The Project Gutenberg EBook of Character Sketches of Romance, Fiction and the Drama, by E. Cobham Brewer This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org Title: Character Sketches of Romance, Fiction and the Drama A Revised American Edition of the Reader's Handbook, Vol. 3 Author: E. Cobham Brewer Release Date: March 20, 2007 [EBook #20851] Language: English Character set encoding: UTF-8 *** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK CHARACTER SKETCHES *** Produced by Juliet Sutherland, Julia Miller, and the Online Distributed Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net Transcriber's Note: A number of typographical errors and inconsistencies have been maintained in this version of this book. Typographical errors have been marked with a [TN-#], which refers to a description in the complete list found at the end of the text. A list of words that have been inconsistently spelled or hyphenated is found at the end of the present text. The illustrations listed in the illustration list were missing from the book used as the source for this text. The following Unicode characters are used in this book: ă a with breve ā a with macron ě e with breve ē e with macron ĭ i with breve ī i with macron ŏ o with breve ō o with macron ŭ u with breve ū u with macron ⁂ asterism (in the original text, the asterism was reversed, with two asterisks at the top and one at the base) ♭ musical flat symbol ♯ musical sharp symbol If they do not display properly, please try changing your font. The following codes are used for characters that could not be represented in the character set used for this version of the book: [1] upside down 1 [6] upside down 6 CHARACTER SKETCHES OF ROMANCE, FICTION AND THE DRAMA A REVISED AMERICAN EDITION OF THE READER’S HANDBOOK BY THE REV. E. COBHAM BREWER, LL.D. EDITED BY MARION HARLAND VOLUME III [Colophon] NEW YORK SELMAR HESS PUBLISHER MDCCCXCII Copyright, 1892, by SELMAR HESS. PHOTOGRAVURES PRINTED ON THE HESS PRESS. LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS. VOLUME III. PHOTOGRAVURES AND ETCHINGS. _Illustration_ _Artist_ DEATH OF MINNEHAHA (_colored_) W. L. DODGE MADAME CHRYSANTHÈME MEPHISTOPHELES AND FAUST A. JACOMIN MILLER (THE), HIS SON AND THE ASS EUGÈNE LEJEUNE NEWCOME (COLONEL) FREDERICK BARNARD OPHELIA MADELEINE LEMAIRE ORPHEUS G. MOREAU PECKSNIFF (MR.) FREDERICK BARNARD PENDENNIS (MAJOR) FREDERICK BARNARD WOOD ENGRAVINGS AND TYPOGRAVURES. MACARTHY (LAWRENCE) AND HIS SISTER ELLEN SCANLAN MACHEATH WITH LUCY AND POLLY STUART NEWTON MAIDEN (THE) AND LOVER BENCZUR-GYULA MANFRED AND ASTARTE K. LISKA MANON LESCAUT (THE BURIAL OF) P. A. J. DAGNAN-BOUVERET MANRICO AND LEONORA FERD. KELLER MANUEL (DON) DISCOVERS BEATRICE C. JAEGER MARGARET BEFORE THE MATER DOLOROSA MARIE ANTOINETTE ON HER WAY TO THE GUILLOTINE F. FLAMING MARIE MICHON (THE ADVENTURE OF) G. BOULANGER MARY (HIGHLAND) B. E. SPENCE MASANIELLO EDOUARD HAMMAN MASCARILLE (COQUELIN AS) MATHIAS (THE MESMERIST AND) ADRIEN MARIE MATTHEW (FATHER) AND SIR ROLFE W. B. DAVIS MAUPRAT (BERNARD) AND JEAN MAUPRAT MAZEPPA A. WAGNER MEDEA N. SICHEL MERMAIDENS (THE) ARNOLD BÖCKLIN METAMORA (FORREST AS) MICAWBER (MR. WILKINS) FREDERICK BARNARD MIGNON G. HOM MIRANDA AND FERDINAND R. E. PINE M'LISS EDWARD LONG MOOR (FRANZ) FR. PECHT MORLAND (CATHARINE) R. W. BUSS MOSES (PREPARING) FOR THE FAIR D. MACLISE MOYA (THE POET PEDRO DE) AND THE PLAYERS D. MACLISE MULLER (MAUD) NIOBE WITH HER CHILDREN SOLOMON J. SOLOMON NORMA AND POLLIONE ALBERT BAUER OLDBUCK (MR.) AND JENNY ROB. HERDMAN OLIVIA OLIVIA (THE RETURN OF) G. S. NEWTON ORPHEUS AND EURYDICE L. THIERSCH OTTILIA AND THE CHILD OTTOCAR (PRINCE) AND MAX EUGEN KLIMSCH PALISSY THE POTTER MRS. E. M. WARD PANGLOSS (JEFFERSON AS DOCTOR) PEGGY (MISS) AND HER FRIENDS DUDLEY HARDY PENELOPE R. VON DEUTSCH PENSEROSO (IL) J. C. HORSLEY PENTHESILEA, QUEEN OF THE AMAZONS PERI AT HEAVEN'S GATE (THE) FR. HEYSER PHARAOH AND THE BEARERS OF EVIL TIDINGS LECOMTE-DU-NOUY PHEDRA AND HIPPOLYTUS PIERRE GUÉRIN PHOEBUS DE CHATEAUPERS G. BRION PICCIOLA (CHARNEY EXAMINING) BARRIAS PIED PIPER OF HAMELIN (THE) H. KAULBACH PIZARRO BEFORE CHARLES V. PORTIA AND THE CASKETS ALEX. CABANEL PORTIA AT THE GRAVE OF THE MESSIAH H. FÜGER POSA (DON CARLOS, THE KING AND THE MARQUIS OF) FERDINAND RITTER PRISCILLA DAVIDSON KNOWLES PROMETHEUS AND THE OCEAN NYMPHS EDUARD MÜLLER PRYNNE (HESTER) H. G. BOUGHTON PSYCHE (CUPID AND) PAUL BAUDRY PSYCHE AND CHARON A. ZICK PUCK AND THE FAIRIES ARTHUR HUGHES PUSS-IN-BOOTS GUSTAVE DORÉ PYGMALION AND GALATEA JEAN RAOUX QUIXOTE (DON) IN HIS STUDY GUSTAVE DORÉ REBECCA (THE ABDUCTION OF) LÉON COGNIET RED RIDINGHOOD (LITTLE) EUGÈNE LEJEUNE REINIKE FOX BEFORE KING LION W. VON KAULBACH REINIKE FOX TO BE HUNG W. VON KAULBACH RHODOPE, THE EGYPTIAN PRINCESS FERD. KELLER RICHLAND (MISS) VISITS MR. HONEYWOOD W. P. FRITH ROB ROY PARTING RASHLEIGH AND FRANCIS OSBALDISTONE J. B. MCDONALD ROBSART (AMY) ROLAND (MADAME) ALBERT LYNCH ROLAND AT THE BATTLE OF RONCESVALLES LOUIS GUESNET ROMEO AND JULIET IN FRIAR LAWRENCE'S CELL CARL BECKER ROSE AND BLANCHE (DAGOBERT WITH) EDWARD H. CORBOULD ROUMESTAN (NUMA) EMILE BAYARD RUGGIERO ON THE HIPPOGRIFF GUSTAVE DORÉ CHARACTER SKETCHES OF ROMANCE, FICTION, AND THE DRAMA. =Mark Tapley=, a serving companion of Martin Chuzzlewit, who goes out with him to Eden, in North America. Mark Tapley thinks there is no credit in being jolly in easy circumstances; but when in Eden he found every discomfort, lost all his money, was swindled by every one, and was almost killed by fevers, then indeed he felt it would be a real credit “to be jolly under the circumstances.”--C. Dickens, _Martin Chuzzlewit_ (1843). =Markham=, a gentleman in the train of the earl of Sussex.--Sir W. Scott, _Kenilworth_ (time, Elizabeth). _Markham_ (_Mrs._), pseudonym of Mrs. Elizabeth Perrose[TN-1] (born Elizabeth Cartwright), authoress of _History of England_, etc. =Markleham= (_Mrs._), the mother of Annie. Devoted to pleasure, she always maintained that she indulged in it for “Annie’s sake.” Mrs. Markleham is generally referred to as “the old soldier.”--C. Dickens, _David Copperfield_ (1849). =Marksman=, one of Fortunio’s seven attendants. He saw so clearly and to such a distance, that he generally bandaged his eyes in order to temper the great keenness of his sight.--Comtesse D’Aunoy, _Fairy Tales_ (“Fortunio,” 1682). =Marlborough= (_The duke of_), John Churchill. He was called by Marshal Turenne _Le Bel Anglais_ (1650-1722). =Marlow= (_Sir Charles_), the kind-hearted old friend of Squire Hardcastle. _Young Marlow_, son of Sir Charles. “Among women of reputation and virtue he is the modestest man alive; but his acquaintances give him a very different character among women of another stamp” (act i. 1). Having mistaken Hardcastle’s house for an inn, and Miss Hardcastle for the barmaid, he is quite at his ease, and makes love freely. When fairly caught, he discovers that the supposed “inn” is a private house, and the supposed barmaid is the squire’s daughter; but the ice of his shyness being broken, he has no longer any difficulty in loving according to his station.--Goldsmith, _She Stoops to Conquer_ (1773). When Goldsmith was between 16 and 17 he set out for Edgworthstown, and finding night coming on, asked a man which was the “best house” in the town--meaning the best inn. The man pointed to the house of Sir Ralph Fetherstone (or _Mr. Fetherstone_), and Oliver, entering the parlor, found the master of the mansion sitting at a good fire. Oliver told him he desired to pass the night there, and ordered him to bring in supper. “Sir Ralph” knowing his customer, humored the joke, which Oliver did not discover till next day, when he called for his bill. (We are told in _Notes and Queries_ that Ralph Fetherstone was only _Mr._, but his grandson was _Sir Thomas_). =Marmaduke Wharne.= Eccentric old Englishman long resident in America. Benevolent and beneficent, but gruff in manner and speech.--A. D. T. Whitney, _Leslie Goldthwaite’s Summer_ (1866). =Marmaduke= (_Sir_). A man who has lost all earth can give--wealth, love, fame and friends, but thus comforts himself: “I account it worth All pangs of fair hopes crossed,-- All loves and honors lost,-- To gain the heavens, at cost Of losing earth.” Theodore Tilton, _Sir Marmaduke’s Musings_ (1867). =Marmion.= Lord Marmion was betrothed to Constance de Beverley, but he jilted her for Lady Clare, an heiress, who was in love with Ralph de Wilton. The Lady Clare rejected Lord Marmion’s suit, and took refuge from him in the convent of St. Hilda, in Whitby. Constance took the veil in the convent of St. Cuthbert, in Holy Isle, but after a time left the convent clandestinely, was captured, taken back, and buried alive in the walls of a deep cell. In the mean time, Lord Marmion, being sent by Henry VIII. on an embassy to James IV. of Scotland, stopped at the hall of Sir Hugh de Heron, who sent a palmer as his guide. On his return, Lord Marmion commanded the abbess of St. Hilda to release the Lady Clare, and place her under the charge of her kinsman, Fitzclare of Tantallon Hall. Here she met the palmer, who was Ralph de Wilton, and as Lord Marmion was slain in the battle of Flodden Field, she was free to marry the man she loved.--Sir W. Scott, _Marmion_ (1808). _Marmion_ (_Lord_), a descendant of Robert de Marmion, who obtained from William the Conqueror, the manor of Scrivelby, in Lincolnshire. This Robert de Marmion was the first royal champion of England, and the office remained in the family till the reign of Edward I., when in default of male issue it passed to John Dymoke, son-in-law of Philip Marmion, in whose family it remains still. =Marnally= (_Bernard_). Good-looking Irish tutor at “Happy-go-Lucky,” a country house. He is accused of murdering the infant children of a young widow with whom he is in love, but is acquitted and goes back to Ireland. Some years later, he revisits America, meets his old love and marries her.--Miriam Coles Harris, _Happy-go-Lucky_ (1881). =Marner= (_Silas_). Miser and misogynist in humble life, who finds a baby-girl in his cottage one night, and in bringing her up, learns to have patience with life and charity with his kind.--George Eliot, _Silas Marner_. =Ma´ro=, Virgil, whose full name was Publius Virgilius Maro (B.C. 70-19). Oh, were it mine with the sacred Maro’s art To wake to sympathy the feeling heart, Like him the smooth and mournful verse to dress In all the pomp of exquisite distress ... Then might I ... Falconer, _The Shipwreck_, iii. 5 (1756). =Mar´onites= (3 _syl._), a religious semi-Catholic sect of Syria, constantly at war with their near neighbors, the Druses, a semi-Mohammedan sect. Both are now tributaries of the sultan, but enjoy their own laws. The Maronites number about 400,000, and the Druses about half that number. The Maronites owe their name to J. Maron, their founder; the Druses to Durzi, who led them out of Egypt into Syria. The patriarch of the Maronites resides at Kanobin; the hakem of the Druses at Deir-el-kamar. The Maronites, or “Catholics of Lebanon,” differ from the Roman Catholics in several points, and have a pope or patriarch of their own. In 1860 the Druses made on them a horrible onslaught, which called forth the intervention of Europe. =Marotte= (2 _syl._), a footman of Gorgibus; a plain bourgeois, who hates affectation. When the fine ladies of the house try to convert him into a fashionable flunky, and teach him a little grandiloquence, he bluntly tells them he does not understand Latin. _Marotte._ Voilà un laquais qui demande si vous êtes au logis, et dit que son maître, vous venir voir. _Madelon._ Apprenez, sotte, à vous énoncer moins vulgaiment. Dites: Voilà un nécessaire que demande si vous êtes en commodité d’etre visibles. _Marotte._ Je n’entends point le Latin.--Molière, _Les Précieuses Ridicules_, vii. (1659). =Marphi´sa=, sister of Roge´ro, and a female knight of amazing prowess. She was brought up by a magician, but being stolen at the age of seven, was sold to the king of Persia. When she was 18, her royal master assailed her honor; but she slew him, and usurped the crown. Marphisa went to Gaul to join the army of Agramant, but subsequently entered the camp of Charlemagne, and was baptized.--Ariosto, _Orlando Furioso_ (1516). =Marphu´rius=, a doctor of the Pyrrhonian school. Sganarelle consults him about his marriage; but the philosopher replies, “Perhaps; it is possible; it may be so; everything is doubtful;” till at last Sganarelle beats him, and Marphurius says he shall bring an action against him for battery. “Perhaps,” replies Sganarelle; “it is possible; it may be so,” etc., using the very words of the philosopher (sc. ix.).--Molière, _Le Mariage Forcé_ (1664). =Marplot=, “the busy body.” A blundering, good-natured, meddlesome young man, very inquisitive, too officious by half, and always bungling whatever he interferes in. Marplot is introduced by Mrs. Centlivre in two comedies, _The Busy Body_ and _Marplot in Lisbon_. That unlucky dog Marplot ... is ever doing mischief, and yet (to give him his due) he never designs it. This is some blundering adventure, wherein he thought to show his friendship, as he calls it.--Mrs. Centlivre, _The Busy Body_, iii. 5 (1709). ⁂ This was Henry Woodward’s great part (1717-1777). His unappeasable curiosity, his slow comprehension, his annihilation under the sense of his dilemmas, were so diverting, that even Garrick confessed him the decided “Marplot” of the stage.--Boaden, _Life of Siddons_. N. B.--William Cavendish, duke of Newcastle, brought out a free tranlation[TN-2] of Molière’s _L’Etourdi_, which he entitled _Marplot_. =Marquis de Basqueville=, being one night at the opera, was told by a messenger that his mansion was on fire. “Eh bien,” he said to the messenger, “adressez-vous à Mme. la marquise qui est en face dans cette loge; car c’est affaire de ménage.”--Chapus, _Dieppe et ses Environs_ (1853). =Marrall= (_Jack_), a mean-spirited, revengeful time-server. He is the clerk and tool of Sir Giles Overreach. When Marrall thinks Wellborn penniless, he treats him like a dog; but as soon as he fancies he is about to marry the wealthy dowager, Lady Allworth, he is most servile, and offers to lend him money. Marrall now plays the traitor to his master, Sir Giles, and reveals to Wellborn the scurvy tricks by which he has been cheated of his estates. When, however, he asks Wellborn to take him into his service, Wellborn replies, “He who is false to one master will betray another;” and will have nothing to say to him.--Massinger, _A New Way to Pay Old Debts_ (1628). =Married Men of Genius.= The number of men of genius unhappy in their wives is very large. The following are notorious examples:--Socratês and Xantippê; Saadi, the Persian poet; Dantê and Gemma Donati; Milton, with Mary Powell; Marlborough and Sarah Jennings; Gustavus Adolphus and his flighty queen; Byron and Miss Milbanke; Dickens and Miss Hogarth; etc. Every reader will be able to add to the list. =Mars=, divine Fortitude personified. Bacchus is the tutelary demon of the Mahommedans, and Mars the guardian potentate of the Christians.--Camoens, _The Lusiad_ (1569). _That Young Mars of Men_, Edward the Black prince, who with 8,000 men defeated, at Poitiers, the French king, John, whose army amounted to 60,000--some say even more (A. D. 1356).[TN-3] _The Mars of Men_, Henry Plantagenet, earl of Derby, third son of Henry, earl of Lancaster, and near kinsman of Edward III. (See DERBY.) =Marse’ Chan.= Brave Virginian soldier whose lady-love enacts “My Lady Disdain” until news is brought her that he has fallen in battle. Then she grieves for him as a widow for her husband, and when she dies, she is buried by him.--Thomas Nelson Page, _In Ole Virginia_ (1887). =Mars of Portugal= (_The_), Alfonso de Albuquerque, viceroy of India (1452-1515). =Mars Wounded.= A very remarkable parallel to the encounter of Diŏmed and Mars in the _Iliad_, v., occurs in Ossian. Homer says that Diomed hurled his spear against Mars, which, piercing the belt, wounded the war-god in the bowels; “Loud bellowed Mars, nine thousand men, ten thousand, scarce so loud, joining fierce battle.” Then Mars ascending, wrapped in clouds, was borne upwards to Olympus. Ossian, in _Carrick-Thura_, says that Loda, the god of his foes, came like a “blast from the mountain. He came in his terror and shook his dusky spear. His eyes were flames, and his voice like distant thunder. ‘Son of night,’ said Fingal, ‘retire. Do I fear thy gloomy form, spirit of dismal Loda? Weak is thy shield of cloud, feeble thy meteor sword.’”[TN-4] Then cleft he the gloomy shadow with his sword. It fell like a column of smoke. It shrieked. Then rolling itself up, the wounded spirit rose on the wind, and the island shook to its foundation.” =Marseilles’ Good Bishop=, Henri François Xavier de Belsunce (1671-1775). Immortalized by his philanthropic diligence in the plague at Marseilles (1720-1722). Charles Borromēo, archbishop of Milan a century previously (1576), was equally diligent and self-sacrificing in the plague of Milan (1538-1584). Sir John Lawrence, lord mayor of London during the great plague, supported 40,000 dismissed servants, and deserves immortal honor. Darwin refers to Belsunce and Lawrence in his _Loves of the Plants_, ii. 433. =Marshal Forwards=, Blücher; so called for his dash in battle, and the rapidity of his movements, in the campaign of 1813 (1742-1819). =Marsi=, a part of the Sabellian race, noted for Magic, and said to have been descended from Circê. Marsis vi quadam genitali datum, ut serpentium virulentorum domitores sint, et incantationibus herbarumque succis faciant medelarum mira.--_Gellius_, xvi. 11. =Marsig´lio=, a Saracen king, who plotted the attack upon Roland, “under the tree on which Judas hanged himself.” With a force of 600,000 men, divided into three companies, Marsiglio attacked the paladin in Roncesvallês and overthrew him; but Charlemagne, coming up, routed the Saracen, and hanged him on the very tree under which he planned the attack.--Turpin, _Chronicle_ (1122). =Marsilia=, “who bears up great Cynthia’s train,” is the marchioness of Northampton, to whom Spenser dedicated his _Daphnaida_. This lady was Helena, daughter of Wolfgangus Swavenburgh, a Swede. No less praiseworthy is Marsilia, Best known by bearing up great Cynthia’s train. She is the pattern of true womanhead.... Worthy next after Cynthia [_queen Elizabeth_] to tread, As she is next her in nobility. Spenser, _Colin Clout’s Come Home Again_ (1595). =Mar´syas=, the Phrygian flute-player. He challenged Apollo to a contest of skill, but being beaten by the god, was flayed alive for his presumption. =Mar´tafax and Ler´mites= (3 _syl._), two famous rats brought up before the White Cat for treason, but acquitted.--Comtesse D’Aunoy, _Fairy Tales_ (“The White Cat,” 1682). =Marta´no=, a great coward, who stole the armor of Gryphon, and presented himself in it before King Norandi´no. Having received the honors due to the owner, Martano quitted Damascus with Origilla; but Aquilant unmasked the villain, and he was hanged (bks. viii., ix.).--Ariosto, _Orlando Furioso_ (1516). =Marteau des Heretiques=, Pierre d’Ailly; also called _L’Aigle de la France_ (1350-1420). =Martel= (_Charles_), Charles, natural son of Pépin d’Héristal. M. Collin de Plancy says that this “palace mayor” of France was not called “Martel” because he _martelé_ (“hammered”) the Saracens under Abd-el-Rahman in 732, but because his patron saint was _Martellus_ (or _St. Martin_).--_Bibliothèque des Légendes._ Thomas Delf, in his translation of Chevreuil’s _Principles of Harmony, etc., of Colors_ (1847), signs himself “Charles Martel.” =Martext= (_Sir Oliver_), a vicar in Shakespeare’s comedy of _As You Like It_ (1600). =Martha:= “Yea, Lord! Yet man must earn And woman bake the bread; And some must watch and wake Early for other’s sake Who pray instead.” Julia C. R. Dorr, _Afternoon Songs_ (1885). _Martha_, sister to “The Scornful Lady” (no name given).--Beaumont and Fletcher, _The Scornful Lady_ (1616). _Martha_, the servant-girl at Shaw’s Castle.--Sir W. Scott, _St. Ronan’s Well_ (time, George III.). _Martha_, the old housekeeper at Osbaldistone Hall.--Sir W. Scott, _Rob Roy_ (time, George I.). _Martha_, daughter of Ralph and Louise de Lascours, and sister of Diana de Lascours. When the crew of the _Urania_ rebelled, Martha, with Ralph de Lascours (the captain), Louise de Lascours, and Barabas, were put adrift in a boat, and cast on an iceberg in “the Frozen Sea.” The iceberg broke, Ralph and Louise were drowned, Barabas was picked up by a vessel, and Martha fell into the hands of an Indian tribe, who gave her the name of Orgari´ta (“withered corn”). She married Carlos, but as he married under a false name, the marriage was illegal, and when Carlos was given up to the hands of justice, Orgarita was placed under the charge of her grandmother, Mde. de Théringe, and [probably] espoused Horace de Brienne.--E. Stirling, _The Orphan of the Frozen Sea_ (1856). _Martha_, a friend of Margaret. She makes love to Mephistophelês, with great worldly shrewdness.--Goethe, _Faust_ (1798). _Martha, alias_ ULRICA, mother of Bertha, who is betrothed to Hereward and marries him.--Sir W. Scott, _Count Robert of Paris_ (time, Rufus). _Martha_ (_The Abbess_), abbess of Elcho Nunnery. She is a kinswoman of the Glover family.--Sir W. Scott, _Fair Maid of Perth_ (time, Henry IV.). _Martha_ (_Dame_), housekeeper to major Bridgenorth.--Sir W. Scott, _Peveril of the Peak_ (time, Charles II.). =Martha Hilton=, serving-maid in the household of the widowed Governor Wentworth, until, on his sixtieth birthday, he surprised the guests assembled to do him honor by wedding her in their sight.--Henry Wadsworth Longfellow, _Lady Wentworth_. =Marthé=, a young orphan, in love with Frédéric Auvray, a young artist who loves her in return, but leaves her, goes to Rome, and falls in love with another lady, Elena, sister of the Duke Strozzi. Marthé leaves the Swiss pastor, who is her guardian, and travels in midwinter to Rome, dressed as a boy, and under the name of Piccolino. She tells her tale to Elena, who abandons the fickle, false one, and Frédéric forbids the Swiss wanderer ever again to approach him. Marthé, in despair, throws herself into the Tiber, but is rescued. Frédéric repents, is reconciled, and marries the forlorn maiden.--Mons. Guiraud, _Piccolino_ (an opera, 1875). =Marthon=, an old cook at Arnheim Castle.--Sir W. Scott, _Anne of Geierstein_ (time, Edward IV.). _Marthon, alias_ RIZPAH, a Bohemian woman, attendant on the Countess Hameline of Croye.--Sir W. Scott, _Quentin Durward_ (time, Edward IV.). =Martian Laws= (not _Mercian_ as Wharton gives it in his _Law Dictionary_) are the laws collected by Martia, the wife of Guithelin, great grand-son of Mulmutius, who established in Britain the “Mulmutian Laws” (_q.v._). Alfred translated both these codes into Saxon-English, and called the Martian code _Pa Marchitle Lage_. These laws have no connection with the kingdom of Mercia.--Geoffrey, _British History_, iii. 13 (1142). Guynteline, ... whose queen, ... to show her upright mind, To wise Mulmutius’ laws her Martian first did frame. Drayton, _Polyolbion_, viii. (1612). =Martigny= (_Marie le comptesse de_), wife of the earl of Etherington.--Sir W. Scott, _St. Ronan’s Well_ (time, George III.). =Martin=, in Swift’s _Tale of the Tub_, is Martin Luther; “John” is Calvin; and “Peter” the pope of Rome (1704). In Dryden’s _Hind and Panther_, “Martin” means the Lutheran party (1687). _Martin_, the old verdurer near Sir Henry Lee’s lodge.--Sir W. Scott, _Woodstock_ (time, Commonwealth). _Martin_, the old shepherd in the service of the lady of Avenel.--Sir W. Scott, _The Monastery_ (time, Elizabeth). _Martin_, the ape in the beast-epic of _Reynard the Fox_ (1498). _Martin_ (_Dame_), partner of Darsie Latimer at the fishers’ dance.--Sir W. Scott, _Redgauntlet_ (time, George III.). _Martin_ (_Sarah_), the prison reformer of Great Yarmouth. This young woman, though but a poor dressmaker, conceived a device for the reformation of prisoners in her native town, and continued for twenty-four years her earnest and useful labor of love, acting as schoolmistress, chaplain and industrial superintendent. In 1835, Captain Williams, inspector of prisons, brought her plans before the Government, under the conviction that the nation at large might be benefitted by their practical good sense (1791-1843). =Martin Weldeck=, the miner. His story is read by Lovel to a picnic party at St. Ruth’s ruins.--Sir W. Scott, _The Antiquary_ (time, George III.). =Martine= (3 _syl._), wife of Sganarelle. She has a furious quarrel with her husband, who beats her, and she screams. M. Robert, a neighbor, interferes, says to Sganarelle, “Quelle infamie! Peste soit le coquin, de battre ainsi sa femme.” The woman snubs him for his impertinence, and says, “Je veux qu’il me battre, moi;” and Sganarelle beats him soundly for meddling with what does not concern him.--Molière, _Le Médecin Malgré Lui_ (1666). =Martival= (_Stephen de_), a steward of the field at the tournament.--Sir W. Scott, _Ivanhoe_ (time, Richard I.). =Martivalle= (_Martius Galeotti_), astrologer to Louis XI. of France.--Sir W. Scott, _Quentin Durward_ (time, Edward IV.). =Martyr King= (_The_), Henry VI., buried at Windsor beside Edward IV. Here o’er the Martyr King [_Henry VI._] the marble weeps. And fast beside him once-feared Edward [_IV._] sleeps; The grave unites where e’en the grave finds rest, And mingled lie the oppressor and th’opprest. Pope. _Martyr King_ (_The_), Charles I. of England (1600, 1625-1649). Louis XVI. of France is also called Louis “the Martyr” (1754, 1774-1793). =Martyrs to Science.= Claude Louis, Count Berthollet, who tested on himself the effects of carbonic acid on the human frame, and died under the experiment (1748-1822). Giordano Bruno, who was burnt alive for maintaining that matter is the mother of all things (1550-1600). Galileo, who was imprisoned twice by the Inquisition for maintaining that the earth moved round the sun, and not the sun round the earth (1564-1642). And scores of others. =Marvellous Boy= (_The_), Thomas Chatterton (1752-1770). I thought of Chatterton, the marvellous boy, The sleepless soul that perished in his pride. Wordsworth. =Marwood= (_Alice_), daughter of an old woman who called herself Mrs. Brown. When a mere girl she was concerned in a burglary and was transported. Carker, manager in the firm of Dombey and Son, seduced her, and both she and her mother determined on revenge. Alice bore a striking resemblance to Edith (Mr. Dombey’s second wife), and in fact they were cousins, for Mrs. Brown was “wife” of the brother-in-law of the Hon. Mrs. Skewton (Edith’s mother).--C. Dickens, _Dombey and Son_ (1846). _Marwood_ (_Mistress_), jilted by Fainall, and soured against the whole male sex. She says, “I have done hating those vipers--men, and am now come to despise them;” but she thinks of marrying to keep her husband “on the rack of fear and jealousy.”--W. Congreve, _The Way of the World_ (1700). =Mary=, the pretty housemaid of the worshipful, the mayor of Ipswich (_Nupkins_). When Arabella Allen marries Mr. Winkle, Mary enters her service; but eventually marries Sam Weller, and lives at Dulwich, as Mr. Pickwick’s housekeeper.--C. Dickens, _The Pickwick Papers_ (1836). _Mary_, niece of Valentine, and his sister Alice. In love with Mons. Thomas.--Beaumont and Fletcher, _Mons. Thomas_ (1619). _Mary. The queen’s Marys_, four young ladies of quality, of the same age as Mary, afterwards “queen of Scots.” They embarked with her in 1548, on board the French galleys, and were destined to be her playmates in childhood, and her companions when she grew up. Their names were Mary Beaton (or _Bethune_), Mary Livingston (or _Leuison_), Mary Fleming (or _Flemyng_), and Mary Seaton (_Seton_ or _Seyton_). ⁂ Mary Carmichael has no place in authentic history, although an old ballad says: Yestrien the queen had four Marys; This night she’ll hae but three: There was Mary Beaton, and Mary Seaton, And Mary Carmichael, and me. ⁂ One of Whyte Melville’s novels is called _The Queen’s Marys_. =Mary Anne=, a slang name for the guillotine; also called _L’abbaye de monte-à-regret_ (“the mountain of mournful ascent”). (See MARIANNE.) _Mary Anne_, a generic name for a secret republican society in France. [TN-5]See MARIANNE.)--B. Disraeli, _Lothair_. Mary Anne was the red-name for the republic years ago, and there always was a sort of myth that these secret societies had been founded by a woman. The Mary-Anne associations, which are essentially republic, are scattered about all the provinces of France.--_Lothair._ =Mary Graham=, an orphan adopted by old Martin Chuzzlewit. She eventually married Martin Chuzzlewit, the grandson, and hero of the tale. =Mary Scudder.= Blue-eyed daughter of a “capable” New England housewife. From childhood she has loved her cousin. Her mother objects on the ground that James is “unregenerate,” and brings Mary to accept Dr. Hopkins, her pastor. The doctor, upon discovering the truth, resigns his betrothed to the younger lover.--Harriet Beecher Stowe, _The Minister’s Wooing_ (1862). =Mary Stuart=, an historical tragedy by J. Haynes (1840). The subject is the death of David Rizzio. ⁂ Schiller has taken Mary Stuart for the subject of a tragedy. P. Lebrun turned the German drama into a French play. Sir W. Scott, in _The Abbot_, has taken for his subject the flight of Mary to England. =Mary Tudor.= Victor Hugo has a tragedy so called (1833), and Tennyson, in 1878, issued a play entitled _Queen Mary_, an epitome of the reign of the Tudor Mary. =Mary and Byron.= The “Mary” of Lord Byron was Miss Chaworth. Both were under the guardianship of Mr. White. Miss Chaworth married John Musters, and Lord Byron married Miss Milbanke; both equally unfortunate. Lord Byron, in _The Dream_, refers to his love-affair with Mary Chaworth. =Mary in Heaven= (_To_) and _Highland Mary_, lyrics addressed by Robert Burns to Mary Campbell, between whom and the poet there existed a strong attachment previous to the latter’s departure from Ayrshire to Nithsdale. _Mary Morison_, a youthful effusion, was written to the object of a prior passion. The lines in the latter Those smiles and glances let me see, That make the miser’s treasure poor, resembles those in _Highland Mary_-- Still o’er those scenes my mem’ry wakes, And fondly broods with miser care. =Mary of Mode´na=, the second wife of James II. of England, and mother of “The Pretender.” Mamma was to assume the character and stately way of the royal “Mary of Modena.”--Percy Fitzgerald, _The Parvenu Family_, iii. 239. =Mary Queen of Scots= was confined first at Carlisle; she was removed in 1568 to Bolton; in 1569 she was confined at Tutbury, Wingfield, Tutbury, Ashby-de-la-Zouche, and Coventry; in 1570 she was removed to Tutbury, Chatsworth, and Sheffield; in 1577 to Chatsworth; in 1578 to Sheffield; in 1584 to Wingfield; in 1585 to Tutbury, Chartley, Tixhall, and Chartley; in 1586 (September 25) to Fotheringay. ⁂ She is introduced by Sir W. Scott, in his novel entitled _The Abbot_. Schiller has taken Mary Stuart for the subject of his best tragedy, and P. Lebrun brought out in France a French version thereof (1729-1807). _Mary queen of Scots._ The most elegant and poetical compliment ever paid to woman was paid to Mary queen of Scots, by Shakespeare, in _Midsummer Night’s Dream_. Remember, the _mermaid_ is “Queen Mary;” the _dolphin_ means the “dauphin of France,” whom Mary married; the _rude sea_ means the “Scotch rebels;” and the _stars that shot from their spheres_ means “the princes who sprang from their allegiance to Queen Elizabeth.” Thou remember’st Since once I sat upon a promontory, And heard a _mermaid_, on a _dolphin’s_ back, Uttering such dulcet and harmonious breath, That the _rude sea_ grew civil at her song; And certain _stars shot madly from their spheres_, To hear the sea-maid’s music. Act ii. sc. 1 (1592). These “stars” were the earl of Northumberland, the earl of Westmoreland, and the duke of Norfolk. =Mary, the Maid of the Inn=, the delight and sunshine of the parish, about to be married to Richard, an idle, worthless fellow. One autumn night, two guests were drinking at the inn, and one remarked he should not much like to go to the abbey on such a night. “I’ll wager that Mary will go,” said the other, and the bet was accepted. Mary went, and, hearing footsteps, stepped into a place of concealment, when presently passed her two young men carrying a young woman they had just murdered. The hat of one blew off, and fell at Mary’s feet. She picked it up, and flew to the inn, told her story, and then, producing the hat, found it was Richard’s. Her senses gave way, and she became a confirmed maniac for life.--R. Southey, _Mary, the Maid of the Inn_ (from Dr. Plot’s _History of Staffordshire_, 1686). =Mary Pyncheon.= (See PYNCHEON.) =Mary Woodcock.= (See WOODCOCK.) =Mar´zavan=, foster-brother of the Princess Badou´ra.--_Arabian Nights_ (“Camaralzaman and Badoura”). =Masaniello=, a corruption of [Tom]maso Aniello, a Neapolitan fisherman, who headed an insurrection in 1647 against the duke of Arcos; and he resolved to kill the duke’s son for having seduced Fenella, his sister, who was deaf and dumb. The insurrection succeeded, and Masaniello was elected by his rabble “chief magistrate of Portici;” but he became intoxicated with his greatness, so the mob shot him, and flung his dead body into a ditch. Next day, however, it was taken out and interred with much ceremony and pomp. When Fenella heard of her brother’s death, she threw herself into the crater of Vesuvius. ⁂ Auber has an opera on the subject (1831), the libretto by Scribe. Caraffa had chosen the same subject for an opera previously. =Mascarille= (3 _syl._), the valet of La Grange. In order to reform two silly, romantic girls, La Grange and Du Croisy introduce to them their valets, as the “marquis of Mascarille” and the “viscount of Jodelet.” The girls are taken with their “aristocratic visitors;” but when the game has gone far enough, the masters enter and unmask the trick. By this means the girls are taught a most useful lesson, and are saved from any serious ill consequences.--Molière, _Les Précieuses Ridicules_ (1659). ⁂ Molière had already introduced the same name in two other of his comedies, _L’Etourdi_ (1653) and _Le Dépit Amoureux_ (1654). =Masetto=, a rustic engaged to Zerlīna; but Don Giovanni intervenes before the wedding, and deludes the foolish girl into believing that he means to make her a great lady and his wife.--Mozart, _Don Giovanni_ (libretto by L. da Ponte, 1787). =Mask´well=, the “double dealer.” He pretends to love Lady Touchwood, but it is only to make her a tool for breaking the attachment between Mellefont (2 _syl._) and Cynthia. Maskwell pretends friendship for Mellefont merely to throw dust in his eyes respecting his designs to carry off Cynthia, to whom Mellefont is betrothed. Cunning and hypocrisy are Maskwell’s substitutes for wisdom and honesty.--W. Congreve, _The Double Dealer_ (1700). =Massasowat.= The account given by Edward Winslow of the illness of Massasowat--the friendly Indian chief whose alliance with the pilgrim father ceased only with his life--is a curious contribution to colonial literature. The remedies and diet used by Winslow are so extraordinary as to give unintentional point to his remark--“We, with admiration, blessed GOD for giving his blessing to such rare and ignorant means.”--Edward Winslow, _Good News from New England_ (1624). =Mason= (_William_). The medallion to this poet in Westminster Abbey was by Bacon. _Mason_ (_Lady_). She forges a will purporting to be by her husband, securing his estate to herself and her son. Nobody suspects the fraud for years. When inquiry arises, Lady Mason is engaged to a gallant old baronet who will not credit her guilt until, conscience-smitten, she throws herself at his feet and acknowledges all. _Lucius Mason._ The priggish, good-looking youth for whom Lady Mason risks so much. When he learns the truth he is stern in his judgment of the unhappy woman.--Anthony Trollope, _Orley Farm_. =Master= (_The_). Goethe is called _Der Meister_ (1749-1832). I beseech you, Mr. Tickler, not to be so sarcastic on “The Master.”--_Noctes Ambrosiana._ _Master_ (_The Old_). Mythical personage, whose breakfast-table monologues are among the most charming that enliven the pages of Oliver Wendell Holmes’s _Poet at the Breakfast Table_. “I think he suspects himself of a three-story intellect, and I don’t feel sure that he isn’t right.” =Master Adam=, Adam Billaut, the French poet (1602-1662). =Master Humphrey=, the narrator of the story called “The Old Curiosity Shop.”--C. Dickens, _Master Humphrey’s Clock_ (1840). =Master Leonard=, grand-master of the nocturnal orgies of the demons. He presided at these meetings in the form of a three-horned goat with a black human face.--_Middle Age Demonology._ =Master, like Man= (_Like_). Such mistress, such Nan; Such master, such man. Tusser, xxxviii. 22. Again: Such master, such man; and such mistress, such maid; Such husband and huswife; such houses arraid. T. Tusser, _Five Hundred Points of Good Husbandry_, xxxix. 22 (1557). =Master Matthew=, a town gull.--Ben Jonson, _Every Man in His Humor_ (1598). =Master Stephen=, a country gull of melancholy humor. (See MASTER MATTHEW).--Ben Jonson, _Every Man in His Humor_ (1598). =Master of Sentences=, Pierre Lombard, author of a book called _Sentences_ (1100-1164). =Masters= (_Doctor_), physician to Queen Elizabeth.--Sir W. Scott, _Kenilworth_ (time, Elizabeth). _Masters_ (The Four): (1) Michael O’Clerighe (_or_ Clery), who died 1643; (2) Cucoirighe O’Clerighe; (3) Maurice Conry; (4) Fearfeafa Conry; authors of _Annals of Donegal_. =Mat Mizen=, mate of H.M. ship _Tiger_. The type of a daring, reckless, dare-devil English sailor. His adventures with Harry Clifton, in Delhi, form the main incidents of Barrymore’s melodrama, _El Hyder, Chief of the Ghaut Mountains_. =Mat-o’-the Mint=, a highwayman in Captain Macheath’s gang. Peachum says, “He is a promising, sturdy fellow, and diligent in his way. Somewhat too bold and hasty; one that may raise good contributions on the public if he does not cut himself short by murder.”--Gay, _The Beggar’s Opera_, i. (1727). =Matabrune= (3 _syl._), wife of King Pierron of the Strong Island, and mother of Prince Oriant, one of the ancestors of Godfrey of Bouillon.--_Mediæval Romance of Chivalry._ =Mathematical Calculators.= George Parkes Bidder, president of the Institution of Civil Engineers (1800- ). Jedediah Buxton, of Elmeton, in Derbyshire. He would tell how many letters were in any one of his father’s sermons, after hearing it from the pulpit. He went to hear Garrick, in _Richard III._, and told how many words each actor uttered (1705-1775). Zerah Colburn, of Vermont, U. S., came to London in 1812, when he was eight years old. The duke of Gloucester set him to multiply five figures by three, and he gave the answer instantly. He would extract the cube root of nine figures in a few seconds (1804- ). Vito Mangiamele, son of a Sicilian shepherd. In 1839 MM. Arago, Lacroix, Libri, and Sturm examined the boy, then 11 years old, and in half a minute he told them the cube root of seven figures, and in three seconds of nine figures (1818- ). Alfragan, the Arabian astronomer (died 820). =Mathilde= (2 _syl._), heroine of a tale so called by Sophie Ristaud, Dame Cottin (1773-1807). _Mathilde_ (3 _syl._), sister of Gessler, the tyrannical governor of Switzerland, in love with Arnoldo, a Swiss, who saved her life when it was imperilled by an avalanche. After the death of Gessler she married the bold Swiss.--Rossini, _Guglielmo Tell_ (an opera, 1829). =Mathis=, a German miller, greatly in debt. One Christmas Eve a Polish Jew came to his house in a sledge, and, after rest and refreshment, started for Nantzig, “four leagues off.” Mathis followed him, killed him with an axe, and burnt the body in a lime-kiln. He then paid his debts, greatly prospered, and became a highly respected burgomaster. On the wedding night of his only child, Annette, he died of apoplexy, of which he had previous warning by the constant sound of sledge-bells in his ears. In his dream he supposed himself put into a mesmeric sleep in open court, when he confessed everything, and was executed.--J. R. Ware, _The Polish Jew_. ⁂ This is the character which first introduced H. Irving to public notice. =Math´isen=, one of the three anabaptists who induced John of Leyden to join their rebellion; but no sooner was John proclaimed “the prophet-king” than the three rebels betrayed him to the emperor. When the villains entered the banquet-hall to arrest their dupe, they all perished in the flames of the burning palace.--Meyerbeer, _Le Prophète_ (an opera, 1849). =Matilda=, wife of the earl of Leicester, in the “first American tragedy regularly produced” in the United States. She plans to poison her lord, a plot discovered and thwarted by him. In shame and remorse she stabs herself to the heart, praying Leicester to “pity her youthful paramour.”--William Dunlap, _Leicester, A Tragedy_ (1794). _Matilda_, sister of Rollo and Otto, dukes of Normandy, and daughter of Sophia.--Beaumont and Fletcher, _The Bloody Brother_ (1639). _Matilda_, daughter of Lord Robert Fitzwalter. ⁂ Michael Drayton has a poem of some 650 lines, so called. _Matilda_, daughter of Rokeby, and niece of Mortham. Matilda was beloved by Wilfred, son of Oswald; but she herself loved Redmond, her father’s page, who turned out to be Mortham’s son.--Sir W. Scott, _Rokeby_ (1812). =Matsys= (_Quintin_), a blacksmith of Antwerp. He fell in love with Liza, the daughter of Johann Mandyn, the artist. The father declared that none but an artist should have her to wife; so Matsys relinquished his trade, and devoted himself to painting. After a while, he went into the studio of Mandyn to see his picture of the fallen angel; and on the outstretehed[TN-6] leg of one of the figures painted a bee. This was so life-like, that when the old man returned, he proceeded to frighten it off with his handkerchief. When he discovered the deception, and found out it was done by Matsys, he was so delighted that he at once gave Liza to him for wife. =Matthew Merrygreek=, the servant of Ralph Roister Doister. He is a flesh-and-blood representative of “vice” in the old morality-plays.--Nicholas Udall, _Ralph Roister Doister_ (the first English comedy, 1634). =Matthias de Monçada=, a merchant. He is the father of Mrs. Witherington, wife of General Witherington.--Sir W. Scott, _The Surgeon’s Daughter_ (time, George II.). =Matthias de Silva= (_Don_), a Spanish beau. This exquisite one day received a challenge for defamation, soon after he had retired to bed, and said to his valet, “I would not get up before noon to make one in the best party of pleasure that was ever projected. Judge, then, if I shall rise at six o’clock in the morning to get my throat cut.”--Lesage, _Gil Blas_, iii. 8 (1715). (This reply was borrowed from the romance of Espinel, entitled _Vida del Escudero Marços de Obregon_, 1618). =Mattie=, maid servant of Bailie Nicol Jarvie, and afterwards his wife.--Sir W. Scott, _Rob Roy_ (time, George I.). =Maud Muller=, pretty, shy haymaker, of whom the judge, passing by, craves a cup of water. He falls in love with the rustic maiden, but dare not wed her. She, too, recollects him with tenderness, dreaming vainly of what might have been her different lot. “Of all sad words of tongue or pen, The saddest are these, ‘It might have been.’” J. G. Whittier, _Maud Muller_. Bret Harte has written a clever parody upon Maud Muller,--“_Mrs. Judge Jenkins_.” “There are no sadder words of tongue or pen, Than ‘It is, but _it hadn’t orter been!_’” =Maude=, (1 _syl._), wife of Peter Pratefast, “who loved cleanliness.” She kepe her dishes from all foulenes; And when she lacked clowtes withouten fayle, She wyped her dishes with her dogges tayll. Stephen Hawes, _The Pastyme of Pleasure_, xxix. (1515). =Maugis=, the Nestor of French romance. He was one of Charlemagne’s paladins, a magician and champion. ⁂ In Italian romance he is called “Malagigi” (_q.v._). =Maugis d’Aygremont=, son of Duke Bevis d’Aygremont, stolen in infancy by a female slave. As the slave rested under a white-thorn, a lion and a leopard devoured her, and then killed each other in disputing over the infant. Oriande la fèe, attracted to the spot by the crying of the child, exclaimed, “by the powers above, the child is _mal gist_ (‘badly nursed’)!” and ever after it was called Mal-gist or Mau-gis’. When grown to manhood, he obtained the enchanted horse Bayard, and took from Anthenor (the Saracen) the the[TN-7] sword Flamberge. Subsequently he gave both to his cousin Renaud (_Renaldo_). Romance of _Maugis d’Aygremont et de Vivian son Frère_. ⁂ In the Italian romance, Maugis is called “Malagigi,” Bevis is “Buovo,” Bayard is “Bayardo,” Flamberge is “Fusberta,” and Renaud is “Renaldo.” =Maugrabin= (_Zamet_), a Bohemian, hung near Plessis lés Tours. _Hayraddin Maugrabin_, the “Zingaro,” brother of Zamet Maugrabin. He assumes the disguise of Rouge Sanglier, and pretends to be a herald from Liège [_Le.aje_].--Sir W. Scott, _Quentin Durward_ (time, Edward IV.). =Mau´graby=, son of Hal-il-Maugrăby and his wife Yandar. Hal-il-Maugraby founded Dom-Daniel “under the roots of the ocean” near the coast of Tunis, and his son completed it. He and his son were the greatest magicians that ever lived. Maugraby was killed by Prince Habed-il-Rouman, son of the caliph of Syria, and with his death Dom-Daniel ceased to exist.--_Continuation of Arabian Nights_ (“History of Maugraby”). Did they not say to us every day that if we were naughty the Maugraby would take us?--_Continuation of Arabian Nights_, iv. 74. =Maugys=, a giant who kept the bridge leading to a castle in which a lady was besieged. Sir Lybius, one of the knights of the Round Table, did battle with him, slew him, and liberated the lady.--_Libeaux_ (a romance). =Maul=, a giant who used to spoil young pilgrims with sophistry. He attacked Mr. Greatheart with a club; but Greatheart pierced him under the fifth rib, and then cut off his head.--Bunyan, _Pilgrim’s Progress_, ii. (1684). =Maul of Monks=, Thomas Cromwell, visitor-general of English monasteries, which he summarily suppressed (1490-1540). =Maulstatute= (_Master_), a magistrate.--Sir W. Scott, _Peveril of the Peak_ (time, Charles II.). =Maun´drel=, a wearisome gossip, a chattering woman. _Maundrels_, vagaries, especially those of a person in delirium, or the disjointed gabble of a sleeper. ⁂ The word is said to be a corruption of Mandeville (_Sir John_), who published a book of travels, full of idle tales and maundering gossip. =Mauprat= (_Adrien de_), colonel and chevalier in the king’s army; “the wildest gallant and bravest knight of France.” He married Julie; but the king accused him of treason for so doing, and sent him to the Bastille. Being released by the Cardinal Richelieu, he was forgiven, and made happy with the blessing of the king.--Lord Lytton, _Richelieu_ (1839). _Mauprat_, the last of a fierce race of French robber nobles. His wild nature is subdued into real nobility by his love for his beautiful cousin.--George Sand, _Mauprat_ (1836). =Maurice Beevor= (_Sir_), a miser, and (failing the children of the countess) heir to the Arundel estates. The countess having two sons (Arthur and Percy), Sir Maurice hired assassins to murder them; but his plots were frustrated, and the miser went to his grave “a sordid, spat-upon, revengeless, worthless, and rascally poor cousin.”--Lord Lytton, _The Sea-Captain_ (1839). =Mause= (_Old_), mother of Cuddie Headrigg, and a covenanter.--Sir W. Scott, _Old Mortality_ (time, Charles II.). =Mauso´lus=, king of Caria, to whom his wife Artĕmisia erected a sepulchre which was one of the “Seven Wonders of the World” (B.C. 353). The chief mausoleums besides this are those of Augustus; Hadrian (now called the castle of St. Angelo) at Rome; Henri II., erected by Catherine de Medicis; St. Peter the martyr, in the church of St. Eustatius, by G. Balduccio; that to the memory of Louis XVI.; and the tomb of Napoleon in Les Invalides, Paris. The one erected by Queen Victoria to Prince Albert may also be mentioned. =Mauthe Dog=, a black spectre spaniel that haunted the guard-room of Peeltown in the Isle of Man. One day a drunken trooper entered the guard-room while the dog was there, but lost his speech, and died within three days.--Sir W. Scott, _Lay of the Last Minstrel_, vi. 26 (1805). =Mauxalin´da=, in love with Moore, of Moore Hall; but the valiant combatant of the dragon deserts her for Margery, daughter of Gubbins, of Roth’ram Green.--H. Carey, _Dragon of Wantley_ (1696-1743). =Mavortian=, a soldier or son of Mavors (_Mars_). Hew dreadfull Mavortian the poor price of a dinner.--Richard Brome, _Plays_ (1653). =Mawworm=, a vulgar copy of Dr. Cantwell “the hypocrite.” He is a most gross abuser of his mother tongue, but believes he has a call to preach. He tells old Lady Lambert that he has made several sermons already, but “always does ’em extrumpery” because he could not write. He finds his “religious vocation” more profitable than selling “grocery, tea, small beer, charcoal, butter, brickdust, and other spices,” and so comes to the conclusion that it “is sinful to keep shop.” He is a convert of Dr. Cantwell, and believes in him to the last. Do despise me; I’m the prouder for it. I like to be despised.--I. Bickerstaff, _The Hypocrite_, ii. 1 (1768). =Max=, a huntsman, and the best marksman in Germany. He was plighted to Agatha, who was to be his wife, if he won the prize in the annual match. Caspar induced Max to go to the wolf’s glen at midnight and obtain seven charmed balls from Samiel, the Black Huntsman. On the day of contest, while Max was shooting, he killed Caspar, who was concealed in a tree, and the king in consequence abolished this annual _fête_.--Weber, _Der Freischütz_ (an opera, 1822). =Maxime= (2 _syl._), an officer of the Prefect Almachius. He was ordered to put to death Valerian and Tibur´cê, because they refused to worship the image of Jupiter; but he took pity on them, took them to his house, became converted and was baptized. When Valerian and Tiburcê were afterwards martyred, Maxime said he saw angels come and carry them to heaven, whereupon Almachius caused him to be beaten with rods “til he his lif gan lete.”--Chaucer, _Canterbury Tales_ (“Second Nun’s Tale,” 1388). ⁂ This is based on the story of “Cecilia” in the _Legenda Aurea_; and both are imitations of the story of Paul and the jailer of Philippi (_Acts_ xvi. 19-34). =Maximil´ian= (son of Frederick III.), the hero of the _Teuerdank_, the _Orlando Furioso_ of the Germans, by Melchior Pfinzing. ....[_here_] in old heroic days Sat the poet Melchoir, singing Kaiser Maximilian’s praise. Longfellow, _Nuremberg_. =Maximin=, a Roman tyrant.--Dryden, _Tyrannic Love_, or _the Royal Martyr_. =Maximus=, (called by Geoffrey, “Maximian”), a Roman senator, who in 381, was invited to become king of Britain. He conquered Armorica (_Bretagne_), and “published a decree for the assembling together there of 100,000 of the common people of Britain, to colonize the land, and 30,000 soldiers to defend the colony.” Hence Armorica was called, “The other Britain” or “Little Britain.”--Geoffrey, _British History_, v. 14 (1142). Got Maximus at length the victory in Gaul, ... where after Gratian’s fall. Armorica to them the valiant victor gave.... Which colony ... is “Little Britain” called. Drayton, _Polyolbion_, ix. (1612). =Maxwell=, deputy chamberlain at Whitehall.--Sir W. Scott, _Fortunes of Nigel_ (time, James I.). _Maxwell_ (_Mr. Pate_), laird of Summertrees, called “Pate in Peril;” one of the papist conspirators with Redgauntlet.--Sir W. Scott, _Redgauntlet_ (time, George III.). _Maxwell_ (_The Right Hon. William_), Lord Evandale, an officer in the king’s army.--Sir W. Scott, _Old Mortality_ (time, Charles II.). =May=, a girl who married January, a Lombard baron 60 years old. She loved Damyan, a young squire; and one day the baron caught Damyan and May fondling each other, but the young wife told her husband his eyes were so defective that they could not be trusted. The old man accepted the solution--for what is better than “a fruitful wife and a confiding spouse?”--Chaucer, _Canterbury Tales_ (“The Merchant’s Tale,” 1388). =May unlucky for Brides.= Mary, queen of Scotland, married Bothwell, the murderer of her husband, Lord Darnley, on May 12. Mense malum Maio nubere vulgus ait. Ovid, _Fasti_, v. =May-Day= (_Evil_), May 1, 1517, when the London apprentices rose up against the foreign residents and did incalcuable[TN-8] mischief. This riot began May 1, and lasted till May 22. =May Queen= (_The_), a poem in three parts by Tennyson (1842). Alice, a bright-eyed, merry child, was chosen May queen, and, being afraid she might oversleep herself, told her mother to be sure to call her early. I sleep so sound all night, mother, that I shall never wake, If you do not call me loud when the day begins to break; But I must gather knots of flowers, and buds and garlands gay, For I’m to be queen o’ the May, mother, I’m to be queen o’ the May. The old year passed away, and the black-eyed rustic maiden was dying. She hoped to greet the new year before her eyes closed in death, and bade her mother once again to be sure to call her early; but it was not now because she slept so soundly. Alas! no. Good night, sweet mother; call me before the day is born. All night I lie awake, but I fall asleep at morn; But I would see the sun rise upon the glad New Year, So, if you’re waking, call me, call me early, mother dear. The day rose and passed away, but Alice lingered on till March. The snow-drops had gone before her, and the violets were in bloom. Robin had dearly loved the child, but the thoughtless village beauty, in her joyous girlhood, tossed her head at him, and never thought of love, but now, that she was going to the land of shadows, her dying words were: And say to Robin a kind word, and tell him not to fret; There’s many worthier than I, would make him happy yet. If I had lived--I cannot tell--I might have been his wife; But all these things have ceased to be, with my desire of life. =Maye= (_The_), that subtle and abstruse sense which the goddess Maya inspires. Plato, Epicharmos, and some other ancient philosophers refer it to the presence of divinity. “It is the divinity which stirs within us.” In poetry it gives an inner sense to the outward word, and in common minds it degenerates into delusion or second sight. Maya is an Indian deity, and personates the “power of creation.” Hartmann possède la Mâye ... il laisse pénétrer dans ses écrits les sentiments, et les pensées dont son âme est remplie, et cherche sans cesse à resoudre les antithèses.--G. Weber, _Hist. de la Littérature Allemande_. =Mayeux=, a stock name in France for a man deformed, vain, and licentious, but witty and brave. It occurs in a large number of French romances and caricatures. =Mayflower=, a ship of 180 tons, which in December, 1620, started from Plymouth, and conveyed to Massachusetts 102 puritans, called the “Pilgrim Fathers,” who named their settlement New Plymouth. ... the _Mayflower_ sailed from the harbor [_Plymouth_], Took the wind on her quarter, and stood for the open Atlantic, Borne on the sand of the sea, and the swelling hearts of the pilgrims. Longfellow, _Courtship of Miles Standish_, v. (1858). _Men of the Mayflower_, the Pilgrim Fathers, who went out in the _Mayflower_ to North America in 1620. _Mayflower_ (_Phœbe_), servant at Sir Henry Lee’s lodge.--Sir W. Scott, _Woodstock_ (time, commonwealth). =Maylie= (_Mrs._), the lady of the house attacked burglariously by Bill Sykes and others. Mrs. Maylie is mother of Harry Maylie, and aunt of Rose Fleming, who lives with her. She was well advanced in years, but the high-backed oaken chair in which she sat was not more upright than she. Dressed with the utmost nicety and precision in a quaint mixture of bygone costume, with some slight concession to the prevailing taste, which rather served to point the old style pleasantly than to impair its effect, she sat in a stately manner, with her hands folded before her. _Harry Maylie_, Mrs. Maylie’s son. He marries his cousin, Rose Fleming.--C. Dickens, _Oliver Twist_ (1837). =Mayor of Garratt= (_The_). Garratt is between Wandsworth and Tooting. The first mayor of this village was elected towards the close of the eighteenth century, and the election came about thus: Garratt Common had often been encroached on, and in 1780 the inhabitants associated themselves together to defend their rights. The chairman was called _Mayor_, and as it happened to be the time of a general election, the society made it a law that a new “mayor” should be elected at every general election. The addresses of these mayors, written by Foote, Garrick, Wilks, and others, are satires and political squibs. The first mayor of Garratt was “Sir” John Harper, a retailer of brickdust; and the last was “Sir” Harry Dimsdale, a muffin-seller (1796). In Foote’s farce so called, Jerry Sneak is chosen mayor, son-in-law of the landlord (1763). =Mayors= (_Lord_) who have founded noble houses: _Lord Mayor._ AVELAND (_Lord_), from Sir Gilbert Heathcote 1711 BACON (_Lord_), from Sir Thomas Cooke, draper 1557 BATH (_Marquis of_), from Sir Rowland Heyward, cloth-worker 1570 BRAYBROOKE (_Lord_), from Sir John Gresham, grocer 1547 BROOK (_Lord_), from Sir Samuel Dashwood, vintner 1702 BUCKINGHAM (_Duke of_), from Sir John Gresham, grocer 1547 COMPTON (_Lord_), from Sir Wolston Dixie, skinner 1585 CRANBOURNE (_Viscount_), from Sir Christopher Gascoigne 1753 DENBIGH (_Earl of_), from Sir Godfrey Fielding, mercer 1452 DONNE (_Viscount_), from Sir Gilbert Heathcote 1711 FITZWILLIAM (_Earl of_), from Sir Thomas Cooke, draper 1557 PALMERSTON (_Lord_), from Sir John Houblon, grocer 1695 SALISBURY (_Marquis of_), from Sir Thomas Cooke, draper 1557 WARWICK (_Earl of_), from Sir Samuel Dashwood, vintner 1702 WILTSHIRE (_Earl of_), from Sir Godfrey Boleine 1457 (queen Elizabeth was his granddaughter). =Maypole= (_The_), the nickname given to Erangard Melousine de Schulemberg, duchess of Kendal, the mistress of George I., on account of her leanness and height (1719, died, 1743). =Mazarin of Letters= (_The_), D’Alembert (1717-1783). =Mazarine= (_A_), a common council-man of London; so called from the mazarine-blue silk gown worn by this civil functionary. =Mazeppa= (_Jan_), a hetman of the Cossacks, born of a noble Polish family in Podolia. He was a page in the court of Jan Casimir, king of Poland, and while in this capacity intrigued with Theresia, the young wife of a Podolian count, who discovered the amour, and had the young page lashed to a wild horse, and turned adrift. The horse rushed in mad fury, and dropped down dead in the Ukraine, where Mazeppa was released by a Cossack, who nursed him carefully in his own hut. In time the young page became a prince of the Ukraine, but fought against Russia in the battle of Pultowa. Lord Byron (1819) makes Mazeppa tell his tale to Charles XII. after the battle (1640-1709). “Muster Richardson” had a fine appreciation of genius, and left the original “Mazeppa” at Astley’s a handsome legacy [1766-1836].--Mark Lemon. =M. B. Waistcoat=, a clerical waistcoat. M. B. means “Mark [_of the_] Beast;” so called because, when these waistcoats were first worn by Protestant clergymen (about 1830), they were stigmatized as indicating a popish tendency. He smiled at the folly which stigmatized an M. B. waistcoat[TN-9]--Mrs. Oliphant, _Phœbe, Jun._, ii. 1. =McGrath= (_Miss Jane_), “is a woman. Uv course doorin’ the war she wuz loyal ez she understood loyalty. She believed in her State. She hed two brothers which went into the Confedrit servis, and she gave ’em both horses. But wood any sister let her brother go afoot?... Her case is one wich I shel push the hardest.... Ef Congress does not consider it favorably it will show that Congress hez no bowels.”--D. R. Locke’s, _The Struggles--Social, Financial and Political--of Petroleum_, V. Nasby. =Meadows= (_Sir William_), a kind country gentleman, the friend of Jack Eustace, and father of young Meadows. _Young Meadows_ left his father’s home because the old gentleman wanted him to marry Rosetta, whom he had never seen. He called himself Thomas, and entered the service of Justice Woodcock as gardener. Here he fell in love with the supposed chamber-maid, who proved to be Rosetta, and their marriage fulfilled the desire of all the parties interested.--I. Bickerstaff, _Love in a Village_. Charles Dignum made his _début_ at Drury Lane, in 1784, in the character of “Young Meadows.” His voice was so clear and full-toned, and his manner of singing so judicious, that he was received with the warmest applause.--_Dictionary of Musicians._ =Meagles= (_Mr._), an eminently “practical man,” who, being well off, travelled over the world for pleasure. His party consisted of himself, his daughter Pet, and his daughter’s servant called Tatty-coram. A jolly man was Mr. Meagles; but clear-headed, shrewd, and persevering. _Mrs. Meagles_, wife of the “practical man,” and mother of Pet.