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Robert Howlett

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Title: The School of Recreation (1696 edition)
       Or a Guide to the Most Ingenious Exercises of Hunting,
       Riding, Racing, Fireworks, Military Discipline, The Science
       of Defence

Author: Robert Howlett

Release Date: February 9, 2006 [EBook #17727]

Language: English

Character set encoding: ISO-8859-1

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THE

SCHOOL

OF

Recreation:

OR A

GUIDE

To the

Most Ingenious Exercises

OF

Hunting.          Hawking.
Riding.           Tennis.
Racing.           Bowling.
Fireworks.        Ringing.
Military          Singing.
  Discipline.     Cock-Fighting.
The Science of    Fowling.
  Defence.        Angling.

By _R. H._

_London_, Printed for _H. Rhodes_, at the _Star_, the Corner of _Bride
Lane, Fleet-street_. 1696.




_The School of Recreation._

[Illustration]

_Printed for Henry Rodes near Bride lane in Fleet streete._




The PREFACE TO THE READER.


_Reader, in this small Book you will find such Variety of Recreations,
that nothing of the nature ever appeared so like Accomplish'd in any one
Volume, of what Largeness soever: For besides my own Experience in these
acceptable and delightful Particulars, reduced under proper Heads, easy
to be understood, and put in practice; I have taken the Opinions of
those whose Ingenuity had led them to these Exercises in Particular or
General, and are approved for the Performance of them in the exactest
manner, whose judicious Approbations the more embolden'd me to a
Publication of them: In which you will not only find Pleasure, and keep
up a Healthful Constitution in moderately pursuing them, but in most or
all of them find considerable Profit and Advantage, when you can spare
leisure Hours from your Devotions, or to unbend your Cares after the
tiresome Drudgery of weighty_ Temporal Matters; _Not that I think it is
proper so eagerly to pursue them, as if you made them rather a_
Business _than a_ Recreation; _for though in themselves they are
harmless, yet a continual or insatiate Prosecution of any Thing, not
only lessens the Pleasure, but may render it hurtful, if not to your
self, yet in giving Offence to others, who will be apt to reflect upon
such as seem to doat upon them, and wholly neglect their other Affairs._

_We find the Taste of Honey is delicious and desirable, yet Nature
over-burthened with too great a Quantity, Surfeits, and begets a
loathing of it. Wherefore to Conclude, I commend them as they are,_ viz.
_Suitable_ Recreations _for the_ Gentry _of_ England, _and others,
wherein to please and delight themselves. And so not doubting this_ Work
_will be accepted, as it was well meant to serve my_ Country-Men, _I
take leave to subscribe myself, Kind Reader_,

Your most humble
and obliging Servant,

_R. H._




OF HUNTING.


Hunting, being a Recreation that challenges the sublime Epithets of
Royal, Artificial, Manly, and Warlike, for its Stateliness, Cunning, and
Indurance, claims above all other Sports the Precedency; and therefore I
was induced to place it at the Head to usher in the rest.

But to come to the Purpose: The young Hunter, as yet raw in the true
Knowledge of this Royal Sport, with what is meerly necessary and useful,
without amusing him with superfluous Observations for his Instruction: I
shall therefore observe throughout this Treatise this Method: 1. The
several _Chases_ or Games which fall under the First Denomination,
Hunting. 2. The genuine of Infallible Rules whereby we are to direct our
selves, for the obtaining the true Pleasure in prosecuting the same, and
the desired Effects of it.

Know than; the Beasts of Venery or Forest, are, _viz._ The _Hart_,
_Hinde_, _Hare_.

As likewise the Wild Beasts, or Beasts of Chace are, _viz._ the _Buck_,
_Doe_, _Fox_, _Marten_, _Roe_.

The Beasts of Warren, are, _viz._ _Hares_, _Coneys_, _Roes_.

_Note_, The _Hart_ and _Hind_ before spoken of, though they are of one
kind, yet, because their Seasons are several, are esteemed distinct
Beasts; and in the _Hart_ is included the _Stag_, and all red _Deer_ of
Antlier.

And because I reckon it the most necessary part of the Hunter to
understand the Names, Degrees, Ages, and Seasons of the aforesaid
different Beasts of Forest or Venery, Chase, and Warren, I therefore,
present him with these following


_Beasts of Forest_, &c.

The _Hart_, the first year is called a _Hind-Calf_, 2 A _Knobber_, 3 A
_Brock_ 4 A _Staggard_, 5 A _Stag_, 6 A _Hart_.

The _Hind_ the first Year a _Calf_, 2 A _Hearse_, 3 A _Hind_.

The _Hare_, the first Year a _Leveret_, 2 A _Hare_, 3 A great _Hare_.


_Beasts of Chase._

The _Buck_, The first Year is called a _Fawn_, 2 A _Pricket_, 3 A
_Sorrel_, 4 A _Sore_, 5 A _Buck_ of the first Head, 6 A Great _Buck_.

The _Doe_, the first Year a _Fawn_, 2 A _Teg_, 3 A _Doe_.

The _Fox_, the first Year a _Cub_, 2 a _Fox_.

The _Marten_, the first Year A _Cub_, 2 A _Marten_.

The _Roe_ the first Year A _Kid_, 2 A _Gyrl_, 3 A _Hemuse_, 4 A
_Roe-Buck_ of the first Head, 5 A Fair _Roe-Buck_.

As for the Beasts of Warren, the _Hare_ being spoken of before, little
or nothing is to be said. The _Coney_ is first A _Rabbet_, and then an
Old _Coney_.

Thus much for their Names, Degrees, and Ages: Now let us next observe
their proper Seasons for Hunting.

The _Hart_ or _Buck_, beginneth fifteen days after _Mid-Summer-Day_, and
lasteth till _Holy-Rood-Day_.

The _Fox_, from _Christmass_, and lasteth till the Annunciation of the
Blessed _Virgin Mary_.

The _Hind_ or _Doe_, from _Holy-Rood-Day_, till _Candlemas_.

The _Roe-Buck_, from _Easter_, till _Michaelmas_.

The _Roe_, from _Michaelmas_, till _Candlemas_.

The _Hare_, from _Michaelmas_, to the end of _February_.

Thus much I thought fit to speak briefly of the proper Names, Degrees,
Ages, and Seasons of the several Chases which we Hunt: But having almost
forgot some, I shall insert here, as intending to speak somewhat of
them, and they are the _Badger_, _Otter_, and Wild _Goat_.

As for the Terms of Art appropriated to Hunting. And now I bring you to
the second thing I proposed, _viz._ the Rules and Measures we are to
learn and observe in the aforementioned Sports or Chases; and in this we
must begin with the Pursuers or Conquerors of these Chases, namely.


_Of Hounds._

There are several kinds of Hounds, endued with Qualities suitable to the
Country where they are bred; and therefore consult his Country, and you
will soon understand his Nature and Use: As for instance, the Western
Countries of _England_, and Wood-land, Mountainous Countries, as also
_Cheshire_, and _Lancashire_, breed the _slow-Hound_; a large great Dog,
tall and heavy. _Worcestershire_, _Bedfordshire_, and many other well
mixt Soyls, where the Champaign and Covert are equally large, produce
the _Middle sized_ Dog, of a more nimble Composure than the
fore-mentioned, and fitter for Chase. _Yorkshire_, _Cumberland_,
_Northumberland_, and the North parts, breed the Light, Nimble, swift
slender Dog. And our open Champaigns train up excellent Grey-Hounds,
hugely admired for his Swiftness, Strength, and Sagacity. And lastly,
the little _Beagle_ bred in all Countries, is of exceeding Cunning, and
curious Scent in Hunting.

For the Choice of Hounds we are to rely much on their Colours, and
accordingly make our Election. The Best and most Beautiful of all for a
general Kennel, is, the White Hound, with Black Ears, and a black spot
at the setting on of the Tail, and is ever found to be both of good
Scent, and good Condition, and will Hunt any Chase, but especially the
_Hare_, _Stag_, _Buck Roe_, or _Otter_, not sticking at Woods or Waters.
The next is the Black, the blacktann'd, or all Liver hew'd, or the milk
White Hound, which is the true _Talbot_, is best for the string, or
line, as delighting in Blood; the Largest is the comliest and best. The
_Grizled_, usually shag-hair'd, are the best Verminers; and so fittest
for the _Fox_, _Badger_, or other hot Scents; a couple of which let not
your Kennel be without, as being exceeding good cunning Finders.

For the Shape of your Hound, you must consult the Climate of his Breed,
and the natural Composition of his Body; but by these following
Characters you may know a good Hound. If you like a large, heavy, true
_Talbot_ like Hound, see

His Head be round and thick. Nose short and uprising. Nostrils wide and
large. Ears larger and down-hanging. Upper lip-Flews lower than his
Nether Chaps. Back strong and rising. Fillets thick and great. Thighs
and Huckle-bones round. Hams streight. Tail long and rush grown. The
Hair of his Belly hard and stiff. Legs big and lean. Foot like a
_Fox's_, well clawed and round. Sole dry and hard. All these shew an
able Hound.

If you would choose a swift light Hound, the _Yorkshire_ one in the
generality will please you; for that (as these have) he ought to have a
slenderer Head, longer Nose, shallower Ears and Flews, broad Back, gaunt
Belly, small Tail, long Joynts, round Foot; and in fine of a
Gray-Hound-like Make.

Thus much to direct the choice of Hounds; now something ought to be
spoken of the Composition of Kennels, wherein I must appeal to the
Affection of the Gentleman, the Lover of this Sport, and let him tell me
the Reasons that induced him take pleasure in Hounds, whether it be he
fancies Cunning in Hunting? Or Sweetness, Loudness, or Deepness of Cry?
Or for the Training his Horses? Or for the Exercise of his Body only?

If for Cunning Hunting; breed your Dogs from the slowest and largest of
the forementioned Northern Hounds, and the swiftest and slenderest of
the West Country, of both Kinds, approved to be not given to lie off, or
look for Advantages, but staunch, fair, even running, and of perfect
fine Scent. These will make a Horse gallop fast, and not run; being
middle-siz'd, not too swift as to out-run, or too slow as to lose the
Scent; are the best for the true Art and Use of Hunting.

If for Sweetness of Cry; compound your Kennel of some large Dogs, of
deep solemn Mouths, and swift in spending, as the _Base_ in the Consort;
then twice so many roaring, loud ringing Mouths, as the _Counter-Tenor_:
And lastly, some hollow plain sweet Mouths, as the _Mean_: So shall your
Cry be perfect. Observe that this Composition be of the swiftest and
largest deep Mouth'd Dog, the slowest and middle-siz'd, and the shortest
Legged slender Dog. For these run even together.

If for Loudness of Mouth, choose the Loud clanging (redoubling as it
were) Mouth, and to this put the roaring, spending, and Whining Mouth,
which will be loud, smart, and pleasant: Such are for the most part your
_Shropshire_, and _Worcestershire_ Dogs.

If (lastly) for deepness of cry, the largest dogs having the greatest
Mouths, and deepest flews, are the best; such are your West-Country,
_Cheshire_, and _Lancashire_ Dogs.

But if you have your Kennel for Training Horses only; then compound your
Kennel of the lightest, nimblest, and swiftest Dogs, such as your
Northern Hounds are. For the strong and violent Exercises of their
Horses, through the Natural Velocity of their Hounds, in the North
parts, have render'd them famous for Truth and Swiftness above all other
parts of _England_.

Lastly, If for the Maintenance of your Health, by preventing Infirmities
and Grossness of Humours, you compose your Kennel; consult first your
own Ability for this Exercise; and if you think you are able to foot it
away, then the Biggest and slowest Dogs you can get are best. But if
you would pad it away through an Unability of footing it, than choose
the slowest or middle-siz'd Hounds, of good Mouths and Noses, for loud
Cry, and ready Scent.

Thus far for the Composing a Kennel: I come now to the _Kennel it self_,
of which I need say little, as indeed unnecessary, leaving that to the
Discretion of the _Huntsman_; only I would have him observe, that it be
built some pretty way distant from the Dwelling-House, in a warm dry
Place, free from Vermine, and near some Pond or River of fresh Water;
and so placed, that the Morning Sun may shine upon it. Be sure to keep
it clean, and let them not want fresh Straw every day. Feed them early
in the Morning at Sun-rising, and at Sun-set in the Evening. As for the
Meat, I leave to the ingenious Huntsman to get when they come from
Hunting; after you have fed them well, let them to their Kennel, and
wash their Feet with Beer and Butter, or some such thing, and pick and
search their Cleys, for Thorns, Stubs, or the like: If it is in
_Winter_, let a Fire be made, and let them beak and stretch themselves
for an hour or so at the fire, and suffer them to lick, pick, and trim
themselves; hereby to prevent the _Diseases_ incident to them, upon
sudden Cooling, as the _Mange_, _Itch_, _Fevers_, &c.

But before I treat of the keeping your Hounds in Health by curing their
Diseases, I must speak a Word or two of the way to _Breed good Whelps_,
viz. Having a Hound and a Bratch of that general Goodness in Size,
Voice, Speed, Scent, and Proportion you like, put them together to
ingender in _January_, _February_, or _March_, as the properest Months
for Hounds, Bitches, and Bratches to be Limed in; because of not _losing
time_ to enter them. When you put them together, observe, as near as
you can, if the _Moon_ be in _Aquarius_ or _Gemini_; because the Whelps
will then never run Mad, and the Litter will be double as many Dogs, as
Bitch-Whelps. When your Bitch is near her _Whelping_, separate her from
the other Hounds, and make her a Kennel particularly by her self; and
see her Kennell'd every Night, that she might be acquainted and
delighted with it, and so not seek out unwholsom Places; for if you
remove the Whelps after they are Whelp'd, the Bitch will carry them up
and down till she come to their first Place of Littering; and that's
very dangerous. Suffer not your Whelps to Suck above two Months, and
then _Wean_ them.

When your Whelps are brought up, _enter_ them not into Hunting till they
are at least a Year and half old: That is, if whelpt in _March_, enter
them _September_ come Twelve Month; if in _April_, in _October_ come
Twelve Months after, _&c_.

When you would _enter_ them, bring them abroad, with the most Staunch
and best Hunting hounds; (all babling and flying Curs being left at
home:) and a _Hare being the best entering Chase_, get a _Hare_ ready
before, and putting her from her Form, view which way she takes, and
then lay on your Hounds, giving them all the Advantages may be; if she
is caught, do not suffer them to break her, but immediately taking her,
strip off her Skin, and cutting her to pieces, give every part to your
young Whelps; and that beget in them a Delight in Hunting.


_Diseases incident to Dogs, and their Cures._

_For Sick Dogs._ Take Sheeps-heads, Wooll and all, hack, and bruise them
into pieces, make Pottage of it with Oatmeal, and _Penny-Royal_, and
give it warm.

