceded by the Ioway tribe in the preceding article, there shall be paid to the said Ioway tribe, within the present year, in cash or merchandise, the amount of five hundred dollars; and the United States do further agree to pay to the said Ioway tribe five hundred dollars annually, for the term of ten succeeding years.

Article III. The chiefs and headmen, who sign this treaty, for themselves, and in behalf of their tribe, do acknowledge the lands east and south of the lines described in the first article, (which have been52 run and marked by Col. Sullivan,) so far as the Indians claimed the same, to belong to the United States; and that none of their tribe shall be permitted to settle or hunt upon any part of it, after the first day of January, one thousand eight hundred and twenty-six, without special permission from the superintendent of Indian affairs.

Article IV. The undersigned chiefs, for themselves, and all parts of the Ioway tribe, do acknowledge themselves and the said Ioway tribe to be under the protection of the United States of America, and of no other sovereign whatsoever; and they also stipulate that the said Ioway tribe will not hold any treaty with any foreign Powers, individual State, or with individuals of any State.

Article V. The United States engage to provide and support a blacksmith for the Ioway tribe, so long as the President of the United States may think proper, and to furnish the said tribe with such farming utensils and cattle, and to employ such persons to aid them in their agriculture, as the President may deem expedient.

Article VI. The annuities stipulated to be paid by the second article, to be paid either in money, merchandise, provisions, or domestic animals, at the option of the aforesaid tribe; and when the said annuities, or any part thereof, is paid in merchandise, it is to be delivered to them at the first cost of the goods at St. Louis, free from cost of transportation.

Article VII. This treaty shall take effect, and be obligatory on the contracting parties, so soon as the same shall be ratified by the President of the United States, by and with the advise and consent of the Senate thereof.53

In testimony whereof, the said William Clark, Commissioner as aforesaid, and the chiefs and headmen of the Ioway tribe of Indians, as aforesaid, have hereunto set their hands, the day and year first before written.

Wm. Clark.

(Signed, also, by the chiefs and headmen of the Ioway tribe.)

TREATY WITH THE SIOUX, ETC., AUG. 19, 1825

Treaty with the Sioux and Chippewa, Sacs and Fox, Menominie, Ioway, Sioux, Winnebago, and a portion of the Ottawa, Chippewa, and Potawattomie, Tribes.

The United States of America have seen with much regret, that wars have for many years been carried on between the Sioux and the Chippewas, and more recently between the confederated tribes of Sacs and Foxes, and the Sioux; and also between the Ioways and Sioux; which, if not terminated, may extend to the other tribes, and involve the Indians upon the Missouri, the Mississippi, and the Lakes, in general hostilities. In order, therefore, to promote peace among these tribes, and to establish boundaries among them and the other tribes who live in their vicinity, and thereby to remove all causes of future difficulty, the United States have invited the Chippewa, Sac, and Fox, Menominie, Ioway, Sioux, Winnebago, and a portion of the Ottowa, Chippewa, and Potawatomie Tribes of Indians living upon the Illinois, to assemble together, and in a spirit of mutual conciliation to accomplish these objects; and to aid therein, have appointed William Clark and Lewis Cass, Commissioners on their part, who have met the Chiefs, Warriors,54 and Representatives of the said tribes, and portions of tribes, at Prairie des Chiens, in the Territory of Michigan, and after full deliberation, the said tribes, and portions of tribes, have agreed with the United States, and with one another, upon the following articles:

Article I

There shall be a firm and perpetual peace between the Sioux and Chippewas; between the Sioux and the confederated tribes of Sacs and Foxes; and between the Ioways and the Sioux.

 ***

Article III

The Ioways accede to the arrangement between the Sacs and Foxes, and the Sioux; but it is agreed between the Ioways and the confederated tribes of the Sacs and Foxes, that the Ioways have a just claim to a portion of the country between the boundary line described in the next preceding article, and the Missouri and Mississippi; and that the said Ioways, and Sacs and Foxes, shall peaceably occupy the same, until some satisfactory arrangement can be made between them for a division of their respective claims to country.

 ***

Article XI

The United States agree, whenever the President may think it necessary and proper, to convene such of the tribes, either separately or together, as are interested in the lines left unsettled herein, and to recommend to them an amicable and final adjustment of their respective claims, so that the work, now hap55pily begun, may be consummated. It is agreed, however, that a Council shall be held with the Yancton band of the Sioux, during the year 1826, to explain to them the stipulations of this treaty, and to procure their assent thereto, should they be disposed to give it, and also with the Ottoes, to settle and adjust their title to any of the country claimed by the Sacs, Foxes, and Ioways.

 ***

Article XIII

It is understood by all the tribes, parties hereto, that no tribe shall hunt within the acknowledged limits of any other without their assent, but it being the sole object of this arrangement to perpetuate a peace among them, and amicable relations being now restored, the Chiefs of all the tribes have expressed a determination, cheerfully to allow a reciprocal right of hunting on the lands of one another, permission being first asked and obtained, as before provided for.

Article XIV

Should any causes of difficulty hereafter unhappily arise between any of the tribes, parties hereunto, it is agreed that the other tribes shall interpose their good offices to remove such difficulties; and also that the government of the United States may take such measures as they may deem proper, to effect the same object.

Article XV

This treaty shall be obligatory on the tribes, parties hereto, from and after the date hereof, and on the United States, from and after its ratification by the government thereof.

56

TREATY WITH THE SACS AND FOXES, ETC., JULY 15, 1830.95

[At Prairie du Chien]

Articles of a treaty made and concluded by William Clark, Superintendent of Indian Affairs and Willoughby Morgan, Col. of the United States 1st Regt. Infantry, Commissioners on behalf of the United States on the one part, and the undersigned Deputations of the Confederated Tribes of the Sacs and Foxes; the Medawah-Kanton, Wahpacoota, Wahpeton and Sissetong Bands or Tribes of Sioux; the Omahas, Ioways, Ottoes and Missourias on the other part.

 ***

Article IV

In consideration of the cessions and relinquishments made in the first, second, and third articles of this Treaty, the United States agree to pay to the Sacs, three thousand dollars,—and to the Foxes three thousand dollars; To the Sioux of the Mississippi two thousand dollars;—To the Yancton and Santie Bands of Sioux three thousand dollars;—To the Omahas, two thousand five hundred dollars;—To the Ioways two thousand five hundred dollars;—To the Ottoes and Missourias two thousand five hundred dollars, and to the Sacs of the Missouri River five hundred dollars; to be paid annually for ten successive years at such place, or places on the Mississippi or Missouri, as may be most convenient to said Tribes, either in money, merchandise, or domestic animals, at their option; 57 and when said annuities or any portion of them shall be paid in merchandise, the same is to be delivered to them at the first cost of the goods at St. Louis free of transportation. And the United States further agree to make to the said tribes and Bands, the following allowances for the period of ten years, and as long thereafter as the President of the United States may think necessary and proper, in addition to the sums herein before stipulated to be paid them; that is to say; To the Bands of the Sioux mentioned in the third article, one Blacksmith at the expense of the United States, and the necessary tools; also instruments for agricultural purposes, and iron and steel to the amount of seven hundred dollars;—To the Yancton and Santie Bands of Sioux, one Blacksmith at the expense of the United States, and the necessary tools, also instruments for agricultural purposes to the amount of four hundred dollars;—To the Omahas one Blacksmith at the expense of the United States, and the necessary tools, also instruments for agricultural purposes to the amount of five hundred dollars;—To the Ioways an assistant Blacksmith at the expense of the United States, also instruments for agricultural purposes to the amount of six hundred dollars;—To the Ottoes and Missourias one Blacksmith at the expense of the United States, and the necessary tools, also instruments for agricultural purposes to the amount of five hundred dollars; and to the Sacs of the Missouri River, one Blacksmith at the expense of the United States and the necessary tools; also instruments for agricultural purposes to the amount of two hundred dollars.

 ***

58

Article X

The Omahas, Ioways and Ottoes, for themselves, and in behalf of the Yancton and Santie Bands of Sioux, having earnestly requested that they might be permitted to make some provision for their half-breeds, and particularly that they might bestow upon them the tract of country within the following limits, to-wit; Beginning at the mouth of the Little Ne-mohaw River, and running up the main channel of said River to a point which will be ten miles from its mouth in a direct line; from thence in a direct line, to strike the Grand Ne-mohaw ten miles above its mouth, in a direct line (the distance between the two Ne-mohaws being about twenty miles)—thence down said River to its mouth; thence up, and with the Meanders of the Missouri River to the point of beginning, it is agreed that the half-breeds of said Tribes and Bands may be suffered to occupy said tract of land; holding it in the same manner, and by the same title that other Indian titles are held: but the President of the United States may hereafter assign to any of the said half-breeds, to be held by him or them in fee simple, any portion of said tract not exceeding a section, of six hundred and forty acres to each individual. And this provision shall extend to the cession made by the Sioux in the preceding Article.

Article XI

The reservation of land mentioned in the preceding Article having belonged to the Ottoes, and having been exclusively ceded by them; it is agreed that the Omahas, the Ioways and the Yanckton and Santie Bands of Sioux shall pay out of their annuities to the said Ottoe Tribe, for the period of ten years, Three hundred Dollars annually; of which sum the Oma59has shall pay one hundred Dollars, the Ioways one hundred Dollars, and the Yancton and Santie Bands one hundred dollars.

TREATY WITH THE IOWA, ETC., SEPT. 17, 1836

Articles of a treaty, made and concluded at Fort Leavenworth, on the Missouri river, between William Clark, Superintendent of Indian Affairs, on the part of the United States, of the one part, and the undersigned chiefs, warriors, and counsellors of the Ioway tribe and the band of Sacks and Foxes of the Missouri, (residing west of the State of Missouri,) in behalf of their respective tribes, of the other part.