--C. Dickens, _Little Dorrit_ (1857). =Meal-Tub Plot=, a fictitious conspiracy concocted by Dangerfield for the purpose of cutting off those who opposed the succession of James, duke of York, afterwards James II. The scheme was concealed in a meal-tub in the house of Mrs. Cellier (1685). =Measure for Measure.= There was a law in Vienna that made it death for a man to live with a woman not his wife; but the law was so little enforced that the mothers of Vienna complained to the duke of its neglect. So the duke deputed Angelo to enforce it, and, assuming the dress of a friar, absented himself awhile, to watch the result. Scarcely was the duke gone, when Claudio was sentenced to death for violating the law. His sister Isabel went to intercede on his behalf, and Angelo told her he would spare her brother if she would give herself to him. Isabel told her brother he must prepare to die, as the conditions proposed by Angelo were out of the question. The duke, disguised as a friar, heard the whole story, and persuaded Isabel to “assent in words,” but to send Mariana (the divorced wife of Angelo), to take her place. This was done; but Angelo sent the provost to behead Claudio, a crime which “the friar” contrived to avert. Next day, the duke returned to the city, and Isabel told her tale. The end was, the duke married Isabel, Angelo took back his wife, and Claudio married Juliet, whom he had seduced.--Shakespeare, _Measure for Measure_ (1603). ⁂ This story is from Whetstone’s _Heptameron_ (1578). A similar story is given also in Giraldi Cinthio’s third decade of stories. =Medam´othi=, the island at which the fleet of Pantag´ruel landed on the fourth day of their voyage. Here many choice curiosities were bought, such as “the picture of a man’s voice,” an “echo drawn to life,” “Plato’s ideas,” some of “Epicurus’s atoms,” a sample of “Philome´la’s needlework,” and other objects of _vertu_ to be obtained nowhere else.--Rabelais, _Pantagruel_, iv. 3 (1545). ⁂ _Medamothi_ is a compound Greek word, meaning “never in any place.” So _Utopia_ is a Greek compound, meaning “no place;” _Kennaquhair_ is a Scotch compound, meaning “I know not where;” and _Kennahtwhar_ is Anglo-Saxon for the same. All these places are in 91° north lat. and 180° 1' west long., in the Niltālê Ocean. =Medea=, a famous sorceress of Colchis who married Jason, the leader of the Argonauts, and aided him in getting possession of the golden fleece. After being married ten years, Jason repudiated her for Glaucê; and Medea, in revenge, sent the bride a poisoned robe, which killed both Glaucê and her father. Medea then tore to pieces her two sons, and fled to Athens in a chariot drawn by dragons. The story has been dramatized in Greek by Euripĭdês; in Latin by Senĕca and by Ovid; in French by Corneille (_Médée_, 1635), Longepierre (1695), and Legouvé (1849); in English by Glover (1761). Mrs. Yates was a superb “Medea.”--Thomas Campbell. =Mede´a and Absyr´tus.= When Medea fled with Jason from Colchis (in Asia), she murdered her brother, Absyrtus, and, cutting the body into several pieces, strewed the fragments about, that the father might be delayed in picking them up, and thus be unable to overtake the fugitives. Meet I an infant of the duke of York, Into as many gobbets will I cut it As wild Medea young Absyrtus did. Shakespeare, 2 _Henry VI._ act v. sc. 2 (1591). =Mede´a’s Kettle.= Medea, the sorceress, cut to pieces an old ram, threw the parts into her caldron, and by her incantations changed the old ram into a young lamb. The daughters of Pelias thought they would have their father restored to youth, as Æson had been. So they killed him, and put the body in Medea’s caldron; but Medea refused to utter the needful incantation, and so the old man was not restored to life. Change the shape, and shake off age. Get thee Medea’s kettle, and be boiled anew.--W. Congreve, _Love for Love_, iv. (1695). =Médecin Malgré Lui= (_Le_) a comedy by Molière (1666). The “enforced doctor” is Sganarelle, a faggot-maker, who is called in by Géronte to cure his daughter of dumbness. Sganarelle soon perceives that the malady is assumed in order to prevent a hateful marriage, and introduces her lover as an apothecary. The dumb spirit is at once exorcised, and the lovers made happy with “pills matrimoniac.” In 1723 Fielding produced a farce called _The Mock Doctor_, which was based on this comedy. The doctor he calls “Gregory,” and Géronte “Sir Jasper.” Lucinde, the dumb girl, he calls “Charlotte,” and Anglicizes her lover, Léandre, into “Leander.” =Medham= (“_the keen_”), one of Mahomet’s swords. =Medicine= (_The Father of_), Aretæos of Cappadocia (second and third centuries). ⁂ Also Hippoc´rates, of Cos (B.C. 460-357). =Medina=, the Golden Mean personified, Step-sister of Elissa (_parsimony_) and Perissa (_extravagance_). The three sisters could never agree on any subject.--Spenser, _Faëry Queen_, ii. (1590). =Medley= (_Matthew_), the factotum of Sir Walter Waring. He marries Dolly, daughter of Goodman Fairlop, the woodman.--Sir H. P. Dudley, _The Woodman_ (1771). =Medo´ra=, the beloved wife of Conrad, the corsair. When Conrad was taken captive by the Pacha Seyd, Medora sat day after day expecting his return, and feeling the heart-anguish of hope deferred. Still he returned not, and Medora died. In the mean time, Gulnare, the favorite concubine of Seyd, murdered the pacha, liberated Conrad, and sailed with him to the corsair’s island home. When, however, Conrad found his wife dead, he quitted the island, and went no one knew whither. The sequel of the story forms the poem called _Lara_.--Byron, _The Corsair_ (1814). =Medo´ro=, a Moorish youth of extraordinary beauty, but of humble race; page to Agramante. Being wounded, Angelica dressed his wounds, fell in love with him, married him, and retired with him to Cathay, where, in right of his wife, he became a king. This was the cause of Orlando’s madness.--Ariosto, _Orlando Furioso_ (1516). When Don Roldan [_Orlando_] discovered in a fountain proofs of Angelica’s dishonorable conduct with Medoro, it distracted him to such a degree that he tore up huge trees by the roots, sullied the purest streams, destroyed flocks, slew shepherds, fired their huts, pulled houses to the ground, and committed a thousand other most furious exploits worthy of being reported in fame’s register.--Cervantes, _Don Quixote_, I. iii. 11 (1605). =Medu´sa= (_The soft_), Mary Stuart, queen of Scots (1545-1577). Rise from thy bloody grave, Thou soft Medusa of the “Fated Line,” Whose evil beauty looked to death the brave! Lord Lytton, _Ode_, i. (1839). =Meeta=, the “maid of Mariendorpt,” a true woman and a true heroine. She is the daughter of Mahldenau, minister of Mariendorpt, whom she loves almost to idolatry. Her betrothed is Major Rupert Roselheim. Hearing of her father’s captivity at Prague, she goes thither on foot to crave his pardon.--S. Knowles, _The Maid of Mariendorpt_ (1838). =Meg=, a pretty, bright, dutiful girl, daughter of Toby Veck, and engaged to Richard, whom she marries on New Year’s Day.--C. Dickens, _The Chimes_ (1844). =Meg Dods=, the old landlady at St. Ronan’s Well.--Sir W. Scott, _St. Ronan’s Well_ (time, George III.). =Meg Merrilees=, a half-crazy sibyl or gypsy woman.--Sir W. Scott, _Guy Mannering_ (time, George II.). =Meg Murdochson=, an old gypsy thief, mother of Madge Wildfire.--Sir W. Scott, _Heart of Midlothian_ (time, George II.). =Megid´don=, the tutelar angel of Simon the Canaanite. This Simon, “once a shepherd, was called by Jesus from the field, and feasted Him in his hut with a lamb.”--Klopstock, _The Messiah_, iii. (1748). =Megingjard=, the belt of Thor, whereby his strength was doubled. =Megissog´won= (“_the great pearl feather_”), a magician, and the Manĭto of wealth. It was Megissogwon who sent the fiery fever on man, the white fog, and death. Hiawatha slew him, and taught man the science of medicine. This great Pearl-Feather slew the father of Niko´mis (the grandmother of Hiawatha). Hiawatha all day long fought with the magician without effect; at nightfall the woodpecker told him to strike at the tuft of hair on the magician’s head, the only vulnerable place; accordingly, Hiawatha discharged his three remaining arrows at the hair tuft, and Megissogwon died. “Honor be to Hiawatha! He hath slain the great Pearl-Feather; Slain the mightiest of magicians-- Him that sent the fiery fever, ... Sent disease and death among us.” Longfellow, _Hiawatha_, ix. (1855). =Megnoun.= (See MEJNOUN.) =Meg´ra=, a lascivious lady in the drama called _Philaster_, or _Love Lies a-bleeding_, by Beaumont and Fletcher (1608). =Meiklehose= (_Isaac_), one of the elders of Roseneath parish.--Sir W. Scott, _Heart of Midlothian_ (time, George II.). =Meiklewham= (_Mr. Saunders_), “the man of law,” in the managing committee of the Spa hotel.--Sir W. Scott, _St. Ronan’s Well_ (time, George III.). =Meister= (_Wilhelm_), the hero and title of a novel by Goethe. The object is to show that man, despite his errors and short-comings, is led by a guiding hand, and reaches some higher aim at last (1821). =Meistersingers=, or minstrel tradesmen of Germany. An association of master tradesmen to revive the national minstrelsy, which had fallen into decay with the decline of the minnesingers, or love minstrels (1350-1523). Their subjects were chiefly moral or religious, and constructed according to rigid rules. The three chief were Hans Rosenblüt (armorial painter, born 1450), Hans Folz (surgeon, born 1479), and Hans Sachs (cobbler, 1494-1574). The next best were Heinrich von Mueglen, Konrad Harder, Master Altschwert, Master Barthel Regenbogen (the blacksmith), Muscablüt (the tailor), and Hans Blotz (the barber). =Mej´noun and Lei´lah= (2 _syl._), a Persian love tale, the Romeo and Juliet of Eastern romance. They are the most beautiful, chaste, and impassionate of lovers; the models of what lovers would be if human nature were perfect. When he sang the loves of Megnôun and Leileh ... tears insensibly overflowed the cheeks of his auditors.--W. Beckford, _Vathek_ (1786). =Mela Dryfoos.= Loud young lady of the gilded period, “physically too amiable and too well corporeally ever to be quite cross,” but selfish and coarse and reposing confidently upon the importance given her by her father’s money.--W. D. Howells, _A Hazard of New Fortunes_ (1889). =Melan´chates= (4 _syl._), the hound that killed Actæon, and was changed into a hart. Melanchates, that hound That plucked Actæon to the grounde, Gaue him his mortal wound, ... Was chaungéd to a harte. J. Skelton, _Philip Sparow_ (time, Henry VIII). =Melantius=, a rough, honest soldier, who believes every one is true till convicted of crime, and then is he a relentless punisher. Melantius and Diph´ilus are brothers of Evadnê.--Beaumont and Fletcher, _The Maid’s Tragedy_ (1610). ⁂ The master scene between Antony and Ventidius in Dryden’s _All for Love_ is copied from _The Maid’s Tragedy_. “Ventidius” is in the place of Melantius. =Melchior=, one of the three kings of Cologne. He was the “Wise Man of the East” who offered to the infant Jesus _gold_, the emblem of royalty. The other two were Gaspar and Balthazar. Melchior means “king of light.” _Melchior_, a monk attending the black priest of St. Paul’s.--Sir W. Scott, _Anne of Geierstein_ (time, Edward IV.). _Melchior_ (_i.e. Melchior Pfinzing_), a German poet who wrote the _Teuerdank_, an epic poem which has the kaiser Maximilian (son of Frederick III.) for its hero. This poem was the _Orlando Furioso_ of the Germans. Sat the poet Melchior, singing kaiser Maximilian’s praise. Longfellow, _Nuremberg_. =Melea´ger=, son of Althæa, who was doomed to live while a certain log remained unconsumed. Althæa kept the log for several years, but being one day angry with her son, she cast it on the fire, where it was consumed. Her son died at the same moment.--Ovid, _Metam._, viii. 4. Sir John Davies uses this to illustrate the immortality of the soul. He says that the life of the soul does not depend on the body as Meleager’s life depended on the fatal brand. Again, if by the body’s prop she stand-- If on the body’s life her life depend, As Meleager’s on the fatal brand; The body’s good she only would intend. _Reason_, iii. (1622). =Melesig´enes= (5 _syl._). Homer is so called from the river Melês (2 _syl._), in Asia Minor, on the banks of which some say he was born. ... various measured verse, Æolian charms and Dorian lyric odes, And his who gave them breath, but higher sung, Blind Melesigēnês, thence Homer called, Whose poem Phœbus challenged for his own. Milton, _Paradise Regained_ (1671). =Melema= (_Tito_). Beautiful accomplished Greek adventurer who marries and is unfaithful to Romola. He dies by the hand of an old man who had been the benefactor of his infancy and youth, and whom he had basely deserted and ignored.--George Eliot, _Romola_. =Me´li= (_Giovanni_), a Sicilian, born at Palermo; immortalized by his eclogues and idylls. Meli is called “The Sicilian Theocritus” (1740-1815). Much it pleased him to peruse The songs of the Sicilian Muse-- Bucolic songs by Meli sung. Longfellow, _The Wayside Inn_ (prelude, 1863). =Meliadus=, father of Sir Tristan; prince of Lyonnesse, and one of the heroes of Arthurian romance.--_Tristan de Leonois_ (1489). ⁂ Tristan, in the _History of Prince Arthur_, compiled by Sir T. Malory (1470), is called “Tristram;” but the old minnesingers of Germany (twelfth century) called the name “Tristan.” =Mel´ibe= (3 _syl._), a rich young man married to Prudens. One day, when Melibê was in the fields, some enemies broke into his house, beat his wife, and wounded his daughter Sophie in her feet, hands, ears, nose and mouth. Melibê was furious and vowed vengeance, but Prudens persuaded him “to forgive his enemies, and to do good to those who despitefully used him.” So he called together his enemies, and forgave them, to the end that “God of His endeles mercie wole at the tyme of oure deyinge forgive us oure giltes that we have trespased to Him in this wreeched world.”--Chaucer, _Canterbury Tales_ (1388). ⁂ This prose tale is a liberal translation of a French story.--See _MS. Reg._, xix. 7; and _MS. Reg._, xix. 11, British Museum. =Melibee=, a shepherd, and the reputed father of Pastorella. Pastorella married Sir Calidore.--Spenser, _Faëry Queen_, vi. 9 (1596). “Melibee” is Sir Francis Walsingham. In the _Ruins of Time_, Spenser calls him “Melibœ.” Sir Philip Sidney (the “Sir Calidore” of the _Faëry Queen_) married his daughter Frances. Sir Francis Walsingham died in 1590, so poor that he did not leave enough to defray his funeral expenses. =Melibœus=, one of the shepherds in _Eclogue_ i. of Virgil. Spenser, in the _Ruins of Time_ (1591), calls Sir Francis Walsingham “the good Melibœ;” and in the last book of the _Faëry Queen_ he calls him “Melibee.” =Melin´da=, cousin of Sylvia. She loves Worthy, whom she pretends to dislike, and coquets with him for twelve months. Having driven her modest lover to the verge of distraction, she relents, and consents to marry him.--G. Farquhar, _The Recruiting Officer_ (1705). =Mel´ior=, a lovely fairy, who carried off, in her magic bark, Parthen´opex, of Blois, to her secret island.--_Parthenopex de Blois_ (a French romance, twelfth century). =Melisen´dra= (_The princess_), natural daughter of Marsilio, and the “supposed daughter of Charlemagne.” She eloped with Don Gayferos. The king, Marsilio, sent his troops in pursuit of the fugitive. Having made Melisendra his wife, Don Gayferos delivered her up captive to the Moors at Saragossa. This was the story of the puppet-show of Master Peter, exhibited to Don Quixote and his squire at “the inn beyond the hermitage.”--Cervantes, _Don Quixote_, II. ii. 7 (1615). =Melissa=, a prophetess who lived in Merlin’s cave. Bradamant gave her the enchanted ring to take to Roge´ro; so, under the form of Atlantês, she went to Alcīna’s isle, delivered Rogēro, and disenchanted all the captives in the island. In bk. xix. Melissa, under the form of Rodŏmont, persuaded Agramant to break the league which was to settle the contest by single combat, and a general battle ensued.--Ariosto, _Orlando Furioso_ (1516). ⁂ This incident of bk. xix. is similar to that in Homer’s _Iliad_, iii. iv., where Paris and Menelāos agree to settle the contest by single combat; but Minerva persuades Pandăros to break the truce, and a general battle ensues. =Me´lita= (now _Malta_). The point to which the vessel that carried St. Paul was driven was the “Porto de San Paolo,” and according to tradition, the cathedral of Citta Vecchia stands on the site of the house of Publius, the Roman governor. St. Paul’s grotto, a cave in the vicinity, is so named in honor of this great apostle. =Meli´tus=, a gentleman of Cyprus, in the drama called _The Laws of Candy_, by Beaumont and Fletcher (1647). =Melizyus=, king of Thessaly, in the golden era of Saturn. He was the first to tame horses for the use of man. _Melizyus_ (_King_) held his court in the Tower of Chivalry, and there knighted Graunde Amoure, after giving him the following advice: And first _Good Hope_ his legge harneyes should be; His habergion, of _Perfect Ryhteousnes_, Gird first with the girdle of _Chastitie_; His rich placarde should be good busines, Brodred with _Alms_ ... The helmet _Mekenes_, and the shelde _Good Fayeth_, His swerde _God’s Word_, as St. Paule sayeth. Stephen Hawes, _The Passe-tyme of Plesure_, xxviii. (1515). =Mell= (_Mr._), the poor, down-trodden second master at Salem House, the school of Mr. Creakles. Mr. Mell played the flute. His mother lived in an almshouse, and Steerforth used to taunt Mell with this “degradation,” and indeed caused him to be discharged. Mell emigrated to Australia, and succeeded well in the new country.--C. Dickens, _David Copperfield_ (1849). =Melle´font= (2 _syl._), in love with Cynthia, daughter of Sir Paul Pliant. His aunt, Lady Touchwood, had a criminal fondness for him, and, because he repelled her advances, she vowed his ruin. After passing several hair-breadth escapes from the “double dealing” of his aunt and his “friend,” Maskwell, he succeeded in winning and marrying the lady of his attachment.--W. Congreve, _The Double Dealer_ (1700). =Mellifluous Doctor= (_The_), St. Bernard, whose writings were called “a river of paradise” (1091-1153). =Melnotte= (_Claude_), a gardener’s son, in love with Pauline, “the Beauty of Lyons,” but treated by her with contempt. Beauseant and Glavis, two other rejected suitors, conspired with him to humble the proud fair one. To this end, Claude assumed to be the prince of Como, and Pauline married him, but was indignant when she discovered how she had been duped. Claude left her to join the French army, and, under the name of Morier, rose in two years and a half to the rank of colonel. He then returned to Lyons, and found his father-in-law on the eve of bankruptcy, and Pauline about to be sold to Beauseant to pay the creditors. Claude paid the money required, and claimed Pauline as his loving and truthful wife.--Lord L. B. Lytton, _Lady of Lyons_ (1838). =Melo= (_Juan de_), born at Castile in the fifteenth century. A dispute having arisen at Esalo´na upon the question whether Achillês or Hector were the braver warrior, the Marquis de Ville´na called out, “Let us see if the advocates of Achillês can fight as well as prate.” At the word, there appeared in the assembly a gigantic fire-breathing monster, which repeated the same challenge. Every one shrank back except Juan de Melo, who drew his sword and placed himself before King Juan II. to protect him, “tide life, tide death.” The king appointed him alcaydê of Alcala la Real, in Grana´da, for his loyalty.--_Chronica de Don Alvaro de Luna._ =Melrose= (_Violet_), an heiress, who marries Charles Middlewick. This was against the consent of his father, because Violet had the bad taste to snub the retired tradesman, and considered vulgarity as the “unpardonable sin.” _Mary Melrose_, Violet’s cousin, but without a penny. She marries Talbot Champneys; but his father, Sir Geoffrey, wanted him to marry Violet, the heiress.--H. J. Byron, _Our Boys_ (a comedy, 1875). =Melusi´na=, the most famous of the _fées_ of France. Having enclosed her father in a mountain for offending her mother, she was condemned to become a serpent every Saturday. When she married the count of Lusignan, she made her husband vow never to visit her on that day, but the jealousy of the count made him break his vow. Melusina was, in consequence, obliged to leave her mortal husband, and roam about the world as a ghost till the day of doom. Some say the count immured her in the dungeon wall of his castle.--_Jean d’Arras_ (fourteenth century). ⁂ The cry of despair given by the _fée_ when she discovered the indiscreet visit of her husband, is the origin of the phrase, _Un cri de Mélusine_ (“A shriek of despair”). =Melvil= (_Sir John_), a young baronet, engaged to be married to Miss Sterling, the elder daughter of a City merchant, who promises to settle on her £800,000. A little before the marriage, Sir John finds that he has no regard for Miss Sterling, but a great love for her younger sister, Fanny, to whom he makes a proposal of marriage. His proposal is rejected; and it is soon brought to light that Miss Fanny had been clandestinely married to Lovewell for four months.--Colman and Garrick, _The Clandestine Marriage_ (1766). =Melville= (_Major_), a magistrate at Cairnvreckan village.--Sir W. Scott, _Waverley_ (time, George II.). _Melville_ (_Sir Robert_), one of the embassy from the privy council to Mary queen of Scots.--Sir W. Scott, _The Abbot_ (time, Elizabeth). _Melville_, the father of Constantia.--C. Macklin, _The Man of the World_ (1764). _Melville_ (_Julia_), a truly noble girl, in love with Faulkland, who is always jealous of her without a shadow of cause. She receives his innuendos without resentment, and treats him with sincerity and forbearance (see act i. 2).--Sheridan, _The Rivals_ (1775). =Melyhalt= (_The Lady_), a powerful subject of King Arthur, whose domains Sir Galiot invaded; notwithstanding which the lady chose Sir Galiot as her fancy knight and chevalier. =Memnon=, king of the Ethiopians. He went to the assistance of his uncle, Priam, and was slain by Achillês. His mother, Eos, inconsolable at his death, weeps for him every morning, and her tears constitute what we call dew. _Memnon_, the black statue of King Amen´ophis III., at Thebes, in Egypt, which, being struck with the rays of the morning sun, gives out musical sounds. Kircher says these sounds are due to a sort of clavecin or Æolian harp enclosed in the statue, the cords of which are acted upon by the warmth of the sun. Cambyses, resolved to learn the secret, cleft the statue from head to waist; but it continued to utter its morning melody notwithstanding. _Memnon_, “the mad lover,” general of As´torax, king of Paphos.--Beaumont and Fletcher, _The Mad Lover_ (1617). _Memnon_, the title of a novel by Voltaire, the object of which is to show the folly of aspiring to too much wisdom. =Memnon’s Sister.= He´mera, mentioned by Dictys Cretensis. Black, but such as in esteem Prince Memnon’s sister might beseem. Milton, _Il Penseroso_ (1638). =Memorable= (_The Ever-_), John Hales, of Eton (1584-1656). =Memory.= The persons most noted for their memory are: Magliabecchi, of Florence, called “The Universal Index and Living Cyclopædia” (1633-1714). P. J. Beronicius, the Greek and Latin improvisator, who knew by heart Horace, Virgil, Cicero, Juvenal, both the Plinys, Homer, and Aristophănês. He died at Middleburgh, in 1676. Andrew Fuller, after hearing 500 lines twice, could repeat them without a mistake. He could also repeat verbatim a sermon or speech; could tell either backwards or forwards every shop sign from the Temple to the extreme end of Cheapside, and the articles displayed in each of the shops. “Memory” Woodfall could carry in his head a debate, and repeat it a fortnight afterwards. “Memory” Thompson could repeat the names, trades, and particulars of every shop from Ludgate Hill to Piccadilly. William Ratcliff, the husband of the novelist, could repeat a debate the next morning. _Memory_ (_The Bard of_), Samuel Rogers, author of the _Pleasures of Memory_ (1762-1855). =Men of Prester John’s Country.= Prester John, in his letter to Manuel Comnēnus, says his land is the home of men with horns; of one-eyed men (the eye being in some cases before the head, and in some cases behind it); of giants, forty ells in height (_i.e._ 120 feet); of the phœnix, etc.; and of ghouls who feed on premature children. He gives the names of fifteen different tributary states, amongst which are those of Gog and Magog (now shut in behind lofty mountains); but at the end of the world these fifteen states will overrun the whole earth. =Menalcas=, any shepherd or rustic. The name occurs in the _Idylls_ of Theoc´ritos, the _Eclogues_ of Virgil, and the _Shepheardes Calendar_ of Spenser. =Men´cia of Mosquera= (_Donna_) married Don Alvaro de Mello. A few days after the marriage, Alvaro happened to quarrel with Don An´drea de Baesa and kill him. He was obliged to flee from Spain, leaving his bride behind, and his property was confiscated. For seven years she received no intelligence of his whereabouts (for he was a slave most of the time), but when seven years had elapsed the report of his death in Fez reached her. The young widow now married the marquis of Guardia, who lived in a grand castle near Burgos, but walking in the grounds one morning she was struck with the earnestness with which one of the under-gardeners looked at her. This man proved to be her first husband, Don Alvaro, with whom she now fled from the castle; but on the road a gang of robbers fell upon them. Alvaro was killed, and the lady taken to the robbers’ cave, where Gil Blas saw her and heard her sad tale. The lady was soon released, and sent to the castle of the marquis of Guardia. She found the marquis dying from grief, and indeed he died the day following, and Mencia retired to a convent.--Lesage, _Gil Blas_, i. 11-14 (1715). =Mendo´za=, a Jew prize-fighter, who held the belt at the close of the last century, and in 1791 opened the Lyceum in the Strand, to teach “the noble art of self-defence.” I would have dealt the fellow that abused you such a recompense in the fifth button, that my friend Mendoza could not have placed it better.--R. Cumberland, _Shiva, the Jew_, iv. 2 (1776). There is a print often seen in old picture shops, of Humphreys and Mendoza sparring, and a queer angular exhibition it is. What that is to the modern art of boxing, Quick’s style of acting was to Dowton’s.--_Records of a Stage Veteran._ _Mendoza_ (_Isaac_), a rich Jew, who thinks himself monstrously wise, but is duped by every one. (See under ISAAC.)--Sheridan, _The Duenna_ (1775). =Menech´mians=, persons exactly like each other, as the brothers Dromio. So called from the Mencœchmi of Plautus. =Menec´rates= (4 _syl._), a physician of Syracuse, of unbounded vanity and arrogance. He assumed to himself the title of Jupiter, and in a letter to Philip, king of Macedon, began thus: “Menecratês Jupiter to King Philip, greeting.” Being asked by Philip to a banquet, the physician was served only with frankincense, like the gods; but Menecratês was greatly offended, and hurried home. =Mengs= (_John_), the surly innkeeper at Kirchhoff village.--Sir W. Scott, _Anne of Geierstein_ (time, Edward IV.). =Menippee= (_Satyre_), a famous political satire, written during the time of what is called in French History the Holy League, the objects of which were to exterminate the Huguenots, to confine the king (Henri III.) in a monastery, and to crown the duc de Guise. The satire is partly in verse, and partly in prose, and its object is to expose the perfidious intentions of Philip of Spain and the culpable ambition of the Guises. It is divided into two parts, the first of which is entitled _Catholicon d’Espagne_, by Pierre Leroy (1593), exposing those who had been corrupted by the gold of Spain; the second part is entitled _Abrégé des Etats de la Ligue_, by Gillot, Pithou, Rapin and Passerat, published 1594. ⁂ Menippus was a cynic philosopher and poet of Gadara, in Phœnicia, who wrote twelve books of satires in prose and verse. Varro wrote in Latin a work called _The Satires of Menippus_ (_Satyræ Menippeæ_). =Mennibojou=, a North American Indian deity. =Mentz= (_Baron von_), a Heidelberg bully, whose humiliation at the hands of the fellow-student he has insulted is the theme of an exciting chapter in Theodore S. Fay’s novel, _Norman Leslie_ (1835). =Menteith= (_the earl of_), a kinsman of the earl of Montrose.--Sir W. Scott, _Legend of Montrose_ (time, Charles I.). =Mentor=, a wise and faithful adviser or guide. So called from Mentor, a friend of Ulyssês, whose form Minerva assumed when she accompanied Telemachus in his search for his father.--Fénelon, _Télémaque_ (1700). =Mephistoph´eles= (5 _syl._), the sneering, jeering, leering attendant demon of Faust in Goethe’s drama of _Faust_, and Gounod’s opera of the same name. Marlowe calls the name “Mephostophilis” in his drama entitled _Dr. Faustus_. Shakespeare, in his _Merry Wives of Windsor_ writes the name “Mephostophilus;” and in the opera he is called “Mefistofele” (5 _syl._). In the old demonology, Mephistophelês was one of the seven chief devils, and second of the fallen archangels. =Mephostophilis=, the attendant demon of Faustus, in Marlowe’s tragedy of _Dr. Faustus_ (1589). There is an awful melancholy about Marlowe’s “Mephostophilis,” perhaps more expressive than the malignant mirth of that fiend in the renowned work of Goethe.--Hallam. =Mephostophilus=, the spirit or familiar of Sir John Faustus or [Dr.] John Faust (Shakespeare, _Merry Wives of Windsor_, 1596). Subsequently it became a term of reproach, about equal to “imp of the devil.” =Mercedes=, Spanish woman, who, to disarm suspicion, drinks the wine poisoned for the French soldiery who have invaded the town. She is forced to let her baby drink it, also, and gives no sign of perturbation until the invaders, twenty in number, have partaken of the wine, and the baby grows livid and expires before their eyes.--Thomas Bailey Aldrich, _Mercedes_ (drama, 1883). =Mercer= (_Major_), at the presidency of Madras.--Sir W. Scott, _The Surgeon’s Daughter_ (time, George II.). =Merchant of Venice= (_The_), Antonio, who borrowed 3000 ducats for three months of Shylock, a Jew. The money was borrowed to lend to a friend named Bassanio, and the Jew, “in merry sport,” instead of interest, agreed to lend the money on these conditions: If Antonio paid it within three months, he should pay only the principal; if he did not pay it back within that time, the merchant should forfeit a pound of his own flesh, from any part of his body the Jew might choose to cut it off. As Antonio’s ships were delayed by contrary winds, he could not pay the money, and the Jew demanded the forfeiture. On the trial which ensued, Portia, in the dress of a law doctor, conducted the case, and, when the Jew was going to take the forfeiture, stopped him by saying that the bond stated “a pound of flesh,” and that, therefore, he was to shed no drop of blood, and he must cut neither more nor less than an exact pound, on forfeit of his life. As these conditions were practically impossible, the Jew was nonsuited and fined for seeking the life of a citizen.--Shakespeare, _Merchant of Venice_ (1598). The story is in the _Gesta Romanorum_, the tale of the bond being ch. xlviii., and that of the caskets ch. xcix.; but Shakespeare took his plot from a Florentine novelette called _Il Pecorone_, written in the fourteenth century, but not published till the sixteenth. There is a ballad on the subject, the date of which has not been determined. The bargain runs thus: “No penny for the loan of it, For one year shall you pay-- You may do me a good turn Before my dying day; But we will have a merry jest, For to be talkêd long; You shall make me a bond,” quoth he, “That shall be large or strong.” =Merchant’s Tale= (_The_), in Chaucer, is substantially the same as the first Latin metrical tale of Adolphus, and is not unlike a Latin prose tale given in the appendix of T. Wright’s edition of Æsop’s fables. The tale is this: A girl named May married January, an old Lombard baron, 60 years of age, but entertained the love of Damyan, a young squire. She was detected in familiar intercourse with Damyan, but persuaded her husband that his eyes had deceived him, and he believed her.--Chaucer, _Canterbury Tales_ (1388). =Mercian Laws.= (See MARTIAN.) =Mercilla=, a “maiden queen of great power and majesty, famous through all the world, and honored far and nigh.” Her kingdom was disturbed by a soldan, her powerful neighbor, stirred up by his wife Adicĭa. The “maiden queen” is Elizabeth; the “soldan,” Philip of Spain, and “Adicia” is injustice, presumption, or the bigotry of popery.--Spenser, _Faëry Queen_, v. (1596). =Mercu´tio=, kinsman of Prince Escalus, and Romeo’s friend. An airy, sprightly, elegant young nobleman, so full of wit and fancy that Dryden says Shakespeare was obliged to kill him in the third act, lest the poet himself should have been killed by Mercutio.--Shakespeare, _Romeo and Juliet_ (1598). =Mercutio of Actors= (_The_), William Lewis (1748-1811). =Mercy=, a young pilgrim, who accompanied Christiana in her walk to Zion. When Mercy got to the Wicket Gate, she swooned from fear of being refused admittance. Mr. Brisk proposed to her, but being told that she was poor, left her, and she was afterwards married to Matthew, the eldest son of Christian.--Bunyan, _Pilgrim’s Progress_, ii. (1684). =Merdle= (_Mr._), banker, a skit on the directors of the Royal British bank, and on Mr. Hudson, “the railway king.” Mr. Merdle, of Harley Street, was called the “Master Mind of the Age.” He became insolvent, and committed suicide. Mr. Merdle was a heavily made man, with an obtuse head, and coarse, mean, common features. His chief butler said of him, “Mr. Merdle never was a gentleman, and no ungentlemanly act on Mr. Merdle’s part would surprise me.” The great banker was “the greatest forger and greatest thief that ever cheated the gallows.” Lord Decimus [_Barnacle_] began waving Mr. Merdle about ... as Gigantic Enterprise. The wealth of England, Credit, Capital, Prosperity, and all manner of blessings.--Bk. ii. 24. _Mrs. Merdle_, wife of the bank swindler. After the death of her husband, society decreed that Mrs. Merdle should still be admitted among the sacred few; so Mrs. Merdle was still received and patted on the back by the upper ten.--C. Dickens, _Little Dorrit_ (1857). =Meredith= (_Mr._), one of the conspirators with Redgauntlet.--Sir W. Scott, _Redgauntlet_ (time, George III.). _Meredith_ (_Mr. Michael_), “the man of mirth,” in the managing committee of the Spa hotel.--Sir. W. Scott, _St. Ronan’s Well_. (time, George III.). _Meredith_ (_Sir_), a Welsh knight.--Sir W. Scott, _Castle Dangerous_ (time, Henry I.). _Meredith_ (_Owen_), pseudonym of the Hon. Edward Robert Bulwer Lytton (Lord Lytton), author of _The Wanderer_ (1859), etc. This son of Lord Bulwer Lytton, poet and novelist, succeeded to the peerage in 1873. =Me´rida= (_Marchioness_), betrothed to Count Valantia.--Mrs. Inchbald, _Child of Nature_. =Meridarpax=, the pride of mice. Now nobly towering o’er the rest, appears A gallant prince that far transcends his years; Pride of his sire, and glory of his house, And more a Mars in combat than a mouse; His action bold, robust his ample frame, And Meridarpax his resounding name. Parnell, _The Battle of the Frogs and Mice_, iii. (about 1712). =Merid´ies= or “Noonday Sun,” one of the four brothers who kept the passages of Castle Perilous. So Tennyson has named him; but in the _History of Prince Arthur_, he is called “Sir Permōnês, the Red Knight.”--Tennyson, _Idylls_ (“Gareth and Lynette”); Sir T. Malory, _History of Prince Arthur_, i. 129 (1470). =Merion= (_James_), New York lawyer, who plays the lover to three women, honestly believing himself enamoured of each.--Ellen Olney Kirke, _A Daughter of Eve_ (1889). =Merle= (_Madame_), a plausible woman with an ambition to be thought the incarnation of propriety, who carries with her the knowledge that she is the mistress of a man who has a wife, and that Madame Merle’s illegitimate daughter is brought up by the step-mother, who knows nothing of the shameful story.--Henry James, _The Portrait of a Lady_ (1881). =Merlin= (_Ambrose_), prince of enchanters. His mother was Matilda, a nun, who was seduced by a “guileful sprite,” or incubus, “half angel and half man, dwelling in mid-air betwixt the earth and moon.” Some say his mother was the daughter of Pubidius, lord of Math-traval, in Wales; and others make her a princess, daughter of Demetius, king of Demet´ia. Blaise baptized the infant, and thus rescued it from the powers of darkness. Merlin died spell-bound, but the author and manner of his death are given differently by different authorities. Thus, in the _History of Prince Arthur_ (Sir T. Malory, 1470), we are told that the enchantress Nimue or Ninive inveigled the old man, and “covered him with a stone under a rock.” In the _Morte d’Arthur_ it is said “he sleeps and sighs in an old tree, spell-bound by Vivien.” Tennyson, in his _Idylls_ (“Vivien”), says that Vivien induced Merlin to take shelter from a storm in a hollow oak tree, and left him spell-bound. Others say he was spell-bound in a hawthorn bush, but this is evidently a blunder. (See MERLIN THE WILD.) ⁂ Merlin made “the fountain of love,” mentioned by Bojardo in _Orlando Innamorato_, l. 3. Ariosto, in _Orlando Furioso_, says he made “one of the four fountains” (ch. xxvi). He also made the Round Table at Carduel for 150 knights, which came into the possession of King Arthur on his marriage with Queen Guinever; and brought from Ireland the stones of Stonehenge on Salisbury Plain. Allusion is made to him in the _Faëry Queen_; in Ellis’s _Specimens of Early English Metrical Romances_; in Drayton’s _Polyolbion_; in _Kenilworth_, by Sir W. Scott, etc. T. Heywood has attempted to show the fulfilment of Merlin’s prophecies. Of Merlin and his skill what region doth not hear?... Who of a British nymph was gotten, whilst she played With a seducing sprite ... But all Demetia thro’ there was not found her peer. Drayton, _Polyolbion_, v. (1612). _Merlin_ (_The English_), W. Lilly, the astrologer, who assumed the _nom de plume_ of “Mer´linus Anglĭcus” (1602-1681). =Merlin the Wild=, a native of Caledonia, who lived in the sixteenth century, about a century after the great Ambrose Merlin, the sorcerer. Fordun, in his _Scotichronicon_, gives particulars about him. It was predicted that he would die by earth, wood, and water, which prediction was fulfilled thus: A mob of rustics hounded him, and he jumped from a rock into the Tweed, and was impaled on a stake fixed in the river bed. His grave is still shown beneath an aged hawthorn bush at Drummelzier, a village on the Tweed. =Merlin’s Cave=, in Dynevor, near Carmarthen, noted for its ghastly noises of rattling iron chains, brazen caldrons, groans, strokes of hammers, and ringing of anvils. The cause is this: Merlin set his spirits to fabricate a brazen wall to encompass the city of Carmarthen, and as he had to call on the Lady of the Lake, bade them not to slacken their labor till he returned; but he never did return, for Vivien by craft got him under the enchanted stone, and kept him there. Tennyson says he was spell-bound by Vivien in a hollow oak tree, but the _History of Prince Arthur_ (Sir T. Malory) gives the other version.--Spenser, _Faëry Queen_, iii. 3 (1590). =Merop’s Son=, a nobody, a _terræ filius_, who thinks himself somebody. Thus Phaëton (Merop’s son), forgetting that his mother was an earthborn woman, thought he could drive the horses of the sun, but not being able to guide them, nearly set the earth on fire. Many presume like him, and think themselves capable or worthy of great things, forgetting all the while that they are only “Merop’s son.” Why, Phaëton (for thou art Merop’s son), Wilt thou aspire to guide the heavenly car, And with thy daring folly burn the world? Shakespeare, _Two Gentlemen of Verona_, act iii. sc. 1 (1594). =Merrilees= (_Meg_), a half-crazy woman, part sibyl and part gypsy. She is the ruler and terror of the gypsy race. Meg Merrilees was the nurse of Harry Bertram.--Sir W. Scott, _Gay Mannering_ (time, George II.). In the dramatized version of Scott’s novel, Miss Cushman [1845-9] made “Meg Merrilees” her own. She showed therein indisputably the attributes of genius. Such was her power over the intention and feeling of the part, that the mere words were quite a secondary matter. It was the figure, the gait, the look, the gesture, the tone, by which she put beauty and passion into language the most indifferent.--Henry Morley. =Merry Andrew=, Andrew Borde, physician to Henry VIII. (1500-1549). ⁂ Prior has a poem on _Merry Andrew_. =Merry Monarch= (_The_), Charles II., of England (1630, 1660-1685). =Merry Mount.= Name of the home of a certain Englishman, called in the chronicle “the pestilent Morton,” who set up a May-pole in colonial Massachusetts. “That worthy gentleman, Mr. John Endicott, ... visiting those parts, caused that May-pole to be cut down, and rebuked them for their profaneness ... so they now (or others) changed the name of their place, ‘Merry Mount,’ again, and called it ‘Mount Dagon.’”--William Bradford, _History of the Plymouth Plantation_ (1630-50). =Mer´rylegs=, a highly trained, performing dog, belonging to Signor Jupe, clown in Sleary’s circus. This dog leaves the circus when his master disappears, but several years afterwards finds its way back and dies.--C. Dickens, _Hard Times_ (1854). =Merthyr Tydvil=, a corruption of _Martyr St. Tidfil_, a Welsh princess who suffered martyrdom. =Merton= (_Tommy_), one of the chief characters in _Sanford and Merton_, a tale for boys, by Thomas Day (1783-9). _Merton_ (_Tristram_). Thomas Babington Macaulay (Lord Macaulay), so signs the ballads and sketches which he inserted in _Knight’s Quarterly Magazine_. =Mertoun= (_Basil_), _alias_ VAUGHAN, formerly a pirate. _Mordaunt Mertoun_, son of Basil Mertoun. He marries Brenda Troil.--Sir W. Scott, _The Pirate_ (time, William III.). =Merveilleuse= [_Mair.vay.´uze_], the sword of Doolin of Mayence. It was so sharp that, if placed edge downwards on a block of wood, it would cut through it of itself. =Mervett= (_Gustavus de_), in _Charles XII._, an historical drama by J. R. Planché (1826). =Mervyn= (_Mr. Arthur_), guardian of Julia Mannering.--Sir W. Scott, _Guy Mannering_ (time, George II.). =Messali´na=, wife of the Emperor Claudius of Rome. Her name is a by-word for incontinency (A.D. *-48). _Messalina_ (_The Modern_), Catherine II. of Russia (1729-1796). =Messalina of Germany=, Barbary of Cilley, second wife of Kaiser Sigismund of Germany (fifteenth century). =Messala.= Haughty young Roman who feigns friendship for Ben-Hur, and betrays his confidence. In after years the scheme of revenge nursed by the ruined youth is fulfilled in the famous chariot-race.--Lew Wallace, _Ben Hur_, _A Tale of the Christ_ (1880). =Messiah= (_The_), an epic poem in fifteen books, by F. G. Klopstock. The first three were published in 1748, and the last in 1773. The subject is the last days of Jesus, His crucifixion and resurrection. Bk. i. Jesus ascends the Mount of Olives, to spend the night in prayer. Bk. ii. John the Beloved, failing to exorcise a demoniac, Jesus goes to his assistance; and Satan, rebuked, returns to hell, where he tells the fallen angels his version of the birth and ministry of Christ, whose death he resolves on. Bk. iii. Messiah sleeps for the last time on the Mount of Olives; the tutelar angels of the twelve apostles, and a description of the apostles are given. Satan gives Judas a dream, and then enters the heart of Caiaphas. Bk. iv. The council in the palace of Caiaphas decree that Jesus must die; Jesus sends Peter and John to prepare the Passover, and eats His Last Supper with His apostles. Bk. v. The three hours of agony in the garden. Bk. vi. Jesus, bound, is taken before Annas, and then before Caiaphas. Peter denies his Master. Bk. vii. Christ is brought before Pilate; Judas hangs himself; Pilate sends Jesus to Herod, but Herod sends Him again to Pilate, who delivers Him to the Jews. Bk. viii. Christ nailed to the cross. Bk. ix. Christ on the cross. Bk. x. The Death of Christ. Bk. xi. The vail[TN-10] of the Temple rent, and the resurrection of many from their graves. Bk. xii. The burial of the body, and death of Mary, the sister of Lazarus. Bk. xiii. The resurrection and suicide of Philo. Bk. xiv. Jesus shows Himself to His disciples. Bk. xv. Many of those who had risen from their graves show themselves to others. Conclusion. _Messiah_, an oratorio by Handel (1749). The liberetto was by Charles Jennens, nicknamed “Soliman the Magnificent.” =Metanoi´a=, Repentance personified, by William Browne, in _Britannia’s Pastorals_, v. (Greek, _mĕtanoia_, “repentance”.) Faire Metanoia is attending To croune thee with those joys that know no ending. _Pastorals_, v. 1 (1613). =Metasta´sio.= The real name of this Italian poet was Trapassi (_death_). He was brought up by Gravina, who Grecized the name (1698-1782). ⁂ So “Melancthon” is the Greek form of _Schwarzerdê_ (“black earth”); “Œcolampadius” is the Greek form of the German name _Hausschein_; “Desiderius Erasmus” is _Gheraerd Gheraerd_ (the first “Gheraerd” is Latinized into _Desiderius_, and the latter is Grecized into _Erasmus_). =Meth´os=, drunkenness personified. He is twin-brother of Gluttony, their mother being Caro (_fleshly lust_). In the battle of Mansoul, Methos is slain by Agnei´a (_wifely chastity_) spouse of Eucra´tês (_temperance_), and sister of Parthen´ia (_maiden chastity_). (Greek, _methê_ or _methŭs_ is “drunkenness.”)--Phineas Fletcher, _The Purple Island_, vii., xi. (1633). =Met´ophis=, the corrupt chief minister of Sesostris. Il avait l’ame aussi corrumpue et aussi artificieuse que Sesostris était sincère et généreux.--Fénelon, _Télémaque_ (1700). =Mexit´li=, chief god and idol of the Az´tecas. He leaped full-grown into life, and with a spear slew those who mocked his mother, Coatlan´tona (4 _syl._). Already at [_his mother’s breast_] the blow was aimed, When forth Mexitli leapt, and in his hand The angry spear. Southey, _Madoc_, ii. 21 (1805). ⁂ Of course, it will be remembered that Minerva, like Mexitli, was born full-grown and fully armed. =Mezen´tius=, king of the Tyrrhenians, who put criminals to death by tying them face to face with dead bodies.--Virgil, _Æneid_, viii. 485. =Mezzora´mia=, an earthly paradise in Africa, accessible by only one road. Gaudentio di Lucca discovered the road, and lived at Mezzoramia for twenty-five years.--Simon Berington, _Gaudentio di Lucca_. =M. F. H.=, Master [_of the_] Fox-hounds. =Micaw´ber= (_Mr. Wilkins_), a most unpractical, half-clever man, a great speechifier, letter writer, projector of bubble schemes, and, though confident of success, never succeeding. Having failed in everything in the old country, he migrated to Australia, and became a magistrate at Middlebay.--C. Dickens, _David Copperfield_ (1849). ⁂ This truly amiable, erratic genius is a portrait of Dickens’s own father, “David Copperfield” being Dickens, and “Mrs. Nickleby” (one can hardly believe it) is said to be Dickens’s mother. =Mi´chael= (2 _syl._), the special protector and guardian of the Jews. This archangel is messenger of peace and plenty.--Sale’s _Korân_, ii. notes. ⁂ That Michael was really the protector and guardian angel of the Jews we know from _Dan._ x. 13, 21; xii. 1. Milton makes Michael the leader of the heavenly host in the war in heaven. The word means “God’s power.” Gabriel was next in command to the archangel Michael. Go, Michael, of celestial armies prince _Paradise Lost_, vi. 44 (1665). ⁂ Longfellow, in his _Golden Legend_, says that Michael is the presiding spirit of the planet Mercury, and brings to man the gift of prudence (“The Miracle-Play,” iii., 1851). _Michael_, the “trencher favorite” of Arden of Feversham, in love with Maria, sister of Mosby. A weak man, who both loves and honors Arden, but is inveigled by Mosby to admit ruffians into Arden’s house to murder him.--Geo. Lillo, _Arden of Feversham_ (1592). =Michael, God of Wind= (_St._). At the promontory of Malea is a chapel built to St. Michael, and the sailors say when the wind blows from that quarter it is occasioned by the violent motion of St. Michael’s wings. Whenever they sail by that promontory, they pray St. Michael to keep his wings still. _St. Michael’s Chair._ It is said that any woman who has sat on Michael’s chair (on St. Michael’s Mount, in Cornwall), will rule her husband ever after. =Michael Angelo of Battle-Scenes= (_The_), Michael Angelo Cerquozzi, of Rome (1600-1660). =Michael Angelo of France= (_The_), Jean Cousin (1500-1590). =Michael Angelo des Kermesses=, Peter van Laar, called _Le Bamboche_, born at Laaren (1613-1673). Or _Michel-Ange des Bamboches_. =Michael Angelo of Music= (_The_), Johann Christoph von Glück (1714-1787). =Michael Angelo of Sculptors= (_The_), Pierre Puget (1623-1694). Réné Michael Slodtz is also called the same (1705-1764). =Michael Angelo Titmarsh=, one of the pseudonyms under which Thackeray contributed to _Frazer’s Magazine_ (1811-1863). =Michael Armstrong=, “the factory boy.” The hero and title of a novel by Mrs. Trollope (1839). The object of this novel is to expose what the authoress considered to be the evils of the factory system. =Michael Perez=, the copper captain. (See PEREZ.) =Michael, the Stammerer=, born at Armorium, in Phrygia, mounted the throne as emperor of Greece in A.D. 820. He used all his efforts to introduce the Jewish Sabbath and sacrifice. I think I have proved ... The error of all those doctrines so vicious ... That are making such terrible work in the Churches By Michael the Stammerer. Longfellow, _The Golden Legend_ (1851). =Michal=, in the satire of _Absalom and Achitophel_, by Dryden and Tate, is meant for Catharine, the wife of Charles II.--Pt. ii. (1682). =Michelot=, an unprincipled, cowardly, greedy man, who tries to discover the secret of “the gold-mine.” Being procurator of the president of Lyons, his office was “to capture and arrest” those charged with civil or criminal offences.--E. Stirling, _The Gold-Mine, or Miller of Grenoble_ (1854). =Micomico´na=, the pretended queen of Micomicon. Don Quixote’s adventure to Micomiconnia came to nothing, for he was taken home in a cage, almost as soon as he was told of the wonderful enchantments.--Cervantes, _Don Quixote_, I. iv. 2 (1605.) =Mi´das= (_Justice_), appointed to adjudge a musical contest between Pol and Pan. He decides in favor of Pan, whereupon Pol throws off his disguise, appears as the god Apollo, and, being indignant at the decision, gives Midas “the ears of an ass.”--Kane O’Hara, _Midas_ (1764). Edward Shuter (1728-1776) was pronounced by Garrick “the greatest comic actor;” and C. Dibdin says: “Nothing on earth could have been superior to his ‘Midas.’” _Midas’s Ears._ The servant who used to cut the king’s hair, discovering the deformity, was afraid to whisper the secret to any one, but, being unable to contain himself, he dug a hole in the earth, and, putting his mouth into it, cried out, “King Midas has ass’s ears!” He then filled up the hole and felt relieved. Tennyson makes the barber a woman: No livelier than the dame That whispered “Asses’ ears” among the sedge. Tennyson, _The Princess_. =Middleburgh= (_Mr. James_), an Edinburgh magistrate.--Sir W. Scott, _Heart of Midlothian_ (time, George II.). =Middlemas= (_Mr. Matthew_), a name assumed by General Witherington. _Mrs. Middlemas_, wife of the general (born Zelia de Monçada). _Richard Middlemas_, alias _Richard Tresham_, a foundling, apprenticed to Dr Gray. He discovers that he is the son of General Witherington, and goes to India, where he assumes the character of Sadoc, a black slave in the service of Mde. Montreville. He delivers Menie Gray by treachery to Tippoo Saib, and Hyder Ali gives him up to be crushed to death by an elephant.--Sir W. Scott, _The Surgeon’s Daughter_ (time, George II.). =Middlewick= (_Mr. Perkyn_), a retired butterman, the neighbor of Sir Geoffrey Champneys, and the father of Charles. The butterman is innately vulgar, drops his _h’s_ and inserts them out of place, makes the greatest geographical and historical blunders, has a tyrannical temper, but a tender heart. He turns his son adrift for marrying Violet Melrose, an heiress, who snubbed the plebeian father. When reduced to great distress, the old butterman goes to his son’s squalid lodgings and relents. So all ends happily. _Charles Middlewick_, son of the retired butterman, well educated, and a gentleman. His father wanted him to marry Mary Melrose, a girl without a penny, but he preferred Violet, an heiress.--H. J. Byron, _Our Boys_ (1875). =Midge=, the miller’s son, one of the companions of Robin Hood. (See MUCH.) _Midge_ (_The_), a well-born but friendless waif, thrown at the age of thirteen upon the charity of Dr. Peters, an eccentric bachelor. She cares for his house and for him in quaint, womanly fashion, very bewitching, until she is grown. The suit of another and a younger man, makes the doctor know, to his cost, how well he loves her. He holds his peace, and marries Midge to her lover. “Then he went into the big pantry. In the corner on the shelf, still lay the crock in which the Midge had hidden her head, heavy with childish grief, years before. The old stool stood before it. He sat down on it and rested his hot forehead on the cool rim of the jar. “And that’s the end of the story.”--H. C. Bunner, _The Midge_ (1886). =Midian Mara=, the Celtic mermaid. =Midlo´thian= (_The Heart of_), a tale of the Porteous riot, in which the incidents of Effie and Jeanie Deans are of absorbing interest. Effie was seduced by Geordie Robertson (_alias_ George Staunton), while in the service of Mrs. Saddletree. She murdered her infant, and was condemned to death; but her half-sister, Jeanie, went to London, pleaded her cause before the queen, and obtained her pardon. Jeanie, on her return to Scotland, married Reuben Butler; and Geordie Robertson (then Sir George Staunton) married Effie. Sir George being shot by a gypsy boy, Effie (_i.e._ Lady Staunton), retired to a convent on the Continent.--Sir W. Scott, _Heart of Midlothian_ (time, George II.). =Midshipman Easy.= (See EASY.) =Midsummer Night’s Dream.= Shakespeare says there was a law in Athens, that if a daughter refused to marry the husband selected for her by her father, she might be put to death. Egēus (3 _syl._), an Athenian, promised to give his daughter, Hermia, in marriage to Demētrius; but, as the lady loved Lysander, she refused to marry the man selected by her father, and fled from Athens with her lover. Demetrius went in pursuit of her, followed by Helĕna, who doted on him. All four came to a forest, and fell asleep. In their dreams a vision of fairies passed before them, and on awaking, Demetrius resolved to forego Hermia, who disliked him, and to take to wife Helena, who sincerely loved him. When Egeus was informed thereof, he readily agreed to give his daughter to Lysander, and the force of the law was not called into action (1592). ⁂ Several of the incidents of this comedy are borrowed from the _Diana_ of Montemayor, a Spaniard (sixteenth century). =Midwinter= (_Ozias_), the _alias_ of another Allan Armadale. His father has murdered the father of the real Allan, and the son of the homicide resolves to keep his own identity a secret, while trying to atone to Allan for the wrong done him. He loves and marries the perfidious governess of Allan’s betrothed.--Wilkie Collins, _Armadale_. =Miggs= (_Miss_), the handmaiden and “comforter” of Mrs. Varden. A tall, gaunt young woman, addicted to pattens; slender and shrewish, of a sharp and acid visage. She held the male sex in utter contempt, but had a secret exception in favor of Sim Tappertit, who irreverently called her “scraggy.” Miss Miggs always sided with madam against master, and made out that she was a suffering martyr, and he an inhuman Nero. She called ma’am “mim;” said her sister lived at “twenty-sivin;” Simon she called “Simmun.” She said Mrs. Varden was “the mildest, amiablest, forgivingest-sperited, longest-sufferingest female in existence.” Baffled in all her matrimonial hopes, she was at last appointed female turnkey to a county Bridewell, which office she held for thirty years, when she died. Miss Miggs, baffled in all her schemes ... and cast upon a thankless, undeserving world, turned very sharp and sour ... but the justices of the peace for Middlesex ... selected her from 124 competitors to the office of turnkey for a county Bridewell, which she held till her decease, more than thirty years afterwards, remaining single all that time.--C. Dickens, _Barnaby Rudge_ (1841). =Mign´on=, a beautiful, dwarfish, fairy-like Italian girl, in love with Wilhelm, her protector. She glides before us in the mazy dance, or whirls her tambourine like an Ariel. Full of fervor, full of love, full of rapture, she is overwhelmed with the torrent of despair at finding her love is not returned, becomes insane, and dies.--Goethe, _Wilhelm Meister’s Apprenticeship_ (1794-6). Sir W. Scott drew his “Fenella,” in _Peveril of the Peak_, from this character; and Victor Hugo has reproduced her in his _Notre Dame_, under the name of “Esmeralda.” =Mignonette:= “A pitcher of mignonette In a tenement’s highest casement Queer sort of flower-pot--yet That pitcher of mignonette Is a garden in heaven set To the little sick child in the basement, The pitcher of mignonette. In the tenement’s highest casement.” Henry Cuyler Bunner, _Airs from Arcady and Elsewhere_ (1884). =Migonnet=, a fairy king, who wished to marry the princess brought up by Violenta, the fairy mother. Of all dwarfs he was the smallest. His feet were like an eagle’s, and close to the knees, for legs he had none. His royal robes were not above half a yard long, and trailed one-third part upon the ground. His head was as big as a peck, and his nose long enough for twelve birds to perch on. His beard was bushy enough for a canary’s nest, and his ears reached a foot above his head.--Comtesse D’Aulnoy, _Fairy Tales_ (“The White Cat,” 1682). =Mikado= (_of Japan_), the hero of Gilbert and Sullivan’s opera “The Mikado.” The plot turns upon the complications brought about [TN-11] the Mikado’s severe laws against flirting: “So he decreed in words succint, That all who flirted, leered or winked, Unless connubially linked, Should forthwith be beheaded.” =Mi´lan= (_The duke of_), an Italian prince, an ally of the Lancastrians.--Sir W. Scott, _Anne of Geierstein_ (time, Edward IV.). =Milan Decree=, a decree of Napoleon Bonaparte, dated Milan, December 27, 1807, declaring “the whole British empire to be in a state of blockade, and prohibiting all countries from trading with Great Britain, or using any article made therein.” ⁂ As Britain was the best customer of the very nations forbidden to deal with her, this very absurd decree was a two-edged sword, cutting both ways. =Mildred=, the bride, “fresh and fair as May,” whom Philip, the pastor, installs as _Mistress of the Manse_, in Josiah Gilbert Holland’s poem of that name (1874). =Mildmay= (_Frank_), hero of sea-story bearing his name.--Frederick Marryatt. =Mile´sian Fables= (_Milesiæ Fabulæ_), very wanton and ludicrous tales. Sir Edward Bulwer Lytton (Lord Lytton) published six of the _Lost Tales of Milētus_ in rhymeless verse. He pretends he borrowed them from the scattered remnants preserved by Apollodo´rus and Conon, contained in the pages of Pausa´nias and Athenæus, or dispersed throughout the Scholiasts. The Milesian tales were, for the most part, in prose; but Ovid tells us that Aristi´dês rendered some of them into verse, and Sisenna into Latin. Junxit Aristides Milesia carmina secum Pulsus Aristides nec tamen urba sua est. The original tales by Antonius Diog´enês are described by Photius. It appears that they were great favorites with the luxurious Sybarites. A compilation was made by Aristīdês, by whom (according to Ovid) some were versified also. The Latin translation by Sisenna was made about the time of the civil wars of Ma´rius and Sylla. Parthen´ius Nice´nus, who taught Virgil Greek, borrowed thirty-six of the tales, which he dedicated to Cornelius Gallus, and entitled _Erôtikôn Pathêmatôn_ (“love stories”). _Milesia Crimina_, amatory offences. Venus was worshipped at Milētus, and hence the loose amatory tales of Antonius Diogenês were entitled _Milesiæ Fabulæ_. =Mile´sians=, the “ancient” Irish. The legend is that Ireland was once peopled by the Fir-bolg or Belgæ from Britain, who were subdued by Milesians from Asia Minor, called the Gaels of Ireland. =Miles= (_Throckmorton_), harum-scarum, brave, indiscreet, over-generous hero of Constance Cary Harrison’s story, _Flower de Hundred_ (1890). =Milford= (_Colonel_), a friend of Sir Geoffrey Peveril.