The Project Gutenberg EBook of The History Of The Decline And Fall Of The Roman Empire, by Edward Gibbon This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org Title: The History Of The Decline And Fall Of The Roman Empire Table of Contents with links in the HTML file to the two Project Gutenberg editions (12 volumes) Author: Edward Gibbon Commentator: Rev. H. H. Milman Editor: David Widger Release Date: June 7, 2008 [EBook #25717] Language: English Character set encoding: ISO-8859-1 *** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK DECLINE AND FALL OF THE ROMAN EMPIRE *** Produced by David Widger HISTORY OF THE DECLINE AND FALL OF THE ROMAN EMPIRE Edward Gibbon, Esq. With notes by the Rev. H. H. Milman Complete Contents 1782 (Written), 1845 (Revised) The 1996 Project Gutenberg Edition Table of Contents for Ebooks 731-736 HTML file in the ASCII character set, and includes all the original footnotes now linked to the text. The 1997 Project Gutenberg Edition Table of Contents for Ebooks 890-895 HTML file in the LATIN-1 character set, but the first five volumes do not have footnotes. There are two Project Gutenberg sets produced by David Reed of the complete "History Of The Decline And Fall Of The Roman Empire" by Edward Gibbon: the 1996 ASCII text only edition (PG #731-736) has the advantage of including all the foonotes by Gibbon and others; the 1997 edition (PG #890-895)in the Latin-1 character set was provided at that time only in html format and footnotes were not included in the first five volumes of this set. Both of these sets have been recently completely reproofed with correction of several thousand errors. An html and text format have been provided for both sets. The HTML version of the earlier set has approximately 6000 linked footnotes. Over 1000 linked footnotes were prepared for the last volume of the latter set in this updated edition. Consideration was given to combining these two sets into one, however there are advantages and disadvantages to each and it was decided to keep both. David Reed's note in the original Project Gutenberg 1997 edition: I want to make this the best etext edition possible for both scholars and the general public and would like to thank those who have helped in making this text better. Especially Dale R. Fredrickson who has hand entered the Greek characters in the footnotes and who has suggested retaining the conjoined ae character in the text. A set in my library of the first original First American Edition of 1836 was used as a reference for the many questions which came up during the re-proofing and renovation of the 1996 and 1997 Project Gutenberg editions. Images of spines, front-leaf, frontispiece, and the titlepage of the 1836 set are inserted below along with the two large fold out maps. DAVID WIDGER For Project Gutenberg 1996 Project Gutenberg Edition Table of Contents for Ebooks 731-736 ABREVIATED DETAILED ABREVIATED CONTENTS VOLUME ONE Introduction Preface By The Editor, Author and To the First and Fourth Volumes. Chapter I: The Extent Of The Empire In The Age Of The Antonines--Part I. Part II. Part III. Chapter II: The Internal Prosperity In The Age Of The Antonines.--Part I. Part II. Part III. Part IV. Chapter III: The Constitution In The Age Of The Antonines.--Part I. Part II. Chapter IV: The Cruelty, Follies And Murder Of Commodus.--Part I. Part II. Chapter V: Sale Of The Empire To Didius Julianus.--Part I. Part II. Chapter VI: Death Of Severus, Tyranny Of Caracalla, Usurpation Of Marcinus.--Part I. Part II. Part III. Part IV. Chapter VII: Tyranny Of Maximin, Rebellion, Civil Wars, Death Of Maximin.--Part I. Part II. Part III. Chapter VIII: State Of Persion And Restoration Of The Monarchy.--Part I. Part II. Chapter IX: State Of Germany Until The Barbarians.--Part I. Part II. Part III. Chapter X: Emperors Decius, Gallus, Aemilianus, Valerian And Gallienus--Part I. Part II. Part III. Part IV. Chapter XI: Reign Of Claudius, Defeat Of The Goths.--Part I. Part II. Part III. Chapter XII: Reigns Of Tacitus, Probus, Carus And His Sons.--Part I. Part II. Part III. Chapter XIII: Reign Of Diocletian And This Three Associates.--Part I. Part II. Part III. Part IV. Chapter XIV: Six Emperors At The Same Time, Reunion Of The Empire.--Part I. Part II. Part III. Part IV. Chapter XV: Progress Of The Christian Religion.--Part I. Part II. Part III. Part IV. Part V. Part VI. Part VII Part VIII. Part IX. VOLUME TWO Chapter XVI: Conduct Towards The Christians, From Nero To Constantine.--Part I. Part II. Part III. Part IV. Part V. Part VI. Part VII. Part VIII. Chapter XVII: Foundation Of Constantinople.--Part I. Part II. Part III. Part IV. Part V. Part VI. Chapter XVIII: Character Of Constantine And His Sons.--Part I. Part II. Part III. Part IV. Chapter XIX: Constantius Sole Emperor.--Part I. Part II. Part III. Part IV. Chapter XX: Conversion Of Constantine.--Part I. Part II. Part III. Part IV. Chapter XXI: Persecution Of Heresy, State Of The Church.--Part I. Part II. Part III. Part IV. Part V. Part VI. Part VII. Chapter XXII: Julian Declared Emperor.--Part I. Part II. Part III. Part IV. Chapter XXIII: Reign Of Julian.--Part I. Part II. Part III. Part IV. Part V. Chapter XXIV: The Retreat And Death Of Julian.--Part I. Part II. Part III. Part IV. Part V. Chapter XXV: Reigns Of Jovian And Valentinian, Division Of The Empire.--Part I. Part II. Part III. Part IV. Part V. Part VI. Part VII. Chapter XXVI: Progress of The Huns.--Part I. Part II. Part III. Part IV. Part V. VOLUME THREE Chapter XXVII: Civil Wars, Reign Of Theodosius.--Part I. Part II. Part III. Part IV. Part V. Chapter XXVIII: Destruction Of Paganism.--Part I. Part II. Part III. Chapter XXIX: Division Of Roman Empire Between Sons Of Theodosius.--Part I. Part II. Chapter XXX: Revolt Of The Goths.--Part I. Part II. Part III. Part IV. Part V. Chapter XXXI: Invasion Of Italy, Occupation Of Territories By Barbarians.--Part I. Part II. Part II. Part III. Part IV. Part V. Part VI. Chapter XXXII: Emperors Arcadius, Eutropius, Theodosius II.--Part I. Part II. Part III. Chapter XXXIII: Conquest Of Africa By The Vandals.--Part I. Part II. Chapter XXXIV: Attila.--Part I. Part II. Part III. Chapter XXXV: Invasion By Attila.--Part I. Part II. Part III. Chapter XXXVI: Total Extinction Of The Western Empire.--Part I. Part II. Part III. Part IV. Part V. Chapter XXXVII: Conversion Of The Barbarians To Christianity.--Part I. Part II. Part III. Part IV. Chapter XXXVIII: Reign Of Clovis.--Part I. Part II. Part III. Part IV. Part V. Part VI. VOLUME FOUR Chapter XXXIX: Gothic Kingdom Of Italy.--Part I. Part II. Part III. Chapter XL: Reign Of Justinian.--Part I. Part II. Part III. Part IV. Part V. Chapter XLI: Conquests Of Justinian, Charact Of Balisarius.--Part I. Part II. Part III. Part IV. Part V. Chapter XLII: State Of The Barbaric World.--Part I. Part II. Part III. Part IV. Chapter XLIII: Last Victory And Death Of Belisarius, Death Of Justinian.--Part I. Part II. Part III. Part IV. Chapter XLIV: Idea Of The Roman Jurisprudence.--Part I. Part II. Part III. Part IV. Part V. Part VI. Part VII. Part VIII. Chapter XLV: State Of Italy Under The Lombards.--Part I. Part II. Part III. Chapter XLVI: Troubles In Persia.--Part I. Part II. Part III. Part IV. Chapter XLVII: Ecclesiastical Discord.--Part I. Part II. Part III. Part IV. Part V. Part VI. Chapter XLVIII: Succession And Characters Of The Greek Emperors.--Part I. Part II. Part III. Part IV. Part V. VOLUME FIVE Chapter XLIX: Conquest Of Italy By The Franks.--Part I. Part II. Part III. Part IV. Part V. Part VI. Chapter L: Description Of Arabia And Its Inhabitants.--Part I. Part II. Part III. Part IV. Part V. Part VI. Part VII. Part VIII. Chapter LI: Conquests By The Arabs.--Part I. Part II. Part III. Part IV. Part V. Part VI. Part VII. Chapter LII: More Conquests By The Arabs.--Part I. Part II. Part III. Part IV. Part V. Chapter LIII: Fate Of The Eastern Empire.--Part I. Part II. Part III. Part IV. Chapter LIV: Origin And Doctrine Of The Paulicians.