Figs. 1-3. Amyda mutica, Univ. Kans., Mus. Nat. Hist.,
No. 23230, Lawrence, Kansas. All views approximately half natural size.
1, Frontal view. 2, Lateral view. 3, Dorsal view.
The Project Gutenberg EBook of Kyphosis and other Variations in Soft-shelled Turtles, by Hobart M. Smith This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org Title: Kyphosis and other Variations in Soft-shelled Turtles Author: Hobart M. Smith Release Date: August 8, 2010 [EBook #33373] Language: English Character set encoding: ISO-8859-1 *** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK KYPHOSIS IN SOFT-SHELLED TURTLES *** Produced by Chris Curnow, Joseph Cooper, Josephine Paolucci and the Online Distributed Proofreading Team at https://www.pgdp.net.
University of Kansas Publications
Museum of Natural History
Volume 1, No. 6, pp. 117-124
July 7, 1947
UNIVERSITY OF KANSAS
LAWRENCE
1947
University of Kansas Publications, Museum of Natural History
Editors: E. Raymond Hall, Chairman, Donald S. Farner,
Donald F. Hoffmeister
Volume 1, No. 6, pp. 117-124
July 7, 1947
University of Kansas
Lawrence, Kansas
PRINTED BY
FERD VOILAND, JR., STATE PRINTER
TOPEKA, KANSAS
1947
21-6301
Kyphotic (hump-backed) soft-shelled turtles have been known for many years in Asia and America. Gressitt (Peking Natural History Bulletin, 2 (pt. 4): 413-415, figs. 1-5, 1937) has reviewed accounts of such turtles, and recorded the anomaly in Amyda sinensis (Wiegmann) and A. steindachneri (Siebenrock) of Asia and in unidentified species in the United States. Records of kyphosis in American species apparently are few.
Three skeletons in the University of Kansas Museum of Natural History demonstrate occurrence of the condition in at least 3 American species: Amyda emoryi (Agassiz), A. mutica (Le Sueur) and A. spinifera (Le Sueur). The specimen of A. emoryi (Catalog No. 2219) was taken at Phoenix, Maricopa Co., Arizona, by Victor H. Householder, on May 1, 1926. The second specimen, called to my attention by C. W. Hibbard, was taken in 1936 from the Kansas River at Lawrence, Douglas Co., Kansas, by Max Wheatley, to whom I am indebted for the accompanying photographs and permission to describe the specimen which he has added to the Museum's collections (No. 23230). The identity of No. 23230 is established as A. mutica by the absence of spines (see fig. 3) and by a number of cranial characters. The specimen of A. spinifera (No. 23026) is without locality data; its identification is verified by the presence of spines on the front of the carapace.
In the specimen of A. mutica (see figures) the hump forms a smooth, high curve, closely resembling the condition in Gressitt's specimens of A. steindachneri (op. cit.: fig. 1). In the other two the hump is lower and its apex forms a relatively sharp angle; in the specimen of A. spinifera the posterior face of the hump is more nearly vertical than the anterior face. In A. emoryi the rear edge of the apex is sharply inclined (at an angle of about 45°), whereas the remainder of the surface slants at an angle of about 35°.
In the accompanying table of measurements of specimens in the University of Kansas Museum of Natural History the height is measured from the end of the rib opposite the highest elevation to the crest of the elevation, by projected lines. The length is measured from the anterior border of the nuchal plate to the posterior edge of the last costal plate. The width is measured from tip to[Pg 120] tip of the longest ribs. Catalogue numbers of the specimens, with indication of the localities of capture are as follows: Nos. 2215-9, 2803, 2824, 2837, Phoenix, Maricopa Co., Arizona; Nos. 19459-60, Ozark, Franklin Co., Arkansas; Nos. 2225-9, Lewisville, Lafayette Co., Arkansas; Nos. 1867-70, 1874-6, 1879, 1881, 1930-1, 2666, 2761-2, 2826, 2838-42, Devalls Bluff, Prairie Co., Arkansas; No. 16528, Orange Co., Florida; Nos. 1872, 1878, 1943, 1964, Doniphan Lake, Doniphan Co., Kansas; No. 2220, Douglas Co., Kansas; No. 23230, Kansas River, Douglas Co., Kansas; No. 18159, Harper Co., Kansas; No. 2757, Smoky Hill River, Trego Co., Kansas; No. 23026, no data.