--Sir W. Scott, _Peveril of the Peak_ (time, Charles II.). _Milford_ (_Jack_), a natural son of Widow Warren’s late husband. He was the crony of Harry Dornton, with whom he ran “the road to ruin.” Jack had a fortune left him, but he soon scattered it by his extravagant living, and was imprisoned for debt. Harry then promised to marry Widow Warren if she would advance him £6,000 to pay off his friend’s debts with. When Harry’s father heard of this bargain, he was so moved that he advanced the money himself; and Harry, being set free from his bargain, married the widow’s daughter instead of the widow. Thus all were rescued from “the road to ruin.”--Holcroft, _The Road to Ruin_ (1792). =Milinowski=, a portly, imposing American widow, who, after twenty years spent under the marital rule of a Prussian army officer, “takes kindly to the prose of life.” She is the exemplary and not unkindly chaperone of _Miss Caroline Lester_, heroine of Charlotte Dunning’s book _Upon a Cast_ (1885). =Milk-Pail= (_The_), which was to gain a fortune, (See PERRETTE.) =Millamant=, the _prétendue_ of Edward Mirabell. She is a most brilliant girl, who says she “loves to give pain, because cruelty is a proof of power; and when one parts with one’s cruelty, one parts with one’s power.” Millamant is far gone in poetry, and her heart is not in her own keeping. Sir Wilful Witwould makes love to her, but she detests “the superannuated lubber.”--W. Congreve, _The Way of the World_ (1700). =Miller= (_James_), the “tiger” of the Hon. Mr. Flammer. James was brought up in the stable, educated on the turf and _pavé_, polished and completed in the fives-court. He was engaged to Mary Chintz, the maid of Miss Bloomfield.--C. Selby, _The Unfinished Gentleman_. _Miller_, (_Joe_), James Ballantyne, author of _Old Joe Miller, by the Editor of New J. M._, three vols. (1801). ⁂ Mottley compiled a jest-book in the reign of James II., entitled _Joe Miller’s Jests_. The phrase, “That’s a Joe Miller,” means “that’s a jest from Mottley’s book.” _Miller_ (_Maximilian Christopher_), the Saxon giant; height eight feet. His hand measured a foot; his second finger was nine inches long; his head unusually large. He wore a rich Hungarian jacket and a huge plumed cap. This giant was exhibited in London in the year 1733. He died aged 60; was born at Leipsic (1674-1734). =Miller= (_Draxy_), bonny daughter of a thriftless, honest man, whose energy in the effort to recover some hundreds of acres of woodland deeded to her in jest, and supposed to be unprofitable, leads to comfort for her father, and a happy marriage for herself.--_Saxe Holm Stories_ (1886). =Miller of Mansfield= (_The_), John Cockle, a miller and keeper of Sherwood Forest. Hearing the report of a gun, John Cockle went into the forest at night to find poachers, and came upon the king (Henry VIII.), who had been hunting, and had got separated from his courtiers. The miller collared him; but, being told he was a wayfarer, who had lost himself in the forest, he took him home with him for the night. Next day, the courtiers were brought to the same house, having been seized as poachers by the under-keepers. It was then discovered that the miller’s guest was the king, who knighted the miller, and settled on him 1000 marks a year.--R. Dodsley, _The King and the Miller of Mansfield_ (1737). =Miller of Trompington= (_The_), Simon Simkin, an arrant thief. Two scholars undertook to see that a sack of corn was ground for “Solar Hill College,” without being tampered with; so one stood at the hopper, and the other at the trough below. In the mean time, Simon Simkin let loose the scholars’ horse; and while they went to catch it, he purloined half a bushel of the flour, which was made into cakes, and substituted meal in its stead. But the young men had their revenge; they not only made off with the flour, meal, and cakes without payment, but left the miller well trounced also.--Chaucer, _Canterbury Tales_ (“The Reeve’s Tale,” 1388). A trick something like that played off on the Miller of Trompington.--_Review of Kirkton_, xix. 253. =Miller on the Dee.= “There was a Jolly Miller once lived on the River Dee,” is a song by Isaac Bickerstaff, introduced in _Love in a Village_, i. 1 (1763). =Mills= (_Miss_), the bosom friend of Dora. Supposed to have been blighted in early life in some love affair, and hence she looks on the happiness of others with a calm, supercilious benignity, and talks of herself as being “in the desert of Sahara.”--C. Dickens, _David Copperfield_ (1849). =Millwood= (_Sarah_), the courtezan who enticed George Barnwell to rob his master and murder his uncle. Sarah Millwood spent all the money that George Barnwell obtained by these crimes, then turned him out of doors, and informed against him. Both were hanged.--George Lillo, _George Barnwell_ (1732). =Milly=, the wife of William Swidger. She is the good angel of the tale.--C. Dickens, _The Haunted Man_ (1848). =Milo=, an athlete of Croto´na, noted for his amazing strength. He could carry on his shoulders a four-year-old heifer. When old, Milo attempted to tear in twain an oak tree, but the parts, closing on his hands, held him fast, till he was devoured by wolves. _Milo_ (_The English_), Thomas Topham, of London (1710-1752). =Milton=, introduced by Sir Walter Scott in _Woodstock_ (time, Commonwealth). =Milton of Germany=, Frederick Gottlieb Klopstock, author of _The Messiah_, an epic poem (1724-1803). A very German Milton indeed. Coleridge. =Milton’s Monument=, in Westminster Abbey, was by Rysbrack. =Milvey= (_The Rev. Frank_), a “young man expensively educated and wretchedly paid, with quite a young wife and half a dozen young children. He was under the necessity of teaching ... to eke out his scanty means, yet was generally expected to have more time to spare than the idlest person in the parish, and more money than the richest.” _Mrs. Milvey_ (_Margaretta_), a pretty, bright little woman, emphatic and impulsive, but “something worn by anxiety. She had repressed many pretty tastes and bright fancies, and substituted instead schools, soup, flannel, coals, and all the week-day cares and Sunday coughs of a large population, young and old.”--C. Dickens, _Our Mutual Friend_ (1864). =Minagro´bis=, admiral of the cats in the great sea-fight of the cats and rats. Minagrobis won the victory by devouring the admiral of the rats, who had made three voyages round the world in very excellent ships, in which he was neither one of the officers nor one of the crew, but a kind of interloper.--Comtesse D’Aulnoy, _Fairy Tales_ (“The White Cat,” 1682). =Min´cing=, lady’s-maid to Millamant. She says _mem_ for ma’am, _fit_ for fought, _la’ship_ for ladyship, etc.--W. Congreve, _The Way of the World_ (1700). =Minikin= (_Lord_), married to a cousin of Sir John Trotley, but, according to _bon ton_, he flirts with Miss Tittup; and Miss Tittup, who is engaged to Colonel Tivy, flirts with a married man. _Lady Minikin_, wife of Lord Minikin. According to _bon ton_, she hates her husband, and flirts with Colonel Tivy; and Colonel Tivy, who is engaged to Miss Tittup, flirts with a married woman. It is _bon ton_ to do so.--Garrick, _Bon Ton_ (1760). =Minjekah´wun=, Hiawatha’s mittens, made of deer-skin. When Hiawatha had his mittens on, he could smite the hardest rocks asunder. He [_Hiawatha_] had mittens, Minjekahwun, Magic mittens made of deer-skin; When upon his hands he wore them, He could smite the rocks asunder. Longfellow, _Hiawatha_, iv. (1855). =Minna and Brenda=, two beautiful girls, the daughters of Magnus Troil, the old udaller of Zetland. Minna was stately in form, with dark eyes and raven locks; credulous and vain, but not giddy; enthusiastic, talented and warm-hearted. She loved Captain Clement Cleveland; but Cleveland was killed in an encounter on the Spanish main. Brenda had golden hair, a bloom on her cheeks, a fairy form, and a serene, cheerful disposition. She was less the heroine than her sister, but more the loving and confiding woman. She married Mordaunt Mertoun (ch. iii).--Sir W. Scott, _The Pirate_ (time, William III.). =Minna von Barnhelm.= A wealthy girl who is engaged to Major von Tellheim, a Prussian soldier. He loses his fortune, is wounded and suspected of dishonor, and from regard for Minna strives to break the engagement. Everything is righted, and they marry.--G. E. Lessing. =Minneha´ha= (“_the laughing water_”), daughter of the arrow-maker of Daco´tah, and wife of Hiawatha. She was called Minnehaha from the waterfall of that name between St. Anthony and Fort Snelling. From the waterfall, he named her Minnehaha, Laughing Water. Longfellow, _Hiawatha_, iv. (1855). =Minnesingers=, the Troubadours of Germany during the Hohenstaufen period (1138-1294), minstrels who composed and sung short lyrical poems--usually in praise of women or in celebration of the beauties of nature--called _Minne_, or love songs. The names of nearly three hundred of these poets have come down to us, including all classes of society, the most famous being Dietmar von Aist, Ulrich von Lichenstein, Heinrich von Frauenlob, and above all Walther von der Vogelweid (1168-1230). Wolfram von Eschenbach, Gottfried von Strasburg, and Hartmann von der Aue are also classed among the Minnesingers, but their principal fame was won in the field of metrical romance. ⁂ The story runs that Vogelweid bequeathed his worldly all to a Wurtzburg monastery upon condition that they should feed the doves at noon every day upon his grave. The multiplying birds aroused the avaricious alarm of the abbot, who forbade the daily distribution. “Time has long effaced the inscriptions On the cloister’s funeral stones, And tradition only tells us Where repose the poet’s bones. But around the vast cathedral By sweet echoes mutiplied[TN-12] Still the birds repeat the legend And the name of Vogelweid.” H. W. Longfellow, _Walter von der Vogelweid_ 186-. =Mino´na=, “the soft blushing daughter of Torman,” a Gaelic bard in the _Songs of Selma_, one of the most famous portions of Macpherson’s _Ossian_. =Minor= (_The_), a comedy by Samuel Foote (1760). Sir George Wealthy, “the minor,” was the son of Sir William Wealthy, a retired merchant. He was educated at a public school, sent to college, and finished his training in Paris. His father, hearing of his extravagant habits, pretended to be dead, and, assuming the guise of a German baron, employed several persons to dodge the lad, some to be winners in his gambling, some to lend money, some to cater to other follies, till he was apparently on the brink of ruin. His uncle, Mr. Richard Wealthy, a City merchant, wanted his daughter, Lucy, to marry a wealthy trader, and as she refused to do so, he turned her out of doors. This young lady was brought to Sir George as a _fille de joie_, but she touched his heart by her manifest innocence, and he not only relieved her present necessities, but removed her to an asylum where her “innocent beauty would be guarded from temptation, and her deluded innocence would be rescued from infamy.” The whole scheme now burst as a bubble. Sir George’s father, proud of his son, told him he was his father, and that his losses were only fictitious; and the uncle, melted into a better mood, gave his daughter to his nephew, and blessed the boy for rescuing his discarded child. =Minotti=, governor of Corinth, then under the power of the doge. In 1715 the city was stormed by the Turks; and during the siege one of the magazines in the Turkish camp blew up, killing 600 men. Byron says it was Minotti himself who fired the train, and that he perished in the explosion.--Byron, _Siege of Corinth_ (1816). =Minstrel= (_The_), an unfinished poem, in Spenserian metre, by James Beattie. Its design was to trace the progress of a poetic genius, born in a rude age, from the first dawn of fancy to the fullness of poetic rapture. The first canto is descriptive of Edwin, the minstrel; canto ii. is dull philosophy, and there, happily, the poem ends. It is a pity it did not end with the first canto (1773-4). And yet poor Edwin was no vulgar boy, Deep thought oft seemed to fix his infant eye. Dainties he heeded not, nor gaude, nor toy, Save one short pipe of rudest minstrelsy; Silent when sad, affectionate, tho’ shy; And now his look was most demurely sad; And now he laughed aloud, though none knew why. The neighbors stared and sighed, yet blessed the lad; Some deemed him wondrous wise, and some believed him mad. Canto i. 16. _Minstrel_ (_Lay of the Last_). Ladye Margaret, “the flower of Teviot,” was the daughter of Lord Walter Scott, of Branksome Hall. She loved Baron Henry, of Cranstown; but between the two families a deadly feud existed. One day the elfin page of Lord Cranstown inveigled the heir of Branksome Hall (then a lad) into the woods, where he fell into the hands of the English, who marched with 3000 men to Branksome Hall; but, being told that Douglas was coming to the rescue with 10,000 men, the two armies agreed to settle by single combat whether the lad should be given up to the mother or be made King Edward’s page. The two champions were Sir Richard Musgrave (_English_) and Sir William Deloraine (_Scotch_). The Scotch champion slew Sir Richard, and the boy was delivered to his mother. It now turned out that Sir William Deloraine was Lord Cranstown, who claimed and received the hand of Ladye Margaret as his reward.--Sir W. Scott (1805). =Minstrel of the Border=, Sir W. Scott; also called “The Border Minstrel” (1771-1832). My steps the Border Minstrel led. Wordsworth, _Yarrow Revisited_. Great Minstrel of the Border. Wordsworth. =Minstrel of the English Stage= (_The Last_), James Shirley, last of the Shakespeare school (1594-1666). ⁂ Then followed the licentious French school, headed by John Dryden. =Minstrels= (_Royal Domestic_). Of William I., Berdie, called _Regis Jocula´tor_. Of Henry I., Galfrid and Royer, or Raher. Of Richard I., Blondel. =Mint Julep=, a Virginian beverage, celebrated in song by Charles Fenno Hoffman (185-). A favorite variety of this drink is compounded of brandy, water, sugar, mint-leaves and pounded ice, and is called a “hail-storm.” “The draught was delicious, and loud the acclaim, ’Though something seemed wanting for all to bewail; But JULEPS the drink of immortals became When Jove himself added a handful of hail.” Charles Fenno Hoffman, _Poems_ (1846). =Mintz=, _alias_ Araminta Sophronia--the best cook and housemaid in town--rules the Stackpole family with a rod of red-hot steel until the son of the house defies her by marrying the head scholar in the Boston Cooking School.--Augusta Larned, _Village Photographs_ (1887). =Miol´ner= (3 _syl._), Thor’s hammer. This is my hammer, Miölner the mighty; Giants and sorcerers cannot withstand it. Sæmund Sigfusson, _Edda_ (1130). =Miquelets= (_Les_), soldiers of the Pyrenees, sent to co-operate with the dragoons of the _Grand Monarque_ against the Camisards of the Cevennes. =Mir´abel=, the “wild goose,” a travelled Monsieur, who loves women in a loose way, but abhors matrimony, and especially dislikes Oria´na; but Oriana “chases” the “wild goose” with her woman’s wiles, and catches him.--Beaumont and Fletcher, _The Wild-goose Chase_ (1652). _Mirabel_ (_Old_). He adores his son, and wishes him to marry Oria´na. As the young man shilly-shallies, the father enters into several schemes to entrap him into a declaration of love; but all his schemes are abortive. _Young Mirabel_, the son, called “the inconstant.” A handsome, dashing young rake, who loves Oriana, but does not wish to marry. Whenever Oriana seems lost to him the ardor of his love revives; but immediately his path is made plain, he holds off. However, he ultimately marries her.--G. Farquhar, _The Inconstant_ (1702). =Mirabell= (_Edward_), in love with Millamant. He liked her, “with all her faults; nay, liked her for her faults, ... which were so natural that (in his opinion) they became her.”--W. Congreve, _The Way of the World_ (1700). Not all that Drury Lane affords Can paint the rakish “Charles” so well, Or give such life to “Mirabell” [_As Montague Talbot_, 1778-1831]. Crofton Croker. =Mirabella=, “a maiden fair, clad in mourning weeds, upon a mangy jade unmeetly set, with a lewd fool called Disdain” (canto 6). Timias and Serena, after quitting the hermit’s cell, meet her. Though so sorely clad and mounted, the maiden was “a lady of great dignity and honor, but scornful and proud.” Many a wretch did languish for her through a long life. Being summoned to Cupid’s judgment hall, the sentence passed on her was that she should “ride on a mangy jade, accompanied by a fool, till she had saved as many lovers as she had slain” (canto 7). Mirabella was also doomed to carry a leaky bottle, which she was to fill with tears, and a torn wallet, which she was to fill with repentance: but her tears and her repentance dropped out as fast as they were put in, and were trampled under foot by Scorn (canto 8).--Spenser, _Faëry Queen_, vi. 6-8 (1596). ⁂ “Mirabella” is supposed to be meant for Rosalind, who jilted Spenser, and who is called by the poet “a widow’s daughter of the glen, and poor.” =Mir´amont=, brother of Justice Brisac, and uncle of the two brothers, Charles (the scholar) and Eustace (the courtier). Miramont is an ignorant, testy old man, but a great admirer of learning and scholars.--Beaumont and Fletcher, _The Elder Brother_ (1637). =Miran´da=, daughter of Prospero, the exiled duke of Milan, and niece of Antonio, the usurping duke. She is brought up on a desert island, with Ariel, the fairy spirit, and Cal´iban, the monster, as her only companions. Ferdinand, son of the king of Naples, being shipwrecked on the island, falls in love with her, and marries her.--Shakespeare, _The Tempest_ (1609). Identifying herself with the simple yet noble-minded Miranda in the isle of wonder and enchantment.--Sir W. Scott. _Miranda_, an heiress, the ward of Sir Francis Gripe. As she must obtain his consent to her marriage before she could obtain possession of her fortune, she pretended to love him, although he was 64 years old; and the old fool believed it. When, therefore, Miranda asked his consent to marry, he readily gave it, thinking himself to be the man of her choice; but the sly little hussy laughed at her old guardian, and plighted her troth to Sir George Airy, a man of 24.--Mrs. Centlivre, _The Busy Body_ (1709). =Mir´ja=, one of the six Wise Men of the East, led by the guiding star to Jesus. Mirja had five sons, who followed his holy life.--Klopstock, _The Messiah_, v. (1771). =Mirror= (_Alasnam’s_), a mirror which showed Alasnam if “a beautiful girl was also chaste and virtuous.” The mirror was called “the touchstone of virtue.”--_Arabian Nights_ (“Prince Zeyn Alasnam”). _Mirror_ (_Cambuscan’s_), a mirror sent to Cambuscan´, king of Tartary, by the king of Araby and Ind. It showed those who consulted it if any adversity were about to befall them; if any one they loved were friend or foe.--Chaucer, _Canterbury Tales_ (“The Squire’s Tale,” unfinished.) “Or call up him who left half-told, The story of Cambuscan bold. * * * * * That owned the virtuous ring and glass.” Milton, _Il Penseroso_. _Mirror_ (_Kelly’s_), Dr. Dee’s speculum. Kelly was the doctor’s speculator or seer. The speculum resembled a “piece of polished cannel coal.” Kelly did all his feats upon The devil’s looking-glass, a stone. S. Butler, _Hudibras_ (1663-78). _Mirror_ (_Lao’s_), a looking-glass which reflected the mind as well as the outward form.--Goldsmith, _Citizen of the World_, xlv. (1759). _Mirror_ (_Merlin’s Magic_) or Venus’s looking-glass, fabricated in South Wales, in the days of King Ryence. It would show to those that looked therein anything which pertained to them, anything that a friend or foe was doing. It was round like a sphere, and was given by Merlin to King Ryence. That never foe his kingdom might invade But he it knew at home before he heard Tidings thereof. Britomart, who was King Ryence’s daughter and heiress, saw in the mirror her future husband and also his name, which was Sir Artegal.--Spenser, _Faëry Queen_, iii. 2 (1590). _Mirror_ (_Prester John’s_), a mirror which possessed similar virtues to that made by Merlin. Prester John could see therein whatever was taking place in any part of his dominions. ⁂ Dr. Dee’s speculum was also spherical, and possessed a similar reputed virtue. _Mirror_ (_Reynard’s Wonderful_). This mirror existed only in the brain of Master Fox. He told the queen lion that whoever looked therein could see what was being done a mile off. The wood of the frame was part of the same block out of which Crampart’s magic horse was made.--_Reynard the Fox_, xii. (1498). _Mirror_ (_Venus’s_), generally called “Venus’s looking-glass,” the same as Merlin’s magic mirror (_q.v._).[TN-13] _Mirror_ (_Vulcan’s_). Vulcan made a mirror which showed those who looked into it the past, present, and future. Sir John Davies says that Cupid handed this mirror to Antin´ous, when he was in the court of Ulysses, and Antinous gave it to Penel´opê, who beheld therein the court of Queen Elizabeth and all its grandeur. Vulcan, the king of fire, that mirror wrought ... As there did represent in lively show Our glorious English court’s divine image As it should be in this our golden age. Sir John Davies, _Orchestra_ (1615). =Mirror of King Ryence=, a mirror made by Merlin. It showed those who looked into it whatever they wished to see.--Spenser, _Faëry Queen_, iii. (1590). =Mirror of Knighthood=, a romance of chivalry. It was one of the books in Don Quixote’s library, and the curé said to the barber: “In this same _Mirror of Knighthood_ we meet with Rinaldo de Montalban and his companions, with the twelve peers of France, and Turpin, the historian. These gentlemen we will condemn only to perpetual exile, as they contain something of the famous Bojardo’s invention, whence the Christian poet Ariosto borrowed the groundwork of his ingenious compositions; to whom I should pay little regard if he had not written in his own language [_Italian_].”--Cervantes, _Don Quixote_, I. i. 6 (1605). =Mirror of all Martial Men=, Thomas, earl of Salisbury (died 1428). =Mirrour for Magistraytes=, begun by Thomas Sackville, and intended to be a poetical biography of remarkable Englishmen. Sackville wrote the “Induction,” and furnished one of the sketches, that of Henry Stafford, duke of Buckingham (the tool of Richard III.). Baldwynne, Ferrers, Churchyard, Phair, etc., added others. Subsequently, John Higgins, Richard Nichols, Thomas Blenerhasset, etc., supplied additional characters; but Sackville alone stands out pre-eminent in merit. In the “Induction,” Sackville tells us he was conducted by Sorrowe into the infernal regions. At the porch sat Remorse and Dread, and within the porch were Revenge, Miserie, Care, and Slepe. Passing on, he beheld Old Age, Maladie, Famine, and Warre. Sorrowe then took him to Achĕron, and ordered Charon to ferry them across. They passed the three-headed Cerbĕrus and came to Pluto, where the poet saw several ghosts, the last of all being the duke of Buckingham, whose “_complaynt_” finishes the part written by Thomas Sackville (1557). (See BUCKINGHAM.) ⁂ Henry Stafford, duke of Buckingham, must not be mistaken for George Villiers, duke of Buckingham 150 years later. =Mirza= (_The Vision of_). Mirza, being at Grand Cairo on the fifth day of the moon, which he always kept holy, ascended a high hill, and, falling into a trance, beheld a vision of human life. First he saw a prodigious tide of water rolling through a valley with a thick mist at each end--this was the river of time. Over the river was a bridge of a thousand arches, but only three score and ten were unbroken. By these, men were crossing, the arches representing the number of years the traveller lived before he tumbled into the river. Lastly, he saw the happy valley, but when he asked to see the secrets hidden under the dark clouds on the other side, the vision was ended, and he only beheld the valley of Bagdad, with its oxen, sheep, and camels grazing on its sides.--Addison, _Vision of Mirza_ (_Spectator_, 159). =Misbegot= (_Malcolm_), natural son of Sybil Knockwinnock, and an ancestor of Sir Arthur Wardour.--Sir W. Scott, _The Antiquary_ (time, George III.). =Miser= (_The_), a comedy by H. Fielding, a _réchauffé_ of Molière’s comedy _L’Avare_. Lovegold is “Harpagon,” Frederick is “Cléante,” Mariana is “Mariane,” and Ramilie is “La Fléche.” Lovegold, a man of 60, and his son Frederick, both wish to marry Mariana, and, in order to divert the old miser from his foolish passion, Mariana pretends to be most extravagant. She orders a necklace and ear-rings of the value of £3000, a petticoat and gown from a fabric which is £12 a yard, and besets the house with duns. Lovegold gives £2000 to break off the bargain, and Frederick becomes the bridegroom of Mariana. =Misers.=--See _Dictionary of Phrase and Fable_. =Misere´re= (_The_), sung on Good Fridays in Catholic churches, is the composition of Gregorio Allegri, who died in 1640. =Mishe-Mok´wa=, the great bear slain by Mudjekeewis.--Longfellow, _Hiawatha_, ii. (1855). =Mishe-Nah´ma=, the great sturgeon, “king of fishes,” subdued by Hiawatha. With this labor, the “great teacher” taught the Indians how to make oil for winter. When Hiawatha threw his line for the sturgeon, that king of fishes first persuaded a pike to swallow the bait and try to break the line, but Hiawatha threw it back into the water. Next, a sun-fish was persuaded to try the bait, with the same result. Then the sturgeon, in anger, swallowed Hiawatha and canoe also; but Hiawatha smote the heart of the sturgeon with his fist, and the king of fishes swam to the shore and died. Then the sea-gulls opened a rift in the dead body, out of which Hiawatha made his escape. “I have slain the Mishê-Nahma, Slain the king of fishes” said he. Longfellow, _Hiawatha_, vii. (1855). =Misnar=, sultan of India, transformed by Ulin into a toad. “He[TN-14] was disenchanted by the dervise Shemshel´nar, the most “pious worshipper of Alla amongst all the sons of Asia.” By prudence and piety, Misnar and his vizier, Horam, destroyed all the enchanters who filled India with rebellion, and, having secured peace, married Hem´junah, daughter of Zebenezer, sultan of Cassimir, to whom he had been betrothed when he was known only as the prince of Georgia.--James Ridley, _Tales of the Genii_, vi., vii. (1751). =Misog´onus=, by Thomas Rychardes, the third English comedy (1560). It is written in rhyming quatrains, and not in couplets like _Ralph Roister Doister_ and _Gammer Gurton’s Needle_. =Miss in Her Teens=, a farce by David Garrick (1753). Miss Biddy Bellair is in love with Captain Loveit, who is known to her only by the name of Rhodophil; but she coquets with Captain Flash and Mr. Fribble, while her aunt wants her to marry an elderly man by the name of Stephen Loveit, whom she detests. When the Captain returns from the wars, she sets Captain Flash and Mr. Fribble together by the ears; and while they stand fronting each other, but afraid to fight, Captain Loveit enters, recognizes Flash as a deserter, takes away his sword, and dismisses Fribble as beneath contempt. =Mississippi Bubble=, the “South Sea scheme” of France, projected by John Law, a Scotchman. So called because the projector was to have the exclusive trade of Louisiana, on the banks of the Mississippi, on condition of his taking on himself the National Debt (incorporated 1717, failed 1720). The debt was 208 millions sterling. Law made himself sole creditor of this debt, and was allowed to issue ten times the amount in paper money, and to open “the Royal Bank of France,” empowered to issue this paper currency. So long as a 20-franc note was worth 20 francs, the scheme was a prodigious success, but immediately the paper money was at a discount, a run on the bank set in, and the whole scheme burst. =Miss Ludington.= A beautiful girl changed by illness into “a sad and faded woman.” She had a portrait painted from an ivory miniature of herself, taken before the change, and conceives the idea that _what she was once_ must still exist somewhere. The phantasy is played upon by impostors, who undertake to materialize the fancied creature and introduce her as the soul-sister of the credulous spinster. The instrument of the audacious fraud becomes conscience stricken and reveals it.--Edward Bellamy, _Miss Ludington’s Sister_ (1884). =Mistletoe Bough= (_The_). The song so called is by Thomas Haynes Bayley, who died 1839. The tale is this: Lord Lovel married a young lady, a baron’s daughter, and on the wedding night the bride proposed that the guest should play “hide-and-seek.” The bride hid in an old oak chest, and the lid, falling down, shut her in, for it went with a spring-lock. Lord Lovel sought her that night and sought next day, and so on for a week, but nowhere could he find her. Some years later, the old chest was sold, and, on being opened, was found to contain the skeleton of the bride. Rogers, in his _Italy_, gives the same story, and calls the lady “Ginevra” of Modĕna. Collet, in his _Relics of Literature_, has a similar story. Another is inserted in the _Causes Célèbres_. Marwell Old Hall (near Winchester), once the residence of the Seymours, and afterwards of the Dacre family, has a similar tradition attached to it, and “the very chest is said to be now the property of the Rev. J. Haygarth, rector of Upham.” Bramshall, Hampshire, has a similar tale and chest. The great house at Malsanger, near Basingstoke, also in Hampshire, has a similar tradition connected with it. =Mi´ta=, sister of Aude. She married Sir Miton de Rennes, and became the mother of Mitaine. (See next art.)--_Croquemitaine_, xv. =Mitaine=, daughter of Mita and Miton, and godchild of Charlemagne. She went in search of Fear Fortress, and found that it existed only in the imagination, for as she boldly advanced towards it, the castle gradually faded into thin air. Charlemagne made Mitaine, for this achievement, Roland’s squire, and she fell with him in the memorable attack at Roncesvallês. (See previous art.)--_Croquemitaine_, iii. =Mite= (_Sir Matthew_), a returned East Indian merchant, dissolute, dogmatical, ashamed of his former acquaintances, hating the aristocracy, yet longing to be acknowledged by them. He squanders his wealth on toadies, dresses his livery servants most gorgeously, and gives his chairmen the most costly exotics to wear in their coats. Sir Matthew is forever astonishing weak minds with his talk about rupees, lacs, jaghires, and so on.--S. Foote, _The Nabob_. =Mithra= or =Mithras=, a supreme divinity of the ancient Persians, confounded by the Greeks and Romans with the _sun_. He is the personification of Ormuzd, representing fecundity and perpetual renovation. Mithra is represented as a young man with a Phrygian cap, a tunic, a mantle on his left shoulder, and plunging a sword into the neck of a bull. Scaliger says the word means “greatest” or “supreme.” Mithra is the middle of the triplasian deity: the Mediator, Eternal Intellect, and Architect of the world. Her towers, where Mithra once had burned, To Moslem shrines--oh shame!--were turned; Where slaves, converted by the sword, Their mean apostate worship poured, And cursed the faith their sires adored. Moore, _Lalla Rookh_ (“The Fire-Worshippers,” 1817). =Mithridate= (3 _syl._), a medicinal confection, invented by Damoc´ratês, physician to Mithrida´tês, king of Pontus, and supposed to be an antidote to all poisons and contagion. It contained seventy-two ingredients. Any panacea is called a “mithridate.” Their kinsman garlic bring, the poor man’s mithridate. Drayton, _Polyolbion_, xx. (1622). _Mithridate_ (3 _syl._), a tragedy by Racine, (1673). “Monime” (2 _syl._), in this drama, was one of Mdlle. Rachel’s great characters. =Mithrida´tes= (4 _syl._), surnamed “the Great.” Being conquered by the Romans, he tried to poison himself, but poison had no effect on him, and he was slain by a Gaul. Mithridatês was active, intrepid, indefatigable, and fruitful in resources; but he had to oppose such generals as Sulla, Lucullus, and Pompey. His ferocity was unbounded, his perfidy was even grand. ⁂ Racine has written a French tragedy on the subject, called _Mithridate_ (1673); and N. Lee brought out his _Mithridatês_ in English about the same time. =Mixit= (_Dr._), the apothecary at the Black Bear inn at Darlington.--Sir W. Scott, _Rob Roy_ (time, George I.). =M’liss=, brave, arch, and loving girl of the Wild West; the heroine of one of Bret Harte’s most popular sketches. =M. M. Sketch= (_An_), a memorandum sketch. =Mne´me= (2 _syl._), a well-spring of Bœo´tia, which quickens the memory. The other well-spring in the same vicinity, called _Lê´thê_, has the opposite effect, causing blank forgetfulness.--Pliny. Dantê calls this river Eu´noê. It had the power of calling to the memory all the good acts done, all the graces bestowed, all the mercies received, but no evil.--Dantê, _Purgatory_, xxxiii. (1308). =Mo´ath=, a well-to-do Bedouin, father of Onei´za (3 _syl._), the beloved of Thalaba. Oneiza, having married Thalaba, died on the bridal night, and Moath arrived just in time to witness the mad grief of his son-in-law.--Southey, _Thalaba, the Destroyer_, ii., viii. (1798). =Mocca´sins=, an Indian buskin. He laced his moccasins [_sic_] in act to go. Campbell, _Gertrude of Wyoming_, i. 24 (1809). =Mochingo=, an ignorant servant of the Princess Ero´ta.--Beaumont and Fletcher, _The Laws of Candy_ (1647). =Mock Doctor= (_The_), a farce by H. Fielding (1733), epitomized from _Le Médecin Malgré Lui_, of Molière (1666). Sir Jasper wants to make his daughter marry a Mr. Dapper; but she is in love with Leander and pretends to be dumb. Sir Jasper hears of a dumb doctor, and sends his two flunkies to fetch him. They ask one Dorcas to direct them to him, and she points them to her husband, Gregory, a faggot-maker; but tells them he is very eccentric, and must be well beaten, or he will deny being a physician. The faggot-maker is accordingly beaten into compliance, and taken to the patient. He soon learns the facts of the case, and employs Leander as apothecary. Leander makes the lady speak, and completes his cure with “pills matrimoniac.” Sir Jasper takes the joke in good part, and becomes reconciled to the alliance. =Mocking-Bird.= “During the space of a minute, I have heard it imitate the woodlark, chaffinch, blackbird, thrush, and sparrow.... Their few natural notes resemble those of the nightingale, but their song is of greater compass and more varied.”--Ashe, _Travels in America_, ii. 73. =Moclas=, a famous Arabian robber, whose name is synonymous with “thief.” (See ALMANZOR, the caliph.) =Mode= (_Sir William_), in Mrs. Centlivre’s drama, _The Beaux’ Duel_ (1703). =Mode´love= (_Sir Philip_), one of the four guardians of Anne Lovely, the heiress. Sir Philip is an “old beau, that has May in his fancy and dress, but December in his face and his heels. He admires all new fashions ... loves operas, balls, and masquerades” (act i. 1). Colonel Freeman personates a French fop, and obtains his consent to marry his ward, the heiress.--Mrs. Centlivre, _A Bold Stroke for a Wife_ (1717). =Modely=, a man of the world, gay, fashionable, and a libertine. He had scores of “lovers,” but never loved till he saw the little rustic lass named Aura Freehold, a farmer’s daughter, to whom he proposed matrimony.--John Philip Kemble, _The Farm-house_. =Modish= (_Lady Betty_), really in love with Lord Morelove, but treats him with assumed scorn or indifference, because her pride prefers “power to ease.” Hence she coquets with Lord Foppington (a married man), to mortify Morelove and arouse his jealousy. By the advice of Sir Charles Easy, Lord Morelove pays her out in her own coin, by flirting with Lady Graveairs, and assuming an air of indifference. Ultimately, Lady Betty is reduced to common sense, and gives her heart and hand to Lord Morelove.--Colley Cibber, _The Careless Husband_ (1704). =Modo=, the fiend that urges to murder, and one of the five that possessed “poor Tom.”--Shakespeare, _King Lear_, act iv. sc. 1 (1605). =Modred=, son of Lot, king of Norway, and Anne, own sister of King Arthur (pt. viii. 21; ix. 9). He is always called “the traitor.” While King Arthur was absent, warring with the Romans, Modred was left regent, but usurped the crown, and married his aunt, the queen (pt. x. 13). When Arthur heard thereof, he returned, and attacked the usurper, who fled to Winchester (pt. xi. 1). The king followed him, and Modred drew up his army at Cambula, in Cornwall, where another battle was fought. In this engagement Modred was slain, and Arthur also received his death-wound (pt. xi. 2). The queen, called Guanhuma´ra (but better known as Guen´evere), retired to a convent in the City of Legions, and entered the order of Julius the Martyr (pt. xi. 1).--Geoffrey, _British History_ (1142). ⁂ This is so very different from the accounts given in Arthurian romance of Mordred, that it is better to give the two names as if they were different individuals. _Modred_ (_Sir_), nephew of King Arthur. He hated Sir Lancelot, and sowed discord among the knights of the Round Table. Tennyson says that Modred “tampered with the lords of the White Horse,” the brood that Hengist left. Geoffrey of Monmouth says, he made a league with Cheldric, the Saxon leader in Germany, and promised to give him all that part of England which lies between the Humber and Scotland, together with all that Hengist and Horsa held in Kent, if he would aid him against King Arthur. Accordingly, Cheldric came over with 800 ships, filled “with pagan soldiers” (_British History_, xi. 1). When the king was in Brittany, whither he had gone to chastise Sir Lancelot for adultery with the queen, he left Sir Modred regent, and Sir Modred raised a revolt. The king returned, drew up his army against the traitor, and in this “great battle of the West” Modred was slain and Arthur received his death-wound.--Tennyson, _Idylls of the King_ (“Guinevere,” 1858). ⁂ This version is in accordance neither with Geoffrey of Monmouth (see previous art.), nor with Arthurian romance (see MORDRED), and is, therefore, given separately. =Modu=, the prince of all devils that take possession of a human being. _Mado_ was the chief devil that had possession of Sarah Williams; but ... Richard Mainy was molested by a still more considerable fiend called _Modu_, ... the prince of all other devils.--Harsnett; _Declaration of Popish Impostures_, 268. =Modus=, cousin of Helen; a “musty library, who loved Greek and Latin;” but cousin Helen loved the bookworm, and taught him how to love far better than Ovid could with his _Art of Love_. Having so good a teacher, Modus became an apt scholar, and eloped with Cousin Helen.--S. Knowles, _The Hunchback_ (1831). =Mœ´chus=, adultery personified; one of four sons of Caro (_fleshly lust_). His brothers were Pornei´us (_fornication_), Acath´arus and Asel´gês (_lasciviousness_). In the battle of Mansoul, Mœchus is slain by Agnei´a (_wifely chastity_), the spouse of Encra´tês (_temperance_) and sister of Parthen´ia (_maidenly chastity_). (Greek, _moichos_ “an adulterer.”)--Phineas Fletcher, _The Purple Island_, xi. (1633). =Mœli´ades= (4 _syl._). Under this name William Drummond signalized Henry, prince of Wales, eldest son of James I., in the monody entitled _Tears on the Death of Mœliadës_. The word is an anagram of _Milês a Deo_. The prince, in his masquerades and martial sports, used to call himself “Mœliadês of the Isles.” Mœliadês, bright day-star of the West. W. Drummond, _Tears on the Death of Mœliades_ (1612). The burden of the monody is: Mœliadês sweet courtly nymphs deplore, From Thulê to Hydaspês’ pearly shore. =Moffat= (_Mabel_), domestic of Edward Redgauntlet.--Sir W. Scott, _Redgauntlet_ (time, George III.). =Mogg Megone.= Indian sachem who, at the behest of a white girl, kills her betrayer, and brings his scalp to her. In the storm of anguished remorse awakened by the sight of the bloody trophy, the woman murders Megone in his sleep, and is henceforth banned by the church, driven by conscience, a miserable wanderer upon the earth.--John Greenleaf Whittier, _Mogg Megone_. =Moha´di= (_Mahommed_), the twelfth imaum, whom the Orientals believe is not dead, but is destined to return and combat Antichrist before the consummation of all things. ⁂ Prince Arthur, Merlin, Charlemagne, Barbarossa, Dom Sebastian, Charles V., Elijah Mansur, Desmond of Kilmallock, etc., are traditionally not dead, but only sleeping till the fullness of time, when each will awake and effect most wondrous restorations. =Mohair= (_The Men of_), the citizens of France. The men of mohair, as the citizens were called.--_Asylum Christi_, viii. =Moha´reb=, one of the evil spirits of Dom-Daniel, a cave “under the roots of the ocean.” It was given out that these spirits would be extirpated by one of the family of Hodei´rah (3 _syl._), so they leagued against the whole race. First, Okba was sent against the obnoxious race, and succeeeded[TN-15] in killing eight of them, Thalaba alone having escaped alive. Next, Abaldar was sent against Thalaba, but was killed by a simoom. Then Loba´ba was sent to cut him off, but perished in a whirlwind. Lastly, Mohareb undertook to destroy him. He assumed the guise of a warrior, and succeeded in alluring the youth to the very “mouth of hell;” but Thalaba, being alive to the deceit, flung Mohareb into the abyss.--Southey, _Thalaba, the Destroyer_, v. (1797). =Mohicans= (_Last of the_), Uncas, the Indian chief, son of Chingachook, and called “Deerfoot.”--J. F. Cooper, _The Last of the Mohicans_ (a novel, 1826). The word ought to be pronounced _Mo.hek´.kanz_, but is usually called _Mo.hĕ.kanz_. =Mohocks=, a class of ruffians who at one time infested the streets of London. So called from the Indian Mohocks. At the Restoration, the street bullies were called Muns and Tityre Tus; they were next called Hectors and Scourers; later still, Nickers and Hawcabites; and lastly, Mohocks. Now is the time that rakes their revels keep, Kindlers of riot, enemies of sleep; His scattered pence the flying Nicker flings, And with the copper shower the casement rings; Who has not heard the Scowerer’s midnight fame? Who has not trembled at the Mohock’s name? Gay, _Trivia_, iii. 321, etc. (1712). =Mohun= (_Lord_), the person who joined Captain Hill in a dastardly attack on the actor, Mountford, on his way to Mrs. Bracegirdle’s house, in Howard Street. Captain Hill was jealous of Mountford, and induced Lord Mohun to join him in this “valiant exploit.” Mountford died next day, Captain Hill fled from the country, and Mohun was tried but acquitted. The general features of this cowardly attack are very like that of the Count Koningsmark on Thomas Thynne of Lingleate Hill. Count Koningsmark was in love with Elizabeth Percy (widow of the earl of Ogle), who was contracted to Mr. Thynne; but before the wedding day arrived, the count, with some hired ruffians, assassinated his rival in his carriage as it was passing down Pall Mall. ⁂ Elizabeth Percy, within three months of the murder, married the duke of Somerset. =Moidart= (_John of_), captain of the clan Ronald, and a chief in the army of Montrose.--Sir W. Scott, _Legend of Montrose_, (time, Charles I.). =Moi´na= (2 _syl._), daughter of Reutha´mir, the principal man of Balclu´tha, a town on the Clyde, belonging to the Britons. Moina married Clessammor (the maternal uncle of Fingal), and died in childbirth of her son Carthon, during the absence of her husband.--Ossian, _Carthon_. =Mokanna=, the name given to Hakem ben Haschem, from a silver gauze veil worn by him “to dim the lustre of his face,” or rather to hide its extreme ugliness. The history of this impostor is given by D’Herbelot, _Bibliothèque Orientale_ (1697). ⁂ Mokanna forms the first story of _Lalla Rookh_ (“The Veiled Prophet of Khorassan”), by Thomas Moore (1817). =Mokattam= (_Mount_), near Cairo (Egypt), noted for the massacre of the Caliph Hakem B’amr-ellah, who was given out to be incarnate deity, and the last prophet who communicated between God and man (eleventh century). Here, also;[TN-16] fell in the same massacre his chief prophet, and many of his followers. In consequence of this persecution, Durzi, one of the “prophet’s” chief apostles, led the survivors into Syria, where they settled between the Libanus and Anti-Libanus, and took the name of Durzis, corrupted into Druses. As the khalif vanished erst, In what seemed death to uninstructed eyes, On red Mokattam’s verge. Robert Browning, _The Return of the Druses_, i. =Molay= (_Jacques_), grand-master of the Knights Templar, as he was led to the stake, summoned the pope (Clement V.), within forty days, and the king (Philippe IV.), within forty weeks, to appear before the throne of God to answer for his death. They both died within the stated periods. (See SUMMONS TO DEATH.) =Molière= (_The Italian_), Charlo Goldoni (1707-1793). _Molière_ (_The Spanish_), Leandro Fernandez Moratin (1760-1828). =Moll Cutpurse=, Mary Frith, who once attacked General Fairfax on Hounslow Heath. =Moll Flanders=, a woman of great beauty, born in the Old Bailey. She was twelve years a courtezan, five years a wife, twelve years a thief, eight years a convict in Virginia; but ultimately grew rich, and died a penitent in the reign of Charles II. ⁂ Daniel Defoe wrote her life and adventures, which he called _The Fortunes of Moll Flanders_ (1722). =Molly=, Jaggers’s housekeeper. A mysterious, scared-looking woman, with a deep scar across one of her wrists. Her antecedents were full of mystery, and Pip suspected her of being Estella’s mother.--C. Dickens, _Great Expectations_ (1860). =Molly Maggs=, a pert young housemaid, in love with Robin. She hates Polyglot, the tutor of “Master Charles,” but is very fond of Charles. Molly tries to get “the tuterer Polypot” into a scrape, but finds, to her consternation, that Master Charles is in reality the party to be blamed.--J. Poole, _The Scapegoat_. =Molly Maguires=, stout, active young men, dressed up in women’s clothes, with faces blackened, or otherwise disguised. This secret society was organized in 1843, to terrify the officials employed by Irish landlords to distrain for rent, either by grippers, (_bumbailiffs_), process-servers, keepers, or drivers (_persons who impound cattle till the rent is paid_.[TN-17]--W. S. Trench, _Realities of Irish Life_, 82. =Molly Mog=, an innkeeper’s daughter at Oakingham, Berks. Molly Mog was the toast of all the gay sparks in the former half of the eighteenth century; but died a spinster at the age of 67 (1699-1766). ⁂ Gay has a ballad on this _Fair Maid of the Inn_. Mr. Standen, of Arborfield, the “enamoured swain,” died in 1730. Molly’s sister was quite as beautiful as “the fair maid” herself. A portrait of Gay still hangs in Oakingham Inn. =Molly Wilder=, New England girl, who shelters and cares for a young French nobleman wrecked on the Cape Cod coast. A love affair and a clandestine marriage follow. The marriage is acknowledged when peace is established between the French and English.--Jane G. Austin, _A Nameless Nobleman_ (1881). =Molmu´tius.= (See MULMUTIUS.) =Moloch= (_ch = k_), the third in rank of the Satanic hierarchy, Satan being first, and Beëlzebub second. The word means “king.” The rabbins say the idol was of brass, with the head of a calf. Moloch was the god of the Am´monites (3 _syl._), and was worshipped in Rabba, their chief city. First Moloch, horrid king, besmeared with blood Of human sacrifice, and parents’ tears, Though, for the noise of drums and timbrels loud, Their children’s cries unheard, that passed thro’ fire To his grim idol. Him the Ammonite Worshipped in Rabba. Milton, _Paradise Lost_, i. 392, etc. (1665). =Mo´ly= (Greek, _môlu_), mentioned in Homer’s _Odyssey_. An herb with a black root and white blossom, given by Hermês to Ulysses, to counteract the spells of Circê, (See HÆMONY.) ... that Mō´ly That Hermês once to wise Ulysses gave. Milton, _Comus_ (1634). The root was black, Milk-white the blossom; Môly is its name In heaven. Homer, _Odyssey_, x. (Cowper’s trans.). =Momus’s Lattice.= Momus, son of Nox, blamed Vulcan, because, in making the human form, he had not placed a window in the breast for the discerning of secret thoughts. Were Momus’ lattice in our breasts, My soul might brook to open it more widely Than theirs [i. e. _the nobles_]. Byron, _Werner_, iii., 1 (1822). =Mon= or =Mona=, Anglesia, the residence of the Druids. Suetonius Paulīnus, who had the command of Britain in the reign of Nero (from A.D. 59 to 62), attacked Mona, because it gave succor to the rebellious. The frantic inhabitants ran about with fire-brands, their long hair streaming to the wind, and the Druids invoked vengeance on the Roman army.--See Drayton, _Polyolbion_, viii. (1612). =Mon´aco= (_The king of_), noted because whatever he did was never right in the opinion of his people, especially in that of Rabagas, the demagogue: If he went out, he was “given to pleasure;” if he stayed at home, he was “given to idleness;” if he declared war, he was “wasteful of the public money;” if he did not, he was “pusillanimous;” if he ate, he was “self-indulgent;” if he abstained, he was “priest-ridden.”--M. Sardou, _Rabagas_ (1872). _Monaco._ _Proud as a Monegasque._ A French phrase. The tradition is that Charles Quint ennobled every one of the inhabitants of Monaco. =Monaldini= (_Signor_), rich, _bourgeois_ citizen of Rome, who purchases, fits up and lets to desirable tenants an old palace.--Mary Agnes Tincker, _Signor Monaldini’s Niece_ (1879). =Monarch of Mont Blanc=, Albert Smith; so-called, because for many years he amused a large London audience, night after night, by relating “his ascent of Mont Blanc” (1816-1860). =Monarque= (_Le Grand_), Louis XIV., of France (1638, 1643-1715). =Monastery= (_The_), a novel by Sir W. Scott (1820). _The Abbot_ appeared the same year. These two stories are tame and very defective in plot; but the character of Mary queen of Scots, in _The Abbot_, is a correct and beautiful historical portrait. The portrait of Queen Elizabeth is in _Kenilworth_. =Monçada= (_Matthias de_), a merchant, stern and relentless. He arrests his daughter the day after her confinement of a natural son. _Zilia de Monçada_, daughter of Matthias, and wife of General Witherington.--Sir W. Scott, _The Surgeon’s Daughter_, (time, George II.). =Monda´min=, maize or Indian corn (_mon-da-min_, “the Spirit’s grain”). Sing the mysteries of mondamin, Sing the blessing of the corn-fields. Longfellow, _Hiawatha_, xiii. (1855). =Mone´ses= (3 _syl._), a Greek prince, betrothed to Arpasia, whom for the nonce he called his sister. Both were taken captive by Baj´azet. Bajazet fell in love with Arpasia, and gave Monēsês a command in his army. When Tamerlane overthrew Bajazet, Monēsês explained to the Tartar king how it was that he was found in arms against him, and said his best wish was to serve Tamerlane. Bajazet now hated the Greek, and, as Arpasia proved obdurate, thought to frighten her into compliance by having Monēsês bow-strung in her presence; but the sight was so terrible that it killed her.--N. Rowe, _Tamerlane_ (1702). =Money=, a drama by Lord E. L. B. Lytton (1840). Alfred Evelyn, a poor scholar, was secretary and factotum of Sir John Vesey, but received no wages. He loved Clara Douglas, a poor dependent of Lady Franklin; proposed to her, but was not accepted, “because both were too poor to keep house.” A large fortune being left to the poor scholar, he proposed to Georgina, the daughter of Sir John Vesey; but Georgina loved Sir Frederick Blount, and married him. Evelyn, who loved Clara, pretended to have lost his fortune, and, being satisfied that she really loved him, proposed a second time, and was accepted. =Moneytrap=, husband of Araminta, but with a _tendresse_ for Clarissa, the wife of his friend Gripe.--Sir John Vanbrugh, _The Confederacy_ (1695). =Monflathers= (_Miss_), mistress of a boarding and day establishment, to whom Mrs. Jarley sent little Nell, to ask her to patronize the wax-work collection. Miss Monflathers received the child with frigid virtue, and said to her, “Don’t you think you must be very wicked to be a wax-work child? Don’t you know it is very naughty to be a wax child when you might have the proud consciousness of assisting, to the extent of your infant powers, the noble manufacturers of your country?” One of the teachers here chimed in with “How doth the little--;” but Miss Monflathers remarked, with an indignant frown, that “the little busy bee” applied only to genteel children, and the “works of labor and of skill” to painting and embroidery, not to vulgar children and wax-work shows.”[TN-18]--Charles Dickens, _The Old Curiosity Shop_, xxxi. (1840). =Monford=, the lover of Charlotte Whimsey. He plans various devices to hoodwink her old father, in order to elope with the daughter.--James Cobb, _The First Floor_ (1756-1818). =Monime= (2 _syl._), in Racine’s tragedy of _Mithridate_. This was one of Mdlle. Rachel’s great characters, first preformed[TN-19] by her in 1838. =Monim´ia=, “the orphan,” sister of Chamont, and ward of Lord Acasto. Monimia was in love with Acasto’s son, Castalio, and privately married him. Polydore (the brother of Castalio) also loved her, but his love was dishonorable love. By treachery, Polydore obtained admission to Monimia’s chamber, and passed the bridal night with her, Monimia supposing him to be her husband; but when the next day she discovered the deceit, she poisoned herself; and Polydore, being apprised that Monimia was his brother’s wife, provoked a quarrel with him, ran on his brother’s sword, and died.--Otway, _The Orphan_ (1680). More tears have been shed for the sorrows of “Belvidēra” and “Monimia,” than for those of “Juliet” and “Desdemona.”--Sir W. Scott, _The Drama_. _Monimia_, in Smollett’s novel of _Count Fathom_ (1754). =Moniplies= (_Richie_), the honest, self-willed Scotch servant of Lord Nigel Olifaunt, of Glenverloch.--Sir W. Scott, _Fortunes of Nigel_ (time, James I.). =Monk= (_General_), introduced by Sir Walter Scott in _Woodstock_ (time, Commonwealth.[TN-20] _Monk_ (_The Bird Singing to a_). The monk is Felix, who listened to a bird for a hundred years, and thought the time only an hour.--Longfellow, _The Golden Legend_, ii. (1851). _Monk_ (_The_), a novel, by Sir Matthew G. Lewis (1794). =Monk Lewis.= Matthew Gregory Lewis; so called from his novel (1773-1818). =Monk of Bury=, John Lydgate, poet, who wrote the _Siege of Troy_, the _Story of Thebes_, and the _Fall of Princes_ (1375-1460). Nothynge I am experte in poetry, As the monke of Bury, floure of eloquence. Stephen Hawes, _The Passe-Tyme[TN-21] of Plesure_ (1515). =Monk of Westminister=, Richard, of Cirencester, the chronicler (fourteenth century). This chronicle, _On the Ancient State of Britain_, was first brought to light in 1747, by Dr. Charles Julius Bertram, professor of English at Copenhagen; but the original being no better known than that of Thomas Rowley’s poems, published by Chatterton, grave suspicions exist that Dr. Bertram was himself the author of the chronicles. =Monks= (_The Father of_), Ethelwold, of Winchester (*-984). _Monks_, _alias_ Edward Leeford, a violent man, subject to fits. Edward Leeford, though half-brother to Oliver Twist, was in collusion with Bill Sykes, to ruin him. Failing in this, he retired to America, and died in jail.--C. Dickens, _Oliver Twist_ (1837). =Monkbarns= (_Laird of_), Mr Jonathan Oldbuck, the antiquary.--Sir W. Scott, _The Antiquary_ (time, George III.). =Mon´ker and Nakir= [_Na.keer´_], the two examiners of the dead, who put questions to departed spirits respecting their belief in God and Mahomet, and award their state in after-life according to their answers.--_Al Korân._ “Do you not see those spectres that are stirring the burning coals? Are they Monker and Nakir come to throw us into them?”--W. Beckford, _Vathek_ (1786). =Monmouth=, the surname of Henry V. of England, who was born in that town (1388, 1413-1422). ⁂ Mon-mouth is the _mouth of the Monnow_. _Monmouth_ (_The duke of_), commander-in-chief of the royal army.--Sir W. Scott, _Old Mortality_ (time, Charles II.). ⁂ The duke of Monmouth was nicknamed “The Little Duke,” because he was diminutive in size. Having no name of his own, he took that of his wife, “Scott,” countess of Buccleuch. Pepys says: “It is reported that the king will be tempted to set the crown on the Little Duke” (_Diary_, seventeenth century). =Mon´ema=, wife of Quia´ra, the only persons of the whole of the Guārani race who escaped the small-pox plague which ravaged that part of Paraguay. They left the fatal spot, and settled in the Modai woods. Here they had one son, Yerūti, and one daughter, Mooma, but Quiāra was killed by a jagŭar before the latter was born. Monĕma left the Mondai woods, and went to live at St. Joăchin, in Paraguay, but soon died from the effects of a house and city life.--Southey, _A Tale of Paraguay_ (1814). Mononia, when nature embellished the tint Of thy fields and thy mountains so fair, Did she ever intend that a tyrant should print The footstep of slavery there? T. Moore, _Irish Melodies_, i. (“War Song,” 1814). =Monsieur=, Philippe, Duc d’Orléans, brother of Louis XIV. (1674-1723). ⁂ Other gentlemen were Mons. A or Mons. B, but the regent was Mons. without any adjunct. Similarly, the daughter of the duc de Chartres (the regent’s grandson) was Mademoiselle. =Monsieur le Coadjuteur=, Paul de Gondi, afterwards Cardinal de Retz (1614-1679). =Monsieur le duc=, Louis Henri de Bourbon, eldest son of the prince de Condé (1692-1740). =Monsieur Thomas=, a drama by Beaumont and Fletcher (1619). =Monsieur Tonson=, a farce by Moncrieff. Jack Ardourly fails in love with Adolphine de Courcy in the street, and gets Tom King to assist in ferreting her out. Tom King discovers that his sweeting lives in the house of a French refugee, a barber, named Mons. Morbleu; but not knowing the name of the young lady, he inquires for Mr. Thompson, hoping to pick up information. Mons. Morbleu says no Mons. Tonson lives in the house, but only Mde. Bellegarde and Mdlle. Adolphine de Courcy. The old Frenchman is driven almost crazy by different persons inquiring for Mons. Tonson; but ultimately Jack Ardourly marries Adolphine, whose mother is Mrs. Thompson after all. Taylor wrote a drama of the same title in 1767. =Monster= (_The_), Renwick Williams, a wretch who used to prowl about London by night, armed with a double-edged knife, with which he mutilated women. He was condemned July 8, 1790. =Mont Rognon= (_Baron of_), a giant of enormous strength and insatiable appetite. He was bandy-legged, had an elastic stomach, and four rows of teeth. He was a paladin of Charlemagne, and one of the four sent in search of Croquemitaine and Fear Fortress.--_Croquemitaine._ =Mont St. Michel=, in Normandy. Here nine druidesses used to sell arrows to sailors to charm away storms. The arrows had to be discharged by a young man 25 years of age. The Laplanders drove a profitable trade by selling winds to sailors. Even so late as 1814, Bessie Millie, of Pomōna (Orkney Islands), helped to eke out a livelihood by selling winds for sixpence. Eric, king of Sweden, could make the winds blow from any quarter he liked by a turn of his cap. Hence, he was nicknamed “Windy Cap.” =Mont Trésor=, in France; so called by Gontran “the Good,” king of Burgundy (sixteenth century). One day, weary with the chase, Gontran laid himself down near a small river, and fell asleep. The squire who watched his master, saw a little animal come from the king’s mouth, and walk to the stream, over which the squire laid his sword, and the animal running across, entered a hole in the mountain. When Gontran was told of this incident, he said he had dreamt that he crossed a bridge of steel, and, having entered a cave at the foot of a mountain, entered a palace of gold. Gontran employed men to undermine the hill, and found there vast treasures, which he employed in works of charity and religion. In order to commemorate this event he called the hill Mont Trésor.--Claud Paradin, _Symbola Heroica_. ⁂ This story has been ascribed to numerous persons. =Mon´tague= (3 _syl._), head of a noble house in Verona, at feudal enmity with the house of Capŭlet. Romeo belonged to the former, and Juliet to the latter house. _Lady Montague_, wife of Lord Montague, and mother of Romeo.--Shakespeare, _Romeo and Juliet_ (1598). =Montalban.= _Don Kyrie Elyson de Montalban_, a hero of romance, in the _History of Tirante the White_. _Thomas de Montalban_, brother of Don Kyrie Elyson, in the same romance of chivalry. _Rinaldo de Montalban_, a hero of romance, in the _Mirror of Knighthood_, from which work both Bojardo and Ariosto have largely borrowed. _Montalban_, now called Montauban (a contraction of _Mons Alba´nus_), in France, in the department of Tarn-et-Garonne. Jousted in Aspramont or Montalban. Milton, _Paradise Lost_, i. 583 (1665). _Montalban_ (_The Count_), in love with Volantê (3 _syl._), daughter of Balthazar. In order to sound her, the count disguised himself as a father confessor; but Volantê detected the trick instantly, and said to him, “Come, come, count, pull off your lion’s hide, and confess yourself an ass.” However, as Volantê really loved him, all came right at last.