_Lice and Fleas._ Boyl four or five handfuls of _Rue_, or _Herb of
Grace_, in a Gallon of running Water, till a Pottle be consumed, strain
it, and put two Ounces of _Staves-acre_ poudered, and bathe them with it
warm.

_Itch._ Take Oyl of _Flower-de-Lys_, Powder of _Brimstone_, and dry'd
_Elicampane-Roots_, of each a like quantity, and _Bay-Salt_ powdered;
mix these Powders with the Oyl, and warm it, anoint, scratch, and make
it bleed, it will do well.

_Tetter._ Take _Black Ink_, Juice of _Mint_ and _Vinegar_, of each
alike, mix them altogether with Powder of _Brimstone_ to a Salve, and
anoint it.

_Worms._ Give your Hound _Brimstone_ and new _Milk_, it will kill them.

_Gauling._ May _Butter_, yellow _Wax_ and unflackt _Lime_, made to a
Salve, and Anoint therewith, is a present Remedy.

_Mange._ Take two Handfuls of _Wild-Cresses_, of _Elicampane_, of the
Leaves and Roots of _Roerb_ and _Sorrel_, the like quantity, and two
Pound of the Roots of _Frodels_, Boyl them all well in Lye and Vinegar,
strain it, and put therein two Pound of _Grey Soap_, and after 'tis
melted, rub your Hound with it four or five days together.

_For any Ear Disease._ Mix _Verjuice_ and _Chervile_ Water together, and
drop into his Ears a spoonful or two, Morning and Evening.

_Sore Eyes._ Chew a Leaf or two of _Ground Ivy_, and spit the Juice into
his Eyes.

_Surbaiting._ Wash his feet with _Beer_ and _Butter_, and bind young red
_Nettles_ beaten to a Salve to his Soles.

_Biting by Snake, Adder_, &c. Beat the Herb _Calaminth_ with
_Turpentine_, and yellow _Wax_ to a Salve, and apply it. To expel the
inward Poyson, give the said Herb in Milk.

_Biting by a Mad Dog._ Wash the place with _Sea-Water_; or strong
_Brine_, will Cure him. The quantity of a Hazel-Nut of _Mithridate_,
dissolved in Sweet Wine, will prevent inward Infection.

_Madness._ Lastly, If your Hound be Mad, which you will soon find by his
separating himself from the rest, throwing his Head into the Wind,
foaming and slavering at Mouth, snatching at every thing he meets, red
fiery Eyes, stinking filthy Breath; then to Knock him in the Head, is a
present Remedy, and you'l prevent infinite Dangers.

And now I proceed to give some brief Instructions for Hunting the
several Chases, _viz._ the _Time when?_ and the _Manner how?_

Having your Kennel of Hounds in good order and plight, lead them forth,
and to your Game; only take this Caution; do not forget to have in your
Pack a couple of _Hounds_, called _Hunters in the High-wayes_, that will
Scent upon hard Ground, where we cannot perceive Pricks or Impressions;
and let a couple of _Old stench Hounds_ accompany you, by whose sure
Scent, the too great Swiftness of the young and unexperienced Ones may
be restrained and regulated.


_Of Hart_ or _Stag Hunting._

To understand the _Age_ of this our Game, it is known by several Marks,
amongst which this is the most authentick: That if you take his view in
the ground, and perceive he has a large Foot, a thick Heel, a deep
Print, open Cleft and long space, then be assured he is Old; as the
Contrary concludes him Young.

To find him? Examine the following Annual, or Monethly.

_November_, in Heaths among Furs, Shrubs, and Whines.

_December_, in Forests among thick and strong Woods.

_January_, in Corners of the Forests, Corn-fields, _Wheat_, _Rye_, &c.

_February_ and _March_, amongst Young and thick Bushes.

_April_ and _May_, in Coppices and Springs.

_June_ and _July_, in Out-Woods and Purlieus nearest the Corn-fields.

_September_ and _October_, after the first showers of Rain, they leave
their Thickets, and go to Rut, during which time there is no certain
place to find them in.

When you have found him in any of these places, be careful to go up the
Wind; and the best time to find him is before _Sun-rising_, when he goes
to feed; then watch him to his Leir, and having lodged him, go and
prepare; if he is not forced, he will not budge till Evening.
Approaching his Lodging, cast off your _Finders_, who having Hunted him
a Ring or two, cast in the rest; and being in full Cry and maine Chase,
Comfort and Cheer them with Horn and Voice. Be sure to take notice of
him by some _Mark_, and if your Dogs make _Default_, rate them off and
bring them to the _Default_ back, and make them cast about till they
have undertaken the first _Deer_; then cheer them to the utmost, and so
continue till they have either set up or slain him. It is the Nature of
a _Stag_, to seek for one of his kind, when he is Imbost or weary, and
beating him up, ly down in his place; therefore have a watchful eye unto
_Change_. As likewise by taking _Soil_ (i.e. Water) he will swim a River
just in the middle down the Stream, covering himself all over, but his
Nose, keeping the middle, least by touching any Boughs he leave a Scent
for the _Hounds_; And by his Crossings and Doublings he will endeavour
to baffle his Persuers: In these Cases have regard to your _Old Hounds_,
as I said before. When he is Imbost or weary, may be known thus: By his
Creeping into holes, and often lying down, or by his running stiff, high
and lumpering, slavering and foaming at Mouth, shining and blackness of
his Hair, and much Sweat; and thus much for _Stag_ or _Hart Hunting_. As
for the _Buck_ I shall not speak any thing, for he that can Hunt a
_Stag_ well, cannot fail Hunting a _Buck_ well. As likewise for the _Roe
Hunting_, I refer you to what is spoken of the _Hart_ or _Stag_.


_Of Hare Hunting._

As for the _Time_, the most proper to begin this Game, note; That about
the middle of _September_ is best, and to end towards the latter end of
_February_, when surcease, and destroy not the young early Brood of
_Leverets_; and this Season is most agreeable likewise to the nature of
_Hounds_; moist and cool. Now for the _Place_ where to find her, you
must examine and observe the Seasons of the Year; for in Summer or
Spring time, you shall find them in Corn-fields and open places, not
sitting in Bushes, for fear of Snakes, Adders, _&c_. In _Winter_ they
love Tuffs of Thorns and Brambles, near Houses: In these places you must
regard the _Oldness_ or _Newness_ of her _Form_ or _Seat_, to prevent
Labour in Vain: If it be plain and smooth within, and the Pad before it
flat and worn, and the Prickles so new and perceptible, that the Earth
seems black, and fresh broken, then assure your self the Form is new,
and from thence you may Hunt and recover the _Hare_; if the contrary, it
is old, and if your _Hounds_ call upon it, rate them off. When the
_Hare_ is started and on Foot, step in where you saw her pass, and
hollow in your _Hounds_ till they have undertaken it, then go on with
full Cry. Above all, be sure to observe her first Doubling, which must
be your direction for all that day; for all her other after Doublings,
will be like that. When she is thus reduced to the _slights_ and
_shifts_ she makes by Doublings and Windings, give your Dogs _Time_ and
_Place_ enough to cast about your Rings, for unwinding the same; and
observe her _leaps_ and _skips_ before she squat, and beat curiously all
likely places of Harbour: She is soon your Prey now.


_Of Coney Catching._

Their _Seasons_ are always, and the way of taking them thus: Set
Pursenets on their Holes, and put in a _Ferret_ close muzzled, and she
will boult them out into the Nets: Or blow on a sudden the Drone of a
Bag-Pipe into the Burrows, and they will boult out: Or for want of
either of these two, take Powder of _Orpiment_ and _Brimstone_, and
boult them out with the Smother: But pray use this last seldom, unless
you would destroy your Warren. But for this sport _Hays_ are to be
preferred above all.


_Of Fox-Hunting._

_January_, _February_, and _March_, are the best Seasons for Hunting the
_Fox_ above Ground, the Scent being then strong, and the coldest Weather
for the _Hounds_, and best finding his Earthing. Cast off your sure
Finders first, and as the _Drag_ mends, more; but not too many at once,
because of the Variety of Chaces in Woods and Coverts. The Night before
the Day of Hunting, when the _Fox_ goes to prey at Midnight, find his
Earths, and stop them with Black Thorns and Earth. To find him draw your
_Hounds_ about Groves, Thickets, and Bushes near Villages; Pigs and
Poultry inviting him to such Places to Lurk in. They make their Earths
in hard Clay, stony Grounds, and amongst Roots of Trees; and have but
one Hole straight and long. He is usually taken with _Hounds_,
_Grey-Hounds_, _Terriers_, _Nets_ and _Gins_.


_Of Badger Hunting._

This Creature has several Names, as _Gray Brock_, _Boreson_, or
_Bauson_; and is hunted thus. First go seek the Earths and Burrows where
he lieth, and in a clear Moon-shine Night, stop all the Holes but one or
two, and in these fasten Sacks with drawing Strings; and being thus set,
cast off your _Hounds_, and beat all the Groves, Hedges, and Tuffs
within a mile or two about, and being alarm'd by the Dogs they will
repair to their Burrows and Kennels, and running into the Bags, are
taken.


_Of the Martern or wild Cat._

These two Chases are usually hunted in _England_, and are as great
Infesters of Warrens, as the two last mentioned Vermine, but are not
purposely to be sought after; unless the Huntsman see their place of
Prey, and can go to it; and if the _Hound_ chance to cross them, sport
may be had. But no Rule can be prescribed how to find or hunt them.


_Of the Otter._

This Creature useth to lye near Rivers in his Lodging, which he
cunningly and artificially builds with Boughs, Twigs and Sticks. A great
Devourer of Fish. It is a very sagacious and exquisitely Smelling
Creature, and much Cunning and Craft is required to hunt him. But to
take him, observe this in short. Being provided with _Otter-Spears_ to
watch his Vents, and good _Otter-Hounds_, beat both sides of the River's
Banks, and you'll soon find if there is any. If you find him, and
perceive where he swims under Water, get to stand before him when he
_Vents_, (_i.e._ takes breath) and endeavour to strike him with the
Spear: If you miss him, follow him with your _Hound_, and if they are
good for _Otter_, they will certainly beat every Tree root, _Bul-rush
Bed_, or _Osier-Bed_, so that he cannot escape you.


_Of the wild Goat._

The _Wild-Goat_ is as big and as fleshy as a _Hart_, but not so
long-legg'd. The best time for hunting them is, at _All-hallontide_; and
having observed the Advantages of the Coasts, Rocks, and Places where
the _Goats_ lie, set Nets and Toils towards the Rivers and Bottoms; for
'tis not to be imagined, the Dogs can follow them down every place of
the Mountains. Stand some on the tops of the Rocks, and as occasion
offers throw down Stones; and place your Relays at the small Brooks or
Waters, where the _Goat_ comes down; but let them not tarry, till the
_Hounds_ come in, that were cast off.

_Thus much for Hunting._




_Of RIDING._


Here we must first examine the Ends and Design of our proposing this Art
to our selves, and accordingly lay down as briefly as may be the
necessary Rules and Lessons are to be observed and learnt; and I take
these to be the usual Perfections we aim at. _To ride well the great_
Horse, _for the Wars or Service, and the_ Horse _for Pleasure_; of both
which as concisely as I can, in their order.

We must begin with _Taming a young Colt_. After you have kept him at
home some time, and made him so Familiar with you, as to suffer
_Combing_, _Currying_, _Handling_, and _Stroaking_ any part, 'tis high
time then to offer him the Saddle, which you must lay in the _Manger_
first, that by its smell, he may not be afraid of it, or the _Styrrups_
Noise. Then gently saddling him (after his dressing) take a sweet
_Watering Trench_, anointed with Honey and Salt, and place it in his
Mouth so, that it may hang directly over his _Tush_; then lead him
abroad in your hand, and Water him; and after he has stood an hour
rein'd take off his Bridle and Saddle, and let him feed till Evening;
then do as in the Morning; dress and Cloath him, having _Cherisht_, by
the Voice delivered smoothly and gently; or by the Hand by gently
stroaking and clapping him on the neck, or Buttock; or lastly by the
_Rod_, by rubbing it on his Withers or Main.

On the next day as before; and after that, put him on a strong
_Musrole_, or sharp _Cavezan_, and _Martingale_; which is the best guide
to a Horse for setting his head in due place, forming the Rein, and
appearing Graceful and Comely; it Corrects the yerking out his Head, or
Nose, and prevents his running away with his Rider. Observe therefore to
place it right, that it be not buckled straight, but loose, and so low,
that it rest on the tender Grizsle of his Nose, to make him the more
sensible of his fault, and Correction; and so as you see you win his
Head, bring him straighter by degrees; let him but gently feel it, till
his Head be brought to its true perfection.

Having observed this well, lead him forth into some soft or new Plowed
Land, trot him about in your hand a good while: Then offer to Mount; if
he refuse to suffer you, trot him again; then putting your foot into the
_Styrrop_, mount half way; if he takes it impatient, correct him, and
about again; if not, cherish him, and place your self a moment in the
Saddle, dismount, cherish, and feed him with _Grass_, or _Bread_: All
things being well, remount, even in the Saddle, keeping your Rod from
his Eye; then let one lead him by the _Chaff-Halter_, and ever and a-non
make him stand, and cherish him, till he will of his own accord go
forward; then come home, alight gently, _dress and feed him well_. This
Course in few dayes will bring him to Trot, by following some other
Horse-man, stop him now and then gently, and forward; not forgetting
seasonable _Cherishings_ and _Corrections_, by Voice, _Bridle_, _Rod_,
_Spurs_.

Being thus brought to some certainty of _Rein_, and _Trotting_
forth-right, then to the treading _forth of the large Rings_. And here
first examine your Horses Nature, before you choose your Ground, for, if
his Nature be dull and sloathful, yet strong, then _New-Plow'd-Field_ is
best; if _Active_, _Quick_ and _Fiery_, then _Sandy-ground_ is to be
preferred; in the most proper of which mark out a large Ring, of a
Hundred paces circumference. Walk about it on the right seven or eight
times, then by a little straightning your right Rein, and laying your
left leg calf to his side, make a half Circle within the Ring upon your
right down to its Center; then by straightning a little your left Rein,
and laying your right Leg Calf to his side, make a half Circle to your
left hand, from the Center to the outmost Verge, and these you see
contrary turned make a Roman _S_. Now to your first large Compass, walk
him about on your left hand, as oft as before on the right, and change
to your right within your Ring; then Trot him first on the right-hand,
then on the left, as long as you judge fit, and as often Mornings and
Evenings, as the Nature of your Horse shall require. In the same manner
you may make him to _Gallop_ the same Rings, though you must not enter
it all at once, but by degrees, first a Quarter, then a Half-quarter;
and the Lightness and Cheerfulness of your Body, not the Spur, must
induce him to it.