Article 1

By the first article of the treaty of Prairie du Chien, held the fifteenth day of July eighteen hundred and thirty, with the confederated tribes of Sacks, Foxes, Ioways, Omahaws, Missourias, Ottoes, and Sioux, the country ceded to the United States by that treaty, is to be assigned and allotted under the direction of the President of the United States to the tribes living thereon, or to such other tribes as the President may locate thereon for hunting and other purposes.—And whereas it is further represented to us the chiefs, warriors, and counsellors of the Ioways and Sack and Fox band aforesaid, to be desirable that the lands lying between the State of Missouri and the Missouri river, should be attached to and become a part of said State, and the Indian title thereto, be entirely extinguished; but that, notwithstanding, as these lands compose a part of the country embraced by the provisions of said first article of the treaty aforesaid, the stipulations 60 thereof will be strictly observed until the assent of the Indians interested is given to the proposed measures.

Now we the chiefs, warriors, and counsellors of the Ioways, and Missouri band of Sacks and Foxes, fully understanding the subject, and well satisfied from the local position of the lands in question, that they never can be made available for Indian purposes, and that an attempt to place an Indian population on them, must inevitably lead to collisions with the citizens of the United States; and further believing that the extension of the State line in the direction indicated would have a happy effect, by presenting a natural boundary between the whites and Indians; and willing, moreover, to give the United States a renewed evidence of our attachment and friendship, do hereby for ourselves, and on behalf of our respective tribes, (having full power and authority to this effect,) forever cede, relinquish, and quit claim, to the United States, all our right, title, and interest of whatsoever nature in, and to, the lands lying between the State of Missouri and the Missouri river; and do freely and fully exonerate the United States from any guarantee; condition or limitation, expressed or implied, under the treaty of Prairie du Chien aforesaid, or otherwise, as to the entire and absolute disposition of the said lands, fully authorizing the United States to do with the same whatever shall seem expedient or necessary.

As a proof of the continued friendship and liberality of the United States towards the Ioways and band of Sacks and Foxes of the Missouri, and as an evidence of the sense entertained for the good will manifested by said tribes to the citizens and Government of the United States, as evinced in the preceding cession or 61 relinquishment, the undersigned, William Clark, agrees on behalf of the United States, to pay as a present to the said Ioways and band of Sacks and Foxes, seven thousand five hundred dollars in money, the receipt of which they hereby acknowledge.

Article 2

As the said tribes of Ioways and Sacks and Foxes, have applied for a small piece of land, south of the Missouri, for a permanent home, on which they can settle, and request the assistance of the Government of the United States to place them on this land, in a situation at least equal to that they now enjoy on the land ceded by them: Therefore I, William Clark, Superintendent of Indian Affairs, do further agree on behalf of the United States, to assign to the Ioway tribe, and Missouri band of Sacks and Foxes, the small strip of land on the south side of the Missouri river, lying between the Kickapoo northern boundary line and the Grand Nemahar river, and extending from the Missouri back and westwardly with the said Kickapoo line and the Grand Nemahar, making four hundred sections; to be divided between the said Ioways and Missouri band of Sacks and Foxes, the lower half to the Sacks and Foxes, and the upper half to the Ioways.

Article 3

The Ioways and Missouri band of Sacks and Foxes further agree, that they will move and settle on the lands assigned them in the above article, as soon as arrangements can be made by them; and the undersigned William Clark, in behalf of the United States, agrees, that as soon as the above tribes have selected62 a site for their villages, and places for their fields, and moved to them, to erect for the Ioways five comfortable houses, to enclose and break up for them two hundred acres of ground; to furnish them with a farmer, a blacksmith, schoolmaster, and interpreter, as long as the President of the United States may deem proper; to furnish them such, agricultural implements as may be necessary, for five years; to furnish them with rations for one year, commencing at the time of their arrival at their new homes; to furnish them with one ferry-boat; to furnish them with one hundred cows and calves and five bulls, and one hundred stock hogs when they require them; to furnish them with a mill and assist in removing them, to the extent of five hundred dollars. And to erect for the Sacks and Foxes three comfortable houses; to enclose and break up for them two hundred acres of ground; to furnish them, with a farmer, blacksmith, schoolmaster, and interpreter, as long as the President of the United States may deem proper; to furnish them with such agricultural implements as may be necessary, for five years; to furnish them with rations for one year, commencing at the time of their arrival at their new home; to furnish them with one ferry-boat; to furnish them with one hundred cows and calves and five bulls, one hundred stock hogs when they require them; to furnish them with a mill; and to assist in moving them, to the extent of four hundred dollars.

Article 4

This treaty shall be obligatory on the tribes, parties hereto, from and after the date hereof, and on the United States from and after its ratification by the Government thereof.63

TREATY WITH THE IOWA, NOV. 23, 1837

Articles of a treaty made at the city of Saint Louis, between Joshua Pilcher, thereto specially authorized by the President of the United States, and the Ioway Indians, by their chiefs and delegates.

Article 1st

The Ioway Indians cede to the United States all the right and interest in the land ceded by the treaty, concluded with them and other tribes on the 15th of July 1830, which they might be entitled to claim, by virtue of the phraseology employed in the second article of said treaty.

Article 2d

In consideration of the cession contained in the preceding article, the United States stipulate to pay them two thousand five hundred dollars ($2,500) in horses, goods and presents, upon their signing this treaty in the city of Saint Louis.

Article 3d

The expenses of this negotiation and of the chiefs and delegates signing this treaty to the city of Washington and to their homes to be paid by the United States.

Article 4th

This treaty to be binding upon the contracting parties when the same shall be ratified by the United States.

64

TREATY WITH THE IOWA, OCT. 19, 1838

Articles of a treaty made at the Great Nemowhaw sub-agency between John Dougherty Agent of Indian Affairs on the part of the United States, being specially authorized, and the chiefs and headmen of the Ioway tribe of Indians for themselves, and on the part of their tribe.

Article 1st

The Ioway tribe of Indians cede to the United States,

First. All right or interest in the country between the Missouri and Mississippi rivers, and the boundary between the Sacs and Foxes, and Sioux, described in the second article of the treaty made with these and other tribes, on the 19th of August, 1825, to the full extent to which said claim is recognized in the third article of said treaty, and all interest or claim by virtue of the provisions of any treaties since made by the United States with the Sacs and Foxes of the Mississippi.

Second. All claims or interest under the treaties of August 4th 1824, July 15th 1830, and September 17th 1836, except so much of the last mentioned treaty as secures to them two hundred sections of land the erection of five comfortable houses, to enclose and break up for them two hundred acres of ground to furnish them with a ferry boat, one hundred cows and calves, five bulls, one hundred head of stock hogs a mill and interpreter.

Article 2d

In consideration of the cession contained in the pre65ceding article, the United States agree to the following stipulations on their part.

First. To pay to the said Ioway tribe of Indians the sum of one hundred and fifty-seven thousand five hundred ($157,500) dollars.

Second. To invest said sum of one hundred and fifty-seven thousand five hundred (157,500) dollars, and to guaranty them an annual income of not less than five per cent. thereon during the existence of their tribe.

Third. To set apart annually such amount of said income as the chiefs and headmen of said tribe may require, for the support of a blacksmith shop agricultural assistance, and education to be expended under the direction of the President of the United States.

Fourth. To pay out of said income to Jeffrey Derroin interpreter for said tribe for services rendered, the sum of fifty dollars annually during his natural life the balance of said income shall be delivered, at the cost of the United States, to said tribe of Ioway Indians in money or merchandise, at their own discretion, at such time and place as the President may direct, Provided always That the payment shall be made each year in the month of October.

Article 3d

The United States further agree in addition to the above consideration to cause to be erected ten houses at such place or places on their own land as said Ioways may select, of the following description (viz.) each house to be ten feet high from bottom sill to top plate eighteen by twenty feet in the clear the roof to be well sheeted and shingled, the gable ends to be weather66 boarded a good floor above and below, one door and two windows complete, one chimney of stone or brick, and the whole house to be underpinned.

Article 4th

This treaty to be binding upon the contracting parties when the same shall be ratified by the United States.

TREATY WITH THE IOWA, [MAY 17,] 1854

Articles of agreement and convention made and concluded at the city of Washington, this seventeenth day of May, one thousand eight hundred and fifty-four, by George W. Manypenny, commissioner on the part of the United States, and the following-named delegates of the Ioway tribe of Indians, viz: Nan-chee-ning-a, or No Heart; Shoon-ty-ing-a, or Little Wolf; Wah-moon-a-ka, or the Man who Steals; and Nar-ge-ga-rash, or British; they being thereto duly authorized by said tribe.

Article 1

The Ioway tribe of Indians hereby cede, relinquish, and convey to the United States, all their right, title, and interest in and to the country, with the exception hereinafter named, which was assigned to them by the treaty concluded with their tribe and the Missouri band of Sacs and Foxes, by William Clark, superintendent of Indian affairs, on the seventeenth of September, one thousand eight hundred and thirty-six, being the upper half of the tract described in the second article thereof, as “the small strip of land on the south side of the Missouri River, lying between the67 Kickapoo northern boundary-line and the Grand Nemahaw River, and extending from the Missouri back westwardly with the said Kickapoo line and the Grand Nemahaw, making four hundred sections; to be divided between the said Ioways and Missouri band of Sacs and Foxes; the lower half to the Sacs and Foxes, the upper half to the Ioways,” but they except and reserve of said country, so much thereof as is embraced within and designated by the following metes and bounds, viz: Beginning at the mouth of the Great Nemahaw River where it empties into the Missouri; thence down the Missouri River to the mouth of Noland’s Creek; thence due south one mile; thence due west to the south fork of the Nemahaw River; thence down the said fork with its meanders to the Great Nemahaw River, and thence with the meanders of said river to the place of beginning, which country, it is hereby agreed, shall be the future and permanent home of the Ioway Indians.

Article 2

In consideration of the cession made in the preceding article, the United States agree to pay in the manner hereinafter prescribed, to the Ioway Indians, all the moneys received from the sales of the lands which are stipulated in the third article hereof, to be surveyed and sold—after deducting therefrom the costs of surveying, managing, and selling the same.