--J. Tobin, _The Honeymoon_ (1804). =Montanto= (_Signor_), a master of fence and a great braggart.--Ben Jonson, _Every Man in His Humour_ (1598). =Montargis= (_The Dog of_), named Dragon. It belonged to Captain Aubri de Montdidier, and is especially noted for his fight with the Chevalier Richard Macaire. The dog was called Montargis, because the encounter was depicted over the chimney of the great hall in the castle of Montargis. It was in the forest of Bondi, close by this castle, that Aubri was assassinated. =Monte Christo= (_Count_), convict who escapes from prison, and finds immense treasure, with which he does incredible things. Assuming the title of “count,” he adds the name of the island on which his treasure is buried, and plays the grande seignior in society, punishing his former persecutors and false friends, and rewarding his old allies. Finally he is brought to confess that man cannot play providence, and to recall the words “Vengeance is mine!”--Alexander Dumas, _Count of Monte Christo_. =Montenay= (_Sir Philip de_), an old English knight.--Sir W. Scott, _Castle Dangerous_ (time, Henry I.). =Montesi´nos=, a legendary hero, who received some affront at the French court, and retired to La Mancha, in Spain. Here he lived in a cavern, some sixty feet deep, called “The Cavern of Montesinos.” Don Quixote descended part of the way down this cavern, and fell into a trance, in which he saw Montesinos himself, Durandartê and Belerma under the spell of Merlin, Dulcin´ea del Toboso enchanted into a country wench, and other visions, which he more than half believed to be realities.--Cervantes, _Don Quixote_, II. ii. 5, 6 (1615). ⁂ This Durandartê was the cousin of Montesinos, and Belerma the lady he served for seven years. When he fell at Roncesvallês, he prayed his cousin to carry his heart to Belerma. =Montespan= (_The marquis de_), a conceited court fop, silly and heartless. When Louis XIV. took Mde. de Montespan for his concubine, he banished the marquis, saying: Your strange and countless follies-- The scenes you make--your loud domestic broils-- Bring scandal on our court. Decorum needs Your banishment.... Go! And for your separate household, which entails A double cost, our treasure shall accord you A hundred thousand crowns. Act iv. 1. The foolish old marquis says, in his self-conceit: A hundred thousand crowns for being civil To one another! Well now, that’s a thing That happens but to marquises. It shows My value in the state. The king esteems My comfort of such consequence to France, He pays me down a hundred thousand crowns, Rather than let my wife disturb my temper! Act v. 2. _Madame de Montespan_, wife of the marquis. She supplanted La Vallière in the base love of Louis XIV. La Vallière loved the _man_, Montespan the _king_. She had wit to warm but not to burn, energy which passed for feeling, a head to check her heart, and not too much principle for a French court. Mde. de Montespan was the _protégée_ of the Duke de Lauzun, who used her as a stepping-stone to wealth; but when in favor, she kicked down the ladder by which she had climbed to power. However, Lauzun had his revenge; and when La Vallière took the veil, Mde. de Montespan was banished from the court.--Lord E. L. B. Lytton, _The Duchess de la Vallière_ (1836). =Montfauçon= (_The Lady Calista of_), attendant of Queen Berengaria.--Sir. W. Scott, _The Talisman_ (time, Richard I.). =Mont-Fitchet= (_Sir Conrade_), a preceptor of the Knights Templar.--Sir W. Scott, _Ivanhoe_ (time, Richard I.). =Montfort= (_De_), the hero and title of a tragedy, intended to depict the passion of hate, by Joanna Baillie (1798). The object of De Montfort’s hatred is Rezenvelt, and his passion drives him on to murder. ⁂ De Montfort was probably the suggestive inspiration of Byron’s _Manfred_ (1817). =Montgomery= (_Mr._), Lord Godolphin, lord high treasurer of England in the reign of Queen Anne. The queen called herself “Mrs. Morley,” and Sarah Jennings, duchess of Marlborough, was “Mrs. Freeman.” =Monthermer= (_Guy_), a nobleman, and the pursuivant of King Henry II.--Sir W. Scott, _The Betrothed_ (time, Henry II.). =Montjoie=, chief herald of France.--Sir W. Scott, _Quentin Durward_ (time, Edward IV.). =Montorio=, the hero of a novel, who persuaded his “brother’s sons” to murder their father by working on their fears, and urging on them the doctrine of fatalism. When the deed was committed, Montorio discovered that the young murderers were not his nephews, but his own sons.--Rev. C. R. Maturin, _Fatal Revenge_ (1807). =Montreal d’Albano=, called “Fra Moriale,” knight of St. John of Jerusalem, and captain of the Grand Company in the fourteenth century, when sentenced to death by Rienzi, summoned his judge to follow him within the month. Rienzi was killed by the fickle mob within the stated period. (See SUMMONS TO DEATH.) =Montreville= (_Mde. Adela_), or the Begum Mootee Mahul, called “the queen of Sheba.”--Sir W. Scott, _The Surgeon’s Daughter_ (time, George II.). =Montrose= (_The duke of_), commander-in-chief of the king’s army.--Sir W. Scott, _Rob Roy_, xxxii. (time, George I.). _Montrose_ (_The Marquis of_).--Sir W. Scott, _Woodstock_ (time, Commonwealth). _Montrose_ (_James Grahame, earl of_), the king’s lieutenant in Scotland. He appears first disguised as Anderson, servant of the earl of Menteith.--Sir W. Scott, _Legend of Montrose_ (time, Charles I.). =Monuments= (_The_), Poor family in London. _Father_, a convict who gets out of prison on a ticket-of-leave. _Mother_, Hester, an honest washerwoman, afterwards in almshouse, and blind. _Claude._ Bright young fellow, educated by Lady Mildred Eldredge. _Melenda_, a work-girl, fierce and virtuous, starving, yet independent. _Joe_, plumber and house-decorator, typical British workman. _Polly_, adopted by Lady Mildred, called “Violet,” and brought up with her own daughter. _Sam_, a red-hot socialist, ready with impracticable plans of leagues and reformation.--Walter Besant, _Children of Gibeon_ (1890). =Montserrat= (_Conrade, marquis of_), a crusader.--Sir W. Scott, _The Talisman_ (time, Richard I.). =Moody= (_John_), the guardian of Peggy Thrift, an heiress, whom he brings up in the country, wholly without society. John Moody is morose, suspicious, and unsocial. When 50 years of age, and Peggy 19, he wants to marry her, but is out-witted by “the country girl,” who prefers Belville, a young man of more suitable age. _Alithea Moody_, sister of John. She jilts Sparkish, a conceited fop, and marries Harcourt.--_The Country Girl_ (time, Garrick, altered from Wycherly). =Mooma=, youngest sister of Yerūti. Their father and mother were the only persons of the whole Guarāni race who escaped a small-pox plague which ravished that part of Paraguay. They left the fatal spot and lived in the Mondai woods, where both their children were born. Before the birth of Mooma, her father was eaten by a jagŭar, and the three survivors lived in the woods alone. When grown to a youthful age, a Jesuit priest persuaded them to come and live at St. Joăchin (3 _syl._); so they left the wild woods for a city life. Here the mother soon flagged and died. Mooma lost her spirits, was haunted with thick-coming fancies of good and bad angels, and died. Yerūti begged to be baptized, received the rite, cried, “Ye are come for me! I am ready;” and died also.--Southey, _A Tale of Paraguay_ (1814). _Moon_ (_Man in the_), said to be Cain, with a bundle of thorns. Now doth Cain with fork of thorns confine On either hemisphere, touching the wave Beneath the towers of Seville. Yesternight The moon was round. Dantê, _Hell_, xx. (1300). _Moon_ (_Minions of the_), thieves or highwaymen. (See MOON’S MEN.) =Moon and Mahomet.= Mahomet made the moon perform seven circuits round Caaba or the holy shrine of Mecca, then enter the right sleeve of his mantle and go out at the left. At its exit, it split into two pieces, which re-united in the centre of the firmament. This miracle was performed for the conversion of Hahab, the Wise. =Moon-Calf=, an inanimate, shapeless human mass, said by Pliny to be engendered of woman only.--_Nat. Hist._, x. 64. =Moon’s Men=, thieves or highwaymen, who ply their vocation by night. The fortune of us that are but moon’s men doth ebb and flow like the sea.--Shakespeare, 1 _Henry IV._ act i. sc. 2 (1597). =Moonshine= (_Saunders_), a smuggler.--Sir W. Scott, _Bride of Lammermoor_ (time, William III.). =Moore= (_Mr. John_), of the Pestle and Mortar, Abchurch Lane, immortalized by his “worm-powder,” and called the “Worm Doctor.” =Moors.= The Moors of Aragon are called Tangarins; those of Granāda are Mudajares; and those of Fez are called Elches. They are the best soldiers of the Spanish dominions. In the Middle Ages, all Mohammedans were called _Moors_; and hence Camoens, in the _Lusiad_, viii., called the Indians so. =Mopes= (_Mr._), the hermit, who lived on Tom Tiddler’s Ground. He was dirty, vain, and nasty, “like all hermits,” but had landed property, and was said to be rich and learned. He dressed in a blanket and skewer, and, by steeping himself in soot and grease, soon acquired immense fame. Rumor said he murdered his beautiful young wife, and abandoned the world. Be this as it may, he certainly lived a nasty life. Mr. Traveller tried to bring him back into society, but a tinker said to him “Take my word for it, when iron is thoroughly rotten, you can never botch it, do what you may.”--C. Dickens, _A Christmas Number_ (1861). =Mopsus=, a shepherd, who, with Menalcas, celebrates the funeral eulogy of Daphnis.--Virgil, _Eclogue_, v. =Mora=, the betrothed of Oscar, who mysteriously disappears on his bridal eve, and is mourned for as dead. His younger brother, Allan, hoping to secure the lands and fortune of Mora, proposes marriage, and is accepted. At the wedding banquet, a stranger demands “a pledge to the lost Oscar,” and all accept it except Allan, who is there and then denounced as the murderer of his brother. Oscar then vanishes, and Allan dies.--Byron, _Oscar of Alva_. =Moradbak=, daughter of Fitead, a widower. Hudjadge, king of Persia, could not sleep, and commanded Fitead, his porter and jailer, under pain of death, to find some one to tell him tales. Fitead’s daughter, who was only 11, undertook to amuse the king with tales, and was assisted in private by the sage Abou´melek. After a perfect success, Hudjadge married Moradbak, and at her recommendation, Aboumelek was appointed overseer of the whole empire.--Comte de Caylus, _Oriental Tales_ (1743). =Morakan´abad=, grand vizier of the Caliph Vathek.--Beckford, _Vathek_ (1784). =Moral Philosophy= (_The Father of_), Thomas Aquinas (1224-1274). =Moran, Son of Fithil=, one of the scouts in the army of Swaran, king of Lochlin (_Denmark_).--Ossian, _Fingal_. =Moran’s Collar=, a collar for magistrates, which had the supernatural power of pressing the neck of the wearer if his judgments deviated from strict justice, and even of causing strangulation if he persevered in wrong doing. Moran, surnamed “the Just,” was the wise counsellor of Feredach, an early king of Ireland. =Morat=, in _Aurungzebe_, a drama by Dryden (1675). Edward Kynaston [1619-1687] shone with uncommon lustre in “Morat” and “Muley Moloch.” In both these parts he had a fierce, lion-like majesty in his port and utterance, that gave the spectators a kind of trembling admiration.--Colley Cibber. =Morbleu!= This French oath is a corrupt contraction of Mau´graby; thus, _maugre bleu_, _mau’bleu_. Maugraby was the great Arabian enchanter, and the word means “barbarous,” hence a barbarous man or barbarian. The oath is common in Provence, Languedoc, and Gascoigne. I have often heard it used by the medical students at Paris. Probably it is a punning corruption of _Mort de Dieu_. =Mordaunt=, the secretary, at Aix, of Queen Margaret, the widow of Henry VI. of England.--Sir W. Scott, _Anne of Geierstein_ (time, Edward IV.). =Mor´decai= (_Beau_), a rich Italian Jew, one of the suitors of Charlotte Goodchild, but, supposing the report to be true that she has lost her fortune, he calls off and retires.--C. Macklin, _Love à-la-Mode-_[TN-22] (1759). _Mordecai._ Earnest young Jew, supporting himself by repairing watches, jewelry, etc. He is devoted to his race, proud of his lineage, and versed in all pertaining to Hebrew history. He dies of consumption.--George Eliot, _Daniel Deronda_. =Mordent=, father of Joanna, by a former wife. In order to marry Lady Anne, he deserts Joanna and leaves her to be brought up by strangers. Joanna is placed under Mrs. Enfield, a crimp, and Mordent consents to a proposal of Lennox to run off with her. Mordent is a spirit embittered with the world--a bad man, with a goading conscience. He sins and suffers the anguish of remorse; does wrong, and blames Providence because when he “sows the wind he reaps the whirlwind.” _Lady Anne_, the wife of Mordent, daughter of the earl of Oldcrest, sister of a viscount, niece of Lady Mary, and one of her uncles is a bishop. She is wholly neglected by her husband, but, like Griselda (_q.v._), bears it without complaint.--Holcroft, _The Deserted Daughter_ (1784, altered into _The Steward_). =Mordred= (_Sir_), son of Margawse (sister of King Arthur), and Arthur, her brother, while she was the wife of Lot, king of Orkney (pt. i. 2, 35, 36). The sons of Lot himself and his wife were Gaw´ain, Agravain, Ga´heris, and Gareth, all knights of the Round Table. Out of hatred to Sir Launcelot, Mordred and Agravain accuse him to the king of too great familiarity with Queen Guenever, and induce the king to spend a day in hunting. During his absence, the queen sends for Sir Launcelot to her private chamber, and Mordred and Agravain, with twelve other knights, putting the worst construction on the interview, clamorously assail the chamber, and call on Sir Launcelot to come out. This he does, and kills Agravain with the twelve knights, but Mordred makes his escape and tells the king, who orders the queen to be burnt alive. She is brought to the stake, but is rescued by Sir Launcelot, who carries her off to Joyous Guard, near Carlisle, which the king besieges. While lying before the castle, King Arthur receives a bull from the pope, commanding him to take back his queen. This he does, but as he refuses to be reconciled to Sir Launcelot, the knight betakes himself to Benwick, in Brittany. The king lays siege to Benwick, and during his absence leaves Mordred regent. Mordred usurps the crown, and tries, but in vain, to induce the queen to marry him. When the king hears thereof, he raises the siege of Benwick, and returns to England. He defeats Mordred at Dover, and at Barondown, but at Salisbury (_Camlan_) Mordred is slain fighting with the king, and Arthur receives his death-wound. The queen then retires to a convent at Almesbury, is visited by Sir Launcelot, declines to marry him, and dies.--Sir T. Malory, _History of Prince Arthur_ iii. 143-174 (1470). ⁂ The wife of Lot is called “Anne” by Geoffrey, of Monmouth (_British History_, viii. 20, 21); and “Bellicent” by Tennyson, in _Gareth and Lynette_. This tale is so very different from those of Geoffrey of Monmouth, and Tennyson, that all three are given. (See MODRED.) =Mor´dure= (2 _syl._), son of the emperor of Germany. He was guilty of illicit love with the mother of Sir Bevis, of Southampton, who murdered her husband and then married Sir Mordure. Sir Bevis, when a mere lad, reproved his mother for the murder of his father, and she employed Saber to kill him; but the murder was not committed, and young Bevis was brought up as a shepherd. One day, entering the hall where Mordure sat with his bride, Bevis struck at him with his axe. Mordure slipped aside, and the chair was “split to shivers.” Bevis was then sold to an Armenian, and was presented to the king, who knighted him and gave him his daughter Josian in marriage.--M. Drayton, _Polyolbion_, ii. (1612). _Mordure_ (2 _syl._), Arthur’s sword, made by Merlin. No enchantment had power over it, no stone or steel was proof against it, and it would neither break nor bend. (The word means “hard biter.”)--Spenser, _Faëry Queen_, ii. 8 (1590). =More= (_Margareta_), the heroine and feigned authoress of _Household of Sir Thomas More_, by Miss Manning (1851). =More of More Hall=, a legendary hero, who armed himself with armor full of spikes, and, concealing himself in the cave where the dragon of Wantley dwelt, slew the monster by kicking it in the mouth, where alone it was mortal. ⁂ In the burlesque of H. Carey, entitled _The Dragon of Wantley_, the hero is called “Moore of Moore Hall,” and he is made to be in love with Gubbins’s daughter, Margery, of Roth’ram Green (1696-1743). =Morecraft=, at first a miser, but after losing most of his money he became a spendthrift.--Beaumont and Fletcher, _The Scornful Lady_ (1616). ⁂ “Luke,” in Massinger’s _City Madam_, is the exact opposite. He was at first a poor spendthrift, but coming into a fortune he turned miser. =Morell= (_Sir Charles_), the pseudonym of the Rev. James Ridley, affixed to some of the early editions of _The Tales of the Genii_, from 1764. =More´love= (_Lord_), in love with Lady Betty Modish, who torments him almost to madness by an assumed indifference, and rouses his jealousy by coquetting with Lord Foppington. By the advice of Sir Charles Easy, Lord Morelove pays the lady in her own coin, assumes an indifference to her, and flirts with Lady Grave´airs. This brings Lady Betty to her senses, and all ends happily.--Colley Cibber, _The Careless Husband_ (1704). =Morë´no= (_Don Antonio_), a gentleman of Barcelona, who entertained Don Quixote with mock-heroic hospitality.--Cervantes, _Don Quixote_, II. iv. 10 (1615). =Morfin= (_Mr._), a cheerful bachelor, in the office of Mr. Dombey, merchant. He calls himself “a creature of habit,” has a great respect for the head of the house, and befriends John Carker when he falls into disgrace by robbing his employer. Mr. Morfin is a musical amateur, and finds in his violoncello a solace for all cares and worries. He marries Harriet Carker, the sister of John and James.--C. Dickens, _Dombey and Son_ (1846). =Morgan= (_le Fay_), one of the sisters of King Arthur (pt. i. 18); the others were Margawse, Elain, and Anne (Bellicent was his half-sister). Morgan calls herself “queen of the land of Gore” (pt. i. 103). She was the wife of King Vrience (pt. i. 63), the mother of Sir Ew´ain (pt. i. 73), and lived in the castle of La Belle Regard (pt. ii. 122). On one occasion, Morgan le Fay stole her brother’s sword, “Excalibur,” with its scabbard, and sent them to Sir Accolon, of Gaul, her paramour, that he might kill her brother Arthur in mortal combat. If this villany had succeeded, Morgan intended to murder her husband, marry Sir Accolon, and “devise to make him king of Britain;” but Sir Accolon, during the combat, dropped the sword, and Arthur, snatching it up, would have slain him had he not craved mercy and confessed the treasonable design (pt. i. 70). After this, Morgan stole the scabbard and threw it into the lake (pt. i. 73). Lastly, she tried to murder her brother by means of a poisoned robe; but Arthur told the messenger to try it on, that he might see it, and when he did so he dropped down dead, “being burnt to a coal” (pt. i. 75).--Sir T. Malory, _History of Prince Arthur_ (1470). W. Morris, in his _Earthly Paradise_ (“August”), makes Morgan la Fée the bride of Ogier, the Dane, after his earthly career was ended. _Morgan_, a feigned name adopted by Belarius, a banished lord.--Shakespeare, _Cymbeline_ (1605). _Morgan_, one of the soldiers of Prince Gwenwyn of Powys-land.--Sir W. Scott, _The Betrothed_ (time, Henry II.). =Morgane= (2 _syl._), a fay, to whose charge Zephyr committed young Passelyon and his cousin, Bennucq. Passelyon fell in love with the fay’s daughter, and the adventures of these young lovers are related in the romance of _Perceforest_, iii. =Morgante= (3 _syl._), a ferocious giant, converted to Christianity by Orlando. After performing the most wonderful feats, he died at last from the bite of a crab.--Pulci, _Morgante Maggiore_ (1488). He [_Don Quixote_] spoke favorably of Morgante, who, though of gigantic race, was most gentle in his manners.--Cervantes, _Don Quixote_, I. i. 1 (1605). =Morgause= or MARGAWSE, wife of King Lot. Their four sons were Gaw´ain, Agravain, Ga´heris, and Gareth (ch. 36); but Morgause had another son by Prince Arthur, named Mordred. Her son Gaheris, having caught his mother in adultery with Sir Lamorake, cut off her head. =Morgia´na=, the female slave, first of Cassim, and then of Ali Baba, “crafty, cunning, and fruitful in inventions.” When the thief marked the door of her master’s house with white chalk in order to recognize it, Morgiana marked several other doors in the same manner; next day she observed a red mark on the door, and made a similar one on others, as before. A few nights afterwards, a merchant with thirty-eight oil-jars begged a night’s lodging; and as Morgiana wanted oil for a lamp, she went to get some from one of the leather jars. “Is it time?” asked a voice. “Not yet,” replied Morgiana, and going to the others, she discovered that a man was concealed in thirty-seven of the jars. From the last jar she took oil, which she made boiling hot, and with it killed the thirty-seven thieves. When the captain discovered that all his men were dead, he decamped without a moment’s delay. Soon afterwards, he settled in the city as a merchant, and got invited by Ali Baba to supper, but refused to eat salt. This excited the suspicion of Morgiana, who detected in the pretended merchant the captain of the forty thieves. She danced awhile for his amusement, playfully sported with his dagger, and suddenly plunged it into his heart. When Ali Baba knew who it was that she had slain, he not only gave the damsel her liberty, but also married her to his own son.--_Arabian Nights_ (“Ali Baba, or the Forty Thieves”). =Morglay=, the sword of Sir Bevis, of Hamptoun, _i.e._ Southampton, given to him by his wife, Josian, daughter of the king of Armenia.--Drayton, _Polyolboin_,[TN-23] ii. (1612). You talk of Morglay, Excalibur [_Arthur’s sword_], and Durindana [_Orlando’s sword_], or so. Tut! I lend no credit to that is fabled of ’em.--Ben Jonson, _Every Man in His Humor_, iii. 1 (1598). =Morgue la Faye=, a _fée_ who watched over the birth of Ogier, the Dane, and after he had finished his earthly career, restored him to perpetual youth, and took him to live with her in everlasting love in the isle and castle of Av´alon.--_Ogier, le Danois_ (a romance). =Mor´ice= (_Gil_ or _Chĭld_), the natural son of Lady Barnard, “brought forth in her father’s house wi’ mickle sin and shame.” One day, Gil Morice sent Willie to the baron’s hall, with a request that Lady Barnard would go at once to Greenwood to see the chĭld. Lord Barnard, fancying the “chĭld” to be some paramour, forbade his wife to leave the hall, and went himself to Greenwood, where he slew Gil Morice, and sent his head to Lady Barnard. On his return, the lady told her lord he had slain her son, and added, “Wi’ the same spear, oh, pierce my heart, and put me out o’ pain!” But the baron repented of his hasty deed, and cried, “I’ll lament for Gil Morice, as gin he were mine ain.”--Percy, _Reliques, etc._, III. i. ⁂ This tale suggested to Home the plot of his tragedy called _Douglas_. =Mor´land=, in _Lend Me Five Shillings_, by J. M. Morton (1838). _Morland_ (_Henry_), “the heir-at-law” of Baron Duberly. It was generally supposed that he had perished at sea; but he was cast on Cape Breton, and afterwards returned to England, and married Caroline Dormer, an orphan.--G. Colman, _The Heir-at-Law_ (1797). Mr. Beverley behaved like a father to me [_B. Webster_], and engaged me as a walking gentleman for his London theatre, where I made my first appearance as “Henry Morland,” in _The Heir-at-Law_, which, to avoid legal proceedings, he called _The Lord’s Warming-pan_.--Peter Paterson. =Morley= (_Mrs._), the name under which Queen Anne corresponded with Mrs. Freeman (_The Duchess of Marlborough_). =Morna=, daughter of Cormac, king of Ireland. She was in love with Câthba, youngest son of Torman. Duchômar, out of jealousy, slew his rival, and then asked Morna to be his bride. She replied, “Thou art dark to me, O, Duchômar, and cruel is thine arm to Morna.” She then begged him for his sword, and when “he gave it to her she thrust it into his heart.” Duchômar fell, and begged the maid to pull out the sword that he might die, but when she did so, he seized it from her and plunged it into her side. Whereupon Cuthullin said: “Peace to the souls of the heroes! Their deeds were great in fight. Let them ride around me in clouds. Let them show their features in war. My soul shall then be firm in danger, mine arm like the thunder of heaven. But be thou on a moonbeam, O, Morna, near the window of my rest, when my thoughts are at peace, when the din of war is past.”--Ossian, _Fingal_, i. _Morna_, wife of Compal, and mother of Fingal. Her father was Thaddu, and her brother Clessammor.--Ossian. =Mornay=, the old seneschal, at Earl Herbert’s tower at Peronne.--Sir W. Scott, _Quentin Durward_ (time, Edward IV.). =Morning Star of the Reformation=, John Wycliffe (1324-1384). =Morocco= or MAROCCUS, the performing horse, generally called “Bankes’s Horse.” Among other exploits, we are told that “it went up to the top of St. Paul’s.” Both horse and man were burnt alive at Rome, by order of the pope, as magicians.--Don Zara del Fogo, 114 (1660). ⁂ Among the entries at Stationers’ Hall is the following:--_Nov. 14, 1595: A Ballad showing the Strange Qualities of a Young Nagg called Morocco._ In 1595 was published the pamphlet _Maroccus Extaticus_, or _Bankes’s Horse in a Trance_. =Morocco Men=, agents of lottery assurances. In 1796, The great State lottery employed 7500 morocco men. Their business was to go from house to house among the customers of the assurances, or to attend in the back parlors of public-houses, where the customers came to meet them. =Morolt= (_Dennis_), the old squire of Sir Raymond Berenger.--Sir W. Scott, _The Betrothed_ (time, Henry II.). =Morose= (2 _syl._), a miserly old hunks, who hates to hear any voice but his own. His nephew, Sir Dauphine, wants to wring out of him a third of his property, and proceeds thus: He gets a lad to personate “a silent woman,” and the phenomenon so delights the old man, that he consents to a marriage. No sooner is the ceremony over, than the boy-wife assumes the character of a virago of loud and ceaseless tongue. Morose, driven half-mad, promises to give his nephew a third of his income if he will take this intolerable plague off his hands. The trick being revealed, Morose retires into private life, and leaves his nephew master of the situation.--Ben Jonson, _The Silent Woman_ (1609). (“Wasp” in _Bartholomew Fair_, “Corbaccio” in _The Fox_, and “Ananias” in _The Alchemist_.) =Moroug=, the monkey mistaken for the devil. A woman of Cambalu died, and Moroug, wishing to personate her, slipped into her bed, and dressed himself in her night-clothes, while the body was carried to the cemetery. When the funeral party returned, and began the usual lamentations for the dead, pug stretched his night-capped head out of the bed, and began moaning and grimacing most hideously. All the mourners thought it was the devil, and scampered out as fast they could run. The priests assembled, and resolved to exorcise Satan; but pug, noting their terror, flew on the chief of the bonzes, and bit his nose and ears most viciously. All the others fled in disorder; and when pug had satisfied his humor, he escaped out of the window. After a while, the bonzes returned, with a goodly company well armed, when the chief bonze told them how he had fought with Satan, and prevailed against him. So he was canonized, and made a saint in the calendar for ever.--T. S. Gueulette, _Chinese Tales_ (“The Ape Moroug,” 1723). =Morrel= or =Morell=, a goat-herd, who invites Thomalin, a shepherd, to come to the higher grounds, and leave the low-lying lands. He tells Thomalin that many hills have been canonized, as St. Michael’s Mount, St. Bridget’s Bower in Kent, and so on; then there was Mount Sinah and Mount Parnass, where the Muses dwelt. Thomalin replies, “The lowlands are safer, and hills are not for shepherds.” He then illustrates his remark by the tale of shepherd Algrind, who sat, like Morrel, on a hill, when an eagle, taking his white head for a stone, let a shell-fish fall on it, and cracked his skull.--Spenser, _Shepheardes Calendar_, vii. [Æschylus was killed by a tortoise dropped on his head by an eagle]. (This is an allegory of the high and low church parties. Morel is an anagram of Elmer or Aylmer, bishop of London, who “sat on a hill,” and was the leader of the high-church party. Algrind is Grindal, archbishop of Canterbury, head of the low-church party, who in 1578 was sequestrated for writing a letter to the queen on the subject of puritanism. Thomalin represents the puritans. This could not have been written before 1578, unless the reference to Algrind was added in some later edition). =Morris=, a domestic of the earl of Derby.--Sir W. Scott, _Peveril of the Peak_ (time, Charles II). _Morris_ (_Mr._), the timid fellow-traveller of Frank Osbaldistone, who carried the portmanteau. Osbaldistone says, concerning him, “Of all the propensities which teach mankind to torment themselves, that of causeless fear is the most irritating, busy, painful, pitiable.”--Sir W. Scott, _Rob Roy_ (time, George I.). _Morris_ (_Peter_), the pseudonym of John G. Lockhart, in _Peter’s Letters to His Kinsfolk_ (1819). _Morris_ (_Dinah_). Beautiful gospeller, who marries Adam Bede, after the latter recovers from his infatuation for pretty _Hetty Sorrel_. Hetty is seduced by the young squire, murders her baby, and is condemned to die for the crime. Dinah visits the doomed girl in prison, wins her to a confession and repentance, and accompanies her in the gallows-cart. They are at the scaffold when a reprieve arrives.--George Eliot, _Adam Bede_. =Morris-Dance=, a comic representation of every grade of society. The characters were dressed partly in Spanish and partly in English costume. Thus, the huge sleeves were Spanish, but the laced stomacher English. Hobby-horse represented the king and all the knightly order; Maid Marian, the queen; the friar, the clergy generally; the fool, the court jester. The other characters represented a franklin or private gentleman, a churl or farmer, and the lower grades were represented by a clown. The Spanish costume is to show the origin of the dance. A representation of a morris-dance may still be seen at Betley, in Staffordshire, in a window placed in the house of George Tollet, Esq., in about 1620. =Morrison= (_Hugh_), a Lowland drover, the friend of Robin Oig.--Sir W. Scott, _The Two Drovers_ (time, George III.). =Mortality= (_Old_), a religious itinerant who frequented country churchyards and the graves of covenanters. He was first discovered in the burial ground at Gandercleugh, clearing the moss from the gray[TN-24] tombstones, renewing with his chisel the half-defaced inscriptions, and repairing the decorations of the tombs.--Sir W. Scott, _Old Mortality_ (time, Charles II.). ⁂ “Old Mortality” is said to be meant for Robert Patterson. =Morta´ra=, the boy who died from being covered all over with gold-leaf by Leo XII., to adorn a pageant. =Mortcloke= (_Mr._), the undertaker at the funeral of Mrs. Margaret Bertram of Singleside.--Sir W. Scott, _Guy Mannering_ (time, George II.). =Morte d’Arthur=, a compilation of Arthurian tales, called on the title-page _The History of Prince Arthur_, compiled from the French by Sir Thomas Malory, and printed by William Caxton in 1470. It is divided into three parts. The first part contains the birth of King Arthur, the establishment of the Round Table, the romance of Balin and Balan, and the beautiful allegory of Gareth and Linet´. The second part is mainly the romance of Sir Tristram. The third part is the romance of Sir Launcelot, the quest of the Holy Graal, and the death of Arthur, Guenever, Tristram, Lamorake, and Launcelot. ⁂ The difference of style in the third part is very striking. The end of ch. 44, pt. i., is manifestly the close of a romance. The separate romances are not marked by any formal indication; but, in the modern editions, the whole is divided into chapters, and these are provided with brief abstracts of their contents. This book was finished the ninth year of the reign of King Edward IV. by Sir Thomas Malory, knight. Thus endeth this noble and joyous book, entitled _La Morte d’Arthur_, notwithstanding it treateth of the birth, life and acts of the said King Arthur, and of his noble knights of the Round Table ... and the achieving of the Holy Sancgreall, and in the end the dolorous death and departing out of the world of them all.--Concluding paragraph. _Morte d’Arthur_, by Tennyson. The poet follows closely the story of the death of Arthur, as told by Malory. The king is borne off the field by Sir Bedivere. Arthur orders the knight to throw his sword Excalibur into the mere. Twice the knight disobeyed the command, intending to save the sword; but the dying king detected the fraud, and insisted on being obeyed. Sir Bedivere then cast the sword into the mere, and an arm, clothed in white samite, caught it by the hilt, brandished it three times, and drew it into the mere. Sir Bedivere then carried the dying king to a barge, in which were three queens, who conveyed him to the island-valley of Avil´ion, “where falls not hail, or rain, or any snow, nor ever wind blows loudly.” Here was he taken to be healed of his grievous wound; but whether he lived or died we are not told. In his “Idylls of the King,” Tennyson has taken the stories as told by Malory, and has turned them into his own melodious verse; yet, while adhering to the substance of each tale, he has in minor matters taken such liberties as have been allowed to poets since the earliest times. Shakespeare, in his “Julius Cæsar,” makes a like use of Sir Thomas North’s translation of Plutarch; the speech of Mark Antony over the body of Cæsar, to cite the most striking instance among many, is almost a literal transcription of North’s version, but subjected to the laws of verse. =Mortemar= (_Alberick of_), an exiled nobleman, _alias_ Theodorick, the hermit of Engaddi, the enthusiast.--Sir W. Scott, _The Talisman_ (time, Richard I.). =Mor´timer= (_Mr._), executor of Lord Abberville, and uncle of Frances Tyrrell. “He sheathed a soft heart in a rough case.” Externally, Mr. Mortimer seemed unsympathetic, brusque and rugged; but in reality he was most benevolent, delicate and tender-hearted. “He did a thousand noble acts without the credit of a single one.” In fact, his tongue belied his heart, and his heart his tongue.--Cumberland, _The Fashionable Lover_ (1780). _Mortimer_ (_Sir Edward_), a most benevolent man, oppressed with some secret sorrow. In fact, he knew himself to be a murderer. The case was this: Being in a county assembly, the uncle of Lady Helen insulted him, struck him down, and kicked him. Sir Edward rode home to send a challenge to the ruffian; but, meeting him on the road drunk, he murdered him, was tried for the crime, but was honorably acquitted. He wrote a statement of the case, and kept the papers connected with it in an iron chest. One day Wilford, his secretary, whose curiosity had been aroused, saw the chest unlocked, and was just about to take out the documents when Sir Edward entered, and threatened to shoot him; but he relented, made Wilford swear secrecy, and then told him the whole story. The young man, unable to live under the jealous eyes of Sir Edward, ran away; but Sir Edward dogged him, and at length arrested him on the charge of robbery. The charge broke down, Wilford was acquitted, Sir Edward confessed himself a murderer, and died.--G. Colman, _The Iron Chest_ (1796). =Mortimer Lightwood=, solicitor employed in the “Harmon murder” case. He was the great friend of Eugene Wrayburn, barrister-at-law, and it was the ambition of his life to imitate the _nonchalance_ and other eccentricities of his friend. At one time he was a great admirer of Bella Wilfer. Mr. Veneering called him “one of his oldest friends;” but Mortimer was never in the merchant’s house but once in his life, and resolved never to enter it again.--C. Dickens, _Our Mutual Friend_ (1864). =Morten= (_Sir_), a spectre who appears at King Olaf’s feast, in the guise of a one-eyed old man, and carouses with the guests until bed-time. When the morning breaks, he has departed, and no trace of him is to be found. “King Olaf crossed himself and said-- ‘I know that Odin the Great is dead; Sure is the triumph of our Faith, This one-eyed stranger was his wraith.’ Dead rides Sir Morten of Fogelsang.” H. W. Longfellow, _The Wraith of Odin_. =Morton=, a retainer of the earl of Northumberland.--Shakespeare, 2 _Henry IV._ (1508).[TN-25] _Morton_ (_Henry_), a leader in the covenanters’ army with Balfour. While abroad, he is Major-general Melville. Henry Morton marries Miss Edith Bellenden. _Old Ralph Morton of Milnwood_, uncle of Henry Morton. _Colonel Silas Morton of Milnwood_, father of Henry Morton.--Sir W. Scott, _Old Mortality_ (time, Charles II.). _Morton_ (_The earl of_), in the service of Mary queen of Scots, and a member of the privy council of Scotland.--Sir W. Scott, _The Monastery_ and _The Abbot_ (time, Elizabeth). _Morton_ (_The Rev. Mr._)[TN-26] the Presbyterian pastor of Cairnvreckan village.--Sir W. Scott, _Waverley_ (time, George II.). =Mortsheugh= (_Johnie_), the old sexton of Wolf’s Hope village.--Sir W. Scott, _The Bride of Lammermoor_ (time, William III.). =Morvi´dus=, son of Danius by his concubine, Tangustĕla. In his reign, there “came from the Irish coasts a most cruel monster, which devoured the people continually, but as soon as Morvidus heard thereof, he ventured to encounter it alone. When all his darts were spent, the monster rushed upon him, and swallowed him up like a small fish.”--Geoffrey of Monmouth, _British History_, iii. 15 (1142). =Mosby=, an unmitigated villain. He seduced Alicia, the wife of Arden of Feversham. Thrice he tried to murder Arden, but was baffled, and then frightened Alicia into conniving at a most villainous scheme of murder. Pretending friendship, Mosby hired two ruffians to murder Arden while he was playing a game of draughts. The villains, who were concealed in an adjacent room, were to rush on their victim when Mosby said, “Now I take you.” The whole gang was apprehended and executed.--_Arden of Feversham_ (1592), altered by George Lillo (1739). =Mosca=, the knavish confederate of Vol´pone (2 _syl._), the rich Venetian “fox.”--Ben Jonson, _Volpone_ or _The Fox_ (1605). If your mother, in hopes to ruin me, should consent to marry my pretended uncle, he might, like “Mosca” in _The Fox_, stand upon terms.--W. Congreve, _The Way of the World_, ii. 1. (1700). =Mo´ses=, the Jew money-lender in Sheridan’s comedy, _The School for Scandal_ (1777). =Moses’ Clothes.= The _Korân_ says: “God cleared Moses from the scandal which was rumored against him” (ch. xxxiii.). The scandal was that his body was not properly formed, and therefore he would never bathe in the presence of others. One day, he went to bathe, and laid his clothes on a stone, but the stone ran away with them into the camp. Moses went after it as fast as he could run, but the Israelites saw his naked body, and perceived the untruthfulness of the common scandal.--Sale, _Al Korân_, xxxiii. notes. =Moses’ Horns.= The Vulgate gives _quod cornuta esset facies sua_, for what our version has translated “he wist not _that the skin of his face shone_.” The Hebrew word used means both a “horn” and an “irradiation.” Michael Angelo followed the Vulgate. =Moses’ Rod.= While Moses was living with Re’uël [_Jethro_], the Midianite, he noticed a staff in the garden, and he took it to be his walking-stick. This staff was Joseph’s, and Re’uel carried it away when he fled from Egypt. This same staff Adam carried with him out of Eden. Noah inherited it, and gave it to Shem. It passed into the hands of Abraham, and Abraham left it to Isaac; and when Jacob fled from his brother’s anger into Mesopotamia, he carried it in his hand, and gave it at death to his son Joseph.--_The Talmud_, vi. =Moses Slow of Speech.= The tradition is this: One day, Pharaoh was carrying Moses in his arms, when the child plucked the royal beard so roughly that the king, in a passion, ordered him to be put to death. Queen Asia said to her husband, the child was only a babe, and was so young he could not discern between a ruby and a live coal. Pharaoh put it to the test, and the child clapped into his mouth the burning coal, thinking it something good to eat. Pharaoh’s anger was appeased, but the child burnt its tongue so severely that ever after it was “slow of speech.”--Shalshel, _Hakkabala_, 11. _Moses Slow of Speech._ The account given in the _Talmud_ is somewhat different. It is therein stated that Pharaoh was sitting one day with Moses on his lap, when the child took the crown from the king’s head and placed it on his own. The “wise men” of Egypt persuaded Pharaoh that this act was treasonable, and that the child should be put to death. Jithro [_sic_] the priest of Midian, said it was the act of a child who knew no better. “Let two plates,” said he, “be set before the child, one containing gold and the other live coals, and you will presently see that he will choose the coals in preference to the gold.” The advice of Jithro being followed, the boy Moses snatched at the coals, and putting one of them into his mouth, burnt his tongue so severely that ever after he was “heavy of speech.”--_The Talmud_, vi. =Moses Pennell.= Waif rescued from a wrecked vessel, and adopted by old Captain Pennell and his wife. He is, in time, discovered to belong to a noble Cuban family.--Harriet Beecher Stowe, _The Pearl of Orr’s Island_. =Most Christian King= (_Le Roy Tres-Christien_). The king of France is so called by others, either with or without his proper name; but he never styles himself so in any letter, grant, or rescript. In St. Remigius or Remy’s Testament, King Clovis is called _Christianissimus Ludovicus_.--Flodoard, _Historia Remensis_, i. 18 (A.D. 940). =Motallab= (_Abd al_), one of the four husbands of Zesbet, the mother of Mahomet. He was not to know her as a wife till he had seen Mahomet in his pre-existing state. Mahomet appeared to him as an old man, and told him he had chosen Zesbet, for her virtue and beauty, to be his mother.--Comte de Caylus, _Oriental Tales_ (“History of Abd al Motallab,” 1743). =Mo´tar= (“_One doomed_ or _devoted to sacrifice_”). So Prince Assad was called, when he fell into the hands of the old fire-worshipper, and was destined by him to be sacrificed on the fiery mountain.--_Arabian Nights_ (“Amgiad and Assad”). =Moth=, page to Don Adriano de Arma´do, the fantastic Spaniard. He is cunning and versatile, facetious and playful.--Shakespeare, _Love’s Labor’s Lost_ (1594). _Moth_, one of the fairies.--Shakespeare, _Midsummer Night’s Dream_ (1592). =Moths and Candles.= The moths fell in love with the night-fly; and the night-fly, to get rid of their importunity, maliciously bade them to go and fetch fire for her adornment. The blind lovers flew to the first flame to obtain the love-token, and few escaped injury or death.--Kæmpfer, _Account of Japan_, vii. (1727). =Mother Ann=, Ann Lee, the “spiritual mother” of the Shakers (1731-1784). ⁂ Mother Ann is regarded by the Shakers as the female form, and Jesus as the male form, of the Messiah. =Mother Bunch=, a celebrated ale-wife in Dekker’s _Satiromaster_ (1602). ⁂ In 1604 was published _Pasquil’s Jests, mixed with Mother Bunch’s Merriments_. In 1760 was published, in two parts, _Mother Bunch’s Closet Newly Broke Open, etc._, by a “Lover of Mirth and Hater of Treason.” Mother Bunch’s _Fairy Tales_ are known in every nursery. =Mother Carey’s Chickens.= The fish-fags of Paris in the first Great Revolution were so called, because, like the “stormy petrel,” whenever they appeared in force in the streets of Paris, they always foreboded a tumult or political storm. =Mother Carey’s Goose=, the great black petrel or gigantic fulmar of the Pacific Ocean. =Mother Douglas=, a noted crimp, who lived at the north-east corner of Covent Garden. Her house was superbly furnished. She died 1761. ⁂ Foote introduces her in _The Minor_, as “Mrs. Cole” (1760); and Hogarth in his picture called “The March to Finchley.” =Mother Goose=, in French _Contes de Ma Mère l’Oye_, by Charles Perrault (1697). ⁂ There are ten stories in this book, seven of which are from the _Pentamerone_. _Mother Goose_, according to a new exploded story, was a native of Boston, and the author of the nursery rhymes that bear her name. She used to sing her rhymes to her grandson, and Thomas Fleet, her brother-in-law, published the first edition of these rhymes, entitled _Songs for the Nursery_, or _Mother Goose’s Melodies_, in 1719. ⁂ Dibdin wrote a pantomime entitled _Mother Goose_. =Mother Hubbard=, an old lady, whose whole time and attention were taken up by her dog, who was most willful; but the dame never lost her temper, or forgot her politeness. After running about all day to supply Master Doggie, The dame made a curtsey, the dog made a bow; The dame said, “Your servant!” the dog said, “Bow, wow!” _A Nursery Tale in Rhyme._ =Mother Hubberd=, the supposed narrator of a tale called _The Fox and the Ape_, related to the poet Spenser to beguile the weary hours of sickness. Several persons told him tales, but Amongst the rest a good old woman was Hight Mother Hubberd, who did far surpass The rest in honest mirth that seemed her well; She, when her turn was come her tale to tell, Told of a strange adventure that betided Betwixt a fox and ape by him misguided; The which, for that my sense it greatly pleased ... I’ll write it as she the same did say. Spenser. =Mother Hubberd’s Tale.= A fox and an ape determined to travel about the world as _chevaliers de l’industrie_. First, Ape dressed as a broken-down soldier, and Fox as his servant. A farmer agreed to take them for his shepherds; but they devoured all his lambs and then decamped. They next “went in for holy orders.” Reynard contrived to get a living given him, and appointed the ape as his clerk; but they soon made the parish too hot to hold them, and again sheered off. They next tried their fortune at court; the ape set himself up as a foreigner of distinction with Fox for his groom. They played the part of rakes, but being found to be desperate rogues, had to flee with all despatch, and seek another field of action. As they journeyed on, they saw a lion sleeping, and Master Fox persuaded his companion to steal the crown, sceptre and royal robes. The ape, arrayed in these, assumed to be king, and Fox was his prime minister; but so ill did they govern, that Jupiter interfered, the lion was restored, and the ape was docked of his tail and had his ears cropt. Since which, all apes but half their ears have left, And of their tails are utterly bereft. So Mother Hubberd her discourse did end. Spenser, _Mother Hubberd’s Tale_. =Mother Shipton=, T. Evan Preece, of South Wales, a prophetess, whose predictions (generally in rhymes) were at one time in everybody’s mouth in South Wales, especially in Glamorganshire. ⁂ She predicted the death of Wolsey, Lord Percy, and others. Her prophecies are still extant, and contain the announcement that “the end of the world shall come in eighteen hundred and eighty-one.” =Mother of the People= (_The_), Marguerite of France, _La Mère des Peuples_, daughter of François I. (1523-1574). =Mould= (_Mr._), undertaker. His face had a queer attempt at melancholy, sadly at variance with a smirk of satisfaction which might be read between the lines. Though his calling was not a lively one, it did not depress his spirits, as in the bosom of his family he was the most cheery of men, and to him the “tap, tap” of coffin-making was as sweet and exhilarating as the tapping of a woodpecker.--C. Dickens, _Martin Chuzzlewit_ (1844). =Mouldy= (_Ralph_), “a good-limbed fellow, young, strong, and of good friends.” Ralph was pricked for a recruit in Sir John Falstaff’s regiment. He promised Bardolph forty shillings “to stand his friend.” Sir John being told this, sent Mouldy home, and when Justice Shallow remonstrated, saying that Ralph “was the likeliest man of the lot,” Falstaff replied, “Will you tell me, Master Shallow, how to choose a man? Care I for the limb, the thews, the stature, bulk, and big assemblance of a man? Give me the spirit, Master Shallow.”--Shakespeare, 2 _Henry IV._ act iii. sc. 2 (1598). =Moullahs=, Mohammedan lawyers, from which are selected the judges. =Mountain= (_The_), a name given in the French revolution to a faction which sat on the benches most elevated in the Hall of Assembly. The Girondins sat in the centre or lowest part of the hall, and were nicknamed the “plain.” The “mountain” for a long time was the dominant part; it utterly overthrew the “plain” on August 31, 1793, but was in turn overthrown at the fall of Robespierre (9 Thermidor ii. or July 27, 1794). _Mountain_ (_The Old Man of the_), the imaum Hassan ben Sabbah el Homari. The sheik Al Jebal was so called. He was the prince of the Assassins. ⁂ In Rymer’s _Fœdera_ (vol. i.), Dr. Clarke, the editor, has added two letters of this sheik; but the doctor must be responsible for their genuineness. =Mountain Brutus= (_The_), William Tell (1282-1350). =Mountain of Flowers=, the site of the palace of Violenta, the mother fairy who brought up the young princess afterwards metamorphosed into “The White Cat.”--Comtesse D’Aunoy, _Fairy Tales_ (“The White Cat,” 1682). =Mountain of Miseries.= Jupiter gave permission for all men to bring their grievances to a certain plain, and to exchange them with any others that had been cast off. Fancy helped them; but though the heap was so enormous, not one single _vice_ was to be found amongst the rubbish. Old women threw away their wrinkles, and young ones their mole-spots; some cast on the heap poverty; many their red noses and bad teeth; but no one his crimes. Now came the choice. A galley-slave picked up gout, poverty picked up sickness, care picked up pain, snub noses picked up long ones, and so on. Soon all were bewailing the change they had made; and Jupiter sent Patience to tell them they might, if they liked, resume their old grievances again. Every one gladly accepted the permission, and Patience helped them to take up their own bundle and bear it without murmuring.--Addison, _The Spectator_ (1711, 1712, 1714). =Mourning.= In Colman’s _Heir-at-Law_ (1796), every character is in mourning: the Dowlases as relatives of the deceased Lord Duberly; Henry Morland as heir of Lord Duberly; Steadfast as the chief friend of the family; Dr. Pangloss as a clergyman; Caroline Dormer for her father recently buried; Zekiel and Cicely Homespun for the same reason; Kenrick for his deceased master.--James Smith, _Memoirs_ (1840). =Mourning Bride= (_The_), a drama by W. Congreve (1697). “The mourning bride” is Alme´ria, daughter of Manuel, king of Grana´da, and her husband was Alphonso, prince of Valentia. On the day of their espousals they were shipwrecked, and each thought the other had perished; but they met together in the court of Granada, where Alphonso was taken captive under the assumed name of Osmyn. Osmyn, having effected his escape, marched to Granada, at the head of an army, found the king dead, and “the mourning bride” became his joyful wife. =Mouse-Tower= (_The_), on the Rhine. It was here that Bishop Hatto was devoured by mice. (See HATTO.) ⁂ _Mauth_ is a toll or custom house, and the mauth or toll-house for collecting duty on corn being very unpopular, gave rise to the tradition. =Moussa=, Moses. =Mowbray= (_Mr. John_), lord of the manor of St. Ronan’s. _Clara Mowbray_, sister of John Mowbray. She was betrothed to Frank Tyrrel, but married Valentine Bulmer.--Sir W. Scott, _St. Ronan’s Well_ (time, George III.). _Mowbray_ (_Sir Miles_), a dogmatical, self-willed old man, who fancied he could read character, and had a natural instinct for doing the right thing; but he would have been much wiser if he had paid more heed to the proverb, “Mind your own business and not another’s.” _Frederick Mowbray_, his eldest son, a young man of fine principle, and greatly liked. His “first love” was Clara Middleton, who, being poor, married the rich Lord Ruby. His lordship soon died, leaving all his substance to his widow, who bestowed it, with herself, on Frederick Mowbray, her first and only love. _David Mowbray_, younger brother of Frederick. He was in the navy, and was a fine, open-hearted, frank and honest British tar. _Lydia Mowbray_, sister of Frederick and David, and the wife of Mr. Wrangle.--R. Cumberland, _First Love_ (1796). =Mow´cher= (_Miss_), a benevolent little dwarf, patronized by Steerforth. She is full of humor and comic vulgarity. Her chief occupation is that of hair-dressing.--C. Dickens, _David Copperfield_ (1849). =Mowis=, the bridegroom of snow, who wooed and won a beautiful bride, but at dawn melted in the sun. The bride hunted for him night and day, but never saw him more.--_Indian Legend._ Mowis, the bridegroom of snow, who won and wedded a maiden, But, when the morning came, arose and passed from the wigwam, Fading and melting away, and dissolving into the sunshine, Till she beheld him no more, tho’ she followed far into the forest. Longfellow, _Evangeline_, ii. 4 (1849). =Moxon= (_Mr._), clergyman at Agawam (Mass.). Sincere in his bigotry, pitiable in the superstition that darkens his life, honestly persuaded that he and his are the victims of witchcraft, and that duty forces him to punish those who have afflicted the Lord’s saints.--Josiah Gilbert Holland, _The Bay Path_ (1857). =Mozaide= (2 _syl._), the Moor who befriended Vasco de Gama when he first landed on the Indian continent. The Moor attends Mozaide, whose zealous care To Gama’s eyes revealed each treacherous snare. Camoens, _Lusiad_, ix. (1569). =Mozart= (_The English_), Sir Henry Bishop (1780-1855). _Mozart_ (_The Italian_), Cherubini, of Florence (1760-1842). =Much=, the miller’s son, the bailiff or “acater” of Robin Hood. (See MIDGE.) Robyn stode in Bernysdale, And lened hym to a tree; And by hym stode Lytell Johan, A good yeman was he; And also dyde good Scathelock, And Much, the miller’s sone. Ritson, _Robin Hood Ballads_, i. 1 (1594). _Much, the miller’s son_, in the morris-dance. His feat was to bang, with an inflated bladder, the heads of gaping spectators. He represented the fool or jester. =Much Ado about Nothing=, a comedy by Shakespeare (1600). Hero, the daughter of Leonato, is engaged to be married to Claudio of Aragon; but Don John, out of hatred to his brother, Leonato, determines to mar the happiness of the lovers. Accordingly, he bribes the waiting-maid of Hero to dress in her mistress’s clothes, and to talk with his man by night from the chamber balcony. The villain tells Claudio that Hero has made an assignation with him, and invites him to witness it. Claudio is fully persuaded that the woman he sees is Hero, and when next day she presents herself at the altar, he rejects her with scorn. The priest feels assured there is some mistake, so he takes Hero apart, and gives out that she is dead. Then Don John takes to flight, the waiting-woman confesses, Claudio repents, and, by way of amendment (as Hero is dead) promises to marry her cousin, but this cousin turns out to be Hero herself. ⁂ A similar tale is told by Ariosto in his _Orlando Furioso_, v. (1516). Another occurs in the _Faëry Queen_, by Spenser, bk. ii. 4, 38, etc. (1590). George Turbervil’s _Geneura_ (1576) is still more like Shakespeare’s tale. Belleforest and Bandello have also similar tales (see _Hist._, xviii.). =Mucklebacket= (_Saunders_), the old fisherman at Musselcrag. _Old Elspeth Mucklebacket_, mother of Saunders, and formerly servant to Lady Glenallan. _Maggie Mucklebacket_, wife of Saunders. _Steenie Mucklebacket_, eldest son of Saunders. He is drowned. _Little Jennie Mucklebacket_, Saunders’s child.--Sir W. Scott, _The Antiquary_ (time, George III.). =Mucklethrift= (_Bailie_), ironmonger and brazier of Kippletringan, in Scotland.--Sir W. Scott, _Guy Mannering_ (time, George II.). =Mucklewrath= (_Habukkuk_), a fanatic preacher.--Sir W. Scott, _Old Mortality_ (time, Charles II.). _Mucklewrath_ (_John_), smith at Cairnvreckan village. _Dame Mucklewrath_, wife of John. A terrible virago.--Sir W. Scott, _Waverley_ (time, George II.). =Muckworm= (_Sir Penurious_), the miserly old uncle and guardian of Arbella. He wants her to marry Squire Sapskull, a raw Yorkshire tike; but she loves Gaylove, a young barrister, and, of course, Muckworm is outwitted.--Carey, _The Honest Yorkshireman_ (1736). =Mudarra=, son of Gonçolo Bustos de Salas de Lara, who murdered his uncle Rodri´go, while hunting, to avenge the death of his seven half-brothers. The tale is, that Rodrigo Velasquez invited his seven nephews to a feast, when a fray took place in which a Moor was slain; the aunt, who was a Moorish lady, demanded vengeance, whereupon the seven boys were allured into a ravine and cruelly murdered. Mudarra was the son of the same father as “the seven sons of Lara,” but not of the same mother.--_Romance of the Eleventh Century._ =Muddle=, the carpenter under Captain Savage and Lieutenant O’Brien.--Captain Marryat, _Peter Simple_ (1833). =Muddlewick= (_Triptolemus_), in _Charles XII._, an historical drama by J. R. Planché (1826). =Mudjekee´wis=, the father of Hiawatha, and subsequently potentate of the winds. He gave all the winds but one to his children to rule; the one he reserved was the west wind, which he himself ruled over. The dominion of the winds was given to Mudjekeewis, because he slew the great bear called the Mishê-Mokwa. Thus was slain the Mishê-Mokwa ... “Honor be to Mudjekeewis! Henceforth he shall be the west wind. And hereafter, e’en for ever, Shall he hold supreme dominion, Over all the winds of heaven.” Longfellow, _Hiawatha_, ii. (1855). =Mug= (_Matthew_), a caricature of the duke of Newcastle.--S. Foote, _The Mayor of Garratt_ (1763). =Mugello=, the giant slain by Averardo de Medici, a commander under Charlemagne. This giant wielded a mace from which hung three balls, which the Medici adopted as their device. ⁂ They have been adopted by pawnbrokers as a symbol of their trade. =Muggins= (_Dr._), a sapient physician, who had the art “to suit his physic to his patients’ taste;” so when King Artaxaminous felt a little seedy after a night’s debauch, the doctor prescribed to his majesty “to take a morning whet.”--W. B. Rhodes, _Bombastes Furioso_ (1790). =Muhldenau=, the minister of Mariendorpt, and father of Meeta and Adolpha. When Adolpha was an infant, she was lost in the siege of Magdeburg; and Muhldenau, having reason to suppose that the child was not killed went to Prague in search of her. Here Muhldenau was seized as a spy, and condemned to death. Meeta, hearing of his capture, walked to Prague to beg him off, and was introduced to the governor’s supposed daughter, who, in reality, was Meeta’s sister, Adolpha. Rupert Roselheim, who was betrothed to Meeta, stormed the prison and released Muhldenau.--S. Knowles, _The Maid of Mariendorpt_ (1838). =Mulatto=, a half-caste. Strictly speaking, _Zambo_ is the issue of an Indian and a Negress; _Mulatto_, of a White man and a Negress; _Terzeron_, of a White man and a Mulatto woman; _Quadroon_, of a Terzeron and a White. =Mul´ciber=, Vulcan, who was blacksmith, architect, and god of fire. In Ausonian land Men called him Mulciber; and how he fell From heaven, they fabled, thrown by angry Jove Sheer o’er the crystal battlements; from morn To noon he fell, from noon to dewy eve, A Summer’s day; and with the setting sun Dropt from the Zenith like a falling star, On Lemnos, the Ægean isle. Milton, _Paradise Lost_, 739, etc. (1665). =Muley Bugentuf=, king of Morocco, a blood-and-thunder hero. He is the chief character of a tragedy of the same name, by Thomas de la Fuenta. In the first act, the king of Morocco, by way of recreation, shot a hundred Moorish slaves with arrows; in the second, he beheaded thirty Portuguese officers, prisoners of war; and in the third and last act, Muley, mad with his wives, set fire with his own hand to a detached palace, in which they were shut up, and reduced them all to ashes.... This conflagration, accompanied with a thousand shrieks, closed the piece in a very diverting manner.--Lesage, _Gil Blas_, ii. 9 (1715). =Mull Sack.