--Part I. Part II. Chapter LV: The Bulgarians, The Hungarians And The Russians.--Part I. Part II. Part III. Chapter LVI: The Saracens, The Franks And The Normans.--Part I. Part II. Part III. Part IV. Part V. Chapter LVII: The Turks.--Part I. Part II. Part III. Chapter LVIII: The First Crusade.--Part I. Part II. Part III. Part IV. Part V. VOLUME SIX Chapter LIX: The Crusades.--Part I. Part II. Part III. Chapter LX: The Fourth Crusade.--Part I. Part II. Part III. Chapter LXI: Partition Of The Empire By The French And Venetians.--Part I. Part II. Part III. Part IV. Chapter LXII: Greek Emperors Of Nice And Constantinople.--Part I. Part II. Part III. Chapter LXIII: Civil Wars And The Ruin Of The Greek Empire.--Part I. Part II. Chapter LXIV: Moguls, Ottoman Turks.--Part I. Part II. Part III. Part IV. Chapter LXV: Elevation Of Timour Or Tamerlane, And His Death.--Part I. Part II. Part III. Chapter LXVI: Union Of The Greek And Latin Churches.--Part I. Part II. Part III. Part IV. Chapter LXVII: Schism Of The Greeks And Latins.--Part I. Part II. Chapter LXVIII: Reign Of Mahomet The Second, Extinction Of Eastern Empire.--Part I. Part II. Part III. Part IV. Chapter LXIX: State Of Rome From The Twelfth Century.--Part I. Part II. Part III. Part IV. Chapter LXX: Final Settlement Of The Ecclesiastical State.--Part I. Part II. Part III. Part IV. Chapter LXXI: Prospect Of The Ruins Of Rome In The Fifteenth Century.--Part I. Part II DETAILED CONTENTS VOLUME ONE Introduction Preface By The Editor, Author and To the First and Fourth Volumes. Chapter I: The Extent Of The Empire In The Age Of The Antonines--Part I. Part II. Part III. The Extent And Military Force Of The Empire In The Age Of The Antonines. Chapter II: The Internal Prosperity In The Age Of The Antonines.--Part I. Part II. Part III. Part IV. Of The Union And Internal Prosperity Of The Roman Empire, In The Age Of The Antonines. Chapter III: The Constitution In The Age Of The Antonines.--Part I. Part II. Of The Constitution Of The Roman Empire, In The Age Of The Antonines. Chapter IV: The Cruelty, Follies And Murder Of Commodus.--Part I. Part II. The Cruelty, Follies, And Murder Of Commodus--Election Of Pertinax--His Attempts To Reform The State--His Assassination By The Praetorian Guards. Chapter V: Sale Of The Empire To Didius Julianus.--Part I. Part II. Public Sale Of The Empire To Didius Julianus By The Praetorian Guards--Clodius Albinus In Britain, Pescennius Niger In Syria, And Septimius Severus In Pannonia, Declare Against The Murderers Of Pertinax--Civil Wars And Victory Of Severus Over His Three Rivals--Relaxation Of Discipline--New Maxims Of Government. Chapter VI: Death Of Severus, Tyranny Of Caracalla, Usurpation Of Marcinus.--Part I. Part II. Part III. Part IV. The Death Of Severus.--Tyranny Of Caracalla.--Usurpation Of Macrinus.--Follies Of Elagabalus.--Virtues Of Alexander Severus.--Licentiousness Of The Army.--General State Of The Roman Finances. Chapter VII: Tyranny Of Maximin, Rebellion, Civil Wars, Death Of Maximin.--Part I. Part II. Part III. The Elevation And Tyranny Of Maximin.--Rebellion In Africa And Italy, Under The Authority Of The Senate.--Civil Wars And Seditions.--Violent Deaths Of Maximin And His Son, Of Maximus And Balbinus, And Of The Three Gordians.-- Usurpation And Secular Games Of Philip. Chapter VIII: State Of Persion And Restoration Of The Monarchy.--Part I. Part II. Of The State Of Persia After The Restoration Of The Monarchy By Artaxerxes. Chapter IX: State Of Germany Until The Barbarians.--Part I. Part II. Part III. The State Of Germany Till The Invasion Of The Barbarians In The Time Of The Emperor Decius. Chapter X: Emperors Decius, Gallus, Aemilianus, Valerian And Gallienus--Part I. Part II. Part III. Part IV. The Emperors Decius, Gallus, Aemilianus, Valerian, And Gallienus.--The General Irruption Of The Barbari Ans.--The Thirty Tyrants. Chapter XI: Reign Of Claudius, Defeat Of The Goths.--Part I. Part II. Part III. Reign Of Claudius.--Defeat Of The Goths.--Victories, Triumph, And Death Of Aurelian. Chapter XII: Reigns Of Tacitus, Probus, Carus And His Sons.--Part I. Part II. Part III. Conduct Of The Army And Senate After The Death Of Aurelian. --Reigns Of Tacitus, Probus, Carus, And His Sons. Chapter XIII: Reign Of Diocletian And This Three Associates.--Part I. Part II. Part III. Part IV. The Reign Of Diocletian And His Three Associates, Maximian, Galerius, And Constantius.--General Reestablishment Of Order And Tranquillity.--The Persian War, Victory, And Triumph.-- The New Form Of Administration.--Abdication And Retirement Of Diocletian And Maximian. Chapter XIV: Six Emperors At The Same Time, Reunion Of The Empire.--Part I. Part II. Part III. Part IV. Troubles After The Abdication Of Diocletian.--Death Of Constantius.--Elevation Of Constantine And Maxen Tius.-- Six Emperors At The Same Time.--Death Of Maximian And Galerius.--Victories Of Constantine Over Maxentius And Licinus.--Reunion Of The Empire Under The Authority Of Constantine. Chapter XV: Progress Of The Christian Religion.--Part I. Part II. Part III. Part IV. Part V. Part VI. Part VII Part VIII. Part IX. The Progress Of The Christian Religion, And The Sentiments, Manners, Numbers, And Condition Of The Primitive Christians. VOLUME TWO Chapter XVI: Conduct Towards The Christians, From Nero To Constantine.--Part I. Part II. Part III. Part IV. Part V. Part VI. Part VII. Part VIII. The Conduct Of The Roman Government Towards The Christians, From The Reign Of Nero To That Of Constantine. Chapter XVII: Foundation Of Constantinople.--Part I. Part II. Part III. Part IV. Part V. Part VI. Foundation Of Constantinople.--Political System Constantine, And His Successors.--Military Discipline.--The Palace.--The Finances. Chapter XVIII: Character Of Constantine And His Sons.--Part I. Part II. Part III. Part IV. Character Of Constantine.--Gothic War.--Death Of Constantine.--Division Of The Empire Among His Three Sons.-- Persian War.--Tragic Deaths Of Constantine The Younger And Constans.--Usurpation Of Magnentius.--Civil War.--Victory Of Constantius. Chapter XIX: Constantius Sole Emperor.--Part I. Part II. Part III. Part IV. Constantius Sole Emperor.--Elevation And Death Of Gallus.-- Danger And Elevation Of Julian.--Sarmatian And Persian Wars.--Victories Of Julian In Gaul. Chapter XX: Conversion Of Constantine.--Part I. Part II. Part III. Part IV. The Motives, Progress, And Effects Of The Conversion Of Constantine.--Legal Establishment And Constitution Of The Christian Or Catholic Church. Chapter XXI: Persecution Of Heresy, State Of The Church.--Part I. Part II. Part III. Part IV. Part V. Part VI. Part VII. Persecution Of Heresy.--The Schism Of The Donatists.--The Arian Controversy.--Athanasius.--Distracted State Of The Church And Empire Under Constantine And His Sons.-- Toleration Of Paganism. Chapter XXII: Julian Declared Emperor.--Part I. Part II. Part III. Part IV. Julian Is Declared Emperor By The Legions Of Gaul.--His March And Success.--The Death Of Constantius.--Civil Administration Of Julian. Chapter XXIII: Reign Of Julian.--Part I. Part II. Part III. Part IV. Part V. The Religion Of Julian.--Universal Toleration.--He Attempts To Restore And Reform The Pagan Worship--To Rebuild The Temple Of Jerusalem--His Artful Persecution Of The Christians.--Mutual Zeal And Injustice. Chapter XXIV: The Retreat And Death Of Julian.--Part I. Part II. Part III. Part IV. Part V. Residence Of Julian At Antioch.--His Successful Expedition Against The Persians.--Passage Of The Tigris--The Retreat And Death Of Julian.--Election Of Jovian.--He Saves The Roman Army By A Disgraceful Treaty. Chapter XXV: Reigns Of Jovian And Valentinian, Division Of The Empire.--Part I. Part II. Part III. Part IV. Part V. Part VI. Part VII. The Government And Death Of Jovian.--Election Of Valentinian, Who Associates His Brother Valens, And Makes The Final Division Of The Eastern And Western Empires.-- Revolt Of Procopius.--Civil And Ecclesiastical Administration.--Germany. --Britain.--Africa.--The East.