Article 3

The United States agree to have surveys made of the country ceded by the Ioways in article first in the same manner that the public lands are surveyed, and as68 soon as it can conveniently be done; and the President, after the surveys shall have been made and approved, shall proceed to offer said surveyed land for sale, at public auction, being governed therein by the laws of the United States respecting sales of public lands; and such of said lands as may not be sold at public sales, shall be subject to private entry in the manner that private entries are made of United States land; and all the land remaining unsold after being for three years subject to private entry at the minimum Government price, may by act of Congress, be graduated and reduced in price until the whole is disposed of, proper regard being had, in making such reduction, to the interests of the Ioways and the speedy settlement of the country. Until after the said land shall have been surveyed, and the surveys approved, no white persons or citizens shall be permitted to make thereon any location or settlement; and the provisions of the act of Congress, approved on the third day of March, one thousand eight hundred and seven, relating to lands ceded to the United States, shall, so far as they are applicable, be extended over the lands herein ceded.

Article 4

It being understood that the present division-line between the Ioways and the Sacs and Foxes of Missouri, as run by Isaac McCoy, will, when the surveys are made, run diagonally through many of the sections, cutting them into fractions; it is agreed that the sections thus cut by said line, commencing at the junction of the Wolf with the Missouri River, shall be deemed and taken as part of the land herein before ceded and directed to be sold for the benefit of the Ioways, until the quantity thus taken, including the69 before-recited reservation, and all the full sections north of said line, shall amount to two hundred sections of land. And should the Sacs and Foxes of Missouri consent to a change of their residence and be so located by the United States as to occupy any portion of the land herein ceded and directed to be sold for the benefit of the Ioways, west of the tract herein reserved, the Ioways hereby agree to the same, and consent to such an arrangement, upon the condition that a quantity of land equal to that which may be thus occupied by the Sacs and Foxes, and of as good quality, shall be set apart for them out of the country now occupied by the last-named tribe, contiguous to said division-line, and sold for their benefit as hereinbefore provided.

Article 5

As the receipts from the sales of the lands cannot now be determined, it is agreed that the whole subject shall be referred to the President of the United States, who may, from time to time, prescribe how much of the proceeds thereof shall be paid out to the Ioway people, and the time and mode of such payment, and also how much shall be invested in safe and profitable stocks, the principal of which to remain unimpaired, and the interest to be applied annually for the civilization, education, and religious culture of the Ioways and such other objects of a beneficial character as may be proper and essential to their well-being and prosperity: provided, that if necessary, Congress may, from time to time, by law, make such regulations in regard to the funds arising from the sale of said lands, and the application thereof for the benefit of the70 Ioways, as may in the wisdom of that body seem just and expedient.

Article 6

The President may cause the country the Ioways have reserved for their future home, to be surveyed, at their expense, and in the same way as the public lands are surveyed, and assign to each person or family such portion thereof as their industry and ability to manage business affairs may, in his opinion, render judicious and proper; and Congress may hereafter provide for the issuing to such persons, patents for the same, with guards and restrictions for their protection in the possession and enjoyment thereof.

Article 7

Appreciating the importance and the benefit derived from the mission established among them by the board of foreign missions of the Presbyterian Church, the Ioways hereby grant unto the said board a tract of three hundred and twenty acres of land, to be so located as to include the improvements at the mission, and also a tract of one hundred and sixty acres of timbered land, to be selected by some agent of the board from the legal subdivisions of the surveyed land; and the President shall issue a patent or patents for the same, to such person or persons as said board may direct. They further grant to John B. Roy, their interpreter, a tract of three hundred and twenty acres of land, to be selected by him in “Wolf’s Grove,” for which the President shall also issue a patent.

Article 8

The debts of Indians contracted in their private71 dealings as individuals, whether to traders or otherwise, shall not be paid out of the general fund.

Article 9

As some time must elapse before any benefit can be derived from the proceeds of the sale of their land, and as it is desirable that the Ioways should at once engage in agricultural pursuits and in making improvements on the tract hereinbefore reserved for them, it is hereby agreed that, of the fund of one hundred and fifty-seven thousand five hundred dollars, set apart to be invested by the second clause of the second article of the treaty concluded on the nineteenth day of October, one thousand eight hundred and thirty-eight, a sum not exceeding one hundred thousand dollars shall be paid to the Indians, or expended under the direction of the President for the erection of houses, breaking and fencing lands, purchasing stock, farming utensils, seeds, and such other articles as may be necessary for their comfort. Fifty thousand dollars, or so much thereof as may be deemed expedient, to be paid during the year commencing on the first of October, one thousand eight hundred and fifty-four; and the other fifty thousand dollars, or so much thereof as shall be deemed expedient, to be paid during the year commencing on the first of October, one thousand eight hundred and fifty-five. The residue of said fund of one hundred and fifty-seven thousand five hundred dollars on hand after the payments herein provided for have been made shall remain as a trust fund, the interest upon which, as well as the interest that may have accrued on the portion drawn out, shall be applied, under the di72rection of the President, to educational or other beneficial purposes among the Ioways.

Article 10

It is agreed that all roads and highways laid out by authority of law shall have a right of way through the lands herein reserved, on the same terms as are provided by law when roads and highways are made through the lands of citizens of the United States; and railroad companies, when the lines of their roads necessarily pass through the lands of the Ioways, shall have right of way on the payment of a just compensation therefor in money.

Article 11

The Ioways promise to renew their efforts to suppress the introduction and use of ardent spirits in their country, to encourage industry, thrift, and morality, and by every possible effort to promote their advancement in civilization. They desire to be at peace with all men, and they bind themselves to commit no depredation or wrong upon either Indians or citizens; and whenever difficulties arise they will abide by the laws of the United States, in such cases made and provided, as they expect to be protected and to have their rights vindicated by them.

Article 12

The Ioway Indians release the United States from all claims and demands of every kind and description arising under former treaties, and agree to remove themselves within six months after the ratification of this instrument, to the lands herein reserved for73 their homes; in consideration whereof, the United States agree to pay to said Indians five thousand dollars—two thousand of which with such portion of balances of former appropriations of interest-fund as may not now be necessary under specific heads, may be expended in the settlement of their affairs preparatory to removal.

Article 13

The object of this instrument being to advance the interests of the Ioway people, it is agreed, if it prove insufficient, from causes which cannot now be foreseen, to effect these ends, that the President may, by and with the advice and consent of the Senate, adopt such policy in the management of their affairs, as, in his judgment, may be most beneficial to them; or Congress may hereafter make such provision by law as experience shall prove to be necessary.

Article 14

This instrument shall be obligatory on the contracting parties whenever the same shall be ratified by the President and the Senate of the United States.

TREATY WITH THE SAUK AND FOXES, ETC., [MAR. 6,] 1861

Articles of agreement and convention made and concluded at the office of the Great Nemaha agency, Nebraska Territory, on the sixth day of March, A. D. one thousand eight hundred and sixty-one, by and between Daniel Vanderslice, U. S. Indian agent, on the part of the United States, and the following-named delegates of the Sacs and Foxes of Missouri, 74viz: Pe-ta-ok-a-ma, Ne-sour-quoit, Mo-less, and Se-se-ah-kee; and the following-named delegates of the Iowa tribe, viz: No-heart, Nag-ga-rash, Mah-hee, To-hee, Tah-ra-hee, Thur-o-mony, and White Horse; they being duly authorized thereto by their respective tribes.

 ***

Article 3

The Iowa tribe of Indians, parties to this agreement, hereby cede, relinquish, and convey to the United States, for the use and benefit of the Sacs and Foxes of Missouri, for their permanent home, all that part of their present reservation lying and being west of Nohearts Creek, and bounded as follows, viz: Beginning at a point where the southern line of the present Iowa reserve crosses Nohearts Creek; thence with said line to the south fork of the Nemaha, (commonly known as Walnut Creek;) thence down the middle of said south fork, with the meanders thereof, to its mouth, and to a point in the middle of the Great Nemaha River; thence down the middle of said river to a point opposite the mouth of Nohearts Creek; and thence, in a southerly direction with the middle of said Nohearts Creek, to the place of beginning. And it is hereby understood and agreed that, in full consideration for said cession, the United States shall hold in trust, for the use and benefit of the Iowas, the one-half of the net proceeds of the sales of the lands described in the second article of this agreement, and interest thereon, at the rate of five per centum per annum, shall be paid to the Iowa tribe in the same manner as their annuities are paid under the treaty75 of May 17, 1854. The reservation herein described shall be surveyed and set apart for the exclusive use and benefit of the Sacs and Foxes of Missouri, and the remainder of the Iowa lands shall be the tribal reserve of said Iowa Indians for their exclusive use and benefit.

 ***

Article 5

In order to encourage education among the aforesaid tribes of Indians, it is hereby agreed that the United States shall expend the sum of one thousand dollars for the erection of a suitable school-house, and dwelling-house for the school teacher, for the benefit of the Sacs and Foxes, and also the additional sum of two hundred dollars per annum for school purposes, so long as the President of the United States may deem advisable. And for the benefit of the Iowa tribe of Indians there shall be expended, in like manner, at the discretion of the President, the sum of three hundred dollars per annum, for school purposes, which two last-mentioned sums shall be paid out of the funds to be appropriated for the civilization of Indians.

 ***

Article 8

It is hereby understood and agreed by the contracting parties hereto that the stipulations of the treaty with the Sacs and Foxes of Missouri of May 18th, 1854, and the treaty with the Iowa Indians of the 17th of May, 1854, which may not be inconsistent with these articles of convention, shall have full force and effect upon the contracting parties hereto.

 ***

76

Article 10

The Secretary of the Interior may expend a sum not exceeding three thousand five hundred dollars, ($3,500,) out of the proceeds of the sales of said lands, at any time he may deem it advisable, for the purpose of erecting a toll-bridge across the Great Nemaha River, at or near Roy’s Ferry, for the use of the Iowa Indians; and a like sum of three thousand five hundred dollars, ($3,500,), out of the proceeds of the sales of said lands, for the purpose of erecting a toll-bridge across the Great Nemaha River, at or near Wolf Village, for the use of the Sacs and Foxes of Missouri.

