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Title: Character Sketches of Romance, Fiction and the Drama, Vol 1
       A Revised American Edition of the Reader's Handbook

Author: The Rev. E. Cobham Brewer, LL.D.

Release Date: March 4, 2004 [EBook #11431]
[Date last updated: January 22, 2006]

Language: English

Character set encoding: ISO-8859-1

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[Illustration]

CHARACTER SKETCHES OF ROMANCE, FICTION AND THE DRAMA

A REVISED AMERICAN EDITION OF THE READER'S HANDBOOK

BY

THE REV. E. COBHAM BREWER, LL.D.

EDITED BY MARION HARLAND

VOLUME I



NEW YORK   SELMAR HESS   PUBLISHER
  M D C C C X C I I


Copyright, 1892, by
SELMAR HESS



LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS.


VOLUME I.

PHOTOGRAVURES AND ETCHINGS.

_Illustration_.................._Artist_

ICHABOD CRANE (_colored_).......E.A. ABBEY

CONSTANCE DE BEVERLEY................TOBY ROSENTHAL

LADY BOUNTIFUL.......................ROB. W. MACBETH

SYDNEY CARTON........................FREDERICK BARNARD

BERNHARDT AS CLEOPATRA..............._From a Photograph from Life_

ABBÉ CONSTANTIN......................MADELEINE LEMAIRE

CAPTAIN CUTTLE.......................FREDERICK BARNARD

THE TRUSTY ECKART....................JULIUS ADAM

ELAINE...............................TOBY ROSENTHAL

       *       *       *       *       *

WOOD ENGRAVINGS AND TYPOGRAVURES.

ABELARD..............................A. GUILLEMINOT

ÆNEAS RELATING HIS STORY TO DIDO....P. GUÉRIN

ALBERICH'S PURSUIT OF THE NIBELUNGEN RING...HANS MAKART

ALETHE, PRIESTESS OF ISIS............EDWIN LONG

ALEXIS AND DORA......................W. VON KAULBACH

ALICE, THE MILLER'S DAUGHTER.........DAVIDSON KNOWLES

ANCIENT MARINER (THE)................GUSTAVE DORÉ

ANDROMEDA............................

ANGÉLIQUE AND MONSEIGNEUR DE HAUTECOEUR...JEANNIOT

ANGUS AND DONALD.....................W.B. DAVIS

ANTIGONE AND ISMENE..................EMIL TESCHENDORFF

ANTONY AND THE DEAD CÆSAR...........

ARCHIMEDES...........................NIC BARABINO

ARGAN AND DOCTOR DIAFOIRUS...........A. SOLOMON

ASHTON (LUCY) AND RAVENSWOOD.........SIR EVERETT MILLAIS

ATALA (BURIAL OF)....................GUSTAVE COURTOIS

AUGUSTA IN COURT.....................A. FORESTIER

AUTOMEDON............................HENRI REGNAULT

BALAUSTION...........................F.H. LUNGREN

BALDERSTONE (CALEB) AND MYSIE.......GEORGE HAY

BAREFOOT (LITTLE)....................F. VON THELEN-RÜDEN

BARKIS IS WILLIN'....................C.J. STANILAND

BAUDIN (THE DEATH OF)................J.-P. LAURENS

BAYARD (THE CHEVALIER)...............LARIVIÈRE

BEDREDEEN HASSAN (MARRIAGE OF) AND NOUREDEEN...F. CORMON

BELLENDEN (LADY) AND MAUSE HEADRIGG..WM. DOUGLAS

BENEDICK AND BEATRICE................HUGHES MERLE

BIRCH (HARVEY), THE PEDDLER-SPY.....

BLANCHELYS (QUEEN) AND THE PILGRIM...J. NOEL PATON

BOABDIL-EL-CHICO'S FAREWELL TO GRENADA...E. CORBOULD

BOADICEA.............................THOS. STOTHARD

BONNICASTLE (ARTHUR) AND MILLIE BRADFORD...

BOTTOM AND TITANIA...................SIR EDWIN LANDSEER

BRABANT (GENEVIÈVE DE)...............ERNST BOSCH

BRÄSIG, LINING AND MINING............CONRAD BECKMANN

BROOKING'S (JOHN) STUDIO.............A. FORESTIER

CÆSAR (THE DEATH OF).................J.L. GÉRÔME

CANTERBURY PILGRIMS (THE)............THOS. STOTHARD; WM. BLAKE

CAREW (FRANCIS) FINDING THE BODY OF DERRICK...HAL LUDLOW

CARMEN...............................J. KOPPAY

CATARINA.............................

CHARLES IX. ON THE EVE OF ST. BARTHOLOMEW...P. GROTJOHANN

CHARLOTTE CORDAY AND MARAT..........JULES AVIAT

CHATTERTON'S HOLIDAY AFTERNOON.......W.B. MORRIS

CHILDREN (THE) IN THE WOOD...........J. SANT

CHILLON (THE PRISONER OF)............

CHRISTIAN ENTERING THE VALLEY OF HUMILIATION...F.R. PICKERSGILL

CINDERELLA AND THE FAIRY GOD-MOTHER..GUSTAVE DORÉ

CIRCE AND HER SWINE..................BRITON RIVIÈRE

CLARA (DONNA) AND ALMANZOR...........

CLARA, JACQUES AND ARISTIDE..........ADRIEN MARIE

CLAUDIO AND ISABELLA.................HOLMAN HUNT

COLUMBUS AND HIS EGG.................LEO. REIFFENSTEIN

CONSUELO.............................

COSETTE..............................G. GUAY

COSTIGAN (CAPTAIN)...................F. BARNARD

COVERLEY (SIR ROGER DE) COMING FROM CHURCH...CHAS. R. LESLIE

CYMON AND IPHIGENIA..................SIR FREDERICK LEIGHTON

DAPHNIS AND CHLOE....................GÉRARD

DARBY AND JOAN IN HIGH-LIFE..........C. DENDY SADLER

D'ARTAGNAN...........................

DEANS (EFFIE) AND HER SISTER IN THE PRISON...R. HERDMAN

DERBLAY (MADAME) STOPS THE DUEL......EMILE BAYARD

DIDO ON THE FUNERAL PYRE.............E. KELLER

DOMBEY (PAUL AND FLORENCE)..........

EGMONT AND CLÄRCHEN..................C. HUEBERLIN

ELECTRA..............................E. TESCHENDORFF

ELIZABETH AND MARY STUART............W. VON KAULBACH

ELIZABETH, THE LANDGRAVINE...........THEODOR PIXIS

ELLEN, THE LADY OF THE LAKE..........J. ADAMS-ACTON

ELLIE (LITTLE).......................

ERMINIA AND THE SHEPHERDS............DOMENICHINO

ESMERALDA............................G. BRION

ESTE (LEONORA D') AND TASSO..........W. VON KAULBACH

EVANGELINE...........................EDWIN DOUGLAS

EVE'S FAREWELL TO PARADISE...........E. WESTALL

       *       *       *       *       *

CHARACTER SKETCHES OF ROMANCE, FICTION, AND THE DRAMA.

AA'RON, a Moor, beloved by Tam'ora, queen of the Goths,
in the tragedy of _Titus Andron'icus_, published among the plays of
Shakespeare (1593).

(The classic name is _Andronicus_, but the character of this play is
purely fictitious.)

_Aaron (St.)_, a British martyr of the City of Legions (_Newport_,
in South Wales). He was torn limb from limb by order of Maximian'us
Hercu'lius, general in Britain, of the army of Diocle'tian. Two
churches were founded in the City of Legions, one in honor of St.
Aaron and one in honor of his fellow-martyr, St. Julius. Newport was
called Caerleon by the British.

  ... two others ... sealed their doctrine with
  their blood;
  St. Julius, and with him St. Aaron, have their
  room
  At Carleon, suffering death by Diocletian's doom.
Drayton, _Polyolbion_, xxiv, (1622).

AAZ'IZ (3 _syl._), so the queen of Sheba or Saba is sometimes called;
but in the Koran she is called Balkis (ch. xxvii.).

ABAD'DON, an angel of the bottomless pit (_Rev_. ix. 11). The word is
derived from the Hebrew, _abad_, "lost," and means _the lost one_.
There are two other angels introduced by Klopstock in _The Messiah_
with similar names, but must not be confounded with the angel referred
to in _Rev_.; one is Obaddon, the angel of death, and the other
Abbad'ona, the repentant devil.

AB'ARIS, to whom Apollo gave a golden arrow, on which to ride through
the air.--See _Dictionary of Phrase and Fable_.

ABBAD'ONA, once the friend of Ab'diel, was drawn into the rebellion of
Satan half unwillingly. In hell he constantly bewailed his fall, and
reproved Satan for his pride and blasphemy. He openly declared to the
internals that he would take no part or lot in Satan's scheme for the
death of the Messiah, and during the crucifixion lingered about the
cross with repentance, hope, and fear. His ultimate fate we are not
told, but when Satan and Adramelech are driven back to hell, Obaddon,
the angel of death, says--

"For thee, Abbadona, I have no orders. How long thou art permitted to
remain on earth I know not, nor whether thou wilt be allowed to see
the resurrection of the Lord of glory ... but be not deceived, thou
canst not view Him with the joy of the redeemed." "Yet let me see Him,
let me see him!"--Klopstock, _The Messiah_, xiii.

