The Project Gutenberg EBook of Natural History of the Mammalia of India and Ceylon, by Robert A. Sterndale This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org Title: Natural History of the Mammalia of India and Ceylon Author: Robert A. Sterndale Release Date: October 16, 2006 [EBook #19550] Language: English Character set encoding: ASCII *** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK MAMMALIA OF INDIA *** Produced by Ron Swanson [Frontispiece: FELIS TIGRIS.] NATURAL HISTORY OF THE MAMMALIA OF INDIA AND CEYLON. BY ROBERT A. STERNDALE, F.R.G.S., F.Z.S., &C., AUTHOR OF "THE DENIZENS OF THE JUNGLE;" "THE AFGHAN KNIFE;" "SEONEE, OR CAMP LIFE IN THE SATPURA RANGE," ETC. WITH 170 ILLUSTRATIONS BY THE AUTHOR, T. W. WOOD, AND OTHERS. CALCUTTA: THACKER, SPINK, AND CO. BOMBAY: THACKER AND CO., LIMITED. LONDON: W. THACKER AND CO. 1884. LONDON: PRINTED BY WILLIAM CLOWES AND SONS, LIMITED, STAMFORD STREET AND CHARING CROSS. THIS POPULAR HISTORY OF OUR INDIAN MAMMALS IS RESPECTFULLY DEDICATED (BY PERMISSION) TO ONE WHO TAKES A DEEP INTEREST IN ALL THAT CONCERNS OUR EASTERN EMPIRE, THE RIGHT HON. THE EARL OF NORTHBROOK, G.C.S.I., LATE GOVERNOR-GENERAL AND VICEROY OF INDIA. PREFACE. This work is designed to meet an existing want, viz.: a popular manual of Indian Mammalia. At present the only work of the kind is one which treats exclusively of the Peninsula of India, and which consequently omits the more interesting types found in Assam, Burmah, and Ceylon, as well as the countries bordering the British Indian Empire on the North. The geographical limits of the present work have been extended to all territories likely to be reached by the sportsman from India, thus greatly enlarging the field of its usefulness. The stiff formality of the compiled "Natural Histories" has been discarded, and the Author has endeavoured to present, in interesting conversational and often anecdotal style, the results of experience by himself and his personal friends; at the same time freely availing himself of all the known authorities upon the subject. CONTENTS. NO. PAGE INTRODUCTION 1 ORDER BIMANA 3 ORDER QUADRUMANA 7 Genus Hylobates--The Gibbons-- 1. Hylobates hooluck (_White-fronted Gibbon_) 8 2. " lar (_White-handed Gibbon_) 11 3. " syndactylus (_Siamang_) 12 Genus Presbytes--Cuvier's Genus Semnopithecus-- 4. Semnopithecus _vel_ Presbytes entellus (_Bengal Langur_) 14 5. " _vel_ P. schistaceus (_Himalayan Langur_) 16 6. " _vel_ P. priamus (_Madras Langur_) 16 7. " _vel_ P. Johnii (_Malabar Langur_) 17 8. " _vel_ P. jubatus (_Nilgheri Langur_) 18 9. " _vel_ P. pileatus (_Capped Langur_) 18 10. " _vel_ P. Barbei (_Tipperah Langur_) 19 11. " _vel_ P. Phayrei (_Silvery-Leaf Monkey_) 19 12. " _vel_ P. obscurus (_Dusky-Leaf Monkey_) 20 13. " _vel_ P. cephalopterus (_Ceylon Langur_) 20 14. " _vel_ P. ursinus (_Great Wanderu_) 21 15. " _vel_ P. thersites 22 16. " _vel_ P. albinus (_White Langur_) 23 SUB-FAMILY PAPIONINAE 24 Genus Inuus-- 17. Inuus _vel_ Macacus silenus (_Lion Monkey_) 24 18. " _vel_ M. rhesus (_Bengal Monkey_) 25 19. " _vel_ M. pelops (_Hill Monkey_) 26 20. " _vel_ M. nemestrinus (_Pig-tailed Monkey_) 26 21. " _vel_ M. leoninus (_Long-haired Pig-tailed Monkey_) 27 22. " _vel_ M. arctoides (_Brown Stump-tailed Monkey_) 28 23. " _vel_ M. Thibetanus (_Thibetan Stump-tailed Monkey_) 28 Genus Macacus-- 24. Macacus radiatus (_Madras Monkey_) 28 25. " pileatus (_Capped Monkey_) 29 26. " cynomolgus (_Crab-eating Macacque_) 30 27. " carbonarius (_Black-faced Crab-eating Monkey_) 31 FAMILY LEMURIDAE 31 Genus Nycticebus-- 28. Nycticebus tardigradus (_Slow-paced Lemur_) 31 Genus Loris-- 29. Loris gracilis (_Slender Lemur_) 33 SUB-ORDER PLEUROPTERA--FAMILY GALAEOPITHECIDAE 33 Genus Galaeopithecus-- 30. Galaeopithecus volans (_Flying Lemur_) 34 ORDER CARNARIA 35 CHEIROPTERA 35 MEGACHIROPTERA--SUB-FAMILY PTEROPODIDAE 36 Genus Pteropus-- 31. Pteropus Edwardsii _vel_ medius (_Common Flying Fox_) 37 32. " Leschenaultii (Cynonycteris amplexicaudata) (_Fulvous Fox-Bat_) 40 Genus Cynopterus-- 33. Cynopterus marginatus (_Small Fox-Bat_) 40 34. Macroglossus (Pteropus) minimus (_Tenasserim Fox-Bat_) 41 Genus Eonycteris-- 35. Eonycteris spelaea 41 MICROCHIROPTERA--SUB-FAMILY VAMPYRIDAE 42 Genus Megaderma-- 36. Megaderma lyra (_Large-eared Vampire Bat_) 42 37. " spectrum (_Cashmere Vampire_) 43 38. " spasma 43 RHINOLOPHINAE 44 Genus Rhinolophus-- 39. Rhinolophus perniger _vel_ luctus (_Large Leaf-Bat_) 44 40. " mitratus (_Mitred Leaf-Bat_) 44 41. " tragatus _vel_ ferrum-equinum (_Dark-brown Leaf-Bat_) 45 42. " Pearsonii (_Pearson's Leaf-Bat_) 46 43. " affinis (_Allied Leaf-Bat_) 46 44. " rouxi (_Rufous Leaf-Bat_) 46 45. " macrotis (_Large-eared Leaf-Bat_) 47 46. " sub-badius (_Bay Leaf-Bat_) 47 47. " rammanika 47 48. " Andamanensis 48 49. " minor 48 50. " coelophyllus 48 51. " Garoensis 48 52. " Petersii 49 53. " trifoliatus 49 Genus Hipposideros _vel_ Phyllorhina-- 54. Hipposideros armiger (_Large Horse-shoe Bat_) 50 55. " speoris (_Indian Horse-shoe Bat_) 50 56. " murinus (_Little Horse-shoe Bat_) 51 57. " cineraceus (_Ashy Horse-shoe Bat_) 51 58. " larvatus 51 59. " vulgaris (_Common Malayan Horse-shoe Bat_) 52 60. " Blythii 52 61. Phyllorhina diadema 52 62. " Masoni 53 63. " Nicobarensis 53 64. " armigera 53 65. " leptophylla 54 66. " galerita 54 67. " bicolor 55 Genus Coelops-- 68. Coelops Frithii (_Frith's Tailless Bat_) 55 Genus Rhinopoma-- 69. Rhinopoma Hardwickii (_Hardwick's Long-tailed Leaf-Bat_) 56 SUB-FAMILY NOCTILIONIDAE 56 Genus Taphozous-- 70. Taphozous longimanus (_Long-armed Bat_) 57 71. " melanopogon (_Black-bearded Bat_) 57 72. " saccolaimus (_White-bellied Bat_) 58 73. " Theobaldi 58 74. " Kachhensis 58 Genus Nyctinomus-- 75. Nyctinomus plicatus (_Wrinkle-lipped Bat_) 59 76. " tragatus 59 SUB-FAMILY VESPERTILIONIDAE 60 Genus Plecotus-- 77. Plecotus auritus _vel_ homochrous 60 Genus Vesperugo-- 78. Vesperugo noctula 61 79. " leucotis 61 80. " maurus 62 81. " affinis 62 82. " pachyotis 62 83. " atratus 62 84. " Tickelli 63 85. " pachypus 63 86. " annectans 63 87. " dormeri 63 88. (Vesperugo) Scotophilus serotinus (_Silky Bat_) 63 89. " " Leisleri (_Hairy-armed Bat_) 64 Scotophilus pachyomus 64 90. (Vesperugo) Scotophilus Coromandelianus (_Coromandel Bat_) 64 91. " " lobatus (_Lobe-eared Bat_) 65 Genus Scotophilus-- 92. Scotophilus fuliginosus (_Smoky Bat_) 65 93. " Temminckii 65 94. " Heathii 66 95. " emarginatus 66 96. " ornatus 66 97. " pallidus 67 Noctulinia noctula 67 Nycticejus Heathii (_Large Yellow Bat_) 67 " luteus (_Bengal Yellow Bat_) 67 " Temminckii (_Common Yellow Bat_) 67 " castaneus (_Chestnut Bat_) 67 " atratus (_Sombre Bat_) 67 " canus (_Hoary Bat_) 67 " ornatus (_Harlequin Bat_) 68 98. " nivicolus (_Alpine Bat_) 68 Genus Harpiocephalus-- 99. Harpiocephalus harpia 69 100. " (Murina) suillus (_The Pig-Bat_) 69 101. " auratus 70 102. " griseus 70 103. " leucogaster 70 104. " cyclotis 70 Genus Kerivoula-- 105. Kerivoula picta (_Painted Bat_) 71 " pallida 72 106. " papillosa 72 107. " Hardwickii 72 Genus Vespertilio-- 108. Myotis (Vespertilio) murinus 73 109. " Theobaldi 73 110. " parvipes 73 111. Vespertilio longipes 73 112. " mystacinus 73 113. " muricola 73 114. " montivagus 74 115. " murinoides 74 116. " formosus 74 117. " Nepalensis 74 118. " emarginatus 75 Genus Miniopterus-- 119. Miniopterus Schreibersii 76 Genus Barbastellus-- 120. Barbastellus communis 76 121. Nyctophilus Geoffroyi 76 INSECTIVORA 77 FAMILY TALPIDAE--THE MOLES 79 Genus Talpa-- 122. Talpa micrura (_Short-tailed Mole_) 81 123. " macrura (_Long-tailed Mole_) 81 124. " leucura (_White-tailed Mole_) 81 FAMILY SORECIDAE 82 Genus Sorex-- 125. Sorex caerulescens (_Common Musk Shrew, better known as Musk-rat_) 83 126. " murinus (_Mouse-coloured Shrew_) 85 127. " nemorivagus (_Nepal Wood Shrew_) 85 128. " serpentarius (_Rufescent Shrew_) 85 129. " saturatior (_Dark-brown Shrew_) 86 130. " Tytleri (_Dehra Shrew_) 86 131. " niger (_Neilgherry Wood Shrew_) 86 132. " leucops (_Long-tailed Shrew_) 87 133. " soccatus (_Hairy-footed Shrew_) 87 134. " montanus (_Ceylon Black Shrew_) 87 135. " ferrugineus (_Ceylon Rufescent Shrew_) 87 136. " Griffithi (_Large Black Shrew_) 88 137. " heterodon 88 Genus Feroculus-- 138. Feroculus macropus (_Large-footed Shrew_) 88 139. Sorex Hodgsoni (_Nepal Pigmy-Shrew_) 88 140. " Perroteti (_Neilgherry Pigmy-Shrew_) 89 141. " micronyx (_Small-clawed Pigmy-Shrew_) 89 142. " melanodon (_Black-toothed Pigmy-Shrew_) 89 143. " nudipes (_Naked-footed Shrew_) 89 144. " atratus (_Black Pigmy-Shrew_) 89 Sub-genus Soriculus-- 145. Soriculus nigrescens (_Mouse-tailed Shrew_) 90 Genus Crossopus-- 146. Crossopus Himalaicus (_Himalayan Water-Shrew_) 90 Genus Nyctogale-- 147. Nyctogale elegans (_Thibet Water-Shrew_) 92 Genus Corsira-- 148. Corsira Alpina (_Alpine Shrew_) 92 Genus Anurosorex-- 149. Anurosorex Assamensis (_Assam Burrowing Shrew_) 93 FAMILY ERINACEIDAE--THE HEDGEHOGS 93 Genus Erinaceus-- 150. Erinaceus collaris (_Collared Hedgehog_) 96 151. " micropus (_Small-footed Hedgehog_) 96 152. " pictus (_Painted Hedgehog_) 97 153. " Grayi 97 154. " Blanfordi 97 155. " Jerdoni 97 156. " megalotis (_Large-eared Hedgehog_) 98 FAMILY HYLOMIDAE 99 Genus Hylomys-- 157. Hylomys Peguensis (_Short-tailed Tree-Shrew_) 99 FAMILY TUPAIIDAE 99 Genus Tupaia-- 158. Tupaia Ellioti (_Elliot's Tree-Shrew_) 101 159. " Peguana _vel_ Belangeri (_Pegu Tree-Shrew_) 101 160. " Chinensis 103 161. " Nicobarica 103 162. Gymnura Rafflesii (_Bulau_) 104 CARNIVORA 105 ARCTOIDEA--PLANTIGRADA 108 URSIDAE 108 Genus Ursus-- 163. Ursus Isabellinus (_Himalayan Brown Bear_) 111 164. " (Helarctos) torquatus _vel_ Tibetanus (_Himalayan Black Bear_) 113 165. " (Helarctos) gedrosianus (_Baluchistan Bear_) 116 166. " " Malayanus (_Bruang or Malayan Sun Bear_) 116 167. " (Melursus) labiatus (_Common Indian Sloth Bear_) 118 AILURIDAE 123 Genus Ailuropus-- 168. Ailuropus melanoleucos 124 Genus Ailurus-- 169. Ailurus fulgens (_Red Cat-Bear_) 128 SEMI-PLANTIGRADES 130 MELIDIDAE; OR, BADGER-LIKE ANIMALS 130 Genus Arctonyx-- 170. Arctonyx collaris (_Hog-Badger_) 131 171. " taxoides (_Assam Badger_) 132 Genus Meles (Sub-genus Taxidia)-- 172. Meles (Taxidia) leucurus (_Thibetan White-tailed Badger_) 133 173. " albogularis (_White-throated Thibetan Badger_) 134 Genus Mellivora-- 174. Mellivora Indica (_Indian Ratel or Honey-Badger_) 134 Genus Gulo--The Glutton or Wolverene 136 Genus Helictis-- 175. Helictis Nipalensis (_Nepal Wolverene_) 138 176. " moschata (_Chinese Wolverene_) 138 MUSTELIDAE--MARTENS AND WEASELS 139 Genus Martes--The Martens-- 177. Martes flavigula (_White-cheeked Marten_) 141 178. " abietum (_Pine Marten_) 142 179. " toufoeus 143 Genus Mustela--The Weasels-- 180. Mustela (Vison: _Gray_) sub-hemachalana (_Sub-Hemachal Weasel_) 145 181. " (Gymnopus: _Gray_) kathiah (_Yellow-bellied Weasel_) 145 182. " (Gymnopus: _Gray_) strigidorsa (_Striped Weasel_) 146 183. " erminea (_Ermine or Stoat_) 146 184. " (Vison: _Gray_) canigula (_Hoary Red-necked Weasel_) 146 185. " Stoliczkana 147 186. " (Vison) Sibirica 147 187. " alpina (_Alpine Weasel_) 147 188. " Hodgsoni 147 189. " (Vison) Horsfieldi 148 190. " (Gymnopus) nudipes 148 Genus Putorius--The Pole-cat-- 191. Putorius larvatus _vel_ Tibetanus (_Black-faced Thibetan Pole-cat_) 149 192. " Davidianus 149 193. " astutus 150 194. " Moupinensis 150 LUTRIDAE--The Otters 150 Genus Lutra-- 195. Lutra nair (_Common Indian Otter_) 153 196. " monticola _vel_ simung 155 197. " Ellioti 155 198. " aurobrunnea 155 Genus Aonyx--Clawless Otters-- 199. Aonyx leptonyx (_Clawless Otter_) 156 AELUROIDEA 156 FELIDAE--The Cat Family Genus Felis-- 200. Felis leo (_Lion_) 159 201. " tigris (_Tiger_) 161 THE PARDS OR PANTHERS 175 202. Felis pardus (_Pard_) 179 203. " panthera (_Panther_) 183 204. " uncia (_Ounce or Snow Panther_) 184 205. " Diardii _vel_ macrocelis (_Clouded Panther_) 185 206. " viverrina (_Large Tiger-Cat_) 187 207. " marmorata (_Marbled Tiger-Cat_) 188 208. " Bengalensis (_Leopard-Cat_) 189 209. " Jerdoni (_Lesser Leopard-Cat_) 191 210. " aurata (_Bay Cat_) 191 211. " rubiginosa (_Rusty-spotted Cat_) 192 212. " torquata (_Spotted Wild-Cat_) 193 213. " manul (_Black-chested Wild-Cat_) 193 214. " scripta 194 215. " Shawiana (_Yarkand Spotted Wild-Cat_) 194 216. " chaus (_Common Jungle-Cat_) 195 217. " isabellina (_Thibetan Lynx_) 197 218. " caracal (_Red Lynx_) 198 219. " jubata (_Hunting Leopard_) 200 HYAENIDAE--THE HYAENAS 203 Genus Hyaena-- 220. Hyaena striata (_Striped Hyaena_) 205 VIVERRIDAE--THE CIVET FAMILY 207 Genus Viverra-- 221. Viverra zibetha (_Large Civet Cat_) 208 222. " civettina (_Malabar Civet-Cat_) 209 223. " megaspila 209 