= John Cottington, in the time of the Commonwealth, was so called, from his favorite beverage. John Cottington emptied the pockets of Oliver Cromwell when lord protector; stripped Charles II. of £1500; and stole a watch and chain from Lady Fairfax. ⁂ Mull sack is spiced sherry negus. =Mulla’s Bard=, Spenser, author of the _Faëry Queen_. The Mulla, a tributary of the Blackwater, in Ireland, flowed close by the spot where the poet’s house stood. He was born and died in London (1553-1599). ... it irks me while I write, As erst the bard of Mulla’s silver stream, Oft as he told of deadly dolorous plight Sighed as he sung, and did in tears indite. Shenstone, _The Schoolmistress_ (1758). _Mulla._ Thomas Campbell, in his poem on the _Spanish Parrot_, calls the island of Mull, “Mulla’s Shore.” =Mullet= (_Professor_), the “most remarkable man” of North America. He denounced his own father for voting on the wrong side at an election for president, and wrote thunderbolts in the form of pamphlets, under the signature of “Suturb” or Brutus reversed.--C. Dickens, _Martin Chuzzlewit_ (1844). =Mullins= (_Rev. Peter_). A minister of the gospel, who holds so hard to the belief that the laborer is worthy of his hire, that he can see nothing but the hire. “How am I to know whether my services are acceptable unless every year there is some voluntary testimonial concerning them? It seems to me that I must have such a testimonial. I find myself looking forward to it.”--Josiah Gilbert Holland, _Arthur Bonnicastle_ (1873). =Mul´mutine Laws=, the code of Dunvallo Mulmutius, sixteenth king of the Britons (about B.C. 400). This code was translated by Gildas from British into Latin, and by Alfred into English. The Mulmutine laws obtained in this country till the Conquest.--Holinshed, _History of England, etc._, iii. 1 (1577). Mulmutius made our laws, Who was the first of Britain which did put His brows within a golden crown, and call’d Himself a king. Shakespeare, _Cymbeline_, act iii. sc. 1 (1605). =Mulmutius= (_Dunwallo_), son of Cloten, king of Cornwall. “He excelled all the kings of Britain in valor and gracefulness of person.” In a battle fought against the allied Welsh and Scotch armies, Mulmutius tried the very scheme which Virgil (_Æneid_, ii.) says was attempted by Æneas and his companions--that is, they dressed in the clothes and bore the arms of the enemy slain, and thus disguised, committed very great slaughter. Mulmutius, in his disguise, killed both the Cambrian and Albanian kings, and put the allied army to thorough rout.--Geoffrey, _British History_, ii. 17. Mulmutius this land in such estate maintained As his great Belsire Brute. Drayton, _Polyolbion_, viii. (1612). =Mulvaney= (_Terence_). Rollicking, epigrammatic, harum-scarum Irish trooper, in the Indian service, whose adventures and sayings are narrated in _Soldiers Three_, _The Courting of Dinah Shadd_, _etc._, by Rudyard Kipling. =Multon= (_Sir Thomas de_), of Gilsland. He is Lord de Vaux, a crusader, and master of the horse to King Richard I.--Sir. W. Scott, _The Talisman_ (time, Richard I.). =Mumblazen= (_Master Michael_), the old herald, a dependant of Sir Hugh Robsart.--Sir W. Scott, _Kenilworth_ (time, Elizabeth). =Mumbo Jumbo=, an African bogie, hideous and malignant, the terror of women and children. =Mumps= (_Tib_), keeper of the “Mumps’ Ha’ ale-hous’,” on the road to Charlie’s Hope farm.--Sir W. Scott, _Guy Mannering_ (time, George II.). =Munchau´sen= (_The Baron_), a hero of most marvellous adventures.--Rudolf Erich Raspe (a German, but storekeeper of the Dolcoath mines, in Cornwall, 1792). ⁂ The name is said to refer to Hieronymus Karl Friedrich von Münchhausen, a German officer in the Russian army, noted for his marvellous stories (1720-1797). It is also supposed to be an implied satire on the traveller’s tales of Baron de Tott, in his _Mémoires sur les Turcs et Tartares_ (1784), and those of James Bruce, “The African Traveller,” in his _Travels to Discover the Sources of the Nile_ (1790). _Munchausen_ (_The Baron_). The French Baron Munchausen is represented by M. de Crac, the hero of a French operetta. =Mu´nera=, daughter of Pollentê, the Saracen, to whom he gave all the spoils he could lay his hands on. Munera was beautiful and rich exceedingly; but Talus, having chopped off her golden hands and silver feet, tossed her into the moat.--Spenser, _Faëry Queen_, v. 2 (1596). =Mungo=, a black slave of Don Diego. Dear heart, what a terrible life am I led! A dog has a better dat’s sheltered and fed ... Mungo here, Mungo dere, Mungo everywhere ... Me wish to the Lord me was dead. I. Bickerstaff, _The Padlock_ (1768). =Münster= (_Baroness_). American woman married to a German prince, who wants to get rid of her. She comes to America with her brother to visit relatives, and is bored by everything, and forever threatening to write to the reigning prince to recall her to Germany.--Henry James, Jr., _The Europeans_ (1878). =Murat= (_The Russian_), Michael Miloradowitch (1770-1820). =Murdstone= (_Edward_), the second husband of Mrs. Copperfield. His character was “firmness,” that is, an unbending self-will, which rendered the young life of David intolerably wretched. _Jane Murdstone_, sister of Edward, as hard and heartless as her brother. Jane Murdstone became the companion of Dora Spenlow, and told Mr. Spenlow of David’s love for Dora, hoping to annoy David. At the death of Mr. Spenlow, Jane returned to live with her brother.--Dickens, _David Copperfield_ (1849). =Murray= or =Moray= (_The bonnie earl of_), James Stewart, the “Good Regent,” a natural son of James V. of Scotland, by Margaret, daughter of John, Lord Erskine. He joined the reform party in 1556, and went to France in 1561, to invite Mary queen of Scots to come and reside in her kingdom. He was an accomplice in the murder of Rizzio, and during the queen’s imprisonment was appointed regent. According to an ancient ballad, this bonny earl “was the queen’s love,” _i.e._ Queen Anne of Denmark, daughter of Frederick II., and wife of James I. of England. It is said that James, being jealous of the handsome earl, instigated the earl of Huntly to murder him (1531-1570). Introduced by Sir W. Scott in _The Monastery_ and _The Abbot_ (time, Elizabeth). _Murray_ (_John_), of Broughton, secretary to Charles Edward, the Young Pretender. He turned king’s evidence, and revealed to Government all the circumstances which gave rise to the rebellion, and the persons most active in its organization. If crimes like these hereafter are forgiven, Judas and Murray both may go to heaven. _Jacobite Relics_, ii. 374. =Musæus=, the poet (B.C. 1410), author of the elegant tale of _Leander and Hero_. Virgil places him in the Elysian fields attended by a vast multitude of ghosts, Musæus being taller by a head than any of them (_Æneid_, vi. 677). Swarm ... as the infernal spirits On sweet Musæus when he came to hell. C. Marlowe, _Dr. Faustus_ (1590). =Muscadins of Paris=, Paris exquisites, who aped the London cockneys in the first French Revolution. Their dress was top-boots with thick soles, knee-breeches, a dress-coat with long tails and high stiff collar, and a thick cudgel called a _constitution_. It was thought John Bull-like to assume a huskiness of voice, a discourtesy of manners, and a swaggering vulgarity of speech and behavior. Cockneys of London! Muscadins of Paris! Byron, _Don Juan_, viii. 124 (1824). =Mus´carol=, king of flies, and father of Clarion, the most beautiful of the race.--Spenser, _Muiopotmos, or The Butterfly’s Fate_ (1590). =Muse= (_The Tenth_), Marie Lejars de Gournay, a French writer (1566-1645). Antoinette Deshoulieres; also called “The French Callĭŏpê.” Her best work is an allegory called _Les Moutons_ (1633-1694). Mdlle. Scudéri was preposterously so called (1607-1701). Also Delphine Gray, afterwards Mde. Emile de Girardin. Her _nom de plume_ was “viconte de Launay.” Béranger sang of “the beauty of her shoulders,” and Châteaubriand, of “the charms of her smile” (1804-1855). =Muse-Mother=, Mnemos´ynê, goddess of memory, and mother of the Muses. Memory, That sweet Muse-mother. E. B. Browning, _Prometheus Bound_ (1850). =Muses= (_Symbols of the_). CAL´LIOPE [_Kăl´.ly.ŏ.py_], the epic Muse: a tablet and stylus, sometimes a scroll. CLIO, Muse of history: a scroll or open chest of books. ER´ATO, Muse of love ditties: a lyre. EUTER´PÊ, Muse of lyric poetry: a flute. MELPOM´ENÊ, Muse of tragedy: a tragic mask, the club of Hercules, or a sword. She wears the cothurnus, and her head is wreathed with vine leaves. POL´YHYM´NIA, Muse of sacred poetry: sits pensive, but has no attribute, because deity is not to be represented by any visible symbol. TERPSIC´HORÊ [_Terp.sick´.o.ry_], Muse of choral song and dance: a lyre and the plectrum. THALI´A, Muse of comedy and idyllic poetry: a comic mask, a shepherd’s staff, or a wreath of ivy. URAN´IA, Muse of astronomy: carries a staff pointing to a globe. =Museum= (_A Walking_), Longīnus, author of a work on _The Sublime_ (213-273). =Musgrave= (_Sir Richard_), the English champion who fought with Sir William Deloraine, the Scotch champion, to decide by combat whether young Scott, the heir of Branksome Hall, should become the page of King Edward, or be delivered up to his mother. In the combat, Sir Richard was slain, and the boy was delivered over to his mother.--Sir W. Scott, _Lay of the Last Minstrel_ (1805). _Musgrave_ (_Sir Miles_), an officer in the king’s service under the earl of Montrose.--Sir W. Scott, _Legend of Montrose_ (time, Charles I.). =Music.= Amphion is said to have built the walls of Thebes by the music of his lyre. Ilium and the capital of Arthur’s kingdom were also built to divine music. The city of Jericho was destroyed by music (_Joshua_ vi. 20). They were building still, seeing the city was built To music. Tennyson. _Music and Men of Genius._ Hume, Dr. Johnson, Sir W. Scott, Robert Peel and Lord Byron had no ear for music, and neither vocal nor instrumental music gave them the slightest pleasure. To the poet Rogers it gave actual discomfort. Even the harmonious Pope preferred the harsh dissonance of a street organ to Handel’s oratorios. _Music_ (_Father of_), Giovanni Battista Pietro Aloisio da Palestri´na (1529-1594). _Music_ (_Father of Greek_), Terpander (fl. B.C. 676). =Music’s First Martyr.= Menaphon says that when he was in Thessaly he saw a youth challenge the birds in music; and a nightingale took up the challenge. For a time the contest was uncertain; but then the youth, “in a rapture,” played so cunningly that the bird, despairing, “down dropped upon his lute, and brake her heart.” ⁂ This beautiful tale, by Strada (in Latin) has been translated in rhyme by R. Crashaw. Versions have been given by Ambrose Philips, and others; but none can compare with the exquisite relation of John Ford, in his drama entitled _The Lover’s Melancholy_ (1628). =Musical Small-Coal Man=, Thos. Britton, who used to sell small coals and keep a musical club (1654-1714). =Musicians= (_Prince of_), Giovanni Battista Pietro Aloisio da Palestri´na (1529-1594). =Musidora=, the _dame du cœur_ of Damon. Damon thought her coyness was scorn; but one day he caught her bathing, and his delicacy on the occasion so enchanted her that she at once accepted his proffered love.--Thomson, _Seasons_ (“Summer,” 1727). =Musido´rus=, a hero, whose exploits are told by Sir Philip Sidney, in his _Arcadia_ (1581). =Musketeer=, a soldier armed with a musket, but specially applied to a company of gentlemen who were a mounted guard in the service of the king of France from 1661. They formed two companies, the _grey_ and the _black_; so called from the color of their hair. Both were clad in scarlet, and hence their quarters were called the _Maison rouge_. In peace they followed the king in the chase, to protect him; in war they fought either on foot or horseback. They were suppressed in 1791; restored in 1814, but only for a few months; and after the restoration of Louis XVIII. we hear no more of them. Many Scotch gentlemen enrolled themselves among these dandy soldiers, who went to war with curled hair, white gloves, and perfumed like milliners. ⁂ A. Dumas has a novel called _The Three Musketeers_ (1844), the first of a series; the second is _Twenty Years Afterwards_; and the third, _Viconte de Bragelonne_. =Muslin=, the talkative, impertinent, intriguing _suivante_ of Mrs. Lovemore. Mistress Muslin is sweet upon William, the footman, and loves cards.--A. Murphy, _The Way to Keep Him_ (1760). =Mus´tafa=, a poor tailor of China, father of Aladdin, killed by illness brought on by the idle vagabondism of his son.--_Arabian Nights_ (“Aladdin and the Wonderful Lamp”). =Mutton=, a courtezan, sometimes called a “laced mutton.” “Mutton Lane,” in Clerkenwell, was so called because it was a suburra or quarter for harlots. The courtezan was called a “Mutton” even in the reign of Henry III., for Bracton speaks of them as _oves_.--_De Legibus_, etc., ii. (1569). =Mutton-Eating King= (_The_), Charles II. of England (1630, 1659-1685). Here lies our mutton-eating king, Whose word no man relies on; He never _said_ a foolish thing, And never _did_ a wise on’. Earl of Rochester. =Mutual Friend= (_Our_), a novel by Charles Dickens (1864). The “mutual friend” is Mr. Boffin, “the golden dustman,” who was the mutual friend of John Harmon and of Bella Wilfer. The tale is this: John Harmon was supposed to have been murdered by Julius Handford; but it was Ratford, who was murdered by Rogue Riderhood, and the mistake arose from a resemblance between the two persons. By his father’s will, John Harmon was to marry Bella Wilfer; but John Harmon knew not the person destined by his father for his wife, and made up his mind to dislike her. After his supposed murder, he assumed the name of John Rokesmith, and became the secretary of Mr. Boffin, “the golden dustman,” residuary legatee of old John Harmon, by which he became possessor of £100,000. Boffin knew Rokesmith, but concealed his knowledge for a time. At Boffin’s house, John Harmon (as Rokesmith) met Bella Wilfer, and fell in love with her. Mr. Boffin, in order to test Bella’s love, pretended to be angry with Rokesmith for presuming to love Bella; and, as Bella married him, he cast them both off “for a time,” to live on John’s earnings. A baby was born, and then the husband took the young mother to a beautiful house, and told her he was John Harmon, that the house was their house, that he was the possessor of £100,000 through the disinterested conduct of their “mutual friend,” Mr. Boffin; and the young couple lived happily with Mr. and Mrs. Boffin, in wealth and luxury. =Mutusa-ili=, Babylonian sage and unsuspected Jew, high in repute for wisdom and prophetic powers.--Elizabeth Stuart Phelps and Herbert D. Ward, _The Master of the Magicians_ (1890). =My Book= (_Dr._). Dr. John Aberne´thy (1765-1830) was so called because he used to say to his patients, “Read my book” (_On Surgical Observations_). =My Little All.= I was twice burnt out, and lost my little all both times.--Sheridan, _The Critic_, i. 1 (1779). =Myrebeau= (_Le sieure de_), one of the committee of the states of Burgundy.--Sir W. Scott, _Anne of Geierstein_ (time, Edward IV.). =Myro=, a statuary of Eleu´thĕræ, who carved a cow so true to nature that even bulls mistook it for a living animal. (See HORSE PAINTED.) E’en Myro’s statues, which for art surpass All others, once were but a shapeless mass. Ovid, _Art of Love_, iii. =Myrra=, an Ionian slave, and the beloved concubine of Sardanapa´lus, the Assyrian king. She roused him from his indolence to resist Arba´cês, the Mede, who aspired to his throne, and when she found his cause hopeless, induced him to mount a funeral pile, which she fired with her own hand, and then, springing into the flames, she perished with the tyrant.--Byron, _Sardanapalus_ (1819). =Myrtle= (_Mrs. Lerviah_), sentimental Christian, who finds Magdalens and poor, ill-clad, homeless girls “so depressing,” but begs Nixy Trent, the only one who ever entered her house, “to consider that there is hope for us all in the way of salvation which our Lord has marked out for sinners.” After which crumb of ghostly consolation she proceeds to turn Nixy out of the house.--Elizabeth Stuart Phelps, _Hedged In_ (1870). =Mysie=, the female attendant of Lady Margaret Bellenden, of the Tower of Tillietudlem.--Sir W. Scott, _Old Mortality_ (time, Charles II.). _Mysie_, the old housekeeper at Wolf’s Crag Tower.--Sir W. Scott, _Bride of Lammermoor_ (time, William III.). =Mysis=, the scolding wife of Sile´no, and mother of Daph´nê and Nysa. It is to Mysis that Apollo sings that popular song, “Pray, Goody, please to moderate the rancour of your tongue” (act i. 3).--Kane O’Hara, _Midas_ (1764). =Mysterious Husband= (_The_), a tragedy by Cumberland (1783). Lord Davenant was a bigamist. His first wife was Marianne Dormer, whom he forsook in three months to marry Louisa Travers. Marianne, supposing her husband to be dead, married Lord Davenant’s son. Miss Dormer’s brother was the betrothed of the second Lady Davenant before her marriage with his lordship. She was told that he had proved faithless and had married another. The report of Lord Davenant’s death and the marriage of Captain Dormer were both false. When the villainy of Lord Davenant could be concealed no longer, he destroyed himself. =Nat=, the fairy that addressed Orpheus, in the infernal regions, and offered him for food a roasted ant, a flea’s thigh, butterflies’ brains, some sucking mites, a rainbow tart etc., to be washed down with dew-drops and beer made from seven barleycorns--a very heady liquor.--King, _Orpheus and Eurydice_ (1730-1805). =Nab-man= (_The_), a sheriff’s officer. Old Dornton has sent the nab-man after him at last.--_Guy Mannering_, ii. 3. ⁂ This is the dramatized version of Sir W. Scott’s novel, by Terry (1816). =Nacien=, the holy hermit who introduced Galahad to the “Siege Perilous,” the only vacant seat in the Round Table. This seat was reserved for the knight who was destined to achieve the quest of the Holy Graal. Nacien told the king and his knights that no one but a virgin knight could achieve that quest.--Sir T. Malory, _History of Prince Arthur_, iii. (1470). =Nadab=, in Dryden’s satire of _Absalom and Achitophel_, is meant for Lord Howard, a profligate, who laid claim to great piety. As Nadab offered incense with strange fire and was slain, so Lord Howard, it is said, mixed the consecrated wafer with some roast apples and sugar.--Pt. i. (1681). =Nadgett=, a man employed by Montague Tigg (manager of the “Anglo-Bengalee Company”) to make private inquiries. He was a dried-up, shrivelled old man. Where he lived and how he lived, nobody knew; but he was always to be seen waiting for some one who never appeared; and he would glide along apparently taking no notice of any one.--C. Dickens, _Martin Chuzzlewit_ (1844). =Nag’s Head Consecration=, a scandal perpetuated by Pennant, on the dogma of “apostolic succession.” The “high-church clergy” assert that the ceremony called holy orders has been transmitted without interruption from the apostles. Thus, the apostles laid hands on certain persons, who (say they) became ministers of the gospel; these persons “ordained” others in the same manner; and the succession has never been broken. Pennant says, at the Reformation the bishops came to a fix. There was only one bishop, viz., Anthony Kitchen, of Llandaff, and Bonner would not allow him to perform the ceremony. In this predicament, the fourteen candidates for episcopal ordination rummaged up Story, a deposed bishop, and got him to “lay hands” on Parker, as archbishop of Canterbury. As it would have been profanation for Story to do this in a cathedral or church, the ceremony was performed in a tavern called the Nag’s Head, corner of Friday Street, Cheapside. Strype refutes this scandalous tale in his _Life of Archbishop Parker_, and so does Dr. Hook; but it will never be stamped out. =Naggleton= (_Mr._ and _Mrs._), types of a nagging husband and wife. They are for ever jangling at trifles and willful misunderstandings.--_Punch_ (1864-5). =Naked Bear= (_The_). _Hush! the naked bear will hear you!_ a threat and reproof to unruly children in North America. The naked bear, says the legend, was larger and more ferocious than any of the species. It was quite naked, save and except one spot on its back, where was a tuft of white hair.--Heckewelder, _Transactions of the American Phil. Soc._, iv. 260. Thus the wrinkled old Nokomis Nursed the little Hiawatha, Rocked him in his linden cradle, Stilled his fretful wail by saying “Hush! the naked bear will get thee!” Longfellow, _Hiawatha_, iii. (1855). =Nakir´=, =Nekir=, or =Nakeer=. (See MONKER AND NAKIR.) =Nala=, a legendary king of India, noted for his love of Damayanti, and his subsequent misfortunes. This legendary king has been the subject of numerous poems. ⁂ Dean Milman has translated into English the episode from the _Mahâbhârata_, and W. Yates has translated the Nalodaya of the great Sanskrit poem. =Nama=, a daughter of man, beloved by the angel Zaraph. Her wish was to love intensely and to love holily, but as she fixed her love on a seraph, and not on God, she was doomed to abide on earth, “unchanged in heart and frame,” so long as the earth endureth; but at the great consummation both Nama and her seraph will be received into those courts of love, where “love never dieth.”--Moore, _Loves of the Angels_, ii. (1822). =Namby= (_Major_), a retired officer, living in the suburbs of London. He had been twice married; his first wife had four children, and his second wife three. Major Namby, though he lived in a row, always transacted his domestic affairs by bawling out his orders from the front garden, to the annoyance of his neighbors. He used to stalk half-way down the garden path, with his head high in the air, his chest stuck out, and flourishing his military cane. Suddenly he would stop, stamp with one foot, knock up the hinder brim of his hat, begin to scratch the nape of his neck, wait a moment, then wheel round, look at the first-floor window, and roar out, “Matilda!” (the name of his wife) “don’t do so-and-so;” or “Matilda! do so-and-so.” Then he would bellow to the servants to buy this, or not to let the children eat that, and so on.--Wilkie Collins, _Pray Employ Major Namby_ (a sketch). =Names of Terror.= The following amongst others, have been employed as bogie-names to frighten children with:-- ATTILA was a bogie-name to the Romans. BO or BOH, son of Odin, was a fierce Gothic captain. His name was used by his soldiers when they would fight or surprise the enemy.--Sir William Temple. ⁂ Warton tells us that the Dutch scared their children with the name of Boh. BONAPARTE, at the close of the eighteenth and beginning of the nineteenth centuries, was a name of terror in Europe. CORVI´NUS (_Mathias_), the Hungarian, was a scare-name to the Turks. LILIS or LILITH was a bogie-name used by the ancient Jews to unruly children. The rabbinical writers tell us that Lilith was Adam’s wife before the creation of Eve. She refused to submit to him, and became a horrible night-spectre, especially hostile to young children. LUNSFORD, a name employed to frighten children in England. Sir Thomas Lunsford, governor of the Tower, was a man of most vindictive temper, and the dread of everyone. Made children with your tones to run for’t, As bad as Bloody-bones or Lunsford. S. Butler, _Hudibras_, iii. 2, line 1112, (1678). NARSES (2 _syl._) was the name used by Assyrian mothers to scare their children with. The name of Narses was the formidable sound with which the Assyrian mothers were accustomed to terrify their infants.--Gibbon, _Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire_, viii. 219 (1776-88). RAWHEAD and BLOODY-BONES were at one time bogie-names to children. Servants awe children and keep them in subjection by telling them of Rawhead and Bloody-bones.--Locke. RICHARD I., “Cœur de Lion.” This name, says Camden (_Remains_), was employed by the Saracens as a “name of dread and terror.” His tremendous name was employed by the Syrian mothers to silence their infants; and if a horse suddenly started from the way, his rider was wont to exclaim, “Dost thou think King Richard is in the bush?”--Gibbon, _Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire_, xi. 146 (1776-88). SEBASTIAN (_Don_), a name of terror once used by the Moors. Nor shall Sebastian’s formidable name Be longer used to still the crying babe. Dryden, _Don Sebastian_ (1690). TALBOT (_John_), a name used in France _in terrorem_ to unruly children. They in France to feare their young children crye, “The Talbot commeth!”--Hall, _Chronicles_ (1545). Here (said they) is the terror of the French, The scarecrow that affrights our children so. Shakespeare, 1 _Henry VI._ act.[TN-27] i. sc. 4 (1589). Is this the Talbot so much feared abroad, That with his name the mothers still their babes? Shakespeare, 1 _Henry VI._ act iv. sc. 5 (1589). TAMERLANE, a name used by the Persians _in terrorem_. TARQUIN, a name of terror in Roman nurseries. The nurse to still her child, will tell my story, And fright her crying babe with Tarquin’s name. Shakespeare, _Rape of Lucrece_ (1594). (See also NAKED BEAR.) =Namo=, duke of Bavaria, and one of Charlemagne’s twelve paladins.--Ariosto, _Orlando Furioso_ (1516). =Namou´na=, an enchantress. Though first of created beings, she is still as young and beautiful as ever.--_Persian Mythology._ =Namous=, the envoy of Mahomet in paradise. =Nancy=, eldest daughter of an English country family, in straitened circumstances. Nancy is a romp and untamed, but sound-hearted, and loves her brothers and sister tenderly. To advance their interests she marries Sir Roger Tempest, who is much her senior. In time, and after many misunderstandings, she learns to love him, and “they live happily together ever after.”--Rhoda Broughton, _Nancy_. _Nancy_, servant to Mrs. Pattypan. A pretty little flirt, who coquets with Tim Tartlet and young Whimsey, and helps Charlotte Whimsey in her “love affairs.”--James Cobb, _The First Floor_ (1756-1818). _Nancy_, a poor misguided girl, who really loves the villain Bill Sykes (1 _syl._). In spite of her surroundings, she has still some good feelings, and tries to prevent a burglary planned by Fagin and his associates. Bill Sykes, in a fit of passion, strikes her twice upon the face with the butt-end of a pistol, and she falls dead at his feet.--C. Dickens, _Oliver Twist_ (1837). _Nancy_, the sailor’s fancy. At half-past four he parted from her; at eight next morn he bade her adieu. Next day a storm arose, and when it lulled the enemy appeared; but when the fight was hottest, the jolly tar “put up a prayer for Nancy.” Dibdin, _Sea Songs_ (“’Twas post meridian half-past four,” 1790). _Nancy_ (_Miss_), Mrs. Anna Oldfield, a celebrated actress, buried in Westminster Abbey. She died in 1730, and lay in state, attended by two noblemen. Mrs. Oldfield was buried in a “very fine Brussels lace head-dress, a new pair of kid gloves, and a robe with lace ruffles and a lace collar.” (See NARCISSA.) =Nancy Dawson=, a famous actress, who took London by storm. Her father was a poster in Clare Market (1728-1767). Her easy mien, her shape so neat, She foots, she trips, she looks so sweet; I die for Nancy Dawson. =Nancy of the Vale=, a village maiden, who preferred Strephon to the gay lordlings who sought her hand in marriage.--Shenstone, _A Ballad_ (1554). =Nannic=, deformed brother of Guenn, and her darling. He is versed in all manner of auguries and much feared and consulted by the peasants on this account.--Blanche Willis Howard, _Guenn_. =Nannie=, Miss Fleming, daughter of a farmer in the parish of Tarbolton, in Ayrshire. Immortalized by R. Burns. _Nannie (Little)._ “This world, whose brightest day Seems to us so dreary, Nannie found all bright and gay, Love-alight and cheery, Stayed a little while to play And went home unweary.” Elizabeth Akers Allen, _Poems_ (1866). =Nan´tolet=, father of Rosalura and Lillia-Bianca.--Beaumont and Fletcher, _The Wild-Goose Chase_ (1652). =Napoleon I.=, called by the Germans “Kaiser Kläs” (_q.v._). “M” is curiously coupled with the history of Napoleon I. and III. (See M.) The following is a curious play on the word Napoleon. Napoleôn apoleôn poleôn oleôn leôn eôn ôn _Napoleon_ _Apollyon_ _cities_ _destroying_ _a lion_ _going_} _being._ _about_} That is: Napoleon Apollyon is [_being_] a lion going about destroying cities. _Chauvinism_, Napoleon idolatry. Chauvvin[TN-28] is a blind idolater of Napoleon I., in Scribe’s drama entitled _Soldat Laboureur_. =Napoleon III.= _His nicknames._ ARENENBERG (_Comte d’_). So he called himself after his escape from the fortress of Ham. BADINGUET, the name of the man he shot in his Boulogne escapade. BOUSTRAPA, a compound of Bou[logne], Stra[sbourg] and Pa[ris], the places of his noted escapades. GROSBEC. So called from the rather unusual size of his nose. MAN OF DECEMBER. So called because December was his month of glory. Thus, he was elected president December 11, 1848; made his _coup d’état_ December 2, 1851; and was created emperor December 2, 1852. MAN OF SEDAN. So called because at Sedan he surrendered his sword to the king of Prussia (September, 1870). RATIPOLE, same as the west of England RANTIPOLE, a harum-scarum, half idiot, half madcap. THE LITTLE. Victor Hugo gave him this title; but the hatred of Hugo to Napoleon was monomania. VERHUEL, the name of his supposed father. _Number 2._ The second of the month was Louis Napoleon’s day. It was also one of the days of his uncle, the other being the fifteenth. The _coup d’état_ was December 2; he was made emperor December 2, 1852; the Franco-Prussian war opened at Saarbrück, August 2, 1870; he surrendered his sword to William of Prussia, September 2, 1870. Napoleon I. was crowned December 2, 1804; and the victory of Austerlitz was December 2, 1805. _Numerical Curiosities._ 1. 1869, the last year of Napoleon’s glory; the next year was that of his downfall. As a matter of curiosity, it may be observed that if the day of his birth, or the day of the empress’s birth, or the date of the capitulation of Paris, be added to that of the coronation of Napoleon III., the result always points to 1869. Thus, he was crowned 1852; he was born 1808; the Empress Eugénie was born 1826: the capitulation of Paris was 1871. Whence: 1852 1852 1852 coronation 1 } 1 } 1 } 8 } birth of 8 } birth of 8 } capitulation 0 } Napoleon. 2 } Eugénie. 7 } of 8 } 6 } 1 } Paris. ____ ____ ____ 1869 1869 1869 2. 1870, the year of his downfall. By adding the numerical values of the birth date either of Napoleon or Eugénie to the date of the marriage, we get their fatal year of 1870. Thus, Napoleon was born 1808; Eugénie, 1826; married, 1853. 1853 1853 year of marriage. 1 } 1 } 8 } birth of 8 } birth of Eugénie. 0 } Napoleon. 2 } 8 } 6 } ____ ____ 1870 1870 2. _Empereur._ The votes for the president to be emperor were 7,119,791; those against him were 1,119,000. If now the numbers 711979r/[1][1][1][6] be written on a piece of paper, and held up to the light, the reverse side will show the word _empereur_. (The dash is the dividing mark, and forms the long stroke of the “p.”) =Napoleon and Talleyrand.= Napoleon I. one day entered a roadside inn, and called for breakfast. There was nothing in the house but eggs and cider (which Napoleon detested). “What shall we do?” said the emperor to Talleyrand. In answer to this, the _grand chambellan_ improvised the rhymes following:-- Le bon roi Dagobert Aimait le bon vin au dessert. Le grand St. Eloi Lui dit, “O mon roi, Le droit réuni L’a bien renchéri.” “Eh bien!” lui dit le roi ... But he could get no further. Whereupon Napoleon himself instantly capped the line thus: “Je boirai du cidre avec toi.” Chapus, _Dieppe, etc._ (1853). Our royal master, Dagobert, Good wine loved at his dessert. But St. Eloi Once said, “Mon roi, We here prepare No dainty fare.” “Well,” cried the king, “so let it be, Cider to-day we’ll drink with thee.” =Napoleon of the Drama.= Alfred Bunn, lessee of Drury Lane Theatre (1819-1826) was so called; and so was Robert William Elliston, his predecessor (1774-1826, died 1831). =Napoleon of Mexico=, the emperor Augusto Iturbidê (1784-1824). =Napoleon of Oratory=, W. E. Gladstone (1809- ). =Napoleon of Peace=, Louis Philippe of France (1773, reigned 1830-1848, died 1850). =Narcissa=, meant for Elizabeth Lee, the step-daughter of Dr. Young. In Night ii. the poet says she was clandestinely buried at Montpelier, because she was a Protestant.--Dr. Young, _Night Thoughts_ (1742-6). _Narcissa_, Mrs. Oldfield, the actress, who insisted on being rouged and dressed in Brussels lace when she was “laid out.” (See NANCY.) “Odious! In woolen? ’Twould a saint provoke!” Were the last words that poor Narcissa spoke. “No, let a charming chintz and Brussels lace Wrap my cold limbs and shade my lifeless face; One would not, sure, be frightful when one’s dead! And, Betty, give this cheek a little red.” Pope, _Moral Essays_, i. (1731). =Narcisse=, an airy young Creole. He has boundless faith in himself, and a Micawberish confidence in the future. He would like to be called “Papillon,” the butterfly; “’Cause thass my natu’e! I gatheth honey eve’y day fum eve’y opening floweh, as the bahd of Avon wemawked.”--George W. Cable, _Dr. Sevier_ (1883). =Narcissus=, a flower. According to Grecian fable, Narcissus fell in love with his own reflection in a fountain, and, having pined away because he could not kiss it, was changed into the flower which bears his name.--Ovid, _Metamorphoses_, iii. 346, etc. Echo was in love with Narcissus, and died of grief because he would not return her love. Narcissus fair, As o’er the fabled fountain hanging still. Thomson, _Seasons_ (“Spring,” 1728). ⁂ Glück, in 1779, produced an opera called _Echo et Narcisse_. =Narren-Schiff= (“_The ship of fools_”), a satirical poem, in German, by Brandt (1491), lashing the follies and vices of the period. Brandt makes knowledge of one’s self the beginning of wisdom; maintains the equality of man; and speaks of life as a brief passage only. The book at one time enjoyed unbounded popularity. =Narses= (2 _syl._), a Roman general against the Goths; the terror of children. The name of Narses was the formidable sound with which the Assyrian mothers were accustomed to terrify their infants.--Gibbon, _Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire_, viii. 219 (1776-88). _Narses_, a domestic slave of Alexius Comnēnus, emperor of Greece.--Sir W. Scott, _Count Robert of Paris_ (time, Rufus). =Naso=, Ovid, the Roman poet, whose full name was Publius Ovidius Naso. (_Naso_ means “nose.”) Hence the pun of Holofernes: And why Naso, but for smelling out the odoriferous flowers of fancy?--Shakespeare, _Love’s Labor’s Lost_, act iv. sc. 2 (1594). =Nathan the Wise=, a prudent and wealthy old Jew who lives near Jerusalem in the time of Saladin. The play is a species of argument for religious toleration.--G. E. Lessing, _Nathan der Weise_ (1778). =Nathaniel= (_Sir_), the grotesque curate of Holofernês.--Shakespeare, _Love’s Labor’s Lost_ (1594). =Nathos=, one of the three sons of Usnoth, lord of Etha (in Argyllshire), made commander of the Irish army at the death of Cuthullin. For a time he propped up the fortune of the youthful Cormac, but the rebel Cairbar increased in strength and found means to murder the young king. The army under Nathos then deserted to the usurper, and Nathos, with his two brothers, was obliged to quit Ireland. Dar´-Thula, the daughter of Colla, went with them to avoid Cairbar, who persisted in offering her his love. The wind drove the vessel back to Ulster, where Cairbar lay encamped, and the three young men, being overpowered, were slain. As for Dar-Thula, she was pierced with an arrow, and died also.--Ossian, _Dar-Thula_. =Nation of Gentlemen.= The Scotch were so called by George IV., when he visited Scotland in 1822. =Nation of Shopkeepers.= The English were so called by Napoleon I. =National Assembly.= (1) The French deputies which met in the year 1789. The states-general was convened, but the clergy and nobles refused to sit in the same chamber with the commons, so the commons or deputies of the _tiers état_ withdrew, constituted themselves into a deliberative body, and assumed the name of the _Assemblée Nationale_. (2) The democratic French parliament of 1848, consisting of 900 members elected by manhood suffrage, was so called also. =National Convention=, the French parliament of 1792. It consisted of 721 members, but was reduced, first to 500, then to 300. It succeeded the National Assembly. =Natty Bumpo=, called “Leather-stocking.” He appears in five of F. Cooper’s novels: (1) _The Deerslayer_; (2) _The Pathfinder_; (3) “Hawkeye” in _The Last of the Mohicans_; (4) “Natty Bumpo,” in _The Pioneer_; and (5) “The Trapper,” in _The Prairie_, in which he dies. =Nausic´aa= (4 _syl._), daughter of Alcinous, king of the Phœa´cians, who conducted Ulysses to the court of her father when he was shipwrecked on the coast. =Navigation= (_The Father of_), Don Henrique, duke of Viseo, the greatest man that Portugal has produced (1394-1460). _Navigation_ (_The Father of British Inland_), Francis Egerton, duke of Bridgewater (1736-1803). =Neæra=, a name used by Horace, Virgil, Tibullus, and Milton as a synonym of sweetheart. To sport with Amaryllis in the shade, Or with the tangles of Neæra’s hair. Milton, _Lycidas_ (1638). =Neal´liny= (4 _syl._), a suttee, the young widow of Ar´valan, son of Keha´ma.--Southey, _Curse of Kehama_, i. 11 (1809). =Nebuchadnezzar= [_Ne-boch-ad-ne-Tzar_], in Russian, means “there is no God but the Czar.”--M. D., _Notes and Queries_ (21st July, 1877). =Neck.= Calig´ula, the Roman emperor used to say, “Oh that the Roman people had but one neck, that I might cut it off at a blow!” I love the sex, and sometimes would reverse The tyrant’s wish, that, “mankind only had One neck, which he with one fell stroke might pierce.” Byron, _Don Juan_, vi. 27 (1824). =Neck or Nothing=, a farce by Garrick (1766). Mr. Stockwell promises to give his daughter in marriage to the son of Sir Harry Harlowe, of Dorsetshire, with a _dot_ of £10,000; but it so happens that the young man is privately married. The two servants of Mr. Belford and Sir Harry Harlowe try to get possession of the money, by passing off Martin (Belford’s servant) as Sir Harry’s son; but it so happens that Belford is in love with Miss Stockwell, and hearing of the plot through Jenny, the young lady’s-maid, arrests the two servants as vagabonds. Old Stockwell gladly consents to his marriage with Nancy, and thinks himself well out of the terrible scrape. =Nectaba´nus=, the dwarf at the cell of the hermit of Engaddi. Sir W. Scott, _The Talisman_ (time, Richard I.). =Nectar=, the beverage of the gods. It was white as cream, for when Hebê spilt some of it, the white arch of heaven, called the Milky Way, was made. The food of the gods was _ambrosia_. =Ned= (_Lying_), “the chimney-sweeper of Savoy,” that is, the duke of Savoy, who joined the allied army against France in the war of the Spanish Succession.--Dr. Arbuthnot, _History of John Bull_ (1712). =Negro´ni=, a princess, the friend of Lucrezia di Borgia. She invited the notables who had insulted the Borgia to a banquet, and killed them with poisoned wine.--Donizetti, _Lucrezia di Borgia_ (an opera, 1834). =Ne´gus=, sovereign of Abyssinia. Erco´co, or Erquico, on the Red Sea, marks the north-east boundary of this empire. The empire of Negus to his utmost port, Ercoco. Milton, _Paradise Lost_, xi. 397 (1665). =Nehemiah Holdenough=, a Presbyterian preacher.--Sir W. Scott, _Woodstock_ (time, commonwealth). =Neilson= (_Mr. Christopher_), a surgeon at Glasgow.--Sir W. Scott, _Rob Roy_ (time, George I.). =Neim´heid= (2 _syl._) employed four architects to build him a palace in Ireland; and, that they might not build another like it or superior to it for some other monarch, had them all secretly murdered.--O’Halloran, _History of Ireland_. ⁂ A similar story is told of Nômanal-Aôuar, king of Hirah, who employed Senna´mar to build him a palace. When finished, he cast the architect headlong from the highest tower, to prevent his building another to rival it.--D’Herbelot, _Bibliothèque Oriental_[TN-29] (1697). =Nekayah=, sister of Rasselas, prince of Abyssinia. She escapes with her brother from the “happy valley,” and wanders about with him to find what condition or rank of life is the most happy. After roaming for a time, and finding no condition of life free from its drawbacks, the brother and sister resolved to return to the “happy valley.”--Dr. Johnson, _Rasselas_ (1759). =Nell=, the meek and obedient wife of Jobson; taught by the strap to know who was lord and master. Lady Loverule was the imperious, headstrong bride of Sir John Loverule. The two women by a magical hocus-pocus, were changed for a time, without any of the four knowing it. Lady Loverule was placed with Jobson, who soon brought down her turbulent temper with the strap, and when she was reduced to submission, the two women were restored again to their respective husbands.--C. Coffey, _The Devil to Pay_ (1731). _Nell_ (_Little_), or NELLY TRENT, a sweet, innocent, loving child of 14 summers, brought up by her old miserly grandfather, who gambled away all his money. Her days were monotonous and without youthful companionship, her evenings gloomy and solitary; there were no child-sympathies in her dreary home, but dejection, despondence akin to madness, watchfulness, suspicion, and imbecility. The grandfather being wholly ruined by gaming, the two went forth as beggars, and ultimately settled down in a cottage adjoining a country churchyard. Here Nell died, and the old grandfather soon afterwards was found dead upon her grave.--C. Dickens, _The Old Curiosity Shop_ (1840). =Nelly=, the servant-girl of Mrs. Dinmont.--Sir W. Scott, _Guy Mannering_ (time, George II.). =Nelson’s Ship=, the _Victory_. Now from the fleet of the foemen past Ahead of the _Victory_, A four-decked ship, with a flagless mast, An Anak of the sea. His gaze on the ship Lord Nelson cast: “Oh, oh! my old friend!” quoth he. “Since again we have met, we must all be glad To pay our respects to the _Trinidad_.” So, full on the bow of the giant foe, Our gallant _Victory_ runs; Thro’ the dark’ning smoke the thunder broke O’er her deck from a hundred guns. Lord Lytton, _Ode_, iii. 9 (1839). =Nem´ean Lion=, a lion of Argŏlis, slain by Herculês. In this word Shakespeare has preserved the correct accent: “As hardy as the Nem´ean lion’s nerve” (_Hamlet_, act i. sc. 5); but Spenser incorrectly throws the accent on the second syllable, which is _e_ short: “Into the great Neme´an’s lion’s grove” (_Faëry Queen_, v. 1). Ere Nemĕa’s beast resigned his shaggy spoils. Statius, _The Thebaid_, i. =Nem´esis=, the Greek personification of retribution, or that punishment for sin which sooner or later overtakes the offender. ... and some great Nemesis Break from a darkened future. Tennyson, _The Princess_, (1847). =Ne´mo=, the name by which Captain Hawdon was known at Krook’s. He had once won the love of the future Lady Dedlock, by whom he had a child called Esther Summerson; but he was compelled to copy law-writings for daily bread, and died a miserable death from an overdose of opium.--C. Dickens, _Bleak House_ (1852). =Nepen´the= (3 _syl._) or NEPENTHES, a care-dispelling drug, which Polydamna, wife of Tho´nis, king of Egypt, gave to Helen (daughter of Jove and Leda). A drink containing this drug “changed grief to mirth, melancholy to joyfulness, and hatred to love.” The water of Ardenne had the opposite effects. Homer mentions the drug nepenthê in his _Odyssey_, iv. 228. That nepenthês which the wife of Thone, In Egypt gave to Jove-born Helena. Milton, _Comus_, (1634). Nepenthê is a drink of sovereign grace. Devisèd by the gods for to assuage Heart’s grief, and bitter gall away to chase Which stirs up anger and contentious rage; Instead thereof sweet peace and quietage It doth establish in the troubled mind ... And such as drink, eternal happiness do find. Spencer, _Faëry Queen_, iv. 2 (1596). =Nep´omuk= or =Nep´omuck= (_St. John_), canon of Prague. He was thrown from a bridge in 1381, and drowned by order of King Wenceslaus, because he refused to betray the secrets confided to him by the queen in the holy rite of confession. The spot whence he was cast into the Moldau is still marked by a cross with five stars on the parapet, indicative of the miraculous flames seen flickering over the dead body for three days. Nepomuk was canonized in 1729, and became the patron saint of bridges. His statue in stone usually occupies such a position on bridges as it does in Prague. Like St. John Nep´omuck in stone, Looking down into the stream. Longfellow, _The Golden Legend_ (1851). ⁂ The word is often accented on the second syllable. =Neptune= (_Old Father_), the ocean or sea-god. =Nerestan=, son of Gui Lusignan D’Outremer, king of Jerusalem, and brother of Zara. Nerestan was sent on his parole to France, to obtain ransom for certain Christians, who had fallen into the hands of the Saracens. When Osman, the sultan, was informed of his relationship to Zara, he ordered all Christian captives to be at once liberated “without money and without price.”--A. Hill, _Zara_ (adapted from Voltaire’s tragedy). =Nereus= (2 _syl._), father of the water-nymphs. A very old prophetic god of great kindliness. The scalp, chin and breast of Nereus were covered with seaweed instead of hair. By hoary Nêreus’ wrinkled look. Milton, _Comus_, (1634). =Neri´nê=, =Doto=, and =Nysê=, the three nereids who guarded the fleet of Vasco da Gama. When the treacherous pilot had run Vasco’s ship upon a sunken rock, these three sea-nymphs lifted up the prow and turned it round. The lovely Nysê and Nerinê spring With all the vehemence and speed of wing. Camoens, _Lusiad_, ii. (1569). =Nerissa=, the clever confidential waiting-woman of _Portia_, the Venetian heiress. Nerissa is the counterfeit of her mistress, with a fair share of the lady’s elegance and wit. She marries _Gratiano_, a friend of the merchant _Antonio_.--Shakespeare, _The Merchant of Venice_ (1698).[TN-30] =Nero of the North=, Christian II. of Denmark (1480, reigned 1534-1558, died 1559). =Nesle= (_Blondel de_), the favorite minstrel of Richard Cœur de Lion [Nesle = _Neel_].--Sir W. Scott, _The Talisman_ (time, Richard I.). =Nessus’s Shirt.= Nessos (in Latin _Nessus_), the centaur, carried the wife of Herculês over a river, and, attempting to run away with her, was shot by Herculês. As the centaur was dying, he told Deïani´ra (5 _syl._), that if she steeped in his blood her husband’s shirt, she would secure his love forever. This she did, but when Herculês put the shirt on, his body suffered such agony, that he rushed to Mount Œta, collected together a pile of wood, set it on fire, and rushing into the midst of the flames, was burnt to death. When Creūsa (3 _syl._), the daughter of King Creon, was about to be married to Jason, Medēa sent her a splendid wedding robe; but when Creusa put it on, she was burnt to death by it in excruciating pain. Morgan le Fay, hoping to kill King Arthur, sent him a superb royal robe. Arthur told the messenger to try it on, that he might see its effect; but no sooner had the messenger done so, than he dropped down dead, “burnt to mere coal.”--Sir T. Malory, _History of Prince Arthur_, i. 75 (1470). =Nestor= (_A_), a wise old man. Nestor of Pylos,[TN-31] was the oldest and most experienced of all the Greek chieftains who went to the siege of Troy.--Homer, _Iliad_. =Nestor of the Chemical Revolution.= Dr. Black is so called by Lavoisier (1728-1799). =Nestor of Europe=, Leopold, king of Belgium (1790, 1831-1865). =Neu´ha=, a native of Toobouai, one of the Society Islands. It was at Toobouai that the mutineers of the _Bounty_ landed, and Torquil married Neuha. When a vessel was sent to capture the mutineers, Neuha conducted Torquil to a secret cave, where they lay _perdu_ till all danger was over, when they returned to their island home.--Byron, _The Island_. (The character of Neuha is given in canto ii. 7.) =Nevers= (_Comte de_), to whom Valenti´na (daughter of the governor of the Louvre) was affianced, and whom she married in a fit of jealousy. The count having been shot in the Bartholomew slaughter, Valentina married Raoul [_Rawl_] her first love, but both were killed by a party of musketeers commanded by the governor of the Louvre.--Meyerbeer, _Les Huguenots_ (opera, 1836). ⁂ The duke [not _count_] de Nevers, being asked by the governor of the Louvre to join in the Bartholomew Massacre, replied that his family contained a long list of warriors, but not one assassin. =Neville= (_Major_), an assumed name of Lord Geraldin, son of the earl of Geraldin. He first appears as Mr. William Lovell. _Mr. Geraldin Neville_, uncle to Lord Geraldin.--Sir W. Scott, _The Antiquary_ (time, George III.). _Neville_ (_Miss_), the friend and _confidante_ of Miss Hardcastle. A handsome, coquettish girl, destined by Mrs. Hardcastle for her son Tony Lumpkin, but Tony did not care for her, and she dearly loved Mr. Hastings; so Hastings and Tony plotted together to outwit madam, and of course won the day.--O. Goldsmith, _She Stoops to Conquer_ (1773). _Neville_ (_Sir Henry_), chamberlain of Richard Cœur de Lion.--Sir W. Scott, _The Talisman_ (time, Richard I.). =New Atlantis= (_The_), an imaginary island in the middle of the Atlantic. Bacon in his allegorical fiction so called, supposes himself wrecked on this island, where he finds an association for the cultivation of natural science, and the promotion of arts.--Lord Bacon, _The New Atlantis_ (1626). ⁂ Called the _New_ Atlantis to distinguish it from Plato’s Atlantis, an imaginary island of fabulous charms. =New Inn= (_The_), or THE LIGHT HEART, a comedy by Ben Jonson (1628). =New Way to Pay Old Debts=, a drama by Philip Massinger (1625). Wellborn, the nephew of Sir Giles Overreach, having run through his fortune and got into debt, induces Lady Allworth, out of respect and gratitude to his father, to give him countenance. This induces Sir Giles to suppose that his nephew is about to marry the wealthy dowager. Feeling convinced that he will then be able to swindle him out of all the dowager’s property, as he had ousted him out of his paternal estates, Sir Giles pays his nephew’s debts, and supplies him liberally with ready money, to bring about the marriage as soon as possible. Having paid Wellborn’s debts, the overreaching old man is compelled, through the treachery of his clerk, to restore the estates also, for the deeds of conveyance are found to be only blank sheets of parchment, the writing having been erased by some chemical acids. =New Zealander=, It was Macaulay who said the time might come when some “New Zealand artist shall, in the midst of a vast solitude, take his stand on a broken arch of London bridge to sketch the ruins of St. Paul’s.” ⁂ Shelley was before Macaulay in the same conceit.--See _Dedication of Peter Bell the Third_. =Newcastle= (_The duchess of_), in the court of Charles II.).[TN-32]--Sir W. Scott, _Peveril of the Peak_ (time, Charles II.). _Newcastle_ (_The marquis of_), a royalist in the service of Charles I.--Sir W. Scott, _Legend of Montrose_ (time, Charles I.). =Newcastle Apothecary= (_The_), Mr. Bolus, of Newcastle, used to write his prescriptions in rhyme. A bottle bearing the couplet, “When taken to be well shaken,” was sent to a patient, and when Bolus called next day to inquire about its effect, John told the apothecary his master was dead. The fact is, John had shaken the _sick man_ instead of the bottle, and had shaken the life out of him.--G. Colman, Jr. =Newcome= (_Clemency_), about 30 years old, with a plump and cheerful face, but twisted into a tightness that made it comical. Her gait was very homely, her limbs seemed all odd ones; her shoes were so self-willed that they never wanted to go where her feet went. She wore blue stockings, a printed gown of hideous pattern and many colors, and a white apron. Her sleeves were short, her elbows always grazed, her cap anywhere but in the right place; but she was scrupulously clean, and “maintained a kind of dislocated tidiness.” She carried in her pocket “a handkerchief, a piece of wax-candle, an apple, an orange, a lucky penny, a cramp-bone, a padlock, a pair of scissors, a handful of loose beads, several balls of worsted and cotton, a needle-case, a collection of curl-papers, a biscuit, a thimble, a nutmeg-grater, and a few miscellaneous articles.” Clemency Newcome married Benjamin Britain, her fellow-servant at Dr. Jeddler’s, and opened a country inn called the Nutmeg-Grater, a cozy, well-to-do place as any one could wish to see, and there were few married people so well matched as Clemency and Ben Britain.--C. Dickens, _The Battle of Life_ (1846). _Newcome_ (_Colonel_), a widower, distinguished for the moral beauty of his life. He loses his money and enters the Charter House. _Clive Newcome_, his son. He is in love with Ethel Newcome, his cousin, whom he marries as his second wife.--Thackeray, _The Newcomes_ (1855). _Newcome_ (_Johnny_), any raw youth when he first enters the army or navy. =Newman Noggs.= Ralph Nickleby’s clerk, but Ralph’s nephew’s friend and secret coadjutor.--Charles Dickens, _Nicholas Nickleby_. =Newland= (_Abraham_), one of the governors of the Bank of England, to whom, in the early part of the nineteenth century, all Bank of England notes were made payable. A bank-note was called an “Abraham Newland;” and hence the popular song, “I’ve often heard say, sham Ab’ram you may, but must not sham Abraham Newland.” Trees are notes issued from the bank of nature, and as current as those payable to Abraham Newland.--G. Colman, _The Poor Gentleman_, i. 2 (1802). =Newman.= An intelligent American who has made a fortune as a manufacturer, yet kept his head steady. He sees life with clear, sometimes with amused eyes. “In America,” Newman reflected, “lads of twenty-five and thirty have old heads and young hearts, or at least, young morals; abroad they have young heads and very aged hearts, morals the most grizzled and wrinkled.”--Henry James Jr., _The Americans_ (1877). =Newton.= Newton ... declared, with all his grand discoveries recent, That he himself felt only “like a youth Picking up shells by the great ocean, truth.” Byron, _Don Juan_, vii. 5 (1824). Newton discovered the prismatic colors of light, and explained the phenomenon by the emission theory. Nature and Nature’s laws lay hid in night. God said, “Let Newton be,” and all was light. Pope, _Epitaph, intended for Newton’s Monument in Westminster Abbey_ (1727). Newton is called by Campbell “The Priest of Nature.”--_Pleasures of Hope_, i. (1799). =Newton and the Apple.= It is said that Newton was standing in the garden of Mrs. Conduitt, of Woolsthorpe, in the year 1665, when an apple fell from a tree and set him thinking. From this incident he ultimately developed his theory of gravitation. =Nibelung=, a mythical king of Nibelungeland (_Norway_). He had twelve paladins, all giants. Siegfried [_Sege.freed_], prince of the Netherlands, slew the giants, and made Nibelungeland tributary.--_Nibelungen Lied_, iii. (1210). =Nibelungen Hoard=, a mythical mass of gold and precious stones which Siegfried [_Sege.freed_], prince of the Netherlands, took from Nibelungeland and gave to his wife as a dowry. The hoard filled thirty-six wagons. After the murder of Siegfried, Hagan seized the hoard, and, for concealment, sank it in the “Rhine at Lockham,” intending to recover it at a future period, but Hagan was assassinated, and the hoard was lost for ever.--_Nibelungen Lied_, xix. =Nibelungen Lied= [_Ne.by-lung.’nleed_], the German _Iliad_ (1210). It is divided into two parts, and thirty-two lieds or cantos. The first part ends with the death of Siegfried, and the second part with the death of Kriemhild. Siegfried, the youngest of the kings of the Netherlands, went to Worms, to crave the hand of Kriemhild in marriage. While he was staying with Günther, king of Burgundy (the lady’s brother), he assisted him to obtain in marriage Brunhild, queen of Issland, who announced publicly that he only should be her husband who could beat her in hurling a spear, throwing a huge stone, and in leaping. Siegfried, who possessed a cloak of invisibility, aided Günther in these three contests, and Brunhild became his wife. In return for these services, Günther gave Siegfried his sister Kriemhild, in marriage. After a time, the bride and bridegroom went to visit Günther, when the two ladies disputed about the relative merits of their respective husbands, and Kriemhild, to exalt Siegfried, boasted that Günther owed to him his victories and his wife. Brunhild, in great anger, now employed Hagan to murder Siegfried, and this he did by stabbing him in the back while he was drinking from a brook. Thirteen years elapsed, and the widow married Etzel, king of the Huns. After a time, she invited Brunhild and Hagan to a visit. Hagan, in this visit, killed Etzel’s young son, and Kriemhild was like a fury. A battle ensued, in which Günther and Hagan were made prisoners, and Kriemhild cut off both their heads with her own hand. Hildebrand, horrified at this act of blood, slew Kriemhild; and so the poem ends.--Authors unknown (but the story pieced together by the minnesingers). ⁂ The _Völsunga Saga_ is the Icelandic version of the _Nibelungen Lied_. This saga has been translated into English by William Morris. The _Nibelungen Lied_ has been ascribed to Heinrich von Ofterdingen, a minnesinger; but it certainly existed before that epoch, if not as a complete whole, in separate lays, and all that Heinrich von Ofterdingen could have done was to collect the floating lays, connect them, and form them into a complete story. F. A. Wolf, in 1795, wrote a learned book to prove that Homer did for the _Iliad_ and _Odyssey_ what Ofterdingen did for the _Nibelungen Lied_. Richard Wagner composed a series of operas founded on the Nibelungen Lied. =Nibelungen Nôt=, the second part of the _Nibelungen Lied_, containing the marriage of Kriemhild with Etzel, the visit of the Burgundians to the court of the Hun, and the death of Günther, Hagan, Kriemhild, and others. This part contains eighty-three four-line stanzas more than the first part. The number of lines in the two parts is 9836; so that the poem is almost as long as Milton’s _Paradise Lost_. =Nibelungers=, whoever possessed the Nibelungen hoard. When it was in Norway, the Norwegians were so called: when Siegfried [_Sege.freed_] got the possession of it, the Netherlanders were so called; and when the hoard was removed to Burgundy, the Burgundians were the Nibelungers. =Nic. Frog=, the Dutch as a nation; as the English are called John Bull.--Dr. Arbuthnot, _History of John Bull_ (1712). =Nica´nor=, “the Protospathaire,” a Greek general.--Sir W. Scott, _Count Robert of Paris_ (time, Rufus). =Nice= (_Sir Courtley_), the chief character and title of a drama by Croune (1685). =Nicholas=, a poor scholar, who boarded with John, a rich old miserly carpenter. The poor scholar fell in love with Alison, his landlord’s young wife, who joined him in duping the foolish old carpenter. Nicholas told John that such a rain would fall on the ensuing Monday as would drown every one in “less than an hour;” and he persuaded the old fool to provide three large tubs, one for himself, one for his wife, and the other for his lodger. In these tubs, said Nicholas, they would be saved; and when the flood abated, they would then be lords and masters of the whole earth. A few hours before the time of the “flood,” the old carpenter went to the top chamber of his house to repeat his _pater nosters_. He fell asleep over his prayers, and was roused by the cry of “Water! water! Help! help!” Supposing the rain had come, he jumped into his tub, and was let down by Nicholas and Alison into the street. A crowd soon assembled, were delighted at the joke, and pronounced the old man an idiot and fool.--Chaucer, _Canterbury Tales_ (“The Miller’s Tale,” 1388). _Nicholas_, the barber of the village in which Don Quixote lived.--Cervantes, _Don Quixote_, I. (1605). _Nicholas_ (_Brother_), a monk at St. Mary’s Convent.--Sir W. Scott, _The Monastery_ (time, Elizabeth). _Nicholas_ (_St._), patron saint of boys, parish clerks, sailors, thieves, and of Aberdeen, Russia, etc. _Nicholas_ (_St._). The legend is, that an angel told him a father was so poor he was about to raise money by the prostitution of his three daughters. On hearing this St. Nicholas threw in at the cottage window three bags of money, sufficient to portion each of the three damsels. The gift Of Nicholas, which on the maidens he Bounteous bestowed, to save their youthful prime Unblemished. Dantê, _Purgatory_, xx. (1308). =Nicholas of the Tower= (_The_), the duke of Exeter, constable of the Tower. =Nicholas’s Clerks=, highwaymen; so called by a pun on the phrase _Old Nick_ and _St. Nicholas_ who presided over scholars. _St. Nicholas’s Clerks_, scholars; so called because St. Nicholas was the patron of scholars. The statutes of Paul’s School require the scholars to attend divine service on St. Nicholas’s Day.