ABBERVILLE (_Lord_), a young nobleman, 23 years of age, who has for
travelling tutor a Welshman of 65, called Dr. Druid, an antiquary,
wholly ignorant of his real duties as a guide of youth. The young
man runs wantonly wild, squanders his money, and gives loose to his
passions almost to the verge of ruin, but he is arrested and reclaimed
by his honest Scotch bailiff or financier, and the vigilance of his
father's executor, Mr. Mortimer. This "fashionable lover" promises
marriage to a vulgar, malicious city minx named Lucinda Bridgemore,
but is saved from this pitfall also.--Cumberland, _The Fashionable
Lover_ (1780).

ABBOT (_The_), the complacent churchman in Aldrich's poem of _The
Jew's Gift_, who hanged a Jew "just for no crime," and pondered and
smiled and gave consent to the heretic's burial--

"Since he gave his beard to the birds." (1881.)

ABDAL-AZIS, the Moorish governor of Spain after the overthrow of
king Roderick. When the Moor assumed regal state and affected Gothic
sovereignty, his subjects were so offended that they revolted and
murdered him. He married Egilona, formerly the wife of Roderick.--
Southey, _Roderick, etc_., xxii. (1814).

AB'DALAZ'IZ (_Omar ben_), a caliph raised to "Mahomet's bosom" in
reward of his great abstinence and self-denial.--_Herbelot_, 690.

He was by no means scrupulous; nor did he think with the caliph Omar
ben Abdalaziz that it was necessary to make a hell of this world to
enjoy paradise in the next.--W. Beckford, _Vathek_ (1786).

ABDAL'DAR, one of the magicians in the Domdaniel caverns, "under the
roots of the ocean." These spirits were destined to be destroyed by
one of the race of Hodei'rah (3 _syl_.), so they persecuted the race
even to death. Only one survived, named Thal'aba, and Abdaldar was
appointed by lot to find him out and kill him. He discovered the
stripling in an Arab's tent, and while in prayer was about to stab him
to the heart with a dagger, when the angel of death breathed on him,
and he fell dead with the dagger in his hand. Thalaba drew from the
magician's finger a ring which gave him command over the spirits.
--Southey, _Thalaba the Destroyer_, ii. iii. (1797).

ABDALLA, one of sir Brian de Bois Guilbert's slaves.--Sir W. Scott,
_Ivanhoe_ (time, Richard I.).

_Abdal'lah_, brother and predecessor of Giaf'fer (2 _syl_.), pacha of
Aby'dos. He was murdered by the pacha.--Byron, _Bride of Abydos_.

ABDALLAH EL HADGI, Saladin's envoy.--Sir W. Scott, _The Talisman_
(time, Richard I.).

ABDALS or _Santons_, a class of religionists who pretend to be
inspired with the most ravishing raptures of divine love. Regarded
with great veneration by the vulgar.--_Olearius_, i. 971.

AB'DIEL, the faithful seraph who withstood Satan when he urged those
under him to revolt.

  ... the seraph Abdiel, faithful found;
  Among the faithless faithful only he;
  Among innumerable false, unmoved.
  Unshaken, unseduced, unterrified,
  His loyalty he kept, his love, his zeal.

Milton, _Paradise Lost_, v. 896, etc. (1665).

ABELARD and ELOISE, unhappy lovers, whose illicit love was succeeded
by years of penitence and remorse. Abelard was the tutor of Heloise
(or Eloise), and, although vowed to the church, won and returned her
passion. They were violently separated by her uncle. Abelard entered a
monastery and Eloise became a nun. Their love survived the passage of
years, and they were buried together at _Père la Chaise.--Eloise and
Abelard_. By Alexander Pope (1688-1744).

ABENSBERG (_Count_), the father of thirty-two children. When Heinrich
II. made his progress through Germany, and other courtiers presented
their offerings, the count brought forward his thirty-two children,
"as the most valuable offering he could make to his king and country."

ABES'SA, the impersonation of abbeys and convents in Spenser's _Faëry
Queen_, i. 3. She is the paramour of Kirkrapine, who used to rob
churches and poor-boxes, and bring his plunder to Abessa, daughter of
Corceca (_Blindness of Heart_).

ABIGAIL, typical name of a maid.--See Beaumont and Fletcher, Swift,
Fielding, and many modern writers.

ABNEY, called _Young Abney_, the friend of colonel Albert Lee, a
royalist.--Sir W. Scott, _Woodstock_ (time, the Commonwealth).

ABON HASSAN, a young merchant of Bag dad, and hero of the tale called
"The Sleeper Awakened," in the _Arabian Nights' Entertainments_.
While Abon Hassan is asleep he is conveyed to the palace of
Haroun-al-Raschid, and the attendants are ordered to do everything
they can to make him fancy himself the caliph. He subsequently becomes
the caliph's chief favorite.

Shakespeare, in the induction of _Taming of the Shrew_, befouls
"Christopher Sly" in a similar way, but Sly thinks it was "nothing but
a dream."

Philippe _le Bon_, duke of Burgundy, on his marriage with Eleonora,
tried the same trick.--Burton, _Anatomy of Melancholy_, ii. 2,4.

ABOU BEN ADHEM, "awakening one night from a deep dream of peace," sees
an angel writing the names of those who love the Lord. Ben Adhem's
name is registered as "one who loves his fellow-men." A second vision
shows his name at the head of the list.

_Abou Ben Adhem_. By Leigh Hunt (1784-1859).

  ABRA, the most beloved of Solomon's concubines.
  Fruits their odor lost and meats their taste,
  If gentle Abra had not decked the feast;
  Dishonored did the sparkling goblet stand,
  Unless received from gentle Abra's hand; ...
  Nor could my soul approve the music's tone
  Till all was hushed, and Abra sang alone.

M. Prior, _Solomon_ (1664-1721).

AB'RADAS, the great Macedonian pirate.

Abradas, the great Macedonian pirate, thought every one had a letter
of mart that bare sayles in the ocean.--Greene, _Penelope's Web_
(1601).

ABROC'OMAS, the lover of An'thia in the Greek romance of _Ephesi'aca_,
by Xenophon of Ephesus (not the historian).

AB'SALOM, in Dryden's _Absalom and Achitophel_, is meant for the duke
of Monmouth, natural son of Charles II. _(David)_. Like Absalom, the
duke was handsome; like Absalom, he was beloved and rebellious; and
like Absalom, his rebellion ended in his death (1649-1685).

AB'SOLON, a priggish parish clerk in Chaucer's _Canterbury Tales_. His
hair was curled, his shoes slashed, his hose red. He could let blood,
cut hair, and shave, could dance, and play either on the ribible or
the gittern. This gay spark paid his addresses to Mistress Alison,
the young wife of John, a rich but aged carpenter: but Alison herself
loved a poor scholar named Nicholas, a lodger in the house.--_The
Miller's Tale_ (1388).

ABSOLUTE _(Sir Anthony)_, a testy but warm-hearted old gentleman, who
imagines that he possesses a most angelic temper, and when he quarrels
with his son, the captain, fancies it is the son who is out of temper,
and not himself. Smollett's "Matthew Bramble" evidently suggested this
character. William Dowton (1764-1851) was the best actor of this part.

_Captain Absolute_, son of sir Anthony, in love with Lydia Languish,
the heiress, to whom he is known only as ensign Beverley. Bob Acres,
his neighbor, is his rival, and sends a challenge to the unknown
ensign; but when he finds that ensign Beverley is captain Absolute,
he declines to fight, and resigns all further claim to the lady's
hand.--Sheridan, _The Rivals_ (1775).

ABSYRTUS, brother of Medea and companion of her flight from Colchis.
To elude or delay her pursuers, she cut him into pieces and strewed
the fragments in the road, that her father might be detained by
gathering up the remains of his son.

_Abu'dah_, in the drama called _The Siege of Damascus_, by John Hughes
(1720), is the next in command to Caled in the Arabian army set down
before Damascus. Though undoubtedly brave, he prefers peace to war;
and when, at the death of Caled, he succeeds to the chief command, he
makes peace with the Syrians on honorable terms.

ABU'DAH, in the _Tales of the Genii_, by H. Ridley, is a wealthy
merchant of Bag dad, who goes in quest of the talisman of Oroma'nes,
which he is driven to seek by a little old hag, who haunts him every
night and makes his life wretched. He finds at last that the talisman
which is to free him of this hag [_conscience_] is to "fear God and
keep his commandments."

ACADE'MUS, an Attic hero, whose garden was selected by Plato for the
place of his lectures. Hence his disciples were called the "Academic
sect."

The green retreats of Academus. Akenside, _Pleasures of Imagination_,
i (1721-1770).

ACAS'TO (_Lord_), father of Seri'no, Casta'lio, and Polydore; and
guardian of Monimia "the orphan." He lived to see the death of his
sons and his ward. Polydore ran on his brother's sword, Castalio
stabbed himself, and Monimia took poison.--Otway, _The Orphan_ (1680).

ACES'TES (3 _syl_.). In a trial of skill, Acestes, the Sicilian,
discharged his arrow with such force that it took fire from the
friction of the air.--_The Æneid_, Bk. V.

  Like Acestes' shaft of old,
  The swift thought kindles as it flies.

Longfellow, _To a Child_.

ACHATES [_A-ka'-teze_], called by Virgil "fidus Achates." The name has
become a synonym for a bosom friend, a crony, but is generally used
laughingly.--_The Æneid_.

  He, like Achates, faithful to the tomb.

Byron, _Don Juan_, i. 159.

ACHER'IA, the fox, went partnership with a bear in a bowl of: milk.
Before the bear arrived, the fox skimmed off the cream and drank the
milk; then, filling the bowl with mud, replaced the cream atop. Says
the fox, "Here is the bowl; one shall have the cream, and the other
all the rest: choose, friend, which you like." The bear told the fox
to take the cream, and thus bruin had only the mud.--_A Basque Tale_.