224. " Malaccensis (_Lesser Civet-Cat_) 211 Genus Prionodon-- 225. Prionodon pardicolor (_Tiger Civet or Linsang_) 212 226. " maculosus (_Spotted Linsang_) 213 227. " gracilis (_Malayan Linsang_) 215 Genus Paradoxurus--The Musangs-- 228. Paradoxurus musanga (_Common Musang_) 216 229. " (Paguma _of Gray_) Grayii (_Hill Musang_) 217 230. " bondar (_Terai Musang_) 218 231. " trivirgatus (_Three-striped Musang_) 218 232. " leucotis (_White-eared Musang_) 219 233. " zeylanicus (_Golden Musang_) 220 234. " (Paguma) laniger 220 Genus Arctictis-- 235. Arctictis binturong (_Binturong_) 221 HERPESTIDAE--THE ICHNEUMON OR MUNGOOSE FAMILY 222 Genus Herpestes-- 236. Herpestes pallidus _vel_ griseus (_Common Grey Mungoose_) 223 237. " Jerdoni _vel_ monticolus (_Long-tailed Mungoose_) 225 238. " Smithii (_Ruddy Mungoose_) 225 239. " auropunctatus (_Gold-speckled Mungoose_) 225 240. " fuscus (_Neilgherry Brown Mungoose_) 226 241. " (Onychogale _of Gray_) Maccarthiae 226 242. " ferrugineus 226 243. " vitticollis (_Stripe-necked Mungoose_) 227 244. Urva cancrivora (_Crab-eating Mungoose_) 227 CYNOIDEA 228 Genus Canis--The Dog-- 245. Canis pallipes (_Indian Wolf_) 232 246. " laniger (Lupus chanco _of Gray_) (_Thibetan Wolf_) 235 247. " lupus (_European Wolf_) 237 248. " aureus (_Jackal_) 237 Genus Cuon-- 249. Canis (Cuon) rutilans (_Indian Wild Dog_) 239 Genus Vulpes-- 250. Vulpes Bengalensis (_Indian Fox_) 243 251. " leucopus (_Desert Fox_) 244 252. " ferrilatus (_Thibetan Grey Fox_) 245 253. " montanus (_Hill Fox_) 245 254. " pusillus (_Punjab Fox_) 245 255. " flavescens (_Persian Fox_) 246 256. " Griffithii (_Afghanistan Fox_) 246 MARINE CARNIVORA 246 ORDER CETACEA--THE WHALES 247 Denticete--The Toothed Whales 248 FAMILY DELPHINIDAE--THE DOLPHINS OR PORPOISES 250 Genus Platanista--The River Dolphins-- 257. Platanista Gangetica (_Gangetic Porpoise_) 251 Genus Orcella--The Round-headed River Dolphins-- 258. Orcella brevirostris (_Short-nosed Round-headed River Dolphin_) 255 259. " fluminalis (_Fresh-water Round-headed Dolphin_) 255 Genus Delphinus--The Marine Dolphins-- 260. Delphinus perniger (_Black Dolphin_) 258 261. " plumbeus (_Lead-coloured Dolphin_) 258 262. " gadamu 258 263. " lentiginosus (_Freckled Dolphin_) 259 264. " maculiventer (_Spot-bellied Dolphin_) 259 265. " fusiformis (_Spindle-shaped Dolphin_) 259 266. " pomeegra (_Black or Pomeegra Dolphin_) 260 267. " longirostris (_Long-snouted Dolphin_) 260 268. " velox 260 Genus Phocaena--The Porpoises 260 Genus Globicephalus--The Ca'ing or Pilot Whale-- 269. Globicephalus Indicus (_Indian Ca'ing Whale_) 261 PHYSETERIDAE--THE CACHELOTS OR SPERM WHALES 261 Genus Euphysetes-- 270. Physeter _or_ Euphysetes simus (_Snub-nosed Cachelot_) 261 MYSTICETE--WHALEBONE OR BALEEN WHALES 262 Genus Balaena--The Right Whales 262 Genus Balaenoptera--Finback Whales or Rorquals-- 271. Balaenoptera Indica (_Indian Rorqual_) 264 SIRENIA--THE MANATEES 267 Genus Halicore--The Dugong-- 272. Halicore dugong (_Dugong_) 268 ORDER RODENTIA--THE GNAWERS 269 SUB-ORDER SIMPLICIDENTATA--SIMPLE-TOOTHED RODENTS 272 SCIUROMORPHA 273 SCIURIDAE--THE SQUIRRELS 274 Genus Sciurus-- 273. Sciurus Indicus (_Bombay Squirrel of Pennant_) 276 274. " maximus (_Central Indian Red Squirrel_) 277 275. " macrourus (_Long-tailed Forest Squirrel_) 278 276. " giganteus (_Black Hill Squirrel_) 279 277. " lokriah (_Orange-bellied Grey Squirrel_) 280 278. " lokroides (_Hoary-bellied Grey Squirrel_) 280 279. " pygerythrus 282 280. " caniceps (_Golden-backed Squirrel_) 282 281. " Phayrei (_Laterally-banded or Phayre's Squirrel_) 282 282. " Blanfordii (_Blanford's Squirrel_) 283 283. " atrodorsalis (_Black-backed Squirrel_) 284 284. " erythraeus (_Assam Red-bellied Squirrel_) 285 285. " Gordoni (_Gordon's Squirrel_) 285 286. " hippurus (_Chestnut-bellied Assam Squirrel_) 285 287. " Sladeni (_Sladen's Squirrel_) 286 288. " ferrugineus (_Rusty-coloured Squirrel_) 287 289. " palmarum (_Common Indian Ground Squirrel_) 287 290. " tristriatus (_Three-striped Ground-Squirrel_) 289 291. " Layardi (_Layard's Striped Ground-Squirrel_) 289 292. " sublineatus (_Dusky-striped Ground-Squirrel_) 290 293. " McClellandi (_McClelland's Ground-Squirrel_) 290 294. " Berdmorei (_Berdmore's Ground-Squirrel_) 291 295. " quinquestriatus (_Stripe-bellied Squirrel_) 291 296. " (Rhinosciurus) tupaoides (_Long-nosed Squirrel_) 292 Genus Pteromys-- 297. Pteromys oral (_Brown Flying Squirrel_) 294 298. " cineraceus (_Ashy Flying Squirrel_) 296 299. " Yunnanensis (_Yunnan Flying Squirrel_) 296 300. " melanopterus (_Black-flanked Flying Squirrel_) 297 301. " alborufus (_Red and White Flying Squirrel_) 297 302. " magnificus (_Red-bellied Flying Squirrel_) 298 303. " albiventer (_White-bellied Flying Squirrel_) 299 304. " caniceps (_Grey-headed Flying Squirrel_) 299 305. " Pearsonii (_Hairy-footed Flying Squirrel_) 300 306. " fuscocapillus (_Small Travancore Flying Squirrel_) 300 307. " fimbriatus (_Grey Flying Squirrel_) 301 308. " alboniger (_Black and White Flying Squirrel_) 301 309. " spadiceus (_Red Flying Squirrel_) 302 ARCTOMYDINAE--THE MARMOTS 302 Genus Arctomys-- 310. Arctomys bobac (_Bobac, or Poland Marmot_) 303 311. " caudatus (_Red Marmot_) 304 312. " Hemachalanus (_Eastern Red Marmot_) 305 313. " aureus (_Golden Marmot_) 305 314. " dichrous 306 315. " robustus 306 MYOMORPHA--MOUSE-LIKE RODENTS 306 FAMILY MURIDAE 307 Genus Platacanthomys-- 316. Platacanthomys lasiurus (_Long-tailed Spiny Mouse_) 308 SUB-FAMILY GERBILLINAE 309 Genus Gerbillus-- 317. Gerbillus Indicus (_Indian Jerboa-Rat, or Kangaroo-Rat_) 309 318. " Hurrianae (_Desert Jerboa-Rat_) 311 319. " cryptorhinus (_Lobe-nosed Jerboa-Rat_) 312 320. " erythrurus (_Red-tailed Jerboa-Rat_) 313 321. " nanus (_Dwarf Jerboa-Rat_) 313 SUB-FAMILY PHLOEMYINAE 314 Genus Nesokia-- 322. Nesokia Hardwickii (_Hardwick's Field-Rat_) 315 323. " Huttoni (_Hutton's Field-Rat_) 315 324. " Scullyi (_Scully's Field-Rat_) 315 325. " providens (_Southern India Field-Rat_) 316 326. " Blythiana (_Bengal Field-Rat_) 317 327. " Barclayiana (_Barclay's Field-Rat_) 318 328. Mus (Nesokia) Elliotanus (_Elliot's Field-Rat_) 318 329. " " giganteus (_Bandicoot_) 319 SUB-FAMILY CRICETINAE 320 Genus Cricetus--The Hamsters-- 330. Cricetus phaeus (_Persian Hamster_) 321 331. " fulvus (_Sandy Hamster_) 321 SUB-FAMILY MURINAE 321 Genus Mus-- 332. Mus rattus (_Black Rat_) 322 333. " decumanus (_Brown Rat_) 323 334. " Andamanensis (_Andaman Rat_) 325 335. " robustulus (_Burmese Common Rat_) 325 336. " Sladeni (_Sladen's Rat_) 326 337. " rubricosa (_Small Red Rat of the Kakhyen Hills_) 326 338. " Yunnanensis (_Common House Rat of Yunnan_) 327 339. " infralineatus (_Striped-bellied Rat_) 327 340. " brunneus (_Tree Rat_) 327 341. " rufescens (_Rufescent Tree Rat_) 328 342. " niveiventer (_White-bellied House Rat_) 329 343. " nitidus (_Shining Brown Rat_) 329 344. " caudatior (_Chestnut Rat_) 329 345. " concolor (_Common Thatch Rat of Pegu_) 330 346. " palmarum (_Nicobar Tree Rat_) 330 347. " Ceylonus 330 348. " plurimammis 331 349. " aequicaudalis 331 350. " oleraceus (_Long-tailed Tree Mouse_) 331 351. " Nilagiricus (_Neilgherry Tree Mouse_) 332 352. " badius (_Bay Tree Mouse_) 332 353. " gliroides (_Cherrapoonjee Tree Mouse_) 333 354. " Peguensis (_Pegu Tree Mouse_) 333 355. " urbanus (_Common Indian Mouse_) 333 356. " homourus 335 357. " Darjeelingensis 335 358. " Tytleri 335 359. " bactrianus 335 360. " crassipes (_Large-footed Mouse_) 337 361. " sublimis 337 362. " pachycercus 337 363. " erythronotus 337 364. " cervicolor (_Fawn-coloured Field Mouse_) 338 365. " terricolor (_Earth-coloured Field Mouse_) 338 366. " Peguensis (_Pegu Field Mouse_) 338 367. " nitidulus (_Shiny Little House Mouse of Pegu_) 338 368. " Beaveni (_Beaven's Mouse_) 339 369. " cunicularis (_Little Rabbit-Mouse_) 339 370. " erythrotis (_Cherrapunji Red-eared Mouse_) 339 371. " fulvidiventris 340 372. " Kakhyenensis (_Kakhyen Mouse_) 340 373. " viculorum (_Kakhyen House Mouse_) 340 Genus Leggada-- 374. Leggada platythrix (_Brown Spiny Mouse_) 341 375. " spinulosa (_Dusky Spiny Mouse_) 342 376. " Jerdoni (_Himalayan Spiny Mouse_) 342 377. " lepida (_Small Spiny Mouse_) 342 Genus Golunda-- 378. Golunda Ellioti (_Bush Rat or Coffee Rat_) 343 379. " meltada (_Soft-furred Bush Rat_) 344 Genus Hapalomys-- 380. Hapalomys longicaudatus 345 381. Mus ouang-thomae (_Kiangsi Rat_) 346 382. " flavipectus (_Yellow-breasted Rat_) 346 383. " griseipectus (_Grey-breasted Rat_) 346 384. " Confucianus 347 385. " Chevrieri 347 386. " pygmaeus (_Pigmy Mouse_) 347 ARVICOLINAE 347 Genus Arvicola-- 387. Arvicola Stoliczkanus (_Yarkand Vole_) 349 388. " Stracheyi (_Kumaon Vole_) 349 389. " Wynnei (_Murree Vole_) 350 390. " Roylei (_Cashmere Vole_) 350 391. " Blanfordi (_Gilgit Vole_) 350 392. " Blythii 351 393. " mandarinus (_Afghan Vole_) 351 394. " Sikimensis (_Sikim Vole_) 351 395. " melanogaster 352 FAMILY SPALACIDAE 352 Genus Rhizomys--The Bamboo-Rat-- 396. Rhizomys badius (_Chestnut Bamboo-Rat_) 353 397. " erythrogenys (_Red-cheeked Bamboo-Rat_) 354 398. " pruinosus (_Hoary Bamboo-Rat_) 354 399. " minor (_Small Bamboo-Rat_) 354 FAMILY DIPODIDAE 355 Genus Dipus--The Jerboas-- 400. Dipus lagopus (_Yarkand Jerboa_) 357 Genus Alactaga-- 401. Alactaga Indica 358 HYSTRICOMORPHA--PORCUPINE-LIKE RODENTS 359 FAMILY HYSTRICIDAE--THE PORCUPINES 360 SUB-FAMILY HYSTRICINAE--THE TRUE PORCUPINES 360 Genus Atherura--The Long-tailed Porcupine-- 402. Atherura fasciculata (_Brush-tailed Porcupine_) 361 Genus Hystrix--The Porcupine-- 403. Hystrix leucura (_White-tailed Indian Porcupine_) 362 404. " Bengalensis (_Bengal Porcupine_) 365 405. " (Acanthion) longicauda (_Crestless Porcupine_) 366 406. " Yunnanensis 366 SUB-ORDER DUPLICIDENTATA--DOUBLE-TOOTHED RODENTS 367 FAMILY LEPORIDAE--THE HARES 368 Genus Lepus-- 407. Lepus ruficaudatus (_Common Indian Red-tailed Hare_) 369 408. " nigricollis (_Black-naped Hare_) 369 409. " Peguensis (_Pegu Hare_) 370 410. " hypsibius (_Mountain Hare_) 370 411. " pallipes (_Pale-footed Hare_) 370 412. " Tibetanus (_Thibet Hare_) 371 413. " Yarkandensis (_Yarkand Hare_) 371 414. " Pamirensis (_Pamir Hare_) 372 415. " Stoliczkanus (_Stoliczka's Hare_) 372 416. " craspedotis (_Large-eared Hare_) 372 417. " hispidus (_Hispid Hare_) 373 FAMILY LAGOMYIDAE--THE PIKAS, OR MOUSE-HARES 373 Genus Lagomys-- 418. Lagomys Roylei (_Royle's Pika_) 374 419. " Curzoniae (_Curzon's Pika_) 374 420. " Ladacensis (_Ladak Pika_) 374 421. " auritus (_Large-eared Pika_) 375 422. " macrotis 375 423. " griseus (_Grey Pika_) 375 424. " rufescens (_Red Pika_) 376 ORDER PROBOSCIDEA 377 Genus Elephas--The Elephant-- 425. Elephas Indicus (_Indian or Asiatic Elephant_) 389 ORDER UNGULATA 397 SUB-ORDER PERISSODACTYLA 397 FAMILY EQUIDAE--THE HORSE 398 Genus Equus-- 426. Equus onager (_Wild Ass of Kutch_) 399 427. " hemionus (_Kiang or Wild Ass of Thibet_) 401 FAMILY TAPIRIDAE--THE TAPIR 403 Genus Tapirus-- 428. Tapirus Malayanus (_Malay Tapir_) 404 FAMILY RHINOCEROTIDAE 405 Genus Rhinoceros-- 429. Rhinoceros Indicus 407 430. " Sondaicus (_Javan Rhinoceros_) 410 Genus Ceratorhinus-- 431. Rhinoceros _vel_ Ceratorhinus (Crossi?) lasiotis (_Ear-fringed Rhinoceros_) 411 432. Rhinoceros _vel_ Ceratorhinus Sumatrensis (_Sumatran Rhinoceros_) 412 SUB-ORDER ARTIODACTYLA 413 FAMILY SUIDAE--THE HOGS 414 Genus Sus-- 433. Sus scrofa (_European Wild Boar_) 415 434. " Indicus (_Indian Boar_) 416 435. " Andamanensis (_Andaman Island Pig_) 420 436. " Moupinensis 420 Genus Porcula-- 437. Porcula Salvania (_Pigmy Hog of the Saul Forests_) 421 RUMINANTIA--THE RUMINANTS 422 FAMILY BOVIDAE--HOLLOW-HORNED RUMINANTS 424 SUB-FAMILY CAPRINAE--GOATS AND SHEEP 424 Genus Ovis--The Sheep-- 438. Ovis Polii (_Marco Polo's Sheep_) 424 439. " Hodgsoni (_Argali or Ovis Ammon of Thibet_) 427 440. " Karelini (_Karelin's Wild Sheep_) 430 441. " Brookei (_Brooke's Wild Sheep_) 434 442. " Vignei (_Vigne's Wild Sheep_) 435 443. " cycloceros (_Punjab Wild Sheep_) 435 444. " Blanfordii (_Blanford's Wild Sheep_) 437 445. " nahura _vel_ burhel (_Blue Wild Sheep_) 438 Genus Capra--The Goats-- 446. Capra megaceros (_Markhor_) 441 447. " Sibirica (_Himalayan Ibex_) 444 448. " aegagrus (_Wild Goat of Asia Minor_) 446 Sub-genus Hemitragus-- 449. Capra _vel_ Hemitragus Jemlaicus (_Tahr_) 449 450. " " " hylocrius (_Neilgherry Wild Goat, or Ibex of Madras Sportsmen_) 451 THE GOAT ANTELOPES, OR CAPRICORNS 454 Genus Nemorhoedus-- 451. Nemorhoedus bubalina (_Serow, or Forest Goat_) 454 452. " rubida _vel_ Sumatrensis (_Arakanese Capricorn_) 456 453. " Edwardsii (_Thibetan Capricorn_) 457 454. " goral (_Small Himalayan Capricorn_) 457 Genus Budorcas-- 455. Budorcas taxicolor (_Takin_) 460 Genus Gazella--The Gazelles-- 456. Gazella Bennetti (_Indian Gazelle_) 463 457. " fuscifrons (_Baluchistan Gazelle_) 465 458. " subgutterosa (_Persian Gazelle_) 466 459. " picticaudata (_Thibetan Gazelle_) 467 Genus Pantholops-- 460. Pantholops Hodgsonii (_Chiru_) 469 Genus Antelope (restricted)-- 461. Antelope bezoartica (_Indian Antelope_) 472 Genus Portax--The Nylgao-- 462. Portax pictus _vel_ tragocamelus (_Nylgao or Blue Bull_) 476 Genus Tetraceros-- 463. Tetraceros quadricornis (_Four-horned Antelope_) 479 BOVINAE--CATTLE 480 Genus Gavaeus-- 464. Gavaeus gaurus (_Gaur, popularly called Bison_) 481 465. " frontalis (_Mithun or Gayal_) 486 466. " Sondaicus (_Burmese Wild Ox_) 488 Genus Poephagus--The Yak-- 467. Poephagus grunniens (_Yak or Grunting Ox_) 489 Genus Bubalus--The Buffalos-- 468. Bubalus arni (_Wild Buffalo_) 490 Genus Moschus--The Musk Deer-- 469. Moschus moschiferus (_Musk Deer_) 494 CERVIDAE--THE DEER 495 Genus Cervulus--The Muntjacs or Rib-faced Deer-- 470. Cervulus muntjac _vel_ aureus (_Muntjac or Rib-faced Deer_) 500 Genus Rusa--The Rusine Deer-- 471. Rusa Aristotelis (_Sambar_) 503 Genus Axis-- 472. Axis maculatus (_Spotted Deer_) 506 473. " porcinus (_Hog Deer_) 508 Genus Rucervus-- 474. Rucervus Duvaucelli (_Swamp-Deer_) 510 475. " _vel_ Panolia Eldii (_Brown Antlered or Eld's Deer_) 511 Genus Cervus-- 476. Cervus Cashmirianus (_Kashmir Stag_) 512 477. " affinis _vel_ Wallichii (_Sikhim Stag_) 514 TRAGULIDAE--THE CHEVROTIANS OR DEERLETS 515 Genus Tragulus-- 478. Tragulus napu (_Javan Deerlet_) 516 Genus Meminna-- 479. Meminna Indica (_Indian Mouse Deer_) 516 TRIBE TYLOPODA--THE CAMELS 518 ORDER EDENTATA 519 Genus Manis-- 480. Manis pentadactyla _or_ brachyura (_Five-fingered or Short-tailed Pangolin_) 520 481. " aurita (_Eared Pangolin_) 521 482. " Javanica (_Javan Ant-eater_) 522 APPENDIX A 523 APPENDIX B 525 APPENDIX C 526 APPENDIX D 532 INDEX 535 LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS. SECTION _Felis Tigris_ _Frontispiece_ Skull of _Hylobates hooluck_ 1 _Hylobates lar_; _Hylobates hooluck_ 2 _Presbytes entellus_ 4 " _thersites_ 15 _Macacus silenus_ 17 " _rhesus_ 18 " _nemestrinus_ 20 " _radiatus_ and _Macacus pileatus_ 24 " _cynomolgus_ 26 _Loris gracilis_ and _Nycticebus tardigradus_ 28 _Galaeopithecus volans_ 30 Sternum of _Pteropus_ Cheiroptera The Flying Fox at Home 31 Head of _Pteropus medius_ 31 _Cynopterus marginatus_ 33 _Megaderma lyra_ 36 " _spasma_ 38 _Rhinolophus luctus_ 39 " _ferrum-equinum_ 41 _Phyllorhina armigera_ (male and female) 64 Skull of _Rhinopoma_ 69 _Plecotus auritus_ 77 _Vesperugo noctula_ 78 " _Leisleri_ 89 _Scotophilus Temminckii_ 93 Skull of _Harpiocephalus harpia_ 99 _Vespertilio murinus_ 108 " _formosus_ 116 _Synotus barbastellus_ Genus Barbastellus Dentition of Shrew (magnified) Genus Sorex " of Hedgehog Family Erinaceidae Hedgehog Genus Erinaceus Dentition of _Tupaia_ 158 _Tupaia Peguana_ 159 _Gymnura Rafflesii_ 162 Dentition of Tiger and Indian Black Bear Carnivora " of Bear Ursidae Skull of Bear (under view) Ursidae _Ursus Isabellinus_ 163 " _Tibetanus_ 164 " _Malayanus_ 166 " _labiatus_ 167 _Ailuropus melanoleucos_ 168 _Ailurus fulgens_ 169 _Arctonyx collaris_ 170 _Mellivora Indica_ 174 Skull of _Putorius_ Mustelidae _Martes abietum_ 178 _Mustela_ Genus Mustela Otter's skull (side and under view) Lutridae _Lutra nair_ 195 Skull of Tiger (side view) Felidae Tendons of Tiger's toe Felidae Auditory apparatus of Tiger (section) Felidae _Felis leo_ (Indian variety) 200 Head of Tiger 201 Tiger's skull (under part) 201 _Felis panthera_ (_From a fine specimen in the Regent's Park Gardens_) 203 " _uncia_ 204 " _Diardii_ 205 Skull of _Felis viverrina_ 206 _Felis marmorata_ 207 " _aurata_ 210 " _caracal_ 218 " _jubata_ 219 Skull of _Felis jubata_ 219 Skull of Hyaena Hyaenidae _Hyaena striata_ 220 Dentition of Civet Viverridae _Viverra zibetha_ 221 " _megaspila_ 223 " _Malaccensis_ 224 _Prionodon maculosus_ 226 _Paradoxurus trivirgatus_ 231 _Arctictis binturong_ 235 _Urva cancrivora_ 244 Dentition of Wolf Genus Canis _Canis pallipes_ 245 _Cuon rutilans_ 249 _Platanista Gangetica_ 257 Gangetic Dolphin; Round-headed River Dolphin; Gadamu Dolphin; Freckled Dolphin; Black Dolphin Genus Delphinus Skull of Baleen Whale Genus Balaena Rorqual 271 _Halicore dugong_ 272 Skull of _Pteromys_ (Flying Squirrel) Genus Sciurus _Sciurus maximus_ 274 _Pteromys oral_ 297 Dentition of _Gerbillus_ Genus Gerbillus Dentition of _Cricetus_ Genus Cricetus _Cricetus_ Genus Cricetus Dentition of Black Rat 332 " of _Arvicola_ Arvicolinae _Rhizomys badius_ 396 Dentition of Jerboa Family Dipodidae _Dipus_ Genus Dipus Skull of Porcupine Family Hystricidae _Hystrix leucura_ 403 Dentition of Hare Sub-order Duplicidentata Side view of Grinders of Asiatic Elephant Genus Elephas Grinder of Asiatic Elephant Genus Elephas " of African Elephant Genus Elephas Section of Elephant's Skull Genus Elephas Skeleton of Elephant Genus Elephas Muscles of Elephant's Trunk Genus Elephas Dentition of Horse Family Equidae _Equus onager_ 426 Dentition of Tapir Family Tapiridae _Tapirus Malayanus_ 428 Dentition of Rhinoceros Genus Rhinoceros _Rhinoceros Indicus_ 429 " _Indicus_ 429 " _Sondaicus_ 430 " _lasiotis_ (_R. Indicus_ and _R. Sondaicus_ in the distance) 431 Bones of a Pig's foot Sub-order Artiodactyla Dentition of Wild Boar Family Suidae _Sus Indicus_ 434 _Porcula Salvania_ 437 _Ovis Polii_ 438 Horns of _Ovis Polii_ 438 _Ovis Hodgsoni_ 439 Skull of _Ovis Hodgsoni_ 439 Horns of _Ovis Karelini_ 440 _Ovis Brookei_ 441 " _cycloceros_ 443 " _nahura_ 445 _Capra megaceros_. No. 1 variety 446 " " No. 2 variety 446 " _Sibirica_ 447 _Hemitragus Jemlaicus_ 449 _Nemorhoedus bubalina_ 451 " _goral_ 454 _Budorcas taxicolor_ 455 _Gazella Bennetti_ (male and female) 456 " _subgutterosa_ 458 Saiga Antelope Genus Pantholops _Pantholops Hodgsoni_ 460 _Antelope bezoartica_ 461 _Portax pictus_ 462 _Tetraceros quadricornis_ 463 _Gavaeus gaurus_ 464 " _frontalis_ 465 _Bubalus arni_ 468 Skull of Musk Deer 468 _Moschus moschiferus_ 469 " _moschiferus_ 469 Stag with Horns matured Cervidae " " " in velvet Cervidae _Cervulus aureus_ 470 _Rusa Aristotelis_ 471 _Axis maculatus_ 472 " _porcinus_ 473 _Cervus Cashmirianus_ 476 _Tragulus napu_ 478 Mouse Deer 479 _Manis pentadactyla_ 480 Dentition of Dormouse (magnified) Appendix A _Myoxus_ Appendix A Osteology of the skull of _Platanista Gangetica_ Appendix B The Slow Loris Appendix C Osteology of the feet of Pig, or African deerlet; Javan deerlet; Roebuck; Sheep; Camel Appendix C Gaur Appendix C NATURAL HISTORY OF THE MAMMALIA OF BRITISH INDIA AND CEYLON. INTRODUCTION. In laying before the public the following history of the Indian Mammalia, I am actuated by the feeling that a popular work on the subject is needed, and would be appreciated by many who do not care to purchase the expensive books that exist, and who also may be more bothered than enlightened by over-much technical phraseology and those learned anatomical dissertations which are necessary to the scientific zoologist. Another motive in thus venturing is, that the only complete history of Indian Mammalia is Dr. Jerdon's, which is exhaustive within the boundaries he has assigned to India proper; but as he has excluded Assam, Cachar, Tenasserim, Burmah, Arracan, and Ceylon, his book is incomplete as a Natural History of the Mammals of British India. I shall have to acknowledge much to Jerdon in the following pages, and it is to him I owe much encouragement, whilst we were together in the field during the Indian Mutiny, in the pursuit of the study to which he devoted his life; and the general arrangement of this work will be based on his book, his numbers being preserved, in order that those who possess his 'Mammals of India' may readily refer to the noted species. But I must also plead indebtedness to many other naturalists who have left their records in the 'Journals of the Asiatic Society' and other publications, or who have brought out books of their own, such as Blyth, Elliott, Hodgson, Sherwill, Sykes, Tickell, Hutton, Kellaart, Emerson Tennent, and others; Col. McMaster's 'Notes on Jerdon,' Dr. Anderson's 'Anatomical and Zoological Researches,' Horsfield's 'Catalogue of the Mammalia in the Museum of the East India Company,' Dr. Dobson's 'Monograph of the Asiatic Chiroptera,' the writings of Professors Martin Duncan, Flowers, Kitchen Parker, Boyd Dawkins, Garrod, Mr. E. R. Alston, Sir Victor Brooke and others; the Proceedings and Journals of the Zoological, Linnean, and Asiatic Societies, and the correspondence in _The Asian_; so that after all my own share is minimised to a few remarks here and there, based on personal experience during a long period of jungle life, and on observation of the habits of animals in their wild state, and also in captivity, having made a large collection of living specimens from time to time. As regards classification, Cuvier's system is the most popular, so I shall adopt it to a certain extent, keeping it as a basis, but engrafting on it such modifications as have met with the approval of modern naturalists. For comparison I give below a synopsis of Cuvier's arrangement. I have placed Cetacea after Carnivora, and Edentata at the end. In this I have followed recent authors as well as Jerdon, whose running numbers I have preserved as far as possible for purposes of reference. Cuvier divides the Mammals into nine orders, as follows. (_The examples I give are Indian ones, except where stated otherwise_):-- _Order I_.--BIMANA. Man. _Order II_.--QUADRUMANA. Two families--1st, Apes and Monkeys; 2nd, Lemurs. _Order III_.--CARNARIA. Three families--1st, _Cheiroptera_, Bats; 2nd, _Insectivora_, Hedgehogs, Shrews, Moles, Tupaiae, &c.; 3rd, _Carnivora_: Tribe 1, _Plantigrades_, Bears, Ailurus, Badger, Arctonyx; 2, _Digitigrades_, Martens, Weasels, Otters, Cats, Hyaenas, Civets, Musangs, Mongoose, Dogs, Wolves and Foxes. _Order IV_.--MARSUPIATA. Implacental Mammals peculiar to America and Australia, such as Opossums, Dasyures, Wombats, and Kangaroos. We have none in India. _Order V_.--RODENTIA. Squirrels, Marmots, Jerboas, Mole-Rats, Rats, Mice, Voles, Porcupines, and Hares. _Order VI_.--EDENTATA, or toothless Mammals, either partially or totally without teeth. Three families--1st, _Tardigrades_, the Sloths, peculiar to America; 2nd, _Effodientia_, or Burrowers, of which the Indian type is the Manis, but which includes in other parts of the world the Armadillos and Anteaters; 3rd, _Monotremata_, Spiny Anteaters or Echidnas, and the Ornithorynchus. _Order VII_.--PACHYDERMATA, or thick-skinned Mammals. Three families--1st, _Proboscidians_, Elephants; 2nd, _Ordinary Pachyderms_, Rhinoceroses, Hogs; 3rd, _Solidungula_, Horses. _Order VIII_.