77

APPENDIX C

IOWA SYNONYMY

Agones.—Boudinot, Star in the West, 125, 1816.
Agouais.—De Ligney (1726) in Wis. Hist. Soc. Coll., 1, 22, 1854.
Agoual.—Chauvignerie (1736) quoted by Schoolcraft, Ind. Tribes, III, 557, 1853.
Agoues.—Hutchins (1764), ibid.
Ah-e-o-war.—Orig. Jour. Lewis and Clark, VI, 91, 1905.
Aiaoua.—Perrot (1689), Mém., 196, 1864.
Aiaouais.—Ibid., index.
Aiaouez.—Jefferys, French Dom. in Am., 1, 139, 1761.
Aiauway.—Orig. Jour. Lewis and Clark (1804), 1, 61, 1904.
Aiavvis.—Le Sueur quoted by Ramsey in Minn. Hist. Soc. Coll., 1, 45, 1872.
Aieways.—Orig. Jour. Lewis and Clark (1804), 1, 45, 1904.
Aijoues.—Schoolcraft, Ind. Tribes, III, 522, 1853.
Ainones.—Membre (1680) quoted by Hayden, Ethnog. and Philol. Mo. Vol., 445, 1862.
Ainoves.—Hennepin, New Discov., 132, 1698.
Aioaez.—Coues, Lewis and Clark Exped., 1, 19, note, 43, 1893.
Aiouez.—Charlevoix (1723) in Margry, Dec., VI, 526, 1886.
Aiounouea.—Hennepin (1680-82) in Margry, Déc., 11, 258, 1877.
Aiowais.—Pike, Trav., 134, 1811.
Aisnous.—McKenny and Hall, Ind. Tribes, III, 80, 1584.
Ajaouez.—Jefferys, Fr. Dom. Am., pt. 1, map 1, 1761.
Ajouas.—Smet, Miss. de l’Oregon, 108, 1848.
Ajoues.—Bowles, map Am., ca. 1750.
Ajouez.—Perrot, Mém., index, 1864.
78Anjoues.—Buchanan, N. Am. Inds., 155, 1824.
Aöais.—N. Y. Doc. Col. Hist., X, 630, 1858.
Aonays.—Smet, Letters, 38, note, 1843 (misprint).
Aouas.—Cabeça de Vaca misquoted by Schoolcraft, Ind. Tribes, II, 37, 1852 (error).
Avauwais.—Lewis and Clark, Trav., 14, 1807.
Avoy.—Neill, Hist Minn., 200, 1858.
Avoys.—Wis. Hist. Soc. Coll., 1, 32, 1854.
Ayahwa.—Coues, Lewis and Clark Exped., 1, 20, note, 1893.
Ayauais.—Drake, Bk. Inds., VI, 1848.
Ayauvai.—Coues, Lewis and Clark Exped., 1, 19, note, 1893.
Ayauwais.—Lewis and Clark, Discov., 17, 1806.
Ayauwas.—Lapham, Blossom, and Dousman, Inds. Wis., 3, 1870.
Ayauwaus.—Orig. Jour. Lewis and Clark, 1, 91, 1904.
Ayauway.—Ibid., 45.
Ayavois.—La Harpe and Le Sueur (1699) quoted by Long, Exped. St. Peter’s R., II, 320, 1824.
Ayawai.—Coues, Lewis and Clark, 1, 19, note, 1893.
Ayaways.—Lewis and Clark, Trav., II, 442, 1814.
Ayeouais.—Neill, Hist. Minn., 197, 1858.
Aye8ais.—N. Y. Doc. Col Hist., X, 608, 1858.
Ayoa.—Martin, Hist. La., 301, 1882.
Ayoes.—Perrot (1689) in Minn. Hist. Soc. Coll., II, pt. 2, 24, 1864.
Ayoes.—ditto in Wis. Hist. Soc. Coll., XVI, 14, 1902.
Ayoois.—Bienville (1722) in Margry, Déc., VI, 407, 1886.
Ayoouais.—Beauharnois and Hocquart (1731) in Margry, Déc., VI, 570, 1886.
Ayooués.—Iberville (1702) quoted by Neill, Hist. Minn., 172, 1858.
Ayo8ois.—N. Y. Doc. Col. Hist., IX, 1055, 1855.
Ayoua.—Adelung, Mithridates, III, 271, 1816.
Ayouas.—See Chauvignerie’s Report of Census, etc., 1736.
Ayouahs.—Domenech, Deserts N. Am., II, 34, 1860.
Ayoues.—Neill, Hist. Minn., 173, 1858.
Ayouez.—Lamothe Cadillac (1695) in Margry, Déc., V, 124, 1883.
Ayouwa.—Pike, Trav., map, 1811.
Ayou79wais.—Lewis and Clark, Discov., 49, 1806.
Ayou-ways.—Ibid., 29.
Ayovai.—Coues, Lewis and Clark Exped., 1, 20, note, 1893.
Ayovois.—Bienville, (1722) in Margry, Déc., VI, 396, 1886.
Ayowa.—Gatschet, Kaw MS. vocab., B. A. E., 27, 1878 (Kansa name).
Ayowas.—Maximilian, Travels, 507, 1843.
Ayoway.—Lewis and Clark, Exped., 1, 487, 1817.
Ayuhba.—Riggs, Dak. Gramm. and Dict., 278, 1852.
Ayuhuwahak.—Gatschet, Fox MS., B. A. E., (Fox name).
Ayukba.—Williamson in Minn. Hist. Soc. Coll., 1, 299, 1872.
Dusty-Nose.—Schoolcraft, Ind. Tribes, III, 262, 1853.
Ho-wah.—Ramsey in Ind. Aff. Rep., 1849, 74, 1850, (Mdewakanton name).
Iawai.—Coues, Lewis and Clark Exped., 1, 20, note, 1893.
Iawas.—La Harpe and Le Sueur (1699) quoted by Long, Exped. S. Peter’s R., II, 320, 1824.
Iaways.—Orig. Jour. Lewis and Clark, VI, 91, 1905.
I-ho-wa.—Bradford’s Notes on the Northwest, 1846.
Ihoway.—Sen. Doc. 21, 18th Cong., 2d sess., 5, 1825.
Ioewaig.—Tanner, Narr., 316, 1830 (Ottawa name).
Iowa.—Pike, Trav., 134, 1811.
Ioway.—Pike, Exped., 112, 1810.
Iyakhba.—Williamson in Minn. Geol. Rep. for 1884, 106 (Santee Dakota name). Iyakhwa.—Ibid. (Teton name).
Iyuhba.—Riggs, Dak. Gram, and Dict., 278, 1852 (trans. ‘sleepy ones’).
Jowai.—Ann de la Propag. de la Foi, III, 569, 1828.
Jowas.—Pike, Trav., 123, 1811.
Joways.—Schermerhorn (1812) in Mass Hist. Soc. Coll., 2nd s. II, 39, 1814.
Máqude.—Dorsey, Cegiha MS. Dict., B. A. E. 1878. (Omaha and Ponca name).
Minowas.—Rafinesque in Marshall, Hist. Ky., I, 28, 1824, (confounding Iowa with Missouri).
Nadoessi Mascouteins.—Jes. Rel. 1676-77, Thwaites ed., LX, 203, 1900.
80 Nadouessi—Maskoutens.—Perrot, Mém., index, 1864. Nadouessioux Des prairies.—Ibid., 237.
Nadouessioux Maskoutens.—Minn. Hist. Soc Coll., II, pt. 2, 30, note, 1864 (Sioux of the Prairies: Algonkin name).
Ne persa.—Orig. Jour. Lewis and Clark, VI, 91, 1905, (i. e., Nez Percés; given as traders’ nickname).
Ouias.—Am. State Papers, Ind. Off., 1, 93, 1832.
Ovas.—Barcia, Ensayo, 238, 1723.
Oyoa.—Du Lac, Voy. dans les Louisianes, 232, 1805.
Pa-ho-cha.—Hamilton in Trans. Neb. State Hist. Soc., 1, 47, 1885, (trans. ‘dusty men’).
Pa-ho-dje.—Maximilian, Trav., 507, 1843 (trans. ‘dust-noses’).
Pa-ho-ja.—Long, Exped. Rocky Mts., 1, 339, 1823 (trans. ‘gray snow’).
Pa-h8tet.—Marquette (1673) in Shea, Discov., 268, map, 1852.
Pahucae.—Hamilton and Irvin, Ioway Gram., 17, 1848.
Pa-hu-cha.—Schoolcraft, Ind. Tribes, III, 262, 1853.
Pa-kuh-tha.—Morgan, Anc. Soc., 156, 1877.
Paoté.—La Salle (1682) in Margry, Déc., 11, 215, 1877.
Paoutées.—La Harpe, from Le Sueur’s Jour. (1700) in Shea, Early Voy., 93, 1861.
Paoutés.—Le Sueur (1700) in Margry, Déc., VI, 70, 1886. Paoutez.—Jefferys, Am. Atlas, map 5, 1776.
Paqocte.—Dorsey in Trans. Anthrop. Soc., Wash., 11, 10, 1883.
Pá-qo-tce.—Dorsey, Kansa MS. vocab., B. A. E., 1882 (Kansa name).
Pá-qu-te.—Dorsey, Kwa-pa. MS. vocab., B. A. E., 1881, (Quapaw name).
Pá-quʇse.—Dorsey, Osage MS. vocab., B. A. E., 1883 (Osage name).
Pashóhan.—Gatschet, Pawnee MS., B. A. E., (Pawnee name).
Passinchan.—Doc. 1720 quoted by Bandelier in Arch. Inst. Pap., V, 203, 1890.
Pauhoochees.—McKenny and Hall, Ind. Tribes, II, 209, 1854.
Páxodshe.—Gatschet, Kaw MS. vocab., B. A. E., 27, 1878 (Kansa name).
Pierced Noses.81Long, Exped. Rocky Mts., 1, 339, 1823.
Wa-qōtc.—Dorsey, Winnebago MS. vocab., B. A. E., 1886 (Winnebago name).
Yahowa.—Beltrami, Pilgrimage, II, 151, 1828.
Yoways.—De l’Isle, Map of La., in Neill, Hist. Minn., 164, 1858.
Yuahés.—Iberville (1700) in Margry, Déc., IV, 440, 1880 (identical?).
Zaivovois.—Haldimand, according to Catlin, quoted by Donaldson in Smithson. Rep. for 1885, pt. 2, 145, 1886.