A similar tale occurs in Campbell's _Popular Tales of the West
Highlands_ (iii. 98), called "The Keg of Butter." The wolf chooses the
_bottom_ when "oats" were the object of choice, and the _top_ when
"potatoes" were the sowing.

Rabelais tells the same tale about a farmer and the devil. Each was
to have on alternate years what grew _under_ and _over_ the soil. The
farmer sowed turnips and carrots when the _under_-soil produce came
to his lot, and barley or wheat when his turn was the _over_-soil
produce.

ACHILLE GRANDISSIME, "A rather poor specimen of the Grandissime type,
deficient in stature, but not in stage manner."--_The Grandissimes_,
by George W. Cable (1880).

ACHIL'LES (3 _syl_.), the hero of the allied Greek army in the siege
of Troy, and king of the Myr'midons.--See _Dictionary of Phrase and
Fable_.

_The English Achilles_, John Talbot, first earl of Shrewsbury
(1373-1453).

The duke of Wellington is so called sometimes, and is represented by
a statue of Achilles of gigantic size in Hyde Park, London, close to
Apsley House (1769-1852).

_The Achilles of Germany_, Albert, elector of Brandenburg (1414-1486).

_Achilles of Rome_, Sicin'ius Denta'tus (put to death B.C. 450).

ACHIT'OPHEL, "Him who drew Achitophel," Dryden, author of the famous
political satire of _Absalom and Achitophel_. "David" is Charles II.;
his rebellious son "Absalom" is the king's natural son, the handsome
but rebellious James duke of Monmouth; and "Achitophel," the
traitorous counsellor, is the earl of Shaftesbury, "for close designs
and crooked counsels fit."

  Can sneer at him who drew Achitophel.

Byron, _Don Juan_, iii. 100.

There is a portrait of the first earl of Shaftesbury (Dryden's
"Achitophel") as lord chancellor of England, clad in ash-colored
robes, because he had never been called to the bar.--E. Yates,
_Celebrities_, xviii.

A'CIS, a Sicilian shepherd, loved by the nymph Galate'a. The monster
Polypheme (3 _syl_.), a Cyclops, was his rival, and crushed him under
a huge rock. The blood of Acis was changed into a river of the same
name at the foot of mount Etna.

Not such a pipe, good reader, as that which Acis did sweetly tune in
praise of his Galatea, but one of true Delft manufacture.--W. Irving
(1783-1859).

ACK'LAND (_Sir Thomas_), a royalist.--Sir W. Scott, _Woodstock_ (time,
the Commonwealth).

AC'OE (3 _syl_.), "hearing," in the New Testament sense (_Rom_. x.
17), "Faith cometh by hearing." The nurse of Fido [_faith_]. Her
daughter is Meditation. (Greek,[Illustration], "hearing.")

  With him [_Faith_] his nurse went, careful Acoë,
  Whose hands first from his mother's womb
  did take him,
  And ever since have fostered tenderly.
  Phin. Fletcher, _The Purple Island_, ix. (1633).

ACRAS'IA, Intemperance personified. Spenser says she is an enchantress
living in the "Bower of Bliss," in "Wandering Island." She had the
power of transforming her lovers into monstrous shapes; but sir Guyon
(_temperance_), having caught her in a net and bound her, broke down
her bower and burnt it to ashes.--_Faëry Queen_, ii. 12 (1590).

ACRA'TES (3 _syl_.), Incontinence personified in _The Purple Island_,
by Phineas Fletcher. He had two sons (twins) by Caro, viz., Methos
(_drunkenness_) and Gluttony, both fully described in canto vii.
(Greek, _akrates_, "incontinent.")

_Acra'tes_ (3 _syl_.), Incontinence personified in _The Faëry Queen_,
by Spenser. He is the father of Cymoch'lês and Pyroch'lês.--Bk. ii. 4
(1590).

ACRES (_Bob_), a country gentleman, the rival of ensign Beverley,
_alias_ captain Absolute, for the hand and heart of Lydia Languish,
the heiress. He tries to ape the man of fashion, gets himself up as a
loud swell, and uses "sentimental oaths," _i. e_. oaths bearing on
the subject. Thus if duels are spoken of he says, _ods triggers and
flints_; if clothes, _ods frogs and tambours_; if music, _ods minnums_
[minims] _and crotchets_; if ladies, _ods blushes and blooms_. This
he learnt from a militia officer, who told him the ancients swore by
Jove, Bacchus, Mars, Venus, Minerva, etc., according to the sentiment.
Bob Acres is a great blusterer, and talks big of his daring, but when
put to the push "his courage always oozed out of his fingers' ends."
J. Quick was the original Bob Acres.--Sheridan, _The Rivals_ (1775).

  As thro' his palms _Bob Acres_' valor oozed,
  So Juan's virtue ebbed, I know not how.

Byron, _Don Juan_.

Joseph Jefferson's impersonation of Bob Acres is inimitable for
fidelity to the spirit of the original, and informed throughout with
exquisite humor that never degenerates into coarseness.

ACRIS'IUS, father of Dan'aê. An oracle declared that Danaê would give
birth to a son who would kill him, so Acrisius kept his daughter shut
up in an apartment under ground, or (as some say) in a brazen tower.
Here she became the mother of Per'seus (2 _syl_.), by Jupiter in the
form of a shower of gold. The king of Argos now ordered his daughter
and her infant to be put into a chest, and cast adrift on the sea,
but they were rescued by Dictys, a fisherman. When grown to manhood,
Perseus accidentally struck the foot of Acrisius with a quoit, and the
blow caused his death. This tale is told by Mr. Morris in _The Earthly
Paradise_ (April).

ACTAE'ON, a hunter, changed by Diana into a stag. A synonym for a
cuckold.

  Divulge Page himself for a secure and wilful
  Actæon [cuckold].

Shakespeare, _Merry Wives_, etc., act iii. sc. 2 (1596).

ACTE'A, a female slave faithful to Nero in his fall. It was this
hetæra who wrapped the dead body in cerements, and saw it decently
interred.

  This Actea was beautiful. She was seated on
  the ground; the head of Nero was on her lap,
  his naked body was stretched on those winding-sheets
  in which she was about to fold him, to lay
  him in his grave upon the garden hill.--Ouida,
  _Ariadnê_, i. 7.

ACTORS AND ACTRESSES. The last male actor that took a woman's
character on the stage was Edward Kynaston, noted for his beauty
(1619-1687). The first female actor for hire was Mrs. Saunderson,
afterwards Mrs. Betterton, who died in 1712.

AD, AD'ITES (2 _syl_.). Ad is a tribe descended from Ad, son of Uz,
son of Irem, son of Shem, son of Noah. The tribe, at the Confusion
of Babel, went and settled on Al-Ahkâf [_the Winding Sands_], in the
province of Hadramant. Shedâd was their first king, but in consequence
of his pride, both he and all the tribe perished, either from drought
or the Sarsar (_an icy wind_).--Sale's _Koran_, 1.

  Woe, woe, to Irem! Woe to Ad!
  Death, has gone up into her palaces!....
  They fell around me. Thousands fell around.
  The king and all his people fell;
  All, all, they perished all.

  Southey, _Thalaba the Destroyer_, i. 41, 45 (1797).

A'DAH, wife of Cain. After Cain had been conducted by Lucifer through
the realms of space, he is restored to the home of his wife and child,
where all is beauty, gentleness, and love. Full of faith and fervent
in gratitude, Adah loves her infant with a sublime maternal affection.
She sees him sleeping, and says to Cain--

  How lovely he appears! His little cheeks
  In their pure incarnation, vying with
  The rose leaves strewn beneath them.
  And his lips, too,
  How beautifully parted! No; you shall not
  Kiss him; at least not now. He will awake soon--
  His hour of midday rest is nearly over.

  Byron, _Cain_.

ADAM. In _Greek_ this word is compounded of the four initial letters
of the cardinal quarters:

  Arktos, [Greek: _arktos_]. north.
  Dusis, [Greek: _dusis_]. west.
  Anatolê, [Greek: _anatolae_]. east.
  Mesembria, [Greek: _mesaembria_]. south.

The _Hebrew_ word ADM forms the anagram of A [dam], D [avid], M
[essiah].

_Adam, how made_. God created the body of Adam of _Salzal_, _i.e._
dry, unbaked clay, and left it forty nights without a soul. The clay
was collected by Azrael from the four quarters of the earth, and God,
to show His approval of Azrael's choice, constituted him the angel of
death.--Rabadan.

_Adam, Eve, and the Serpent_. After the fall _Adam_ was placed on
mount Vassem in the east; _Eve_ was banished to Djidda (now Gedda,
on the Arabian coast); and the _Serpent_ was exiled to the coast of
Eblehh.

After the lapse of 100 years Adam rejoined Eve on mount Arafaith
[_place of Remembrance_], near Mecca.--D'Ohsson.

_Death of Adam_. Adam died on Friday, April 7, at the age of 930
years. Michael swathed his body, and Gabriel discharged the funeral
rites. The body was buried at Ghar'ul-Kenz [_the grotto of treasure_],
which overlooks Mecca.

His descendants at death amounted to 40,000 souls.--D'Ohsson.

When Noah, entered the ark (the same writer says) he took the body of
Adam in a coffin with him, and when he left the ark restored it to the
place he had taken it from.

_Adam_, a bailiff, a jailer.