--RUMINANTIA, or cud-chewing Mammals. Four families--1st, _Hornless Ruminants_, Camels, Musks; 2nd, _Cervidae_, true horns shed periodically, Deer; 3rd, _Persistent horns_, Giraffes; 4th, _Hollow-horned Ruminants_, Antelopes, Goats, Sheep and Oxen. _Order IX._--CETACEA. Three families--1st, _Herbivorous Cetacea_, Manatees, Dugongs; 2nd, _Ordinary Cetacea_, Porpoises; 3rd, _Balaenidae_, Whales. ORDER BIMANA. Some people have an extreme repugnance to the idea that man should be treated of in connection with other animals. The development theory is shocking to them, and they would deny that man has anything in common with the brute creation. This is of course mere sentiment; no history of nature would be complete without the noblest work of the Creator. The great gulf that separates the human species from the rest of the animals is the impassable one of intellect. Physically, he should be compared with the other mammals, otherwise we should lose our first standpoint of comparison. There is no degradation in this, nor is it an acceptance of the development theory. To argue that man evolved from the monkey is an ingenious joke which will not bear the test of examination, and the Scriptural account may still be accepted. I firmly believe in man as an original creation just as much as I disbelieve in any development of the Flying Lemur (_Galeopithecus_) from the Bat, or that the habits of an animal would in time materially alter its anatomy, as in the case of the abnormal length of the hind toe and nail of the Jacana. It is not that the habit of running over floating leaves induced the change, but that an all-wise Creator so fashioned it that it might run on those leaves in search of its food. I accept the development theory to the extent of the multiplication of species, or perhaps, more correctly, varieties in genera. We see in the human race how circumstances affect physical appearance. The child of the ploughman or navvy inherits the broad shoulders and thick-set frame of his father; and in India you may see it still more forcibly in the difference between Hindu and Mahomedan races, and those Hindus who have been converted to Mahomedanism. I do not mean isolated converts here and there who intermarry with pure Mahomedan women, but I mean whole communities who have in olden days been forced to accept Islam. In a few generations the face assumes an unmistakable Mahomedan type. It is the difference in living and in thought that effects this change. It is the same with animals inhabiting mountainous districts as compared with the same living in the plains; constant enforced exercise tells on the former, and induces a more robust and active form. Whether diet operates in the same degree to effect changes I am inclined to doubt. In man there is no dental or intestinal difference, whether he be as carnivorous as an Esquimaux or as vegetarian as a Hindu; whereas in created carnivorous, insectivorous, and herbivorous animals there is a striking difference, instantly to be recognised even in those of the same family. Therefore, if diet has operated in effecting such changes, why has it not in the human race? "Who shall decide when doctors disagree?" is a quotation that may aptly be applied to the question of the classification of man; Cuvier, Blumenbach, Fischer, Bory St. Vincent, Prichard, Latham, Morton, Agassiz and others have each a system. Cuvier recognises only three types--the Caucasian, the Mongolian, and the Negro or Ethiopian, including Blumenbach's fourth and fifth classes, American and Malay in Mongolian. But even Cuvier himself could hardly reconcile the American with the Mongol; he had the high cheek-bone and the scanty beard, it is true, but his eyes and his nose were as Caucasian as could be, and his numerous dialects had no affinity with the type to which he was assigned. Fischer in his classification divided man into seven races:-- 1_st_.--_Homo japeticus_, divided into three varieties--_Caucasicus_, _Arabicus_ and _Indicus_. 2_nd_.--_H. Neptunianus_, consisting of--1st, the Malays peopling the coasts of the islands of the Indian Ocean, Madagascar, &c.; 2nd, New Zealanders and Islanders of the Pacific; and, 3rd, the Papuans. 3_rd_.--_H. Scythicus_. Three divisions, viz.: 1st, Calmucks and other Tartars; 2nd, Chinese and Japanese; and, 3rd, Esquimaux. 4_th_.--_H. Americanus_, and 5_th_.--_H. Columbicus_, belong to the American Continent. 6_th_.--_H. AEthiopicus_. The Negro. 7_th_.--_H. Polynesius_. The _inland_ inhabitants of the Malay Peninsula, of the Islands of the Indian Ocean, of Madagascar, New Guinea, New Holland, &c. I think this system is the one that most commends itself from its clearness, but there are hardly two writers on ethnology who keep to the same classification. Agassiz classifies by realms, and has eight divisions. The Indian races with which we have now to deal are distributed, generally speaking, as follows:-- Caucasian.--(_Homo japeticus_, Bory and Fischer). Northerly, westerly, and in the Valley of the Ganges in particular, but otherwise generally distributed over the most cultivated parts of the Peninsula, comprising the Afghans (Pathans), Sikhs, Brahmins, Rajputs or Kshatryas of the north-west, the Arabs, Parsees, and Mahrattas of the west coast, the Singhalese of the extreme south, the Tamils of the east, and the Bengalis of the north-east. Mongolians (_H. Scythicus_), inhabiting the chain of mountains to the north, from Little Thibet on the west to Bhotan on the east, and then sweeping downwards southerly to where Tenasserim joins the Malay Peninsula. They comprise the Hill Tribes of the N. Himalayas, the Goorkhas of Nepal, and the Hill Tribes of the north-eastern frontier, viz. Khamtis, Singphos, Mishmis, Abors, Nagas, Jynteas, Khasyas, and Garos. Those of the northern borders: Bhotias, Lepchas, Limbus, Murmis and Haioos; of the Assam Valley Kachari, Mech and Koch. The Malays (_H. Neptunianus_) Tipperah and Chittagong tribes, the Burmese and Siamese. Now comes the most difficult group to classify--the aborigines of the interior, and of the hill ranges of Central India, the Kols, Gonds, Bhils, and others which have certain characteristics of the Mongolian, but with skins almost as dark as the Negro, and the full eye of the Caucasian. The main body of these tribes, which I should feel inclined to classify under Fischer's _H. Polynesius_, have been divided by Indian ethnologists into two large groups--the Kolarians and Dravidians. The former comprise the Juangs, Kharrias, Mundas, Bhumij, Ho or Larka Kols, Santals, Birhors, Korwas, Kurs, Kurkus or Muasis, Bhils, Minas, Kulis. The latter contains the Oraons, Malers, Paharis of Rajamahal, Gonds and Kands. The Cheroos and Kharwars, Parheyas, Kisans, Bhuikers, Boyars, Nagbansis, Kaurs, Mars, Bhunyiars, Bendkars form another great group apart from the Kolarians and Dravidians, and approximating more to the Indian variety of the Japetic class. Then there are the extremely low types which one has no hesitation in assigning to the lowest form of the Polynesian group, such as the Andamanese, the jungle tree-men of Chittagong, Tipperah, and the vast forests stretching towards Sambhulpur. On these I would now more particularly dwell as points of comparison with the rest of the animal kingdom. I have taken but a superficial view of the varieties of the higher types of the human race in India, for the subject, if thoroughly entered into, would require a volume of no ordinary dimensions; and those who wish to pursue the study further should read an able paper by Sir George Campbell in the 'Journal of the Asiatic Society' for June 1866 (vol. xxxv. Part II.), Colonel Dalton's 'Ethnology of Bengal,' the Rev. S. Hislop's 'Memoranda,' and the 'Report of the Central Provinces Ethnological Committee.' There is as yet, however, very little reliable information regarding the wilder forms of humanity inhabiting dense forests, where, enjoying apparently complete immunity from the deadly malaria that proves fatal to all others, they live a life but a few degrees removed from the Quadrumana. I have in my book on the Seonee District described the little colonies in the heart of the Bison jungles. Clusters of huts imbedded in tangled masses of foliage, surrounded by an atmosphere reeking with the effluvia of decaying vegetation, where, unheedful of the great outer world beyond their sylvan limits, the Gonds pass year after year of uneventful lives. In some of these hamlets I was looked upon with positive awe, as being the first white man the _Baigas_ had seen. But these simple savages rank high in the scale compared with some others, of whom we have as yet but imperfect descriptions. Some years ago Mr. Piddington communicated to the Asiatic Society an account of some "Monkey-men" he came across on the borders of the Palamow jungle. He was in the habit of employing the aboriginal tribes to work for him, and on one occasion a party of his men found in the jungle a man and woman in a state of starvation, and brought them in. They were both very short in stature, with disproportionately long arms, which in the man were covered with a reddish-brown hair. They looked almost more like baboons than human beings, and their language was unintelligible, except that words here and there resembled those in one of the Kolarian dialects. By signs, and by the help of these words, one of the Dhangars managed to make out that they lived in the depths of the forest, but had to fly from their people on account of a blood feud. Mr. Piddington was anxious to send them down to Calcutta, but before he could do so, they decamped one night, and fled again to their native wilds. Those jungles are, I believe, still in a great measure unexplored; and, if some day they are opened out, it is to be hoped that the "Monkey-men" will be again discovered.[1] [Footnote 1: There has been lately exhibited in London a child from Borneo which has several points in common with the monkey--hairy face and arms, the hair on the fore-arm being reversed, as in the apes.] The lowest type with which we are familiar is the Andamanese, and the wilder sort of these will hardly bear comparison with even the degraded Australian or African Bosjesman, and approximate in debasement to the Fuegians. The Andamanese are small in stature--the men averaging about five feet, the women less. They are very dark, I may say black, but here the resemblance to the Negro ceases. They have not the thick lips and flat nose, nor the peculiar heel of the Negro. In habit they are in small degree above the brutes, architecture and agriculture being unknown. The only arts they are masters of are limited to the manufacture of weapons, such as spears, bows and arrows, and canoes. They wear no kind of dress, but, when flies and mosquitoes are troublesome, plaster themselves with mud. The women are fond of painting themselves with red ochre, which they lay thickly over their heads, after scraping off the hair with a flint-knife. They swim and dive like ducks, and run up trees like monkeys. Though affectionate to their children, they are ruthless to the stranger, killing every one who happens to be cast away on their inhospitable shores. They have been accused of cannibalism, but this is open to doubt. The bodies of those they have killed have been found dreadfully mutilated, almost pounded to a jelly, but no portion had been removed.[2] [Footnote 2: Since the above was written there has been published in the 'Journal of the Anthropological Institute,' vol. xii., a most interesting and exhaustive paper on these people by Mr. E. H. Man, F.R.G.S., giving them credit for much intelligence.] In the above description I speak of the savage Andamanese in his wild state, and not of the specimens to be seen at Port Blair, who have become in an infinitesimal degree civilised--that is to say, to the extent of holding intercourse with foreigners, making some slight additions to their argillaceous dress-suits, and understanding the principles of exchange and barter--though as regards this last a friend informs me that they have no notion of a token currency, but only understand the _argumentum ad hominem_ in the shape of comestibles, so that your bargains, to be effectual, must be made within reach of a cookshop or grocery. The same friend tells me he learnt at Port Blair that there were marriage restrictions on which great stress was laid. This may be the case on the South Island; there is much testimony on the other side as regards the more savage Andamanese. The forest tribes of Chittagong are much higher in the scale than the Andamanese, but they are nevertheless savages of a low type. Captain Lewin says: "The men wear scarcely any clothing, and the petticoat of the women is scanty, reaching only to the knee; they worship the terrene elements, and have vague and undefined ideas of some divine power which overshadows all. They were born and they die for ends to them as incomputable as the path of a cannon-shot fired into the darkness. They are cruel, and attach but little value to life. Reverence or respect are emotions unknown to them, they salute neither their chiefs nor their elders, neither have they any expression conveying thanks." There is, however, much that is interesting in these wild people, and to those who wish to know more I recommend Captain Lewin's account of 'The Hill Tracts of Chittagong.' ORDER QUADRUMANA. The monkeys of the Indian Peninsula are restricted to a few groups, of which the principal one is that of the _Semnopitheci_. These monkeys are distinguished not only by their peculiar black faces, with a ridge of long stiff black hair projecting forwards over the eyebrows, thin slim bodies and long tails, but by the absence of cheek pouches, and the possession of a peculiar sacculated stomach, which, as figured in Cuvier, resembles a bunch of grapes. Jerdon says of this group that, out of five species found on the continent there is only one spread through all the plains of Central and Northern India, and one through the Himalayas, whilst there are three well-marked species in the extreme south of the Peninsula; but then he omits at least four species inhabiting Chittagong, Tenasserim, Arracan, which also belong to the continent of India, though perhaps not to the actual Peninsula. Sir Emerson Tennent, in his 'Natural History of Ceylon,' also mentions and figures three species, of which two are not included in Jerdon's 'Mammals,' though incidentally spoken of. I propose to add the Ceylon Mammalia to the Indian, and therefore shall allude to these further on. The next group of Indian monkeys is that of the Macaques or Magots, or Monkey Baboons of India, the _Lal Bundar_ of the natives. They have simple stomachs and cheek pouches, which last, I dare say, most of us have noticed who have happened to give two plantains in succession to one of them. Although numerically the _Langurs_ or Entellus Monkeys form the most important group of the Quadrumana in India, yet the Gibbons (which are not included by Jerdon) rank highest in the scale, though the species are restricted to but three--_Hylobates hooluck_, _H. lar_ and _H. syndactylus_. They are superior in formation (that is taking man as the highest development of the form, to which some people take objection, though to my way of thinking there is not much to choose between the highest type of monkey and the lowest of humanity, if we would but look facts straight in the face), and they are also vastly superior in intellect to either the _Langurs_ or the _Macaques_, though inferior perhaps to the Ourangs. _GENUS HYLOBATES--THE GIBBONS_, Which, with the long arms of the Ourangs and the receding forehead of the Chimpanzee, possess the callosities of the true monkeys, but differ from them in having neither tail nor cheek pouches. They are true bipeds on the ground, applying the sole of the foot flatly, not, as Cuvier and others have remarked of the Ourangs, with the outer edge of the sole only, but flat down, as Blyth, who first mentions it, noticed it, with the thumb or big toe widely separated. NO. 1. HYLOBATES HOOLUCK. _The White-fronted Gibbon_. NATIVE NAMES.