82
83

APPENDIX D

A list of the names of some of the more prominent members of the Iowa tribe, excluding half-breeds.

(Compiled from various sources)

FOOTNOTES:

91

INDEX

(Names of Iowa Indians not included in Index. See proper appendix)

• Accault, Michel. La Salle’s companion. xxii, note
• Account of an Expedition from Pittsburg to the Rocky Mountains, Maj. S. H. Long, leader. xxxiv
• Account of an Expedition to the Sources of the Mississippi and through the Western Part of Louisiana, etc., An. By Pike. xvi, xxiv, xxv, note. xxxiv, 42
• Algonquian family, Eries, an important tribe of the. x, note.
  Referred to, 34
• Alleghany Mountains, 33, 40
• Allen, Dr. J. A. The American Bisons, Living and Extinct, 1876. 39, note.
  • History of the American Bison, 1877. xxv, note
• American Antiquarian, Dorsey’s article in. xvii, note
• American Bisons, Living and Extinct, The. By Allen. 39, note
• American Fur Trade of the Far West, The. By Chittenden. xxiii, note
• American State Papers, Indian Affairs. Ed. by Lowrie and Clarke. 49
• Among the Quakers. By Richman. xxi, note
• André, Father Louis. xxi, xxv. 1, note. 10, note. 11, note
• Annals of Iowa, W. W. Hildreth writes in, concerning name of the Iowa. xviii, note. xix, note
• Annals of Louisiana, by Penicaut. 4, note
• approaching dance, The. xxxiii
• Arapaho Indians, x
• Arkansas River, 35
• arrow, Game of. xxx
• Attacapa Indians, x
• Ayuhba, A name given the Iowa. xx, note
•  
• Bald Island. See Prairie Island
• ball-play dance, The. xxxiii
• ball-playing, or racket, xxx
• Baltimore, Maryland, 5, note
• “Baptiste,” i.e., Winnebago ex-chief, also known as “The Half Breed,” 7, 8
• Bean, Maj. Jonathan L. 6, note
• bear dance, The. xxxiii
• beaver skins, in connection with Le Seuer’s mines, 12, note
• Bibliography of the Lewis and Clark Expedition, by Miner. 5, note
• Bibliotheque du Roi, The. In Paris. 22, note
• Bienville, Sueur d’. 19, 20, note
• Big Platte River, xxiv, note
• Big Sioux River, 23, 24
• Bison americanus, French names for. xxv, note
• Black Dog. See Grey Iron
• Black Hawk War, 39, note
• Black River, 17
• Black Tomahawk, a Sioux Indian, 29, 30
• Blue Earth Country, 7;
  • post at, 21;
  • region, 3, 35;
  • river, xx, 9, 11, note. 12, 14, 17, 18, 32
• Bodleian Library, The. 27, note
• Bois Brulé trading route, 13, note
• Bouquet, Henry. 1, note. 40
• Brewer, L. A. Ed. of Lea’s Notes on the Wisconsin Territory. 2, note
• Brie, France, 27, note
• British Museum, The. 28, note
• Brower, Jacob V. 27, note
• Bulletin of the Philosophical Society, Dorsey’s article in. xvii, note
• Bureau of American Ethnology, The. xii, xiii, 4, note. 5, note. 41, note
•  
• Caddoan family, Oroyelles probably of the. x, note
• calumet dance, The. xxxiii
• 92Campbell, Henry Colin. His Account of Radisson and Grosseillers. 27, note
• camp circle, Division among the Iowa. xxv.
• Cannon River, 34
• Carte de la Louisiane, by Franquelin. xxiii, note. ibid, note
• Carte du Canada ou de la Nouvelle France et des Decouvertes que y ont Ete Faites, by Delisle. 22, note
• Carver, Capt. Jonathan. 32
• Catlin, George. His map of 1833. xx, note.
  • “Catlinite,” named after. xxv, note. xxviii, ibid, note. xxix, xxxi, xxxii, note.
  • His Works, xxxiv, 1, note
• catlinite, xxv, ibid, note
• Cass, Gen. Lewis, his ms. census of Indian tribes. 21, ibid, note. 40, 53
• Celeron, Jean Baptiste, Sieur de Blainville. 41, note
• Census of Indian tribes, First attempt toward a. 21,
  Chauvignerie’s referred to, ibid, note
• Cessions of Land by the Indians to the United States, by Royce. 49
• Chaienne. See Cheyenne Indians.
• Champigny, Jean Bochart de. Intendant. 12, note
• Chariton River, 38
• Charlevoix, Pierre Francois Xavier de. xviii, note. 4,
  • his Histoire et Description Generale de la Nouvelle France, ibid, note;
  • his Journal d’Un Voyage, ibid.
• Chauvignerie, Michel Maray, sieur de. 21, note.
  His report, 41, ibid, note
• Chequamegon, Wisconsin, 13, note. 22, note
• Cheyenne Indians, Allied to the Arapahoes, and other Plains Indians. x, note. xx, ibid, note.
  • (Shien-Sha-i-ena-Chainne-Shiene) 31, 34, 35
• Cheyenne Indians, The. By Mooney. xx, note
• Chippewa Indians, (Chippeway), 9, 53, 54
• Chippeway River, 28
• Chittenden, Capt. Hiram Martin. His American Fur Trade. xxiii, note
• Chiwere group. Formed by the Oto, Missouri and Iowa tribes. xvii
• Choctaw Indians, x, note
• Chouteau, Auguste. 49
• Clarke, Matthew St. C. ed. with Walter Lowrie of The American State Papers. 49
• Clark, William. 49, 50, 53, 56, 59, 61, 66
• Clark, W. P. The Indian Sign Language. xvi, note
• Colbert River. See Mississippi River
• Colonial Mobile, by Hamilton. Cited, 20, note
• Columbus, Christopher. 31
• Commissioner of Indian Affairs, Report of. 1, note
• Congressional Library, The. 4, 12, ibid, note
• Contributions to the Ethnography and Philology of the Indian Tribes of the Missouri Valley, by Hayden. xxxiv, xxxv
• Coteau des Prairies, 38
• Coues, Dr. Elliott. His edition of Lewis and Clark’s Travels. xxiii,
  • his edition of The Henry and Thompson Journals, xxiii, note.
  • Of Pike’s Travels, xxv, note.
  • Lewis and Clark 5, note
• Council Bluffs, Iowa, xxiii, note
• Crow Indians, 35
• Culin, Stewart. Games of the North American Indians, xxviii, note. xxxi, note
• “Cut Throats,” or a “Cut Throat,” Name given the Iowa by Mallery. xvi
•  
• “Dakota-Lexicon,” i.e., Dakota-English Dictionary, by Rev. S. R. Riggs. 5, ibid, note;
  • ed. by Dorsey, ibid., 8, 10
• Dakota or Siouan stock, Iowa included in one of the southwestern branches of. xvii, xviii, note. xxi, xxv;
  • Proved in the management of children. xxvii,
  • referred to, 5, 8, 9,
  • Indians, 14, 16, 29, 30, 31, 32, 33, 34, 35
• Davis, Andrew McFarland. Indian Games. xxviii, note. 3, note
• Decouvertes et Etablissements des Francais dans l’Ouest et dans le Sud de l’Amerique Septentrionale, by Margry. 3, note. 4, note. 12, note
• Delisle, Claude and Guillaume, their map of northwestern Louisiana, 93 i.e., Carte du Canada ou de la Nouvelle France et des Decouvertes que y ont Ete Faites. 22, ibid, note. 23, note
• De Menil, Dr. A. N., his Literature of the Louisiana Territory. 13, note
• Denonville, Jacques René de Brisay, Marquis de. 14, note
• Derroin, Jeffrey. Iowa interpreter, 65
• Des Moines River, xxii, xxiii, 9, 14, 24, 37, 38, 40
• De Soto, Ferdinand. 23, note
• De Tailly—an interpreter, 42
• d’Evaque, M. Left by Le Sueur in charge of Fort l’Huillier. 19, 21
• Dieppe, France, 20, note
• “Dirty Face,” or “Dusty Nose.” i.e., Pa-ho-ches, xviii, note
• Discovery and Exploration of the Mississippi Valley, by Shea. xv
• Donaldson, Thomas. 1, note
• Dorsey, J. O. His articles in American Antiquarian, 1879, and Bulletin of the Philosophical Society, 1880. xvii, note. xviii, note.
  • In Journal of American Folklore, 1891, xxvi, note, xxvii, note.
  • In Bull. 30, B. A. E. 6, note, 45
• Dougherty, John. 64
• Drake, Samuel J. 1, note
• “Drowsy Ones,” an Iowa cognomen, 8
• Dublin, Ireland, 12, note
• Du Luth, Daniel Greysolon. 28,
  • various spellings, of the name, ibid, note
• Duluth, Minnesota. 28, note
• Duralde manuscripts, The. In the Library of the American Philosophical Society. xi, note. 12, note
• “Dusty-Heads,” 6, ibid, note. 8, 10
• “Dusty Nose” or “Dirty Face,” i.e., Pa-ho-ches, From Schoolcraft. xviii, note. 6, ibid, note. 7
• Dutouret, Vincent. His Examen sur Toutes les Cartes Generales des quatre parties de le Terre, mises au jour, par feu Delisle, dupuis 1700, jusqu’a en 1725, pour Servir d’Eclaircissement sur la Geographis, 1728. 23, note
•  
• eagle dance, The. xxxiii
• Early Voyages Up and Down the Mississippi, by Shea. 3, note. 12, note
• Edwards, Ninian. 49
• Erie Indians, x