Not that Adam that kept the paradise, but that Adam that keeps the
prison.--Shakespeare, _Comedy of Errors_, act iv. sc. 3 (1593).

_Adam_, a faithful retainer in the family of sir Eowland de Boys. At
the age of fourscore, he voluntarily accompanied his young master
Orlando into exile, and offered to give him his little savings.
He has given birth to the phrase, "A Faithful Adam" [_or
man-servant_].--Shakespeare, _As You Like It_ (1598).

ADAM BELL, a northern outlaw, noted for his archery. The name, like
those of Clym of the Clough, William of Cloudesly, Robin Hood, and
Little John, is synonymous with a good archer.

ADAMASTOR, the Spirit of the Cape, a hideous phantom, of unearthly
pallor; "erect his hair uprose of withered red, his lips were black,
his teeth blue and disjointed, his beard haggard, his face scarred by
lightning, his eyes shot livid fire, his voice roared." The sailors
trembled at sight of him, and the fiend demanded how they dared to
trespass "where never hero braved his rage before?" He then told them
"that every year the shipwrecked should be made to deplore their
foolhardiness."--Camöens, _The Lusiad_, v. (1569).

ADAM'IDA, a planet on which reside the unborn spirits of saints,
martyrs, and believers. U'riel, the angel of the sun, was ordered
at the crucifixion to interpose this planet between the sun and the
earth, so as to produce a total eclipse.

Adamida, in obedience to the divine command, flew amidst overwhelming
storms, rushing clouds, falling mountains, and swelling seas. Uriel
stood on the pole of the star, but so lost in deep contemplation on
Golgotha, that he heard not the wild uproar. On coming to the region
of the sun, Adamida slackened her course, and advancing before the
sun, covered its face and intercepted all its rays.--Klopstock, _The
Messiah_, viii. (1771).

ADAMS _(John)_, one of the mutineers of the _Bounty_ (1790), who
settled in Tahiti. In 1814 he was discovered as the patriarch of a
colony, brought up with a high sense of religion and strict regard to
morals. In 1839 the colony was voluntarily placed under the protection
of the British Government.

_Adams (Parson)_, the beau-ideal of a simple-minded, benevolent, but
eccentric country clergyman, of unswerving integrity, solid learning,
and genuine piety; bold as a lion in the cause of truth, but modest as
a girl in all personal matters; wholly ignorant of the world, being
"_in_ it but not _of_ of it."--Fielding, _Joseph Andrews_ (1742).

His learning, his simplicity, his evangelical purity of mind are so
admirably mingled with pedantry, absence of mind, and the habit of
athletic ... exercise ... that he may be safely termed one of the
richest productions of the muse of fiction. Like Don Quixote, parson
Adams is beaten a little too much and too often, but the cudgel
lights upon his shoulders ... without the slightest stain to his
reputation.--Sir W. Scott.

AD'DISON OF THE NORTH, Henry Mackenzie, author of _The Man of Feeling_
(1745-1831).

ADELAIDE, daughter of the count of Narbonne, in love with Theodore.
She is killed by her father in mistake for another.--Robt. Jephson,
_Count of Narbonne_ (1782).

ADELAIDE FISHER, daughter-in-law of Grandpa and Grandma Fisher in
Sallie Pratt McLean Greene's _Cape Cod Folks_. She has a sweet voice
and an edged temper, and it would seem from certain cynical remarks
of her own, and Grandma's "Thar, daughter, I wouldn't mind!" has a
history she does not care to reveal (1881).

ADELAIDE YATES, the wife of Steve Yates and mother of Little Moses in
Charles Egbert Craddock's _In the "Stranger People's" Country_. Her
husband has been seized and detained by the "moonshiners" in the
mountains, and the impression is that he has wilfully deserted her.
She cannot discredit it, but "She's goin' ter stay thar in her cabin
an' wait fur him," said Mrs. Pettengill. "Sorter seems de-stressin',
I do declar'. A purty, young, good, r'ligious 'oman a-settin' herself
ter spen' a empty life a-waitin' fur Steve Yates ter kum back!"
(1890.)

ADELINE _(Lady)_, the wife of lord Henry Amun'deville (4 _syl_.), a
highly educated aristocratic lady, with all the virtues and weaknesses
of the upper ten. After the parliamentary sessions this noble pair
filled their house with guests, amongst which were the duchess of
Fitz-Fulke, the duke of D----, Aurora Raby, and don Juan, "the Russian
envoy." The tale not being finished, no key to these names is given.
(For the lady's character, see xiv. 54-56.)--Byron, _Don Juan_, xiii.
to the end.

AD'EMAR or ADEMA'RO, archbishop of Poggio, an ecclesiastical warrior
in Tasso's _Jerusalem Delivered_.--See _Dictionary of Phrase and
Fable_.

ADIC'IA, wife of the soldan, who incites him to distress the kingdom
of Mercilla. When Mercilla sends her ambassador, Samient, to negotiate
peace, Adicia, in violation of international law, thrusts her Samient
out of doors like a dog, and sets two knights upon her. Sir Artegal
comes to her rescue, attacks the two knights, and knocks one of them
from his saddle with such force that he breaks his neck. After the
discomfiture of the soldan, Adicia rushes forth with a knife to stab
Samient, but, being intercepted by sir Artegal, is changed into a
tigress.--Spenser, _Faery Queen_, v. 8 (1596).

[Illustration] The "soldan" is king Philip II. of Spain; "Mercilla" is
queen Elizabeth; "Adicia" is Injustice personified, or the bigotry of
popery; and "Samient" the ambassadors of Holland, who went to Philip
for redress of grievances, and were most iniquitously detained by him
as prisoners.

AD'ICUS, Unrighteousness personified in canto vii. of _The Purple
Island_ (1633), by Phineas Fletcher. He has eight sons and daughters,
viz., Ec'thros _(hatred)_, Eris _(variance)_, a daughter, Zelos
_(emulation)_, Thumos _(wrath)_, Erith'ius _(strife)_, Dichos'tasis
_(sedition)_, Envy, and Phon'os _(murder)_; all fully described by the
poet. (Greek, _adikos_, "an unjust man.")

ADIE OF AIKENSHAW, a neighbor of the Glendinnings.--Sir W. Scott, _The
Monastery_ (time, Elizabeth).

ADME'TUS, a king of Thessaly, husband of Alcestis. Apollo, being
condemned by Jupiter to serve a mortal for twelve months for slaying a
Cyclops, entered the service of Admetus. James R. Lowell has a poem on
the subject, called _The Shepherd of King Admetus_ (1819-1891).

AD'MIRABLE _(The)_: (1) Aben-Ezra, a Spanish rabbin, born at
Tole'do (1119-1174). (2) James Crichton _(Kry-ton)_, the Scotchman
(1551-1573). (3) Roger Bacon, called "The Admirable Doctor"
(1214-1292).

ADOLF, bishop of Cologne, was devoured by mice or rats in 1112. (See
HATTO.)

AD'ONA, a seraph, the tutelar spirit of James, the "first martyr of
the twelve."--Klopstock, _The Messiah_, iii. (1748).

ADONAI, the mysterious spirit of pure mind, love, and beauty that
inspires _Zanoni_, in Bulwer's novel of that name.

ADONAIS, title of Percy Bysshe Shelley's elegy upon John Keats,
written in 1821.

A'DONBEC EL HAKIM, the physician, a disguise assumed by Saladin, who
visits sir Kenneth's sick squire, and cures him of a fever.--Sir W.
Scott, _The Talisman_ (time, Richard I.).

ADO'NIS, a beautiful youth, beloved by Venus and Proser'pina, who
quarrelled about the possession of him. Jupiter, to settle the
dispute, decided that the boy should spend six months with Venus in
the upper world and six with Proserpina in the lower. Adonis was gored
to death by a wild boar in a hunt.

Shakespeare has a poem called _Venus and Adonis_. Shelley calls his
elegy on the poet Keats _Adona'is_, under the idea that the untimely
death of Keats resembled that of Adonis.

(_Adonis_ is an allegory of the sun, which is six months north of the
horizon, and six months south. Thammuz is the same as Adonis, and so
is Osiris).

ADONIRAM PENN, the obstinate and well-to-do farmer in Mary E.
Wilkins's _Revolt of "Mother_". He persists in building a new barn
which the cattle do not need instead of the much-needed dwelling for
his family. In his absence, "Mother," who was wont to "stand before
her husband in the humble fashion of a Scripture woman," moves
household and furniture into the commodious barn.

"Adoniram was like a fortress whose walls had no active resistance,
and went down the instant the right besieging tools were used" (1890).

AD'ORAM, a seraph, who had charge of James the son of
Alphe'us.--Klopstock, _The Messiah_, iii. (1748).

ADOSINDA, daughter of the Gothic governor of Auria, in Spain. The
Moors having slaughtered her parents, husband, and child, preserved
her alive for the captain of Alcahman's regiment. She went to his tent
without the least resistance, but implored the captain to give her one
night to mourn the death of those so near and dear to her. To this he
complied, but during sleep she murdered him with his own scymitar.
Roderick, disguised as a monk, helped her to bury the dead bodies of
her house, and then she vowed to live for only one object, vengeance.
In the great battle, when the Moors were overthrown, she it was who
gave the word of attack, "Victory and Vengeance!"--Southey, _Roderick,
etc._, iii. (1814).

ADRAM'ELECH _(ch=k)_, one of the fallen angels. Milton makes him
overthrown by U'riel and Raphael (_Paradise Lost_, vi. 365). According
to Scripture, he was one of the idols of Sepharvaim, and Shalmane'ser
introduced his worship into Samaria. [The word means "the mighty
magnificent king."]