--_Hooluck_, _Hookoo_. HABITAT.--Garo and Khasia Hills, Valley of Assam, and Arracan. DESCRIPTION.--Males deep black, marked with white across the forehead. Females vary from brownish black to whitish-brown, without, however, the fulvous tint observable in pale specimens of the next species. "In general they are paler on the crown, back, and outside of limbs, darker in front, and much darker on the cheeks and chin."--_Blyth_. SIZE.--About two feet. [Figure: Skull of _Hylobates hooluck_.] I think of all the monkey family this Gibbon makes one of the most interesting pets. It is mild and most docile, and capable of great attachment. Even the adult male has been caught, and within the short space of a month so completely tamed that he would follow and come to a call. One I had for a time, some years ago, was a most engaging little creature. Nothing contented him so much as being allowed to sit by my side with his arm linked through mine, and he would resist any attempt I made to go away. He was extremely clean in his habits, which cannot be said of all the monkey tribe. Soon after he came to me I gave him a piece of blanket to sleep on in his box, but the next morning I found he had rolled it up and made a sort of pillow for his head, so a second piece was given him. He was destined for the Queen's Gardens at Delhi, but unfortunately on his way up he got a chill, and contracted a disease akin to consumption. During his illness he was most carefully tended by my brother, who had a little bed made for him, and the doctor came daily to see the little patient, who gratefully accepted his attentions; but, to their disappointment, he died. The only objection to these monkeys as pets is the power they have of howling, or rather whooping, a piercing and somewhat hysterical "Whoop-poo! whoop-poo! whoop-poo!" for several minutes, till fairly exhausted. They are very fond of swinging by their long arms, and walk something like a tipsy sailor. A friend, resident on the frontiers of Assam, tells me that the full-grown adult pines and dies in confinement. I think it probable that it may miss a certain amount of insect diet, and would recommend those who cannot let their pets run loose in a garden to give them raw eggs and a little minced meat, and a spider or two occasionally. In its wild state this Gibbon feeds on leaves, insects, eggs and small birds. Dr. Anderson notices the following as favourite leaves: _Moringa pterygosperma_ (horse-radish tree), _Spondias mangifera_ (amra), _Ficus religiosa_ (the pipal), also _Beta vulgaris_; and it is specially partial to the _Ipomoea reptans_ (the water convolvulus) and the bright-coloured flowers of the Indian shot (_Canna Indica_). Of insects it prefers spiders and the Orthoptera; eggs and small birds are also eagerly devoured. NO. 2. HYLOBATES LAR. _The White-handed Gibbon_. HABITAT.--Arracan, Lower Pegu, Tenasserim, and the Malayan Peninsula. [Figure: _HYLOBATES LAR_. _HYLOBATES HOOLUCK_.] DESCRIPTION.--"This species is generally recognisable by its pale yellowish, almost white hands and feet, by the grey, almost white, supercilium, whiskers and beard, and by the deep black of the rest of the pelage."--_Anderson_. SIZE.--About same as _H. hooluck_. It is, however, found in every variety of colour, from black to brownish, and variegated with light-coloured patches, and occasionally of a fulvous white. For a long time I supposed it to be synonymous with _H. agilis_ of Cuvier, or _H. variegatus_ of Temminck, but both Mr. Blyth and Dr. Anderson separate it. Blyth mentions a significant fact in distinguishing the two Indian Gibbons, whatever be their variations of colour, viz.: "_H. hooluck_ has constantly a broad white frontal band either continuous or divided in the middle, while _H. lar_ has invariably white hands and feet, less brightly so in some, and a white ring encircling the visage, which is seldom incomplete."[3] [Footnote 3: There is an excellent coloured drawing by Wolf of these two Gibbons in the 'Proceedings of the Zoological Society,' 1870, page 86, from which I have partly adapted the accompanying sketch.] _H. lar_ has sometimes the index and middle fingers connected by a web, as in the case of _H. syndactylus_ (a Sumatran species very distinct in other respects). The very closely allied _H. agilis_ has also this peculiarity in occasional specimens. This Gibbon was called "_agilis_" by Cuvier from its extreme rapidity in springing from branch to branch. Duvaucel says: "The velocity of its movements is wonderful; it escapes like a bird on the wing. Ascending rapidly to the top of a tree, it then seizes a flexible branch, swings itself two or three times to gain the necessary impetus, and then launches itself forward, repeatedly clearing in succession, without effort and without fatigue, spaces of forty feet." Sir Stamford Raffles writes that it is believed in Sumatra that it is so jealous that if in captivity preference be given to one over another, the neglected one will die of grief; and he found that one he had sickened under similar circumstances and did not recover till his rival (a Siamang, _H. syndactylus_) was removed. NO. 3. _HYLOBATES SYNDACTYLUS_. _The Siamang_. HABITAT.--Tenasserim Province, Sumatra, Malayan Peninsula. DESCRIPTION.--A more robust and thick-set animal than the two last; deep, woolly, black fur; no white supercilium nor white round the face. The skull is distinguished from the skull of the other Gibbons, according to Dr. Anderson, by the greater forward projection of the supraorbital ridges, and by its much deeper face, and the occipital region more abruptly truncated than in the other species. The index and middle toes of the foot are united to the last phalange. SIZE.--About three feet. This Gibbon is included in the Indian group on the authority of Helfer, who stated it to be found in the southern parts of the Tenasserim province. Blyth mentions another distinguishing characteristic--it is not only larger than the other Gibbons, but it possesses an inflatable laryngeal sac. Its arms are immense--five feet across in an adult of three feet high. The other species of this genus inhabiting adjacent and other countries are _H. Pileatus_ and _H. leucogenys_ in Siam; _H. leuciscus_, Java; _H. Mulleri_ and _H. concolor_, Borneo. _GENUS PRESBYTES--CUVIER'S GENUS SEMNOPITHECUS_. These monkeys are characterised by their slender bodies and long limbs and tails. Jerdon says the Germans call them Slim-apes. Other striking peculiarities are the absence of cheek pouches, which, if present, are but rudimentary. Then they differ from the true monkeys (_Cercopithecus_) by the form of the last molar tooth in the lower jaw, which has five tubercles instead of four; and, finally, they are to be distinguished by the peculiar structure of the stomach, which is singularly complicated, almost as much so as in the case of Ruminants, which have four divisions. The stomach of this genus of monkey consists of three divisions: 1st, a simple cardiac pouch with smooth parietes; 2nd, a wide sacculated middle portion; 3rd, a narrow elongated canal, sacculated at first, and of simple structure towards the termination. Cuvier from this supposes it to be more herbivorous than other genera, and considers this conclusion justified by the blunter tubercles of the molars and greater length of intestines and caecum, all of which point to a vegetable diet. "The head is round, the face but little produced, having a high facial angle."--_Jerdon_. But the _tout ensemble_ of the _Langur_ is so peculiar that no one who has once been told of a long, loosed-limbed, slender monkey with a prodigious tail, black face, with overhanging brows of long stiff black hair, projecting like a pent-house, would fail to recognise the animal. The _Hanuman_ monkey is reverenced by the Hindus. Hanuman was the son of Pavana, god of the winds; his strength was enormous, but in attempting to seize the sun he was struck by Indra with a thunderbolt which broke his jaw (_hanu_), whereupon his father shut himself up in a cave, and would not let a breeze cool the earth till the gods had promised his son immortality. Hanuman aided Rama in his attack upon Ceylon, and by his superhuman strength mountains were torn up and cast into the sea, so as to form a bridge of rocks across the Straits of Manar.[4] [Footnote 4: The legend, with native picture, is given in Wilkin's 'Hindoo Mythology.'] The species of this genus of monkey abound throughout the Peninsula. All Indian sportsmen are familiar with their habits, and have often been assisted by them in tracking a tiger. Their loud whoops and immense bounds from tree to tree when excited, or the flashing of their white teeth as they gibber at their lurking foe, have often told the shikari of the whereabouts of the object of his search. The _Langurs_ take enormous leaps, twenty-five feet in width, with thirty to forty in a drop, and never miss a branch. I have watched them often in the Central Indian jungles. Emerson Tennent graphically describes this: "When disturbed their leaps are prodigious, but generally speaking their progress is not made so much by _leaping_ as by swinging from branch to branch, using their powerful arms alternately, and, when baffled by distance, flinging themselves obliquely so as to catch the lower boughs of an opposite tree, the momentum acquired by their descent being sufficient to cause a rebound of the branch that carries them upwards again till they can grasp a higher and more distant one, and thus continue their headlong flight." Jerdon's statement that they can run with great rapidity on all-fours is qualified by McMaster, who easily ran down a large male on horseback on getting him out on a plain. A correspondent of the _Asian_, quoting from the _Indian Medical Gazette_ for 1870, states that experiments with one of this genus (_Presbytes entellus_) showed that strychnine has no effect on _Langurs_--as much as five grains were given within an hour without effect. "From a quarter to half of a grain will kill a dog in from five to ten minutes, and even one twenty-fourth of a grain will have a decided tetanic effect in human beings of delicate temperament."--_Cooley's Cycl_. Two days after _ten_ grains of strychnine were dissolved in spirits of wine, and mixed with rum and water, cold but sweet, which the animal drank with relish, and remained unhurt. The same experiment was tried with one of another genus (_Inuus rhesus_), who rejected the poisoned fruit at once, and on having strychnine in solution poured down his throat, died. The _Langur_ was then tried with cyanide of potassium, which he rejected at once, but on being forced to take a few grains, was dead in a few seconds. Although we may not sympathize with those who practise such cruel experiments as these above alluded to, the facts elucidated are worth recording, and tend to prove the peculiar herbivorous nature of this genus, which, in common with other strictly herbivorous animals, instinctively knows what to choose and what to avoid, and can partake, without danger, of some of the most virulent vegetable poisons. It is possible that in the forests they eat the fruit of the _Strychnos nux-vomica_, which is also the favourite food of the pied hornbill (_Hydrocissa coronata_). NO. 4. SEMNOPITHECUS _vel_ PRESBYTES ENTELLUS. _The Bengal Langur_ (_Jerdon's No. 1_). NATIVE NAMES.