• Examen sur Toutes les Cartes Generales des quatre parties de le terre, mises au jour, par feu Delisle, dupuis 1700, jusqu’a en 1725, pour Servir d’Eclaircissement sur la Geographis, 1728, by Dutouret. 23, note
• Extermination of the American Bison, The. By Hornaday, 39, note
•  
• Falls Dwellers, The. 9
• Falls of St. Anthony, xix, 31, 39
• Field Columbian Museum, Catalog, xxxi, note
• First Great Canadian, The. By Reed. 20, note
• Fish Creek, 24, 37
• Fisher, William. Publisher of the 1812 issue of Lewis and Clark’s Travels. 5, note
• Fletcher, Alice C. Writing in Publications of the Peabody Museum. xxvi, note.
  • Her paper Tribal Structure, in The Putnam Anniversary Volume, xxix, note
• Fletcher, J. E. His paper on the Winnebago in Schoolcraft’s Indian Tribes, vol. iii, 37
• Ford, Worthington C. xiii
• Forts:
  • Leavenworth, 38, 39, 59
  • l’Huillier, xxiv, 18, 19
  • Perrot, 13, ibid, note, 14, 19
  • Snelling, 29
• Foster, Dr. Thomas. ix, x, xi, xviii, note. 4, note. 5, note. 6, note. 34, note. 41, note
• “Four Lakes,” The. 36
• Fourteen Ioway Indians, The. An important pamphlet by George Catlin. xxviii, note. xxxi, note. xxxii, note. xxxiii, note.
  • French translation of, ibid
• Fox Indians, xxiv, xxvii, 7, 17, 21, 41, note. 53, 54, 55, 56, 59, 60, 61, 62, 64, 66, 67, 68, 69, 73, 74, 75, 76
• France, 3, note
• Franquelin, Jean Baptiste Louis. His map of 1684. xxiii, note.
  • 94 Carte de la Louisiane, the facsimile, ibid.
• French, B. F. Historical Collections of Louisiana. 3, note. 4, note. 12, note
• Fulton, A. R. The Red Men of Iowa. xiii, xix, note
•  
• Gallatin, Albert. 34
• Gayarre, C. E. A. History of Louisiana. 20, note
• Goodfellow, F. J. his article in South Dakota Historical Collections. xxiv, note
• Grammar and Dictionary of the Dakota Language, by Riggs. 5, note
• Grand Nemaha River, i.e., Great Nemaha River. 58, 61, 67, 74, 76
• Grand River, 38, 39, note
• Gray Snow, An Iowa cognomen. xviii, note. 6, note
• Great Lakes, 53
• Great Nemaha Agency, (or sub agency), 40, 64, 73,
  • River. xxiv, 2, 7, 39
• Great Nemaha River. See Grand Nemaha River
• Great Platte River. See Nebraska River
• Green Bay, Wisconsin. xxi, 10
• “green earth,” Iberville’s copper mines. 3, note
• Grey Iron or Black Dog, a Sioux Indian. 30, 34
• Groseilliers, Medard Chouart, sieur des. 27, ibid, note. 28, note
•  
• Hamilton, Peter. His Colonial Mobile cited. 20, note
• Hamilton, Rev. William. xxvii, note. 1, note. 7, ibid, note. 25, 36, 45
• Harahey, W. E. Richey refers to this in connection with Iowa. xix, note
• Havana, Cuba. Iberville dies in. 20, note
• Hayden, F. V. Contributions to the Ethnography and Philology of the Indian Tribes of the Missouri Valley. xxxiv, xxxv
• Hennepin, Father Louis. 28, 32, 35
• Hennepin Letter, La Salle’s. xxii. 11, note
• Henry and Thompson Journals, The. Coues ed. xxiii, note
• Hewitt, J. N. B. Writes on consanguinity in Bull. 30 B. A. E. xxvi, note
• Hildreth, W. W. On the name “Gray Snow.” xviii, note
• Historical Collections of Louisiana, by French. 3, note. 4, note. 12, note
• Histoire et Description Générale de la Nouvelle France, by Charlevoix. 4, note
• History of Louisiana, The. By Gayarre. 20, note
• History of Louisiana, by La Harpe. 12
• History of Minnesota, The. By Neill. 12, note. 13, note. 21, 22, note. 23
• History of the American Bison, by Allen, xxv, note
• History of the Expedition under the Command of Lewis and Clark, ed. by Elliott Coues. xxiii, 5, note
• History of the Origin of the Place Names Connected with the C. & N. W. R. R., by Stennett. 28, note
• Hodge, Frederick Webb. xiii, 41, note
• Holmes, William H., xiii, 4, note
• Hornaday, William T. The Extermination of the American Bison. 39, note
• Hudson Bay region, English in the. 20, note.
  • Groseillers in the. 28, note. 36
•  
• Iberville, Pierre le Moyne, sieur d’. His Expedition of 1698. 3, note. 19,
  • Governor of Louisiana, 20,
  • his Memorial, ibid., ibid., note. 41
• Illinois Confederacy, 15, note
• Illinois River, xxi, 11, note. 15, 20, 53
• Illinois, State of. 15, note. 36, 38
• Indiana, State of. 28, note
• Indian Bureau, at Washington. ix., 40,
  Report of, 1874, 42
• Indian Games, by Davis. xxviii, note. 3, note
• Indian Land Cessions in the United States, by Royce. 49
• Indian Record, The. ix, x, xi
• Indian Sign Language, The. By Clark. xvi, note
• Indian Territory, Seneca Indians in. xi, note
• Information Respecting the History, Condition and Prospects of the Indian Tribes of the United States, by Schoolcraft. 95 xii, xviii, note. xxiii, 1, note. 7, 21, ibid, note. 24, 25, 36, 37, 41, note
• Ing-Kee-Ko-Kee, or game of moccasin, xxix
• Iowa Indians, x, xi, xii, xvi, xvii, xviii, note. xix, xx, note. xxi, xxii, xxiii, note. xxiv, xxv, xxvii, ibid, note. xxviii, ibid, note. xxix, xxx, xxxi, xxxiv, 1, note. 2, 3, 6, note. 7, ibid, note. 8, 9, 10, ibid, note. 11, note. 13, 14, 15, 16, ibid, note. 17, 22, 24, 26, 28, 29, 30,
  • their village, ibid, 31, 32, 33, 34, 35, 37, 39,
  • present reservation, ibid.
  • in 1827, ibid, note. 41, note. 42, 45, 49, 50, 51, 52, 53, 54, 55, 56, 57, 58, 59, 60, 61, 62, 63, 64, 65, 66, 67, 68, 69, 70, 71, 72, 73, 74, 75, 76
• Iowa reserve, 74
• Iowa River, i. e., “Riviere de Aiounones,” xxiii, note.
  • Riviere des Ai8u8e (Iowa), as noted on Franquelin’s map, ibid., 30,
  • Iowa Indians locate on, 38
• Iowa Synonomy. See page xv and Appendix C, page 77
• Iowa, State of. xx, note. 2, note. 9, 23,
  • rivers in lower and upper, 39
• Iowaville, Village in Wapello county, Iowa. Indian mounds at, xxvii
• Ioway and Sac Mission Press, 7, note
• “Ioway District,” 2, note
• Ioway Club, The. 2, note
• Ioway Grammar, An. By Hamilton and Irvin. 7, note
• Ioway Missionaries, i. e., Messrs. Hamilton and Irvin, 7.
• Ioway Primer, An. Hamilton and Irvin. 7, note
• Iroquoian family, includes the Eries. x, note
• Irvin, Rev. Samuel McCleary. 1, note. 7, ibid, note. 25, 36
• Isle Pelee, 14, 19
•  
• Jackson, William H. 1, note
• James River, 24
• Jefferys, Thomas. The Natural and Civil History of the French Dominions in North and South America, 1760 edition, xxii
• Jesuit Relations, The. Thwaites edition. xxi, note. xxv, note. xxxv
• Johnson, Pres. Andrew. 12, note
• Joliet, Louis. His map of 1674. xxii
• Joncaire, Louis Thomas de. 41, note
• Jones, Father A. E. His article in U. S. Catholic Hist. Mag. 11, note
• Journal d’un Voyage, by Charlevoix. 4, note
• Journal, (i.e., Relation) of Penicaut. 3, note
• Journal, of Marquette. referred to, xxi
•  
• Kansas, Northeastern. Iowa reservation in. xxxiv
• Kansas River, 51
• Kansas, State of. 2, ibid, note
• Kappler, Charles J. ed. Indian Affairs. Laws and Treaties. 2 vols., 1903. 2, note. 49
• Kaskaskia Indians, 15, note
• Kaskaskia Mission, Illinois, 15, note
• Kickapoo northern boundary line, The. 61, 67
• Kiowa Indians, xvi, xviii, note. xix, note
• kon-tho-gra, or game of platter. xxix
•  
• La Barre, Pierre Le Fevre de, 14, ibid, note
• Lac-qui-Parle, 35
• La Harpe, Benard de. 3, ibid, note. 12, 15, ibid, note. 22, note. 32
• Lakes:
  • Koshkonong, 36
  • of the Woods, (Rainy Lake), 36
  • Pepin, 13, ibid, note. 34
  • Superior, 36
• Lakes. See Great Lakes
• Lance, Cross and Canoe, The, by Milburn. 22, note
• La Salle, Robert Cavelier, sieur de. xxii, 11, note
• Laut, Miss Agnes C. Her Pathfinders of the West. 27, note
• Laws and Treaties, 2 vols., ed. by Kappler. 2, note. 49
• Lea, Lieut. Albert Miller. Notes on the Wisconsin Territory. 2, note
• Le Claire, Antoine. Half-breed Interpreter, on the word Iowa. xviii, note
• Le Clercq, Father Christian. First Establishment of the Faith in New France. xxi, note
• Le Moyne, Charles. Father of Iberville. 20, note 96
• Le Page du Pratz, his name for the buffalo, xxv, note
• Lesdiguières, Duchess de. 4, note