The three abnormal specimens vary in width/height ratio from 1.83 to 3.14. In the 37 normal turtles measured, the corresponding ratio is 4.64 to 7.85. The ratio of 4.64 is possibly subject to correction since the shell tends to warp in some specimens, especially in those retaining the skin about the periphery of the shell. The warping does not produce a marked convexity in transverse section, but does so in longitudinal section. Accordingly the height as here measured is little effected, and the comparison with width rather than length of shell provides for the lesser error from warping. There appears to be no close correlation of proportions with either size or sex.
It is of interest that Amyda ferox is the most distinctive in proportions of the carapace. Its carapace is longer in relation to its width than that of any of the other species. The average relative length of the carapace of A. emoryi is intermediate between that of A. ferox and the averages of A. spinifera and A. mutica, but the overlap in range with the latter two is complete.
The cause for kyphotic anomalies is unknown. That it is accompanied by a greater degree of growth in the vertebral column than in the periphery of the costal plates is obvious. There seems to be no well-established accommodation for the difference in growth, since the hump produced by it varies considerably in form.
There is no trend from small to large specimens in size of the hump; large and small humps occur in both large and small specimens. Accordingly it seems that the humped condition is developed in the late embryo or early post-embryonic life, and does not later change.
An apparently reasonable hypothesis is that the costal plates ankylose distally with the ribs early enough in embryonic life so that any differential in growth rate between them and the vertebral[Pg 121] column is translated into abnormal contortions of the body. Agassiz and others have shown that the costal plates normally do not fuse with the ribs by the time of hatching; the fusion then does not normally occur in the embryonic stage. Presumably, once fused, the costal plates and vertebral column normally have equal growth rates, since the height/width ratio does not change significantly with increased size. It is well known that fusion takes place in young specimens soon after hatching; in all skeletons examined of this genus, from the smallest (62 mm. in length) to the largest (295 mm.), the fusion has occurred. Therefore, the normal time of fusion must be approximately at the time of hatching.
Although costal plates and the vertebral column grow in direct proportion to each other throughout life from a period shortly after hatching, the vertebral column apparently grows more rapidly than the costals shortly before and possibly also shortly after hatching, at least in kyphotic and probably also in normal specimens. An exceptionally early date of fusion of costal plates and ribs would thus result in a kyphotic condition, and it may well be assumed that the earlier the fusion, the greater the hypertrophy would be. Whether or not this hypothesis correctly accounts for kyphosis in turtles can be ascertained only by further study.
Stejneger (Bull. Mus. Comp. Zoöl., 94: 12, 1944) regards the presence of 8 neurals as opposed to 7 as an important peculiarity of A. mutica. The 42 specimens for which the number of neurals is recorded reveals, however, that there is greater variation than previously supposed: in 16 A. mutica more than half (9) have 7 neurals and the remainder (7) have 8. Eight neurals were recorded also in 2 of 18 spinifera, and in 1 of 7 A. emoryi. Seven neurals are present in the single specimen of A. ferox examined.
It is of interest also that the number of costals, which has been reported to be consistently 7 in New World species and 8 in Old World species, varies markedly. In New World specimens, one A. mutica has 7 on one side, 8 on the other, and 8 occur on both sides of one other (of a total of 16 examined). One of twenty A. spinifera, and one of eight A. emoryi have 8; the single A. ferox (Schneider) has 7. Accordingly the suggestion by H. M. Smith (Field Mus. Nat. Hist. Zoöl. Ser., 23:19, 1939) that Platypeltis Baur be resurrected for the American soft-shelled turtles on the basis of the occurrence of only 7 costals, is untenable.