--_Langur_, _Hanuman_, Hindi; _Wanur_ and _Makur_, Mahratti; _Musya_, Canarese. HABITAT.--Bengal and Central India. [Figure: _Presbytes entellus_.] DESCRIPTION.--Pale dirty or ashy grey; darker on the shoulders and rump; greyish-brown on the tail; paler on the head and lower parts; hands and feet black. SIZE.--Length of male thirty inches to root of tail; tail forty-three inches. The _Entellus_ monkey is in some parts of India deemed sacred, and is permitted by the Hindus to plunder their grain-shops with impunity; but I think that with increasing hard times the _Hanumans_ are not allowed such freedom as they used to have, and in most parts of India I have been in they are considered an unmitigated nuisance, and the people have implored the aid of Europeans to get rid of their tormentors. In the forest the _Langur_ lives on grain, fruit, the pods of leguminous trees, and young buds and leaves. Sir Emerson Tennent notices the fondness of an allied species for the flowers of the red hibiscus (_H. rosa sinensis_). The female has usually only one young one, though sometimes twins. The very young babies have not black but light-coloured faces, which darken afterwards. I have always found them most difficult to rear, requiring almost as much attention as a human baby. Their diet and hours of feeding must be as systematically arranged; and if cow's milk be given it must be freely diluted with water--two-thirds to one-third milk when very young, and afterwards decreased to one-half. They are extremely susceptible to cold. In confinement they are quiet and gentle whilst young, but the old males are generally sullen and treacherous. Jerdon says, on the authority of the _Bengal Sporting Magazine_ (August 1836), that the males live apart from the females, who have only one or two old males with each colony, and that they have fights at certain seasons, when the vanquished males receive charge of all the young ones of their own sex, with whom they retire to some neighbouring jungle. Blyth notices that in one locality he found only males of all ages, and in another chiefly females. I have found these monkeys mostly on the banks of streams in the forests of the Central Provinces; in fact, the presence of them anywhere in arid jungles is a sign that water is somewhere in the vicinity. They are timid creatures, and I have never seen the slightest disposition about them to show fight, whereas I was once most deliberately charged by the old males of a party of _Rhesus_ monkeys. I was at the time on field service during the Mutiny, and, seeing several nursing mothers in the party, tried to run them down in the open and secure a baby; but they were too quick for me, and, on being attacked by the old males, I had to pistol the leader. NO. 5. SEMNOPITHECUS _vel_ PRESBYTES SCHISTACEUS.[5] _The Himalayan Langur_ (_Jerdon's No. 2_). [Footnote 5: Mr. J. Cockburn, of the Imperial Museum, has, since I wrote about the preceding species, given me some interesting information regarding the geographical distribution of _Presbytes entellus_ and _Hylobates hooluck_. He says: "The latter has never been known to occur on the north bank of the Brahmaputra, though swarming in the forests at the very water's edge on the south bank. The _entellus_ monkey is also not found on the north bank of the Ganges, and attempts at its introduction have repeatedly failed." _P. schistaceus_ replaces it in the Sub-Himalayan forests.] NATIVE NAMES.--_Langur_, Hindi; _Kamba Suhu_, Lepcha; _Kubup_, Bhotia. HABITAT.--The whole range of the Himalayas from Nepal to beyond Simla. DESCRIPTION (after Hodgson).--Dark slaty above; head and lower parts pale yellowish; hands concolorous with body, or only a little darker; tail slightly tufted; hair on the crown of the head short and radiated; on the cheeks long, directed backwards, and covering the ears. Hutton's description is, dark greyish, with pale hands and feet, white head, dark face, white throat and breast, and white tip to the tail. SIZE.--About thirty inches; tail, thirty-six inches. Captain Hutton, writing from Mussoorie, says: "On the Simla side I observed them also, leaping and playing about, while the fir-trees, among which they sported, were loaded with snow-wreaths, at an elevation of 11,000 feet."--'Jour. As. Soc. Beng.' xiii. p. 471. Dr. Anderson remarks on the skull of this species, that it can be easily distinguished from _entellus_ by its larger size, the supraorbital ridge being less forwardly projected, and not forming so thick and wide a pent roof, but the most marked difference lies in the much longer facial portion of _schistaceus_; the teeth are also larger; the symphysis or junction of the lower jaw is considerably longer and broader, and the lower jaw itself is generally more massive and deep. NO. 6. SEMNOPITHECUS _vel_ PRESBYTES PRIAMUS. _The Madras Langur_. NATIVE NAME.--_Gandangi_, Telugu. HABITAT.--The Coromandel Coast and Ceylon. DESCRIPTION.--Ashy grey, with a pale reddish or _chocolat-au-lait_ tint overlying the whole back and head; sides of the head, chin, throat, and beneath pale yellowish; hands and feet whitish; face, palms and fingers, and soles of feet and toes black; hair long and straight, not wavy; tail of the colour of the darker portion of the back, ending in a whitish tuft.--_Jerdon_. SIZE.--About the same as _P. entellus_. Blyth, who is followed by Jerdon, describes this monkey as having a compressed high vertical crest, but Dr. Anderson found that the specimens in the Indian Museum owed these crests to bad stuffing. Kellaart, however, mentions it, and calls the animal "the Crested Monkey." In Sir Emerson Tennent's figure of _P. priamus_ a slight crest is noticeable; but Kellaart is very positive on this point, saying: "_P. priamus_ is easily distinguished from all other known species of monkeys in Ceylon by its high compressed vertical crest." Jerdon says this species is not found on the Malabar Coast, but neither he nor McMaster give much information regarding it. Emerson Tennent writes: "At Jaffna, and in other parts of the island where the population is comparatively numerous, these monkeys become so familiarised with the presence of man as to exhibit the utmost daring and indifference. A flock of them will take possession of a palmyra palm, and so effectually can they crouch and conceal themselves among the leaves that, on the slightest alarm, the whole party becomes invisible in an instant. The presence of a dog, however, excites such irrepressible curiosity that, in order to watch his movements, they never fail to betray themselves. They may be frequently seen congregated on the roof of a native hut; and, some years ago, the child of a European clergyman, stationed near Jaffna, having been left on the ground by the nurse, was so teased and bitten by them as to cause its death." In these particulars this species resembles _P. entellus_. NO. 7. SEMNOPITHECUS _vel_ PRESBYTES JOHNII. _The Malabar Langur_ (_Jerdon's No. 4_). HABITAT.--The Malabar Coast, from N. Lat. 14 degrees or 15 degrees to Cape Comorin. DESCRIPTION.--Above dusky brown, slightly paling on the sides; crown, occiput, sides of head and beard fulvous, darkest on the crown; limbs and tail dark brown, almost black; beneath yellowish white.--_Jerdon_. SIZE.--Not quite so large as _P. entellus_. This monkey was named after a member of the Danish factory at Tranquebar, M. John, who first described it. It abounds in forests, and does not frequent villages, though it will visit gardens and fields, where, however, it shuns observation. The young are of a sooty brown, or nearly black, without any indication of the light-coloured hood of the adult. NO. 8. SEMNOPITHECUS _vel_ PRESBYTES JUBATUS. _The Nilgheri Langur_ (_Jerdon's No. 5_). HABITAT.--The Nilgheri Hills, the Animallies, Pulneys, the Wynaad, and all the higher parts of the range of the Ghats as low as Travancore. DESCRIPTION.--Dark glossy black throughout, except head and nape, which are reddish brown; hair very long; in old individuals a greyish patch on the rump.--_Jerdon_. SIZE.--Length of head and body, 26 inches; tail, 30. This monkey does not, as a rule, descend lower than 2,500 to 3,000 feet; it is shy and wary. The fur is fine and glossy, and is much prized (Jerdon). Its flesh is excellent food for dogs (McMaster). Dr. Anderson makes this synonymous with the last. NO. 9. SEMNOPITHECUS _vel_ PRESBYTES PILEATUS. _The Capped Langur_. HABITAT.--Assam, Chittagong, Tipperah. DESCRIPTION.--General colour dark ashy grey, with a slight ferruginous tint; darker near head and on shoulders; underneath and on the inside of the limbs pale yellowish, with a darker shade of orange or golden yellow on the breast and belly. The crown of the head is densely covered with bristly hairs, regularly disposed and somewhat elongated on the vertex so as to resemble a cap, whence the name. Along the forehead is a superciliary crest of long black bristles, directed outwardly; whiskers full and down to the chin: behind the ears is a small tuft of white hairs; the tail is long, one third longer than the body, darker near the end, and tufted; fingers and toes black. SIZE.--A little smaller than _P. entellus_. This monkey is found in Northern Assam, Tipperah and southwards to Tenasserim; in Blyth's 'Catalogue of the Mammals of Burmah' it is mentioned as _P. chrysogaster_ (_Semnopithecus potenziani_ of Bonaparte and Peters). He writes of it: "Females and young have the lower parts white, or but faintly tinted with ferruginous, and the rest of the coat is of a pure grey; the face black, and there is no crest, but the hairs of the crown are so disposed as to appear like a small flat cap laid upon the top of the head. The old males seem always to be of a deep rust-colour on the cheeks, lower parts, and more or less on the outer side of the limbs; while in old females this rust colour is diluted or little more than indicated." Dr. Anderson says that a young one he had was of a mild disposition, which however is not the character of the adult animal, which is uncertain, and the males when irritated are fierce, and determined in attack. No rule, however, is without its exception, for one adult male, possessed by Blyth, is reported as having been an exceeding gentle animal. NO. 10. SEMNOPITHECUS _vel_ PRESBYTES BARBEI. _The Tipperah Langur_. HABITAT.--Tipperah, Tenasserim. DESCRIPTION.--No vertical crest of hair on the head, nor is the occipital hair directed downwards, as in the next species. Shoulders and outside of arm silvered; tail slightly paler than body, "which is of a blackish fuliginous hue." More information is required about this monkey, which was named by Blyth after its donor to the Asiatic Society, the Rev. J. Barbe. Blyth considered it as distinct from _P. Phayrei_ and _P. obscurus_, which last is from Malacca. Dr. Anderson noticed it in the valley of the Tapeng in the centre of the Kakhyen Hills, in troops of thirty to fifty, in high forest trees overhanging the mountain streams. Being seldom disturbed, they permitted a near approach. NO. 11. SEMNOPITHECUS _vel_ PRESBYTES PHAYREI. _Syn_.--SEMNOPITHECUS CRISTATUS. _The Silvery-Leaf Monkey_ (_Blyth_). HABITAT.--Arracan, Malayan Peninsula, Sumatra, Borneo. DESCRIPTION.-Colour dusky grey-brown above, more or less dark, with black hands and feet; a conspicuous crest on the vertex; under parts white, scarcely extending to the inside of the limbs; sides grey like the back; whiskers dark, very long, concealing the ears in front; lips and eyelids conspicuously white, with white moustachial hairs above and similar hairs below. SIZE.--Two feet; tail, 2 feet 6 inches. This monkey was named by Blyth after Captain (now Sir Arthur) Phayre, who first brought it to his notice; but he afterwards reconciled it as being synonymous with _Semnopithecus cristatus_. The colouring, according to different authors, seems to vary considerably, which causes some confusion in description. It differs from an allied species, _S. maurus_, in selecting low marshy situations near the banks of streams. Its favourite food is the fruit of the Nibong palm (_Oncosperma filamentosa_). NO. 12. SEMNOPITHECUS _vel_ PRESBYTES OBSCURUS. _The Dusky-Leaf Monkey_. HABITAT.