-- The Danube.--Death Of Valentinian.--His Two Sons, Gratian And Valentinian II., Succeed To The Western Empire. Chapter XXVI: Progress of The Huns.--Part I. Part II. Part III. Part IV. Part V. Manners Of The Pastoral Nations.--Progress Of The Huns, From China To Europe.--Flight Of The Goths.--They Pass The Danube.--Gothic War.--Defeat And Death Of Valens.--Gratian Invests Theodosius With The Eastern Empire.--His Character And Success.--Peace And Settlement Of The Goths. VOLUME THREE Chapter XXVII: Civil Wars, Reign Of Theodosius.--Part I. Part II. Part III. Part IV. Part V. Death Of Gratian.--Ruin Of Arianism.--St. Ambrose.--First Civil War, Against Maximus.--Character, Administration, And Penance Of Theodosius.--Death Of Valentinian II.--Second Civil War, Against Eugenius.--Death Of Theodosius. Chapter XXVIII: Destruction Of Paganism.--Part I. Part II. Part III. Final Destruction Of Paganism.--Introduction Of The Worship Of Saints, And Relics, Among The Christians. Chapter XXIX: Division Of Roman Empire Between Sons Of Theodosius.--Part I. Part II. Final Division Of The Roman Empire Between The Sons Of Theodosius.--Reign Of Arcadius And Honorius--Administration Of Rufinus And Stilicho.--Revolt And Defeat Of Gildo In Africa. Chapter XXX: Revolt Of The Goths.--Part I. Part II. Part III. Part IV. Part V. Revolt Of The Goths.--They Plunder Greece.--Two Great Invasions Of Italy By Alaric And Radagaisus.--They Are Repulsed By Stilicho.--The Germans Overrun Gaul.--Usurpation Of Constantine In The West.--Disgrace And Death Of Stilicho. Chapter XXXI: Invasion Of Italy, Occupation Of Territories By Barbarians.--Part I. Part II. Part II. Part III. Part IV. Part V. Part VI. Invasion Of Italy By Alaric.--Manners Of The Roman Senate And People.--Rome Is Thrice Besieged, And At Length Pillaged, By The Goths.--Death Of Alaric.--The Goths Evacuate Italy.--Fall Of Constantine.--Gaul And Spain Are Occupied By The Barbarians. --Independence Of Britain. Chapter XXXII: Emperors Arcadius, Eutropius, Theodosius II.--Part I. Part II. Part III. Arcadius Emperor Of The East.--Administration And Disgrace Of Eutropius.--Revolt Of Gainas.--Persecution Of St. John Chrysostom.--Theodosius II. Emperor Of The East.--His Sister Pulcheria.--His Wife Eudocia.--The Persian War, And Division Of Armenia. Chapter XXXIII: Conquest Of Africa By The Vandals.--Part I. Part II. Death Of Honorius.--Valentinian III.--Emperor Of The East. - -Administration Of His Mother Placidia--Aetius And Boniface.--Conquest Of Africa By The Vandals. Chapter XXXIV: Attila.--Part I. Part II. Part III. The Character, Conquests, And Court Of Attila, King Of The Huns.--Death Of Theodosius The Younger.--Elevation Of Marcian To The Empire Of The East. Chapter XXXV: Invasion By Attila.--Part I. Part II. Part III. Invasion Of Gaul By Attila.--He Is Repulsed By Aetius And The Visigoths.--Attila Invades And Evacuates Italy.--The Deaths Of Attila, Aetius, And Valentinian The Third. Chapter XXXVI: Total Extinction Of The Western Empire.--Part I. Part II. Part III. Part IV. Part V. Sack Of Rome By Genseric, King Of The Vandals.--His Naval Depredations.--Succession Of The Last Emperors Of The West, Maximus, Avitus, Majorian, Severus, Anthemius, Olybrius, Glycerius, Nepos, Augustulus.--Total Extinction Of The Western Empire.--Reign Of Odoacer, The First Barbarian King Of Italy. Chapter XXXVII: Conversion Of The Barbarians To Christianity.--Part I. Part II. Part III. Part IV. Origin Progress, And Effects Of The Monastic Life.-- Conversion Of The Barbarians To Christianity And Arianism.-- Persecution Of The Vandals In Africa.--Extinction Of Arianism Among The Barbarians. Chapter XXXVIII: Reign Of Clovis.--Part I. Part II. Part III. Part IV. Part V. Part VI. Reign And Conversion Of Clovis.--His Victories Over The Alemanni, Burgundians, And Visigoths.--Establishment Of The French Monarchy In Gaul.--Laws Of The Barbarians.--State Of The Romans.--The Visigoths Of Spain.--Conquest Of Britain By The Saxons. VOLUME FOUR Chapter XXXIX: Gothic Kingdom Of Italy.--Part I. Part II. Part III. Zeno And Anastasius, Emperors Of The East.--Birth, Education, And First Exploits Of Theodoric The Ostrogoth.-- His Invasion And Conquest Of Italy.--The Gothic Kingdom Of Italy.--State Of The West.--Military And Civil Government.-- The Senator Boethius.--Last Acts And Death Of Theodoric. Chapter XL: Reign Of Justinian.--Part I. Part II. Part III. Part IV. Part V. Elevation Of Justin The Elder.--Reign Of Justinian.--I. The Empress Theodora.--II. Factions Of The Circus, And Sedition Of Constantinople.--III. Trade And Manufacture Of Silk.-- IV. Finances And Taxes.--V. Edifices Of Justinian.--Church Of St. Sophia.--Fortifications And Frontiers Of The Eastern Empire.--Abolition Of The Schools Of Athens, And The Consulship Of Rome. Chapter XLI: Conquests Of Justinian, Charact Of Balisarius.--Part I. Part II. Part III. Part IV. Part V. Conquests Of Justinian In The West.--Character And First Campaigns Of Belisarius--He Invades And Subdues The Vandal Kingdom Of Africa--His Triumph.--The Gothic War.--He Recovers Sicily, Naples, And Rome.--Siege Of Rome By The Goths.--Their Retreat And Losses.--Surrender Of Ravenna.-- Glory Of Belisarius.--His Domestic Shame And Misfortunes. Chapter XLII: State Of The Barbaric World.--Part I. Part II. Part III. Part IV. State Of The Barbaric World.--Establishment Of The Lombards On the Danube.--Tribes And Inroads Of The Sclavonians.-- Origin, Empire, And Embassies Of The Turks.--The Flight Of The Avars.--Chosroes I, Or Nushirvan, King Of Persia.--His Prosperous Reign And Wars With The Romans.--The Colchian Or Lazic War.--The Aethiopians. Chapter XLIII: Last Victory And Death Of Belisarius, Death Of Justinian.--Part I. Part II. Part III. Part IV. Rebellions Of Africa.--Restoration Of The Gothic Kingdom By Totila.--Loss And Recovery Of Rome.--Final Conquest Of Italy By Narses.--Extinction Of The Ostrogoths.--Defeat Of The Franks And Alemanni.--Last Victory, Disgrace, And Death Of Belisarius.--Death And Character Of Justinian.--Comet, Earthquakes, And Plague. Chapter XLIV: Idea Of The Roman Jurisprudence.--Part I. Part II. Part III. Part IV. Part V. Part VI. Part VII. Part VIII. Idea Of The Roman Jurisprudence.--The Laws Of The Kings--The Twelve Of The Decemvirs.--The Laws Of The People.--The Decrees Of The Senate.--The Edicts Of The Magistrates And Emperors--Authority Of The Civilians.--Code, Pandects, Novels, And Institutes Of Justinian:--I. Rights Of Persons.--II. Rights Of Things.--III. Private Injuries And Actions.--IV. Crimes And Punishments. Chapter XLV: State Of Italy Under The Lombards.--Part I. Part II. Part III. Reign Of The Younger Justin.--Embassy Of The Avars.--Their Settlement On The Danube.--Conquest Of Italy By The Lombards.--Adoption And Reign Of Tiberius.--Of Maurice.-- State Of Italy Under The Lombards And The Exarchs.--Of Ravenna.--Distress Of Rome.--Character And Pontificate Of Gregory The First. Chapter XLVI: Troubles In Persia.--Part I. Part II. Part III. Part IV. Revolutions On Persia After The Death Of Chosroes On Nushirvan.--His Son Hormouz, A Tyrant, Is Deposed.-- Usurpation Of Baharam.--Flight And Restoration Of Chosroes II.--His Gratitude To The Romans.--The Chagan Of The Avars.- -Revolt Of The Army Against Maurice.--His Death.--Tyranny Of Phocas.--Elevation Of Heraclius.--The Persian War.--Chosroes Subdues Syria, Egypt, And Asia Minor.--Siege Of Constantinople By The Persians And Avars.--Persian Expeditions.--Victories And Triumph Of Heraclius. Chapter XLVII: Ecclesiastical Discord.--Part I. Part II. Part III. Part IV. Part V. Part VI. Theological History Of The Doctrine Of The Incarnation.--The Human And Divine Nature Of Christ.--Enmity Of The Patriarchs Of Alexandria And Constantinople.--St. Cyril And Nestorius. --Third General Council Of Ephesus.--Heresy Of Eutyches.-- Fourth General Council Of Chalcedon.--Civil And Ecclesiastical Discord.--Intolerance Of Justinian.--The Three Chapters.--The Monothelite Controversy.