• Le Sueur, Pierre C. xx, xxii, xxiv, ibid, note. 1, note. 3, ibid, note.
  • His Narrative, ibid., 10, 11, note. 12, ibid, note. 13, ibid, note. 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, ibid, note. 21, 22, ibid, note. 32
• Le Sueur River, 11, note
• Letters and Notes of Eight Years’ Travels, etc. By George Catlin. xxviii, note
• Lewis and Clark, Travels. Coues ed., xxiii,
  • Thwaites edition of the Original Journals, ibid.
  • Travels, xxxiv, 1, note.
  • Fisher’s edition of 1812; 4, ibid, note.
  • ed. by Coues. 5, note.
  • Bibliography of, by Miner, ibid.
  • Thwaites ed. ibid., 42
• l’Huillier, French Farmer-General. xxiv, note
• Literary Collector, The. 5, note
• Literature of the Louisiana Territory, by De Menil. 13
• Little Nemaha River, 58
• Little Platte River, 38, 39, note
• Little Sioux River, 23
• Logansport, Indiana, 28, note
• London, England, 4, note
• Long, Maj. Stephen Harriman. His Account of An Expedition from Pittsburg to the Rocky Mountains. xxxiv
• Louisiana, Southwestern. Attacapa Indians in. x, note
• Louisiana, State of. 3, note
• Lowrie, Walter. ed. with Matthew St. C. Clarke, of The American State Papers. 49
•  
• Macalester College, St. Paul, Minnesota. 12, note
• Mackinac, 41, note
• Madeline Island, Minnesota, 13, note
• Madison, Wisconsin, 36
• Mallery, Garrick. His Sign Language Among the North American Indians. xvi, note
• Mandan Indians, 33, 35
• Mankato, Minnesota, Reached by Le Sueur in 1700. xxiv, note
• Manypenny, George W. 66
• Marest, Gabriel. 15, sketch, ibid, note. 16
• Margry, Pierre. Découvertes et Établissements des Français dans l’Ouest et dans le Sud de l’Amérique Septentrionale. 3, note. 4, note. 12, note
• Marquette, Jacques. xv,
  • his manuscript map, xxi, 11, note.
  • His Journal, xxi
• marriage customs, Iowa varies but little from other kindred tribes. xxvii
• Mars, Thunder compared to. 30
• Massachusetts Historical Society, xiii
• Maximilian, Alexander Philipp, Prinz von Wied-Neuwied. Travels. xvi, xxiii note. xxxiv, 6, note. 39, note. 56, note
• McCoy, Isaac. 68
• McGee, W. J., His article in B. A. E. 1897. xvii, note. 6, note
• Membré, Father Zenobius. xxi, ibid, note. 11, note
• Memorial, The. By Iberville. 20, 41, ibid, note
• Mémoire les mœurs, coutume et Religion des Sauvages de l’Amérique Septentrionale, by Perrot. 14, note
• Memoirs of Explorations of the Basin of the Mississippi Valley, Vol. vii. W. E. Richey writes in concerning the word Iowa. xix, note. xx, note. xxiii, note.
  • Vol. vi, account of the Radisson-Groseillers controversy, 27, note
• Memoirs of the American Anthropological Association, Mooney’s article on the Cheyenne therein. xx, note
• Menaige, an ex-Interpreter, 8
• Mendota, Minnesota, 30, 34
• Menominee Indians, 53
• Michigan, Lake. Winnebago Indians on shores of. xviii
• Michigan Territory, 54
• Milburn, William Henry, author of The Lance, Cross and Canoe, 1892. 22, note
• Mille Lac, Minnesota, 27, 29
• Milwaukee River, xxi, 11, note
• Miner, W. H. Bibliography of the Lewis and Clark Expedition, 5, note
• Minetare (i.e., Hidatsa) Indians, 35
• Ministère des Colonies, Bureau of, at Paris. 11, note
• Minnesota Historical Society Collections, 1850-56. xii, xx, 6, note. 12, note. 28, ibid, note. 31, 41, note,
  • 1864. xv, 11, note. 12, note
  • 97
  • Minnesota Historical Society, 21
• Minnesota River, xix, 12, 28, 29, 30, 31, 33, 35
• Minnesota, State of. xx, note. 3, 7, 9, 13, ibid, note. 27, 28, ibid, note. 30, 31, 32
• Minnesota Valley, 32, 34, 35
• Missionary Labors of Fathers Marquette, Menard and Allouez, etc. By Verwyst. 13, note
• Mission of the Immaculate Conception of the Holy Virgin in Illinois, 15
• Mississippi River, Winnebago Indians reach the. xviii, xix, xxi (Colbert), xxii, 1, 2, note. (Colbert) 11, note. 13, ibid, note. 14, 15, 18, 20, 23, 25, 26, 27, 28, 32, 33, 34, 36, 37, 38, 51, 53, 54, 56, 64
• Mississippi Valley, Iberville’s Memorial on. 20.
  • Indian tribes in, 21,
  • country of the, 41, note
• Missouri Indians, xvii. 42, 56, 57, 59
• Missouri River, xx, ibid, note. xxii, xxiii, ibid, note. xxiv, 1, 2, 7, 8, 9, 11, note. 19, 20, 23, 24, 25, 30, 33, 35, 37, 38, 39, 51, 53, 54, 56, 57, 58, 59, 60, 61, 64, 66, 67, 68
• Missouri, State of. Iowa Indian lands in, xxxiv,
  • Indian tribes in, 37,
  • Iowa Indians on Chariton River in, 38, 51, 59, 60, 68, 73
• Missouri Valley, Indian tribes in, 21
• Mobile, Alabama, 19, 21
• Montcalm, Gozon de St. Véran, Louis Joseph, Gen. Marquis de. 42
• Mooney, James, xiii, xvi,
  his The Cheyenne Indians, xx, note
• Morgan, Col. Willoughby. 56
• Morse, Rev. Jedidiah D. 1, note
• murder, Punishment of. xxvii
•  
• Narrative and Critical History of America, by Winsor. 3, note. 20, note
• Natchez Indians, 21
• Natural and Civil History of the French Dominions in North and South America, The. By Jefferys. xxii
• Nebraska Historical Society Collections, 1885. xvi. 7, note
• Nebraska River, (Great Platte). 38
• Nebraska, State of. xxiv, 2, 24
• Nebraska Territory, 73
• “Necklace People,” name given the Iowa by the Kiowa. xvii
• Neill, Rev. E. D. 12, sketch, ibid, note.
  • Reference to his History, xii, 13, note. 14, 21, 22, note. 23
• Nemaha River, 67, known as Walnut Creek, 74
• Nez Perce, colloquial name for the Iowa, 42, ibid, note
• Nicollett, J. N. His map of 1841. xx, note. xxiii, note. 11, note
• Nohearts Creek, 74
• Noland’s Creek, 67
• Notes on the Wisconsin Territory, by Lea. 2, note
•  
• Oak Grove, Minnesota, Indian mounds at. 29, 33,
  • an Iowa village, 30, 34
• O’Callaghan, Edmund Bailey. 41, note
• Ohio River, 33, 41, note
• Ojibwa Indians, (Saulteurs), 9, 36
• Oklahoma, State of. Oto Indians of. xxxi,
  • Iowa Indians in, xxxiv, 2, note
• Omaha Indians, Once part of the Winnebago Nation. xvii, xviii, note. xx, xxii, xxiii, xxv, xxvii, xxx, 11, note. 19, 20, 23, 32, 35, 56, 57, 58, 59
• Original Journals of the Lewis and Clark Expedition, ed. by Thwaites. xxiii, note. 5, note. 42, note
• Oroyelles, (Indians). x
• Osage Indians, 16, 35
• Oto Indians, xvii, xxi, xxii, xxiii, xxx, xxxi, 11, note. 17, 24, 32, 35, 42, 55, 56, 57, 58, 59
• Ottawa fur trade, 14, note
• Ottawa Indians, 53
•  
• Pa-ho-ches. i. e., “Dusty Nose,” or “Dirty Face,” xviii, note. 6, ibid, note. 7, 8, 10, 16, 23, 24
• Pahoja or Gray Snow name given the Iowa. xviii
• Pahoutet, Marquette’s name for the Iowa. xxi
• Paris, France, 41, note
• Parkman Club Papers, article by Stickney in. 14, note.
  • H. C. Campbell’s article in. 27, note
• Pathfinders of the West, by Laut. 27, note
• Pawnee Indians, 11, note
• Peabody Museum, Publications. Article by Fletcher in. xxvi, note
• Penicaut, [Penicaud, Pennecaud, Perricaut, Perricault] 3, ibid, note;
  • 98 his Journal, ibid;
  • his Annals of Louisiana, ibid. 4, note. 11, note. 12, 15, note. 21
• Perrot, Nicolas. His description of Indian ball-playing. xxxi, note;
  • locates the Iowa. 11, note. 14,
  • sketch, 14, note
• Pierce, Taylor, xix, note
• Pike, Zebulon Montgomery. Travels. xvi,
  • statement concerning the Iowa. xxiv, xxv, note.
  • Travels. xxxiv,
  • report referred to, 42
• Pilcher, Joshua. 63
• Pilling, J. C. Siouan Bibliography. 5, note. 7, note
• Pilot Knob, Minnesota, 30
• Platte River, xxiii, note. xxiv, 35
• Point Le Sable, Green Bay, Wisconsin, 13
• Ponca Indians, Once part of the Winnebago Nation, xvii, xxx
• Pond, Rev. G. H. 28, 29
• Porret, M. Artist, Illustrates The Fourteen Ioway Indians, xxviii, note
• Portage des Sioux, Missouri, Treaty of 1815 held at. 49
• Potawatomi and Great Nemaha Agency, 2, note
• Potawatomi Indians, 17, 53
• Powell, John Wesley. Writes on consanguinity in 17th Rep. B. A. E. Part I. xxvi, note
• Prairie du Chien, Wisconsin, 54, 56, 59, 60
• Prairie or Bald Island, 14
• Prairieville, Minnesota, 34