--Mergui and the Malayan Peninsula. DESCRIPTION.--Adults ashy or brownish black, darker on forehead, sides of face, shoulder, and sides of body; the hair on the nape is lengthened and whitish. The newly-born young are of a golden ferruginous colour, which afterward changes to dusky-ash colour, the terminal half of the tail being last to change; the mouth and eyelids are whitish, but the rest of the face black. SIZE.--Body, 1 foot 9 inches; tail, 2 feet 8 inches. This monkey is most common in the Malayan Peninsula, but has been found to extend to Mergui, where Blyth states it was procured by the late Major Berdmore. Dr. Anderson says it is not unfrequently offered for sale in the Singapore market. NO. 13. SEMNOPITHECUS _vel_ PRESBYTES CEPHALOPTERUS. _The Ceylon Langur_. NATIVE NAME.--_Kallu Wanderu_. HABITAT.--The low lands of Ceylon. DESCRIPTION.--General colour cinereous black; croup and inside of thighs whitish; head rufescent brown; hair on crown short, semi-erect; occipital hairs long, albescent; whiskers white, thick and long, terminating at the chin in a short beard, and laterally angularly pointed; upper lip thinly fringed with white hairs; superciliary hairs black, long, stiff and standing erect; tail albescent and terminating in a beard tuft; face, palms, soles, fingers, toes and callosities black; irides brown.--_Kellaart_. SIZE.--Length, 20 inches; tail 24 inches. Sir E. Tennent says of this monkey that it is never found at a higher elevation than 1,300 feet (when it is replaced by the next species). "It is an active and intelligent creature, little larger than the common bonneted macaque, and far from being so mischievous as others of the monkeys in the island. In captivity it is remarkable for the gravity of its demeanour and for an air of melancholy in its expression and movements, which are completely in character with its snowy beard and venerable aspect. In disposition it is gentle and confiding, sensible in the highest degree of kindness, and eager for endearing attention, uttering a low plaintive cry when its sympathies are excited. It is particularly cleanly in its habits when domesticated, and spends much of its time in trimming its fur and carefully divesting its hair of particles of dust. Those which I kept at my house near Colombo were chiefly fed upon plantains and bananas, but for nothing did they evince a greater partiality than the rose-coloured flowers of the red hibiscus (_H. rosa sinensis_). These they devoured with unequivocal gusto; they likewise relished the leaves of many other trees, and even the bark of a few of the more succulent ones." NO. 14. SEMNOPITHECUS _vel_ PRESBYTES URSINUS. _The Great Wanderu_. NATIVE NAME.--_Maha Wanderu_. HABITAT.--The mountainous district of Ceylon. DESCRIPTION.--Fur long, almost uniformly greyish black; whiskers full and white; occiput and croup in old specimens paler coloured; hands and feet blackish; tail long, getting lighter towards the lower half. The young and adults under middle age have a rufous tint, corresponding with that of the head of all ages. SIZE.--Body about 22 inches; tail, 26 inches. The name Wanderu is a corruption of the Singhalese generic word for monkey, _Ouandura_, or _Wandura_, which bears a striking resemblance to the Hindi _Bandra_, commonly called _Bandar_--_b_ and _v_ being interchangeable--and is evidently derived from the Sanscrit _Banur_, which in the south again becomes _Wanur_, and further south, in Ceylon, _Wandura_. There has been a certain amount of confusion between this animal and _Inuus silenus_, the lion monkey, which had the name _Wanderu_ applied to it by Buffon, and it is so figured in Cuvier. They are both large monkeys, with great beards of light coloured hair, but in no other respect do they resemble. Sir Emerson Tennent says: "It is rarely seen by Europeans, this portion of the country having till very recently been but partially opened; and even now it is difficult to observe its habits, as it seldom approaches the few roads which wind through these deep solitudes. At early morning, ere the day begins to dawn, its loud and peculiar howl, which consists of quick repetition of the sound _how-how!_ may be frequently heard in the mountain jungles, and forms one of the characteristic noises of these lofty situations." This was written in 1861; since then much of the mountainous forest land has been cleared for coffee-planting, and the Wanderu either driven into corners or become more familiarised with man. More therefore must be known of its habits by this time, and information regarding it is desirable. NO. 15. SEMNOPITHECUS _vel_ PRESBYTES THERSITES. NATIVE NAME.--_Ellee Wanderu_ (Kellaart). HABITAT.--Ceylon. [Figure: _Presbytes thersites_.] DESCRIPTION.--Chiefly distinguished from the others by wanting the head tuft; uniform dusky grey, darker on crown and fore-limbs; slaty brown on wrists and hands; hair on toes whitish; whiskers and beard largely developed and conspicuously white. The name was given by Blyth to a single specimen forwarded by Dr. Templeton, and it was for a time doubtful whether it was really a native, till Dr. Kellaart procured a second. Dr. Templeton's specimen was partial to fresh vegetables, plantains, and fruit, but he ate freely boiled rice, beans, and gram. He was fond of being noticed and petted, stretching out his limbs in succession to be scratched, drawing himself up so that his ribs might be reached by the finger, closing his eyes during the operation, and evincing his satisfaction by grimaces irresistibly ludicrous.--_Emerson Tennent_. Dr. Anderson considers this monkey as identical with _Semnopithecus priamus_, but Kellaart, as I have before stated, is very positive on the point of difference, calling _S. priamus_ emphatically the crested monkey, and alleging that _thersites_ has no crest, and it is probable he had opportunities of observing the two animals in life; he says he had a young specimen of _priamus_, which distinctly showed the crest, and a young _thersites_ of the same age which showed no sign of it. In Emerson Tennent's 'Natural History of Ceylon,' (1861) page 5, there is a plate of a group in which are included _priamus_ and _thersites_; in the original they are wrongly numbered--the former should be 2 and not 3, and the latter 3 and not 2. If these be correct (and Wolf's name should be a voucher for their being so) there is a decided difference. There is no crest in the latter, and the white whiskers terminate abruptly on a level with the eyebrow, and the superciliary ridge of hair is wanting. NO. 16. SEMNOPITHECUS _vel_ PRESBYTES ALBINUS (_Kellaart_). _The White Langur_. HABITAT.--Ceylon, in the hills beyond Matelle. DESCRIPTION.--Fur dense, sinuous, nearly of uniform white colour, with only a slight dash of grey on the head; face and ears black; palm, soles, fingers and toes flesh-coloured; limbs and body the shape of _P. ursinus_; long white hairs prolonged over the toes and claws, giving the appearance of a white spaniel dog to this monkey; irides brown; whiskers white, full, and pointed laterally.--_Kellaart_. The above description was taken by Dr. Kellaart from a living specimen. He considered it to be a distinct species, and not an Albino, from the black face and ears and brown eyes. The Kandyans assured him that they were to be seen (rarely however) in small parties of three and four over the hills beyond Matelle, but never in company with the dark kind. Emerson Tennent also mentions one that was brought to him taken between Ambepasse and Kornegalle, where they were said to be numerous; except in colour it had all the characteristics of _P. cephalopterus_. So striking was its whiteness that it might have been conjectured to be an Albino, but for the circumstance that its eyes and face were black. An old writer of the seventeenth century, Knox, says of the monkeys of Ceylon (where he was captive for some time) that there are some "milk-white in body and face, but of this sort there is not such plenty."--_Tennent's 'Natural History of Ceylon,' page 8_. NOTE.--Since the above was in type I have found in the List of Animals in the Zoological Society's Gardens, a species entered as _Semnopithecus leucoprymnus_, the Purple-faced Monkey from Ceylon--see P.Z.S. PAPIONINAE. This sub-family comprises the true baboons of Africa and the monkey-like baboons of India. They have the stomach simple, and cheek-pouches are always present. According to Cuvier they possess, like the last family, a fifth tubercle on their last molars. They produce early, but are not completely adult for four or five years; the period of gestation is seven months. The third sub-family of _Simiadae_ consists of the genera _Cercopithicus_, _Macacus_, and _Cynocephalus_, as generally accepted by modern zoologists, but Jerdon seems to have followed Ogilby in his classification, which merges the long-tailed Macaques into _Cercopithecus_, and substituting _Papio_ for the others. _GENUS INUUS_. Cuvier applies this term to the Magots or rudimentary-tailed Macaques. The monkeys of this genus are more compactly built than those of the last. They are also less herbivorous in their diet, eating frogs, lizards, crabs and insects, as well as vegetables and fruit. Their callosities and cheek-pouches are large, and they have a sac which communicates with the larynx under the thyroid cartilage, which fills with air when they cry out. Some naturalists of the day, however, place all under the generic name Macacus. NO. 17. INUUS _vel_ MACACUS SILENUS. _The Lion Monkey_ (_Jerdon's No. 6_). NATIVE NAMES.--_Nil bandar_, Bengali; _Shia bandar_, Hindi; _Nella manthi_, Malabari. HABITAT.--The Western Ghats of India from North Lat. 14 degrees to the extreme south, but most abundant in Cochin and Travancore (_Jerdon_), also Ceylon (_Cuvier_ and _Horsfield_), though not confirmed by Emerson Tennent, who states that the _silenus_ is not found in the island except as introduced by Arab horse-dealers occasionally, and that it certainly is not indigenous. Blyth was also assured by Dr. Templeton of Colombo that the only specimens there were imported. [Figure: _Macacus silenus_.] DESCRIPTION.--Black, with a reddish-white hood or beard surrounding the face and neck; tail with a tuft of whitish hair at the tip; a little greyish on the chest. SIZE.--About 24 inches; tail, 10 inches. There is a plate of this monkey in Carpenter and Westwood's edition of Cuvier, under the mistaken name of _Wanderoo_. It is somewhat sulky and savage, and is difficult to get near in a wild state. Jerdon states that he met with it only in dense unfrequented forest, and sometimes at a considerable elevation. It occurs in troops of from twelve to twenty. NO. 18. INUUS _vel_ MACACUS RHESUS. _The Bengal Monkey_ (_Jerdon's No. 7_). NATIVE NAMES.--_Bandar_, Hindi; _Markot_, Bengali; _Suhu_, Lepcha, _Piyu_, Bhotia. HABITAT.--India generally from the North to about Lat. 18 degrees or 19 degrees; but not in the South, where it is replaced by _Macacus radiatus_. [Figure: _Macacus rhesus_.] DESCRIPTION.--Above brownish ochrey or rufous; limbs and beneath ashy-brown; callosities and adjacent parts red; face of adult males red. SIZE.--Twenty-two inches; tail 11 inches. This monkey is too well-known to need description. It is the common acting monkey of the _bandar-wallas_, the delight of all Anglo-Indian children, who go into raptures over the romance of _Munsur-ram_ and _Chameli_, their quarrels, parting, and reconciliation, so admirably acted by these miniature comedians. NOTE.--For _Macacus rheso-similis_, Sclater, see P.Z.S. 1872, p. 495, pl. xxv., also P.Z.S. 1875, p. 418. NO. 19. INUUS _vel_ MACACUS PELOPS. _Syn_.--MACACUS ASSAMENSIS. _The Hill Monkey_ (_Jerdon's No. 8_). HABITAT.--The Himalayan ranges and Assam. DESCRIPTION.--Brownish grey, somewhat mixed with slaty, and rusty brownish on the shoulders in some; beneath light ashy brown; fur fuller and more wavy than in _rhesus_; canine teeth long; of stout habit; callosities and face less red than in the last species (_Jerdon_). Face flesh-coloured, but interspersed with a few black hairs (_McClelland_). NO. 20. INUUS _vel_ MACACUS NEMESTRINUS. _The Pig-tailed Monkey_. HABITAT.--Tenasserim and the Malay Archipelago. [Figure: _Macacus nemestrinus_.] DESCRIPTION.--General colour grizzled brown; the piles annulated with dusky and fulvous; crown darker, and the middle of the back also darker; the hair lengthened on the fore-quarters; the back stripe extends along the tail, becoming almost black; the tail terminates in a bright ferruginous tuft. This monkey is noted for its docility, and in Bencoolen is trained to be useful as well as amusing. According to Sir Stamford Raffles it is taught to climb the cocoa palms for the fruit for its master, and to select only those that are ripe. NO. 21. INUUS _vel_ MACACUS LEONINUS. _The Long-haired Pig-tailed Monkey_. HABITAT.