--State Of The Oriental Sects:--I. The Nestorians.--II. The Jacobites.-- III. The Maronites.--IV. The Armenians.--V. The Copts And Abyssinians. Chapter XLVIII: Succession And Characters Of The Greek Emperors.--Part I. Part II. Part III. Part IV. Part V. Plan Of The Two Last Volumes.--Succession And Characters Of The Greek Emperors Of Constantinople, From The Time Of Heraclius To The Latin Conquest. VOLUME FIVE Chapter XLIX: Conquest Of Italy By The Franks.--Part I. Part II. Part III. Part IV. Part V. Part VI. Introduction, Worship, And Persecution Of Images.--Revolt Of Italy And Rome.--Temporal Dominion Of The Popes.--Conquest Of Italy By The Franks.--Establishment Of Images.--Character And Coronation Of Charlemagne.--Restoration And Decay Of The Roman Empire In The West.--Independence Of Italy.-- Constitution Of The Germanic Body. Chapter L: Description Of Arabia And Its Inhabitants.--Part I. Part II. Part III. Part IV. Part V. Part VI. Part VII. Part VIII. Description Of Arabia And Its Inhabitants.--Birth, Character, And Doctrine Of Mahomet.--He Preaches At Mecca.-- Flies To Medina.--Propagates His Religion By The Sword.-- Voluntary Or Reluctant Submission Of The Arabs.--His Death And Successors.--The Claims And Fortunes Of All And His Descendants. Chapter LI: Conquests By The Arabs.--Part I. Part II. Part III. Part IV. Part V. Part VI. Part VII. The Conquest Of Persia, Syria, Egypt, Africa, And Spain, By The Arabs Or Saracens.--Empire Of The Caliphs, Or Successors Of Mahomet.--State Of The Christians, &c., Under Their Government. Chapter LII: More Conquests By The Arabs.--Part I. Part II. Part III. Part IV. Part V. The Two Sieges Of Constantinople By The Arabs.--Their Invasion Of France, And Defeat By Charles Martel.--Civil War Of The Ommiades And Abbassides.--Learning Of The Arabs.-- Luxury Of The Caliphs.--Naval Enterprises On Crete, Sicily, And Rome.--Decay And Division Of The Empire Of The Caliphs. --Defeats And Victories Of The Greek Emperors. Chapter LIII: Fate Of The Eastern Empire.--Part I. Part II. Part III. Part IV. Fate Of The Eastern Empire In The Tenth Century.--Extent And Division.--Wealth And Revenue.--Palace Of Constantinople.-- Titles And Offices.--Pride And Power Of The Emperors.-- Tactics Of The Greeks, Arabs, And Franks.--Loss Of The Latin Tongue.--Studies And Solitude Of The Greeks. Chapter LIV: Origin And Doctrine Of The Paulicians.--Part I. Part II. Origin And Doctrine Of The Paulicians.--Their Persecution By The Greek Emperors.--Revolt In Armenia &c.--Transplantation Into Thrace.--Propagation In The West.--The Seeds, Character, And Consequences Of The Reformation. Chapter LV: The Bulgarians, The Hungarians And The Russians.--Part I. Part II. Part III. The Bulgarians.--Origin, Migrations, And Settlement Of The Hungarians.--Their Inroads In The East And West.--The Monarchy Of Russia.--Geography And Trade.--Wars Of The Russians Against The Greek Empire.--Conversion Of The Barbarians. Chapter LVI: The Saracens, The Franks And The Normans.--Part I. Part II. Part III. Part IV. Part V. The Saracens, Franks, And Greeks, In Italy.--First Adventures And Settlement Of The Normans.--Character And Conquest Of Robert Guiscard, Duke Of Apulia--Deliverance Of Sicily By His Brother Roger.--Victories Of Robert Over The Emperors Of The East And West.--Roger, King Of Sicily, Invades Africa And Greece.--The Emperor Manuel Comnenus.-- Wars Of The Greeks And Normans.--Extinction Of The Normans. Chapter LVII: The Turks.--Part I. Part II. Part III. The Turks Of The House Of Seljuk.--Their Revolt Against Mahmud Conqueror Of Hindostan.--Togrul Subdues Persia, And Protects The Caliphs.--Defeat And Captivity Of The Emperor Romanus Diogenes By Alp Arslan.--Power And Magnificence Of Malek Shah.--Conquest Of Asia Minor And Syria.--State And Oppression Of Jerusalem.--Pilgrimages To The Holy Sepulchre. Chapter LVIII: The First Crusade.--Part I. Part II. Part III. Part IV. Part V. Origin And Numbers Of The First Crusade.--Characters Of The Latin Princes.--Their March To Constantinople.--Policy Of The Greek Emperor Alexius.--Conquest Of Nice, Antioch, And Jerusalem, By The Franks.--Deliverance Of The Holy Sepulchre.-- Godfrey Of Bouillon, First King Of Jerusalem.-- Institutions Of The French Or Latin Kingdom. VOLUME SIX Chapter LIX: The Crusades.--Part I. Part II. Part III. Preservation Of The Greek Empire.--Numbers, Passage, And Event, Of The Second And Third Crusades.--St. Bernard.-- Reign Of Saladin In Egypt And Syria.--His Conquest Of Jerusalem.--Naval Crusades.--Richard The First Of England.-- Pope Innocent The Third; And The Fourth And Fifth Crusades.- -The Emperor Frederic The Second.--Louis The Ninth Of France; And The Two Last Crusades.--Expulsion Of The Latins Or Franks By The Mamelukes. Chapter LX: The Fourth Crusade.--Part I. Part II. Part III. Schism Of The Greeks And Latins.--State Of Constantinople.-- Revolt Of The Bulgarians.--Isaac Angelus Dethroned By His Brother Alexius.--Origin Of The Fourth Crusade.--Alliance Of The French And Venetians With The Son Of Isaac.--Their Naval Expedition To Constantinople.--The Two Sieges And Final Conquest Of The City By The Latins. Chapter LXI: Partition Of The Empire By The French And Venetians.--Part I. Part II. Part III. Part IV. Partition Of The Empire By The French And Venetians,--Five Latin Emperors Of The Houses Of Flanders And Courtenay.-- Their Wars Against The Bulgarians And Greeks.--Weakness And Poverty Of The Latin Empire.--Recovery Of Constantinople By The Greeks.--General Consequences Of The Crusades. Chapter LXII: Greek Emperors Of Nice And Constantinople.--Part I. Part II. Part III. The Greek Emperors Of Nice And Constantinople.--Elevation And Reign Of Michael Palæologus.--His False Union With The Pope And The Latin Church.--Hostile Designs Of Charles Of Anjou.--Revolt Of Sicily.--War Of The Catalans In Asia And Greece.--Revolutions And Present State Of Athens. Chapter LXIII: Civil Wars And The Ruin Of The Greek Empire.--Part I. Part II. Civil Wars, And Ruin Of The Greek Empire.--Reigns Of Andronicus, The Elder And Younger, And John Palæologus.-- Regency, Revolt, Reign, And Abdication Of John Cantacuzene.-- Establishment Of A Genoese Colony At Pera Or Galata.--Their Wars With The Empire And City Of Constantinople. Chapter LXIV: Moguls, Ottoman Turks.--Part I. Part II. Part III. Part IV. Conquests Of Zingis Khan And The Moguls From China To Poland.--Escape Of Constantinople And The Greeks.--Origin Of The Ottoman Turks In Bithynia.--Reigns And Victories Of Othman, Orchan, Amurath The First, And Bajazet The First.-- Foundation And Progress Of The Turkish Monarchy In Asia And Europe.--Danger Of Constantinople And The Greek Empire. Chapter LXV: Elevation Of Timour Or Tamerlane, And His Death.--Part I. Part II. Part III. Elevation Of Timour Or Tamerlane To The Throne Of Samarcand.--His Conquests In Persia, Georgia, Tartary Russia, India, Syria, And Anatolia.--His Turkish War.-- Defeat And Captivity Of Bajazet.--Death Of Timour.--Civil War Of The Sons Of Bajazet.--Restoration Of The Turkish Monarchy By Mahomet The First.--Siege Of Constantinople By Amurath The Second. Chapter LXVI: Union Of The Greek And Latin Churches.--Part I. Part II. Part III. Part IV. Applications Of The Eastern Emperors To The Popes.--Visits To The West, Of John The First, Manuel, And John The Second, Palæologus.--Union Of The Greek And Latin Churches, Promoted By The Council Of Basil, And Concluded At Ferrara And Florence.--State Of Literature At Constantinople.--Its Revival In Italy By The Greek Fugitives.--Curiosity And Emulation Of The Latins. Chapter LXVII: Schism Of The Greeks And Latins.--Part I. Part II. Schism Of The Greeks And Latins.--Reign And Character Of Amurath The Second.--Crusade Of Ladislaus, King Of Hungary.- -His Defeat And Death.--John Huniades.--Scanderbeg.-- Constantine Palæologus, Last Emperor Of The East. Chapter LXVIII: Reign Of Mahomet The Second, Extinction Of Eastern Empire.--Part I. Part II. Part III. Part IV. Reign And Character Of Mahomet The Second.