The next Lesson is to _Stop Fair_, _Comely_, and without Danger. First
see that the Ground be hard and firm, then having cherisht your Horse,
bring him to a swift Trot, about Fifty Paces, and then straightly &
suddenly draw in your Bridle hand; then ease a little your hand to make
him give backward, and in so doing, give him liberty and cherish him;
then drawing in your Bridle hand, make him retire, and go back; if he
strike, ease your hand: if he refuse, let some by-stander put him back,
that he may learn your intention and thus he may learn these two Lessons
at once.

_To Advance before_, when he stoppeth, is thus taught: When you stop
your Horse, without easing your hand, lay close and hard to his sides
both Calves of your Legs, and shaking your Rod cry, _Up_, _Up_; which he
will understand by frequent Repetition, and Practice: This is a
Gracefull, and Comely Motion, makes a Horse Agile, and Nimble, and ready
to turn; and therefore be careful in it: That he take up his Legs Even
together, and bending to his Body; not too high, for fear of his coming
over; not sprawling, or pawing; or for his own pleasure; in these faults
correct him with Spur and Rod.

To _Yerk out behind_ is the next Lesson, thus learnt, Presently upon
your making him stop give him a good brisk jerk near his Flank, which
will make him soon understand you. When he does it, cherish him; and see
he does it comely, for to yerk out his hinder Legs, till his Forelegs be
above Ground, is not graceful; or one Leg yerk't farther out than the
other; or one Leg out while the other is on the Ground; in this case a
single Spur on the faulty side, is best. But to help him in Yerking,
staying his Mouth on the Bridle, striking your Rod under his Belly, or
Touching him on the Rump with it.

To _Turn readily on both hands_, thus: Bring his large Rings narrower,
and therein gently walk him, till acquainted. Then carry your
Bridle-hand steady and straight, the outmost rather straighter than the
inmost Rein, to look from, rather than to the Ring; trot him thus about,
on one side and the other successively, as aforesaid. After some time
stop, and make him advance twice or more, and retire in an even Line;
then stop and cherish him. To it again, after the same manner, making
him lap his outmost Leg above a foot over his Inner. And thus the _Terra
a Terra_, _Incavalere & Chambletta_, are all taught together. Perfect
your Horse in the large Ring, and the straight Ring is easily learnt.

Your Horse being brought thus far to perfection, with the _Musrole_ and
_Trench_, now let a gentle _Cavezan_ take their place; with a smooth
Cannon-Bit in his Mouth, and a plain watering Chain, Cheek large, and
the Kirble thick, round and big, loosely hanging on his nether Lip; and
thus mount him, and perfect your Horse with the _Bit_ in all the
aforesaid Lessons, as you did with the _Snaffle_; which indeed is the
easier to be done of the two.

To teach your Horse _To go a side_, as a necessary Motion for shunning a
blow from an Enemy, is thus: Draw up your Bridle hand somewhat straight,
and if you would have him go on the Right, lay your left Rein close to
his Neck, and your left Calf likewise close to his side (as in the
_Incavalere_ before) making him lap his left Leg over his Right; then
turning your Rod backward jerking him on the left hinder Thigh gently,
make him to bring to the right side his Hinder parts, and stand as at
first in an even direct Line: Then make him remove his Fore parts more,
that he may stand as it were Cross over the even Line, and then bring
his hinder parts after, and stand in an even Line, again. And thus you
must do, if you would have him go on the Left hand, using your
Corrections and Cherishings on the right. Use it, and you may be sure of
Perfection.

For the _Carreere_, only take this: Let it not extend in length above
six score yards, give your Horse warning before you start him by the
Bridle hand, and running full speed, stop him suddenly, firm and close
on his Buttock.

For the _Horse of Pleasure_, these following Lessons are to be learnt.
As first to _Bound aloft_, to do which: Trot him some sixteen yards,
then stop, and make him twice advance; then straighten your Bridle-hand;
then clap briskly both your Spurs even together to him, and he will
rise, tho' it may at first amaze him; if he does it, cherish him, and
repeat it often every day, till perfect.

Next to _Corvet_ and _Capriole_ are Motions of the same nature, and in
short are thus taught. Hollow the ground between two joyning Walls a
Horses length, by the side of which put a strong smooth Post of the same
length from the Wall, and fasten at the Wall an Iron Ring over against
the Post: Thus done, ride into the hollow place, and fasten one of the
_Cavezan_ Reins to the Post, and the other to the Ring; then cherish
him, and by the help of the Calves of your Legs, make him advance two or
three times; then pause, and Cherish him; make him advance again a dozen
times more, and then rest; double your Advancings, and repeat them till
it becomes habitual to him, to keep his Ground certain, advance of an
_equal hight_ before and behind, and observe a _due Time_ with the
motions of your Legs. The Inequality of his advancing his hinder Legs,
is helpt by a Jerk on the Fillets by some body behind him with a Rod.




_Of RACING._


A Racer must have the _Finest Cleanest Shape_ possible, and above all,
_Nimble_, _Quick_, and _Fiery_, _apt to Fly with the least Motion_; nor
is a long Bodied contemptible, it assuring _Speed_, tho' it signifies
_Weakness_ too. The _Arabian_, _Barbary_, or his Bastard, are esteemed
the best for this Use, these excelling _Fennets_, tho' they are good
too.

Having furnished your self with a Horse thus qualified, you are to
observe his right and due _Ordering_, before your designed _Racing_.
_Bartholomew-tide_ is the most proper time to _take him from Grass_; the
day before being Dry, Fair, and Pleasant: That Night let him stand
conveniently, to empty his Body; the next day _Stable_ him, and feed him
with _Wheat-straw_ that day, and no longer; lest you exceeding that
time, it straighten his _Guts_, heat his _Liver_, and hurt his _Blood_;
for want of _Straw_, Riding him Morning and Evening to Water, Airing, or
other moderate Exercises will serve. Then feed him with good old sweet
_Hay_, and according to the Season, and Temperature of his Body clothe
him; for a _Smooth Coat_ shews _Cloth_ enough, and a _Rough Coat_ want
of it. Observe likewise where you _Water_, your _Race-Horse_, that it be
a Running _Water_, or clear _Spring_, far distant (a Mile or more) from
the _Stable_, adjoyning to some _Level_; where after he has once well
drank Gallop him, and so Water and Scope him till that he refuse to
drink more, for that time; then Walk him gently Home (being an Hour on
your way, or more) clothe, and stop him round with soft _Whisps_, and
let him stand an Hour upon his _Bridle_, and after feed him with sweet
sound _Oats_, throughly dryed either with _Age_, _Kilne_, or _Sun_; if
he be low of flesh, or bad Stomacht, add a third part of clean Old
_Beans_, or two parts of _Oats_, or Wash his _Oats_ in strong _Beer_ or
_Ale_.

For _Dressing_ take these Rules. _Dress_ your Horse twice a day, before
you Water him, both Morning, and Evening, thus: _Curry_ him after he is
uncloath'd, from his _Ear-tips_ to his _Tayle_, and his whole Body
intirely (save his Legs under the Knees, and Cambrels) with an
_Iron-Comb_; then Dust him, and Rub him with a Brush of _Bristles_ over
again; Dust him again, and wetting your hand in clean Water, rub off all
the loose Hairs, and so rub him dry as at first; then with a fine _Hair
Cloth_ rub him all over; and lastly, with a fine Linnen Cloth; and then
pick his Eyes, Nostrils, Sheath, Cods, Tuel, and Feet clean.

The best Food for your _Racer_, is good, sweet, well dryed, sunned, and
beaten _Oats_: Or else Bread made of one part Beans, and two parts
_Wheat_ (_i.e._) two Bushels _Wheat_, to one of _Beans_, ground
together: Boult through a fine Range half a Bushel of fine _Meal_, and
bake that into two or three Loaves by it self, and with water and good
store of _Barm_, knead up, and bake the rest in great Loaves, having
sifted it through a _Meal-sieve_: (But to your finer, you would do well
to put the whites of Twenty or thirty _Eggs_, and with the _Barm_ a
little _Ale_, 'tis no matter how little water:) With the Courser feed
him on his Resting days, on his Labouring days with the finer.

The best time for feeding your _Runner_ on his Resting days is, after
his Watering in the Morning, at One a Clock at Noon, after his watering
in the Evening, and at nine or ten a Clock at nights: On his Days of
Labour, two Hours after he is throughly Cold outwardly and inwardly, as
before.

As for the Proportion of Meat, I shall not confine your Love to a
Quantity, only give him a little at once, as long as his Appetite is
Good: When he begins to fumble and play with his Meat, hold your hand,
shut up your Sack.

As for his _Exercise_ it ought to be thrice a Week, as his bodily
Condition requires; if he be foul, moderate Exercise will break his
Grease; if clean, then as you judge best, taking heed of breaking his
Mettle, or discouraging him, or laming his Limbs. Before you air him, to
add to his Wind, it is requisite to give him a raw Egg broken in his
Mouth: if your Horse be very fat, air him before Sun rising and after
Sun-set; if lean, deprive him not of the least strength and Comfort of
the Sun you can devise. To make him Sweat sometimes by coursing him in
his Cloaths is necessary, if moderate; but without his Cloaths, let it
be sharp and swift. See that he be empty before you course him; and it
is wholesome to wash his Tongue and Nostrils with _Vinegar_; or _piss_
in his Mouth, before you back him. And after his Exercise, cool him
before you come home, house, litter and rub him well and dry; then
cloath him, and give him after every Course a Scouring thus prepared.


_For scouring a Race-Horse._

Take 20 _Raisins_ of the _Sun_ stoned, 10 _Figs_ slit in the midst, boyl
them till they be thick in a Pottle of fair Water, mix it with Powder of
_Annis-seeds_, _Lycoras_, and _Sugar-candy_, till it come to a stiff
Paste, make them into round Balls, roul them in Butter, and give him
three or four of them the next morning after his Course, and ride him an
hour after, and then set him up Warm. Or this may be preferred, being
both a Purge and a Restorative, a Cleanser and a Comforter, thus
prepared.

Take three Ounces of _Annis-seeds_, six Drams of _Cummin-seeds_,
one Dram and half of _Carthamus_, one Ounce and two Drams of
_Fennugreek-seed_, one Ounce and half of _Brimstone_; Beat all these to
a fine Powder, and searse them; then take a Pint and two Ounces of
_Sallet-Oyl_, a Pint and half of _Honey_, and a Pottle of _White-Wine_;
then with a sufficient Quantity of fine white Meal, knead and work all
well into a stiff Paste; keep it in a clean Cloath, for use. When
occasion requires, dissolve a Ball of it in a Pail of Water, and after
Exercise give it him to drink in the Dark, that he may not see the
Colour, and refuse it: If he does refuse, let Fasting force him to be of
another mind.

To conclude, these Instructions, I will give you 'em in short before you
run, and then away as fast as you can.

_Course not your Horse hard four or five days before your Match, lest
you make his Limbs sore, and abate his Speed._

_Muzzle him not (except a foul Feeder) above two or three Nights before
the Race, and the Night before his bloody Courses._

_Give him sharp, as well at gentle, Courses on the Race he is to run._

_Shoe him a day before you run him._

_Let him be empty on the Match Day._

_Saddle him in the Stable, and fix to him the Girths and Pannel with
Shoe-makers Wax._

_Lead him with all Gentleness to his Course, and let him smell other
Horses Dung to provoke him to stale_, &c.

And Lastly, being come to the starting place, rub him well, uncloath
him; then take his Back, and the Word given, with all Gentleness and
Quietness possible, start and away; _And God speed you well_.




School _of_ Recreation. _How to make Artificial Fire-works of all sorts,
for Pleasure_, &c.


Of Artificial Fire-works for Recreation, there are three general sorts,
_viz._ Those that ascend or mount in the Air. Those that consume on the
Earth: And such as burn on the Water. And these are again divided into
three Particulars, _viz._ For the Air, the Sky-Rocket, the flying
Saucisson, and Balloon: For the Earth, the Ground-Rocket, the fiery
Lances, and the Saucissons descendent. For the Water-Globes or Balls,
double Rockets, and single Rockets; and of these in their particular
Orders, to make them, and such other Matters as may occur relating to
Fire-works.

But before I enter particularly on them, it will not be amiss to give
the Unlearned Instructions for making his Moulds for Rockets, _&c._

This Mould must be of a substantial piece of Wood, well season'd, and
not subject to split or warp; and first the Caliber or Bore of it, being
an Inch in Diameter; the Mould must be six Inches long, and Breech an
Inch and half; the Broach that enters into the Choaking part, three
Inches and a half long, and in Thickness a quarter of an Inch. The
Rowler on which you wrap the Paper or Paste board, being three quarters
of an Inch Diameter, and the Rammer somewhat less, that it may easily
pass and re-pass, made hollow to receive the Broach; for the Cartoush
Coffin must be filled with the Materials, the Broach being in.

If the Bore be two Inches Diameter, the Rocket must be twelve Inches in
Length: If an inch and a half in Bore, then nine Inches Long, and so
proportionably to any other Diameter. The Cartoush or Case must be
either strong Paper or fine Paste-board, choaked within an Inch and a
quarter of the Top, rowled on the Rowler with a thin Paste, to keep the
Doublings the higher together, that it may have the greater force and
higher flight. Having thus far considered your Mould and Cartoush or
Case, I proceed to the Composition and filling part, &c.


_A_ Sky-Rocket, _how to make it_, &c.

In the Composition of your filling Materials be very cautious that you
exceed not the just Proportion, for which I shall give Directions to be
a Standard in this case, _viz._ Having beat a Pound of Powder very fine,
and sifted it through a Lawn Sieve that no whole Corns remain in it; do
the like by two Ounces of Charcole; then sift them together, so that
they may mix well, which done, fill a small Rocket with this Mixture,
and if it break in Mounting before it come to the supposed height, or
burns out too fierce, then is there too much Powder, and more fine
sifted Charcole must be added; but if there be too much Charcole in the
Composition, then upon tryal it will not ascend, or very little.

Observe in charging your Rocket, at every quarter of an ounce of
Ingredients or thereabouts, you ram it down very hard, forcing your
Rammer with a wooden Mallet, or some weighty piece of Wood, but no Iron
or Stone, for fear any Sparkles of Fire fly out and take your
Combustible Matter; so fill it by degrees: If you design neither to
place Stars, Quills, or small Rockets on its Head, you may put in about
an Inch and a half of dry Powder for the Bounce, but if you are to place
the fore-mention'd things on the Head of a great Rocket, you must close
down the Paper or Paste-board very hard, and prick two or three holes
with a Bodkin, that it may give fire to them when it Expires, placing a
large Cartoush or Paste-board on the head of the Rocket, into which you
must put the Stars or small Rockets, Paper-Serpents, or Quill-Serpents;
of which I shall speak more hereafter.