--Knight, _Life of Dean Colet_, 362 (1726). =Nicholas Minturn=, hero of novel of that name, by Josiah Gilbert Holland (1876). =Nickleby= (_Nicholas_), the chief character and title of a novel by C. Dickens (1838). He is the son of a poor country gentleman, and has to make his own way in the world. He first goes as usher to Mr. Squeers, schoolmaster at Dotheboys Hall, in Yorkshire; but leaves in disgust with the tyranny of Squeers and his wife, especially to a poor boy named Smike. Smike runs away from the school to follow Nicholas, and remains his humble follower till death. At Portsmouth, Nicholas joins the theatrical company of Mr. Crummles, but leaves the profession for other adventures. He falls in with the brothers Cheeryble, who make him their clerk; and in this post he rises to become a merchant, and ultimately marries Madeline Bray. _Mrs. Nickleby_, mother of Nicholas, and a widow. She is an enormous talker, fond of telling long stories with no connection. Mrs. Nickleby is a weak, vain woman, who imagines an idiot neighbor is in love with her because he tosses cabbages and other articles over the garden wall. In conversation, Mrs. Nickleby rides off from the main point at every word suggestive of some new idea. As a specimen of her sequence of ideas, take the following example: “The name began with ‘B’ and ended with ‘g,’ I am sure. Perhaps it was Waters” (p. 198). ⁂ “The original of ‘Mrs. Nickleby,’” says John Foster, “was the mother of Charles Dickens.”--_Life of Dickens_, iii. 8. _Kate Nickleby_, sister of Nicholas; beautiful, pure-minded, and loving. Kate works hard to assist in the expenses of housekeeping, but shuns every attempt of Ralph and others to allure her from the path of virgin innocence. She ultimately marries Frank, the nephew of the Cheeryble brothers. _Ralph Nickleby_, of Golden Square (London), uncle to Nicholas and Kate. A hard, grasping money-broker, with no ambition but the love of saving, no spirit beyond the thirst of gold, and no principle except that of fleecing every one who comes into his power. This villain is the father of Smike, and ultimately hangs himself, because he loses money, and sees his schemes one after another burst into thin air.--C. Dickens, _Nicholas Nickleby_, (1838). =Nicneven=, a gigantic, malignant hag of Scotch superstition. ⁂ Dunbar, the Scotch poet, describes her in his _Flyting of Dunbar and Kennedy_ (1508). =Nicode´mus=, one of the servants of General Harrison.--Sir W. Scott, _Woodstock_ (time, Commonwealth). =Nicole= (2 _syl._), a female servant of M. Jourdain, who sees the folly of her master, and exposes it in a natural and amusing manner.--Molière, _Le Bourgeois Gentlehomme_[TN-33] (1670). =Night= or =Nox=. So Tennyson calls Sir Peread, the Black Knight of the Black Lands, one of the four brothers who kept the passages to Castle Perilous.--Tennyson, _Idylls of the King_ (“Gareth and Lynette”); Sir T. Malory, _History of Prince Arthur_, i. 126 (1470). =Nightingale= (_The Italian_), Angelica Catala´ni; also called “The Queen of Song” (1782-1849). _Nightingale_ (_The Swedish_), Jenny Lind, afterwards Mde. Goldschmidt. She appeared in London 1847, and retired from public life in 1851 (1821-1887). =Nightingale and the Lutist.= The tale is, that a lute-master challenged a nightingale in song. The bird, after sustaining the contest for some time, feeling itself outdone, fell on the lute, and died broken-hearted. ⁂ This tale is from the Latin of Strada, translated by Richard Crashaw, and called _Music’s Duel_ (1650). It is most beautifully told by John Ford, in his drama entitled _The Lover’s Melancholy_, where Men´aphon is supposed to tell it to Ame´thus (1628). =Nightingale and the Thorn.= As it fell upon a day In the merry month of May, Sitting in a pleasant shade Which a grove of myrtles made-- Beasts did leap, and birds did sing, Trees did grow, and plants did spring, Everything did banish moan, Save the nightingale alone; She, poor bird, as all forlorn, Leaned her breast up-till a thorn. Richard Barnfield, _Address to the Nightingale_ (1594). So Philomel, perched on an aspen sprig, Weeps all the night her lost virginity, And sings her sad tale to the merry twig, That dances at such joyful mysery. Never lets sweet rest invade her eye; But leaning on a thorn her dainty chest, For fear soft sleep should steal into her breast, Expresses in her song grief not to be expressed. Giles Fletcher, _Christ’s Triumph over Death_ (1610). The nightingale that sings with the deep thorn, Which fable places in her breast. Byron, _Don Juan_, vi. 87 (1824). =Nightmare of Europe= (_The_), Napoleon Bonaparte (1769, reigned 1804-1814, died 1821). =Nightshade= (_Deadly_). We are told that the berries of this plant so intoxicated the soldiers of Sweno, the Danish king, that they became an easy prey to the Scotch, who cut them to pieces. ⁂ Called “deadly,” not from its poisonous qualities, but because it was used at one time for blackening the eyes in mourning. =Nimrod=, pseudonym of Charles James Apperley, author of _The Chase, The Road, The Turf_ (1852), etc.[TN-34] =Nim´ue=, a “damsel of the lake,” who cajoled Merlin in his dotage to tell her the secret “whereby he could be rendered powerless;” and then, like Delilah, she overpowered him, by “confining him under a stone.” Then after these quests, Merlin fell in a dotage on ... one of the damsels of the lake, hight Nimue, and Merlin would let her have no rest, but always he would be with her in every place. And she made him good cheer till she learned of him what she desired.... And Merlin shewed to her in a rock, whereas was a great wonder ... which went under a stone. So by her subtle craft, she made Merlin go under that stone ... and he never came out, for all the craft that he could do.--Sir T. Malory, _History of Prince Arthur_, i. 60 (1470). It is not unlikely that this name is a clerical error for Nineve or Ninive. It occurs only once in the three volumes. (See NINIVE.)[TN-35] ⁂ Tennyson makes Vivien the seductive betrayer of Merlin, and says she enclosed him “in the four walls of a hollow tower;” but the _History_ says “Nimue put him under the stone” (pt. i. 60). =Nino-Thoma=,[TN-36] daughter of Tor-Thoma (chief of one of the Scandinavian islands). She eloped with Uthal (son of Larthmor, a petty king of Berrathon, a neighboring island); but Uthal soon tired of her, and, having fixed his affections on another, confined her in a desert island. Uthal, who had also dethroned his father, was slain in single combat by Ossian, who had come to restore the deposed monarch to his throne. When Nina-Thoma heard of her husband’s death, she languished and died, “for though most cruelly entreated, her love for Uthal was not abated.”--Ossian, _Berrathon_. =Nine.= “It is by nines that Eastern presents are given, when they would extend their magificence[TN-37] to the highest degree.” Thus, when Dakiānos wished to ingratiate himself with the shah, He caused himself to be preceded by nine superb camels. The first was loaded with nine suits of gold adorned with jewels; the second bore nine sabres, the hilts and scabbards of which were adorned with diamonds; upon the third camel were nine suits of armor; the fourth had nine suits of house furniture; the fifth had nine cases full of sapphires; the sixth had nine cases full of rubies; the seventh nine cases full of emeralds; the eighth had nine cases full of amethysts; and the ninth had nine cases full of diamonds.--Comte de Caylus, _Oriental Tales_ (“Dakianos and the Seven Sleepers,” 1743). =Nine Gods= (_The_) of the Etruscans: Juno, Minerva, and Tin´ia (_the three chief_). The other six were Vulcan, Mars, Saturn, Herculês, Summa´nus, and Vedius. (See NOVENSILES.) Lars Por´sĕna of Clusium By the nine gods he swore That the great house of Tarquin Should suffer wrong no more. By the nine gods he swore it, And named a trysting day ... To summon his array. Lord Macaulay, _Lays of Ancient Rome_ (“Horatius,” i., 1842). =Nine Orders of Angels= (_The_): (1) Seraphim, (2) Cherubim (_in the first circle_); (3) Thrones, (4) Dominions (_in the second circle_); (5) Virtues, (6) Powers, (7) Principalities, (8) Archangels, (9) Angels (_in the third circle_). In heaven above The effulgent bands in triple circles move. Tasso, _Jerusalem Delivered_, xi. 13 (1575). Novem vero angelorum ordines dicimus; ... scimus (1) Angelos, (2) Archangelos, (3) Virtues, (4) Potestates, (5) Principatus, (6) Dominationes, (7) Thronos, (8) Cherubim, (9) Seraphim.--Gregory, _Homily_, 34 (A.D. 381). =Nine Worthies= (_The_). Three were _pagans_: Hector, Alexander, and Julius Cæsar. Three were _Jews_: Joshua, David, and Judas Maccabæus. Three were _Christians_: Arthur, Charlemagne, and Godfrey of Bouillon. _Nine.[TN-38] Worthies_ (privy councillors to William III.). Four were _Whigs_: Devonshire, Dorset, Monmouth, and Edward Russell. Five were _Tories_: Caermarthen, Pembroke, Nottingham, Marlborough, and Lowther. =Nine Worthies of London= (_The_): Sir William Walworth, Sir Henry Pritchard, Sir William Sevenoke, Sir Thomas White, Sir John Bonham, Christopher Croker, Sir John Hawkwood, Sir Hugh Caverley, and Sir Henry Maleverer. ⁂ The chronicles of these nine worthies are written in prose and verse by Richard Johnson (1592), author of _The Seven Champions of Christendom_. =Nineve= (2 _syl._), the Lady of the Lake, in Arthurian romance. Then the Lady of the Lake, that was always friendly unto King Arthur, understood by her subtle craft that he was like to have been destroyed; and so the Lady of the Lake, that hight Nineve, came into the forest to seek Sir Launcelot du Lake.--Sir T. Malory, _History of Prince Arthur_, ii. 57 (1470). ⁂ This name occurs three times in the _Morte d’Arthur_--once as “Nimue,” once as “Nineve,” and once as “Ninive.” Probably “Nimue” (_q.v._) is a clerical error. =Ninon de Lenclos=, a beautiful Parisian, rich, _spirituelle_, and an atheist, who abandoned herself to epicurean indulgence, and preserved her charms to a very advanced age. Ninon de Lenclos renounced marriage, and had numberless lovers. Her house was the rendezvous of all the most illustrious persons of the period, as Molière, St. Evremont, Fontenelle, Voltaire, and so on (1615-1705). =Niobe= [_Ne´.oby_], the beau-ideal of grief. After losing her twelve children, she was changed into a stone, which wept continually. ⁂ The group of “Niobe and her Children” in Florence, discovered at Rome in 1583, is now arranged in the Uffizii[TN-39] Gallery. She followed my poor father’s body, Like Niobê, all tears. Shakespeare, _Hamlet_, act i. sc. 2 (1596). =Niobe of Nations= (_The_). Rome is so called by Byron.--_Childe Harold_, iv. 79 (1817). =Nipper= (_Susan_), generally called “Spitfire,” from her snappish disposition. She was the nurse of Florence Dombey, to whom she was much attached. Susan Nipper married Mr. Toots (after he had got over his infatuation for Florence). =Nippotate= (4 _syl._), “a live lion stuffed with straw,” exhibited in a raree-show. This proved to be the body of a tame hedgehog exhibited by Old Harry, a notorious character in London at the beginning of the eighteenth century (died 1710). Of monsters stranger than can be expressed, There’s Nippotatê lies amongst the rest. _Sutton Nicholls._ =Niquee= [_Ne´.kay_], the sister of Anasterax, with whom she lived in incest. The fairy Zorphee was her godmother, and enchanted her, in order to break off this connection.--Vasco de Lobeira, _Amadis de Gaul_ (thirteenth century). =Nisroch= [_Niz´.rok_], “of principalities the prince.” A god of the Assyrians. In the book of _Kings_ the Septuagint calls him “Meserach,” and in _Isaiah_ “Nasarach.” Josephus calls him “Araskês.” One of the rebel angels in Milton’s _Paradise Lost_. He Says:[TN-40] Sense of pleasure we may well Spare out of life, perhaps, and not repine, But live content, which is the calmest life; But pain is perfect misery, the worst Of evils, and, excessive, overturns All patience. Milton, _Paradise Lost_, (1665). =Nit=, one of the attendants of Queen Mab. Hop, and Mop, and Drap so clear, Pip, and Trip, and Skip, that were To Mab their sovereign dear-- Her special maids of honor. Fib, and Tib, and Pinck, and Pin, Tick, and Quick, and Jil, and Jin, Tit, and Nit, and Wap, and Win-- The train that wait upon her. Drayton, _Nymphidia_ (1563-1631). =Nitchs=, daughter of Amases, king of Egypt. She was sent to Persia to become the wife of Cambyses.--Georg Ebers, _An Egyptian Princess_. =Nixon= (_Christal_), agent to Mr. Edward Redgauntlet, the Jacobite.--Sir W. Scott, _Redgauntlet_ (time, George III.). _Nixon_ (_Martha_), the old nurse of the earl of Oxford.--Sir W. Scott, _Anne of Geierstein_ (time, Edward IV.). =No One= (_Cæsar or_). Julius Cæsar said, “Aut Cæsar aut nullus.” And again, “I would sooner be first in a village than second at Rome.” Milton makes Satan say, “Better to reign in hell than serve in heaven.” Jonathan Wild used to say, “I’d rather stand on the top of a dunghill than at the bottom of a hill in paradise.” Tennyson says, “All in all or not at all.”--_Idylls_ (“Vivien”). “Six thrice or three dice” (aces were called _dice_, and did not count). =No Song no Supper=, a musical drama by Prince Hoare, F.S.A. (1790). Crop, the farmer, has married a second wife called Dorothy, who has an amiable weakness for a rascally lawyer named Endless. During the absence of her husband, Dorothy provides a supper for Endless, consisting of roast lamb and a cake; but just as the lawyer sits down to it, Crop, with Margaretta, knocks at the door. Endless is concealed in a sack, and the supper is carried away. Presently Robin, the sweetheart of Margaretta, arrives, and Crop regrets there is nothing but bread and cheese to offer him. Margaretta now volunteers a song, the first verse of which tells Crop there is roast lamb in the house, which is accordingly produced; the second verse tells him there is a cake, which is produced also; and the third verse tells him that Endless is concealed in a sack. Had there been no song there would have been no supper, but the song produced the roast lamb and new cake. =Noah’s Wife=, Wâïla (3 _syl._), who endeavored to persuade the people that her husband was distraught. The wife of Noah [_Wâïla_] and the wife of Lot [_Wâhela_] were both unbelievers ... and deceived their husbands ... and it shall be said to them at the last day, “Enter ye into hell fire.”--Sale, _Al Korân_, lxvi. =Nobbs=, the horse of “Dr. Dove of Doncaster.”--Southey, _The Doctor_ (1834). =Noble= (_The_), Charles III. of Navarre (1361, 1387-1425). Soliman, _Tchelibi_, the Turk (died 1410). ⁂ Khosrou or Chosroës I. was called “The Noble Soul” (*, 531-579). =Nodel=, the lion, in the beast-epic called _Reynard the Fox_. Nodel, the lion, represents the regal element of Germany; Isengrin, the wolf, represents the baronial element; and Reynard, the fox, the Church element (1498). =Noel= (_Eusebe_), schoolmaster of Bout du Monde. “His clothes are old and worn, and his manner vacant.”--E. Stirling, _The Gold Mine_, or _Miller of Grenoble_, act i. sc. 2 (1854). =Noggs= (_Newman_), Ralph Nickleby’s clerk. A tall man of middle age, with two goggle eyes (one of which was fixed), a rubicund nose, a cadavarous[TN-41] face, and a suit of clothes decidedly the worse for wear. He had the gift of distorting and cracking his finger-joints. This kind-hearted, dilapidated fellow “kept his hunter and hounds once,” but ran through his fortune. He discovered a plot of old Ralph, which he confided to the Cheeryble brothers, who frustrated it, and then provided for Newman.--C. Dickens, _Nicholas Nickleby_ (1838). =Noko´mis=, mother of Weno´nah, and grandmother of Hiawatha. Nokomis was the daughter of the Moon. While she was swinging one day, some of her companions, out of jealousy, cut the ropes, and she fell to earth in a meadow. The same night her first child, a daughter, was born, and was named Wenonah. There among the ferns and mosses ... Fair Nokomis bore a daughter, And she called her name Wenonah. Longfellow, _Hiawatha_, iii. (1855). =Non Mi Ricordo=, the usual answer of the Italian courier and other Italian witnesses when on examination at the trial of Queen Caroline (the wife of George IV.), in 1820. “Lord Flint,” in _Such Things Are_, by Mrs. Inchbald (1786), when asked a question he wished to evade, used to reply, “My people know, no doubt, but I cannot recollect.” “Pierre Choppard,” in _The Courier of Lyons_, by Edward Stirling (1852), when asked an ugly question, always answered “I’ll ask my wife, my memory’s so slippery.” The North American society called the “Know Nothings,” founded in 1853, used to reply to every question about their order, “I know nothing about it.” =Nona´cris’ Stream=, the river Styx, in Arcadia. Cassander says he has in a phial some of this “horrid spring,” one drop of which, mixed with wine, would act as a deadly poison. To this Polyperchon replies: I know its power, for I have seen it tried. Pains of all sorts thro’ every nerve and artery At once it scatters,--burns at once and freezes-- Till, by extremity of torture forced, The soul consents to leave her joyless home. N. Lee, _Alexander the Great_, iv. i (1678). =Nonentity= (_Dr._), a metaphysician, and thought by most people to be a profound scholar. He generally spreads himself before the fire, sucks his pipe, talks little, drinks much, and is reckoned very good company. You may know him by his long grey wig, and the blue handkerchief round his neck. Dr. Nonentity, I am told, writes indexes to perfection, makes essays, and reviews any work with a single day’s warning.--Goldsmith, _A Citizen of the World_, xxix. (1759). =Norbert= (_Father_), Pierre Parisot Norbert, the French missionary (1697-1769). =Norland= (_Lord_), father of Lady Eleanor Irwin, and guardian of Lady Ramble (Miss Maria Wooburn). He disinherited his daughter for marrying against his will, and left her to starve, but subsequently relented, and relieved her wants and those of her young husband.--Inchbald, _Every One has His Fault_ (1794). =Norma=, a vestal who had been seduced, and discovers her paramour trying to seduce a sister vestal. In despair, she contemplates the murder of her base-born children.--Bellini, _Norma_ (1831); libretto, by Romani. =Norman=, forester of Sir William Ashton, lord-keeper of Scotland.--Sir W. Scott, _Bride of Lammermoor_ (time, William III.). _Norman_, a “sea-captain,” in love with Violet, the ward of Lady Arundel. It turns out that this Norman is her ladyship’s son by her first husband, and heir to the title and estates; but Lady Arundel, having married a second husband, had a son named Percy, whom she wished to make her heir. Norman’s father was murdered, and Norman, who was born three days afterwards, was brought up by Onslow, a village priest. At the age of 14 he went to sea, and became captain of a man-of-war. Ten years later he returned to Arundel, and though at first his mother ignored him, and Percy flouted him, his noble and generous conduct disarmed hostility, and he not only reconciled his half-brother, but won his mother’s affection, and married Violet, his heart’s “sweet sweeting.”--Lord Lytton, _The Sea-Captain_ (1839). =Norm-nan-Ord= or Norman of the Hammer, one of the eight sons of Torquil of the Oak.--Sir W. Scott, _Fair Maid of Perth_ (time, Henry IV.). =Normandy= (_The Gem of_), Emma, daughter of Richard I. (died 1052). =Norna of the Fitful Head=, “The Reimkennar.” Her real name was, Ulla Troil, but after her seduction by Basil Mertoun (Vaughan), and the birth of a son named Clement Cleveland (the future pirate), she changed her name. Towards the end of the novel, Norna gradually recovered her senses. She was the aunt of Minna and Brenda Troil.--Sir W. Scott, _The Pirate_ (time, William III.). [_One_] cannot fail to trace in Norna--the victim of remorse and insanity, and the dupe of her own imposture, her mind too flooded with all the wild literature and extravagant superstitions of the north--something distinct from the Dumfriesshire gypsy, whose pretensions to supernatural powers are not beyond those of a Norwood prophetess.--_The Pirate_ (introduction, 1821). =Norris=, a family to whom Martin Chuzzlewit was introduced while he was in America. They were friends of Mr. Bevan, rabid abolitionists, and yet hankering after titles as the gilt of the gingerbread of life.--C. Dickens, _Martin Chuzzlewit_ (1844). _Norris_ (_Black_), a dark, surly man, and a wrecker. He wanted to marry Marian, “the daughter” of Robert (also a wrecker); but Marian was betrothed to Edward, a young sailor. Robert, being taken up for murder, was condemned to death; but Norris told Marian he would save his life if she would promise to marry him. Marian consented, but was saved by the arrest of Black Norris for murder.--S. Knowles, _The Daughter_ (1836). =North= (_Christopher_), pseudonym of John Wilson, professor of moral philosophy, Edinburgh, editor of _Blackwood’s Magazine_, in which appeared the “Noctes Ambrosianæ” (1805-1861). _North_ (_Lord_), one of the judges in the State trial of Geoffrey Peveril, Julian, and the dwarf, for being concerned in the popish plot.--Sir W. Scott, _Peveril of the Peak_ (time, Charles II).[TN-42] =North Britain= (_The_), a radical periodical, conducted by John Wilkes. The celebrated number of this serial was No. 45, in which the ministers are charged “with putting a lie in the king’s mouth.” =Northamptonshire Poet= (_The_), John Clare (1793-1864). =Northern Harlot= (_The_), Elizabeth Petrowna, empress of Russia; also called “The Infamous” (1709-1761). =Northern Wagoner=, a group of seven stars called variously Charles’s Wain, or Wagon, _i.e._ churl’s wain; Ursa Major, The Great Bear, and The Dipper. Four make the wagon, or the dipper, three form the shaft, or the handle. Two are called Pointers because they point to the Pole-star. By this the northern wagoner has set His sevenfold team behind the steadfast star That was in ocean waves yet never wet, But firm is fixed, and sendeth light from far To all that on the wide deep wandering are. Spenser, _Faëry Queen_, I. ii. 1 (1590). =Norval= (_Old_), a shepherd, who brings up Lady Randolph’s son (Douglas) as his own. He was hidden at birth in a basket, because Sir Malcolm (her father) hated Douglas, whom she had privately married. The child being found by old Norval, was brought up as his own, but the old man discovered that the foundling was “Sir Malcolm’s heir and Douglas’s son.” When 18 years old, the foster-son saved the life of Lord Randolph. Lady Randolph took great interest in the young man, and when old Norval told her his tale, she instantly perceived that the young hero was in fact her own son. _Young Norval_, the infant exposed and brought up by the old shepherd as his own son. He turned out to be Sir Malcolm’s heir. His mother was Lady Randolph, and his father Lord Douglas, her first husband. Young Norval, having saved the life of Lord Randolph, was given by him a commission in the army. Glenalvon, the heir-presumptive of Lord Randolph, hated the new favorite, and persuaded his lordship that the young man was too familiar with Lady Randolph. Being waylaid, Norval was attacked, slew Glenalvon, but was in turn slain by Lord Randolph. After the death of Norval, Lord Randolph discovered that he had killed the son of his wife by a former marriage. The mother, in her distraction, threw herself headlong from a lofty precipice, and Lord Randolph went to the war then raging between Denmark and Scotland.--J[TN-43] Home, _Douglas_ (1757). (This was a favorite character with John Kemble, 1757-1823.) =Norway= (_The Fair Maid of_), Margaret, granddaughter of Alexander III. of Scotland. She died (1290) of sea-sickness on her passage from Norway to Scotland. Her father was Eric II., king of Norway, and her mother was Margaret, only daughter of Alexander III. =Nose= (_Golden_), Tycho Brahê, the Danish astronomer. Having lost his nose in a duel with one Passberg, he adopted a golden one, and attached it to his face by a cement which he carried about with him. =Nosebag= (_Mrs._), wife of a lieutenant in the dragoons. She is the inquisitive travelling companion of Waverley when he travels by stage to London.--Sir W. Scott, _Waverley_ (time, George II.). =Nosey= (_Play up!_) This exclamation was common in our theatres in the days of Macklin, etc. M. Nozay was the leader of the orchestra in Covent Garden Theatre. ⁂ Some persons affirm that “Old Nosey” was Cervetto, the violoncello player at Drury Lane (1753), and say that he was so called from his long nose. Napoleon III., was nicknamed _Grosbec_ (“Nosey”). =Nosnot-Bocai= [_Bo´.ky_], prince of purgatory. Sir, I last night received command To see you out of Fairy-land. Into the realm of Nosnot-Bocai. King, _Orpheus and Eurydice_. =Nostrada´mus= (_Michael_), an astrologer of the sixteenth century, who published an annual _Almanac_ and a _Recueil of Prophecies_, in verse (1503-1566). =Nostrada´mus of Portugal=, Gonçalo Annês Bandarra, a poet-cobbler, whose career was stopped, in 1556, by the Inquisition. =Nottingham= (_The countess of_), a quondam sweetheart of the earl of Essex, and his worst enemy, when she heard that he had married the countess of Rutland. The queen sent her to the Tower to ask Essex if he had no petition to make, and the earl requested her to take back a ring, which the queen had given him as a pledge of mercy in time of need. As the countess out of jealousy forbore to deliver it, the earl was executed.--Henry Jones, _The Earl of Essex_ (1745). =Nottingham Lambs=, (_The_), the Nottingham roughs. =Nottingham Poet= (_The_), Philip James Bailey, the author of _Festus_, etc. (1816- ). =No´tus=, the south wind; _Afer_ is the south-west wind. Notus and Afer, black with thundrous clouds. Milton, _Paradise Lost_, (1665). =Noukhail=, the angel of day and night. The day and night are trusted to my care. I hold the day in my right hand and the night in my left; and I maintain the just equilibrium between them, for if either were to overbalance the other, the universe would either be consumed by the heat of the sun, or would perish with the cold of darkness.--Comte de Caylus, _Oriental Tales_ (“History of Abdal Motallab,” 1743). =Nouman= (_Sidi_), an Arab who married Amīnê, a very beautiful woman, who ate her rice with a bodkin. Sidi, wishing to know how his wife could support life and health without more food than she partook of in his presence, watched her narrowly, and discovered that she was a ghoul, who went by stealth every night and feasted on the fresh-buried dead. When Sidi made this discovery, Aminê changed him into a dog. After he was restored to his normal shape, he changed Aminê into a mare, which every day he rode almost to death.--_Arabian Nights_ (“History of Sidi Nouman”). Your majesty knows that ghouls of either sex are demons which wander about the fields. They commonly inhabit ruinous buildings, whence they issue suddenly on unwary travellers, whom they kill and devour. If they fail to meet with travellers, they go by night into burying grounds, and dig up dead bodies, on which they feed.--“History of Sidi Nouman.” =Nouredeen=, son of Khacan (vizier of Zinebi, king of Balsora). He got possession of the “beautiful Persian” purchased for the king. At his father’s death he soon squandered away his patrimony in the wildest extravagance, and fled with his beautiful slave to Bagdad. Here he encountered Haroun-al-Raschid in disguise, and so pleased the caliph, that he was placed in the number of those courtiers most intimate with his majesty, who also bestowed on him so plentiful a fortune, that he lived with the “beautiful Persian” in affluence all the rest of his life.--_Arabian Nights_ (“Nouredeen and the Beautiful Persian”). =Nour´eddin´ Ali=, younger son of the vizier of Egypt. “He was possessed of as much merit as can fall to the lot of man.” Having quarrelled with his elder brother, he travelled to Baso´ra, where he married the vizier’s daughter, and succeeded his father-in-law in office. A son was born to him in due time, and on the very same day the wife of his elder brother had a daughter. Noureddin died when his son was barely twenty, and unmarried.--_Arabian Nights_ (“Noureddin Ali,” etc.). =Nourgehan’s Bracelet.= Nourgehan, emperor of the Moguls, had a bracelet which had the property of discovering poison, even at a considerable distance. When poison was anywhere near the wearer, the stones of the bracelet seemed agitated, and the agitation increased as the poison approached them.--Comte de Caylus, _Oriental Tales_ (“The Four Talismans,” 1743). =Nour´jahad=, a sleeper, like Rip Van Winkle, Epimen´idês, etc. (See SLEEPERS.) =Nourjeham= (“_light of the world_”). So the Sultana Nourmahal was subsequently called.--T. Moore, _Lalla Rookh_ (“The Light of the Haram,” 1817). =Nourmahal´= (_The sultana_), _i.e._ “Light of the Haram,” afterwards called _Nourjeham_ (“light of the world”). She was for a season estranged from the sultan, till he gave a grand banquet, at which she appeared in disguise as a lute-player and singer. The sultan was so enchanted with her performance, that he exclaimed, “If Nourmahal had so played and sung, I could forgive her all;” whereupon the sultana threw off her mask, and Selim “caught her to his heart.”--T. Moore, _Lalla Rookh_ (“The Light of the Haram,” 1817). =Nouron´ihar=, daughter of the Emir Fakreddin; a laughing, beautiful girl, full of fun and pretty mischief, dotingly fond of Gulchenrouz, her cousin, a boy of 13. She married the Caliph Vathek, with whom she descended into the abyss of Eblis, whence she never after returned to the light of day. The trick she played Bababalouk was this: Vathek, the caliph, was on a visit to Fakreddin, the emir´, and Bababalouk, his chief eunuch, intruded into the bathroom, where Nouronihar and her damsels were bathing. Nouronihar induced the old eunuch to rest himself on the swing, when the girls set it going with all their might. The cords broke, the eunuch fell into the bath, and the girls made off with their lamps, and left the meddlesome old fool to flounder about till morning, when assistance came, but not before he was half dead.--W. Beckford, _Vathek_ (1784). =Nouroun´nihar=, niece of a sultan of India, who had three sons, all in love with her. The sultan said he would give her to him who, in twelve months, gave him the most valuable present. The three princes met in a certain inn at the expiration of the time, when one prince looked through a tube, which showed Nourounnihar at the point of death; another of the brothers transported all three instantaneously on a magic carpet to the princess’s chamber; and the third brother gave her an apple to smell of which effected an instant cure. It was impossible to decide which of these presents was the most valuable; so the sultan said he should have her who shot an arrow to the greatest distance. The eldest (Houssian) shot first; Ali overshot the arrow of his eldest brother; but that of the youngest brother (Ahmed) could nowhere be found. So the award was given to Ahmed.--_Arabian Nights_ (“Ahmed and Pari-Banou”). =Novel= (_Father of the English_). Henry Fielding is so called by Sir W. Scott (1707-1754). =Noven´siles= (4 _syl._), the nine Sabine gods, viz.: Herculês, Romulus, Esculapius, Bacchus, Ænēas, Vesta, Santa, Fortuna and Fidês or Faith. (See NINE GODS of the Etruscans.) =Novit= (_Mr. Nichil_), the lawyer of the old laird of Dumbiedikes.--Sir W. Scott, _Heart of Midlothian_ (time, George II.). =Novius=, the usurer, famous for the loudness of his voice. ... at hic si plaustra ducenta Concurrantque foro tria funera magna sonabit Cornua quod vincatque tubas. Horace, _Satires_, i. 6. These people seem to be of the race of Novius, that Roman banker, whose voice exceeded the noise of carmen.--Lesage, _Gil Blas_, vii. 13 (1735). =Now-now= (_Old Anthony_), an itinerant fiddler. The character is a skit on Anthony Munday, the dramatist.--Chettle, _Kindheart’s Dream_ (1592). =Nuath= (2 _syl._), father of Lathmon and Oith´ona (_q.v._).--Ossian, _Oithona_. =Nubbles= (_Mrs._), a poor widow woman, who was much given to going to Little Bethel. _Christopher_ or _Kit Nubbles_, her son, the servant in attendance on little Nell, whom he adored. After the death of little Nell, Kit married Barbara, a fellow-servant.--C. Dickens, _The Old Curiosity Shop_ (1840). =Nugent Dubourg=, twin brother of Oscar Dubourg, somewhat conceited, who patronizes his brother, and would like to marry his brother’s betrothed, Lucilla Finch, blind and an heiress. Her sight is restored by an operation, and Nugent places himself where her eyes will first fall upon him, instead of on his disfigured brother. Beginning with this, he personates Oscar until Lucilla again loses her sight. He then yields her to his brother, joins an Arctic exploring expedition, and perishes in the Polar regions.--Wilkie Collins, _Poor Miss Finch_. =Numa Roumestan=, French deputy from the South of France. Audacious, gay and unprincipled, he possesses all the qualities that render him “the joy of the street, the sorrow of the home.”--Alphonse Daudet, _Numa Roumestan_. =Number Nip=, the name of the gnome king of the Giant Mountains.--Musæus, _Popular Tales_ (1782). ⁂ Musæus was a German, uncle of Kotzebue (died 1788). =Nuncanou= (_Aurore and Clotilde_). Beautiful Creoles, mother and daughter, in George W. Cable’s novel, _The Grandissimes_. =Nun’s Tale= (_The_), the tale of the cock and the fox. One day, dan Russell, the fox, came into the poultry-yard, and told Master Chanticlere, he could not resist the pleasure of hearing him sing, for his voice was so divinely ravishing. The cock, pleased with this flattery, shut his eyes, and began to crow most lustily; whereupon dan Russell seized him by the throat, and ran off with him. When they got to the wood, the cock said to the fox, “I would recommend you to eat me at once, I think I can hear your pursuers.” “I am going to do so,” said the fox; but when he opened his mouth to reply, off flew the cock into a tree, and while the fox was deliberating how he might regain his prey, up came the farmer and his men with scythes, flails, and pitchforks, with which they despatched the fox without mercy.--Chaucer, _Canterbury Tales_ (1388). ⁂ This fable is one of those by Marie, of France, called _Don Coc and Don Werpil_. _Nun’s Tale_ (_The Second_). This is the tale about Maxime and the martyrs, Valerian and Tiburcê. The prefect ordered Maxime (2 _syl._) to put Valerian and Tiburcê to death, because they refused to worship the image of Jupiter; but Maxime showed kindness to the two Christians, took them home, became converted, and was baptized. When Valerian and Tiburcê were put to death, Maxime declared that he saw angels come and carry them up to heaven, whereupon the prefect caused him to be beaten to death with whips of lead.--Chaucer, _Canterbury Tales_ (1388). ⁂ This tale is very similar to that of St. Cecilia, in the _Legenda Aurea_. See also _Acts_ xvi. 25-34. =Nupkins=, mayor of Ipswich, a man who has a most excellent opinion of himself, but who, in all magisterial matters, really depends almost entirely on Jinks, his half-starved clerk.--C. Dickens, _The Pickwick Papers_ (1836). =Nurse= (_Rebecca_). Accused of witchcraft and acquitted by the court. “And suddenly, after all the afflicted out of court made a hideous outcry ... one of the judges expressed himself not satisfied, another, as he was going off the bench, said they would have her indicted anew.” At the second trial she was condemned, and she was executed with the rest. “The testimonials of her Christian behavior, both in the course of her life and at her death, and her extraordinary care in educating her children, and setting them a good example, etc., under the hands of so many, are so numerous that for brevity they are here omitted.”--Robert Calef, _More Wonders of the Invisible World_ (1700). =Nut-Brown Maid= (_The_), the maid wooed by the “banished man.” The “banished man” describes to her the hardships she would have to undergo if she married him; but finding that she accounted these hardships as nothing compared with his love, he revealed himself to be an earl’s son, with large hereditary estates in Westmoreland, and married her.--Percy, _Reliques_, II. This ballad is based on the legendary history of Lord Henry Clifford, called “The Shepherd Lord.” It was modernized by Prior, who called his version of the story _Henry and Emma_. The oldest form of the ballad extant is contained in Arnolde’s _Chronicle_ (1502). =Nydia.= Greek flower-girl, blind and friendless. Glaucus is kind to, and protects her, finally purchases her of her brutal master. She loves him passionately and hopelessly, saves his life and that of his betrothed at the destruction of Pompeii; embarks with them in a skiff bound for a safer harbor, and while all are asleep, springs overboard and drowns herself.--E. L. Bulwer, _Last Days of Pompeii_ (1834). =Nym=, corporal in the army under Captain Sir John Falstaff, introduced in _The Merry Wives of Windsor_ and in _Henry V._, but not in _Henry IV._ It seems that Lieutenant Peto had died, and given a step to the officers under him. Thus, Ensign Pistol becomes lieutenant, Corporal Bardolph becomes ensign, and Nym takes the place of Bardolph. He is an arrant rogue, and both he and Bardolph are hanged_ (Henry V._). The word means to “pilfer.” It would be difficult to give any other reply save that of Corporal Nym--it was the author’s humor or caprice.--Sir W. Scott. =Nymphid´ia=, a mock-heroic by Drayton. The fairy Pigwiggen is so gallant to Queen Mab as to arouse the jealousy of King Oberon. One day, coming home and finding his queen absent, Oberon vows vengeance on the gallant, and sends Puck to ascertain the whereabouts of Mab and Pigwiggen. In the mean time, Nymphidia gives the queen warning, and the queen, with all her maids of honor, creep into a hollow nut for concealment. Puck, coming up, sets foot in the enchanted circle which Nymphidia had charmed, and, after stumbling about for a time, tumbles into a ditch. Pigwiggen, seconded by Tomalin, encounters Oberon, seconded by Tom Thum, and the fight is “both fast and furious.” Queen Mab, in alarm, craves the interference of Proserpine, who first envelopes the combatants in a thick smoke, which compels them to desist, and then gives them a draught “to assuage their thirst.” The draught was from the river Lethê; and immediately the combatants had tasted it, they forgot not only the cause of the quarrel, but even that they had quarrelled at all.--M. Drayton, _Nymphidia_ (1593). =Nysa=, daughter of Silēno and Mys´is, and sister of Daphnê. Justice Mi´das is in love with her; but she loves Apollo, her father’s guest.--Kane O’Hara, _Midas_ (1764). =Nysê, Doto, and Neri´nê=, the three nereids who went before the fleet of Vasco da Gama. When the treacherous pilot steered the ship of Vasco towards a sunken rock, these three sea-nymphs lifted up the prow and turned it round.--Camoens, _Lusiad_, ii. (1569). =O= (_Our Lady of_). The Virgin Mary is so called in some old Roman rituals, from the ejaculation at the beginning of the seven anthems preceding the _Magnificat_, as: “O, when will the day arrive...?” “O, when shall I see...?” “O, when...?” and so on. =Oakly= (_Major_), brother to Mr. Oakly, and uncle to Charles. He assists his brother in curing his “jealous wife.” _Mr. Oakly_, husband of the “jealous wife.” A very amiable man, but deficient in that strength of mind which is needed to cure the idiosyncrasy of his wife; so he obtains the assistance of his brother, the major. _Mrs. Oakly_, “the jealous wife” of Mr. Oakly. A woman of such suspicious temper, that every remark of her husband is distorted into a proof of his infidelity. She watches him like a tiger, and makes both her own and her husband’s life utterly wretched. _Charles Oakly_, nephew of the major. A fine, noble-spirited young fellow, who would never stand by and see a woman insulted; but a desperate debauchee and drunkard. He aspires to the love of Harriot Russet, whose influence over him is sufficiently powerful to reclaim him.--George Colman, _The Jealous Wife_ (1761). =Oates= (_Dr. Titus_), the champion of the popish plot. Forth came the notorious Dr. Oates, rustling in the full silken canonicals of priesthood, for ... he affected no small dignity of exterior decoration and deportment.... His exterior was portentous. A fleece of white periwig showed a most uncouth visage, of great length, having the mouth ... placed in the very centre of the countenance, and exhibiting to the astonished spectator as much chin below as there was nose and brow above it. His pronunciation was after a conceited fashion of his own, in which he accented the vowels in a manner altogether peculiar to himself.--Sir W. Scott, _Peveril of the Peak_ (time, Charles II.). =Oaths.= JOHN PERROT, a natural son of Henry VIII., was the first to employ the profane oath of _God’s Wounds_, which Queen ELIZABETH adopted, but the ladies of her court minced and softened it into _zounds_ and _zouterkins_. WILLIAM the CONQUEROR swore by _the Splendor of God_. WILLIAM RUFUS, by _St. Luke’s face_. King JOHN, by _God’s Tooth_. HENRY VIII., by _God’s Wounds_. CHARLES II., by _Ods fish_ [God’s Flesh]. LOUIS XI. of France, by _God’s Easter_. CHARLES VIII. of France, by _God’s Light_. LOUIS XII., by _The Devil take me (Diable m’emporte)_. The Chevalier BAYARD by _God’s Holyday_. FRANCOIS I. used for asseveration, _On the word of a gentleman_. HENRY III. of England, when he confirmed “Magna Charta,” used the expression, _On the word of a gentleman, a king and a knight_. Earl of ANGUS (reign of Queen Mary), when incensed, used to say, _By the might of God_, but at other times his oath was _By St. Bride of Douglas_.--Godscroft, 275. ST. WINFRED or BONI´FACE used to swear by _St. Peter’s tomb_. In the reign of Charles II. fancy oaths were the fashion. (For specimens, see FOPPINGTON.) The most common oath of the ancient Romans was _By Herculês_! for men; and _By Castor_! for women; _By Pollux_! for both. Viri per _Herculem_, mulieres per _Castorem_, utrique per _Pollucem_ jurare soliti.--Gellius, _Noctes Atticœ_,[TN-44] ii. 6. =Obad´don=, the angel of death. This is not the same angel as Abbad´ona, one of the fallen angels, and once the friend of Ab´diel (bk. vi.). My name is Ephod Obaddon or Sevenfold Revenge. I am an angel of destruction. It was I who destroyed the first-born of Egypt. It was I who slew the army of Sennacherib.--Klopstock, _The Messiah_, xiii. (1771). =Obadi´ah=, “the foolish fat scullion” in Sterne’s novel of _Tristram Shandy_ (1759). _Obadiah_, clerk to Justice Day. A nincompoop, fond of drinking, but with just a shade more brains than Abel Day, who is “a thorough ass” (act i. 1).--T. Knight, _The Honest Thieves_ (died 1820). This farce is a mere _réchauffé_ of _The Committee_ (1670), a comedy by the Hon. Sir R. Howard, the names and much of the conversation being identical. Colonel Blunt is called in the farce “Captain Manly.” =Obadiah Prim=, a canting, knavish hypocrite; one of the four guardians of Anne Lovely, the heiress. Colonel Feignwell personates Simon Pure, and obtains the Quaker’s consent to his marriage with Anne Lovely.--Mrs. Centlivre, _A Bold Stroke for a Wife_ (1717). =Obermann=, the impersonation of high moral worth without talent, and the tortures endured by the consciousness of this defect.--Etienne Pivert de Sen´ancour, _Obermann_ (1804). =Oberon=, king of the fairies, quarrelled with his wife, Titania, about a “changeling” which Obĕron wanted for a page, but Titania refused to give up. Oberon, in revenge, anointed her eyes in sleep with the extract of “Love in Idleness,” the effect of which was to make the sleeper in love with the first object beheld on waking. Titania happened to see a country bumpkin, whom Puck had dressed up with an ass’s head. Oberon came upon her while she was fondling the clown, sprinkled on her an antidote, and she was so ashamed of her folly that she readily consented to give up the boy to her spouse for his page.--Shakespeare, _Midsummer Night’s Dream_ (1592). =Oberon, the Fay=, king of Mommur, a humpty dwarf, three feet high, of angelic face. He told Sir Huon that the lady of the Hidden Isle (_Cephalonia_) married Neptanēbus, king of Egypt, by whom she had a son named Alexander “the Great.” Seven hundred years later she had another son, Oberon, by Julius Cæsar, who stopped in Cephalonia on his way to Thessaly. At the birth of Oberon the fairies bestowed their gifts on him. One was insight into men’s thoughts, and another was the power of transporting himself instantaneously to any place. At death he made Huon his successor, and was borne to paradise.--_Huon de Bordeaux_ (a romance). =Oberthal= (_Count_), lord of Dordrecht, near the Meuse. When Bertha, one of his vassals, asked permission to marry John of Leyden, the count withheld his consent, as he designed to make Bertha his mistress. This drove John into rebellion, and he joined the anabaptists. The count was taken prisoner by Gio´na, a discarded servant, but was liberated by John. When John was crowned prophet-king the count entered the banquet-hall to arrest him, and perished with him in the flames of the burning palace.--Meyerbeer, _Le Prophète_ (opera, 1849). =Obi.= Among the negroes of the West Indies “Obi” is the name of a magical power, supposed to affect men with all the curses of an “evil eye.” =Obi-Woman= (_An_), an African sorceress, a worshipper of Mumbo Jumbo. =Obi´dah=, a young man who meets with various adventures and misfortunes allegorical of human life.--Dr. Johnson, _The Rambler_ (1750-2). =Obid´icut=, the fiend of lust, and one of the five which possessed “poor Tom.”--Shakespeare, _King Lear_, act iv. sc. 1 (1605). =O’Brallaghan= (_Sir Callaghan_), “a wild Irish soldier in the Prussian army. His military humor makes one fancy he was not only born in a siege, but that Bellōna had been his nurse, Mars his schoolmaster and the Furies his playfellows.” He is the successful suitor of Charlotte Goodchild.--Macklin, _Love-à-la-mode_ (1759). =O’Brien=, the Irish lieutenant under Captain Savage.--Captain Marryat, _Peter Simple_ (1833). =Observant Friars=, those friars who observe the rule of St. Francis; to abjure books, land, house and chapel, to live on alms, dress in rags, feed on scraps and sleep anywhere. =Obstinate=, an inhabitant of the City of Destruction, who advised Christian to return to his family, and not run on a wild-goose chase.--Bunyan, _Pilgrim’s Progress_, i. (1678). =Occasion=, the mother of Furor; an ugly, wrinkled old hag, lame of one foot. Her head was bald behind, but in front she had a few hoary locks. Sir Guyon seized her, gagged her and bound her.--Spenser, _Faëry Queen_, ii. 4 (1590). =Ochiltree= (_Old Edie_), a king’s bedesman or blue-gown. Edie is a garrulous, kind-hearted, wandering beggar, who assures Mr. Lovel that the supposed ruin of a Roman camp is no such thing. The old bedesman delighted “to daunder down the burnsides and green shaws.” He is a well-drawn character.--Sir W. Scott, _The Antiquary_ (time, George III.). =Ocnus= (_The Rope of_), profitless labor. Ocnus is represented as twisting with unwearied diligence a rope, which an ass eats as fast as it is made. The allegory signifies that Ocnus worked hard to earn money, which his wife spent by her extravagance. =Octave= (2 _syl._), the son of Argante (2 _syl._). During the absence of his father, Octave fell in love with Hyacinthe, daughter of Géronte, and married her, supposing her to be the daughter of Signor Pandolphe, of Tarentum. His father wanted him to marry the daughter of his friend Géronte, but Octave would not listen to it. It turned out, however, that the daughter of Pandolphe and the daughter of Géronte were one and the same person, for Géronte had assumed the name of Pandolphe while he lived in Tarentum, and his wife and daughter stayed behind after the father went to live at Naples.--Molière, _Les Fourberies de Scapin_ (1671). ⁂ In the English version, called _The Cheats of Scapin_, by Thomas Otway, Octave is called “Octavian,” Argante is called “Thrifty,” Hyacinthe is called “Clara,” and Géronte is “Gripe.” =Octavian=, the lover of Floranthê. He goes mad because he imagines Floranthê loves another; but Roque, a blunt, kind-hearted old man, assures him that Doña Floranthê is true to him, and induces him to return home.--Colman, the younger, _The Mountaineers_ (1793). _Octavian_, the English form of “Octave” (2 _syl._), in Otway’s _Cheats of Scapin_. (See OCTAVE.) =Octa´vio=, the supposed husband of Jacintha. This Jacintha was at one time contracted to Don Henrique, but Violante (4 _syl._), passed for Don Henrique’s wife.--Beaumont and Fletcher, _The Spanish Curate_ (1622). _Octavio_, the betrothed of Donna Clara.--Jephson, _Two Strings to your Bow_ (1792). =Octer=, a sea-captain in the reign of King Alfred, who traversed the Norwegian mountains, and sailed to the Dwina in the north of Russia. The Saxon swaying all, in Alfred’s powerful reign, Our English Octer put a fleet to sea again. Drayton, _Polyolbion_, xix. (1622). =O’Cutter= (_Captain_), a ridiculous Irish captain, befriended by Lady Freelove and Lord Trinket. He speaks with a great brogue, and interlards his speech with sea terms.--George Colman, _The Jealous Wife_ (1761). =Oc´ypus=, son of Podalirius and Astasia, noted for his strength, agility and beauty. Ocypus used to jeer at the gout, and the goddess of that disease caused him to suffer from it for ever.--Lucian. =Odalisque=, in Turkey, one of the female slaves in the sultan’s harem (_odalik_, Arabic, “a chamber companion,” _oda_, “a chamber”). He went forth with the lovely odalisques. Byron, _Don Juan_, vi. 29 (1824). =Ode= (_Prince of the_), Pierre de Ronsard (1534-1585). =Odoar=, the venerable abbot of St. Felix, who sheltered King Roderick after his dethronement.--Southey, _Roderick, Last of the Goths_, iv. (1814). ⁂ Southey sometimes makes the word Odoar´ [_O´.dor_], and sometimes O´doar (3 _syl._), _e.g._: Odoar´, the venerable abbot sat (2 _syl._).... Odoar´ and Urban eyed him while he spake.... The Lady Adosinda O´doar cried (3 _syl._).... Tell him in O´doar’s name the hour has come! =O’Doh´erty= (_Sir Morgan_), a pseudonym of W. Maginn, LL.D., in _Blackwood’s Magazine_ (1819-1842). =O’Donohue’s White Horses.= The boatmen of Killarney, so call those waves which, on a windy day, come crested with foam. The spirit of O’Donohue is supposed to glide over the lake of Killarney every May-day on his favorite white horse, to the sound of unearthly music. =Odori´co=, a Biscayan, to whom Zerbi´no commits Isabella. He proves a traitor, and tries to defile her, but is interrupted in his base endeavor. Almonio defies him to single combat, and he is delivered bound to Zerbino, who condemns him, in punishment, to attend on Gabrina for twelve months, as her squire. He accepts the charge, but hangs Gabrina on an elm, and is himself hung by Almonio to the same tree.--Ariosto, _Orlando Furioso_ (1516). =Odors for Food.= Plutarch, Pliny, and divers other ancients tell us of a nation in India that lived only upon pleasing odors. Democ´ritos lived for several days together on the mere effluvia of hot bread.--Dr. John Wilkins (1614-1672). =O’Dowd= (_Cornelius_), the pseudonym of Charles James Lever, in _Blackwood’s Magazine_ (1809-1872). =Odyssey.= Homer’s epic, recording the adventures of Odysseus (_Ulysses_) in his voyage home from Troy. Book I. The poem opens in the island of Calypso, with a complaint against Neptune and Calypso for preventing the return of Odysseus (3 _syl._) to Ithaca. II. Telemachus, the son of Odysseus, starts in search of his father, accompanied by Pallas, in the guise of Mentor. III. Goes to Pylos, to consult old Nestor, and IV. Is sent by him to Sparta; where he is told by Menelāus that Odysseus is detained in the island of Calypso. V. In the mean time, Odysseus leaves the island, and, being shipwrecked, is cast on the shore of Phæācia. VI. Where Nausicāa, the king’s daughter, finds him asleep, and VII. Takes him to the court of her father, Alcinöos, who VIII. Entertains him hospitably. IX. At a banquet, Odysseus relates his adventures since he started from Troy. Tells about the Lotus-eaters and the Cyclops, with his adventures in the cave of Polyphēmos. He tells how X. The wind-god gave him the winds in a bag. In the island of Circê, he says, his crew were changed to swine, but Mercury gave him a herb called Mōly, which disenchanted them. XI. He tells the king how he descended into Hadês; XII. Gives an account of the syrens; of Scylla and Charybdis; and of his being cast on the island of Calypso. XIII. Alcinoos gives Odysseus a ship which conveys him to Ithăca, where he assumes the disguise of a beggar, XIV. And is lodged in the house of Eumœos, a faithful old domestic. XV. Telemachus, having returned to Ithaca, is lodged in the same house, XVI. And becomes known to his father. XVII. Odysseus goes to his palace, is recognized by his dog, Argos; but XVIII. The beggar Iros insults him, and Odysseus breaks his jaw-bone. XIX. While bathing, the returned monarch is recognized by a scar on his leg; XX. And when he enters his palace, becomes an eye-witness to the disorders of the court, and to the way in which XXI. Penelopê is pestered by suitors. To excuse herself, Penelopê tells her suitors he only shall be her husband who can bend Odysseus’s bow. None can do so but the stranger, who bends it with ease. Concealment is no longer possible or desirable; XXII. He falls on the suitors hip and thigh; XXIII. Is recognized by his wife. XXIV. Visits his old father, Laertês; and the poem ends. =Œa´grian Harpist= (_The_), Orpheus, son of Œa´gros and Cal´liōpê. ... can no lesse Tame the fierce walkers of the wilderness, Than that Œagrian harpist, for whose lay Tigers with hunger pined and left their prey. Wm. Browne, _Brittania’s Pastorals_, v. (1613). =Œ´dipos= (in Latin _Œdipus_), son of Laïus and Jocasta. The most mournful tale of classic story. ⁂ This tale has furnished the subject matter of several tragedies. In Greek we have _Œdipus Tyrannus_ and _Œdipus at Colōnus_, by Sopho´oclês.[TN-45] In French, _Œdipe_, by Corneille (1659); _Œdipe_, by Voltaire (1718); _Œdipe chez Admète_, by J. F. Ducis (1778); _Œdipe Roi_ and _Œdipe à Colone_, by Chénier; etc. In English, _Œdipus_, by Dryden and Lee. =Œno´ne= (3 _syl._), a nymph of Mount Ida, who had the gift of prophecy, and told her husband, Paris, that his voyage to Greece would involve him and his country (Troy) in ruin. When the dead body of old Priam’s son was laid at her feet, she stabbed herself. Hither came at noon Mournful Œnōnê, wandering forlorn Of Paris, once her playmate on the hills [_Ida_] Tennyson, _Œnone_. ⁂ Kalkbrenner, in 1804, made this the subject of an opera. =Œno´pian=, father of Mer´opê, to whom the giant Orīon made advances. Œnopian, unwilling to give his daughter to him, put out the giant’s eyes in a drunken fit. Orion ... Reeled as of yore beside the sea, When blinded by Œnopian. Longfellow, _The Occultation of Orion_. =Œte´an Knight= (_The_). Her´culês is so called, because he burnt himself to death on Mount Œta or Œtæa, in Thessaly. So also did that great Œtean knight For his love’s sake his lion’s skin undight. Spenser, _Faëry Queen_, v. 8 (1596). =Offa=, king of Mercia, was the son of Thingferth, and the eleventh in descent from Woden. Thus: Woden (1) his son Wihtlæg, (2) his son Wærmund, (3) Offa I., (4) Angeltheow, (5) Eomær, (6) Icel, (7) Pybba, (8) Osmod, (9) Enwulf, (10) Thingferth, (11) Offa, whose son was Egfert, who died within a year of his father. His daughter, Eadburga, married Bertric, king of the West Saxons; and after the death of her husband, she went to the court of King Charlemagne. Offa reigned thirty-nine years (755-794). =O’Flaherty= (_Dennis_), called “Major O’Flaherty.” A soldier, says he, is “no livery for a knave,” and Ireland is “not the country of dishonor.” The major pays court to old Lady Rusport, but when he detects her dishonest purposes in bribing her lawyer to make away with Sir Oliver’s will, and cheating Charles Dudley of his fortune, he not only abandons his suit, but exposes her dishonesty.--Cumberland, _The West Indian_ (1771). =Og=, king of Basan. Thus saith the rabbis: The height of his stature was 23,033 cubits [_nearly six miles_]. He used to drink water from the clouds, and toast fish by holding them before the orb of the sun. He asked Noah to take him into the ark, but Noah would not. When the flood was at its deepest, it did not reach to the knees of this giant. Og lived 3000 years, and then he was slain by the hand of Moses. Moses was himself ten cubits in stature [_fifteen feet_], and he took a spear ten cubits long, and threw it ten cubits high, and yet it only reached the heel of Og.... When dead, his body reached as far as the river Nile, in Egypt. Og’s mother was Enac, a daughter of Adam. Her fingers were two cubits long [_one yard_], and on each finger she had two sharp nails. She was devoured by wild beasts.--Maracci. In the satire of _Absalom and Achitophel_, by Dryden and Tate, Thomas Shadwell, who was a very large man, is called “Og.” =O´gier, the Dane=, one of the paladins of the Charlemagne epoch. When 100 years old, Morgue, the fay, took him to the island of Av´alon, “hard by the terrestrial paradise;” gave him a ring which restored him to ripe manhood, a crown which made him forget his past life, and introduced him to King Arthur. Two hundred years afterwards, she sent him to defend France from the paynims, who had invaded it; and having routed the invaders, he returned to Avalon again.--_Ogier, le Danois_ (a romance). In a pack of French cards, Ogier, the Dane, is knave of spades. His exploits are related in the _Chansons de Geste_; he is introduced by Ariosto in _Orlando Furioso_, and by Morris in his _Earthly Paradise_ (“August”). _Ogier’s Swords_, Curtāna (“the cutter”) and Sauvagine. _Ogier’s Horse_, Papillon. =Ogle= (_Miss_), friend of Mrs. Racket; she is very jealous of young girls, and even of Mrs. Racket, because she was some six years her junior.--Mrs. Cowley, _The Belle’s Stratagem_ (1780). =O´gleby= (_Lord_), an old fop, vain to excess, but good-natured withal, and quite the slave of the fair sex, were they but young and fair. At the age of 70, his lordship fancied himself an Adonis, notwithstanding his qualms and his rheumatism. He required a great deal of “brushing, oiling, screwing, and winding up before he appeared in public,” but when fully made up, was game for the part of “lover, rake, or fine gentleman.” Lord Ogleby made his bow to Fanny Sterling, and promised to make her a countess; but the young lady had been privately married to Lovewell for four months.--Colman and Garrick, _The Clandestine Marriage_ (1766). =O´gri=, giants who fed on human flesh. =O’Groat= (_John_), with his two brothers, Malcolm and Gavin, settled in Caithness in the reign of James IV. The families lived together in harmony for a time, and met once a year at John’s house. On one occasion a dispute arose about precedency--who was to take the head of the table, and who was to go out first. The old man said he would settle the question at the next annual muster; accordingly he made as many doors to his house as there were families, and placed his guests at a round table. =Oig M’Combich= (_Robin_), or M’Gregor, a Highland drover, who quarrels with Harry Wakefield, an English drover, about a pasture-field, and stabs him. Being tried at Carlisle for murder, Robin is condemned to death.--Sir W. Scott, _The Two Drovers_ (time, George III.). =Oina-Morul=, daughter of Mal-Orchol, king of Fuärfed (a Scandinavian Island). Ton-Thormod asked her in marriage, and being refused by the father, made war upon him. Fingal sent his son Ossian to the aid of Mal-Orchol, and he took Ton-Thormod prisoner. The king now offered Ossian his daughter to wife, but the warrior-bard discovered that the lady had given her heart to Ton-Thormod; whereupon he resigned his claim, and brought about a happy reconciliation.--Ossian, _Oina-Morul_. =Oith´ona=, daughter of Nuäth, betrothed to Gaul, son of Morni, and the day of their marriage was fixed; but before the time arrived, Fingal sent for Gaul to aid him in an expedition against the Britons. Gaul promised Oithona, if he survived, to return by a certain day. Lathmon, the brother of Oithona, was called away from home at the same time, to attend his father on an expedition; so the damsel was left alone in Dunlathmon. It was now that Dunrommath, lord of Uthal (one of the Orkneys) came and carried her off by force to Trom´athon, a desert island, where he concealed her in a cave. Gaul returned on the day appointed, heard of the rape, sailed for Trom´athon, and found the lady, who told him her tale of woe; but scarcely had she ended when Dunrommath entered the cave with his followers. Gaul instantly fell on him, and slew him. While the battle was raging, Oithona, arrayed as a warrior, rushed into the thickest of the fight, and was slain. When Gaul had cut off the head of Dunrommath, he saw what he thought a youth dying of a wound, and taking off the helmet, perceived it was Oithona. She died, and Gaul returned disconsolate to Dunlathmon.