--Arracan. DESCRIPTION.--A thick-set powerful animal, with a broad, rather flattened head above, and a moderately short, well clad, up-turned tail, about one-third the length of the body and head; the female smaller.--_Anderson_. Face fleshy brown; whitish round the eyes and on the forehead; eyebrows brownish, a narrow reddish line running out from the external angle of the eye. The upper surface of the head is densely covered with short dark fur, yellowish brown, broadly tipped with black; the hair radiating from the vertex; on and around the ear the hair is pale grey; above the external orbital angle and on the sides of the face the hair is dense and directed backwards, pale greyish, obscurely annulated with dusky brown, and this is prolonged downwards to the middle of the throat. On the shoulders, back of the neck, and upper part of the thighs, the hairs are very long, fully three inches in the first-mentioned localities; the basal halves greyish; and the remainder ringed with eleven bands of dark brown and orange; the tips being dark. The middle and small of the back is almost black, the shorter hair there being wholly dark; and this colour is prolonged on the tail, which is tufted. The hair on the chest is annulated, but paler than on the shoulders, and it is especially dense on the lower part. The lower halves of the limbs are also well clad with annulated fur, like their outsides, but their upper halves internally and the belly are only sparsely covered with long brownish grey plain hairs, not ringed. The female differs from the male in the absence of the black on the head and back, and in the hair of the under parts being brownish grey, without annulations. The shoulders somewhat brighter than the rest of the fur, which is yellowish olive; greyish olive on outside of limbs; dusky on upper surface of hands and feet; and black on upper surface of tail. SIZE.--Length of male, head and body 23 inches; tail, without hair, 8 inches; with hair 10 inches. The above description is taken from Dr. Anderson's account, 'Anat. and Zool. Res.,' where at page 54 will be found a plate of the skull showing the powerful canine teeth. Blyth mentions a fine male with hair on the shoulders four to five inches long. NO. 22. INUUS _vel_ MACACUS ARCTOIDES. _The Brown Stump-tailed Monkey_. HABITAT.--Cachar, Kakhyen Hills, east of Bhamo. DESCRIPTION.--Upper surface of head and along the back dark brown, almost blackish; sides and limbs dark brown; the hair, which is very long, is ringed with light yellowish and dark brown, darker still at the tips; face red; tail short and stumpy, little over an inch long. This monkey is one over which many naturalists have argued; it is synonymous with _Macacus speciosus_, _M. maurus_, _M. melanotus_, and was thought to be with _M. brunneus_ till Dr. Anderson placed the latter in a separate species on account of the non-annulation of its hair. It is essentially a denizen of the hills; it has been obtained in Cachar and in Upper Assam. Dr. Anderson got it in the Kakhyen Hills on the frontier of Yunnan, beyond which, he says, it spreads to the southeast to Cochin-China. NO. 23. INUUS _vel_ MACACUS THIBETANUS. _The Thibetan Stump-tailed Monkey_. DESCRIPTION.--Head large and whiskered; form robust; tail stumpy and clad; general colour of the animal brown; whiskers greyish; face nude and flesh-coloured, with a deep crimson flush round the eyes. SIZE.--Two feet 9 inches; tail about 3 inches. This large monkey, though not belonging to British India, inhabiting, it is said, "the coldest and least accessible forests of Eastern Thibet," is mentioned here, as the exploration of that country by travellers from India is attracting attention. _GENUS MACACUS_. Tail longer than in _Inuus_, and face not so lengthened; otherwise as in that genus.--_Jerdon_. NO. 24. MACACUS RADIATUS. _The Madras Monkey_ (_Jerdon's No. 9_). NATIVE NAMES.--_Bandar_, Hindi; _Makadu_ or _Wanur_, Mahratti; _Kerda mahr_ of the Ghats; _Munga_, Canarese; _Koti_, Telegu; _Vella munthi_, Malabar. HABITAT.--All over the southern parts of India, as far north as lat. 18 degrees. [Figure: _Macacus radiatus_ and _Macacus pileatus_.] DESCRIPTION.--Of a dusky olive brown, paler and whitish underneath, ashy on outer sides of limbs; tail dusky brown above, whitish beneath; hairs on the crown of the head radiated. SIZE.--Twenty inches; tail 15 inches. Elliott remarks of this monkey that it inhabits not only the wildest jungles, but the most populous towns, and it is noted for its audacity in stealing fruit and grain from shops. Jerdon says: "It is the monkey most commonly found in menageries, and led about to show various tricks and feats of agility. It is certainly the most inquisitive and mischievous of its tribe, and its powers of mimicry are surpassed by none." It may be taught to turn a wheel regularly; it smokes tobacco without inconvenience.--_Horsfield_. NO. 25. MACACUS PILEATUS (_vel_ SINICUS, _Lin_.). _The Capped Monkey_, or _Bonneted Macaque_ of _Cuvier_. NATIVE NAME.--_Rilawa_, Singhalese. HABITAT.--Ceylon and China. DESCRIPTION.--Yellowish brown, with a slight shade of green in old specimens; in some the back is light chestnut brown; yellowish brown hairs on the crown of the head, radiating from the centre to the circumference; face flesh-coloured and beardless; ears, palms, soles, fingers, and toes blackish; irides reddish brown; callosities flesh-coloured; tail longish, terminating in short tuft.--_Kellaart_. SIZE.--Head and body about 20 inches; tail 18 inches. This is the _Macacus sinicus_ of Cuvier, and is very similar to the last species. In Ceylon it takes the place of our rhesus monkey with the conjurors, who, according to Sir Emerson Tennent, "teach it to dance, and in their wanderings carry it from village to village, clad in a grotesque dress, to exhibit its lively performances." It also, like the last, smokes tobacco; and one that belonged to the captain of a tug steamer, in which I once went down from Calcutta to the Sandheads, not only smoked, but chewed tobacco. Kellaart says of it: "This monkey is a lively, spirited animal, but easily tamed; particularly fond of making grimaces, with which it invariably welcomes its master and friends. It is truly astonishing to see the large quantity of food it will cram down its cheek pouches for future mastication." NO. 26. MACACUS CYNOMOLGUS. _The Crab-eating Macaque_. NATIVE NAME.--_Kra_, Malay. HABITAT.--Tenasserim, Nicobars, Malay Archipelago. [Figure: _Macacus cynomolgus_.] DESCRIPTION.--"The leading features of this animal are its massive form, its large head closely set on the shoulders, its stout and rather short legs, its slender loins and heavy buttocks, its tail thick at the base" (Anderson). The general colour is similar to that of the Bengal rhesus monkey, but the skin of the chest and belly is bluish, the face livid, with a white area between the eyes and white eyelids. Hands and feet blackish. SIZE.--About that of the Bengal rhesus. According to Captain (now Sir Arthur) Phayre "these monkeys frequent the banks of salt-water creeks and devour shell-fish. In the cheek-pouch of the female were found the claws and body of a crab. There is not much on record concerning the habits of this monkey in its wild state beyond what is stated concerning its partiality for crabs, which can also, I believe, be said of the rhesus in the Bengal Sunderbunds." NO. 27. MACACUS CARBONARIUS. _The Black-faced Crab-eating Monkey_. HABITAT.--Burmah. DESCRIPTION.--In all respects the same as the last, except that its face is blackish, with conspicuously white eyelids. FAMILY LEMURIDAE. The Indian members of this family belong to the sub-family named by Geoffroy _Nycticebinae_. _GENUS NYCTICEBUS_. NO. 28. NYCTICEBUS TARDIGRADUS. _The Slow-paced Lemur_ (_Jerdon's No. 10_). NATIVE NAME.--_Sharmindi billi_, Hindi. HABITAT.--Eastern Bengal, Assam, Garo Hills, Sylhet, Arracan.--_Horsfield_. [Figure: _Loris gracilis_ and _Nycticebus tardigradus_.] DESCRIPTION.--Dark ashy grey, with a darker band down middle of back, beneath lighter grey; forehead in some dark, with a narrow white stripe between the eyes, disappearing above them; ears and round the eye dark; tail very short.--_Jerdon_. SIZE.--Length about 14 to 15 inches; tail 5/8 of an inch. Nocturnal in its habits; sleeping during the day in holes of trees, and coming out to feed at night. Sir William Jones describes one kept by him for some time; it appeared to have been gentle, though at times petulant when disturbed; susceptible of cold; slept from sunrise to sunset rolled up like a hedgehog. Its food was chiefly plantains, and mangoes when in season. Peaches, mulberries, and guavas, it did not so much care for, but it was most eager after grasshoppers, which it devoured voraciously. It was very particular in the performance of its toilet, cleaning and licking its fur. Cuvier also notices this last peculiarity, and with regard to its diet says it eats small birds as well as insects. These animals are occasionally to be bought in the Calcutta market. A friend of mine had a pair which were a source of great amusement to his guests after dinner. (See Appendix C, p.526.) _GENUS LORIS_. Body and limbs slender; no tail; eyes very large, almost contiguous; nose acute. NO. 29. LORIS GRACILIS. _The Slender Lemur_ (_Jerdon's No. 11_). NATIVE NAMES.--_Tevangar_, Tamil; _Dewantsipilli_, Telegu. (_Oona happslava_, Singhalese.--_Kellaart_.) HABITAT.--Southern India and Ceylon. DESCRIPTION.--Above greyish rufescent (tawny snuff brown: Kellaart); beneath a paler shade; a white triangular spot on forehead, extending down the nose; fur short, dense, and soft; ears thin, rounded (Jerdon). A hooped claw on inner toes; nails of other toes flat; posterior third of palms and soles hairy (Kellaart). SIZE.--About 8 inches; arm, 5; leg, 5-1/2. This, like the last, is also nocturnal in its habits, and from the extreme slowness of its movements is called in Ceylon "the Ceylon sloth." Its diet is varied--fruit, flower, and leaf buds, insects, eggs, and young birds. Sir Emerson Tennent says the Singhalese assert that it has been known to strangle pea-fowl at night and feast on the brain, but this I doubt. Smaller birds it might overcome. Jerdon states that in confinement it will eat boiled rice, plantains, honey or syrup and raw meat. McMaster, at page 6 of his 'Notes on Jerdon,' gives an interesting extract from an old account of 'Dr. John Fryer's Voyage to East India and Bombain,' in which he describes this little animal as "Men of the Woods, or more truly Satyrs;" asleep during the day; but at "Night they Sport and Eat." "They had Heads like an owl. Bodied like a monkey without Tails. Only the first finger of the Right Hand was armed with a claw like a bird, otherwise they had hands and feet which they walk upright on, not pronely, as other Beasts do." These little creatures double themselves up when they sleep, bending the head down between their legs. Although so sluggish generally, Jerdon says they can move with considerable agility when they choose. SUB-ORDER PLEUROPTERA.--FAMILY GALAEOPITHECIDAE. There is a curious link between the Lemurs and the Bats in the Colugos. (_Galaeopithecus_): their limbs are connected with a membrane as in the Flying Squirrels, by which they can leap and float for a hundred yards on an inclined plane. They are mild, inoffensive animals, subsisting on fruits and leaves. Cuvier places them after the Bats, but they seem properly to link the Lemurs and the frugivorous Bats. As yet they have not been found in India proper, but are common in the Malayan Peninsula, and have been found in Burmah. NO. 30. GALAEOPITHECUS VOLANS. _The Flying Lemur_. NATIVE NAME.--_Myook-hloung-pyan_, Burmese. HABITAT.--Mergui; the Malayan Peninsula. [Figure: _Galaeopithecus volans_.] DESCRIPTION.--Fur olive brown, mottled with irregular whitish spots and blotches; the pile is short, but exquisitely soft; head and brain very small; tail long and prehensile. The membrane is continued from each side of the neck to the fore feet; thence to the hind feet, again to the tip of the tail. This animal is also nocturnal in its habits, and very sluggish in its motions by day, at which time it usually hangs from a branch suspended by its fore hands, its mottled back assimilating closely with the rugged bark of the tree; it is exclusively herbivorous, possessing a