Note further, That if you would have your Rocket sparkle much, you must
put some grosly bruised Salt peter into the Composition; but then it
must not lie long before it be let off, for fear it give and damp the
Powder. If you would have it leave a blue Stream, as it ascends, put
fine beaten and sifted Sulphur into it, but of neither of these more
than a third part of Charcole; and in this manner greater and lesser
Rockets are made, but the lesser must have more Powder and less Charcole
than the greater, by a fifth part in six.


_Golden Rain, and Golden Hair._

For Golden Rain, or streams of fire, that will, when at height, descend
in the Air like Rain: Take large Goose-Quills, take only the hollow
Quill as long as may be, fill it with beaten Powder and Charcole; as for
the Air Rocket only add a little Powder of Sulphur. Being hard filled to
a quarter of an Inch, stop that with wet Powder, called Wild-fire; place
as many as you think convenient on the Head of a great Rocket, pasted on
in a Rowl of Paper, so that it may not fall off till the Rocket bursts,
there being a little dry Powder in it to force the end when the stream
of fire ceases, at which time they taking, will appear like a shower of
Fire of a golden Colour, spreading themselves in the Air, and then
tending directly downwards. This is to be considered when you stand
directly, or something near under them; but if you are at some distance,
then they will appear to you like the Blazing Tail of a Comet or Golden
Hair.


_Silver Stars, How to make them._

To make Stars that will expand in Flame, and appear like natural Stars
in the Firmament for a time: Take half a Pound of Salt-peter, the like
quantity of Brimstone, finely beaten together, sifted and mingled with
a quarter of a Pound of Gunpowder so ordered: Then wrap up the
Composition in Linnen Rags or fine Paper, to the quantity of a Walnut,
bind them with small Thread, and prick holes in the Rag or Paper with a
Bodkin, and place six or ten of them on the Head of a great Rocket, as
you did the Quills, and when the Rocket expires, they take fire and
spread into a Flame, hovering in the Air like Stars, and descend
leisurely till the matter is spent that gives them light.


_Red fiery Colour'd Stars, How to make them._

Take in this Case half a Pound of Powder, and double the quantity of
Salt-peter; as much fine flower of Brimstone as Powder, wet them with
fair Water and Oyl of Petrolum till they will stick together like
Pellets; then make them up somewhat less than the former, and rowl them
in sifted dry Powder, then let them harden, by drying in the Sun or Air,
and place them on a great Rocket, as you did the other Stars, and you
will perceive them when the Rocket is at the height, fall, like Bodies
or Globes of Fire, in the manner as if real Stars were shooting or
falling from the Sky, for by reason of their wetness or density they
cannot expand into Flame, which occasions them by the pressure of their
weight to descend with greater Impetuosity till they waste and vanish
into Air, _&c._


_Another sort of Stars that give great Reports in the Air, as if Armies
were fighting._

Here you must observe to place six, seven, or eight small Rockets on the
Head of a great one, filled only with dry Powder, but indifferently
rammed, and on the ends of them holes being prick'd through, place any
of the sorts of Stars, or a mixture, as your fancy leads you; and when
the small Rockets go off like Thunder in the Air, the Stars will take
fire, so that the Noise will seem to the Spectators as if it proceeded
from them, because they will be seen on fire before the Sound of the
Reports can be heard.


_To make Paste-board Mortars for Balloons._

These stately Prospects of Fire are to be carried into the Air by the
force of Powder, by the help of Mortars; and therefore the making of the
Mortars are in the first place to be considered.

Take a Rowler of Wood, about 12 Inches Diameter, and three Foot and a
half in Length, wet strong Paste-board, and rowl upon it as close as may
be, glewing the Paste-board between each Rowling; then being about five
Inches thick, bind over it strong pitch'd Rope, though indifferent
small: Then choak the Breech of it, which must be beyond the length of
the Rowler, with a strong Cord; pitch or glue it over that the Powder
may not force its vent that way, and so when the Mortar is well dry'd,
draw out the Rowler, and make it as even as can be; bore a Touch-hole
two Inches from the Breech, that it may enter into the hollow of the
Mortar, and set it by for use.


_To make Balloons, the rarity of Fire-works._

Take strong Paper, or Paste-board, rowl it on a 12 Inch Rowler, near as
thick as 'tis long, then with a strong small Cord choke it at one end
only, leaving a Port-fire, which is a place to put in a Quill of
Wild-fire, that will last till being shot out of the Mortar it comes to
its height; then next to that put on an Ounce and a half of loose
Powder, and place in it as many small Rockets and Stars as it will hold;
so choak up the other end quite. You may also put into it little quills
of Wild-fire, then being closed up, only a Port-fire remaining, which
made of a Quill of Wild-fire, as is said, or Stopple, to make which in
the close of this Head I shall Instruct you, Charge the Mortar, being
set Sloaping upwards with half a Pound of corn Powder, and it will by
giving fire at the priming holes, send the Balloon up into the Air a
prodigeous height, and when it comes to the dry Powder, that will break
the Balloon; and then the Stars and Rockets in it taking fire, will
scatter abroad in various curious Figures delightful to the Spectators;
and as they are Cunningly placed, they will represent Crowns, Cyphers,
Characters, Dates of the Year, _&c._


_The Airy or flying Saucisson, How to make it._

This curious Fire-work must be made in the Composition matter for
filling mostly of corned Powder, putting before it when you fill the
Cartoush or Case as much fine sifted Powder and Charcole as composed for
the Rocket, will carry it to its height; leave a hole for the Port-fire
in the choaking as big as a Goose-Quill will enter filling it with
Dust-Powder and Charcole, and so close up the open end, by turning in
the Paper or Paste-board corner-wise, either glewing or waxing it down.


_Paste-board Guns to cast the Saucissons into the Air, How to make
them._

To make these kind of Guns, Take a Rowler, some what less than for the
Balloon, Rowel on it your Paste-board, and cord it over with strong
Packthread, making their Touch-holes at the bottom, because they must be
placed upright on a Plank or Board in a Row fixed into the Plank or
Board in holes cut proportionable to them, and lashed fast to Staples
above and beneath with strong Cords, and being charged with a quarter of
a Pound of Powder, fire by Match or otherways, given to the Touch-hole
underneath the Plank, when the Saucisson is lightly put in with the Neck
or Port-fire downward, so that it may touch the Powder; and this will
serve for Use a considerable time.


_Saucissons for the Earth or Water, To make them._

Make your Cartoushes or Cases about 9 Inches long, and an Inch in the
Diameter of the Calliber, by Rowling Paper or thin Paste-board on a
woodden Rowler; choak the ends only, leaving at one end a passage to
thrust in a Goose-Quill filled with Dust-Powder and Charcole well mixed,
at a Port-fire, Glue them over, or use small Cord glued or pitched to
strengthen the Case that it burst not unseasonably by the force of the
Composition, with which you must fill them when you have choaked; only
at the Port-fire end, the Composition being about 2 Inches, the same as
the former, the rest corned Powder, having primed and fixed them on a
Plank in a Row about a foot distance, lay a train of Stouple, and they
will fire gradually, flying about on the Earth or the Water, according
as you place them, giving reports like a Volley of Muskets.

This Stouple is useful for Trains; and Port-fire is no more than
Cotton-wool well dressed in water and Gun-powder dryed in the Sun, or in
a clean Swept warm Oven, that it may come somewhat near Tinder, but more
swift and fiercer in its fire when it has Taken.


_Fire-Boxes, To make them._

Take a great Cartoush or Case made, as for the Balloon, croud it full of
small Rockets or Serpents, with the choaked part downward, prime them
with Stouple or Wild-fire; fix it firm on a Pole, make a priming Hole in
the side towards the lower end, and run in a Quill of fine beaten
Powder, and they will fly out (the upper end being left open) one by one
as swift as may, or if you scatter loose Powder they will fly out
several together with a prodigeous Noise, and breaking, imitating a deal
of Thunder.


_Firey Lances, How to make them._

These are usually for running on the Water making there a very pleasant
Pass-time: Their cartoush or Cases are made like the small Rocket, with
thin Paste-board glued and rowled up on a wooden Rowler about 9 Inches
long: If you would have it carry a long fiery Tail on the Water, the
Composition must be 2 Ounces of Charcole, half a Pound of Brimstone,
half a Pound of Powder, and half a Pound of Salt-peter, or
proportionable for so many as you make, bruised finely and Sifted; but
if you would have it burn bright like a Torch, put only four Ounces of
Powder to the fore-named quantity of Brimstone and Salt-peter, without
any Charcole-dust, tying to each Line a Rod in the same nature as to
the Sky-Rocket; but not of that largeness; and they will float about a
long time, making a strange shew in a dark Night, their ends being so
placed on a frame when you give fire, that they may leap out of them
selves one, two, or three, at a time, or as you design them, by putting
more or less Stouple for Port-fires; scatter a very small quantity of
loose Powder underneath.


_To make the appearance of Trees and Fountains of Fire._

This is done by placing many little Rockets on the Head of a great one,
by passing their slender Rods through its large Cartoush; and if they
take fire whilst the Rocket is vigorously Ascending, they will spring up
like Branches or fiery Trees; but if they go off just as the Rocket is
spent, and Descending, they will appear like a Fountain of Fire.


_Girondels or Fire-wheels, How to make them._

Take a Wheel of light Wood, like the circle of a Spinning-wheel, on
which the Band is placed; tie small Rockets round it in the nature of a
Band, so fast that they cannot fly off, and so Head to Tail, that the
first fired when it bursts may give fire to the next, whose force will
carry the Wheel (which must be placed on a strong Pin in the Axeltree)
round so fast that although but one Rocket go off at a time, it will
seem all on fire, and so continue whilst all are gradually Spent; and
this especially at the Angles of great Fire-works are very Ornamental.

_Ground-Rockets, and the best way of Making Serpents._

The Mould of the Ground-Rocket may be made in all particulars like that
for the Sky-Rocket, but less in Length and Circumference, six, seven, or
eight Inches being a warrantable Length; rowl on the Cartoush or Case to
a moderate thickness; choak it at one end, fill it, the Broach being in
as the Sky-rocket; with this composition.

Put but an ounce of Charcole to a Pound of Powder, and about half an
Ounce of Salt-peter; beat, mingle and sift them finely; put in about a
quarter of an ounce between every Raming till it is full with in an Inch
with corned Powder, Lightly Raming it, leaving only so much room as may
choak it at that end, cutting then off what hangs over, and leaving it
with a picked end; being thus finished, prime it with a little wet
Powder, and lay it a drying till you dispose of it for your pass-time.

The Serpent is a kind of a small Rocket; To make them therefore well,
make a Case of strong white Paper, about six Inches and a half, the
Rowler being about the thickness of a small Arrow, it must have a Head
and a Broach proportionable, being Rowled up hard, past the Edg that
turns over; choak it with a strong Pack-thread, and fill it with a
Composition of six ounces of Powder to one of Charcole, both beaten
finely, sifted and well mingled; put in a little and little at time in,
and every time you put any in, Ram it down hard till within an Inch
full; then put in corned Powder, press it down gently, and with the end
of your Rammer force down the end that stands a little above; so that it
may cover the Powder, and then Seal it down with Wax; prime with
Dust-Powder, and a little Flower of Brimstone, and with your Match
having a good Coal on it, give fire as you see occasion.


_Fiery Globes or Comets, to make them._

Take half a Pound of Powder, two onces of Brimstone, an ounce of
Salt-peter, bruise these Grosly, and wet them; Aqua-Vitæ and Oyl of
Petrolum, that they may be moulded like a Paste, that so they may be
made up into Balls, as big as ordinary Wash-Balls; then dry them very
hard, and wrap them up in Cerecloaths made of Brimstone, Rosin, and
Turpentine, in which make a little whole, and prime with Wild-fire: Put
the Ball then into a Sling, and the Wild-fire being Touched, throw it up
as high as you can into the Air, and when the body of the Ball fires, it
will appear to the Beholders like a fiery Globe, with a Stream or Blaze,
like as if a Comet or Blazing Star were Ascending or Descending,
according to its height or Declination,


_To try the goodness of Powder, that you may know its strength._

Observe whether it be well dryed and corned, which you have taken notice
of, and approved; lay a few Corns scattered on a sheet of white Paper,
and fire them; when if they leave a black and sooty mark behind them,
with a noisom smell, and sindg the Paper, then is that Powder gross and
earthy, and will fail your Expectation, if you use it in your
Fire-works: But if in the sprinkling and firing there appear few or no
marks, or those of a clear bluish Colour, then it is airy and light,
well made, full of fire, and fit for Service; half a Pound of it having
more strength than a Pound of the other.

And thus Reader, have I given you an Insight into the making Fire-works,
_&c._ Such as are very pleasing, and now used on occasions in all
Christian Countries, in making which, by a little you may soon be
perfect.


_St._ George _and the_ Dragon _fighting_ &c. _Also Mermaids, Whales_,
&c.

Form your Figures of Paste-board, Strengthen'd with Wicker, small Sticks
within pasted to the Board to keep it hollow, tight, and bearing out;
and place a hollow Trunk in the Body for a large Line to pass through,
and likewise for a smaller to draw them too, and from each other, that
they may the better seem in Combats, which must be fattened at the
_Dragons_ Breast, and let one end of the Cord be tied, which must pass
through the Body of St. _George_, turning about a Pully at the other
end, and fastning it to his Back, and tye another at his Breast, which
must pass through the Body of the _Dragon_, or a Trunk at his Back; and
so returning about a Pully at that end, it must be drawn streight, and
fastened to the _Dragons_ Tail; so that as you turn that Wheel, they
will run furiously at each other, and as you please you may make them
retreat and meet again, Soaping the Line to make them slip the easier;
at the _Dragons_ Tail, in his Mouth and Eyes you must fix Serpents, or
small Rockets, which being fired at their setting out, will cause a
dreadful sight in a dark Night.

Thus a Mermaid, or a Whale, may be made to float on the Water, but then
the Figure must be fixed on a convenient piece of Board, with two fire
Wheels fixed on an Axle, run through the poised part of the Body, by the
force of which it moves in a swift Line in the Water; the Wheels must
have little Rockets or Serpents tyed round them, as the Girondel before
mentioned.