--Siege, Assault, And Final Conquest, Of Constantinople By The Turks.--Death Of Constantine Palæologus.--Servitude Of The Greeks.-- Extinction Of The Roman Empire In The East.--Consternation Of Europe.--Conquests And Death Of Mahomet The Second. Chapter LXIX: State Of Rome From The Twelfth Century.--Part I. Part II. Part III. Part IV. State Of Rome From The Twelfth Century.--Temporal Dominion Of The Popes.--Seditions Of The City.--Political Heresy Of Arnold Of Brescia.--Restoration Of The Republic.--The Senators.--Pride Of The Romans.--Their Wars.--They Are Deprived Of The Election And Presence Of The Popes, Who Retire To Avignon.--The Jubilee.--Noble Families Of Rome.-- Feud Of The Colonna And Ursini. Chapter LXX: Final Settlement Of The Ecclesiastical State.--Part I. Part II. Part III. Part IV. Character And Coronation Of Petrarch.--Restoration Of The Freedom And Government Of Rome By The Tribune Rienzi.--His Virtues And Vices, His Expulsion And Death.--Return Of The Popes From Avignon.--Great Schism Of The West.--Reunion Of The Latin Church.--Last Struggles Of Roman Liberty.-- Statutes Of Rome.--Final Settlement Of The Ecclesiastical State. Chapter LXXI: Prospect Of The Ruins Of Rome In The Fifteenth Century.--Part I. Part II Prospect Of The Ruins Of Rome In The Fifteenth Century.-- Four Causes Of Decay And Destruction.--Example Of The Coliseum.--Renovation Of The City.--Conclusion Of The Whole Work. *********************************************** 1997 Project Gutenberg Edition Table of Contents for Ebooks 890-895 ABREVIATED DETAILED ABREVIATED CONTENTS: VOLUME ONE Introduction Preface By The Editor Preface Of The Author Preface To The First Volume Chapter I: The Extent Of The Empire In The Age Of The Antoninies.--Part I. Part II. Part III. Chapter II: The Internal Prosperity In The Age Of The Antonines.--Part I. Part II. Part III. Part IV. Chapter III: The Constitution In The Age Of The Antonines.--Part I. Part II. Chapter IV: The Cruelty, Follies And Murder Of Commodus.--Part I. Part II. Chapter V: Sale Of The Empire To Didius Julianus.--Part I. Part II. Chapter VI: Death Of Severus, Tyranny Of Caracalla, Usurpation Of Marcinus.--Part I. Part II. Part III. Part IV. Chapter VII: Tyranny Of Maximin, Rebellion, Civil Wars, Death Of Maximin.--Part I. Part II. Part III. Chapter VIII: State Of Persion And Restoration Of The Monarchy.--Part I. Part II. Chapter IX: State Of Germany Until The Barbarians.--Part I. Part II. Part III. Chapter X: Emperors Decius, Gallus, Æmilianus, Valerian And Gallienus.--Part I. Part II. Part III. Part IV. Chapter XI: Reign Of Claudius, Defeat Of The Goths.--Part I. Part II. Part III. Chapter XII: Reigns Of Tacitus, Probus, Carus And His Sons.--Part I. Part II. Part III. Chapter XIII: Reign Of Diocletian And This Three Associates.--Part I. Part II. Part III. Part IV. Chapter XIV: Six Emperors At The Same Time, Reunion Of The Empire.--Part I. Part II. Part III. Part IV. Chapter XV: Progress Of The Christian Religion.--Part I. Part II. Part III. Part IV. Part V. Part VI. Part VII. Part VIII. Part IX. VOLUME TWO Chapter XVI--Conduct Towards The Christians, From Nero To Constantine.--Part I. Part II. Part III. Part IV. Part V. Part VI. Part VII. Part VIII. Chapter XVII: Foundation Of Constantinople.--Part I. Part II. Part III. Part IV. Part V. Part VI. Chapter XVIII: Character Of Constantine And His Sons.--Part I. Part II. Part III. Part IV. Chapter XIX: Constantius Sole Emperor.--Part I. PartII. Part III. Part IV. Chapter XX: Conversion Of Constantine.--Part I. Part II. Part III. PartIV. Chapter XXI: Persecution Of Heresy, State Of The Church.--Part I. Part II. Part III. Part IV. Part V. Part VI. Part VII. Chapter XXII: Julian Declared Emperor.--Part I Part II. Part III. Part IV. Chapter XXIII: Reign Of Julian.--Part I. Part II. Part III. Part IV. Part V. Chapter XXIV: The Retreat And Death Of Julian.--Part I. Part II. Part III. Part IV. Part V. Chapter XXV: Reigns Of Jovian And Valentinian, Division Of The Empire.--Part I. Part II. Part III. Part IV. Part V. Part VI. Part VII. Chapter XXVI: Progress of The Huns.--Part I. Part II. Part III. Part IV. Part V. VOLUME THREE Chapter XVI--Conduct Towards The Christians, From Nero To Constantine.--Part I. Part II. Part III. Part IV. Part V. Part VI. Part VII. Part VIII. Chapter XVII: Foundation Of Constantinople.--Part I. Part II. Part III. Part IV. Part V. Part VI. Chapter XVIII: Character Of Constantine And His Sons.--Part I. Part II. Part III. Part IV. Chapter XIX: Constantius Sole Emperor.--Part I. PartII. Part III. Part IV. Chapter XX: Conversion Of Constantine.--Part I. Part II. Part III. PartIV. Chapter XXI: Persecution Of Heresy, State Of The Church.--Part I. Part II. Part III. Part IV. Part V. Part VI. Part VII. Chapter XXII: Julian Declared Emperor.--Part I Part II. Part III. Part IV. Chapter XXIII: Reign Of Julian.--Part I. Part II. Part III. Part IV. Part V. Chapter XXIV: The Retreat And Death Of Julian.--Part I. Part II. Part III. Part IV. Part V. Chapter XXV: Reigns Of Jovian And Valentinian, Division Of The Empire.--Part I. Part II. Part III. Part IV. Part V. Part VI. Part VII. Chapter XXVI: Progress of The Huns.--Part I. Part II. Part III. Part IV. Part V. VOLUME FOUR Chapter XXXIX: Gothic Kingdom Of Italy.--Part I. Part II. Part III. Chapter XL: Reign Of Justinian.--Part I. Part II. Part III. Part IV. Part V. Chapter XLI: Conquests Of Justinian, Character Of Balisarius.--Part I. Part II. Part III. Part IV. Part V. Part VI. Chapter XLII: State Of The Barbaric World.--Part I. Part II. Part III. Part IV. Chapter XLIII: Last Victory And Death Of Belisarius, Death Of Justinian.--Part I. Part II. Part III. Part IV. Chapter XLIV: Idea Of The Roman Jurisprudence.--Part I. Part II. Part III. Part IV. Part V. Part VI. Part VII. Part VIII. Chapter XLV: State Of Italy Under The Lombards.--Part I. Part II. Part III. Chapter XLVI: Troubles In Persia.--Part I. Part II. Part III. Part IV. Chapter XLVII: Ecclesiastical Discord.--Part I. Part II. Part III. Part IV. Part V. Part VI. Chapter XLVIII: Succession And Characters Of The Greek Emperors.--Part I. Part II. Part III. Part IV. Part VI. VOLUME FIVE Chapter XLIX: Conquest Of Italy By The Franks.--Part I. Part II. Part III. Part IV. Part V. Part VI. Chapter L: Description Of Arabia And Its Inhabitants.--Part I. Part II. Part III. Part IV. Part V. Part VI. Part VII. Part VIII. Chapter LI: Conquests By The Arabs.--Part I. Part II. Part III. Part IV. Part V. Part VI. Part VII. Part VIII. Part IX. Chapter LII: More Conquests By The Arabs.--Part I. Part II. Part III. Part IV. Part V. Chapter LIII: Fate Of The Eastern Empire.--Part I. Part II. Part III. Part IV. Chapter LIV: Origin And Doctrine Of The Paulicians.--Part I. Part II. Chapter LV: The Bulgarians, The Hungarians And The Russians.--Part I. Part II. Part III. Chapter LVI: The Saracens, The Franks And The Normans.--Part I. Part II. Part III. Part IV. Part V. Chapter LVII: The Turks.--Part I. Part II. Part III. Chapter LVIII: The First Crusade.--Part I. Part II. Part III. Part IV. Part V. VOLUME SIX Chapter LIX: The Crusades.--Part I. Part II. Part III. Chapter LX: The Fourth Crusade.--Part I. Part II. Part III. Chapter LXI: Partition Of The Empire By The French And Venetians.--Part I. Part II. Part III. Part IV. Chapter LXII: Greek Emperors Of Nice And Constantinople.--Part I. Part II. Part III. Chapter LXIII: Civil Wars And The Ruin Of The Greek Empire.--Part I. Part II. Chapter LXIV: Moguls, Ottoman Turks.--Part I. Part II. Part III. Part IV. Chapter LXV: Elevation Of Timour Or Tamerlane, And His Death.--Part I. Part II. Part III. Chapter LXVI: Union Of The Greek And Latin Churches.--Part I. Part II. Part III. Part IV. Chapter LXVII: Schism Of The Greeks And Latins.--Part I. Part II. Chapter LXVIII: Reign Of Mahomet The Second, Extinction Of Eastern Empire.--Part I. Part II. Part III. Part IV. Chapter LXIX: State Of Rome From The Twelfth Century.--Part I. Part II. Part III. Part IV. Chapter LXX: Final Settlement Of The Ecclesiastical State.