The Sepharvites burnt their children in the fire to Adramelech.--2
_Kings_ xvii. 31.

Klopstock introduces him into _The Messiah_, and represents him as
surpassing Satan in malice and guile, ambition and mischief. He is
made to hate every one, even Satan, of whose rank he is jealous, and
whom he hoped to overthrow, that by putting an end to his servitude
he might become the supreme god of all the created worlds. At the
crucifixion he and Satan are both driven back to hell by Obad'don, the
angel of death.

ADRASTE' (_2 syl_.), a French gentleman, who inveigles a Greek slave
named Isidore from don Pèdre. His plan is this: He gets introduced as
a portrait-painter, and thus imparts to Isidore his love, and obtains
her consent to elope with him. He then sends his slave Zaïde (_2
syl_.) to don Pèdre, to crave protection for ill treatment, and Pèdre
promises to befriend her. At this moment Adraste appears, and demands
that Zaïde be given up to him to punish as he thinks proper. Pèdre
intercedes; Adraste seems to relent; and Pèdre calls for Zaïde. Out
comes Isidore instead, with Zaïde's veil. "There," says Pèdre, "take
her and use her well." "I will do so," says the Frenchman, and leads
off the Greek slave.--Molière, _Le Sicilien, ou L'Amour Peintre_
(1667).

ADRIAN'A, a wealthy Ephesian lady, who marries Antiph'olus,
twin-brother of Antipholus of Syracuse. The abbess Aemilia is her
mother-in-law, but she knows it not; and one day when she accuses her
husband of infidelity, she says to the abbess, if he is unfaithful it
is not from want of remonstrance, "for it is the one subject of our
conversation. In bed I will not let him sleep for speaking of it; at
table I will not let him eat for speaking of it; when alone with him I
talk of nothing else, and in company I give him frequent hints of
it. In a word, all my talk is how vile and bad it is in him to love
another better than he loves his wife" (act v. sc. 1).--Shakespeare,
_Comedy of Errors_ (1593).

ADRIA'NO DE ARMA'DO _(Don)_, a pompous, fantastical Spaniard, a
military braggart in a state of peace, as Parolles (3 _syl_.) was in
war. Boastful but poor; a coiner of words, but very ignorant; solemnly
grave, but ridiculously awkward; majestical in gait, but of very low
propensities.--Shakespeare, _Love's Labour Lost_ (1594).

(Said to be designed for John Florio, surnamed "The Resolute," a
philologist. Holofernes, the pedantic schoolmaster, in the same play,
is also meant in ridicule of the same lexicographer.)

  You may remember, scarce five years are past
  Since in your brigantine you sailed to see
  The Adriatic wedded to our duke.

T. Otway, _Venice Preserved_, i. 1 (1682).

AD'RIEL, in Dryden's _Absalom and Achitophel_, the earl of Mulgrave, a
royalist.

  Sharp-judging Adriel, the Muses' friend;
  Himself a muse. In sanhedrim's debate
  True to his prince, but not a slave to state;
  Whom David's love with honours did adorn,
  That from his disobedient son were torn.

Part i.

(John Sheffield, earl of Mulgrave (1649-1721) wrote an _Essay on
Poetry_.)

ADRIENNE LECOUVREUR, French actress, said to have been poisoned by
flowers sent to her by a rival. Died in 1730.

AE'ACUS, king of Oeno'pia, a man of such integrity and piety, that he
was made at death one of the three judges of hell. The other two were
Minos and Rhadaman'thus.

AEGE'ON a huge monster with 100 arms and 50 heads, who with his
brothers, Cottus and Gygês, conquered the Titans by hurling at them
300 rocks at once. Homer says _men_ call him "Aege'on," but by the
_gods_ he is called Bri'areus (3 _syl_.).

  Briáreos or Typhon, whom the den
  By ancient Tarsus held.

--Milton, _Paradise Lost_, I. 199.

_Aege'on_, a merchant of Syracuse, in Shakespeare's _Comedy of Errors_
(1593).

AEMYLIA, a lady of high degree, in love with Am'yas, a squire of
inferior rank. Going to meet her lover at a trysting-place, she was
caught up by a hideous monster, and thrust into his den for future
food. Belphoebê (3 _syl_.) slew "the caitiff" and released the maid
(canto vii.). Prince Arthur, having slain Corflambo, released Amyas
from the durance of Paea'na, Corflambo's daughter, and brought the
lovers together "in peace and joyous blis" (canto ix.).--Spencer,
_Faëry Queen_, iv. (1596).

AEMIL'IA, wife of Aege'on the Syracusian merchant, and mother of the
twins called Antiph'olus. When the boys were shipwrecked, she was
parted from them and taken to Ephesus. Here she entered a convent, and
rose to be the abbess. Without her knowing it, one of her twins also
settled in Ephesus, and rose to be one of its greatest and richest
citizens. The other son and her husband Ægeon both set foot in Ephesus
the same day without the knowledge of each other, and all met together
in the duke's court, when the story of their lives was told, and they
became again united to each other.--Shakespeare, _Comedy of Errors_
(1593).

AENE'AS, a Trojan prince, the hero of Virgil's epic called _Aeneid._
He was the son of Anchi'ses and Venus. His first wife was Creu'sa (3
_syl_.), by whom he had a son named Asca'nius; his second wife
was Lavinia, daughter of Latinus king of Italy, by whom he had a
posthumous son called Aene'as Sylvius. He succeeded his father-in-law
in the kingdom, and the Romans called him their founder.

According to Geoffrey of Monmouth "Brutus," the first king of Britain
(from whom the island was called _Britain_), was a descendant of
Æneas.

AENE'ID, the epic poem of Virgil, in twelve books. When Troy was taken
by the Greeks and set on fire, Aene'as, with his father, son, and
wife, took flight, with the intention of going to Italy, the original
birthplace of the family. The wife was lost, and the old father died
on the way; but after numerous perils by sea and land, Æneas and his
son Asca'nius reached Italy. Here Latïnus, the reigning king, received
the exiles hospitably, and promised his daughter Lavin'ia in marriage
to Æneas; but she had been already betrothed by her mother to prince
Turnus, son of Daunus, king of Ru'tuli, and Turnus would not forego
his claim. Latinus, in this dilemma, said the rivals must settle
the dispute by an appeal to arms. Turnus being slain, Æneas married
Lavinia, and ere long succeeded his father-in-law on the throne.

Book I. The escape from Troy; Æneas and his son, driven by a tempest
on the shores of Carthage, are hospitably entertained by queen Dido.

II. Æneas tells Dido the tale of the wooden horse, the burning of
Troy, and his flight with his father, wife, and son. The wife was lost
and died.

III. The narrative continued. The perils he met with on the way, and
the death of his father.

IV. Dido falls in love with Æneas; but he steals away from Carthage,
and Dido, on a funeral pyre, puts an end to her life.

V. Æneas reaches Sicily, and celebrates there the games in honor of
Anchises. This book corresponds to the _Iliad_, xxiii.

VI. Æneas visits the infernal regions. This book corresponds to
_Odyssey_, xi.

VII. Latinus king of Italy entertains Æneas, and promises to him
Lavinia (his daughter) in marriage, but prince Turnus had been already
betrothed to her by the mother, and raises an army to resist Æneas.

VIII. Preparations on both sides for a general war.

IX. Turnus, during the absence of Æneas, fires the ships and assaults
the camp. The episode of Nisus and Eury'alus.

X. The war between Turnus and Æneas. Episode of Mezentius and Lausus.

XI. The battle continued.

XII. Turnus challenges Æneas to single combat, and is killed.

N.B.--1. The story of Sinon and taking of Troy is borrowed from
Pisander, as Macrobius informs us.

2. The loves of Dido and Æneas are copied from those of Medea and
Jason, in Apollonius.

3. The story of the wooden horse and the burning of Troy are from
Arcti'nus of Miletus.

AE'OLUS, god of the winds, which he keeps imprisoned in a cave in
the Æolian Islands, and lets free as he wishes or as the over-gods
command.

  Was I for this nigh wrecked upon the sea,
  And twice by awkward wind from England's bank
  Drove back again unto my native clime?...
  Yet Aeolus would not be a murderer,
  But left that hateful office unto thee.

  Shakespeare, 2 _Henry VI_. act v, sc. 2 (1591).

AESCULA'PIUS, in Greek, ASKLE'PIOS, the god of healing.

  What says my Æsculapius? my Galen?...
  Ha! is he dead?

  Shakespeare, _Merry Wives of Windsor_, act ii.
  sc. 3 (1601).

AE'SON, the father of Jason. He was restored to youth by Medea, who
infused into his veins the juice of certain herbs.

  In such a night,
  Medea gather'd the enchanted herbs
  That did renew old Aeson.
  Shakespeare, _Merchant of Venice_, act v. sc. I
  (before 1598).

ÆSOP, the fabulist, said to be humpbacked; hence, "an Æsop" means a
humpbacked man. The young son of Henry VI. calls his uncle Richard of
Gloster "Æsop."--3 _Henry VI_. act v. sc. 5.

_Aesop of Arabia_, Lokman; and Nasser (fifth century).

_Aesop of England_, John Gay (1688-1732).

_Aesop of France_, Jean de la Fontaine (1621-1695).

_Aesop of Germany_, Gotthold Ephraim Lessing (1729-1781).

_Aesop of India_, Bidpay or Pilpay (third century B.C.).