• Presbyterian Church, Missionaries of, among the Iowa. 70
• Prince Society, The. 28, note
• Putnam Anniversary Volume, The. xxix, note
• Py-ho-ja. i.e., “Grey Snow,” xviii, note
•  
• Quebec, 11, note
• Quinn, Peter, 30
•  
• racket, or ball-playing, Game of. xxx
• Radisson, Pierre Esprit. 27, ibid, note
• Rainy Lake. See Lake of the Woods
• Red Men of Iowa, The. By Fulton. xiii
• Red Pipe Stone Quarry, Minnesota, 38
• Redwood River, as designated by Long. xxii, note
• Red River of the North, 35
• Red Wing, Minnesota, 13, note
• Reed, Dr. Charles B. Author of The First Great Canadian. 20, note
• Report of the Commissioner of Indian Affairs, 1849. 41, note
• Report of the Indian Bureau, 1874. 42
• Richey, W. E. xix, note
• Richman, I. B. Among the Quakers. xxi, note
• Riggs, Mrs. S. R. 5, note
• Riggs, Rev. S. R. Dakota Grammar and Dictionary. xv, xx, note. 5, note.
  His article on Dakota language, 6, note
• Riviere aux Liards, xxiii, note
• Rivers:
  • Arkansas, 35
  • Big Platte, xxiv, note
  • Big Sioux, 23, 24
  • Black, 17
  • Blue Earth, xx, 9, 11, note. 12, 14, 17, 18, 32
  • Cannon, 34
  • Chariton, 38
  • Chippeway, 28
  • Colbert (see Mississippi)
  • Des Moines, xxii, xxiii, 9, 14, 24, 37, 38, 40
  • Grand, 38, 39, note
  • Grand Nemaha, 58, 61, 67, 74, 76
  • Great Nemaha, 58, 61, 67, 74, 76
  • Great Platte, 38
  • Illinois, xxi, 11, note. 15, 20, 53
  • Iowa, xxiii, note. 30, 38
  • James, 24
  • Kansas, 51
  • Le Sueur, 11, note
  • Little Nemaha, 58
  • Little Platte, 38, 39, note
  • Little Sioux, 23
  • Milwaukee, xxi, 11, note
  • Mississippi, xviii, xix, xxii, 1, 2, note. 11, note. 13, ibid, note. 14, 15, 18, 20, 23, 25, 26, 27, 28, 32, 33, 34, 36, 37, 38, 51, 53, 54, 56, 64
  • Missouri, xx, ibid, note. xxii, xxiii, ibid, note. xxiv., 1, 2, 7, 8, 9, 11, note. 19, 20, 23, 24, 25, 30, 33, 35, 37, 38, 39, 51, 53, 54, 56, 57, 58, 59, 60, 61, 64, 66, 67, 68
  • Nebraska, 38
  • Nemaha, 67, 74
  • Nohearts, [creek] 74
  • Nolands, [creek] 67
  • Ohio, 33, 41, note
  • 99
  • Platte, xxiii, note. xxiv, 35
  • Red, of the North, 35
  • Redwood, xxii, note
  • Rock, xix, 28, 36, 37
  • St. Croix, 14
  • St. Laurence, 27, note. 28, note.
  • St. Peter’s, xxiii, note
  • St. Remi, 11, note
  • Salt, 38
  • Walnut, [creek] 74
  • Wisconsin, xxi, 11, note. 16, 17, 23, 28
  • Wolf, xxiv, 39, 68
• Robidoux’s Post, xxiii, note
• Rock River, xix, 28, 36, 37
• Rocky Mountains, 33
• Royal Marine Office, at Paris. 40
• Royce, C. C. His Cessions of Land by Indian Tribes to the United States. 49,
  • his Indian Land Cessions in the United States, ibid
• Roy, John B. Iowa interpreter. 70
• Roy’s Ferry, 76
•  
• Sac Indians. See Sauk Indians
• St. Anthony’s Falls. See Falls of St. Anthony
• St. Croix River. 14,
  • trading route, 13, note
• St. Joseph, Missouri, formerly Robidoux’s Post. xxiii, note
• St. Lawrence River, 27, note. 28, note
• St. Louis County, Minnesota, 28, note
• St. Louis, Missouri, xxiv, 50, 52, 57, 63
• St. Malo, France, 27, note
• St. Paul, Minnesota. 12, note
• St. Peter’s River, i.e., Minisoute Ouadeba or St. Peter’s river of Jeffreys. 1762. xxiii, note
• St. Remi River, 11, note
• Salt River, 38
• Santee Sioux, ball-playing among. xxx,
  • referred to, 28
• Sauk and Fox Reservation, xxxi, note. 2, note
• Sauk Indians, xvii, xxiv, xxvii, (Sac) 7, note. 17, (Sac) 41, note. 42, (Sac) 53, 54, 55, 56, 57, 59, 60, 61, 62, 64, 66, 67, 68, 69, 73, 74, 75, 76
• Saulteurs. See Ojibwa Indians
• Sauvolle, Sieur d’. 19, 20, note
• Schoolcraft, H. R. His Indian Tribes of the United States, referred to. xii, xviii, note. xxiii, 1, note. 7, 21, ibid, note. 24, 25, 36, 37, 41, note
• Secretary of War, Report, for 1829. 1, note
• Seneca Indians, In Indian territory, descendants of the Eries. xi, note
• Sha-i-ena. See Cheyenne Indians
• Shakopee, Minnesota, 33
• “shaved heads,” General term by which the Oto, Missouri, Sauk and Iowa were designated. xvii
• Shea, John Dawson Gilmary. Discovery and Exploration of the Mississippi Valley. xv
• Shea, John Dawson Gilmary. Early Voyages up and Down the Mississippi. 3, note. 4, note. 12, note
• Shiene. See Cheyenne Indians
• Shien. See Cheyenne Indians
• Siouan Bibliography, by Pilling. 5, note. 7, note
• Siouan family, the Iowa as an important branch of. xiii
• Siouan stock, Iowa social institutions similar to other tribes of. xxvii
• Sioux Indians, xix, xxi, 9, 10, 11, note. 14, 15, 16, ibid, note. 17, 18, 19, 27, 28, note. 31, 32, 34, 35, 36, 53, 54, 55, 56, 57, 58, 59, 64
• Smith, John Q. Commissioner of Indian Affairs, ix
• Smithsonian Contributions to Knowledge, 1852. 5, note
• Smithsonian Institution, xiii, 4, note. 5, note
• songs of the Iowa, xxxiv
• South Dakota Historical Collections, Vol. 2. xxiv, note. 5, note
• Spirit Lake, Iowa, 23
• Stennett, W. H. His History of the Origin of the Place Names Connected with the C. & N. W. R. R. 28, note
• Stickney, Gardner P. 14, note
• Sullivan, Col. —. 52
• Sulté, Benjamin. 27, note
•  
• Tailhan, R. P. J. editor of Perrot’s Memoirs. 14, note
• Takoha, Siouan War Prophet. 29
• Tama, Iowa, Sauk and Fox Reservation at, xxxi, note
• Tamaroa Indians, (Tamorois) 17
• Texas, southern and southeastern. Attacapa Indians in. x, note
• Thomas, Cyrus. His Report on Mound Explorations, xxviii, note.
  • 100 His article in Bull. 30 B. A. E. 16, note
• Three Rivers, Canada. 27, note
• Thwaites, Reuben Gold. 41, note. 42
• Ticonderoga, New York, 42
• Travels in the Interior of North America, by Maximilian. xvi, xxiii, note. xxxiv, 6, note. 39, note. 56, note
• tumuli, Iowa not largely associated with, xxvii
•  
• Vanderslice, Daniel, 73
• Vaughan, Albert J. Indian agent. 40, ibid, note
• Verwyst, Rev. Chrysostom. His Missionary Labors of Fathers Marquette, Menard and Allouez, etc., 13, note
• Vies de Plusieurs Personnages Celebres, by Walckenar. 23, note
•  
• Wahkantape, a Sioux Chief, 18
• Walckenaer, C. A. His Vies de Plusieurs Personnages Celebres, 23, note
• Walnut Creek, 74
• Wapello County, Iowa, xxvii
• war dance, The. xxxii
• Washington, D. C, 63, 66
• Waw-non-que-skoona-a, xix,
  • map by, xxiii, 9, note. 24,36,
  • referred to, 37
• welcome dance, The. xxxii
• Williamson, Rev. T. S. His article in Collections of the Minnesota Historical Society, Vol. I. xx, note. 28, 31
• Wilson, Rev. G. H. 28, note
• Winchell, N. H. His excellent map. xx, note. xxiii, note
• Winnebago Agency, in Minnesota. 7
• Winnebago Indians, x, xvii, xviii, 8, 9, 10, 17, 27, 29, 32, 35, 36,
  • their territory 37, 42, 53
• Winsor, Justin. Narrative and Critical History of America. 3, note. 20, note
• Wisconsin Historical Society Collections, Vol. i, 13, note.
  • Vol. xi, 28, note.
  • Vol. xvi, xxii, xxiv, note. 13, note. 20, note.
  • Vol. xvii, 41, note
• Wisconsin River, xxi, 11, note. 16, 17, 23, 28
• Wisconsin State Hist. Soc. Proceedings, 1895. 28, note
• Wisconsin, State of. 11, note
• Wolf Creek, i.e., Wolf River, q.v.
• Wolf River, xxiv, 39, 68
• Wolf Village, 76
• Wolf’s Grove, 70

LITTLE HISTORIES
OF NORTH AMERICAN INDIANS

Number Two

IN THE SAME SERIES

THE NAVAJOS

By O. H. Lipps

With a map, and illustrations in three colors

The A. L. A. BOOKLIST describes it thus (November, 1909): “A concise and sympathetic account in simple language of the life, habits, customs, mythology, etc., of one of the most interesting of the North American tribes, with a chapter on their history since the Spanish conquest. The author is a member of the Indian service, has had several years’ experience with the tribe and knows his subject. Appendix contains official letters and affidavits relating to conditions on the reservations and the causes of the Navajo war of 1861. Illustrated from photographs, but unfortunately unindexed.”

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