_A Fire-Drake on a Line._

Having made the Figure of Paste-board to the proper Form of a Dragon
with Paste-board and Wicker, as has been taught before, make a hollow
Trunk through the Body of it for a great Line to pass through, and
fasten small Lines to draw it too and from you at the breast and Tail of
the Drake; put into the Eyes, Mouth and Tail of it Rockets so fixed,
that they cannot fly out, as you may put Wild-fire Rowled up hard and
long in Paper: Then fire that in the Eyes and Mouth first, and draw it
with Pullies from one end of the Line to the other; then that in the
Tail, and draw it back, and it will seem as retreating from danger, with
fire coming out of the Belly of it.


_A Burning Castle and Dragon on the Water._

Make the Dragon of Paste-board and Wicker, as before; The bottom of the
Castle of Light Wood, and the work of Paste-board with Paper, Turrets
and Battlements of a foot height, in the Portal of the Castle fasten a
Line that it may come level with the Water and therefore some part of
the Castle must be under Water; this Line must be fastened to the other
side of the Water, or in the Water, if it be broad, and admit not the
former on a Pole or Stake knocked down, and pass in a hollow Trunk
through the Belly of a Dragon, that being in the Castle, may upon firing
the Rockets, placed advantageously in the Tail, Eyes and Mouth, come out
of the Castle and move on the Line; to meet which, you may at the other
end of the Line, in the same manner, prepare a Neptune in a Chariot, or
riding on a Sea-horse, with a burning Trident, or a Whale with a Rocket
or Wild-fire in his Mouth; which if it ly low, by spouting out, will
make the Water fly about, as if it spouted Fire and Water out of its
Mouth; then by a Train fire, some little Paste-board Guns in the Castle,
which if the Composition of the Train be made of Wild-fire, or Stouple,
will go off by degrees, and coming to a Train of Brimstone, Rosin and
Powder, make the whole frame expire in a terrible blaze.


_A Wheel of Fire-works to run backwards and forwards on the Ground._

Procure a pair of Wheels, being of Light Wood, like that of a Spinning
Wheel, fasten them on an Axel-tree, and place Rockets round them, as
bands are fastened round a Wheel, and so primed at Tail and Head, that
when one Expires the other may take fire, half of them placed with their
Heads and Tails the contrary way to the first: So that when the first
are spent, and the Wheels have run on plain Ground a great way, the
other firing will turn them again, and bring them to the place where
they first set out.


_A Fire that will burn in the Water, or Water-ball._

Sow up a Case of Canvas, like that of a Foot-ball, but lesser, pitch or
glue it over: Then take one Pound of Powder, eight ounces of Roch-alom,
four ounces of live Sulphur, two ounces of Camphire, Linseed-oyl, and
that of Petrolum, each an Ounce and half, an ounce of Oyl of Spike, with
two ounces of Colophonium bruis'd and well mixed together, and stuff the
Ball hard with it, with a Stick pitch or glue it over again, binding it
with Marline on Pitch, on that leave two Vents or Port-fires, set it on
fire, trundle it on the Water, and it will burn under it.




_The exactest Military Discipline for the Exercise of_ Foot _and_ Horse,
_as in Use at this day, at Home and Abroad, in all the Words of
Command_, &c.


To be well disciplin'd and train'd up in Military Affairs, has been the
study and pride of all Warlike Nations, whereby they have acquired to
themselves Fame and Riches, by being able to defend themselves against
Invaders, and gain Conquests Abroad; but above all other, for many
hundred Years past the _English_ have excelled in this, being much
helped by their natural Courage. But since I only at this time intended
to write to the Learner, to train him up in his Exercise, by which means
his own Industry and Experience may lead him forth to greater matters. I
shall not enumerate the many brave Men, who from mean Conditions have
rais'd themselves by Arms, to the highest pitch of Honour and
Preferment; but shew our Youth what they are to do and observe in their
first Training, as to the Words of Command, to order their Arms in their
various Postures with Dexterity. And first of Foot Exercise, I shall
speak of the _Pike_, because it is the most Ancient, to Train which,
many, who are now great Commanders, have taken it as an Honour.


_The Exercise of the_ Pike_, by word of Command,_ &c.

1. =Pikes take: Advance your Pikes.=

To do this, as the first thing required, move in a direct Line with your
_Pike_ upward, with your Left-hand near your Side, your Right-hand
almost as high as you can reach, keeping your Left by a Depression, as
low as you can, your Fingers being strait out; and so raise the _Pike_
till the Butt-end come to your Hand, then place it between your Breast
and Shoulder, keeping the Butt-end close, that it may be the more steady
and upright.

2. =To the Front.=

To do this, put your Left-hand on your _Pike_, even with the Top of your
Shoulder, keeping your Fingers strait, and bring your _Pike_ right
before you with a swift Motion; drawing your Right-heel into your
Left-instep, and so keep the _Pike_ strait.

3. =Charge.=

Here you must fall back with your Right-leg, placing the Heel of your
Left foot against the middle of your Right, and bring down your _Pike_
with a quick Motion, support it with your Left-Elbow, and charge Breast
high; and upon yielding your Body forward, bend your Left-knee to fix
your self firmer, holding the Butt end of your _Pike_ in the Palm of
your Right-hand, your Left-Toe pointing in a Line with the Spear of the
_Pike_, your Feet set at a moderate distance: Then bring it down
somewhat beneath your Breast, be cautious of clattering, and when it is
charged, close it to your Breast.

4. =To the Right four times.=

Here turn your Left-toe to the Right, then make your Left-heel come up
to your Right-instep with a sudden Motion, Recovering your _Pike_ strait
before you, and having turn'd, fall back with your Right-leg, and Charge
as before.

5. =To the Right about.=

Now by turning your Left-toe, bring it to the Right about, bringing up
your Right-heel; your _Pike_ being recovered, Charge with much
swiftness.

6. =As you were.=

To do this, by turning to the _Left about_, bring up your Left toe; so
bringing your _Pike_ recovered, observe that your Left hand be never
higher than your Mouth, your Feet placed in order, and when turn'd, you
must fall back with your Right-leg and Charge, bringing your _Pike_
strait up without any clattering.

7. =To the Left four times.=

8. =To the Left about.=

9. =As you were.=

10. =Advance your Pike.=

These must be done, as has been shewed in the Right, only making your
Observation of Eight Left Motions, &c. And the better to do this, bring
your Right-heel to your Left-instep; your _Pike_ being before you, fall
out with your Right-foot, and so bring your _Pike_ to your Right-Thigh.

11. =Shoulder your Pike.=

Here extend your Fingers on the Left-hand, and lay it on the _Pike_
level with your Shoulder; make your Right-heel come up even with your
Left-instep, your _Pike_ right before you, fall back with your
Right-leg, and as far as may be put back your Right-arm, keeping your
_Pike_ about half a Foot from your Side, your Eye fixed on the Spear
directly to the Rear, your _Pike_ sloped: Then forsake it with your
Left-hand, and bring in your Right-leg, laying your _Pike_ on your
Right-Shoulder, closing your Elbow to your Body, the Butt of your _Pike_
being about half a Foot from the Ground, in the middle of the distance.

12. =Charge to the Front.=

In doing this, fall back with your Right-leg, keeping as much as may be
your Arm back, and the Spear exactly to the Rear, sloaping the _Pike_ to
the same height as Shouldering; then bring with your Left-hand the
Butt-end backwards, turning the Head with your Right; so quit it with
that Hand, then taking hold on the Butt-end, Charge Breast high, keeping
the Palm of your Hand open against the Butt-end, your Left-Elbow under
the _Pike_, and your Left-toe in Line with the Spear; and when you
Charge it must be directly forward, your Left-heel being just against
the middle of your Right.

13. =Shoulder as you were.=

Here raise your _Pike_ with both Hands, so quit it with the Right, and
with the Left turn the Head backwards, the Spear even with the Rear; so
with your Right-hand seize it again as high as you can reach with
little straining, and stand with it from your Body aslope; bring up your
Right-leg, and then forsake your _Pike_ with your Left-hand, and lay it
on your Shoulder, ever keeping the Spear in a direct Point to the Rear,
not crossing your Fellows.

14. =Charge to the Right.=

In this Case fall back with your Right-Arm and Leg, the Spear being kept
in the Rear sloping at the height of Shouldering; then turn your
Left-Toe to the Right, suffering the Right to fall behind the Left-foot;
so that the middle of your Right-foot may be over against your
Left-heel; then bring up your _Pike_ in this Action, and turn backwards
the Butt-end by your Right-side; then pressing it in your Right palm,
Charge.

15. =Shoulder as you were.=

Make your Left-toe come to the Left, and the middle of your Right-foot
come also against your Left-heel, with your _Pike_ up; and then turn the
Head to the Right, (that is) directly to the Rear, doing it at one
Motion: So take hold of your _Pike_ with your Right-hand, and keep it
sloped with both Hands a little distance from your Body; as in
Shouldering, at what time bring up your Right-leg, and lay your _Pike_
on your Shoulder.

16. =Charge to the Right about.=

In this Case give back with your Hand and Leg, then stand with your
_Pike_ a little distant from your Side, and turning your Left-toe to the
Right about, bring the Butt end of your _Pike_ to the Right-side,
falling back with your Right-leg and Charge, keeping the Spear all the
while to the Rear a Shouldering height; and when you are to Face to the
Right about, level your _Pike_ and Charge.

17. =As you were.=

In this, turn your Left-toe to the Left about, advancing your Right-foot
a moderate Step, that the middle of it may stand against your Left-heel;
then with your Left-hand bring the Butt-end by your Left-side, taking
notice the Spear be exactly with the Rear a Shouldering height; then lay
on your Right-hand as high as you can easily reach, and stand with it in
Form; after which, bring up your Right-leg, and Shoulder.

18. =Charge to the Left.=

Here fall back with your Left-arm and Leg, as in the former Chargings:
Turn the Left-toe and the Butt-end of your _Pike_ with your Left-hand to
the Right, after which, bring up your Left-leg, and Charge.

19. =As you were.=

Raise the Spear with both your Hands, turn the Left-toe to the Right,
and so fall back with your Left-leg and Arm, keeping your _Pike_ from
your Side, the Spear to the Rear; then bring up your Left-leg, and
Shoulder.

20. =Charge to the Left about.=

Here fall with your Arm and Leg back, bringing the _Pike_ over your Head
with both your Hands, the Spear directly to the Rear at a Shouldering
height: Turn your Left-toe to the Left about, then bring up your
Right-toe, that the middle may come with your Left-heel, and Charge.

21. =Port.=

Observe here, as in Charging in the Front; being wary that you sink not
the Spear of your _Pike_, rest it between the Thumb and Fore-finger,
keeping your Elbow close to your side.

22. =Comport.=

As far as may be bring your Left-hand backward, at the same time
stretching out the Right, make thereupon a step forward with the
Right-foot, grasping fast the _Pike_ as high as you can reach with the
Right-hand, not tossing the Spear too high; then forsake it with your
Left-hand, and bring back your Right-leg even with your Left; then close
it to your Side, keeping the Spear the height of your Head.

23. =Charge to the front.=

Here extend your Right-arm, advancing at the same time your Right-leg,
drawing back your Left-hand as far as may be; and bringing your _Pike_
forward, give a step back with your Right-leg, and take hold of the Butt
with your Right-hand; then Charge; and in all Chargings observe it be
done Breast high.

24. =Fire.=

Herein face to the Right about, suffering the Spear of your _Pike_ to
fall behind, you; after which, quit your Right-hand from the Butt-end,
without any motion of the Left, and be cautious not to strike upon the
Spear.

25. =Charge as you were.=

Here turn to the Left about, place the Butt-end in the Palm of your
Right-hand, and Charge, the Spear being kept an even height.

26. =Advance your Pike.=

In this Exercise bring your Right-heel to your Left-Instep, your _Pike_
directly before you to the Recovery; and so fall out with your
Right-foot that it may come even with your Left, and so bring the _Pike_
to your Right thigh.

27. =Order your Pikes.=

Raise your Left-hand, so that it may come even with the upper part of
your Shoulder, place it on your _Pike_, stretching out your Fingers;
then sinking your Left-hand, raise your Right; and then raise the
_Pike_, that when the Butt-end your Right-hand may be against your Eye;
keep the _Pike_ near your Head by clapping the Butt-end to the Latchet
of your Shoe; and here all the Butt-ends of as many as are exercised
must fall to the Ground at one and the same time.

28. =Pikes to you Inside Order.=

Place the Butt-end on the Inside your Right-foot to the middle, not
moving your foot, but only your _Pike_.

29. =Lay down your Pikes.=

As many as exercise in this case, must step altogether with their
Right-legs; stoop together with a very Quick Motion, and Lay their
_Pikes_ down very strait with their Right-hands.

30. =Quit your Pikes.=

Fall back with your Left-leg, bringing it even with your Right: Then
quit your _Pike_ absolutely, and rise up with a quick Motion.

31. =Handle your Pikes.=

Here you must step forward in a quick Motion with your Left-leg, and
then as many as exercise must stoop together, and extend their
Right-hands as far as they can reach, and then grasp the _Pike_.

32. =Order you Pikes.=

With your Right-hand raise the Pike, and step back with your Left Leg,
with a swift Motion, clapping the Butt-end of the _Pike_ to facilitate
the raising of it on the Inside of your Right-foot about the middle.

33. =Pikes to your outside Order.=

In this Exercise place the Butt-end of your _Pike_ on the out-side of
your foot, not moving your Foot, but the _Pike_.

34. =Advance your Pike.=

This must be done, as the fore-going; and thus much for the Exercise of
the _Pike_ in particular by it self, till I come to speak of its
Exercise conjunctly with the _Musquet_, in the general Exercising a
Company or Battalion.


_The words of Command in the Exercise of the_ Musquet, _and how they are
to be Observed and Performed_.

When you enter on this Exercise, be sure to keep your Footing firm, your
Feet at a moderate distance; that at all Times, and on all Occasions,
you may retain your full Strength. Observe moreover to keep the Right
heel firm, and set the Right foot steady, and then attend to the Words
of Command, which you are summoned to do by this Expression of the
Commander, viz. _Musketiers, have a Care of the Exercise, and carry your
Arms well._ After which, the proper Words of Command follow in their
Order.

1. =Lay your Right-hand on your Musket.=

Here the Lock being uppermost, turn the Barrel towards you, and
extending your Fingers, lay your Right-hand directly behind the Lock; so
close the Butt end to your Shoulder, suffering the _Musket_ to be in all
parts of an equal height.

2. =Poise your Musket.=

In doing this, you must hold it with a hard Grasp, facing to the Right,
and turning with a quick Motion on your Left-heel, your _Musket_ kept
directly before you the height of it, between your Shoulders; your Right
elbow on your Side, keeping your feet at a moderate distance, that when
you turn about, your Left-toe may stand to the Front, and your Right-toe
as you Face to the Left; let your Left-heel be against the middle of
your Right-foot; and by such means you will be in a resting posture.