--Part I. Part II. Part III. Part IV. Chapter LXXI: Prospect Of The Ruins Of Rome In The Fifteenth Century.--Part I. Part II DETAILED TABLE OF CONTENTS VOLUME ONE Introduction Preface By The Editor Preface Of The Author Preface To The First Volume Chapter I: The Extent Of The Empire In The Age Of The Antoninies.--Part I. Part II. Part III. Introduction--The Extent And Military Force Of The Empire In The Age Of The Antonines. Chapter II: The Internal Prosperity In The Age Of The Antonines.--Part I. Part II. Part III. Part IV. Of The Union And Internal Prosperity Of The Roman Empire, In The Age Of The Antonines. Chapter III: The Constitution In The Age Of The Antonines.--Part I. Part II. Of The Constitution Of The Roman Empire, In The Age Of The Antonines. Chapter IV: The Cruelty, Follies And Murder Of Commodus.--Part I. Part II. The Cruelty, Follies, And Murder Of Commodus. Election Of Pertinax--His Attempts To Reform The State--His Assassination By The Prætorian Guards. Chapter V: Sale Of The Empire To Didius Julianus.--Part I. Part II. Public Sale Of The Empire To Didius Julianus By The Prætorian Guards--Clodius Albinus In Britain, Pescennius Niger In Syria, And Septimius Severus In Pannonia, Declare Against The Murderers Of Pertinax--Civil Wars And Victory Of Severus Over His Three Rivals--Relaxation Of Discipline--New Maxims Of Government. Chapter VI: Death Of Severus, Tyranny Of Caracalla, Usurpation Of Marcinus.--Part I. Part II. Part III. Part IV. The Death Of Severus.--Tyranny Of Caracalla.--Usurpation Of Macrinus.--Follies Of Elagabalus.--Virtues Of Alexander Severus.--Licentiousness Of The Army.--General State Of The Roman Finances. Chapter VII: Tyranny Of Maximin, Rebellion, Civil Wars, Death Of Maximin.--Part I. Part II. Part III. The Elevation And Tyranny Of Maximin.--Rebellion In Africa And Italy, Under The Authority Of The Senate.--Civil Wars And Seditions.--Violent Deaths Of Maximin And His Son, Of Maximus And Balbinus, And Of The Three Gordians.--Usurpation And Secular Games Of Philip. Chapter VIII: State Of Persion And Restoration Of The Monarchy.--Part I. Part II. Of The State Of Persia After The Restoration Of The Monarchy By Artaxerxes. Chapter IX: State Of Germany Until The Barbarians.--Part I. Part II. Part III. The State Of Germany Till The Invasion Of The Barbarians In The Time Of The Emperor Decius. Chapter X: Emperors Decius, Gallus, Æmilianus, Valerian And Gallienus.--Part I. Part II. Part III. Part IV. The Emperors Decius, Gallus, Æmilianus, Valerian, And Gallienus.--The General Irruption Of The Barbari Ans.--The Thirty Tyrants. Chapter XI: Reign Of Claudius, Defeat Of The Goths.--Part I. Part II. Part III. Reign Of Claudius.--Defeat Of The Goths.--Victories, Triumph, And Death Of Aurelian. Chapter XII: Reigns Of Tacitus, Probus, Carus And His Sons.--Part I. Part II. Part III. Conduct Of The Army And Senate After The Death Of Aurelian.- -Reigns Of Tacitus, Probus, Carus, And His Sons. Chapter XIII: Reign Of Diocletian And This Three Associates.--Part I. Part II. Part III. Part IV. The Reign Of Diocletian And His Three Associates, Maximian, Galerius, And Constantius.--General Reestablishment Of Order And Tranquillity.--The Persian War, Victory, And Triumph.-- The New Form Of Administration.--Abdication And Retirement Of Diocletian And Maximian. Chapter XIV: Six Emperors At The Same Time, Reunion Of The Empire.--Part I. Part II. Part III. Part IV. Troubles After The Abdication Of Diocletian.--Death Of Constantius.--Elevation Of Constantine And Maxen Tius. ­ Six Emperors At The Same Time.--Death Of Maximian And Galerius. --Victories Of Constantine Over Maxentius And Licinus.-- Reunion Of The Empire Under The Authority Of Constantine. Chapter XV: Progress Of The Christian Religion.--Part I. Part II. Part III. Part IV. Part V. Part VI. Part VII. Part VIII. Part IX. The Progress Of The Christian Religion, And The Sentiments, Manners, Numbers, And Condition Of The Primitive Christians. VOLUME TWO Chapter XVI--Conduct Towards The Christians, From Nero To Constantine.--Part I. Part II. Part III. Part IV. Part V. Part VI. Part VII. Part VIII. The Conduct Of The Roman Government Towards The Christians, From The Reign Of Nero To That Of Constantine. Chapter XVII: Foundation Of Constantinople.--Part I. Part II. Part III. Part IV. Part V. Part VI. Foundation Of Constantinople.--Political System Constantine, And His Successors.--Military Discipline.--The Palace.--The Finances. Chapter XVIII: Character Of Constantine And His Sons.--Part I. Part II. Part III. Part IV. Character Of Constantine.--Gothic War.--Death Of Constantine.--Division Of The Empire Among His Three Sons.-- Persian War.--Tragic Deaths Of Constantine The Younger And Constans.--Usurpation Of Magnentius.--Civil War.--Victory Of Constantius. Chapter XIX: Constantius Sole Emperor.--Part I. PartII. Part III. Part IV. Constantius Sole Emperor.--Elevation And Death Of Gallus.-- Danger And Elevation Of Julian.--Sarmatian And Persian Wars.--Victories Of Julian In Gaul. Chapter XX: Conversion Of Constantine.--Part I. Part II. Part III. PartIV. The Motives, Progress, And Effects Of The Conversion Of Constantine.--Legal Establishment And Constitution Of The Christian Or Catholic Church. Chapter XXI: Persecution Of Heresy, State Of The Church.--Part I. Part II. Part III. Part IV. Part V. Part VI. Part VII. Persecution Of Heresy.--The Schism Of The Donatists.--The Arian Controversy.--Athanasius.--Distracted State Of The Church And Empire Under Constantine And His Sons.-- Toleration Of Paganism. Chapter XXII: Julian Declared Emperor.--Part I Part II. Part III. Part IV. Julian Is Declared Emperor By The Legions Of Gaul.--His March And Success.--The Death Of Constantius.--Civil Administration Of Julian. Chapter XXIII: Reign Of Julian.--Part I. Part II. Part III. Part IV. Part V. The Religion Of Julian.--Universal Toleration.--He Attempts To Restore And Reform The Pagan Worship--To Rebuild The Temple Of Jerusalem--His Artful Persecution Of The Christians.--Mutual Zeal And Injustice. Chapter XXIV: The Retreat And Death Of Julian.--Part I. Part II. Part III. Part IV. Part V. Residence Of Julian At Antioch.--His Successful Expedition Against The Persians.--Passage Of The Tigris--The Retreat And Death Of Julian.--Election Of Jovian.--He Saves The Roman Army By A Disgraceful Treaty. Chapter XXV: Reigns Of Jovian And Valentinian, Division Of The Empire.--Part I. Part II. Part III. Part IV. Part V. Part VI. Part VII. The Government And Death Of Jovian.--Election Of Valentinian, Who Associates His Brother Valens, And Makes The Final Division Of The Eastern And Western Empires.-- Revolt Of Procopius.--Civil And Ecclesiastical Administration.--Germany.--Britain.--Africa.--The East.--The Danube.--Death Of Valentinian.--His Two Sons, Gratian And Valentinian II., Succeed To The Western Empire. Chapter XXVI: Progress of The Huns.--Part I. Part II. Part III. Part IV. Part V. Manners Of The Pastoral Nations.--Progress Of The Huns, From China To Europe.--Flight Of The Goths.--They Pass The Danube. --Gothic War.--Defeat And Death Of Valens.--Gratian Invests Theodosius With The Eastern Empire.--His Character And Success. --Peace And Settlement Of The Goths. VOLUME THREE Chapter XVI--Conduct Towards The Christians, From Nero To Constantine.--Part I. Part II. Part III. Part IV. Part V. Part VI. Part VII. Part VIII. The Conduct Of The Roman Government Towards The Christians, From The Reign Of Nero To That Of Constantine. Chapter XVII: Foundation Of Constantinople.--Part I. Part II. Part III. Part IV. Part V. Part VI. Foundation Of Constantinople.--Political System Constantine, And His Successors.--Military Discipline.--The Palace.--The Finances. Chapter XVIII: Character Of Constantine And His Sons.--Part I. Part II. Part III. Part IV. Character Of Constantine.--Gothic War.--Death Of Constantine.--Division Of The Empire Among His Three Sons.-- Persian War.--Tragic Deaths Of Constantine The Younger And Constans.