AFER, the south-west wind; Notus, the full south.

Notus and Afer, black with thundrous clouds. Milton, _Paradise Lost_,
x. 702 (1665).

AFRICAN MAGICIAN (_The_), pretended to Aladdin to be his uncle, and
sent the lad to fetch the "wonderful lamp" from an underground cavern.
As Aladdin refused to hand it to the magician, he shut him in the
cavern and left him there. Aladdin contrived to get out by virtue of
a magic ring, and learning the secret of the lamp, became immensely
rich, built a superb palace, and married the sultan's daughter.
Several years after, the African resolved to make himself master of
the lamp, and accordingly walked up and down before the palace, crying
incessantly, "Who will change old lamps for new!" Aladdin being on a
hunting excursion, his wife sent a eunuch to exchange the "wonderful
lamp" for a new one; and forthwith the magician commanded "the slaves
of the lamp" to transport the palace and all it contained into Africa.
Aladdin caused him to be poisoned in a draught of wine.--_Arabian
Nights_ ("Aladdin or The Wonderful Lamp").

AF'RIT OR AFREET, a kind of Medusa or Lamia, the most terrible and
cruel of all the orders of the deevs.--_Herbelot_, 66.

  From the hundred chimneys of the village,
  Like the Afreet in the Arabian story [_Introduct.
  Tale_],

  Smoky columns tower aloft into the air of amber.

Longfellow, _The Golden Milestone_.

AGAG, in Dryden's satire of _Absalom and Achit'ophel_, is sir
Edmondbury Godfrey, the magistrate, who was found murdered in a ditch
near Primrose Hill. Dr. Oates, in the same satire, is called "Corah."

  Corah might for Agag's murder call,
  In terms as coarse as Samuel used to Saul.

Part i.

AGAMEMNON, king of the Argives and commander-in-chief of the allied
Greeks in the siege of Troy. Introduced by Shakespeare in his _Troilus
and Cres'sida_.

_Vixere fortes ante Agamem'nona_, "There were brave men before
Agamemnon;" we are not to suppose that there were no great and good
men in former times. A similar proverb is, "There are hills beyond
Pentland and fields beyond Forth."

AGANDECCA, daughter of Starno king of Lochlin [_Scandinavia_],
promised in marriage to Fingal king of Morven [_north-west of
Scotland_]. The maid told Fingal to beware of her father, who had set
an ambush to kill him. Fingal, being thus forewarned, slew the men in
ambush; and Starno, in rage, murdered his daughter, who was buried by
Fingal in Ardven [_Argyll_].

  The daughter of the snow overheard, and left
  the hall of her secret sigh. She came in all her
  beauty, like the moon from the cloud of the east.
  Loveliness was around her as light. Her step
  was like the music of songs. She saw the youth,
  and loved him. He was the stolen sigh of her
  soul. Her blue eyes rolled in secret on him, and
  she blessed the chief of Morven.--_Ossian_ ("Fingal,"
  iii.)

AGANIP'PE (4 syl.), fountain of the Muses, at the foot of mount
Helicon, in Boeo'tia.

  From Helicon's harmonious springs
  A thousand rills their mazy progress take.

Gray, _Progress of Poetry_.

AG'APE (3 syl.) the fay. She had three sons at a birth, Primond,
Diamond, and Triamond. Being anxious to know the future lot of her
sons, she went to the abyss of Demogorgon, to consult the "Three Fatal
Sisters." Clotho showed her the threads, which "were thin as those
spun by a spider." She begged the fates to lengthen the life-threads,
but they said this could not be; they consented, however, to this
agreement--

  When ye shred with fatal knife
  His line which is the eldest of the three,
  Eftsoon his life may pass into the next:
  And when the next shall likewise ended be,
  That both their lives may likewise be annext
  Unto the third, that his may so be trebly wext.

  Spenser, _Faëry Queen_, iv. 2 (1590).

AGAPI'DA _(Fray Antonio_), the imaginary chronicler of _The Conquest
of Granada_, written by Washington Irving (1829).

AGAST'YA (3 _syl._), a dwarf who drank the sea dry. As he was walking
one day with Vishnoo, the insolent ocean asked the god who the pigmy
was that strutted by his side. Vishnoo replied it was the patriarch
Agastya, who was going to restore earth to its true balance. Ocean, in
contempt, spat its spray in the pigmy's face, and the sage, in revenge
of this affront, drank the waters of the ocean, leaving the bed quite
dry.--Maurice.

AG'ATHA, daughter of Cuno, and the betrothed of Max, in Weber's opera
of _Der Freischütz._--See _Dictionary of Phrase and Fable._

AGATH'OCLES (4 _syl_.) tyrant of Sicily. He was the son of a potter,
and raised himself from the ranks to become general of the army.
He reduced all Sicily under his power. When he attacked the
Carthaginians, he burnt his ships that his soldiers might feel
assured they must either conquer or die. Agathoclês died of poison
administered by his grandson (B.C. 361-289).

Voltaire has a tragedy called _Agathocle_, and Caroline Pichler has an
excellent German novel entitled _Agathoclés_.

AGATHON, the hero and title of a philosophic romance, by C. M. Wieland
(1733-1813). This is considered the best of his novels, though some
prefer his _Don Sylvia de Rosalva_.

AGDISTES, the name given by Spenser to our individual consciousness or
self. Personified in the being who presided over the Acrasian "bowre
of blis."

  That is our selfe, whom though we do not see
  Yet each doth in himselfe it well perceive to bee.

  Therefore a God him sage Antiquity
  Did wisely make, and good Agdistes call--

  Spenser, _Faerie Queene_, ii. 12.

AGDISTIS, a genius of human form, uniting the two senses and born of
an accidental union between Jupiter and Tellus. The story of Agdistis
and Atys is apparently a myth of the generative powers of nature.

AGED (_The_), so Wemmick's father is called. He lived in "the castle
at Walworth." Wemmick at "the castle" and Wemmick in business are two
"different beings."

  Wemmick's house was a little wooden cottage,
  in the midst of plots of garden, and the top of
  it was cut out and painted like a battery mounted
  with guns.... It was the smallest of houses,
  with queer Gothic windows (by far the greater
  part of them sham), and a Gothic door, almost
  too small to get in at.... On Sundays he ran
  up a real flag.... The bridge was a plank, and
  it crossed a chasm about four feet wide and two
  deep.... At nine o'clock every night "the gun
  fired," the gun being mounted in a separate fortress
  made of lattice-work. It was protected
  from the weather by a tarpaulin ... umbrella.--
  C. Dickens, _Great Expectations_, xxv. (1860).

AG'ELASTES (_Michael_), the cynic philosopher.--Sir W. Scott, _Count
Robert of Paris_ (time, Rufus).

AGESILA'US (5 _syl_.). Plutarch tells us that Agesilaus, king of
Sparta, was one day discovered riding cock-horse on a long stick, to
please and amuse his children.

A'GIB (_King_), "The Third Calender" (_Arabian Nights'
Entertainments_). He was wrecked on the loadstone mountain, which
drew all the nails and iron bolts from his ship; but he overthrew
the bronze statue on the mountain-top, which was the cause of the
mischief. Agib visited the ten young men, each of whom had lost
the right eye, and was carried by a roc to the palace of the forty
princesses, with whom he tarried a year. The princesses were then
obliged to leave for forty days, but entrusted him with the keys of
the palace, with free permission to enter every room but one. On the
fortieth day curiosity induced him to open this room, where he saw a
horse, which he mounted, and was carried through the air to Bag dad.
The horse then deposited him, and knocked out his right eye with a
whisk of its tail, as it had done the ten "young men" above referred
to.

AGITATOR (_The Irish_), Daniel O'Connell (1775-1847).

AGLAE, the unwedded sister in T. B. Aldrich's poem, _The Sisters'
Tragedy_ (1891).

  Two sisters loved one man. He being dead,
  Grief loosed the lips of her he had not wed,
  And all the passion that through heavy years,
  Had masked in smiles, unmasked itself in tears.

AGNEI'A (3 _syl_.), wifely chastity, sister of Parthen'ia or maiden
chastity. Agneia is the spouse of Encra'tês or temperance. Fully
described in canto x. of _The Purple Island_, by Phineas Fletcher
(1633). (Greek, _agneia_, "chastity.")

AG'NES, daughter of Mr. Wickfield the solicitor, and David
Copperfield's second wife (after the death of Dora, "his child wife").
Agnes is a very pure, self-sacrificing girl, accomplished, yet
domestic.--C. Dickens, _David Copperfield_ (1849).

AGNES, in Molière's _L'École des Femmes_, the girl on whom Arnolphe
tries his pet experiment of education, so as to turn out for himself
a "model wife." She is brought up in a country convent, where she
is kept in entire ignorance of the difference of sex, conventional
proprieties, the difference between the love of men and women, and
that of girls for girls, the mysteries of marriage, and so on. When
grown to womanhood she quits the convent, and standing one evening on
a balcony a young man passes and takes off his hat to her, she returns
the salute; he bows a second and third time, she does the same; he
passes and repasses several times, bowing each time, and she does as
she has been taught to do by acknowledging the salute. Of course,
the young man (_Horace_) becomes her lover, whom she marries, and M.
Arnolphe loses his "model wife." (See PINCH-WIFE.)

_Elle fait l'Agnès._ She pretends to be wholly unsophisticated and
verdantly ingenuous.--_French Proverb_ (from the "Agnes" of Molière,
_L'École des Femmes_, 1662).

_Agnes_ (_Black_), the countess of March, noted for her defence of
Dunbar against the English.