The generic allocation of American soft-shelled turtles has varied considerably in recent years: Smith (loc. cit.) uses Platypeltis;[Pg 122] Pope (Turtles of the United States and Canada, p. 343, 1939) uses Trionyx Geoffroy; and Stejneger (op. cit., p. 8) uses Amyda Geoffroy. As stated above, use of Platypeltis at the present time is unwarranted, since no constant difference has been discovered that would support generic separation of Asiatic and American members of this group. New World turtles should be placed either in Trionyx or in Amyda, depending upon the interpretation of type designation for the latter name. Malcolm Smith (Bull. Raffles Mus. 3:2, 1930) and others have considered that, as a part of the original description, Geoffroy (Ann. Mus. Hist. Nat. Paris, 14:20, 1809) designated the type species of his new generic name Trionyx as aegypticus E. Geoffroy (= triunguis Forskål a well-recognized species). Stejneger argues that Geoffroy did not adequately designate a type from among the many species he treated in his genus Trionyx, and that it remained for Fitzinger (Syst. Rept., p. 30, 1843) to select one of these as a type; he chose coromandelicus Geoffroy, which is a synonym of granosa Schöppff, a species belonging to a different genus (as now recognized) from that to which triunguis belongs, although Geoffroy had made the mistake of considering both groups as members of his genus Trionyx. Now if Fitzinger's type designation is accepted, the name Trionyx is to be applied to that group containing granosa (only one other form is known in the genus, and both forms occur only in India and Burma), whereas the name Amyda of Geoffroy (op. cit., p. 1) is applied to the genus (as now recognized) which includes triunguis and some 20 other species of Asia and North America. The type of Amyda is a typical member from Asia (cartilagineus Boddaert). On the other hand, if Geoffroy's type designation is accepted, the American forms (and the others of that genus) would take the generic name Trionyx, of which Amyda would be a synonym, and the genus to which granosa belongs would take the name Lissemys Malcolm Smith (Fauna Brit. India, Rept. Amph., 1:154, 1931).
Stejneger discussed the various aspects of this problem (op. cit., pp. 6, 7), and I can add nothing to his discussion. His arguments for the acceptance of Fitzinger's type designation rather than that of Geoffroy are well founded upon the statement of the International Rules of Zoölogical Nomenclature, while those of Smith are not. In weighing these two alternatives, the practical value of maintenance of the "status quo" is not here important, for the whole system of nomenclature in this field is completely upset; any conclusive decision would be of great practical value and one alternative[Pg 123] holds no special, practical advantage over the other. Accordingly, it seems reasonable to consider the matter closed with Stejneger's analysis, retaining Amyda for the American and related species of soft-shelled turtles. That this assemblage contains natural subgroups that may warrant subdivision into other genera is obvious, but to none of these will the name Trionyx be applicable.