3. =Rest your Musket.=

Here slide your _Musket_ down to your Left-hand bearing your Arm as low
as possible without stooping, and so receive your _Musket_ where the
Scowrer enters into the Stock, touching with your hand no part of the
Barrel, keeping it about half a Foot from your side sloping, your
Right-hand, with your Fingers, extended being behind the Lock.

4. =Cock your Musket.=

Place the Right-Thumb and your Finger behind the Trigger, so clap your
_Musket_ against your Thigh, and Cock; keeping it that it slip not your
Thumb, now removed steady on the Head of the Cock.

5. =Guard your Musket.=

Bring it with a very swift Motion strait before you, to recover your
Left-hand even with your mouth, about half a foot distance from it, not
suffering your _Musket_ to sink, nor stooping your Body, observing in
bringing up the _Musket_ before, which is a recovering, that the
Right-heel be brought to the Left-Instep, your _Musket_ being
perpendicular.

6. =Present.=

Here fall back with your Right-leg, that the middle of the Right foot
may be against the Left-heel; cause the Butt-end to rise to your
Shoulder, fixing it firm, and keep your Right elbow even with the height
of the Piece, being in a readiness with the fourth Finger of your
Right-hand to pull the Trigger, bowing the Left-knee keeping the Right
firm and steady, and so level your _Musket_ Breast high.

7. =Fire.=

Keep here an exact Motion in drawing the Trigger, every one drawing at
once, so that the whole Fire of a Company or Battalion may be as of one
report: Keep your Body steady, and your _Musket_ hard against your
Shoulder after you have fired, till the next Word of Command is given,
_viz_.

8. =Recover your Arms.=

Here let the Butt-end sink in both your Hands, and bringing it strait
before you, keep your right Hand under the Cock and the Left even with
your Mouth.

9. =Half bend your Musket.=

Fall back with your Right-leg, and let the _Musket_ at once rest,
placing the Right-thumb upon the Cock, and the Fingers of that hand
behind the Trigger; then closing it to your Thigh, half bend the Cock,
and keep it rested with your Fingers extended.

10. =Clean the Pan.=

Do this with the ball of your Thumb, pressed into the Pan, keeping your
Fingers of the Right-hand behind the Lock.

11. =Handle your Primer.=

Take the little end between your Finger and Thumb, turning the other end
to the back of your Hand, your Arm bearing backwards.

12. =Prime.=

Level your Piece, and strike your bruised Powder into the Pan half full,
or some what more, keeping your Left-toe to the Front.

13. =Shut your Pan.=

This do by using your two first Fingers, casting back your Primer and
bringing up your Right-heel to your Left-instep, your _Musket_ strait up
before you, as in the recovery, with the Barrel towards you; do it with
a quick Motion with the Thumb of your Right-hand on the top of the
Steel, Levelling your Left with your Mouth.

14. =Blow off the loose Corns.=

Bring your Mouth within four Inches of the Pan, give a strong Blast
without declining your Head, casting out your Arm, and suffering the
_Musket_ to sink from its former Posture.

15. =Cast about and Charge.=

Advance your right Leg, turn the Barrel of your _Musket_ downwards,
bring it to your Left-side a little backward, with your Left-hand, not
touching the Barrel with your Fingers; place the Toes of your Right foot
to the Front and the Right-heel against the middle of the Left-foot,
ballancing your _Musket_ in the Left hand, the Muzzle to the proper
Front, in an equal height, half a Foot from you, joining your Right-hand
to the Muzzle, your Thumb extended to the side of the Barrel.

16. =Handle your Charger.=

Gripe fast your Bandilier or Charger, hold it even with the Muzzle of
the _Musket_ underneath, about an Inch distant.

17. =Open your Charger with your Teeth.=

In this Case, bring it up to your Mouth without declining your Head,
then bring your Charger within an Inch of your Muzzle, about an Inch
from it, covering your Chargers Mouth with the ball of your Thumb.

18. =Charge with Powder.=

Pat the Powder into the Barrel with a quick Motion, and put the Charger
underneath as before.

19. =Draw forth your Scowrer.=

In this let fall your Charger, and upon turning your Hand, draw forth
your Scowrer at three Motions, holding it Level the height of your
Forehead, with an extended Arm, as if you designed to dart it.

20. =Shorten it to an Inch.=

Turn the great end of your Scowrer towards you, sinking it till within
an Inch of your Hand, rest it some what below your Right-breast, bearing
forward a little.

21. =Charge with Bullet.=

Take the Bullet out of your Mouth with your Right-hand, put it into the
Barrel with a swift Motion, holding the big end of your Scowrer near the
Muzzle of your Musket.

22. =Ram down Powder and Ball.=

Grasp full with your Thumb and Fore-finger from the Muzzle, your Thumb
on the Top of the Scowrer reserving a handful in your Hand.

23. =Withdraw your Scowrer.=

Your Hand, Thumb and Fore-finger turned towards the Muzzle, clear your
Scowrer at three Motions, and hold it up even with your Forehead,
extending your Arm as if you were about to dart it.

24. =Shorten it to an Handful.=

Turn the Butt-end of your Scowrer towards you; sink it till within an
Inch of the End, letting it rest against your Body a little below your
Right-breast, the Scowrer sloping.

25. =Return your Scowrer.=

Put it up in its proper place; grasp the Muzzle of your _Musket_ with
your Right-hand, extending your Thumb upon the Scowrer, keep it half a
foot distant from your Side.

26. =Poise your Musket.=

Here before you bring up your _Musket_ with your Left-hand, Grasp it
under the Cock with your Right, falling with your Right-leg to your
Left: Keep it Poised against your Nose, and when faced to the Front, let
your Right-elbow rest upon your Body.

27. =Shoulder your Musket.=

In this do as has been taught in the like case before.

28. =Order your Musket.=

Sink a little your Right-hand, and take hold on the Stock on the top of
the Scowrer with your Left-hand, then suffer that Hand to sink, and take
hold on the Muzzle with the Right-hand, letting the Butt-end easily sink
near the Ground; then let it after a little Pause come down: As many as
Exercise grounding them together, then close to the Right-foot, and
place the Butt-end about the middle of it, your Right-hand an Inch below
the Muzzle, the Lock being outward.

29. =Lay down your Musket.=

Turning it with the Back upwards, step forwards with your Left-leg, so
with your Right-hand place it on the Ground, that it may lye with the
rest in a strait Line; This some call grounding a _Musket_.

30. =Quit your Musket.=

Here stand upright with a quick Motion, rising with a falling back of
your Left-leg to your Right.

31. =Handle your Musket.=

With your Left-leg step forward, and lay your Right hand on the Muzzle.

32. =Order your Musket.=

Raise the Muzzle, and fall back with your Left-leg to your Right,
turning the Lock outwards by the middle of your Foot.

And thus much for the Exercise of the _Musket_ by it self, which may be
much advantageous to young Trainers, who have occasion to be called or
sent out upon Duty in the City or Country and Country Militia of the
_Trained Bands_, or for any other who is desirous to be knowing in, and
entering upon Military Affairs, from whence I shall proceed to the brief
Exercise of the _Pike_ and _Musket_, jointly, as they are Exercised in
Companies, Battalions, _&c._


_The Exercise of_ Pike _and_ Musket _jointly._

We now supposing the _Muskets_ shouldered, and the _Pikes_ advanced; the
Word next is,


1. =Musketiers, make ready.=

Hereupon you must perform all the Postures and Motions together, till
you stand Cock'd and guarded with your _Musket_ before you; and for the
better Security your Thumb on the Cock; whereupon the _Pikes_ are to be
recovered before the _Pike-men_: The Butt-ends in the Palms of their
Hands, and the Spear upright on their Left hands to the height of their
Mouths, when the Commander gives the Word

=Charge.=

Then the _Muskets_ and _Pikes_ must be brought at once, by turning the
Left-toe that way the Charge is made, and the Left-heel against the
middle of the Right-foot in every Charge, charging directly forward; not
at the first Charging, closing the _Pikes_ to your Breasts; but in
bringing down the _Pike_, charge a little way distant, and when they are
brought down, then close them.

The _Charge_ is, _To the Right_ four times; then to the _Right about_,
and so, _As you were_.

Then to the _Left Charge_ four times; then to the _Left about_, and so,
_As you were_.

Furthermore the _Pike-men_ must turn as the _Musketiers_, bearing up
their Right-heels to their Left-insteps, their Arms being extended as
they turn; so that they bring their _Muskets_ straight before them,
carrying their Left-hands as high as their Mouths, bearing back their
Arms; and when they Face, fall back with their Right-legs, not bringing
down their Arms till the word _Charge_ is given; and then it must be
done with a decent quick Motion, not suffering the _Pikes_ to clatter.

After this, the Words of Command are, _viz._

=Recover your Arms.=
=Half bend your Muskets.=
=Poise your Muskets.=
=Shoulder your Muskets.=

This Exercise is to be observ'd, as is before laid down in the Exercise
of the _Musket_. The _Musketiers_ upon this, being at Shoulder; and the
_Pikes_ that stood recovered falling out with their Right-legs,
whereupon the _Pikes_ are brought to their Thighs in their Advance. Then
the next is.

=Poise your Muskets.=

Upon this, the _Pike-men_ with their Left hands must grasp their _Pikes_
over against their Shoulders, after which the Words are,

=Order your Arms.=
=Pikes, to your inside Order.=
=Lay down your Arms.=
=Quit your Arms.=
=To the Right about.=
=March.=

You must observe these, as directed in the Exercise, only over and
above, when you are clear of your Arms; you must disperse, and upon the
beat of _Drum_, close hastily together with a Huzza, your Swords
unsheathed, with their Points upwards. Then further observe the Words of
Command, _viz._

=Return your Swords.=
=Handle your Arms.=
=Order your Arms.=
=Pikes, to your out-side Order.=
=Advance.=

In ordering your Arms, observe you make a little stop before you let the
Butt-ends come to the Ground; so that each one may bear you company, and
they may fall together at once; and after they are laid down, and
quitted, you must stand up together so suddenly, as all your Risings may
appear as it were but one Motion.

When you March from your Arms, step Front and Rear at once, with the
Left-feet Marching but a little distance.

Then lay your Right-hand on your Sword, taking hold of your Scabbard
with your Left; and then drawing, hold your Swords upright before you;
after you have held them there a while, bring them down at one Motion,
and when by Command your Swords are returned, stand upright to your
Arms, facing to your proper Front; and if any thing is to be further
known, consider the Exercise of the _Pike_ and _Musket_ distinctly, and
you will be informed to your Satisfaction.


_Of the Match-Lock._

These Locks were formerly in more use than _Fire-Locks_, and at this day
they are sometimes mixed among them; wherefore I shall speak somewhat
relating to the Words of Command, that seem to differ from the
_Fire-lock_, _viz._

=1. Lay down your Match,=
=2. Handle your Match,=
=3. Blow your Match,=
=4. Cock and try your Match,=
=5. Return your Match.=

All these chiefly consist in keeping your Match in order, with a good
hard and well lighted Coal, fastning it on Command, advantageous in your
Skrew, blowing the Coal, and so by pulling the Trigger, trying your Pan
with false Flashes, laying it down at Command, and by the same order
taking it up again; shortning it to the Pan, that it may give true Fire,
and upon firing, to return it, and recover the Coal, if it be shattered
by the force of the Powder. You must observe also to keep your Match
dry, that on occasion you may not be disappointed.

And this in brief is all materially relating to the _Match-Lock_; the
other Postures of the _Musket_ are all ready described, being sufficient
to direct the Exercise; yet seeing many lay much stress on the Beat of
_Drum_, Take that a long with you, as it relates to Exercise, and so I
shall take Leave of the foot, and make a visit to the Horse.


_Exercise by Beat of Drum, relating to the Foot._

There are usually observed in this, six Points, which are called Points
of War, and are said to be semi-vocal; because by them the Soldiers
understand what is to be done; and can distinguish their Duty and
Exercise; and of these in their order.

1. _The Call._ This is to Summon the Soldiers together to their Arms, or
upon any other occasion, as to hear Proclamation, or receive Directions,
_&c._ from the Officers, and are not without leave to Ramble, especially
in time of War, beyond the hearing of it, under great Penalties.

2. _The Troop._ When the Soldiers hear this, they must Advance their
_Pikes_, Shoulder their _Muskets_, and close their Ranks and Files to
order, following their Leaders or Commanders to the place of Rendezvous,
Quarters, or elsewhere.

3. _The March._ When you hear this, you must betake you to your open
Orders in Ranks, Shoulder both _Musket_ and _Pike_; and so as the _Drum_
beats, you March slower or quicker.

4. _The Preparative._ Is to warn you to close your proportionable or due
distance, when you are to prepare for Battle or Skirmish; and to see
every thing be in order that may turn to advantage.

5. _The Battle._ This is by some called the Charge, or Signal to Charge
the Enemy, and is beat in the beginning of the Fight to animate the
Soldiers Courage.

6. _The Retreat._ This is beat when being over-powered, it is thought
convenient to draw off and save a total Rout, or sometimes when an Enemy
you suppose stronger than your self advances towards you to engage, but
by Retreating you avoid him.

There are two more things on the _Drum_, somewhat to our purpose, _viz._

1. _The Tatto or Tapto._ This is used in a Rounds and Garisons, to give
notice to the Soldiers and Inhabitants when they ought to repair to
their Quarters and Houses.

2. _Revalley._ Is to let them know when it is time to rise in the
Morning, and attend on their Duty also. In Garisons, to let the People
know when its safe to go abroad, the out Scouts being Relieved.


_The Exercise of Horse in Troops or Squadrons_, &c.

The Exercise of the Horse is various from that of the Foot, and
therefore that I may not be wanting in what is necessary to the young
Soldier in their Exercising in the County Troops, or those that may
enter the present Service Abroad, I shall endeavour to give the Words of
Command proper with their Explanation.

And first, when Troop or Squadron is drawn out to Exercise, I suppose
their _Carbines_ and _Pistols_ loaden, and the Corporals passing through
the Ranks to see they are all ready, upon which, observe the chief
Officer Commands Silence, and gives the following Words of Command,
_viz._

1. =Lay your Right Hands on your Swords.=
2. =Draw your Swords.=
3. =Put your Swords in your Bridle-hand.=
4. =Lay your Hands on your Pistols.=
5. =Hold up your Hands. Give Fire.=

When you have fired, let not your Pistol-hand sink till the next Word of
Command, _viz._

6. =Return your Pistols.=

And this you must observe in Firing to the Left and Right; Then,

7. =Lay your Hands on your Carbines.=
8. =Advance your Carbines.=
9. =Cock your Carbines. Fire.=
10. =Let fall your Carbines.=
11. =Take your Swords from your Bridle-hands.=

These must be done with a swift and exact Motion, all as near as may be
doing it at one and the same time.