_Black Agnes_, the palfry of Mary queen of Scots, the gift of her
brother Moray, and so called from the noted countess of March, who was
countess of Moray (Murray) in her own right.

_Agnes_ (_St._), a young virgin of Palermo, who at the age of thirteen
was martyred at Rome during the Diocletian persecution of A.D. 304.
Prudence (Aurelius Prudentius Clemens), a Latin Christian poet of the
fourth century, has a poem on the subject. Tintoret and Domenichi'no
have both made her the subject of a painting.--_The Martyrdom of St.
Agnes_.

_St. Agnes and the Devil_. St. Agnes, having escaped from the prison
at Rome, took shipping and landed at St. Piran Arwothall. The devil
dogged her, but she rebuked him, and the large moor-stones between St.
Piran and St. Agnes, in Cornwall, mark the places where the devils
were turned into stone by the looks of the indignant saint.--Polwhele,
_History of Cornwall_.

_Agnes of Sorrento_, heroine of novel of same name, by Harriet Beecher
Stowe. The scene of the story is laid in Sorrento, Italy.

AGRAMAN'TE (4 _syl_.) or AG'RAMANT, king of the Moors, in _Orlando
Innamorato_, by Bojardo, and _Orlando Furioso_, by Ariosto.

AGRAWAIN (_Sir_) or SIR AGRAVAIN, surnamed "The Desirous," and also
"The Haughty." He was son of Lot (king of Orkney) and Margawse
half-sister of king Arthur. His brothers were sir Gaw'ain, sir
Ga'heris, and sir Gareth. Mordred was his half-brother, being the son
of king Arthur and Margawse. Sir Agravain and sir Mordred hated sir
Launcelot, and told the king he was too familiar with the queen; so
they asked the king to spend the day in hunting, and kept watch. The
queen sent for sir Launcelot to her private chamber, and sir Agravain,
sir Mordred, and twelve others assailed the door, but sir Launcelot
slew them all except sir Mordred, who escaped.--Sir T. Malory,
_History of Prince Arthur_, iii. 142-145 (1470).

AGRICA'NE (4 _syl._), king of Tartary, in the _Orlando Innamorato_, of
Bojardo. He besieges Angelica in the castle of Albracca, and is slain
in single combat by Orlando. He brought into the field 2,200,000
troops.

  Such forces met not, nor so wide a camp,
  When Agrican, with all his northern powers,
  Besieged Albracca.

  Milton, _Paradise Regained_, iii. (338).

AGRICOLA FUSILIER, a pompous old creole, a conserver of family
traditions, and patriot who figures in George W. Cable's
_Grandissimes_ (1880).

  He seemed to fancy himself haranguing a
  crowd; made another struggle for intelligence,
  tried once, twice to speak, and the third time
  succeeded: "Louis--_Louisian--a--for--ever!_"
  and lay still. They put those two words on his
  tomb.

AG'RIOS, Lumpishness personified; a "sullen swain, all mirth that in
himself and others hated; dull, dead, and leaden." Described in canto
viii. of _The Purple Island_, by Phineas Fletcher (1635). (Greek,
_agrios_; "a savage.")

AGRIPPINA was granddaughter, wife, sister, and mother of an emperor.
She was granddaughter of Augustus, wife of Claudius, sister of
Caligula, and mother of Nero.

[Illustration] Lam'pedo of Lacedaemon was daughter, wife, sister, and
mother of a king.

AGRIPY'NA or AG'RIPYNE (3 _syl._), a princess beloved by the "king
of Cyprus'son, and madly loved by Orleans."--Thomas Dekker, _Old
Fortunatus_ (a comedy, 1600).

AGUE-CHEEK _(Sir Andrew_), a silly old fop with "3000 ducats a year,"
very fond of the table, but with a shrewd understanding that "beef had
done harm to his wit." Sir Andrew thinks himself "old in nothing but
in understanding," and boasts that he can cut a caper, dance the
coranto, walk a jig, and take delight in masques, like a young
man.--Shakespeare, _Twelfth Night_ (1614).

Woodward (1737-1777) always sustained "sir Andrew Ague-cheek" with
infinite drollery, assisted by that expression of "rueful dismay,"
which gave so peculiar a zest to his _Marplot_.--Boaden, _Life of
Siddons_ Charles Lamb says that "Jem White saw James Dodd one evening
in _Ague-cheek_, and recognizing him next day in Fleet Street, took
off his hat, and saluted him with 'Save you, sir Andrew!' Dodd simply
waved his hand and exclaimed, 'Away, fool!'"

A'HABACK AND DES'RA, two enchanters, who aided Ahu'bal in his
rebellion against his brother Misnar, sultan of Delhi. Ahu'bal had a
magnificent tent built, and Horam the vizier had one built for the
sultan still more magnificent. When the rebels made their attack, the
sultan and the best of the troops were drawn off, and the sultan's
tent was taken. The enchanters, delighted with their prize, slept
therein, but at night the vizier led the sultan to a cave, and asked
him to cut a rope. Next morning he heard that a huge stone had fallen
on the enchanters and crushed them to a mummy. In fact, this stone
formed the head of the bed, where it was suspended by the rope which
the sultan had severed in the night.--James Ridley, _Tales of the
Genii_ ("The Enchanters' Tale," vi.).

AHASUE'RUS, the cobbler who pushed away Jesus when, on the way to
execution. He rested a moment or two at his door. "Get off! Away with
you!" cried the cobbler. "Truly, I go away," returned Jesus, "and that
quickly; but tarry thou till I come." And from that time Ahasuerus
became the "wandering Jew," who still roams the earth, and will
continue so to do till the "second coming of the Lord." This is the
legend given by Paul von Eitzen, bishop of Schleswig (1547).--Greve,
_Memoir of Paul von Eitzen_ (1744).

AHER'MAN AND AR'GEN, the former a fortress, and the latter a suite of
immense halls, in the realm of Eblis, where are lodged all creatures
of human intelligence before the creation of Adam, and all the animals
that inhabited the earth before the present races existed.--W.
Beckford, _Vathek_ (1786).

AH'MED _(Prince)_, noted for the tent given him by the fairy
Pari-banou, which would cover a whole army, and yet would fold up so
small that it might be carried in one's pocket. The same good
fairy also gave him the apple of Samarcand', a panacea for all
diseases.--_Arabian Nights' Entertainments_ ("Prince Ahmed, etc.").

AHOLIBA'MAH, granddaughter of Cain, and sister of Anah. She was loved
by the seraph Samias'a, and like her sister was carried off to another
planet when the Flood came.--Byron, _Heaven and Earth_.

  Proud, imperious, and aspiring, she denies that
  she worships the seraph, and declares that his
  immortality can bestow no love more pure and
  warm than her own, and she expresses a conviction
  that there is a ray within her "which,
  though forbidden yet to shine," is nevertheless
  lighted at the same ethereal fire as his own.--Finden,
  _Byron Beauties_.

AH'RIMAN OR AHRIMA'NES (4 _syl_.), the angel of darkness and of evil
in the Magian system, slain by Mithra.

AIKWOOD (_Ringan_), the forester of sir Arthur Wardour, of
Knockwinnock Castle.--Sir W. Scott, _The Antiquary_.

AIMEE, the prudent sister, familiarly known as "the wise one" in
the Bohemian household described by Francis Hodgson Burnett in
_Vagabondia_ (1889).

AIM'WELL _(Thomas, viscount_), a gentleman of broken fortune, who pays
his addresses to Dorin'da, daughter of Lady Bountiful. He is very
handsome and fascinating, but quite "a man of the world." He and
Archer are the two beaux of _The Beaux' Stratagem_, a comedy by George
Farquhar (1705).

I thought it rather odd that Holland should be the only "mister" of
the party, and I said to myself, as Gibbet said when he heard that
"Aimwell" had gone to church, "That looks suspicions" (act ii. sc.
2).--James Smith, _Memoirs, Letters, etc_. (1840).

AIRCASTLE, in the _Cozeners_, by S. Foote. The original of this
rambling talker was Gahagan, whose method of conversation is thus
burlesqued:

_Aircastle_: "Did I not tell you what parson Prunello said? I
remember, Mrs. Lightfoot was by. She had-been brought to bed that
day was a month of a very fine boy--a bad birth; for Dr. Seeton, who
served his time with Luke Lancet, of Guise's.--There was also a talk
about him and Nancy the daughter. She afterwards married Will Whitlow,
another apprentice, who had great expectations from an old uncle in
the Grenadiers; but he left all to a distant relation, Kit Cable,
a midshipman aboard the _Torbay_. She was lost coming home in the
channel. The captain was taken up by a coaster from Eye, loaded with
cheese--" [Now, pray, what did parson Prunello say? This is a pattern
of Mrs. Nickleby's rambling gossip.]

AIR'LIE (_The earl of_), a royalist in the service of king Charles
I.--Sir W. Scott, _Legend of Montrose_.

AIRY (_Sir George_), a man of fortune, in love with Miran'da, the ward
of sir Francis Gripe.--Mrs. Centlivre, _The Busylody_ (1709).

A'JAX, son of Oïleus [_O.i'.luce_], generally called "the less." In
conseqnence of his insolence to Cassan'dra, the prophetic daughter of
Priam, his ship was driven on a rock, and he perished at sea.--Homer,
_Odyssey_, iv. 507; Virgil, _Æneid_, i. 41.