--Ossian, _Oithona_. =Okba=, one of the sorcerers in the caves of Dom-Daniel “under the roots of the ocean.” It was decreed by fate that one of the race of Hodei´rah (3 _syl._), would be fatal to the sorcerers; so Okba was sent forth to kill the whole race, both root and branch. He succeeded in cutting off eight of them, but Thal´aba contrived to escape. Abdaldar was sent to hunt down the survivor, but was himself killed by a simoom. “Curse on thee, Okba!” Khawla cried.... “Okba, wert thou weak of heart? Okba, wert thou blind of eye? Thy fate and ours were on the lot ... Thou hast let slip the reins of Destiny. Curse thee, curse thee, Okba!” Southey, _Thalaba, the Destroyer_, ii. 7 (1797). =O’Kean= (_Lieutenant_), a quondam admirer of Mrs. Margaret Bertram, of Singleside.--Sir W. Scott, _Guy Mannering_ (time, George II.). =Olave=, brother of Norma, and grandfather of Minna and Brenda Troil.--Sir W. Scott, _The Pirate_ (time, William III.). =Old Bags.= John Scott, Lord Eldon; so called because he carried home with him in sundry bags the cases pending his judgment (1751-1838). =Old Bona Fide= (2 _syl._), Louis XIV. (1638, 1643-1715). =Old Curiosity Shop= (_The_), a tale by C. Dickens (1840). An old man, having run through his fortune, opened a curiosity shop in order to earn a living, and brought up a granddaughter, named Nell [Trent], 14 years of age. The child was the darling of the old man, but, deluding himself with the hope of making a fortune by gaming, he lost everything, and went forth, with the child, a beggar. Their wanderings and adventures are recounted till they reach a quiet country village, where the old clergyman gives them a cottage to live in. Here Nell soon dies, and the grandfather is found dead upon her grave. The main character, next to Nell, is that of a lad named Kit [Nubbles], employed in the curiosity shop, who adored Nell as “an angel.” This boy gets in the service of Mr. Garland, a genial, benevolent, well-to-do man in the suburbs of London; but Quilp hates the lad, and induces Brass, a solicitor of Bevis Marks, to put a £5 bank-note in the boy’s hat, and then accuse him of theft. Kit is tried, and condemned to transportation, but the villainy being exposed by a girl-of-all-work, nicknamed “The Marchioness,” Kit is liberated and restored to his place, and Quilp drowns himself. =Old Cutty Soames= (1 _syl._), the fairy of the mine. =Old Fox= (_The_), Marshal Soult; so called from his strategic abilities and never-failing resources (1769-1851). =Old Glory=, Sir Francis Burdett; so called by the radicals, because at one time he was their leader. In his later years Sir Francis joined the tories (1770-1844). =Old Grog=, Admiral Edward Vernon; so called from his wearing a grogram coat in foul weather (1684-1757). =Old Harry=, the devil. The Hebrew _seirim_ (“hairy ones”) is translated “devils” in _Lev._ xvii. 7, probably meaning “he-goats.” =Old Hickory.= General Andrew Jackson was so called in 1813. He was first called “Tough,” then “Tough as Hickory,” then “Hickory,” and lastly “Old Hickory.” =Old Humphrey=, the pseudonym of George Mogridge, of London (died 1854). =Old Maid= (_The_), a farce by Murphy (1761). Miss Harlow is the “old maid,” aged 45, living with her brother and his bride, a beautiful young woman of 23. A young man of fortune, having seen them at Ranelagh, falls in love with the younger lady; and, inquiring their names, is told they are “Mrs. and Miss Harlow.” He takes it for granted that the elder lady is the mother, and the younger the daughter, so asks permission to pay his addresses to “Miss Harlow.” The request is granted, but it turns out that the young man meant Mrs. Harlow; and the worst of the matter is that the elder spinster was engaged to be married to Captain Cape, but turned him off for the younger man; and, when the mistake was discovered, was left like the last rose of summer to “pine on the stem,” for neither felt inclined to pluck and wear the flower. =Old Maids=, a comedy by S. Knowles (1841). The “old maids” are Lady Blanche and Lady Anne, two young ladies who resolved to die old maids. Their resolutions, however, are but ropes of sand, for Lady Blanche falls in love with Colonel Blount, and Lady Anne with Sir Philip Brilliant. =Old Man= (_An_), Sir Francis Bond Head, Bart., who published his _Bubbles from the Brunnen of Nassau_ under this signature. =Old Man Eloquent= (_The_), Isoc´ratês, the orator. The defeat of the Athenians at Cheronæ´a had such an effect on his spirits that he languished and died within four days, in the 99th year of his age. ... that dishonest victory At Cheronæa, fatal to liberty, Killed with report that Old Man Eloquent. Milton, _Sonnet_, ix. The same _sobriquet_ was freely applied to John Quincy Adams. =Old Man of the Mountains=, Hussan-ben-Sabah, sheik al Jebal; also called subah of Nishapour, the founder of the band (1090). Two letters are inserted in Rymer’s _Fœdera_ by Dr. Adam Clarke, the editor, said to be written by this sheik. Aloaddin, “prince of the Assassins” (thirteenth century). =Old Man of the Sea= (_The_), a monster which contrived to get on the back of Sindbad the sailor, and refused to dismount. Sindbad at length made him drunk, and then shook him off.--_Arabian Nights_ (“Sindbad the Sailor,” fifth voyage). _Old Man of the Sea_ (_The_), Phorcus. He had three daughters, with only one eye and one tooth between ’em.--_Greek Mythology._ =Old Manor-House= (_The_), a novel by Charlotte Smith. Mrs. Rayland is the lady of the manor (1793). =Old Moll=, the beautiful daughter of John Overie or Audery (contracted into Overs) a miserly ferryman. “Old Moll” is a standing toast with the parish officers of St. Mary Overs’. =Old Mortality=, the best of Scott’s historical novels (1716). Morton is the best of his young heroes, and serves as an excellent foil to the fanatical and gloomy Burley. The two classes of actors, viz., the brave and dissolute cavaliers, and the resolute, oppressed covenanters, are drawn in bold relief. The most striking incidents are the terrible encounter with Burley in his rocky fastness; the dejection and anxiety of Morton on his return from Holland; and the rural comfort of Cuddie Headrigg’s cottage on the banks of the Clyde, with its thin blue smoke among the trees, “showing that the evening meal was being made ready.” _Old Mortality_ always appeared to me the “Marmion” of Scott’s novels.--Chambers, _English Literature_, ii. 587. _Old Mortality_, an itinerant antiquary, whose craze is to clean the moss from gravestones, and keep their letters and effigies in good condition.--Sir W. Scott, _Old Mortality_ (time, Charles II.). ⁂ The prototype of “Old Mortality” was Robert Patterson. =Old Noll=, Oliver Cromwell (1590-1658). _Old Noll’s Fiddler_, Sir Roger Lestrange, who played the base-viol at the musical parties held at John Hingston’s house, where Oliver Cromwell was a constant guest. =Old Rowley=, Charles II., so called from his favorite race-horse (1630, 1660-1685). =Old Stone.= Henry Stone, statuary and painter (died 1653). =Oldboy= (_Colonel_), a manly retired officer, fond of his glass, and not averse to a little spice of the Lothario spirit. _Lady Mary Oldboy_, daughter of Lord Jessamy, and wife of the colonel. A sickly nonentity, “ever complaining, ever having something the matter with her head, back, or legs.” Afraid of the slightest breath of wind, jarred by a loud voice, and incapable of the least exertion. _Diana Oldboy_, daughter of the colonel. She marries Harman. _Jessamy_, son of the colonel and Lady Mary. An insufferable prig.--Bickerstaff, _Lionel and Clarissa_. =Oldbuck= (_Jonathan_), the antiquary, devoted to the study and accumulation of old coins and medals, etc. He is sarcastic, irritable, and a woman-hater; but kind-hearted, faithful to his friends, and a humorist.--Sir W. Scott, _The Antiquary_ (time, George III.). An excellent temper, with a slight degree of subacid humor; learning, wit, and drollery, the more poignant that they were a little marked by the peculiarities of an old bachelor; a soundness of thought, rendered more forcible by an occasional quaintness of expression--these were the qualities in which the creature of my imagintion[TN-46] resembled my benevolent and excellent friend.--Sir W. Scott. The merit of _The Antiquary_ as a novel rests on the inimitable delineation of Oldbuck, that model of black-letter and Roman-camp antiquaries, whose oddities and conversation are rich and racy as any of the old crusted port that John of the Girnel might have held in his monastic cellars.--Chambers, _English Literature_, ii. 586. =Oldcastle= (_Sir John_), a drama by Anthony Munday (1600). This play appeared with the name of Shakespeare on the title-page. =Old Sledge.= Game of cards that, played at the “Settlemint”--(a group of log huts) among the Tennessee mountains, has a fatal fascination for Josiah Tait, who loses to a former suitor of the woman he has married everything he owns. The property is restored through the unexpected magnanimity of the winner, and the playing of Old Sledge becomes a lost art at the “Settlemint.”--Charles Egbert Craddock, _In the Tennessee Mountains_ (1884). =Oldworth=, of Oldworth Oaks, a wealthy squire, liberally educated, very hospitable, benevolent, humorous, and whimsical. He brings up Maria, “the maid of the Oaks” as his ward, but she is his daughter and heiress.--J Burgoyne, _The Maid of the Oaks_ (1779). =Ole ’Stracted=, a superannuated negro, formerly a slave, whose fancy is to wait in a hut on the old plantation for his master’s return. He was “sold South” forty years before, and his young master promised to go down next summer and buy him back. The poor fellow has saved in these years twelve hundred dollars to pay for his freedom. Unknown to himself or to them, his son and daughter-in-law minister to him in his last moments. He has put on his clean shirt, sure that “young marster” will come to-day. Rising to his feet he cries out: “Heah de one you lookin’ for, Marster! Mymy--heah’s Little Ephrum!” And with a smile on his face he sank back into his son’s arms.--Thomas Nelson Page, _In Ole Virginia_ (1887). =Olifant=, the horn of Roland or Orlando. This horn and the sword “Durinda´na” were buried with the hero. Turpin tells us in his _Chronicle_ that Charlemagne heard the blare of this horn at a distance of eight miles. _Olifant_ (_Basil_), a kinsman of Lady Margaret Bellenden, of the Tower of Tillietudlem.--Sir W. Scott, _Old Mortality_ (time, Charles II.). =Olifaunt= (_Lord Nigel_), of Glenvarloch. On going to court to present a petition to James I. he aroused the dislike of the duke of Buckingham. Lord Dalgarno gave him the cut direct, and Nigel struck him, but was obliged to seek refuge in Alsatia. After various adventures he married Margaret Ramsay, the watch-maker’s daughter, and obtained the title-deeds of his estates.--Sir W. Scott, _The Fortunes of Nigel_ (time, James I.). =Olim´pia=, the wife of Bireno, uncompromising in love, and relentless in hate.--Ariosto, _Orlando Furioso_ (1516). _Olimpia_, a proud Roman lady of high rank. When Rome was sacked by Bourbon, she flew for refuge to the high altar of St. Peter’s, where she clung to a golden cross. On the advance of certain soldiers in the army of Bourbon to seize her, she cast the huge cross from its stand, and as it fell it crushed to death the foremost soldier. Others then attempted to seize her, when Arnold dispersed them and rescued the lady; but the proud beauty would not allow the foe of her country to touch her, and flung herself from the high altar on the pavement. Apparently lifeless, she was borne off; but whether she recovered or not we are not informed, as the drama was never finished.--Byron, _The Deformed Transformed_ (1821). =Olindo=, the lover of Sophronia. Aladine, king of Jerusalem, at the advice of his magicians, stole an image of the Virgin, and set it up as a palladium in the chief mosque. During the night it was carried off, and the king, unable to discover the thief, ordered all his Christian subjects to be put to death. To prevent this massacre, Sophronia delivered up herself as the perpetrator of the deed, and Olindo, hearing thereof, went to the king and declared Sophronia innocent, as he himself had stolen the image. The king commanded both to be put to death, but, by the intercession of Clorinda, they were both set free.--Tasso, _Jerusalem Delivered_, ii. (1575). =Oliphant= or =Ollyphant=, the twin-brother of Argan´tê, the giantess. Their father was Typhæus, and their mother Earth.--Spenser, _Faëry Queen_, iii. 7, 11 (1590). =Olive Litchfield=, young woman married to an elderly man, whose fatherly kindness wins her grateful esteem. With her knowledge and sanction he leaves the bulk of his property to charitable objects, thereby disappointing her rapacious relatives. She is quite willing, as a widow, to marry the man her mother dismissed in order to wed her to a millionaire, but James Merion, the cured suitor, prefers a fresh love.--Ellen Olney Kirk, _A Daughter of Eve_. =Olive Tree= (_The_), emblem of Athens, in memory of the famous dispute between Minerva (the patron goddess of Athens) and Neptune. Both deities wished to found a city on the same spot; and, referring the matter to Jove, the king of gods and men decreed that the privilege should be granted to whichever would bestow the most useful gift on the future inhabitants. Neptune struck the earth with his trident, and forth came a war-horse; Minerva produced an olive tree, emblem of peace; and Jove gave the verdict in favor of Minerva. =Olive Carraze=, beautiful quadroon, virtuous and accomplished, whose mother, _Madame Delphine_, swears Olive is not her child, that she may secure the girl’s legal marriage with a white man who loves her honorably. On the afternoon of the marriage-day, when the wedded pair have taken their departure, Madame Delphine seeks her confessor, owns the perjury, receives absolution, and falls dead in the confessional.--George W. Cable, _Madame Delphine_ (1879). =Oliver=, the elder son of Sir Rowland de Bois [_Bwor_], left in charge of his younger brother, Orlando, whom he hated and tried indirectly to murder. Orlando, finding it impossible to live in his brother’s house, fled to the forest of Arden, where he joined the society of the banished duke. One morning he saw a man sleeping, and a serpent and lioness bent on making him their prey. He slew both the serpent and lioness, and then found that the sleeper was his brother Oliver. Oliver’s disposition from this moment underwent a complete change, and he loved his brother as much as he had before hated him. In the forest the two brothers met Rosalind and Celia. The former, who was the daughter of the banished duke, married Orlando; and the latter, who was the daughter of the usurping duke, married Oliver.--Shakespeare, _As You Like It_ (1598). =Oliver and Rowland=, the two chief paladins of Charlemagne. Shakespeare makes the duke of Alençon say: Froissart, a countryman of ours, records, England all Olivers and Rowlands bred During the time Edward the Third did reign. 1 _Henry VI._ act i. sc. 2 (1589). _Oliver’s Horse_, Ferrant d’Espagne. _Oliver’s Sword_, Haute-claire. =Oliver le Dain= or _Oliver le Diable_, court barber, and favorite minister of Louis XI. Introduced by Sir W. Scott in _Quentin Durward_ and _Anne of Geierstein_ (time, Edward IV.). =Oliver Floyd=, a dashing lawyer, with iron-gray hair, and separated from his wife. His guardianly attention to Carol Lester set village and town gossip to talking.--Charlotte Dunning, _Upon a Cast_ (1885). =Oliv´ia=, a rich countess, whose love was sought by Orsino, duke of Illyria; but having lost her brother, Olivia lived for a time in entire seclusion, and in no wise reciprocated the duke’s love; in consequence of which Viola nicknamed her “Fair Cruelty.” Strange as it may seem, Olivia fell desperately in love with Viola, who was dressed as the duke’s page, and sent her a ring. Mistaking Sebastian (Viola’s brother) for Viola, she married him out of hand.--Shakespeare, _Twelfth Night_ (1614). Never were Shakespeare’s words more finely given than by Miss M. Tree [1802-1862] in the speech to “Olivia,” beginning, “Make me a willow cabin at thy gate.”--Talfourd (1821). _Olivia_, a female Tartuffe (2 _syl._), and consummate hypocrite of most unblushing effrontery.--Wycherly, _The Plain Dealer_ (1677). The duc de Montausier was the prototype of Wycherly’s “Mr. Manly,” the “plain dealer,” and of Molière’s “Misanthrope.” _Olivia_, daughter of Sir James Woodville, left in charge of a mercenary wretch, who, to secure to himself her fortune, shut her up in a convent in Paris. She was rescued by Leontine Croaker, brought to England, and became his bride.--Goldsmith, _The Good-natured Man_ (1768). _Olivia_, the tool of Ludovĭco. She loved Vicentio, but Vicentio was plighted to Evadne, sister of Colonna. Ludovico induced Evadne to substitute the king’s miniature for that of Vicentio, which she was accustomed to wear. When Vicentio returned, and found Evadne with the king’s miniature, he believed what Ludovico had told him that she was the king’s wanton, and he cast her off. Olivia repented of her duplicity, and explained it all to Vicentio, whereby a reconciliation took place, and Vicentio married his troth-plighted lady, “more sinned against than sinning.”--Shiel, _Evadne_ or _The Statue_ (1820). _Olivia_, “the rose of Aragon,” was the daughter of Ruphi´no, a peasant, and bride of Prince Alonzo of Aragon. The king refused to recognize the marriage, and, sending his son to the army, compelled the cortez to pass an act of divorce. This brought to a head a general revolt. The king was dethroned, and Almagro made regent. Almagro tried to make Olivia marry him; ordered her father to the rack, and her brother to death. Meanwhile the prince returned at the head of his army, made himself master of the city, put down the revolt, and had his marriage duly recognized. Almagro took poison and died.--S. Knowles, _The Rose of Aragon_ (1842). _Olivia_ [PRIMROSE], the elder daughter of the vicar of Wakefield. She was a sort of a Hebê in beauty, open, sprightly, and commanding. Olivia Primrose “wished for many lovers,” and eloped with Squire Thornhill. Her father went in search of her, and on his return homeward, stopped at a roadside inn, called the Harrow, and there found her turned out of the house by the landlady. It was ultimately discovered that she was legally married to the squire.--Goldsmith, _Vicar of Wakefield_ (1765). _Olivia_, young girl who hearkens to _The Talking Oak_ in Tennyson’s poem of that name (1842). =Olivia de Zenuga=, daughter of Don Cæsar. She fixed her heart on having Julio de Melessina for her husband, and so behaved to all other suitors as to drive them away. Thus to Don Garcia, she pretended to be a termagant; to Don Vincentio, who was music-mad, she professed to love a Jew’s-harp above every other instrument. At last Julio appeared, and her “bold stroke” obtained as its reward “the husband of her choice.”--Mrs. Cowley, _A Bold Stroke for a Husband_ (1782). =Olla=, bard of Cairbar. These bards acted as heralds.--Ossian. =Ol´lapod= (_Cornet_), at the Galen’s Head. An eccentric country apothecary, “a jumble of physic and shooting.” Dr. Ollapod is very fond of “wit,” and when he has said what he thinks a smart thing he calls attention to it, with “He! he! he!” and some such expression as “Do you take, good sir! do you take?” But when another says a smart thing, he titters, and cries, “That’s well! that’s very well! Thank you, good sir, I owe you one!” He is a regular rattle; details all the scandal of the village; boasts of his achievements or misadventures; is very mercenary, and wholly without principle.--G. Colman, _The Poor Gentleman_ (1802). ⁂ This character is evidently a copy of Dibdin’s “Doctor Pother” in _The Farmer’s Wife_ (1780). =Ol´lomand=, an enchanter, who persuaded Ahu´bal, the rebellious brother of Misnar, sultan of Delhi, to try by bribery to corrupt the troops of the sultan. By an unlimited supply of gold, he soon made himself master of the southern provinces and Misnar marched to give him battle. Ollomand, with 5000 men, went in advance and concealed his company in a forest; but Misnar, apprised thereof by spies, set fire to the forest, and Ollomand was shot by the discharge of his own cannons, fired spontaneously by the flames: “For enchantment has no power except over those who are first deceived by the enchanter.”--Sir C. Morell [J. Ridley], _Tales of the Genii_ (“The Enchanter’s Tale,” vi., 1751). =Oluf= (_Sir_), a bridegroom who rode late to collect guests to his wedding. On his ride, the daughter of the erl king met him and invited him to dance a measure, but Sir Oluf declined. She then offered him a pair of gold spurs, a silk doublet, and a heap of gold, if he would dance with her: and when he refused to do so, she struck him “with an elf-stroke.” On the morrow, when all the bridal party was assembled, Sir Oluf was found dead in a wood.--_A Danish Legend_ (Herder). =Olympia=, countess of Holland and wife of Bire´no. Being deserted by Bireno, she was bound naked to a rock by pirates, but was delivered by Orlando, who took her to Ireland, where she married King Oberto (bks. iv., v.),[TN-47]--Ariosto, _Orlando Furioso_ (1516). _Olympia_, sister to the grand-duke of Muscovia.--Beaumont and Fletcher, _The Loyal Subject_ (1618). =Omawhaws= [_Om´.a.waws_] or =Omahas=, an Indian tribe of Dakota. O, chief of the mighty Omahaws! Longfellow, _To the Driving Cloud_. =Ombre´lia=, the rival of Smilinda, for the love of Sharper; “strong as the footman, as the master sweet.”--Pope, _Eclogues_ (“The Basset Table,” 1715). =O’Neal= (_Shan_), leader of the Irish insurgents in 1567. Shan O’Neal was notorious for profligacy. =O’Malley= (_Charles_). Dashing Irishman in Charles James Lever’s novel _Charles O’Malley_. =O’More= (_Rory_). Hero of a novel of same name and the lover of Katharine O’Bawn, in the popular song, Rory O’More. Novel and song are by Samuel Lover. =Onei´za= (3 _syl._), daughter of Moath, a well-to-do Bedouin, in love with Thal´aba, “the destroyer” of sorcerers. Thalaba, being raised to the office of vizier, married Oneiza, but she died on the bridal night.--Southey, _Thalaba, the Destroyer_, ii., vii. (1797). =Oneida Warrior= (_The_), Outalissi (_q.v._).--Campbell, _Gertrude of Wyoming_ (1809). =Only= (_The_), Johann Paul Friedrich Richter, called by the Germans _Der Einzige_, from the unique character of his writings. ⁂ The Italians call Bernardo Accolti, an Italian poet of the sixteenth century, “Aretino the Only,” or _L’Unico Aretino_. =Open, Ses´ame!= (3 _syl._) the magic words which caused the cave door of the “forty thieves” to open of itself. “Shut Sesamê!” were the words which caused it to shut. Sesame is a grain, and hence Cassim, when he forgot the word, cried, “Open, Wheat!” “Open, Rye!” “Open, Barley!” but the door obeyed no sound but “Open, Sesamê!”--_Arabian Nights_ (“Ali Baba or The Forty Thieves”). =Ophelia=, the young, beautiful, and pious daughter of Polo´nius, lord chamberlain to the king of Denmark. Hamlet fell in love with her, but her father forbade her holding word or speech with the Prince, and she obeyed so strictly that her treatment of him, with his other wrongs, drove him to upbraid and neglect her. Ophelia was so wrought upon by his conduct that her mind gave way. In her madness, attempting to hang a wreath of flowers on a willow by a brook, a branch broke, and she was drowned.--_Hamlet_ (1596). Tate Wilkinson, speaking of Mrs. Cibber (Dr. Arne’s daughter, 1710-1766), says: “Her features, figure and singing, made her the best ‘Ophelia’ that ever appeared either before or since.” =Ophiuchus= [_Of´.i.ū´.kus_], the constellation _Serpentarius_. Ophiuchus is a man who holds a serpent (Greek _Ophis_) in his hands. The constellation is situated to the south of _Herculês_; and the principal star, called “Ras Alhague,” is in the man’s head. (_Ras Alhague_)[TN-48] is from the Arabic, _rás-al-hawwá_, “the serpent-charmer’s head.”) Satan stood Unterrified, and like a comet burned, That fires the length of Ophiuchus huge, In the Arctic sky. Milton, _Paradise Lost_, ii. 709, etc. (1665). =Opium-Eater= (_The English_), Thomas de Quincey, who published _Confessions of an English Opium-Eater_ (1845). =O. P. Q.=, Robert Merry (1755-1798); object of Gifford’s satire in _Baviad_ and _Mæviad_, and of Byron’s in his _English Bards and Scotch Reviewers_. He marries Miss Brunton, the actress. And Merry’s metaphors appear anew, Chained to the signature of O. P. Q. Byron, _English Bards and Scotch Reviewers_ (1809). =Oracle of the Church= (_The_), St. Bernard (1091-1153). =Oracle of the Holy Bottle= (_The_), an oracle sought for by Rabelais, to solve the knotty point “whether Panurge (2 _syl._) should marry or not.” The question had been put to sibyl and poet, monk and fool, philosopher and witch, but none could answer it. The oracle was ultimately found in Lantern-land. This, of course, is a satire on the celibacy of the clergy and the withholding of the cup from the laity. Shall the clergy marry or not?--that was the moot point; and the “Bottle of Tent Wine,” or the clergy, who kept the bottle to themselves, alone could solve it. The oracle and priestess of the bottle were both called _Bacbuc_ (Hebrew for “bottle”).--Rabelais, _Pantag´ruel_, iv., v. (1545). =Oracle= (_Sir_), name used in Merchant of Venice to express conceited, pugnacious man. ... I am Sir Oracle, And when I ope my lips, let no dog bark!”[TN-49] =Orange= (_Prince of_), a title given to the heir-apparent of the king of Holland. “Orange” is a petty principality in the territory of Avignon, in the possession of the Nassau family. =Orania=, the lady-love of Am´adis of Gaul.--Lobeira, _Amadis of Gaul_ (fourteenth century). =Orator Henley=, the Rev. John Henley, who for about thirty years delivered lectures on theological, political, and literary subjects (1692-1756). ⁂ Hogarth has introduced him into several of his pictures; and Pope says of him: Imbround with native bronze, lo! Henley stands, Tuning his voice, and balancing his hands, How fluent nonsense trickles from his tongue! How sweet the periods, neither said nor sung!... Oh, great restorer of the good old stage, Preacher at once and zany of thy age! Oh, worthy thou of Egypt’s wise abodes; A decent priest where monkeys were the gods! _The Dunciad_ (1742). =Orator Hunt=, the great demagogue in the time of the Wellington and Peel administration. Henry Hunt, M.P., used to wear a gray hat, and these hats were for the time a badge of democratic principles, and called “radical hats” (1773-1835). =Orbaneja=, the painter of Ube´da, who painted so preposterously that he inscribed under his objects what he meant them for. Orbaneja would paint a cock so wretchedly designed that he was obliged to inscribe under it, “This is a cock.”--Cervantes, _Don Quixote_, II. i. 3 (1615). =Orbilius=, the schoolmaster who taught Horace. The poet calls him “the flogger” (_plagōsus_).--_Ep._ ii. 71. ⁂ _The Orbilian Stick_ is a birch rod or cane. =Ordigale=, the otter in the beast-epic of _Reynard the Fox_, i. (1498). =Ordovi´ces= (4 _syl._), people of Ordovicia, that is, Flintshire, Denbighshire, Merionetshire, Montgomeryshire, Carnarvonshire and Anglesey. (In Latin the _i_ is short: _Ordovĭcês_.) The Ordovīces now which North Wales people be. Drayton, _Polyolbion_, xvi. (1613). =Or´dovies= (3 _syl._), the inhabitants of North Wales. (In Latin North Wales is called _Ordovic´ia_.) Beneath his [_Agricola’s_] fatal sword the Ordovies to fall (Inhabiting the west), those people last of all ... withstood. Drayton, _Polyolbion_, viii. (1612). =Or´ead= (3 _syl._), a mountain-nymph. Tennyson calls “Maud” an _oread_, because her hall and garden were on a hill. I see my Oreäd coming down. _Maud_, I. xvi. 1 (1855). _Oreäd._ Echo is so called. =Ore´ades= (4 _syl._) or =O´reads= (3 _syl._), mountain-nymphs. Ye Cambrian [_Welsh_] shepherds then, whom these our mountains please, And ye our fellow-nymphs, ye light Oreädês. Drayton, _Polyolbion_, ix. (1612). =Orel´io=, the favorite horse of King Roderick, the last of the Goths. ’Twas Orelio On which he rode, Roderick’s own battle-horse, Who from his master’s hand had wont to feed, And with a glad docility obey His voice familiar. Southey, _Roderick, etc._, xxv. (1814). =Ores´tes= (3 _syl._), son of Agamemnon, betrothed to Hermi´onê (4 _syl._), daughter of Menela´us (4 _syl._), king of Sparta. At the downfall of Troy Menelāus promised Hermionê in marriage to Pyrrhus, king of Epīrus, but Pyrrhus fell in love with Androm´achê, the widow of Hector, and his captive. An embassy, led by Orestês, was sent to Epirus to demand that the son of Andromachê should be put to death, lest, as he grew up, he might seek to avenge his father’s death. Pyrrhus refused to comply. In this embassage Orestês met Hermionê again, and found her pride and jealousy aroused to fury by the slight offered her. She goaded Orestês to avenge her insults, and the ambassadors fell on Pyrrhus and murdered him. Hermionê, when she saw the dead body of the king borne along, stabbed herself, and Orestês went raving mad.--Ambrose Philips, _The Distressed Mother_ (1712). =Orfeo and Heuro´dis=, the tale of Orpheus and Eurydĭcê, with the Gothic machinery of elves and fairies. ⁂ Glück has an opera called _Orfeo_; the libretto, by Calzabigi, based on a dramatic piece by Poliziano (1764). =Orgari´ta=, “the orphan of the Frozen Sea,” heroine of a drama. (See MARTHA.)--Stirling, _The Orphan of the Frozen Sea_ (1856). =Or´gilus=, the betrothed lover of Penthe´a, by the consent of her father; but, at the death of her father, her brother, Ith´oclês, compelled her to marry Bass´anês, whom she hated. Ithoclês was about to marry the princess of Sparta, but a little before the event was to take place Penthea starved herself to death, and Orgilus was condemned to death for murdering Ithoclês.--John Ford, _The Broken Heart_ (1633). =Orgoglio= [_Or.gole´.yo_], a hideous giant, as tall as three men, son of Earth and Wind. Finding the Red Cross Knight at the fountain of Idleness he beats him with a club, and makes him his slave. Una informs Arthur of it, and Arthur liberates the knight and slays the giant (_Rev._ xiii. 5, 7, with _Dan._ vii. 21, 22).--Spenser, _Faëry Queen_, i. (1590). ⁂ Arthur first cut off Orgoglio’s _left arm_, _i. e._ Bohemia was cut off first from the Church of Rome; then he cut off the giant’s _right leg_, _i. e._ England. =Orgon=, brother-in-law of Tartuffe (2 _syl._). His credulity and faith in Tartuffe, like that of his mother, can scarcely be shaken even by the evidence of his senses. He hopes against hope, and fights every inch of ground in defence of the religious hypocrite.--Molière, _Tartuffe_ (1664). =Oria´na=, daughter of Lisuarte, king of England, and spouse of Am´adis of Gaul (bk. ii. 6). The general plot of this series of romances bears on this marriage, and tells of the thousand and one obstacles from rivals, giants, sorcerers and so on, which had to be overcome before the consummation could be effected. It is in this unity of plot that the Amadis series differs from its predecessors--the Arthurian romances, and those of the paladins of Charlemagne, which are detached adventures, each complete in itself, and not bearing to any common focus.--_Amadis de Gaul_ (fourteenth century). ⁂ Queen Elizabeth is called “the peerless Oriana,” especially in the madrigals entitled _The Triumphs of Oriana_ (1601). Ben Jonson applies the name to the queen of James I. (_Oriens Anna_). _Oriana_, the nursling of a lioness, with whom Esplandian fell in love, and for whom he underwent all his perils and exploits. She was the gentlest, fairest, and most faithful of her sex.--Lobeira, _Amadis de Gaul_ (fourteenth century). _Orian´a_, the fair, brilliant, and witty “chaser” of the “wild goose” Mirabel, to whom she is betrothed, and whose wife she ultimately becomes.--Beaumont and Fletcher, _The Wild-Goose Chase_ (1652). _Oriana_, the ward of old Mirabel, and bound by contract to her guardian’s son whom she loves; but young Mirabel shilly-shallies, till he gets into trouble with Lamorce (3 _syl._), and is in danger of being murdered, when Oriana, dressed as a page, rescues him. He then declared that his “inconstancy has had a lesson,” and he marries the lady.--G. Farquhar, _The Inconstant_ (1702). _Oriana_, in Tennyson’s ballad so called, “stood on the castle wall,” to see her spouse, a Norland chief, fight. A foeman went between “the chief, and the wall,” and discharged an arrow, which, glancing aside, pierced the lady’s heart and killed her. The ballad is the lamentation of the spouse on the death of his bride (1830). =O´riande= (3 _syl._), a fay who lived at Rosefleur, and was brought up by Maugis d’Aygremont. When her _protégé_ grew up, she loved him, “d’un si grand amour, qu’elle doute fort qu’il ne se departe d’avecques elle.”--_Romance de Maujis d’Aygremont et de Vivian son Frère._ =O´riel=, a fairy, whose empire lay along the banks of the Thames, when King Oberon held his court in Kensington Gardens.--Tickell, _Kensington Gardens_ (1686-1740). =Orient= (_The_). In _The New Priest of Conception Bay_, Fanny Dare sings to little Mary Barré how the good ship _Orient_ was wrecked. “Woe for the brave ship Orient! Woe for the old ship Orient! For in the broad, broad light With the land in sight,-- Where the waters bubbled white,-- One great, sharp shriek!--one shudder of affright! And---- down went the brave old ship, the Orient!” Robert Lowell, _The New Priest of Conception Bay_ (1858). =Oriflamme=, the banner of St. Denis. When the counts of Vexin became possessed of the abbey, the banner passed into their hands, and when, in 1082, Philippe I. united Vexin to the crown, the oriflamme or sacred banner belonged to the king. In 1119 it was first used as a national banner. It consists of a crimson silk flag, mounted on a gilt staff (_un glaive tout doré où est attaché une banière vermeille_). The loose end is cut into three wavy vandykes, to represent tongues of flame, and a silk tassel is hung at each cleft. In war the display of this standard indicates that no quarter will be given. The English standard of no quarter was the “burning dragon.” Raoul de Presle says it was used in the time of Charlemagne, being the gift of the patriarch of Jerusalem. We are told that all infidels were blinded who looked upon it. Froissart says it was displayed at the battle of Rosbecq, in the reign of Charles VI., and “no sooner was it unfurled than the fog cleared away, and the sun shone on the French alone.” I have not reared the Oriflamme of death. ... me it behooves To spare the fallen foe. Southey, _Joan of Arc_, viii. 621, etc. (1837). =Origilla=, the lady-love of Gryphon, brother of Aquilant; but the faithless fair one took up with Martāno, a most impudent boaster and a coward. Being at Damascus during a tournament in which Gryphon was the victor, Martano stole the armor of Gryphon, arrayed himself in it, took the prizes, and then decamped with the lady. Aquilant happened to see them, bound them, and took them back to Damascus, where Martano was hanged, and the lady kept in bondage for the judgment of Lucīna.--Ariosto, _Orlando Furioso_ (1516). =Orillo=, a magician and robber, who lived at the mouth of the Nile. He was the son of an imp and fairy. When any one of his limbs was lopped off, he had the power of restoring it; and when his head was cut off, he could take it up and replace it. When Astolpho encountered this magician, he was informed that his life lay in one particular hair; so instead of seeking to maim his adversary, Astolpho cut off the magic hair, and the magician fell lifeless at his feet.--Ariosto, _Orlando Furioso_ (1516). =Orinda=, “the incomparable,” Mrs. Katherine Philipps, who lived in the reign of Charles II., and died of small-pox. ⁂ Her praises were sung by Cowley, Dryden, and others. We allowed you beauty, and we did submit ... Ah, cruel sex, will you depose us too in wit? Orinda does in that too reign. Cowley, _On Orinda’s Poems_ (1647). =Ori´on=, a giant of great beauty, and a famous hunter, who cleared the island of Chios of wild beasts. While in the island, Orion fell in love with Merŏpê, daughter of king Œnop´ion; but one day, in a drunken fit, having offered her violence, the king put out the giant’s eyes, and drove him from the island. Orion was told if he would travel eastward, and expose his sockets to the rising sun, he would recover his sight. Guided by the sound of a Cyclop’s hammer, he reached Lemnos, where Vulcan gave him a guide to the abode of the sun. In due time, his sight returned to him, and at death he was made a constellation. The lion’s skin was an emblem of the wild beasts which he slew in Chios, and the club was the instrument he employed for the purpose. He [_Orion_] Reeled as of yore beside the sea, When, blinded by Œnopion, He sought the blacksmith at his forge, And, climbing up the mountain gorge, Fixed his blank eyes upon the sun. Longfellow, _The Occultation of Orion_. _Orion and the Blacksmith._ The reference is to the blacksmith mentioned in the preceding article, whom Orion took on his back to act as guide to the place where the rising sun might be best seen. _Orion’s Dogs_ were Arctophŏnus (“the bear-killer”) and Ptoophăgos (“the glutton of Ptoon,” in Bœōtia). _Orion’s Wife_, Sidê. _Orion._ After Orion has set in the west, _Aurīga_ (the Charioteer) and _Gem´ini_ (Castor and Pollux) are still visible. Hence Tennyson says: ... the Charioteer And starry Gemini hang like glorious crowns Over Orion’s grave low down in the west. _Maud_, III. vi. 1 (1855). _Orion_, a seraph, the guardian angel of Simon Peter.--Klopstock, _The Messiah_, iii. (1748). =Orith´yia= or =Orith´ya=, daughter of Erectheus, carried off by Boreas to Thrace. Such, dalliance as alone the North wind hath with her, Orithya not enjoyed, from Thrace when he her took, And in his saily plumes the trembling virgin shook. Drayton, _Polyolbion_, x. (1612). Phineas Fletcher calls the word “Orithy´a.” None knew mild zephyr’s from cold Eurus’ mouth, Nor Orithya’s lover’s violence [_North wind_]. _Purple Island_, i. (1633). =Orlando=, the younger son of Sir Rowland de Bois [_Bwor_]. At the death of his father, he was left under the care of his elder brother, Oliver, who was charged to treat him well; but Oliver hated him, wholly neglected his education, and even tried by many indirect means to kill him. At length, Orlando fled to the forest of Arden´, where he met Rosalind and Celia in disguise. They had met before at a wrestling match, when Orlando and Rosalind fell in love with each other. The acquaintance was renewed in the forest, and ere many days had passed the two ladies resumed their proper characters, and both were married, Rosalind to Orlando, and Celia to Oliver, the elder brother.--Shakespeare, _As You Like It_ (1598). _Orlando_ (in French ROLAND, _q.v._), one of the paladins of Charlemagne, whose nephew he was. Orlando was confiding and loyal, of great stature, and possessed unusual strength. He accompanied his uncle into Spain, but on his return was waylaid in the valley of Roncesvallês (in the Pyrenees) by the traitor Ganelon, and perished with all his army, A.D. 778. His adventures are related in Turpin’s _Chronique;_ in the _Chanson de Roland_, attributed to Théroulde. He is the hero of Bojardo’s epic, _Orlando Innamorato_; and of Ariosto’s continuation called _Orlando Furioso_ (“Orlando mad”). Robert Greene, in 1594, produced a drama which he called _The History of Orlando_. Rhode’s farce of _Bombastês Furioso_ (1790) is a burlesque of Ariosto’s _Orlando Furioso_. _Orlando’s Ivory Horn_, Olifant, once the property of Alexander the Great. Its bray could be heard for twenty miles. _Orlando’s Horse_, Brigliadoro (“golden bridal”). _Orlando’s Sword_, Durinda´na or Durandana, which once belonged to Hector, is “preserved at Rocamadour, in France; and his spear is still shown in the cathedral of Pa´via, in Italy.” Orlando was of middling stature, broad-shouldered, crooked-legged, brown-visaged, red-bearded, and had much hair on his body. He talked but little, and had a very surly aspect, although he was perfectly good-humored.--Cervantes, _Don Quixote_, II. i. 1 (1615). _Orlando’s Vulnerable Part._ Orlando was invulnerable except in the sole of his foot, and even there nothing could wound him but the point of a large pin; so that when Bernardo del Carpio assailed him at Roncesvallês, he took him in his arms and squeezed him to death, in imitation of Herculês, who squeezed to death the giant Antæ´us (3 _syl._).--Cervantes, _Don Quixote_, II. ii. 13 (1615). =Orlando Furioso=, a continuation of Bojardo’s story, with the same hero. Bojardo leaves Orlando in love with Angelica, whom he fetched from Cathay and brought to Paris. Here, says Ariosto, Rinaldo falls in love with her, and, to prevent mischief, the king placed the coquette under the charge of Namus; but she contrived to escape her keeper, and fled to the island of Ebūda, where Rogēro found her exposed to a sea-monster, and liberated her. In the mean time, Orlando went in search of his lady, was decoyed into the enchanted castle of Atlantês, but was liberated by Angelica, who again succeeded in effecting her escape to Paris. Here she arrived just after a great battle between the Christians and pagans, and, finding Medōra, a Moor, wounded, took care of him, fell in love with him, and eloped with him to Cathay. When Orlando found himself jilted, he was driven mad with jealousy and rage, or rather his wits were taken from him for three months by way of punishment, and deposited in the moon. Astolpho went to the moon in Elijah’s chariot, and St. John gave him “the lost wits” in an urn. On reaching France Astolpho bound the madman, then, holding the urn to his nose, the wits returned to their nidus, and the hero was himself again. After this, the siege was continued, and the Christians were wholly successful. (See ORLANDO INNAMORATO.)--Ariosto, _Orlando Furioso_ (1516). ⁂ This romance in verse extends to forty-six cantos. Hoole, in his translation, has compressed the forty-six cantos into twenty-four books; but Rose has retained the original number. The adventures of Orlando, under the French form “Roland,” are related by Turpin in his _Chronicle_, and by Théroulde in his _Chanson de Roland_. ⁂ The true hero of Ariosto’s romance is Rogēro, and not Orlando. It is with Rogero’s victory over Rodomont that the poem ends. The concluding lines are: Then at full stretch he [_Rogero_] raised his arm above The furious Rodomont, and the weapon drove Thrice in his gaping throat--so ends the strife, And leaves secure Rogero’s fame and life. =Orlando Innamora´to=, or _Orlando in love_, in three books, by Count Bojardo, of Scandiano, in Italy (1495). Bojardo supposes Charlemagne to be warring against the Saracens in France, under the walls of Paris. He represents the city to be besieged by two infidel hosts--one under Agramantê, emperor of Africa, and the other under Gradasso, king of Sirica´na. His hero is Orlando, whom he supposes (though married at the time to Aldebella) to be in love with Angelica, a fascinating coquette from Cathay, whom Orlando had brought to France. (See ORLANDO FURIOSO.) ⁂ Berni of Tuscany, in 1538, published a burlesque in verse on the same subject. =Orleans=, a most passionate innamorato, in love with Agripy´na.--Thomas Dekker, _Old Fortunatus_ (1600). Orleans talks “pure Biron and Romeo;” he is almost as poetical as they, quite as philosophical, only a little madder.--C. Lamb. (“Biron,” in Shakespeare’s _Love’s Labor’s Lost_; “Romeo,” in his _Romeo and Juliet_.) _Orleans_ (_Gaston, duke of_), brother of Louis XIII. He heads a conspiracy to assassinate Richelieu and dethrone the king. If the plot had been successful, Gaston was to have been made regent; but the conspiracy was discovered, and the duke was thwarted in his ambitious plans.--Lord Lytton, _Richelieu_ (1839). _Orleans_ (_Louis, duc d’_), to whom the Princess Joan (daughter of Louis XI.) is affianced.--Sir W. Scott, _Quentin Durward_ (time, Edward IV.). =Orlick= (_Dolge_), usually called “Old Orlick,” though not above five and twenty, journeyman to Joe Gargery, blacksmith. Obstinate, morose, broad-shouldered, loose-limbed, swarthy, of great strength, never in a hurry, and always slouching. Being jealous of Pip, he allured him to a hut in the marshes, bound him to a ladder, and was about to kill him, when, being alarmed by approaching steps, he fled. Subsequently, he broke into Mr. Pumblechook’s house, was arrested, and confined in the county jail. This surly, ill-conditioned brute was in love with Biddy, but Biddy married Joe Gargery.--C. Dickens, _Great Expectations_ (1860). =Orloff Diamond= (_The_), the third largest cut diamond in the world, set in the top of the Russian sceptre. The weight of this magnificent diamond is 194 carats, and its size is that of a pigeon’s egg. It was once one of the eyes of the idol Sheringham, in the temple of Brahma; came into the hands of the Shah Nadir; was stolen by a French grenadier and sold to an English sea-captain for £2000; the captain sold it to a Jew for £12,000; it next passed into the hands of Shafras; and in 1775, Catherine II. of Russia gave for it £90,000. (See DIAMONDS.) =Or´mandine= (3 _syl._), the necromancer who threw St. David into an enchanted sleep for seven years, from which he was reclaimed by St. George.--R. Johnson, _The Seven Champions of Christendom_, i. 9 (1617). =Orme= (_Victor_), a poor gentleman in love with Elsie.--Wybert Reeve, _Parted_. =Ormond= (_The duke of_), a privy councillor of Charles II.--Sir W. Scott, _Peveril of the Peak_ (time, Charles II.). =Ormston= (_Jock_), a sheriff’s officer at Fairport.--Sir W. Scott, _The Antiquary_ (time, George III.). =Ornithol´ogy= (_The Father of_), George Edwards (1693-1773). =Oroma´zes= (4 _syl._), the principle of good in Persian mythology. Same as Yezad (_q.v._). =Oroonda´tes= (5 _syl._), only son of a Scythian king, whose love for Statīra (widow of Alexander the Great) led him into numerous dangers and difficulties, which, however, he surmounted.--La Calprenède, _Cassandra_ (a romance). =Oroono´ko= (_Prince_), son and heir of the king of Angola, and general of the forces. He was decoyed by Captain Driver aboard his ship; his suite of twenty men were made drunk with rum; the ship weighed anchor; and the prince, with all his men, were sold as slaves in one of the West Indian Islands. Here Oroonoko met Imoin´da (3 _syl._), his wife, from whom he had been separated, and whom he thought was dead. He headed a rising of the slaves, and the lieutenant-governor tried to seduce Imoinda. The result was that Imoinda killed herself, and Oroonoko (3 _syl._) slew first the lieutenant-governor and then himself. Mrs. Aphra Behn became acquainted with the prince at Surinam, and made the story of his life the basis of a novel, which Thomas Southern dramatized (1696). =Orozem´bo=, a brave and dauntless old Peruvian. When captured and brought before the Spanish invaders, Orozembo openly defied them, and refused to give any answer to their questions (act i. 1).--Sheridan, _Pizarro_ (altered from Kotzebue, 1799). =Orpas=, once archbishop at Sev´ille. At the overthrow of the Gothic kingdom in Spain, Orpas joined the Moors and turned Moslem. Of all the renegades “the foulest and the falsest wretch was he that e’er renounced his baptism.” He wished to marry Florinda, daughter of Count Julian, in order to secure “her wide domains;” but Florinda loathed him. In the Moorish council Orpas advised Abulcacem to cut off Count Julian, “whose power but served him for fresh treachery; false to Roderick first, and to the caliph now.” This advice was acted on; but, as the villain left the tent, Abulcacem muttered to himself, “Look for a like reward thyself; that restless head of wickedness in the grave will brood no treason.”--Southey, _Roderick, etc._, xx., xxii. (1814). =Orphan of China=, a drama by Murphy. Zaphimri, the sole survivor of the royal race of China, was committed in infancy to Zamti, the mandarin, that he might escape from the hand of Ti´murkan´, the Tartar conqueror. Zamti brought up Zaphimri as his son, and sent Hamet, his real son, to Corea, where he was placed under the charge of Morat. Twenty years afterwards, Hamet led a band of insurgents against Timurkan, was seized, and ordered to be put to death under the notion that he was “the orphan of China.” Zaphimri, hearing thereof, went to the Tartar and declared that he, not Hamet, was the real prince; whereupon Timurkan ordered Zamti and his wife, Mandānê, with Hamet and Zaphimri, to be seized. Zamti and Mandanê were ordered to the torture, to wring from them the truth. In the interim, a party of insurgent Chinese rushed into the palace, killed the king, and established “the orphan of China” on the throne of his fathers (1759). =Orphan of the Frozen Sea=, Martha, the daughter of Ralph de Lascours (captain of the _Uran´ia_) and his wife, Louise. The crew having rebelled, the three, with their servant, Bar´abas, were cast adrift in a boat, which ran on an iceberg in the Frozen Sea. Ralph thought it was a small island, but the iceberg broke up, both Ralph and his wife were drowned, but Barabas and Martha escaped. Martha was taken by an Indian tribe, which brought her up and named her Orgari´ta (“withered wheat”), from her white complexion. In Mexico she met with her sister, Diana, and her grandmother, Mde. de Theringe (2 _syl._), and probably married Horace de Brienne.--E. Stirling, _Orphan of the Frozen Sea_ (1856). =Orphan of the Temple=, Marie Thérèse Charlotte, duchess d’Angoulême, daughter of Louis XVI.; so called from the Temple, where she was imprisoned. She was called “The Modern Antig´onê” by her uncle, Louis XVIII. =Orphant Annie.= A bound girl, who is credited by _l’enfant terrible_ of the household with the goblin-lore he lavishes upon a visitor, this being the moral: “You better mind yer parents and yer teachers fond and dear, An’ churish ’em ’at loves you an’ dry the orphant’s tear, An’ he’p the poor an’ needy ones ’at clusters all about, Er the gobble-uns ’ll git you Ef you Don’t Watch Out!” James Whitcomb Riley, _The Boss Girl and Other Sketches_ (1886). =Orpheus.= (For a parallel fable, see WAINAMOINEN.) =Orpheus and Eurydice= (4 _syl._), Glück’s best opera (_Orfeo_). Libretto by Calzabigi, who also wrote for Glück the libretto of _Alceste_ (1767). King produced an English version of _Orpheus and Eurydice_. ⁂ The tale is introduced by Pope in his _St. Cecilia’s Ode_. Of Orpheus now no more let poets tell, To bright Cecilia greater power is given; His numbers raised a shade from hell, Hers lift the soul to heaven. Pope, _St. Cecilia’s Day_ (1709). =Orpheus of Highwaymen=, John Gay, author of _The Beggar’s Opera_ (1688-1732). =Orpheus of the Green Isle= (_The_), Furlough[TN-50] O’Carolan, poet and musician (1670-1738). =Or´raca= (_Queen_), wife of Affonso II. The legend says that five friars of Morocco, went to her, and said, “Three things we prophesy to you: (1) we five shall all suffer martyrdom; (2) our bodies will be brought to Coimbra; and (3) which ever see our relics the first, you or the king, will die the same day.” When their bodies were brought to Coimba,[TN-51] the king told Queen Orraca she must join the procession with him. She pleaded illness, but Affonso replied the relics would cure her; so they started on their journey. As they were going, the queen told the king to speed on before, as she could not travel so fast; so he speeded on with his retinue, and started a boar on the road. “Follow him!” cried the king, and they went after the boar and killed it. In the mean time, the queen reached the procession, fully expecting her husband had joined it long ago; but lo! she beheld him riding up with great speed. That night the king was aroused at midnight with the intelligence that the queen was dead.--Southey, _Queen Orraca_ (1838); Francisco Manoel da Esperança, _Historia Sarafica_ (eightteenth[TN-52] century). =Orrock= (_Puggie_), a sheriff’s officer at Fairport.--Sir W. Scott, _The Antiquary_ (time, George III.). =Orsin=, one of the leaders of the rabble rout that attacked Hudibras at the bear-baiting.--S. Butler, _Hudibras_ (1663). =Orsi´ni= (_Maffio_), a young Italian nobleman, whose life was saved by Genna´ro at the battle of Rim´ini. Orsini became the fast friend of Gennaro, but both were poisoned by the Princess Neg´roni at a banquet.--Donizetti, _Lucrezia di Borgia_ (opera, 1834). =Orsi´no=, duke of Illyria, who sought the love of Olivia, a rich countess; but Olivia gave no encouragement to his suit, and the duke moped and pined, leaving manly sports for music and other effeminate employments. Viola entered the duke’s service as a page, and soon became a great favorite. When Olivia married Sebastian (Viola’s brother), and the sex of Viola became known, the duke married her, and made her duchess of Illyria.--Shakespeare, _Twelfth Night_ (1614). =Orson=, twin brother of Valentine, and son of Bellisant. The twin-brothers were born in a wood near Orleans, and Orson was carried off by a bear, which suckled him with its cubs. When he grew up he became the terror of France, and was called “The Wild Man of the Forest.” Ultimately, he was reclaimed by his brother Valentine, overthrew the Green Knight, and married Fezon, daughter of the duke of Savary, in Aquitane.--_Valentine and Orson_ (fifteenth century). =Orson and Ellen.= Young Orson was a comely young farmer from Taunton, stout as an oak, and very fond of the lasses, but he hated matrimony, and used to say, “the man who can buy milk is a fool to keep a cow.” While still a lad, Orson made love to Ellen, a rustic maiden; but, in the fickleness of youth, forsook her for a richer lass, and Ellen left the village, wandered far away, and became waiting maid to old Boniface, the innkeeper. One day Orson happened to stop at this very inn, and Ellen waited on him. Five years had passed since they had seen each other, and at first neither knew the other. When, however, the facts were known, Orson made Ellen his wife, and their marriage feast was given by Boniface himself.--Peter Pindar [Dr. Wolcot], _Orson and Ellen_ (1809). =Ortel´lius= (_Abraham_), a Dutch geographer, who published in 1570, his _Theatrum Orbis Terræ_, or _Universal Geography_ (1527-1598). I more could tell to prove the place our own, Than by his spacious maps are by Ortellius shown. Drayton, _Polyolbion_, vi. (1612). =Ortheris=, cockney companion of Mulvaney. He suffers violently from homesickness in India.--Rudyard Kipling, _Soldiers Three_. =Orthodoxy.= When Lord Sandwich said, “he did not know the difference between orthodoxy and heterodoxy,” Warburton, bishop of Gloucester, replied, “Orthodoxy, my lord, is _my_ doxy, and heterodoxy is _another man’s_ doxy.” _Orthodoxy_ (_The Father of_), Athanasius (296-373). =Orthrus=, the two-headed dog of Euryt´ion, the herdsman of Geryon´eo. It was the progeny of Typha´on and Echidna. With his two-headed dogge that Orthrus hight, Orthrus begotten by great Typhaon And foule Echidna in the house of Night. Spenser, _Faëry Queen_, v., 10 (1596). =Ortwine= (2 _syl._), knight of Metz, sister’s son of Sir Hagan of Trony, a Burgundian.--_The Nibelungen Lied_ (eleventh century). =Or´ville= (_Lord_), the amiable and devoted lover of Evelina, whom he ultimately marries.--Miss Burney, _Evelina_ (1778). =Osbaldistone= (_Mr._), a London merchant. _Frank Osbaldistone_, his son, in love with Diana Vernon, whom he marries. _Sir Hildebrand Osbaldistone_, of Osbaldistone Hall, uncle of Frank, his heir. _His Sons_ were: Percival, “the sot;” Thorncliffe, “the bully;” John, “the gamekeeper;” Richard, “the horse-jockey:”[TN-53] Wilfred, “the fool;” and Rashleigh, “the scholar,” a perfidious villain killed by Rob Roy.--Sir W. Scott, Rob Roy (time, George I.). _Rob Roy Macgregor_ was dramatized by Pocock. =Osborne= (_Mr._), a hard, money-loving, purse-proud, wealthy London merchant, whose only gospel was that “according to Mammon.” He was a widower, and his heart of hearts was to see his son, Captain George, marry a rich mulatto. While his neighbor, Sedley, was prosperous, old Sedley encouraged the love-making of George and Miss Sedley; but when old Sedley failed, and George dared to marry the bankrupt’s daughter, to whom he was engaged, the old merchant disinherited him. Captain George fell on the field of Waterloo, but the heart of old Osborne would not relent, and he allowed the widow to starve in abject poverty. He adopted, however, the widow’s son George, and brought him up in absurd luxury and indulgence. A more detestable cad than old Sedley cannot be imagined. _Maria_ and _Jane Osborne_, daughters of the merchant, and of the same mould. Maria married Frederick Bullock, a banker’s son. _Captain George Osborne_, son of the merchant; selfish, vain, extravagant, and self-indulgent. He was engaged to Amelia Sedley, while her father was in prosperity, and Captain Dobbin induced him to marry her after the father was made a bankrupt. Happily, George fell on the field of Waterloo, or one would never vouch for his conjugal fidelity.--Thackeray, _Vanity Fair_ (1848). =Oscar=, son of Ossian and grandson of Fingal. He was engaged to Malvi´na, daughter of Toscar, but before the day of marriage arrived, he was slain in Ulster, fighting against Cairbar, who had treacherously invited him to a banquet and then slew him, A.D. 296. Oscar is represented as most brave, warm-hearted, and impetuous, most submissive to his father, tender to Malvina, and a universal favorite. _Oscar Roused from Sleep._ “Caolt took up a huge stone and hurled it on the hero’s head. The hill for three miles round shook with the reverberation of the blow, and the stone, rebounding, rolled out of sight. Whereupon Oscar awoke, and told Caolt to reserve his blows for his enemies.” Gun thog Caoilte a chlach nach gàn, Agus a n’ aighai’ chiean gun bhuail; Tri mil an tulloch gun chri. _Gaelic Romances._ =Oscar Dubourg.= Amiable, affectionate young fellow, betrothed to blind Lucilla Finch. To cure the epilepsy attendant upon an injury to his head, he takes nitrate of silver, concealing the discoloration of his complexion caused by the drug from the knowledge of his betrothed, who has a nervous horror of ugliness and deformity. When she regains her sight, he leaves her because he dares not disclose the truth that she has mistaken his brother for himself, and does not enter her presence until her sight again leaves her.--Wilkie Collins, _Poor Miss Finch_. =Os´ewald= (3 _syl._), the reeve, of “the carpenteres craft,” an old man.--Chaucer, _Canterbury Tales_ (1388). =Oseway= (_Dame_), the ewe, in the beast-epic of _Reynard the Fox_ (1498). =O’Shanter= (_Tam_), a farmer, who, returning home from Ayr very late and well-soaked with liquor, had to pass the kirk of Alloway. Seeing it was illuminated, he peeped in, and saw there the witches and devils dancing, while old Clootie was blowing the bagpipes. Tam got so excited that he roared out to one of the dancers, “Weel done, Cutty Sark!” In a moment all was dark. Tam now spurred his “grey mare Meg” to the top of her speed, while all the fiends chased after him. The river Doon was near, and Tam just reached the middle of the bridge when one of the witches, whom he called Cutty Sark, reached him; but it was too late--he had passed the _middle_ of the stream, and was out of the power of the crew. Not so his mare’s tail--that had not yet passed the magic line, and Cutty Sark, clinging thereto, dragged it off with an infernal wrench.--R. Burns, _Tam O’Shanter_. =Osi´ris=, judge of the dead, brother and husband of Isis. Osiris is identical with Adonis and Thammuz. All three represent the sun, six months above the equator, and six months below it. Adonis passed six months with Aphrodītê in heaven, and six months with Persephŏnê in hell. So Osiris in heaven was the beloved of Isis, but in the land of darkness was embraced by Nepthys. _Osiris_, the sun; Isis, the moon. They [_the priests_] wore rich mitres shaped like the moon, To show that Isis doth the moon portend, Like as Osiris signifies the sun. Spenser, _Faëry Queen_, v. 7 (1596). =Osman=, sultan of the East, the great conqueror of the Christians, a man of most magnanimous mind and of noble generosity. He loved Zara, a young Christian captive, and was by her beloved with equal ardor and sincerity. Zara was the daughter of Lusignan d’Outremer, a Christian king of Jerusalem; she was taken prisoner by Osman’s father, with her elder brother, Nerestan, then four years old. After twenty years’ captivity, Nerestan was sent to France for ransom, and on his return presented himself before the sultan, who fancied he perceived a sort of intimacy between the young man and Zara, which excited his suspicion and jealousy. A letter, begging that Zara would meet him in a “secret passage” of the seraglio, fell into the sultan’s hands, and confirmed his suspicions. Zara went to the rendezvous, where Osman met her and stabbed her to the heart. Nerestan was soon brought before him, and told him he had murdered his sister, and all he wanted of her was to tell her of the death of her father, and to bring her his dying benediction. Stung with remorse, Osman liberated all his Christian captives, and then stabbed himself.