If a Squadron of Horse is to Wheel to the Right, the Right-hand-man must
not close to the Left, as has in ancient times been; for that many times
disorders the Rank; but you must keep your Ground, suffering the Left to
come about whilst you only turn your Horses Heads, observing your
Left-hand-man.


_To close the File._

_The Right Wing file stand._

1. =Close your files.=
2. =To The Right.=
3. =To the Left as you were.=
4. =To the Left wing, and stand.=
5. =To the Left by files close the Squadron.=
6. =To the Right as you were.=
7. =The Right and Left Wing Files stand.=
8. =By half Ranks, close Files to the Right and Left.=

And by closing Files you may cleave or divide the Squadron.

_The Order of closing Ranks._

1. =File-leader stand.=        }  {  Or open on the Front,
2. =By ranks close the=        }  {  Or the first distances.
   =Squadron to the Front.=    }  {
3. =On the Front as=           }  {  And so be cautious in
   =you were.=                 }  {  observing each Motion.

_How doubling Ranks must be Ordered._

1. =By half Files to the Right, double your Ranks to the Front.=
2. =File-leaders, advance your Ranks, File-leaders, take your Ground.=

And in this manner Command likewise to the Left, the Order being one and
the same in the Words of Command. [Again,]

3. =The first half Files stand.=
4. =By half file-leaders on the Left-wing, double your Rank to the Front.=

Now to reduce this, take the following Method;

1. =Right-wing half Ranks, advance your Ranks.=
2. =Half File-leader take your Ground.=
3. =The first half File stand.=
4. =By half File-leaders on the Right and Left-wings, double your
   Ranks to the Front, Carocoling to the Right and Left. Then the last
   half File stand, and the first half file by Carocol in the Right
   and Left on the wings; then double our Ranks to the Rear.=

Here observe the first File must open the half Rank to the Right and
Left, the first half File by Carocol. Then

=To the Right and Left double your Ranks to the Rear.=

Here observe the last half File must open the half Rank to the Right and
Left.

As for the word _Carocol_, it signifies no more when you Wheel by it,
than that it is made by the depth of the Flank of the Squadron, by which
Order not the Files, but the Ranks make the Motion.

There is an other Word which some may not well understand at the first
setting out, which is called _Controversion_; and this in Wheeling is
performed by the Front of the Squadron, so that whilst the Rank makes
the Motion, the File remains.


_Instructions for Wheeling, with the proper words of Command._

When the Word is given, _viz._ _To the Right by Conversion_, understand
that you must close your Right-leg to the Horse, your Knee touching that
of your Right-hand-mans, and in like manner observe in the Word of
Command to the Left; as when it is said, _Close to the Left_, then must
the Leg be Closed.

By half Ranks and Conversion, divide the Squadron into two _Troops_.

If you would reduce the Squadron, the Word of Command is.

_By Controversion_: The Squadron into one Troop, else the Left-wing
advance by Conversion.

When you Wheel by Carocol, observe the Word of Command as follows,

_The Right-wing to the Left by Carocol, Face about to the Rear_: Or it
may be done by half Ranks in this manner,

By Quarter Ranks, and by Carocol, divide the Squadron into three Troops.

Then if you would reduce them, order Quarter Ranks and Troops into
Squadrons.

If the Volt, Face or facing about be required, observe thus,

_Face about to the Right: Face to the Right by Controversion; Face about
by Carocol to the Right: Face about to the Left by half Files: Face
about to the Right and Left._

And thus much may serve for Wheeling.


_The manner of Filing off._

In this case observe, To File by Ranks on the Right-wing, from the
Squadron,

_File off by Ranks, on the Left-Wing, from the Squadron on
the Right_,

_File off by three Files from the Squadron, the Left-Wing_: And this is
found the most Expedient way, though some have used to File off by
Ranks.


_In_ Hay, _what Order is to be considered in drawing up._

Do this, by half Ranks to the Right: _To the Right and Left drawing in_
Hay: _To the Front_. And if it requires to be reduced again, then
proceed by Carocol, _viz._

_To the Right and Left as you were._

_By half Ranks, and by Carocol to the Right and Left._

Then draw up in _Hay_ to the Rear.

In Reduction the Command is;

_To the Front as you were._

_By half Ranks to the Right and Left, and draw up in_ Hay.

Reduction by Carocol.

_To the Right draw up in_ Hay.

Reduction by Carocol.

_To the Left as you were._


_Of doublings._

Doublings are very useful, especially in strengthening any Party, that
needs Succour in the Battle; and is to be noted under these general
Heads.

1. Doubling of length, Front and Rear.
2. Doubling of Depth, both Flanks.

But in the particular, they are numbered six, that is to say, first of
Ranks, when every Rank doubles into the odd, and if it so fall out, that
the odd Ranks are to double, then must the Body Face to the Rear,
without any Word of Command expected.

3. Half Files.
4. Bringers up.
Here they are held to double when the Rear is doubled into the Front.
5. In doubling the Rear observe it done, when the half Files double
the Rear.
6. Here take notice that doubling of half Ranks must be by one Rank
doubling the other.




_The Noble Science of Defence, in all its Useful Particulars, for
Defending and Offending, with the Rapier or final Sword; after the
exactest Method now in Use._


This Science, if well understood, as to the fining and using it, is not
only a noble Exercise, but of great importance to the saving our lives
on emergent Occasions, if it extend not to Vain-glory and Presumption,
by too much relying on our Skill, to carry us into quarrels, which we
may reasonably, and without loss of Honour or Reputation avoid.
Wherefore I have thought it convenient to lay down such Rules as may
enable the learner to proceed in the Practice.

The first thing to be considered in this Case, is, the Sword it self,
understanding only in this the small Sword or Rapier, which is divided
into two Parts, _viz._ The Hilt and the Blade.

The Hilt is again divided into three Parts, _viz._ the Pommel or Ball at
the far end, sometimes Round and sometimes Oval in Shape. This keeps the
Hilt fast, by being well riveted, and by its poise makes the Sword well
mounted, or light before the Hand. The next is that part on which you
grasp your Hand, commonly called the Handle: and then the Shell, which
is that part of the Hilt next the Blade, to preserve your Hand (if you
are any thing weary in managing it) from a Thrust or Blow.

The Blade is divided into two Parts only. The first next to the Hilt,
being termed the strong Part or Fort. The other, which is the extream,
is termed the Feeble, or they are otherways termed the Prime, and the
Second. The strong Fort or Prime of the Blade, is measured from the
Shell to the middle of the Blade, and being the strongest, is made use
of in Parying, or to put by Thrusts or Blows. The Feeble, weak or second
part, is accounted from the Middle to the Point, and is properly made
use of in Offending or giving Thrusts or Blows; and thus much may serve
for the Description of the Sword: Now I proceed to the Explanation of
the Terms, fit to be known by a Practitioner.


_A Guard._

This is a proper Posture you must place your self in, for the better
defending your self from the Thrusts or Blows of those you Fence with,
or defend your self from.


_To Parie._

Observe that this is to put by a Blow or Thrust, that it may not touch
you, but be cast off without hurt or danger.


_Quart._

Here you must hold the Nails of your Sword-hand upwards, with a steady
Arm; and then it is said to be held in quart.


_Terce._

This is the contrary to the former, for the Nails of your Hand must be
held downwards; and then the Sword is held in _Terce_.


_Within the Sword._

This is that part of your Body, (which having your Right-side towards
your Adversary) is between your Sword and Left-breast.


_Within the Sword._

This is the part of the Body, that (when you hold your Sword towards
your Left-side) is above it the breadth of your Body.


_The Approach or Advance._

This is done, when being out of your Adversaries reach, or at a pretty
distance from him; you make your Approach or Advance towards him.


_To Retire or Retreat._

This is when you are within your Adversaries reach, that you get put of
it by stepping or Jumping backwards; which you must observe to do on a
strait Line.


_Measure._

This is only a distance between you and your Adversary, which must be
cautiously and exactly observed when he is Thrusting at you; so that you
may be without his measure or reach, and that taking the Advantage of
this, it may be so, that when you Thrust your Thrusts may be home.


_To break Measure._

Observe here, just as your Adversary is Thrusting at you, at his full
Elonge, he may come short of you, because you are, or escape out of his
Measure, or reach, and so break his Measure, of which I shall say
somewhat more hereafter.


_To Elonge._

This is to Streach forward your Right Arm and Leg, and keep a close
Left-foot; and this you do when you give in a Thrust, and when you do
it, you are said to make an Elonge.


_Respost._

This is when you give in a Thrust before you recover your Body,
receiving a Thrust after your Adversary hath Paried your Sword. Then is
it said to be a Thrust on the Respost or back of the Parade, which is
the surest and safest you can give.


_Feinting or Falsifying._

This is a dodging or deceiving your Adversary, making him believe you
give back in earnest, and make an offer to Thrust in one place when you
really design to do it in another.


_Beating._

This is no other than striking the Feeble of your Adversaries Sword with
the Edg and Fort of yours, either with your Right-hand only, or the help
of your Left, joyned to the Blade, about a foot from the Hilt; and so
you will cause the Beat to have the greater Spring or Force.


_Battery._

The difference from Beating in this, is only Striking with the Edg of
the Feeble, upon the Edg of the Feeble of your Adversaries Sword, though
Beating secures his Sword a great deal better than Battery.


_Binding._

This method is taken to secure your Adversaries Sword, with eight or ten
Inches of yours upon five or six Inches of his.


_Caveating or Disengaging._

Here you must, if you can, flip your Adversaries Sword, when you
perceive him about to bind or secure yours.


_To take Time._

In taking Time, you must observe never to Thrust, but when you see a
fair Opportunity, or otherwise it is the Thrusting at your Adversary
when he is making the Feint, or the flipping of him, when you perceive
him about to Bind or Bear your Sword.


_Counter Temps._

This is when you Thrust without a good Opportunity, or when you Thrust,
at the same time your Adversary do's the like.


_Quarting on the Strait Line._

This is done by carrying your Head and Shoulders very much back from
your Adversaries Sword, and are giving in a Thrust within it, and that
each of you at that time receive a Thrust.


_Quarting of the strait Line, called de Quarting._

Here you must Observe to throw in your Left-foot, and Body backwards off
the strait Line, towards your Adversary, keeping your Right-foot firm.


_Volting._

This is a leaping by your Adversaries Left-side quite out of his reach
or measure, which on many emergent occasions is very proper.

These Terms a Practitioner must be knowing in before he proceeds to the
other Lessons, or Adventures on sharp, especially in earnest; from
whence I proceed to the next thing materially to be considered, which is
the


_Holding of the Sword._

In doing this according to Art, and to the most advantage, Hold your
Thumb on the broad side of the Handle, and your Fingers quite round it;
hold it in this manner firm and fair; so that your Adversary, with the
least sudden beat or twist, may not force it out of your hand, which the
hazard in holding it loosely may occasion to your damage.


_Of keeping a Guard._

The Guards are in general but two; The one in _Quart_ and the other in
_Terce_; but again the _Quart_ Guard is subdivided into two, _viz._ The
_Quart_ with the strait Point, and the _Quart_ with the Point sloaping
near to the Ground.

The _Terce_ is so likewise divided, that is, the _Terce_ with the Point
higher than the Hilt, and the _Terce_ with the Point lower than the
Hilt. There is yet another Guard, that requires you to hold your Sword
with both your Hands; and of these in their order.


_Of the Quart Guard, with the strait Point._

You have two ways with this Guard to defend your self, either by Parying
or using Contraries to what your Adversary plays, as I shall more fully
shew you when I come to discourse of the five Parades; however here
observe in the strait Guard, which is most in use, to keep a thin Body,
which is done by shewing your Right-side to your Adversary, managing
your feet in a strait Line from him; so that for your Right he cannot
see your Left-leg, yet set them not too wide, for that will make your
Elong the shorter; nor too close, for that will hinder the firmness of
standing; and let the Point of your Right foot be turned somewhat
outwards from the strait Line, but the broad side of your Left must look
towards your Adversary. You are also to sink with your Thighs your
Left-knee, a little more bent than your Right, which may be done by your
leaning somewhat back on your Left-thigh; when you present your Sword,
you must hold it with your Nails upwards, as has been directed in
_Quart_. The Hilt of your Sword must be as High as your Right-pap,
keeping your Arm a little bent, for the better and easier pursuing your
Adversary; or for the quicker giving in a Thrust: The Point must be
towards your Adversaries Right-side, two or three Inches lower than the
Hilt, your Left-hand held up as high as your Left-ear, about half a Foot
from it, the Palm directly against your Adversaries Face, your Fingers
pointing as it were towards him.


_The Quart-guard, with the sloping Point._

In this Guard you must stand much straiter than in the former, the Point
of your Sword sloping within half a Foot of the Ground, your Hilt as low
as your Wast, your Arm bended, and the Nails of your Sword-hand between
_Terce_ and _Quart_; Here you are also to make use of your Left-hand,
and therefore the more readily to do it, you must advance your Left
Shoulder almost as far forward as your Right, keeping your Belly in as
much as may be, so that it stand well, and your Breast out, your
Left-hand as high as the side of your Head, though about half a Foot
from it. This is a very open Guard, yet to those that know not how to
pursue it, it is much Surprizing. And you may pursue this;

First, by raising up or gathering your Adversaries Sword.

Secondly, by striking at his Sword, and making half Thrusts at the Body,
by which he will be doubtful when you intend to give in your Thrust, and
finding an Opportunity give it home; and ever when you persue this
Guard, let your Left-hand be in a readiness to Parie your Opponents
Thrust, if he Thrust just as you are Thrusting, which is the main
defence on this Guard.

Thirdly you may give a stroak at his Left-hand; after you give a beat at
his sword, and see if by so doing, you can force him to betake himself
to another Guard.

Fourthly, You may Volt, and in your so doing, give him the Thrust, which
being clearly done, will mainly surprize him.


_The-Terce-guard, with the Point higher than the Hilt._

In this you must hold the Nails of your Sword-hand downwards, as in
Terce, and your Hand lower than in the Quart-Guard, with a strait Point,
presenting the Point of your Sword towards your Adversaries
Left-shoulder; if he be a tall Man; but if Short, then to his Left-eye,
keeping your Arm somewhat bent, for the better persuing: Lean therefore
a little forward with your Body, and make use of your Left-hand for a
Parade, holding it somewhat lower than in the former Guard. The rest of
your Body being kept, as in the Quart-Guard, with the strait Point.