--Usurpation Of Magnentius.--Civil War.--Victory Of Constantius. Chapter XIX: Constantius Sole Emperor.--Part I. PartII. Part III. Part IV. Constantius Sole Emperor.--Elevation And Death Of Gallus.-- Danger And Elevation Of Julian.--Sarmatian And Persian Wars.--Victories Of Julian In Gaul. Chapter XX: Conversion Of Constantine.--Part I. Part II. Part III. PartIV. The Motives, Progress, And Effects Of The Conversion Of Constantine.--Legal Establishment And Constitution Of The Christian Or Catholic Church. Chapter XXI: Persecution Of Heresy, State Of The Church.--Part I. Part II. Part III. Part IV. Part V. Part VI. Part VII. Persecution Of Heresy.--The Schism Of The Donatists.--The Arian Controversy.--Athanasius.--Distracted State Of The Church And Empire Under Constantine And His Sons.-- Toleration Of Paganism. Chapter XXII: Julian Declared Emperor.--Part I Part II. Part III. Part IV. Julian Is Declared Emperor By The Legions Of Gaul.--His March And Success.--The Death Of Constantius.--Civil Administration Of Julian. Chapter XXIII: Reign Of Julian.--Part I. Part II. Part III. Part IV. Part V. The Religion Of Julian.--Universal Toleration.--He Attempts To Restore And Reform The Pagan Worship--To Rebuild The Temple Of Jerusalem--His Artful Persecution Of The Christians.--Mutual Zeal And Injustice. Chapter XXIV: The Retreat And Death Of Julian.--Part I. Part II. Part III. Part IV. Part V. Residence Of Julian At Antioch.--His Successful Expedition Against The Persians.--Passage Of The Tigris--The Retreat And Death Of Julian.--Election Of Jovian.--He Saves The Roman Army By A Disgraceful Treaty. Chapter XXV: Reigns Of Jovian And Valentinian, Division Of The Empire.--Part I. Part II. Part III. Part IV. Part V. Part VI. Part VII. The Government And Death Of Jovian.--Election Of Valentinian, Who Associates His Brother Valens, And Makes The Final Division Of The Eastern And Western Empires.-- Revolt Of Procopius.--Civil And Ecclesiastical Administration.--Germany.--Britain.--Africa.--The East.--The Danube.--Death Of Valentinian.--His Two Sons, Gratian And Valentinian II., Succeed To The Western Empire. Chapter XXVI: Progress of The Huns.--Part I. Part II. Part III. Part IV. Part V. Manners Of The Pastoral Nations.--Progress Of The Huns, From China To Europe.--Flight Of The Goths.--They Pass The Danube. --Gothic War.--Defeat And Death Of Valens.--Gratian Invests Theodosius With The Eastern Empire.--His Character And Success. --Peace And Settlement Of The Goths. VOLUME FOUR Chapter XXXIX: Gothic Kingdom Of Italy.--Part I. Part II. Part III. Zeno And Anastasius, Emperors Of The East.--Birth, Education, And First Exploits Of Theodoric The Ostrogoth.-- His Invasion And Conquest Of Italy.--The Gothic Kingdom Of Italy.--State Of The West.--Military And Civil Government.-- The Senator Boethius.--Last Acts And Death Of Theodoric. Chapter XL: Reign Of Justinian.--Part I. Part II. Part III. Part IV. Part V. Elevation Of Justin The Elder.--Reign Of Justinian.--I. The Empress Theodora.--II. Factions Of The Circus, And Sedition Of Constantinople.--III. Trade And Manufacture Of Silk.--IV. Finances And Taxes.--V. Edifices Of Justinian.--Church Of St. Sophia.--Fortifications And Frontiers Of The Eastern Empire.--Abolition Of The Schools Of Athens, And The Consulship Of Rome. Chapter XLI: Conquests Of Justinian, Character Of Balisarius.--Part I. Part II. Part III. Part IV. Part V. Part VI. Conquests Of Justinian In The West.--Character And First Campaigns Of Belisarius--He Invades And Subdues The Vandal Kingdom Of Africa--His Triumph.--The Gothic War.--He Recovers Sicily, Naples, And Rome.--Siege Of Rome By The Goths.--Their Retreat And Losses.--Surrender Of Ravenna.-- Glory Of Belisarius.--His Domestic Shame And Misfortunes. Chapter XLII: State Of The Barbaric World.--Part I. Part II. Part III. Part IV. State Of The Barbaric World.--Establishment Of The Lombards On the Danube.--Tribes And Inroads Of The Sclavonians.-- Origin, Empire, And Embassies Of The Turks.--The Flight Of The Avars.--Chosroes I, Or Nushirvan, King Of Persia.--His Prosperous Reign And Wars With The Romans.--The Colchian Or Lazic War.--The Æthiopians. Chapter XLIII: Last Victory And Death Of Belisarius, Death Of Justinian.--Part I. Part II. Part III. Part IV. Rebellions Of Africa.--Restoration Of The Gothic Kingdom By Totila.--Loss And Recovery Of Rome.--Final Conquest Of Italy By Narses.--Extinction Of The Ostrogoths.--Defeat Of The Franks And Alemanni.--Last Victory, Disgrace, And Death Of Belisarius.--Death And Character Of Justinian.--Comet, Earthquakes, And Plague. Chapter XLIV: Idea Of The Roman Jurisprudence.--Part I. Part II. Part III. Part IV. Part V. Part VI. Part VII. Part VIII. Idea Of The Roman Jurisprudence.--The Laws Of The Kings--The Twelve Of The Decemvirs.--The Laws Of The People.--The Decrees Of The Senate.--The Edicts Of The Magistrates And Emperors--Authority Of The Civilians.--Code, Pandects, Novels, And Institutes Of Justinian:--I. Rights Of Persons.- -II. Rights Of Things.--III. Private Injuries And Actions.-- IV. Crimes And Punishments. Chapter XLV: State Of Italy Under The Lombards.--Part I. Part II. Part III. Reign Of The Younger Justin.--Embassy Of The Avars.--Their Settlement On The Danube.--Conquest Of Italy By The Lombards.--Adoption And Reign Of Tiberius.--Of Maurice.-- State Of Italy Under The Lombards And The Exarchs.--Of Ravenna.--Distress Of Rome.--Character And Pontificate Of Gregory The First. Chapter XLVI: Troubles In Persia.--Part I. Part II. Part III. Part IV. Revolutions On Persia After The Death Of Chosroes On Nushirvan.--His Son Hormouz, A Tyrant, Is Deposed.-- Usurpation Of Baharam.--Flight And Restoration Of Chosroes II.--His Gratitude To The Romans.--The Chagan Of The Avars.- -Revolt Of The Army Against Maurice.--His Death.--Tyranny Of Phocas.--Elevation Of Heraclius.--The Persian War.--Chosroes Subdues Syria, Egypt, And Asia Minor.--Siege Of Constantinople By The Persians And Avars.--Persian Expeditions.--Victories And Triumph Of Heraclius. Chapter XLVII: Ecclesiastical Discord.--Part I. Part II. Part III. Part IV. Part V. Part VI. Theological History Of The Doctrine Of The Incarnation.--The Human And Divine Nature Of Christ.--Enmity Of The Patriarchs Of Alexandria And Constantinople.--St. Cyril And Nestorius.- -Third General Council Of Ephesus.--Heresy Of Eutyches.-- Fourth General Council Of Chalcedon.--Civil And Ecclesiastical Discord.--Intolerance Of Justinian.--The Three Chapters.--The Monothelite Controversy.--State Of The Oriental Sects:--I. The Nestorians.--II. The Jacobites.-- III. The Maronites.--IV. The Armenians.--V. The Copts And Abyssinians. Chapter XLVIII: Succession And Characters Of The Greek Emperors.--Part I. Part II. Part III. Part IV. Part VI. Plan Of The Two Last Volumes.--Succession And Characters Of The Greek Emperors Of Constantinople, From The Time Of Heraclius To The Latin Conquest. VOLUME FIVE Chapter XLIX: Conquest Of Italy By The Franks.--Part I. Part II. Part III. Part IV. Part V. Part VI. Introduction, Worship, And Persecution Of Images.--Revolt Of Italy And Rome.--Temporal Dominion Of The Popes.--Conquest Of Italy By The Franks.--Establishment Of Images.--Character And Coronation Of Charlemagne.--Restoration And Decay Of The Roman Empire In The West.--Independence Of Italy.-- Constitution Of The Germanic Body. Chapter L: Description Of Arabia And Its Inhabitants.--Part I. Part II. Part III. Part IV. Part V. Part VI. Part VII. Part VIII. Description Of Arabia And Its Inhabitants.--Birth, Character, And Doctrine Of Mahomet.--He Preaches At Mecca.-- Flies To Medina.--Propagates His Religion By The Sword.-- Voluntary Or Reluctant Submission Of The Arabs.--His Death And Successors.--The Claims And Fortunes Of All And His Descendants. Chapter LI: Conquests By The Arabs.--Part I. Part II. Part III. Part IV. Part V. Part VI. Part VII. Part VIII. Part IX. The Conquest Of Persia, Syria, Egypt, Africa, And Spain, By The Arabs Or Saracens.--Empire Of The Caliphs, Or Successors Of Mahomet.