| Species | Number | Sex | Width (mm.) | Length (mm.) | Ratio, width-length | Height (mm.) | Ratio, width-height | Neurals | Costals |
| emoryi | 2219.[A] | 81 | 62 | 1.30 | 34 | 2.38 | 7 | ||
| " | 2215 | ♂ | 7 | 7 | |||||
| " | 2216 | 104 | 88 | 1.18 | 18 | 5.77 | 8 | 7 | |
| " | 2217 | 7 | 8 | ||||||
| " | 2218 | 106 | 93 | 1.14 | 21 | 5.04 | 7 | 7 | |
| " | 2803 | ♀ | 150 | 132 | 1.13 | 28 | 5.35 | 7 | 7 |
| " | 2824 | ♀ | 204 | 198 | 1.03 | 32 | 6.37 | 7 | 7 |
| " | 2837 | ♀ | 7 | 7 | |||||
| " | 19460 | 97 | 77 | 1.26 | 14 | 6.93 | 8 | 7 | |
| ferox mutica | 16528 | ♀ | 282 | 295 | 0.99 | 53 | 5.32 | 7 | 7 |
| " | 2841 | ♀ | 99 | 75 | 1.32 | 16 | 6.18 | 7 | 7 |
| " | 23230.[A] | 101 | 78 | 1.29 | 55 | 1.83 | 7 | 7 | |
| " | 2838 | ♀ | 106 | 79 | 1.34 | 17 | 6.23 | 7 | 7 |
| " | 1964 | ♂ | 110 | 95 | 1.15 | 18 | 6.11 | 7 | 7 |
| " | 2839 | ♀ | 115 | 77 | 1.49 | 18 | 6.39 | 7 | 7 |
| " | 2840 | ♀ | 115 | 85 | 1.35 | 17 | 6.76 | 8 | 7-8 |
| " | 19459 | 131 | 106 | 1.23 | 20 | 6.55 | 7 | 7 | |
| " | 2220 | ♀ | 144 | 116 | 1.24 | 22 | 6.54 | 7 | 7 |
| " | 1874 | 162 | 137 | 1.18 | 32 | 5.06 | 7 | 7 | |
| " | 1930 | ♀ | 180 | 138 | 1.30 | 33 | 5.45 | 8 | 7 |
| " | 1875 | 181 | 164 | 1.10 | 39 | 4.64 | 8 | 8 | |
| " | 1881 | ♀ | 8 | 7 | |||||
| " | 1868 | ♂ | 185 | 167 | 1.10 | 39 | 4.74 | 7 | 7 |
| " | 1876 | ♀ | 190 | 177 | 1.07 | 33 | 5.75 | 8 | 7 |
| " | 1870 | ♀ | 194 | 166 | 1.27 | 35 | 5.54 | 8 | 7 |
| " | 1943 | 98 | 76 | 1.29 | 18 | 5.44 | ? | 7 | |
| spinifera | 1872 | 129 | 101 | 1.27 | 17 | 7.59 | 7 | 7 | |
| " | 1931 | ♂ | 148 | 102 | 1.45 | 26 | 5.69 | 7 | 7 |
| " | 18159 | ♀ | 151 | 129 | 1.17 | 26 | 5.80 | ? | 7 |
| " | 1878 | ♀ | 163 | 132 | 1.23 | 25 | 6.52 | 8 | 7 |
| " | 2225 | ♀ | 165 | 131 | 1.17 | 21 | 7.85 | 7 | 7 |
| " | 23026[A] | ♀ | 170 | 133 | 1.27 | 54 | 3.14 | 7 | 7 |
| " | 2227 | ♀ | 191 | 175 | 1.09 | 39 | 4.89 | 7 | 7 |
| " | 2228 | ♀ | 196 | 167 | 1.17 | 7 | 7 | ||
| " | 1867 | ♂ | 207 | 164 | 1.26 | 26 | 7.58 | 7 | 7 |
| " | 2757 | 213 | 196 | 1.08 | 30 | 7.10 | 7 | 8 | |
| " | 2229 | 215 | 178 | 1.20 | 28 | 6.78 | 7 | 7 | |
| " | 2762 | ♀ | 219 | 184 | 1.19 | 40 | 5.47 | 7 | 7 |
| " | 1879 | 223 | 187 | 1.19 | 38 | 5.87 | 7 | 7 | |
| " | 2761 | ♀ | 233 | 182 | 1.28 | 43 | 5.41 | 7 | 7 |
| " | 2666 | 234 | 208 | 1.12 | 42 | 5.57 | 8 | 7 | |
| " | 2226 | ♀ | 239 | 215 | 1.11 | 38 | 6.29 | 7 | 7 |
| " | 1869 | 245 | 211 | 1.16 | 44 | 5.55 | 7 | 7 | |
| " | 2842 | 245 | 219 | 1.12 | 45 | 5.44 | 7 | 7 | |
| " | 2826 | ♀ | 245 | 237 | 1.03 | 45 | 5.44 | 7 | 7 |
[A] Kyphotic
University of Kansas, Museum of Natural History, Lawrence, Kansas.[Pg 124]
Figs. 1-3. Amyda mutica, Univ. Kans., Mus. Nat. Hist.,
No. 23230, Lawrence, Kansas. All views approximately half natural size.
1, Frontal view. 2, Lateral view. 3, Dorsal view.
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