This Guard may be pursued either with Striking, Binding, Volting, or
Passing, for a Feint on this Guard will signifie little or nothing if
your Adversary understand it; for as in no Guard, he is to answer
Feints, least of all in this, the Right defence being to secure your
self without your Sword, which is done by presenting your Sword to the
Left-shoulder of your Adversary, or as said, his Eye, so that your Body
be quite covered without your Sword.


_The Terce-Guard, with the Point lower than the Hilt._

Here you must in this bow your Head, holding up your Arm high, so that
if you come to give a Thrust, your Head may be, as it were, under it,
your Nails being in Quart till you make your Thrust, and then change
them into Terce; your Feet must be kept at their due distance, and not
as at a full Elong; your Sword must be presented towards your
Adversaries Left-side, and you must make use of your Left-hand for the
Parade, and it is to be pursued and defended, as the forgoing
Terce-Guard, only in defending it, you must not make so much use of your
Left-hand, but more of your Sword.


_The Guard of Both Hands._

This is a Guard, that I find not any proper Name for, though it is
sometimes used as very necessary, how ever, as to the holding your Sword
in this Guard, keep your Body exactly in the Posture of the Quart-Guard
with the strait Point; but joyn your Left-hand to your Sword, about
eight or ten Inches from the Hilt, the Blade being held between your
formost Finger and Thumb, secure your self within your Sword, as soon as
you present it, _viz._ Present the Point towards your Adversaries
Right-thigh, with your Point sloping towards the Ground a little; for to
pursue this Guard, you must endeavour to take away your Adversaries
Left-hand by striking at it, and immediately after the stroak, proffer a
Thrust at his Body, that he may be doubtful when you really intend to
give in your Thrust; and indeed the pursuit is much like that of the
Quart-Guard, with the sloping Point, and thus much for the Five sorts of
Guards.


_Of the several Parades._

The Parades are generally Two, but are sub-divided as the Guard, and
those two are the Parade in Quart, and the Parade in Terce, which are as
is said, divided again into the Parade in Quart, with the Point a little
higher than the Hilt. The Parade in Quart, with the Point sloping
towards your Adversaries Right-thigh, and as though without it.

2. The Parade in Terce, with the Point a little higher than the Hilt,
and the Parade in Terce, with the Point sloping towards your Adversaries
Thigh on the Left-side.

There is yet an other Parade of some use, and used by many Fencing
Masters, which may be properly termed Counter-Caveating Parade; by
reason what ever Lesson your Adversary makes use of, or upon what side
so ever he Thrusts, if you make use of this Parade, as you ought, you
will undoubtedly meet with his Sword, and the easier cross his purpose,
than by any of the former; and of these I shall give proper Directions,

1. The Quart Parade, or the Parade within the Sword, is so called,
because in putting by the Thrust, you do it on the inside your Sword, or
on that side the Nails of your Hand are next.

2. The next is called the Terce Parade, or the Parade without the Sword;
for here, contrary to the former, you put by the Thrust upon that side
which is without the Sword, and as the other is termed the Quart, for as
much as it is within your Sword, or on that side your Nails look to; so
this is called Terce because it is without your Sword, or on that side
the back of your Hand is to. Observe a little more, _viz._ when you are
to hold your Hand or Nails in Terce, that you hold your Nails quite
downward; And now to Parie these Five several ways.

You must do the first Parade in Quart, with the Point somewhat higher
than the Hilt, _viz._ When you are standing to your Guard, if your
Adversary offers to give a home Thrust on that side his Sword lieth,
which I presume to be within your Sword, without disengaging and is the
Simplest and plainest Thrust that can be given with the small Sword; yet
frequently it surprizes a Man, I say, when so it is, that when you
perceive your Adversary offer to give a home Thrust, which observe by
keeping your Eye steady on the Hilt of his Sword; you must then
immediately turn your Wrist with so small a Motion of the Arm, that it
can scarcely be perceived, to your left-side; and by that means you may
put by his Sword, with the Fort of yours upon the Left-side, keeping the
Point of your Sword after the Parade towards his Right-shoulder; you may
in putting by your Adversaries Sword use a little beat or Spring towards
the Ground, by which you will more certainly disappoint him immediately
bringing your Sword to its right posture again, and by, this way of
Parying you may have the luck to Spring or Beat your Adversaries Sword
out of his Hand.

The second Parade in Quart is with the Point sloping towards your
Adversaries Right-thigh, and as tho' without it, in this manner;

When you perceive your Adversary is thrusting with your Sword, turn the
Nails of your Sword-hand in Quart, with a full stretched Arm, and your
Hand as high as your Face, and when you do this, slope your Point to the
lowness of your Adversaries Thigh; and by that means, with the Fort of
your Sword, on the Feeble of his, put by his Thrust, always observing to
Parie with the Fort of your Sword, and not the Feeble, lest your
Adversary having the stronger Arm, force upon you the Thrust in spite of
all you can do.

The first Parade in Terce, or without the sword, the Point a little
higher than the Hilt, must be thus managed, _viz._ Perceiving your
Adversary giving in the Thrust without your Sword; take notice
immediately to turn your Wrist with some small motion of the Arm, as in
the first Parie in Quart, till your Nails, be in Terce, and so Parie his
Thrust, Remembring in this to keep the Point of your Sword, after you
have Paried him towards your Adversaries Left-shoulder, as in the first
Parade in Quart, you are to keep it towards his Right.

This Parade is most effectually done with a Spring, to put by the Sword
or gain an advantage of disarming your Adversary.

The second Parade in Terce, is called that within the Sword bearing a
sloping Point towards your Adversaries Thigh, and as though within it.
This observe to do when you perceive your Adversary giving in his Thrust
without, or below your Sword, as it were at your Arm-pit, immediately
letting the Point of your Sword sink as low as his Thigh, turning your
Nails quite round to your Right-side, until they are from you, keeping
your Hand as high as your Head, and so put by the Thrust on your
Right-side; and when you are Parading, let your Head be close as if it
were under your Arm; and this preserves your Face from your Adversaries
scattering or Counter-Temps Thrusts.

Thus having shewn you the Defensive part, I shall now proceed to the
Offensive, or how you may offend your Adversary when necessity requires
it; but before I directly enter upon it, let me speak some thing of the
Counter-caveating Parade; though some there are who refuse to use it,
yet it is the safest of all.


_The Counter caveating Parade_, &c.

When you observe your Adversaries Thrust coming home within your Sword,
then immediately slope your Point, and bring it up again with a quick
Motion on the other side of your Adversaries, and Parie his Thrust
without your Sword, that he intended, to give within your Sword, holding
your Nails neither in Terce nor in Quart, but so hold them as when you
presented your Sword; and observe further to do this, Parade with a
Spring, and if you perceive he is about to give in his Thrust without
your Sword, instantly slope your Point, and bring it up again with a
quick Motion upon the inside of his Sword, and so Parie his Thrust, that
was to be given without your Sword, within your Sword, and if you do
this very quick you will rarely be hit with a home Thrust; and in this
Parade there is great advantage, because by it all Feints, which in
other Parades cannot be so well noted or shunned, are by this baffled
and Confounded.


Lessons Offensive. 1. _Of Approaching or Advancing._

Observe here; (when you are standing to your Guard, and your Adversary
without your measure, so that without Approaching you cannot reach him)
that you lift your Right-foot about a Foot Forward, and presently let
your Left-foot follow close by the Ground, your Left-knee a little
bowed, taking notice at the end of every step, that your Feet be at the
same equal distance as when you first presented your Sword, or if in any
thing you vary, let it be in bringing them something nearer; and so
your Elong will come as much nearer to your Adversary as you brought
your Left-foot nearer to your Right: Always then remember to redouble
this Step, or any other that is to be used on this Occasion till you
think your Adversary is within your measure. This step must be always
made on plain Ground, lest you Trip and fall, which is very dangerous;
but if it be on rugged uneven Ground, there is another suitable to it,
called the Double Step, after this manner;

In the first place throw your Left-foot before your Right, (which may be
done, by raising your Body a little on your Right-foot) about a Foot,
then bring your Right-foot forward again, as far before your Left, as
when you presented your Sword; these two Motions must be done
immediately after the other, or else doing of this Step will appear
ungraceful; and here you must keep a thin Body as possible, because the
throwing your Left foot before your Right, lays your Body open, and so
redouble this step, as the former, according to the distance you are
from your Adversary, till you approach within his measure.


Lesson 2. _Of Retiring._

This may be done three ways, first with the single Step, the same way
you approach with it, only whereas in approaching with the single Step
you lift your Right-foot first, here you must lift your Left-foot first,
and the rest observe, as in the Approach with the single Step.

The second is, that with the double Step, and is done the same way as in
the Advance, only in approaching you throw your Left-foot before Right,
when in retiring you must throw your Right-foot backward behind your
Left; and the rest is done as in Advancing with the double Step.

The third is done by a sudden jump backwards on the strait Line, with
both your Feet in the Air at once, but you must lift your Right-foot
first, and after your jump is done, stand to your Guard again, unless
you find occasion to redouble your jump to be farther out of reach.


Lesson 3. _Of giving in the Thrust._

To Thrust or make an Elong, observe (when you stand to your Guard, and
your Adversary be within your Measure) that your Sword be as you please,
either within or without your Adversaries Sword, and suppose within,
then stretch out your Right-arm, and Step forward with your Right-foot
as far as may be, keeping the Point strait forwards, and let the Motion
of your Arm begin a thought before you move your Foot, so that the
Thrust may be given home before your Adversary can hear your Foot touch
the Ground; and when you are at your full stretch, keep your Left-hand
stretched, and ever observe to keep a close Left-foot, which must be
done by keeping your Left-heel and broad side of your Foot close to the
Ground, without any drawing it after you, for keeping a close Foot is
one of the chiefest things to be observed in this Science. When you give
in your Thrust throw your Left-hand behind you, or so place it on your
Left-side, that your Sword and both your Arms may make a strait Line
from your Adversary. This must be when you design not to make use of
your Left-hand for a Parade, but if you do, then in the very time of
giving in your Thrust, throw your Left-arm forward as far as you can,
without putting the rest of your Body into disorder, turning the Palm
from you, by turning your Thumb down, and your little Fingers up, and so
Parie your Adversaries Thrust, if you find he will Thrust, upon the same
time you make your Thrust, always remembring when you Thrust within the
Sword, to do it with your Nails in Quart or upwards, and Quart well your
Hand and Shoulder; but when a Thrust is made without the Sword, then
give it in with your Nails in Terce or downwards, and keep your Hilt
much lower than your Point, and your Head as clear as may be from you
Adversaries Sword.

Take notice in all Lessons in which you do not first secure or bind your
Adversaries Sword, that you are to Thrust close by the Feeble of his
Sword, with the Fort of yours. But there is a difference when you first
secure your Adversaries Sword, for after your securing or binding, you
quit his Sword, and give a strait home Thrust, without touching it,
after it is bound.

In these Rules there is great advantage, as in the Quarting of your
Hand, when you Thrust within, the Sword, preserves them from your
Adversaries Counter-Temps Thrusts in the Face; so likewise does your
Thrusting close by the Feeble of the Sword, and keeping your Hilt lower
than the Point, when you Thrust without the Sword, as also the holding
of your Head to the contrary side your Adversaries Sword is on, preserve
you from Counter-Temps, ever observing as a general Rule; to keep your
Head on the contrary side of your Adversaries Sword, on what side soever
you Thrust, for this will frequently preserve your Face from being hit.


Lesson 4. _Of Caveating or Disengaging._

In this case, when your Sword is presented within your Adversaries
Sword, and you would have it without (keeping your Nails in Quart) slope
your Point so low that you may bring it up under the out-side of his.
This must be done with the Wrist, and not any Motion of the Arm, because
when you Disengage, if the Arm move, your body would be too much
discovered; so that your Adversary would have an advantage to give in
his Thrust, which he could not do if only your Wrist moved, and this
must be done with a sudden Motion; and by this you may learn to slip
your Adversaries Sword at pleasure.


Lesson 5. _Feinting or Falsifying_

Of these, there are several kinds, and the first retreat on is _the
Ordinary single Feint_; When you are on your Guard, and within your
Adversaries Sword, disengage and make your Feint without, which you must
do with a beat of your Right-foot against the Ground, just as you
disengage, and your Sword on the out-side of your Adversaries, and
immediately after, if you perceive him answer your Feint, and offer to
Parie, disengage again, and give him the Thrust within the Sword.


Lesson 6. _The Double Feint._

There is a difference between this and the single Feint; for in the
single one you must make two Motions, _viz._ With the first you make
your Feint, and with the next you give in your Thrust, unless you make
your Feint on that side your Sword lyeth, which may be done without
disengaging, and is the simplest of all others in all single Feints, it
must be given in upon the side your Sword was before you made your
Feint; But in the double Feint you are to make three Motions, and the
Thrust (unless when you make your first Motion on that side your Sword
was presented) is given in on the other side, and not on the side the
Sword was just before you began to make your Feint; and to play this,
there are two ways, _viz._ When you are within Measure, you must play it
one way, and without Measure another way.

As to the first, your Sword being presented within your Adversaries
Sword, then disengage and make your first Motion without his Sword, to
stand a Thought on it to try whether he will answer you, by offering to
proceed to the Parade; if he do not answer, it is useless, but if he do,
then presently make your second Motion within his Sword, and your third
Motion without it, by giving the Thrust; both these Motions must be done
with admirable quickness; at every Motion give a beat with your Foot,
and disengage; turning your Nails in Quart.

If you are without distance, make a Motion to see if he will answer your
Feint, and if he do begin again, make your first Motion, as within
distance, approaching at the same time, and so your second and third.

There is a contrary to these, that is to be observed when your Adversary
makes use of them against you, Then you must make use either of the
Counter-caveating Parade, or keep your Sword Point immoveable towards
his Face that opposes you, your Arm as much stretched out as possible;
and when you do so you must recover your Body, by drawing your Right
foot close to your Left, stand as it were on Tip-toe, and if for all
this your Adversary give a home Thrust, then you must Counter-temps him
in the Face, and Parie his Thrust with your Left-hand; or if you
perceive him make variety of Feints, then upon every one of them make a
half Thrust, which will oblige him to betake himself to the Parade, and
so when you please you may take the pursuit, or when he makes variety of
Feints, give a plain home Thrust, as smart as may be, and endeavour to
defend your self from Counter-temps with your Left-hand, and to prevent
them, it is always in this Case best when you give a Thrust, to use your
Left-hand.


Lesson 7. _The Single Feint at the Head._

Being within distance you may present your Sword within or without your
Opponents Sword, making a Feint or Motion at his Face, if your Sword be
presented without, by a little stretching out your Right-Arm, your Nails
in Quart, and when you make the Motion, give a little beat with your
Right-foot, and if the Feint be answered, then immediately give in your
Thrust at his Arm-pit your Head under your