--State Of The Christians, &c., Under Their Government. Chapter LII: More Conquests By The Arabs.--Part I. Part II. Part III. Part IV. Part V. The Two Sieges Of Constantinople By The Arabs.--Their Invasion Of France, And Defeat By Charles Martel.--Civil War Of The Ommiades And Abbassides.--Learning Of The Arabs.-- Luxury Of The Caliphs.--Naval Enterprises On Crete, Sicily, And Rome.--Decay And Division Of The Empire Of The Caliphs.- -Defeats And Victories Of The Greek Emperors. Chapter LIII: Fate Of The Eastern Empire.--Part I. Part II. Part III. Part IV. Fate Of The Eastern Empire In The Tenth Century.--Extent And Division.--Wealth And Revenue.--Palace Of Constantinople.-- Titles And Offices.--Pride And Power Of The Emperors.-- Tactics Of The Greeks, Arabs, And Franks.--Loss Of The Latin Tongue.--Studies And Solitude Of The Greeks. Chapter LIV: Origin And Doctrine Of The Paulicians.--Part I. Part II. Origin And Doctrine Of The Paulicians.--Their Persecution By The Greek Emperors.--Revolt In Armenia &c.--Transplantation Into Thrace.--Propagation In The West.--The Seeds, Character, And Consequences Of The Reformation. Chapter LV: The Bulgarians, The Hungarians And The Russians.--Part I. Part II. Part III. The Bulgarians.--Origin, Migrations, And Settlement Of The Hungarians.--Their Inroads In The East And West.--The Monarchy Of Russia.--Geography And Trade.--Wars Of The Russians Against The Greek Empire.--Conversion Of The Barbarians. Chapter LVI: The Saracens, The Franks And The Normans.--Part I. Part II. Part III. Part IV. Part V. The Saracens, Franks, And Greeks, In Italy.--First Adventures And Settlement Of The Normans.--Character And Conquest Of Robert Guiscard, Duke Of Apulia--Deliverance Of Sicily By His Brother Roger.--Victories Of Robert Over The Emperors Of The East And West.--Roger, King Of Sicily, Invades Africa And Greece.--The Emperor Manuel Comnenus.-- Wars Of The Greeks And Normans.--Extinction Of The Normans. Chapter LVII: The Turks.--Part I. Part II. Part III. The Turks Of The House Of Seljuk.--Their Revolt Against Mahmud Conqueror Of Hindostan.--Togrul Subdues Persia, And Protects The Caliphs.--Defeat And Captivity Of The Emperor Romanus Diogenes By Alp Arslan.--Power And Magnificence Of Malek Shah.--Conquest Of Asia Minor And Syria.--State And Oppression Of Jerusalem.--Pilgrimages To The Holy Sepulchre. Chapter LVIII: The First Crusade.--Part I. Part II. Part III. Part IV. Part V. Origin And Numbers Of The First Crusade.--Characters Of The Latin Princes.--Their March To Constantinople.--Policy Of The Greek Emperor Alexius.--Conquest Of Nice, Antioch, And Jerusalem, By The Franks.--Deliverance Of The Holy Sepulchre.--Godfrey Of Bouillon, First King Of Jerusalem.-- Institutions Of The French Or Latin Kingdom. VOLUME SIX Chapter LIX: The Crusades.--Part I. Part II. Part III. Preservation Of The Greek Empire.--Numbers, Passage, And Event, Of The Second And Third Crusades.--St. Bernard.-- Reign Of Saladin In Egypt And Syria.--His Conquest Of Jerusalem.--Naval Crusades.--Richard The First Of England.-- Pope Innocent The Third; And The Fourth And Fifth Crusades.- -The Emperor Frederic The Second.--Louis The Ninth Of France; And The Two Last Crusades.--Expulsion Of The Latins Or Franks By The Mamelukes. Chapter LX: The Fourth Crusade.--Part I. Part II. Part III. Schism Of The Greeks And Latins.--State Of Constantinople.-- Revolt Of The Bulgarians.--Isaac Angelus Dethroned By His Brother Alexius.--Origin Of The Fourth Crusade.--Alliance Of The French And Venetians With The Son Of Isaac.--Their Naval Expedition To Constantinople.--The Two Sieges And Final Conquest Of The City By The Latins. Chapter LXI: Partition Of The Empire By The French And Venetians.--Part I. Part II. Part III. Part IV. Partition Of The Empire By The French And Venetians,--Five Latin Emperors Of The Houses Of Flanders And Courtenay.-- Their Wars Against The Bulgarians And Greeks.--Weakness And Poverty Of The Latin Empire.--Recovery Of Constantinople By The Greeks.--General Consequences Of The Crusades. Chapter LXII: Greek Emperors Of Nice And Constantinople.--Part I. Part II. Part III. The Greek Emperors Of Nice And Constantinople.--Elevation And Reign Of Michael Palæologus.--His False Union With The Pope And The Latin Church.--Hostile Designs Of Charles Of Anjou.--Revolt Of Sicily.--War Of The Catalans In Asia And Greece.--Revolutions And Present State Of Athens. Chapter LXIII: Civil Wars And The Ruin Of The Greek Empire.--Part I. Part II. Civil Wars, And Ruin Of The Greek Empire.--Reigns Of Andronicus, The Elder And Younger, And John Palæologus.-- Regency, Revolt, Reign, And Abdication Of John Cantacuzene.-- Establishment Of A Genoese Colony At Pera Or Galata.--Their Wars With The Empire And City Of Constantinople. Chapter LXIV: Moguls, Ottoman Turks.--Part I. Part II. Part III. Part IV. Conquests Of Zingis Khan And The Moguls From China To Poland.--Escape Of Constantinople And The Greeks.--Origin Of The Ottoman Turks In Bithynia.--Reigns And Victories Of Othman, Orchan, Amurath The First, And Bajazet The First.-- Foundation And Progress Of The Turkish Monarchy In Asia And Europe.--Danger Of Constantinople And The Greek Empire. Chapter LXV: Elevation Of Timour Or Tamerlane, And His Death.--Part I. Part II. Part III. Elevation Of Timour Or Tamerlane To The Throne Of Samarcand.--His Conquests In Persia, Georgia, Tartary Russia, India, Syria, And Anatolia.--His Turkish War.-- Defeat And Captivity Of Bajazet.--Death Of Timour.--Civil War Of The Sons Of Bajazet.--Restoration Of The Turkish Monarchy By Mahomet The First.--Siege Of Constantinople By Amurath The Second. Chapter LXVI: Union Of The Greek And Latin Churches.--Part I. Part II. Part III. Part IV. Applications Of The Eastern Emperors To The Popes.--Visits To The West, Of John The First, Manuel, And John The Second, Palæologus.--Union Of The Greek And Latin Churches, Promoted By The Council Of Basil, And Concluded At Ferrara And Florence.--State Of Literature At Constantinople.--Its Revival In Italy By The Greek Fugitives.--Curiosity And Emulation Of The Latins. Chapter LXVII: Schism Of The Greeks And Latins.--Part I. Part II. Schism Of The Greeks And Latins.--Reign And Character Of Amurath The Second.--Crusade Of Ladislaus, King Of Hungary.- -His Defeat And Death.--John Huniades.--Scanderbeg.-- Constantine Palæologus, Last Emperor Of The East. Chapter LXVIII: Reign Of Mahomet The Second, Extinction Of Eastern Empire.--Part I. Part II. Part III. Part IV. Reign And Character Of Mahomet The Second.--Siege, Assault, And Final Conquest, Of Constantinople By The Turks.--Death Of Constantine Palæologus.--Servitude Of The Greeks.-- Extinction Of The Roman Empire In The East.--Consternation Of Europe.--Conquests And Death Of Mahomet The Second. Chapter LXIX: State Of Rome From The Twelfth Century.--Part I. Part II. Part III. Part IV. State Of Rome From The Twelfth Century.--Temporal Dominion Of The Popes.--Seditions Of The City.--Political Heresy Of Arnold Of Brescia.--Restoration Of The Republic.--The Senators.--Pride Of The Romans.--Their Wars.--They Are Deprived Of The Election And Presence Of The Popes, Who Retire To Avignon.--The Jubilee.--Noble Families Of Rome.-- Feud Of The Colonna And Ursini. Chapter LXX: Final Settlement Of The Ecclesiastical State.--Part I. Part II. Part III. Part IV. Character And Coronation Of Petrarch.--Restoration Of The Freedom And Government Of Rome By The Tribune Rienzi.--His Virtues And Vices, His Expulsion And Death.--Return Of The Popes From Avignon.--Great Schism Of The West.--Reunion Of The Latin Church.--Last Struggles Of Roman Liberty.-- Statutes Of Rome.--Final Settlement Of The Ecclesiastical State. Chapter LXXI: Prospect Of The Ruins Of Rome In The Fifteenth Century.--Part I. Part II Prospect Of The Ruins Of Rome In The Fifteenth Century.-- Four Causes Of Decay And Destruction.--Example Of The Coliseum.--Renovation Of The City.--Conclusion Of The Whole Work. 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