--Aaron Hill, _Zara_ (1735). ⁂ This tragedy is an English adaptation of Voltaire’s _Zaïre_ (1733). =Osmand=, a necromancer, who, by enchantment, raised up an army to resist the Christians. Six of the champions were enchanted by Osmand, but St. George restored them. Osmand tore off his hair, in which lay his spirit of enchantment, bit his tongue in two, disembowelled himself, cut off his arms, and died.--R. Johnson, _Seven Champions of Christendom_, i. 19 (1617). =Osmond=, an old Varangian guard.--Sir W. Scott, _Count Robert of Paris_ (time, Rufus). _Osmond_ (_Gilbert_), the incarnation of polished selfishness. He deserts one woman, who has sacrificed everything for him, and marries Isabel Archer for her money; eyes his only child as he might a pretty puppet, and sends her back to her convent upon finding that she will not increase his social consequence by marrying an English nobleman.--Henry James, Jr., _Portrait of a Lady_ (1881). =Osmyn=, _alias_ ALPHONSO, son of Anselmo, king of Valentia, and husband of Alme´ria, daughter of Manuel, king of Grana´da. Supposed to have been lost at sea, but in reality cast on the African coast, and tended by Queen Zara, who falls in love with him. Both are taken captive by Manuel, and brought to Granada. Here Manuel falls in love with Zara, but Zara retains her passionate love for Alphonso. Alphonso makes his escape, returns at the head of an army to Granada, finds both the king and Zara dead, but Almeria, being still alive, becomes his acknowledged bride.--W. Congreve, _The Mourning Bride_ (1697). =Osric=, a court fop, contemptible for his affectation and finical dandyism. He is made umpire by King Claudius, when Laertês and Hamlet “play” with rapiers in “friendly” combat.--Shakespeare, _Hamlet_ (1596). =Osse´o=, son of the Evening Star, whose wife was O´weenee. In the Northland there were once ten sisters of surpassing beauty; nine married beautiful young husbands, but the youngest, named Oweenee, fixed her affections on Osseo, who was “old, poor and ugly,” but “most beautiful within.” All being invited to a feast, the nine set upon their youngest sister, taunting her for having married Osseo; but forthwith Osseo leaped into a fallen oak, and was transformed into a most handsome young man, his wife to a very old woman, “wrinkled and ugly,” but his love changed not. Soon another change occurred; Oweenee resumed her former beauty, and all the sisters and their husbands were changed to birds, who were kept in cages about Osseo’s wigwam. In due time a son was born, and one day he shot an arrow at one of the caged birds, and forthwith the nine, with their husbands, were changed to pygmies. From the story of Osseo Let [_us_] learn the fate of jesters. Longfellow, _Hiawatha_, xii. (1855). =Ossian=, the warrior-bard. He was son of Fingal (king of Morven) and his first wife, Ros-crana (daughter of Cormac, king of Ireland). His wife was Evir-Allen, daughter of Branno (a native of Ireland); and his son was Oscar. =Oswald=, steward to Goneril, daughter of King Lear.--Shakespeare, _King Lear_ (1605). _Oswald_, the cup-bearer to Cedric, the Saxon, of Rotherwood.--Sir W. Scott, _Ivanhoe_ (time, Richard I.). _Oswald_ (_Prince_), being jealous of Gondibert, his rival for the love of Rhodalind (the heiress of Aribert, king of Lombardy), headed a faction against him. A battle was imminent, but it was determined to decide the quarrel by four combatants on each side. In this combat Oswald was slain by Grondibert.[TN-54]--Sir W. Davenant, _Gondibert_, i. (died 1668). =Othel´lo=, the Moor, commander of the Venetian army. Iago was his ensign or ancient. Desdemona, the daughter of Brabantio, the senator, fell in love with the Moor, and he married her; but Iago, by his artful villainy, insinuated to him such a tissue of circumstantial evidence of Desdemona’s love for Cassio, that Othello’s jealousy being aroused, he smothered her with a pillow, and then killed himself.--Shakespeare, _Othello_ (1611). ⁂ The story of this tragedy is taken from the novelletti of Giovanni Giraldi Cinthio (died 1573). Addison says of Thomas Betterton (1635-1710): “The wonderful agony which he appeared in when he examined the circumstance of the handkerchief in the part of ‘Othello,’ and the mixture of love that intruded on his mind at the innocent answers of ‘Desdemona,’ ... were the perfection of acting.” Donaldson, in his _Recollections_, says that Spranger Barry (1719-1777) was the beau-ideal of an “Othello;” and C. Leslie, in his _Autobiography_, says the same of Edmund Kean (1787-1833). =Otho=, the lord at whose board Count Lara was recognized by Sir Ezzelin. A duel was arranged for the next day, and the contending parties were to meet in Lord Otho’s hall. When the time of meeting arrived, Lara presented himself, but no Sir Ezzelin put in his appearance; whereupon Otho, vouching for the knight’s honor, fought with the count, and was wounded. On recovering from his wound, Lord Otho became the inveterate enemy of Lara, and accused him openly of having made away with Sir Ezzelin. Lara made himself very popular, and headed a rebellion; but Lord Otho opposed the rebels, and shot him.--Byron, _Lara_ (1814). =Otnit=, a legendary emperor of Lombardy, who gains the daughter of the soldan for wife, by the help of Elberich, the dwarf.--_The Heldenbuch_ (twelfth century). =Otranto= (_Tancred, prince of_), a crusader. _Ernest of Otranto_, page of the prince of Otranto.--Sir W. Scott, _Count Robert of Paris_ (time, Rufus). _Otranto_ (_The Castle of_), a romance by Horace Walpole (1769). =O’Trigger= (_Sir Lucius_), a fortune-hunting Irishman, ready to fight every one, on any matter, at any time.--Sheridan, _The Rivals_ (1775). =Otta´vio= (_Don_), the lover of Donna Anna, whom he was about to make his wife, when Don Giovanni seduced her and killed her father (the commandant of the city) in a duel.--Mozart, _Don Giovanni_ (opera, 1787). =Otto=, duke of Normandy, the victim of Rollo, called “The Bloody Brother.”--Beaumont and Fletcher, _The Bloody Brother_ (1639). =Ot´uel= (_Sir_), a haughty and presumptuous Saracen, miraculously converted. He was a nephew of Ferragus or Ferracute, and married a daughter of Charlemagne. =Ouida=, an infantile corruption of Louisa. The full name is Louise de la Ramée, authoress of _Under Two Flags_ (1867), and many other novels. =Outalissi=, eagle of the Indian tribe of Onei´da, the death-enemies of the Hurons. When the Hurons attacked the fort under the command of Waldegrave (2 _syl._), a general massacre was made, in which Waldegrave and his wife was[TN-55] slain. But Mrs. Waldegrave, before she died, committed her boy, Henry, to the charge of Outalissi, and told him to place the child in the hands of Albert of Wy´oming, her friend. This Outalissi did. After a lapse of fifteen years, one Brandt, at the head of a mixed army of British and Indians, attacked Oneida, and a general massacre was made; but Outalissi, wounded, escaped to Wyoming, just in time to give warning of the approach of Brandt. Scarcely was this done, when Brandt arrived. Albert and his daughter, Gertrude, were both shot, and the whole settlement was extirpated.--Campbell, _Gertrude of Wyoming_ (1809). =Outis= (Greek for “nobody”), a name assumed by Odysseus (_Ulysses_) in the cave of Polypheme (3 _syl._). When the monster roared with pain from the loss of his eye, his brother giants demanded who was hurting him. “Outis” (_Nobody_), thundered out Polypheme, and his companions left him.--Homer, _Odyssey_. =Outram= (_Lance_), park-keeper to Sir Geoffrey Peveril.--Sir W. Scott, _Peveril of the Peak_ (time, Charles II.). =Overdees= (_Rowley_), a highwayman.--Sir W. Scott, _Guy Mannering_ (time, George II.). =O´verdo= (_Justice_), in Ben Jonson’s _Bartholomew Fair_ (1614). =Overdone= (_Mistress_), a bawd.--Shakespeare, _Measure for Measure_ (1603). =Overreach= (_Sir Giles_), Wellborn’s uncle. An unscrupulous, hard-hearted rascal, grasping and proud. He ruined the estates both of Wellborn and Allworth, and by overreaching grew enormously rich. His ambition was to see his daughter Margaret marry a peer; but the overreacher was overreached. Thinking Wellborn was about to marry the rich dowager Allworth, he not only paid all his debts, but supplied his present wants most liberally, under the delusion “if she prove his, all that is her’s is mine.” Having thus done, he finds that Lady Allworth does not marry Wellborn, but Lord Lovell. In regard to Margaret, fancying she was sure to marry Lord Lovell, he gives his full consent to her marriage; but finds she returns from church not Lady Lovell, but Mrs. Allworth.--Massinger, _A New Way to Pay Old Debts_ (1628). ⁂ The prototype of “Sir Giles Overreach” was Sir Giles Mompesson, a usurer outlawed for his misdeeds. =Overs= (_John_), a ferryman who used to ferry passengers from Southwark to the City, and accumulated a considerable hoard of money by his savings. On one occasion, to save the expenses of board, he simulated death, expecting his servants would fast till he was buried; but they broke into his larder and cellar and held riot. When the old miser could bear it no longer he started up and belabored his servants right and left; but one of them struck the old man with an oar and killed him. _Mary Overs_, the beautiful daughter of the ferryman. Her lover, hastening to town, was thrown from his horse, and died. She then became a nun, and founded the church of St. Mary Overs on the site of her father’s house. =Overton= (_Colonel_), one of Cromwell’s officers.--Sir W. Scott, _Woodstock_ (time, Commonwealth). =Ovid= (_The French_), Du Bellay; also called “The Father of Grace and Elegance” (1524-1560). =Ovid and Corinna.= Ovid disguises, under the name of Corinna, the daughter of Augustus, named Julia, noted for her beauty, talent and licentiousness. Some say that Corinna was Livia, the wife of Augustus.--_Amor._, i. 5. So was her heavenly body comely raised On two faire columnes; those that Ovid praised In Julia’s borrowed name. =O´wain= (_Sir_), the Irish knight of King Stephen’s court, who passed through St. Patrick’s purgatory by way of penance.--Henry of Saltrey, _The Descent of Owain_ (1153). =O´weenee=, the youngest of ten sisters, all of surpassing beauty. She married Osseo, who was “old, poor, and ugly,” but “most beautiful within.” (See OSSEO.)--Longfellow, _Hiawatha_, xii. (1855). =Owen= (_Sam_), groom of Darsie Latimer, _i.e._ Sir Arthur Darsie Redgauntlet.--Sir W. Scott, _Redgauntlet_ (time, George III.). _Owen_, confidential clerk of Mr. Osbaldistone, senior.--Sir W. Scott, _Rob Roy_ (time, George I.). _Owen_ (_Sir_), passed in dream through St. Patrick’s purgatory. He passed the convent gate, and the warden placed him in a coffin. When the priests had sung over him the service of the dead, they placed the coffin in a cave, and Sir Owen made his descent. He came first to an ice desert, and received three warnings to retreat, but the warnings were not heeded, and a mountain of ice fell on him. “Lord, Thou canst save!” he cried, as the ice fell, and the solid mountain became like dust, and did Sir Owen no harm. He next came to a lake of fire, and a demon pushed him in. “Lord, Thou canst save!” he cried, and angels carried him to paradise. He woke with ecstacy, and found himself lying before the cavern’s mouth.--R. Southey, _St. Patrick’s Purgatory_ (from the _Fabliaux_ of M. le Grand.[TN-56] =Owen Meredith=, Robert Bulwer Lytton, afterwards Lord Lytton, son of the poet and novelist (1831-1892). =Owl= (_The_), sacred to Minerva, was the emblem of Athens. Owls hoot in B♭ and G♭, or in F♯ and A♭.--Rev. G. White, _Natural History of Selborne_, xlv. (1789). =Owl a Baker’s Daughter= (_The_). Our Lord once went into a baker’s shop to ask for bread. The mistress instantly put a cake in the oven for Him, but the daughter, thinking it to be too large, reduced it to half the size. The dough, howover,[TN-57] swelled to an enormous bulk, and the daughter cried out, “Heugh! heugh! heugh!” and was transformed into an owl. Well, God ’ield you! They say the owl was a baker’s daughter.--Shakespeare, _Hamlet_ (1596). =Ox= (_The Dumb_), St. Thomas Aqui´nas; so named by his fellow-students on account of his taciturnity (1224-1274). An ox once spoke as learned men deliver.--Beaumont and Fletcher, _Rule a Wife and Have a Wife_, iii. 1 (1640). _Ox._ _The black ox hath trod on his foot_, he has married and is hen-pecked; calamity has befallen him. The black ox was sacrificed to the infernals, and was consequently held accursed. When Tusser says the best way to thrive is to get married, the objector says: Why, then, do folk this proverb put, “The black ox near trod on thy foot,” If that way were to thrive? _Wiving and Thriving_, lvii. (1557). The black oxe had not trode on his or her foote; But ere his branch of blesse could reach any roote, The flowers so faded that in fifteen weekes A man might copy the change in the cheekes Both of the poore wretch and his wife. Heywood (1646). =Oxford= (_John, earl of_), an exiled Lancastrian. He appears with his son Arthur as a travelling merchant, under the name of Philipson. ⁂ _The son of the merchant Philipson_ is Sir Arthur de Vere. _The countess of Oxford_, wife of the earl.--Sir W. Scott, _Anne of Geierstein_ (time, Edward IV.). _Oxford_ (_The young earl of_), in the court of Queen Elizabeth.--Sir W. Scott, _Kenilworth_ (time, Elizabeth). =Ozair= (2 _syl._), a prophet. One day, riding on an ass by the ruins of Jerusalem, after its destruction by the Chaldeans, he doubted in his mind whether God could raise the city up again. Whereupon God caused him to die, and he remained dead a hundred years, but was then restored to life. He found the basket of figs and cruse of wine as fresh as when he died, but his ass was a mass of bones. While he still looked, the dry bones came together, received life, and the resuscitated ass began to bray. The prophet no longer doubted the power of God to raise up Jerusalem from its ruins.--_Al Korân_, ii. (Sale’s notes). ⁂ This legend is based on _Neh._ ii. 12-20. =P= Placenticus, the Dominican, wrote a poem of 253 Latin hexameters, called _Pugna Porcorum_, every word of which begins with the letter _p_ (died 1548). It begins thus: Plaudite, Porcelli, porcorum pigra propago Progreditur ... etc. There was one composed in honor of Charles le Chauve, every word of which began with _c_. The best known alliterative poem in English is the following:-- An Austrian army, awfully arrayed, Boldly by battery besieged Belgrade. Cossack commanders, cannonading, come, Dealing destruction’s devastating doom; Every endeavor engineers essay For fame, for fortune, forming furious fray. Gaunt gunners grapple, giving gashes good; Heaves high his head heroic hardihood. Ibraham, Islam, Ismael, imps in ill, Jostle John, Jarovlitz, Jem, Joe, Jack, Jill; Kick kindling Kutusoff, kings’ kinsmen kill; Labor low levels loftiest, longest lines; Men march ’mid moles, ’mid mounds, ’mid murderous mines. Now nightfall’s nigh, now needful nature nods, Opposed, opposing, overcoming odds. Poor peasants, partly purchased, partly pressed, Quite quaking, “Quarter! Quarter!” quickly quest. Reason returns, recalls redundant rage, Saves sinking soldiers, softens signiors sage. Truce, Turkey, truce! truce, treacherous Tartar train! Unwise, unjust, unmerciful Ukraine! Vanish, vile vengeance! vanish, victory vain! Wisdom walls war--wails warring words. What were Xerxes, Xantippê, Ximenês, Xavier? Yet Yassy’s youth, ye yield your youthful yest Zealously, zanies, zealously, zeal’s zest. From H. Southgate, _Many Thoughts on Many Things_. Tusser has a poem of twelve lines, in rhyme, every word of which begins with _t_. The subject is on _Thriftiness_ (died 1580). =P’s= (_The Five_), William Oxberry, printer, poet, publisher, publican and player (1784-1824). =Pache= (_J. Nicolas_), a Swiss by birth. He was minister of war in 1792, and maire de Paris 1793. Pache hated the Girondists, and at the fall of Danton, was imprisoned. After his liberation, he retired to Thym-le-Moutiers (in the Ardennes), and died in obscurity (1740-1823). Swiss Pache sits sleek-headed, frugal, the wonder of his own ally for humility of mind.... Sit there, Tartuffe, till wanted.--Carlyle. =Pacific= (_The_), Amadeus VIII., count of Savoy (1383, 1391-1439, abdicated, and died 1451). Frederick III., emperor of Germany (1415, 1440-1493). Olaus III. of Norway (*, 1030-1093). =Pac´olet=, a dwarf, “full of great sense and subtle ingenuity.” He had an enchanted horse, made of wood, with which he carried off Valentine, Orson and Clerimond from the dungeon of Ferrăgus. This horse is often alluded to. “To ride Pacolet’s horse” is a phrase for _going very fast_.--_Valentine and Orson_, [TN-58]fifteenth century). _Pacolet_, a familiar spirit.--Steele, _The Tatler_ (1709). _Pacolet_, or NICK STRUMPFER, the dwarf servant of Norna “of the Fitful Head.”--Sir W. Scott, _The Pirate_ (time William III.). =Pacomo= (_St._), an Egyptian, who lived in the fourth century. It is said that he could walk among serpents unhurt; and when he had occasion to cross the Nile, he was carried on the back of a crocodile. The hermit fell on his knees before an image of St. Pacomo, which was glued to the wall.--Lesage, _Gil Blas_, iv. 9 (1724). =Paddington= (_Harry_), one of Macheath’s gang of thieves. Peachum describes him as a “poor, petty-larceny rascal, without the least genius. That fellow,” he says, “though he were to live for six months, would never come to the gallows with credit” (act i. 1).--Gay, _The Beggar’s Opera_ (1727). =Paddy=, an Irishman. A corruption of _Padhrig_, Irish for Patrick. =Padlock= (_The_), a comic opera by Bickerstaff. Don Diego (2 _syl._), a wealthy lord of 60, saw a country maiden named Leonora, to whom he took a fancy, and arranged with the parents to take her home with him and place her under the charge of a duenna for three months, to see if her temper was as sweet as her face was pretty; and then either “to return her to them spotless, or make her his lawful wife.” At the expiration of the time, the don went to arrange with the parents for the wedding, and locked up his house, giving the keys to Ursula, the duenna. To make assurance doubly sure, he put a padlock on the outer door, and took the key with him. Leander, a young student, smitten with the damsel, laughed at locksmiths and duennas, and, having gained admission into the house, was detected by Don Diego, who returned unexpectedly. The old don, being a man of sense, perceived that Leander was a more suitable bridegroom than himself, so he not only sanctioned the alliance, but gave Leonora a handsome wedding dowry (1768). =Pæan=, the physician of the immortals. =Pæa´na=, daughter of Corflambo, “fair as ever yet saw living eye,” but “too loose of life and eke too light.” Pæana fell in love with Amĭas, a captive in her father’s dungeon; but Amias had no heart to give away. When Placĭdae was brought captive before Pæana, she mistook him for Amias, and married him. The poet adds, that she thenceforth so reformed her ways “that all men much admired the change, and spake her praise.”--Spenser, _Faëry Queen_, iv. 9 (1596). =Pagan=, a fay who loved the Princess Imis; but Imis rejected his suit, as she loved her cousin, Philax. Pagan, out of revenge, shut them up in a superb crystal palace, which contained every delight except that of leaving it. In the course of a few years, Imis and Philax longed as much for a separation as, at one time, they wished to be united.--Comtesse D’Aunoy, _Fairy Tales_ (“Palace of Revenge,” 1682). =Page= (_Mr._), a gentleman living at Windsor. When Sir John Falstaff made love to Mrs. Page, Page himself assumed the name of Brooke, to outwit the knight. Sir John told the supposed Brooke his whole “course of wooing,” and how nicely he was bamboozling the husband. On one occasion, he says, “I was carried out in a buck-basket of dirty linen before the very eyes of Page, and the deluded husband did not know it.” Of course, Sir John is thoroughly outwitted and played upon, being made the butt of the whole village. _Mrs. Page_, wife of Mr. Page of Windsor. When Sir John Falstaff made love to her, she joined with Mrs. Ford to dupe him and punish him. _Anne Page_, daughter of the above, in love with Fenton. Slender calls her “the sweet Anne Page.” _William Page_, Anne’s brother, a schoolboy.--Shakespeare, _Merry Wives of Windsor_ (1595). _Page_ (_Sir Francis_), called “The Hanging Judge” (1661-1741). Slander and poison dread from Delia’s rage; Hard words or hanging if your judge be Page. Pope. _Page_ (_Ruth_). A dainty little miss, bright, happy and imaginative, called sometimes “Teenty-Taunty.” Her head is full of fairy-lore, and when she tumbles into the water one day, she dreams in her swoon of Fairy-Land and the wonders thereof, of a bunch of forget-me-nots she was to keep alive if she would have her mother live, and so many other marvellous things, that her distressed father opines that “the poor child would be rational enough, if she had not read so many fairy-books.”--John Neal, _Goody Gracious and the Forget-me-not_ (183-). =Paget= (_The Lady_), one of the ladies of the bedchamber in Queen Elizabeth’s court.--Sir W. Scott, _Kenilworth_ (time, Elizabeth). _Paine_[TN-59] (_Squire_). “Hard-headed, hard fe’tured Yankee,” whose conversion to humanity and Christianity is effected by Roxanna Keep. She “drilled the hole, an’ put in the powder of the Word, an’ tamped it down with some pretty stiff facts ... but _the Lord fired the blast Himself_.”--Rose Terry Cooke, _Somebody’s Neighbors_ (1881). =Painter of Nature.= Remi Belleau, one of the Pleiad poets, is so called (1528-1577). _The Shepheardes Calendar_, by Spenser, is largely borrowed from Belleau’s _Song of April_. =Painter of the Graces.= Andrea Appiani (1754-1817). =Painters.= _A Bee._ Quentin Matsys, the Dutch painter, painted a bee so well that the artist Mandyn thought it a real bee, and proceeded to brush it away with his handkerchief (1450-1529). _A Cow._ Myro carved a cow so true to nature that bulls mistook it for a living animal (B.C. 431). _A Curtain._ Parrhasios painted a curtain so admirably that even Zeuxis, the artist, mistook it for real drapery (B.C. 400). _A Fly._ George Alexander Stevens says, in his _Lectures on Heads_: I have heard of a connoisseur who was one day in an auction-room where there was an inimitable piece of painting of fruits and flowers. The connoisseur would not give his opinion of the picture till he had first examined the catalogue; and, finding it was done by an Englishman, he pulled out his eye-glass. “Oh, sir,” says he, “those English fellows have no more idea of genius than a Dutch skipper has of dancing a cotillion. The dog has spoiled a fine piece of canvas; he is worse than a Harp Alley signpost dauber. There’s no keeping, no perspective, no foreground. Why, there now, the fellow has actually attempted to paint a fly upon that rosebud. Why, it is no more like a fly than I am like--;” but, as he approached his finger to the picture, the fly flew away (1772)[TN-60] _Grapes._ Zeuxis (2 _syl._) a Grecian painter, painted some grapes so well that birds came and pecked at them, thinking them real grapes (B.C. 400). _A Horse._ Apellês painted Alexander’s horse Bucephalos so true to life that some mares came up to the canvas neighing, under the supposition that it was a real animal (about B.C. 334). _A Man._ Velasquez painted a Spanish admiral so true to life that when King Felipe IV. entered the studio he mistook the painting for the man, and began reproving the supposed officer for neglecting his duty in wasting his time in the studio, when he ought to have been with his fleet (1590-1660). _Accidental effects in painting._ Apellês, being at a loss to paint the foam of Alexander’s horse, dashed his brush at the picture in a fit of annoyance, and did by accident what his skill had failed to do (about B.C. 334). The same tale is told of Protog´enês, who dashed his brush at a picture, and thus produced “the foam of a dog’s mouth,” which he had long been trying in vain to represent (about B.C. 332). _Painters_ (_Prince of_). Parrhasios and Apellês are both so called (fourth century B.C.). =Painters’ Characteristics.= ANGELO (_Michael_): an iron frame, strongly developed muscles, and an anatomical display of the human figure. The Æschylos of painters (1474-1564). CARRACCI: eclectic artists, who picked out and pieced together parts taken from Correggio, Raphael, Titian and other great artists. If Michael Angelo is the Æschylos of artists, and Raphael the Sophoclês, the Carracci may be called the Euripidês of painters. I know not why in England the name is spelt with only one _r_. CORREGGIO: known by his wonderful foreshortenings, his magnificent light and shade. He is, however, very monotonous (1494-1534). CROME (_John_): an old woman in a red cloak walking up an avenue of trees (1769-1821). DAVID: noted for his stiff, dry, pedantic, “highly classic” style, according to the interpretation of the phrase by the French in the first Revolution (1748-1825). DOLCE (_Cario_): famous for his Madonnas, which were all finished with most extraordinary delicacy (1616-1686). DOMENICHI´NO: famed for his frescoes, correct in design and fresh in coloring (1581-1614). GUIDO: his specialty is a pallid or bluish-complexioned saint, with saucer or uplifted eyes (1574-1642). HOLBEIN: characterized by bold relief, exquisite finish, force of conception, delicacy of tone, and dark background (1498-1554). LORRAINE (_Claude_): a Greek temple on a hill, with sunny and highly finished classic scenery. Aerial perspective (1600-1682). MURILLO: a brown-faced Madonna (1618-1682). OMMEGANCK: sheep (1775-1826). PERUGINO (_Pietro_): known by his narrow, contracted figures and scrimpy drapery (1446-1524). POUSSIN: famous for his classic style. Reynolds says: “No works of any modern have so much the air of antique painting as those of Poussin” (1593-1665). POUSSIN (_Gaspar_): a landscape painter, the very opposite of Claude Lorraine. He seems to have drawn his inspiration from Hervey’s _Meditations Among the Tombs_, Blair’s _Grave_, Young’s _Night Thoughts_, and Burton’s _Anatomy of Melancholy_ (1613-1675). RAPHAEL: the Sophoclês of painters. Angelo’s figures are all gigantesque and ideal, like those of Æschylos. Raphael’s are perfect human beings (1483-1520). REYNOLDS: a portrait-painter. He presents his portraits in _bal masqué_, not always suggestive either of the rank or character of the person represented. There is about the same analogy between Watteau and Reynolds as between Claude Lorraine and Gaspar Poussin (1723-1792). ROSA (_Salvator_): dark, inscrutable pictures, relieved by dabs of palette-knife. He is fond of savage scenery, broken rocks, wild caverns, blasted heaths, and so on (1615-1673). RUBENS: patches of vermillion dabbed about the human figure, wholly out of harmony with the rest of the coloring (1577-1640). STEEN (_Jan_): an old woman peeling vegetables, with another old woman looking at her (1636-1679). TINTORETTI: full of wild fantastical inventions. He is called “The Lightning of the Pencil” (1512-1594). TITIAN: noted for his broad shades of divers gradations (1477-1576). VERONESE (_Paul_): noted for his great want of historical correctness and elegance of design; but he abounds in spirited banquets, sumptuous edifices, brilliant aerial spectres, magnificent robes, gaud, and jewelry (1530-1588). WATTEAU: noted for his _fêtes galantes_, fancy-ball costumes, and generally gala-day figures (1684-1721). =Paix des Dames= (_La_), the treaty of peace concluded at Cambray in 1529, between François I. of France and Karl V., emperor of Germany. So called because it was mainly negotiated by Louise of Savoy (mother of the French king), and Margaret, the emperor’s aunt. =Palabras Carinosas.= “Good-night! I have to say good-night To such a host of peerless things! Good-night unto the fragile hand All queenly with its weight of rings; Good-night to fond uplifted eyes, Good-night to chestnut braids of hair, Good-night unto the perfect mouth And all the sweetness nestled there,-- The snowy hand detains me,--then I’ll have to say Good-night again!” Thomas Bailey Aldrich, _Poems_, 1858-84. =Paladore=, a Briton in the service of the king of Lombardy. One day, in a boar-hunt, the boar turned on the Princess Sophia, and, having gored her horse to death, was about to attack the lady, but was slain by the young Briton. Between these two young people a strong attachment sprang up; but the Duke Bire´no, by an artifice of false impersonation, induced Paladore to believe that the princess was a wanton, and had the audacity to accuse her as such to the senate. In Lombardy, the punishment for this offence was death, and the princess was ordered to execution. Paladore, having learned the truth, accused the duke of villainy. They fought, and Bireno fell. The princess, being cleared of the charge, married Paladore.--Robert Jephson, _The Law of Lombardy_ (1779). =Palame´des= (4 _syl._), son of Nauplios, was, according to Suidas, the inventor of dice. (See ALEA.) _Palamedes_ (_Sir_), a Saracen, who adored Isolde, the wife of King Mark of Cornwall. Sir Tristram also loved the same lady, who was his aunt. The two “lovers” fought, and Sir Palamedês, being overcome, was compelled to turn Christian. He was baptized, and Sir Tristram stood his sponsor at the font.--Thomas of Erceldoune, called “The Rhymer,” _Sir Tristram_ (thirteenth century). =Palame´des of Lombardy=, one of the allies of the Christian army in the first crusade. He was shot by Corinda with an arrow (bk. xi.).--Tasso, _Jerusalem Delivered_ (1575). =Palamon and Arcite= (2 _syl._), two young Theban knights, who fell into the hands of Duke Theseus (2 _syl._), and were by him confined in a dungeon at Athens. Here they saw the duke’s sister-in-law, Emily, with whom both fell in love. When released from captivity, the two knights told to the duke their tale of love; and the duke promised that whichever proved the victor in single combat, should have Emily for his prize. Arcite prayed to Mars “for victory,” and Palamon to Venus that he might “obtain the lady,” and both their prayers were granted. Arcite won the victory, according to his prayer, but, being thrown from his horse, died; so Palamon, after all, “won the lady,” though he did not win the battle.--Chaucer, _Canterbury Tales_ (“The Knight’s Tale,” 1388). This tale is taken from the _Le Teseide_ of Boccaccio. _The Black Horse_, a drama by John Fletcher, is the same tale. Richard Edwards has a comedy called _Palæmon and Arcyte_ (1566). =Pale= (_The_), or THE ENGLISH PALE, a part of Ireland, including Dublin, Meath, Carlow, Kilkenny and Louth. =Pale Faces.= So the American Indians call the European settlers. =Pale´mon=, son of a rich merchant. He fell in love with Anna, daughter of Albert, master of one of his father’s ships. The purse-proud merchant, indignant at this, tried every means to induce his son to abandon such a “mean connection,” but without avail; so at last he sent him in the _Britannia_ (Albert’s ship) “in charge of the merchandise.” The ship was wrecked near Cape Colonna, in Attica; and although Palēmon escaped, his ribs were so broken that he died almost as soon as he reached the shore. A gallant youth, Palemon was his name, Charged with the commerce hither also came; A father’s stern resentment doomed to prove, He came, the victim of unhappy love. Falconer, _The Shipwreck_, i. 2 (1756). =Pale´mon and Lavinia=, a poetic version of Boaz and Ruth. “The lovely young Lavinia” went to glean in the fields of young Palemon, “the pride of swains;” and Palemon, falling in love with the beautiful gleaner, both wooed and won her.--Thomson, _The Seasons_ (“Autumn,” 1730). =Pales= (2 _syl._), god of shepherds and their flocks.--_Roman Mythology._ Pomōna loves the orchard; And Liber loves the vine; And Palês loves the straw-built shed, Warm with the breath of kine. Lord Macaulay, _Lays of Ancient Rome_ (“Prophecy of Capys,” 1842). =Pal´inode= (3 _syl._), a shepherd in Spenser’s _Eclogues_. In ecl. v. Palinode represents the Catholic priest. He invites Piers (who represents the Protestant clergy) to join in the fun and pleasures of May. Piers then warns the young man of the vanities of the world, and tells him of the great degeneracy of pastoral life, at one time simple and frugal, but now discontented and licentious. He concludes with the fable of the kid and her dam. The fable is this: A mother-goat, going abroad for the day, told her kid to keep at home, and not to open the door to strangers. She had not been gone long when up came a fox, with head bound from “headache,” and foot bound from “gout,” and carrying a ped of trinkets. The fox told the kid a most piteous tale, and showed her a little mirror. The kid, out of pity and vanity, opened the door; but while stooping over the ped to pick up a little bell, the fox clapped down the lid and carried her off. In ecl. vii. Palinode is referred to by the shepherd Thomalin, as “lording it over God’s heritage,” feeding the sheep with chaff, and keeping for himself the grains.--Spenser, _Shepheardes Calendar_ (1572). _Palinode_ (3 _syl._), a poem in recantation of a calumny. Stesich´oros wrote a bitter satire against Helen, for which her brothers, Castor and Pollux, plucked out his eyes. When, however, the poet recanted, his sight was restored to him again. The bard who libelled Helen in his song, Recanted after, and redressed the wrong. Ovid, _Art of Love_, iii. Horace’s _Ode_, xvi. i. is a palinode. Samuel Butler has a palinode, in which he recanted what he said in a previous poem of the Hon. Edward Howard. Dr. Watts recanted in a poem the _praise_ he had previously bestowed on Queen Anne. =Palinu´rus=, the pilot of Æne´as. Palinurus, sleeping at the helm, fell into the sea and was drowned. The name is employed as a generic word for a steersman or pilot, and sometimes for a chief minister. Thus, Prince Bismarck might have been called the palinurus of William, emperor of Germany and king of Prussia. More had she spoke, but yawned. All nature nods ... E’en Palinurus nodded at the helm. Pope, _The Dunciad_, iv. 614 (1742). =Palisse= (_La_), a sort of M. Prudhomme; a pompous utterer of truisms and moral platitudes. =Palissy= (_Bernard, the potter_), succeeded, after innumerable efforts and privations, in inventing the art of enamelling stone ware. He was arrested and confined in the Bastille for Huguenot principles, and died there in 1589. =Palla´dio= (_Andrea_), the Italian classical architect (1518-1580). _The English Palladio_, Inigo Jones (1573-1653). =Palla´dium.= _Of Ceylon_, the deláda or tooth of Buddha, preserved in the Malegawa temple at Kandy. Natives guard it with great jealousy, from a belief that whoever possesses it acquires the right to govern Ceylon. When, in 1815, the English obtained possession of the tooth, the Ceylonese submitted to them without resistance. _Of Eden Hall_, a drinking-glass, in the possession of Sir Christopher Musgrave, Bart., of Edenhall, Cumberland. _Of Jerusalem._ Aladine, king of Jerusalem, stole an image of the Virgin, and set it up in a mosque, that she might no longer protect the Christians, but become the palladium of Jerusalem. The image was rescued by Sophronia, and the city taken by the crusaders. _Of Meg´ara_, a golden hair of King Nisus. Scylla promised to deliver the city into the hands of Minos, and cut off the talismanic lock of her father’s head while he was asleep. _Of Rome_, the ancīle or sacred buckler which Numa said fell from heaven, and was guarded by priests called Salii. _Of Scotland_, the great stone of Scone, near Perth, which was removed by Edward I. to Westminster, and is still there, preserved in the coronation chair. _Of Troy_, a colossal wooden statue of Pallas Minerva, which “fell from heaven.” It was carried off by the Greeks, by whom the city was taken, and burned to the ground. =Pallet=, a painter, in Smollett’s novel of _Peregrine Pickle_ (1751). The absurdities of Pallet are painted an inch thick, and by no human possibility could such an accumulation of comic disasters have befallen the characters of the tale. =Pal´merin of England=, the hero and title of a romance in chivalry. There is also an inferior one entitled _Palmerin d’Oliva._ The next two books were _Palmerin d’Ol´iva_ and _Palmerin of England_. “The former,” said the curé, “shall be torn in pieces and burnt to the last ember; but _Palmerin of England_ shall be preserved as a relique of antiquity, and placed in such a chest as Alexander found amongst the spoils of Darius, and in which he kept the writings of Homer. This same book is valuable for two things: first, for its own especial excellency, and next because it is the production of a Portuguese monarch, famous for his literary talents. The adventures of the castle of Miraguarda therein, are finely imagined, the style of composition is natural and elegant, and the utmost decorum is preserved throughout.”--Cervantes, _Don Quixote_, I. i. 6 (1605). =Palmi´ra=, daughter of Alcānor, chief of Mecca. She and her brother, Zaphna, were taken captives in infancy, and brought up by Mahomet. As they grew in years they fell in love with each other, not knowing their relationship; but when Mahomet laid siege to Mecca, Zaphna was appointed to assassinate Alcanor, and was himself afterwards killed by poison. Mahomet then proposed marriage to Palmira, but to prevent such an alliance, she killed herself.--James Miller, _Mahomet, the Impostor_ (1740). =Pal´myrene= (_The_), Zenobia, queen of Palmyra, who claimed the title of “Queen of the East.” She was defeated by Aurelian, and taken prisoner (A.D. 273). Longinus lived at her court, and was put to death on the capture of Zenobia. The Palmyrene that fought Aurelian. Tennyson, _The Princess_, ii. (1847). =Pal´omides= (_Sir_), son and heir of Sir Astlabor. His brothers were Sir Safire and Sir Segwar´idês. He is always called the Saracen, meaning “unchristened.” Next to the three great knights (Sir Launcelot, Sir Tristram, and Sir Lamorake), he was the strongest and bravest of the fellowship of the Round Table. Like Sir Tristram, he was in love with La Belle Isond, wife of King Mark, of Cornwall; but the lady favored the love of Sir Tristram, and only despised that of the Saracen knight. After his combat with Sir Tristram, Sir Palomides consented to be baptized by the bishop of Carlisle (pt. iii. 28). He was well made, cleanly and bigly, and neither too young nor too old. And though he was not christened, yet he believed in the best manners, and was faithful and true of his promise, and also well conditioned. He made a vow that he would never be christened unto the time that he achieved the beast Glatisaint.... And also he avowed never to take full christendom unto the time that he had done seven battles within the lists.--Sir T. Malory, _History of Prince Arthur_, ii. 149 (1470). =Pam=, Henry John Temple, viscount Palmerston (1784-1865). =Pam´ela.= Lady Edward Fitzgerald is so called (*-1831). _Pam´ela_ [ANDREWS], a simple, unsophisticated country girl, the daughter of two aged parents, and maid-servant of a rich young squire, called B, who tries to seduce her. She resists every temptation, and at length marries the young squire, and reforms him. Pamela is very pure and modest, bears her afflictions with much meekness, and is a model of maidenly prudence and rectitude. The story is told in a series of letters which Pamela sends to her parents.--S. Richardson, _Pamela_, or _Virtue Rewarded_ (1740). The pure and modest character of the English maiden [_Pamela_] is so well maintained, ... her sorrows and afflictions are borne with so much meekness; her little intervals of hope ... break in on her troubles so much like the specks of blue sky through a cloudy atmosphere--that the whole recollection is soothing, tranquilizing, and doubtless edifying.--Sir W. Scott. _Pamela_ is a work of much humbler pretensions than _Clarissa Harlowe_.... A simple country girl whom her master attempts to seduce, and afterwards marries.... The wardrobe of poor Pamela, her gown of sad-colored stuff, and her round-eared caps; her various attempts at escape, and the conveyance of her letters; the hateful character of Mrs. Jewkes, and the fluctuating passions of her master before the better part of his nature obtains ascendancy--these are all touched with the hand of a master.--Chambers, _English Literature_, ii. 161. =Pamina and Tam´ino=, the two lovers who were guided by “the magic flute” through all worldly dangers to the knowledge of divine truth (or the mysteries of Iris).--Mosart,[TN-61] _Die Zauberflöte_ (1790). =Pamphlet= (_Mr._), a penny-a-liner. His great wish was “to be taken up for sedition.” He writes on both sides, for as he says, he has “two hands, _ambo dexter_.” “Time has been,” he says, “when I could turn a penny by an earthquake, or live upon a jail distemper, or dine upon a bloody murder; but now that’s all over--nothing will do now but roasting a minister, or telling the people they are ruined. The people of England are never so happy as when you tell them they are ruined.”--Murphy, _The Upholsterer_, ii. 1 (1758). =Pan=, Nature personified, especially the vital crescent power of nature. Universal Pan. Knit with the Graces and the Hours in dance, Led on the eternal spring. Milton, _Paradise Lost_, iv. 266, etc. (1665). _Pan_, in Spenser’s ecl. iv., is Henry VIII., and “Syrinx” is Anne Boleyn. In ecl. v. “Pan” stands for Jesus Christ in one passage, and for God the Father in another.--Spenser, _Shepheardes Calendar_ (1572). _Pan_ (_The Great_), François M. A. de Voltaire; also called “The Dictator of Letters” (1694-1778). =Pancaste= (3 _syl._), or CAMPASPE, one of the concubines of Alexander the Great. Apellés fell in love with her while he was employed in painting the king of Macedon, and Alexander, out of regard to the artist, gave her to him for a wife. Apellês selected for his “Venus Rising from the Sea” (usually called “Venus Anadyomĕnê”) this beautiful Athenian woman, together with Phrynê, another courtezan. ⁂ Phrynê was also the academy figure for the “Cnidian Venus” of Praxitĕlês. =Pancks=, a quick, short, eager, dark man, with too much “way.” He dressed in black and rusty iron grey; had jet-black beads for eyes, a scrubby little black chin, wiry black hair striking out from his head in prongs like hair-pins, and a complexion that was very dingy by nature, or very dirty by art, or a compound of both. He had dirty hands, and dirty, broken nails, and looked as if he had been in the coals. He snorted and sniffed, and puffed and blew, and was generally in a perspiration. It was Mr. Pancks who “moled out” the secret that Mr. Dorrit, imprisoned for debt in the Marshalsea prison, was heir-at-law to a great estate, which had long lain unclaimed, and was extremely rich (ch. xxxv.). Mr. Pancks also induced Clennam to invest in Merdle’s bank shares, and demonstrated by figures the profit he would realize; but the bank being a bubble the shares were worthless.--C. Dickens, _Little Dorrit_ (1857). =Pancrace=, a doctor of the Aristotelian school. He maintained that it was improper to speak of the “_form_ of a hat,” because form “est la disposition extérieure des corps qui sont animés,” and therefore we should say the “_figure_ of a hat,” because figure “est la disposition extérieure des corps qui sont inanimés;” and because his adversary could not agree, he called him “un ignorant, un ignorantissime, ignorantifiant, et ignorantifiè”[TN-62] (sc. viii.).--Molière, _Le Mariage Forcé_ (1664). =Pancras= (_The earl of_), one of the skillful companions of Barlow, the famous archer; another was called the “Marquis of Islington;” while Barlow himself was mirthfully created by Henry VIII., “Duke of Shoreditch.” _Pancras_ (_St._), patron saint of children, martyred by Diocletian at the age of 14 (A.D. 304). =Pan´darus=, the Lycian, one of the allies of Priam in the Trojan war. He is drawn under two widely different characters: In classic story he is depicted as an admirable archer, slain by Diomed, and honored as a hero-god in his own country; but in mediæval romance he is represented as a despicable pimp, insomuch that the word _pander_ is derived from his name. Chaucer, in his _Troïlus and Cresseide_, and Shakespeare, in his drama of _Troilus and Cressida_, represent him as procuring for Troilus the good graces of Cressid, and in _Much Ado About Nothing_, it is said that Troilus “was the first employer of pandars.” =Pandemo´nium=, “the high capital of Satan and his peers.” Here the infernal parliament was held, and to this council Satan convened the fallen angels to consult with him upon the best method of encompassing the “fall of man.” Satan ultimately undertook to visit the new world; and, in the disguise of a serpent, he tempted Eve to eat of the forbidden fruit.--Milton, _Paradise Lost_, ii. (1665). =Pandi´on=, king of Athens, father of Procnê and Philome´la. None take pity on thy pain; Senseless trees, they cannot hear thee; Ruthless bears, they will not cheer thee; King Pandion he is dead; All thy friends are lapped in lead. Richard Barnfield, _Address to the Nightingale_ (1594). =Pandolf= (_Sir Harry_), the teller of whole strings of stories, which he repeats at every gathering. He has also a stock of _bon-mots_. “Madam,” said he, “I have lost by you to-day.” “How so, Sir Harry!” replies the lady. “Why, madam,” rejoins the baronet, “I have lost an excellent appetite.” “This is the thirty-third time that Sir Harry hath been thus arch.” We are constantly, after supper, entertained with the Glastonbury Thorn. When we have wondered at that a little, “Father,” saith the son, “let us have the Spirit in the Wood.” After that, “Now tell us how you served the robber.” “Alack!” saith Sir Harry, with a smile, “I have almost forgotten that; but it is a pleasant conceit, to be sure;” and accordingly he tells that and twenty more in the same order over and over again.--Richard Steele. =Pandolfe= (2 _syl._), father of Lélie.--Molière, _L’Etourdi_ (1653). =Pando´ra=, the “all-gifted woman.” So called because all the gods bestowed some gift on her to enhance her charms. Jove sent her to Prometheus for a wife, but Hermês gave her in marriage to his brother, Epime´theus (4 _syl._). It is said that Pandora enticed the curiosity of Epimetheus to open a box in her possession, from which flew out all the ills that flesh is heir to. Luckily the lid was closed in time to prevent the escape of Hope. More lovely than Pandora, whom the gods Endowed with all their gifts, ... to the unwiser son Of Japhet brought by Hermês, she ensnared Mankind with her fair looks, to be avenged On him [_Promētheus_] who had stole Jove’s ... fire. Milton, _Paradise Lost_, iv. 714, etc. (1665). ⁂ “Unwiser son” is a Latinism, and means “not so wise as he should have been;” so _audacior_, _timidior_, _vehementior_, _iracundior_, etc. =Pandos´to=, or _The Triumph of Time_, a tale by Robert Greene (1588), the quarry of the plot of _The Winter’s Tale_ by Shakespeare. =Panel= (_The_), by J. Kemble, is a modified version of Bickerstaff’s comedy _’Tis Well ’tis no Worse_. It contains the popular quotation: Perhaps it was right to dissemble your love; But why do you kick me downstairs? =Pangloss= (_Dr. Peter_), an LL.D. and A.S.S. He began life as a muffin-maker in Milk Alley. Daniel Dowlas, when he was raised from the chandler’s shop in Gosport to the peerage, employed the doctor “to larn him to talk English;” and subsequently made him tutor to his son Dick, with a salary of £300 a year. Dr. Pangloss was a literary prig of ponderous pomposity. He talked of a “locomotive morning,” of one’s “sponsorial and patronymic appellations,” and so on; was especially fond of quotations, to all of which he assigned the author, as “Lend me your ears. Shakespeare. Hem!” or “_Verbum sat._ Horace. Hem!” He also indulged in an affected “He! he!”--G. Colman, _The Heir-at-Law_ (1797). A.S.S. stands for _Artium Societatis Socius_ (“Fellow of the Society of Arts”). _Pangloss_, an optimist philosopher. (The word means “All Tongue.”)--Voltaire, _Candide_. =Panjam=, a male idol of the Oroungou tribes of Africa; his wife is Alēka, and his priests are called _panjans_. Panjam is the special protector of kings and governments. =Panjandrum= (_The Grand_), and village potentate or Brummagem magnate. The word occurs in S. Foote’s farrago of nonsense, which he wrote to test the memory of old Macklin, who said in a lecture “he had brought his own memory to such perfection that he could learn anything by rote on once hearing it.” He was the Great Panjandrum of the place.--Percy Fitzgerald. ⁂ The squire of a village is the Grand Panjandrum, and the small gentry the Picninnies, Joblillies, and Garyulies. Foote’s nonsense lines are these: So she went into the garden to cut a cabbage leaf to make an apple pie; and at the same time a great she-bear, coming up the street, pops its head into the shop. “What! no soap?” So he died, and she very imprudently married the barber! and there were present the Picninnies, and the Joblillies, and the Garyulies, and the Grand Panjandrum himself, with the little round button at top, and they all fell to playing the game of catch as catch can, till the gunpowder ran out at the heel of their boots.--S. Foote, _The Quarterly Review_, xcv. 516, 517 (1854). =Pan´ope= (3 _syl._), one of the nereids. Her “sisters” are the sea-nymphs. Panopê was invoked by sailors in storms. Sleek Panope with all her sisters played. Milton, _Lycidas_, 95 (1638). =Pansy Osmund=, daughter of Mr. Osmund and Madame Merle, but ignorant who her mother is. After her father’s second marriage, the girl, who has been brought up by the nuns, is extremely fond of her step-mother, and when she grows under her fostering care into a lovely woman, becomes attached to Edward Rosier, a man of small fortune. Her father, cold and hard as stone, decrees that she shall marry an English lord, and upon her refusal, sends her back to the convent.--Henry James, Jr., _Portrait of a Lady_ (1881). =Pantag´ruel´=, king of the Dipsodes (2 _syl._), son of Gargantua, and last of the race of giants. His mother, Badebec, died in giving him birth. His paternal grandfather was named Grangousier. Pantagruel was a lineal descendant of Fierabras, the Titans, Goliath, Polypheme (3 _syl._), and all the other giants traceable to Chalbrook, who lived in that extraordinary period noted for its “week of three Thursdays.” The word is a hybrid, compounded of the Greek _panta_ (“all”), and the Hagarene word _gruel_ (“thirsty”). His immortal achievement was his “quest of the oracle of the Holy Bottle.”--Rabelais, _Gargantua and Pantagruel_, ii. (1533). =Pantagruel’s Course of Study.= Pantagruel’s father, Gargantua, said in a letter to his son: “I intend and insist that you learn all languages perfectly; first of all Greek, in Quintillian’s method; then Latin, then Hebrew, then Arabic and Chaldee. I wish you to form your style of Greek on the model of Plato, and of Latin on that of Cicero. Let there be no history you have not at your finger’s ends, and study thoroughly cosmography and geography. Of liberal arts, such as geometry, mathematics and music, I gave you a taste when not above five years old, and I would have you now master them fully. Study astronomy, but not divination and judicial astrology, which I consider mere vanities. As for civil law, I would have thee know the _digests_ by heart. You should also have a perfect knowledge of the works of Nature, so that there is no sea, river, or smallest stream, which you do not know for what fish it is noted, whence it proceeds, and whither it directs its course; all fowls of the air, all shrubs and trees, whether forest or orchard, all herbs and flowers, all metals and stones should be mastered by you. Fail not at the same time most carefully to peruse the Talmudists and Cabalists, and be sure by frequent anatomies to gain a perfect knowledge of that other world called the microcosm, which is man. Master all these in your young days, and let nothing be superficial; as you grow into manhood, you must learn chivalry, warfare, and field manœuvres.”--Rabelais, _Pantagruel_, ii. 8 (1533). =Pantag´ruel’s Tongue.= It formed shelter for a whole army. His throat and mouth contained whole cities. Then did they [_the army_] put themselves in close order, and stood as near to each other as they could, and Pantagruel put out his tongue half-way, and covered them all, as a hen doth her chickens.--Rabelais, _Pantagruel_, ii. 32 (1533). =Pantagruelian Lawsuit= (_The_). This was between Lord Busqueue and Lord Suckfist, who pleaded their own cases. The writs, etc., were as much as four asses could carry. After the plaintiff had stated his case, and the defendant had made his reply, Pantagruel gave judgment, and the two suitors were both satisfied, for no one understood a word of the pleadings, or the tenor of the verdict.--Rabelais, _Pantagruel_, ii. (1533). =Pantaloon.= In the Italian comedy, _Il Pantalo´ne_ is a thin, emaciated, old man, and the only character that acts in slippers. The sixth age shifts Into the lean and slippered Pantaloon. Shakespeare, _As You Like It_, act ii. sc. 7 (1600). =Panther= (_The_), symbol of pleasure. When Dantê began the ascent of fame, this beast met him, and tried to stop his further progress. Scarce the ascent Began, when lo! a panther, nimble, light, And covered with a speckled skin, appeared, ... and strove to check my onward going. Dantê, _Hell_, i. (1300). _Panther_ (_The Spotted_), the Church of England. The “milk-white doe” is the Church of Rome. The panther, sure the noblest next the hind, The fairest creature of the spotted kind; Oh, could her inborn stains be washed away, She were too good to be a beast of prey. Dryden, _The Hind and the Panther_, i. (1687). =Panthino=, servant of Antonio (the father of Protheus, one of the two heroes of the play).--Shakespeare, _Two Gentlemen of Verona_ (1594). =Panton=, a celebrated punster in the reign of Charles II. And Panton, waging harmless war with words. Dryden, _MacFlecknoe_, (1682). =Panurge=, a young man, handsome and of good stature, but in very ragged apparel when Pantag´ruel first met him on the road leading from Charenton Bridge. Pantagruel, pleased with his person, and moved with pity at his distress, accosted him, when Panurge replied, first in German, then in Arabic, then in Italian, then in Biscayan, then in Bas-Breton, then in Low Dutch, then in Spanish. Finding that Pantagruel knew none of these languages, Panurge tried Danish, Hebrew, Greek, Latin, with no better success. “Friend,” said the prince, “can you speak French?” “Right well,” answered Panurge, “for I was born in Touraine, the garden of France.” Pantagruel then asked him if he would join his suite, which Panurge most gladly consented to do, and became the fast friend of Pantagruel. His great _forte_ was practical jokes. Rabelais describes him as of middle stature, with an aquiline nose, very handsome, and always moneyless. Pantagruel made him governor of Salmygondin.--Rabelais, _Pantagruel_, iii. 2 (1545). =Panza= (_Sancho_), of Adzpetia, the squire of Don Quixote de la Mancha; “a little squat fellow, with a tun belly and spindle shanks” (pt. I. ii. 1). He rides an ass called Dapple. His sound common sense is an excellent foil to the knight’s craze. Sancho is very fond of eating and drinking, is always asking the knight when he is to be put in possession of the island he promised. He salts his speech with most pertinent proverbs, and even with wit of a racy, though sometimes of rather a vulgar savor.--Cervantes, _Don Quixote_ (1605). ⁂ The wife of Sancho is called “Joan Panza” in pt. I., and “Teresa Panza” in pt. II. “My father’s name,” she says to Sancho, “was Cascajo, and I, by being your wife, am now called Teresa Panza, though by right I should be called Teresa Cascajo” (pt. II. i. 5). =Paolo= (2 _syl._), the cardinal brother of Count Guido Franceschi´ni, who advised his bankrupt brother to marry an heiress, in order to repair his fortune. When brother Paolo’s energetic shake Should do the relics justice. R. Browning, _The Ring and the Book_, ii. 409. =Paper King= (_The_), John Law, projector of the Mississippi Bubble (1671-1729). The basis of Law’s project was the idea that paper money may be multiplied to any extent, provided there be security in fixed stock.--Rich. =Paphian Mimp=, a certain plie of the lips, considered needful for “the highly genteel.” Lady Emily told Miss Alscrip, “the heiress,” that it was acquired by placing one’s self before a looking-glass, and repeating continually the words “nimini pimini;” “when the lips cannot fail to take the right plie.”--General Burgoyne, _The Heiress_, iii. 2 (1781). (C. Dickens has made Mrs. General tell Amy Dorrit that the pretty plie is given to the lips by pronouncing the words “papa, potatoes, poultry, prunes and prism.”) =Papillon=, a broken-down critic, who earned four shillings a week for reviews of translations “without knowing one syllable of the original,” and of “books which he had never read.” He then turned French valet, and got well paid. He then fell into the service of Jack Wilding, and was valet, French marquis, or anything else to suit the whims of that young scapegrace.--S. Foote, _The Liar_ (1761). =Papy´ra=, goddess of printing and literature; so called from papyrus, a substance once used for books, before the invention of paper. Till to astonished realms Papyra taught To paint in mystic colors sound and thought. With Wisdom’s voice to print the page sublime, And mark in adamant the steps of Time. Darwin, _Loves of the Plants_, ii. (1781). =Paracelsus= is said to have kept a small devil prisoner in the pommel of his sword. He favored metallic substances for medicines, while Galen preferred herbs. His full name was Philippus Aure´olus Theophrastus Paracelsus, but his family name was Bombastus (1493-1541). _Paracelsus_, at the age of 20, thinks _knowledge_ the _summum bonum_, and, at the advice of his two friends, Festus and Michal, retires to a seat of learning in quest thereof. Eight years later, being dissatisfied, he falls in with Aprile, an Italian poet, and resolves to seek the _summum bonum_ in love. Again he fails, and finally determines “to know and to enjoy.”--R. Browning, _Paracelsus_. =Par´adine= (3 _syl._), son of Astolpho, and brother of Dargonet, both rivals for the love of Laura. In the combat provoked by Prince Oswald against Gondibert, which was decided by four combatants on each side, Hugo “the Little” slew both the brothers.--Sir. Wm. Davenant, _Gondibert_, i. (died 1668). =Paradisa´ica= (“_the fruit of paradise_”). So the banana is called. The Mohammedans aver that the “forbidden fruit” was the banana or Indian fig, and cite in confirmation of this opinion that our first parents used fig leaves for their covering after their fall. =Paradise=, in thirty-three cantos, by Dantê (1311). Paradise is separated from Purgatory by the river Lethê; and Dantê was conducted through nine of the spheres by Beatrice, who left him in the sphere of “unbodied light,” under the charge of St. Bernard (canto xxxi.). The entire region is divided into ten spheres, each of which is appropriated to its proper order. The first seven spheres are the seven planets, viz. (1) the Moon, for angels, (2) Mercury, for archangels, (3) Venus, for virtues, (4) the Sun, for powers, (5) Mars, for principalities, (6) Jupiter, for dominions, (7) Saturn, for thrones. The eighth sphere is that of the fixed stars for the cherubim; the ninth is the _primum mobĭlê_ for the seraphim; and the tenth is the empyre´an for the Virgin Mary and the triune deity. Beatrice, with Rachel, Sarah, Judith, Rebecca and Ruth, St. Augustin, St. Francis, St. Benedict, and others, were enthroned in Venus, the sphere of the virtues. The empyrean, he says, is a sphere of “unbodied light,” “bright effluence of bright essence, uncreate.” This is what the Jews called “the heaven of the heavens.” _Paradise_ was placed in the legendary maps of the Middle Ages, in Ceylon; but Mahomet placed it “in the seventh heaven.” The Arabs have a tradition that when our first parents were cast out of the garden, Adam fell in the isle of Ceylon, and Eve in Joddah (the port of Mecca).--_Al Korân_, ii. =Paradise and the Pe´ri.= A peri was told she would be admitted into heaven if she would bring thither the gift most acceptable to the Almighty. She first brought a drop of a young patriot’s blood, shed on his country’s behalf; but the gates would not open for such an offering. She next took thither the last sigh of a damsel who had died nursing her betrothed, who had been stricken by the plague; but the gates would not open for such an offering. She then carried up the repentant tear of an old man converted by the prayers of a little child. All heaven rejoiced, the gates were flung open, and the peri was received with a joyous welcome.--T. Moore, _Lalla Rookh_ (“Second Tale,” 1817). =Paradise Lost.= Satan and his crew, still suffering from their violent expulsion out of heaven, are roused by Satan’s telling them about a “new creation;” and he calls a general council to delibera