A'JAX TEL'AMON. Sophoclês has a tragedy called _Ajax_, in which "the
madman" scourges a ram he mistakes for Ulysses. His encounter with
a flock of sheep, which he fancied in his madness to be the sons of
Atreus, has been mentioned at greater or less length by several Greek
and Roman poets. Don Quixote had a similar adventure. This Ajax is
introduced by Shakespeare in his drama called _Troilus and Cressida._
(See ALIFANFARON).

  The Tuscan poet [_Ariosto_] doth advance
  The frantic paladin of France [_Orlando Furioso_];
  And those more ancient [_Euripides_ and _Seneca_] do enhance
  Alcidês in his fury [_Herculês Furens_];
  And others, Ajax Telamon;--
  But to this time there hath been none
  So bedlam as our Oberon;
  Of whom I dare assure you.

M. Drayton, _Nymphidia_ (1536-1631).

AJUT AND ANNINGAIT, in _The Rambler_.

  Part, like Ajut, never to return.
  Campbell, _Pleasures of Hope_, ii. (1799).

ALA'CIEL, the genius who went on a voyage to the two islands,
Taciturnia and Merry land [_London_ and _Paris_].--De la Dixmerie
_L'isle Taciturne et l'isle Enjouée, ou Voyage du Génie Alaciel dans
les deux Iles_ (1759).

ALADDIN, son of Mustafa, a poor tailor, of China, "obstinate,
disobedent, and mischievous," wholly abandoned "to indolence and
licentiousness." One day an African magician accosted him, pretending
to be his uncle, and sent him to bring up the "wonderful lamp," at the
same time giving him a "ring of safety." Aladdin secured the lamp,
but would not hand it to the magician till he was out of the cave,
whereupon the magician shut him up in the cave, and departed for
Africa. Aladdin, wringing his hands in despair, happened to rub the
magic ring, when the genius of the ring appeared before him, and asked
him his commands. Aladdin requested to be delivered from the cave, and
he returned home. By means of his lamp, he obtained untold wealth,
built a superb palace, and married Badroul'boudour, the sultan's
daughter. After a time, the African magician got possession of the
lamp, and caused the palace, with all its contents, to be transported
into Africa. Aladdin was absent at the time, was arrested and ordered
to execution, but was rescued by the populace, with whom he was an
immense favorite, and started to discover what had become of his
palace. Happening to slip, he rubbed his ring, and when the genius of
the ring appeared and asked his orders, was instantly posted to the
place where his palace was in Africa. He poisoned the magician,
regained the lamp, and had his palace restored to its original place
in China.

Yes, ready money is Aladdin's lamp.

Byron, _Don Juan_, xii. 12.

_Aladdin's Lamp_, a lamp brought from an underground cavern in "the
middle of China." Being in want of food, the mother of Aladdin began
to scrub it, intending to sell it, when the genius of the lamp
appeared, and asked her what were her commands. Aladdin answered, "I
am hungry; bring me food;" and immediately a banquet was set before
him. Having thus become acquainted with the merits of the lamp, he
became enormously rich, and married the sultan's daughter. By artifice
the African magician got possession of the lamp, and transported the
palace with its contents to Africa. Aladdin poisoned the magician,
recovered the lamp, and retranslated the palace to its original site.

_Aladdin's Palace Windows_. At the top of the palace was a saloon,
containing tweny-four windows (six on each side), and all but one
enriched with diamonds, rubies, and emeralds. One was left for the
sultan to complete, but all the jewellers in the empire were unable to
make one to match the others, so Aladdin commanded "the slaves of the
lamp" to complete their work.

_Aladdin's Ring_, given him by the African magician, "a preservative
against every evil."--_Arabian Nights_ ("Aladdin and the Wonderful
Lamp").

AL'ADINE, the sagacious but cruel king of Jerusalem, slain by
Raymond.--Tasso, _Jerusalem Delivered_ (1575).

_Al'adine_ (3 _syl_.), son of Aldus, "a lusty knight."--Spenser,
_Faëry Queen_, vi. 3 (1596).

ALAFF, ANLAF, or OLAF, son of Sihtric, Danish king of Northumberland
(died 927). When Aethelstan [_Athelstan_] took possession of
Northumberland, Alaff fled to Ireland, and his brother Guthfrith or
Godfrey to Scotland.

  Our English Athelstan,
  In the Northumbrian fields, with most victorious might,
  Put Alaff and his powers to more inglorious flight.

Drayton, _Potyolbion_, xii. (1612).

ALAIN, cousin of Eos, the artist's wife, in _Desert Sands_, by Harriet
Prescott Spofford (1863).

ALAR'CON, king of Barca, who joined the armament of Egypt against
the crusaders, but his men were only half armed.--Tasso, _Jerusalem
Delivered_ (1575).

ALARIC COTTIN. Frederick the Great of Prussia was so called by
Voltaire. "Alaric" because, like Alaric, he was a great warrior, and
"Cottin" because, like Cottin, satirized by Boileau, he was a very
indifferent poet.

ALAS'CO, _alias_ DR. DEMETRIUS DOBOOBIE, an old astrologer, consulted
by the earl of Leicester.--Sir W. Scott, _Kenilworth_ (time,
Elizabeth).

ALAS'NAM (_Prince Zeyn_) possessed eight statues, each a single
diamond on a gold pedestal, but had to go in search of a ninth, more
valuable than them all. This ninth was a lady, the most beautiful and
virtuous of women, "more precious than rubies," who became his wife.

One pure and perfect _[woman]_ is ... like Alasnam's lady, worth them
all.--Sir Walter Scott.

_Alasnam's Mirror_. When Alasnam was in search of his ninth statue,
the king of the Genii gave him a test mirror, in which he was to
look when he saw a beautiful girl; "if the glass remained pure and
unsullied, the damsel would be the same, but if not, the damsel would
not be wholly pure in body and in mind." This mirror was called "the
touchstone of virtue."--_Arabian Nights_ ("Prince Zeyn Alasnam").

ALAS'TOR, a surname of Zeus as "the Avenger." Or, in general, any
deity or demon who avenges wrong done by man. Shelley wrote a poem,
_Alastor, or the Spirit of Solitude_.

Cicero says he meditated killing himself that he might become the
Alastor of Augustus, whom he hated.--Plutarch, _Cicero, etc._
("Parallel Lives.")

God Almighty mustered up an army of mice against the archbishop
[_Hatto_], and sent them to persecute him as his furious
Alastors.--Coryat, _Crudities_, 571.

AL'BAN (_St._) of Ver'ulam, hid his confessor, St. Am'phibal, and
changing clothes with him, suffered death in his stead. This was
during the frightful persecution of Maximia'nus Hercu'lius, general of
Diocle'tian's army in Britain, when 1000 Christians fell at Lichfield.

  Alban--our proto-martyr called.
  Drayton, _Polyolbion_, xxiv. [1622].

AL'BERICK OF MORTEMAR, the same as Theodorick the hermit of Engaddi,
an exiled nobleman. He tells king Richard the history of his life,
and tries to dissuade him from sending a letter of defiance to the
archduke of Austria.--Sir W. Scott, _The Talisman_ (time, Richard I.).

_Al' berick_, the squire of prince Richard, one of the sons of Henry
II. of England.--Sir W. Scott, _The Betrothed_ (time, Henry II.).

ALBERT, commander of the _Britannia_. Brave, liberal, and just,
softened and refined by domestic ties and superior information. His
ship was dashed against the projecting verge of Cape Colonna, the most
southern point of Attica, and he perished in the sea because Rodmond
(second in command) grasped one of his legs and could not be shaken
off.

  Though trained in boisterous elements, his mind
  Was yet by soft humanity refined;
  Each joy of wedded love at home he knew,
  Abroad, confessed the father of his crew....

  His genius, ever for th' event prepared,
  Rose with the storm, and all its dangers shared.

Falconer, _The Shipwreck_, i. 2 (1756).

_Albert_, father of Gertrude, patriarch and judge of Wyo'ming (called
by Campbell Wy'oming). Both Albert and his daughter were shot by a
mixed force of British and Indian troops, led by one Brandt, who made
an attack on the settlement, put all the inhabitants to the sword, set
fire to the fort, and destroyed all the houses.--Campbell, _Gertrude
of Wyoming_ (1809).

_Albert_, in Goethe's romance called _The Sorrows of Werther_, is
meant for his friend Kestner. He is a young German farmer, who married
Charlotte Buff (called "Lotte" in the novel), with whom Goethe was in
love. Goethe represents himself under the name of Werther (_q. v._).

ALBERT OF GEI'ERSTEIN (_Count_), brother of Arnold Biederman, and
president of the "Secret Tribunal." He sometimes appears as a
"black priest of St. Paul's," and sometimes as the "monk of St.
Victoire."--Sir W. Scott, _Anne of Geierstein_ (time, Edward IV.).

ALBERTAZ'ZO married Alda, daughter of Otho, duke of Saxony. His
sons were Ugo and Fulco. From this stem springs the Royal Family of
England.--Ariosto, _Orlando Furioso_ (1516).

ALBIA'ZAR, an Arab chief, who joins the Egyptian armament against the
crusaders.

A chief in rapine, not in knighthood bred. Tasso, _Jerusalem
Delivered_, xvii. (1575).

AL'BION. In legendary history this word is variously accounted for.
One derivation is from Albion, a giant, son of Neptune, its first
discoverer, who ruled over the island for forty-four years.

Another derivation is Al'bia, eldest of the fifty daughters of
Diocle'sian king of Syria. These fifty ladies all married on the same
day, and all murdered their husbands on the wedding night. By way of
punishment, they were cast adrift in a ship, unmanned, but the wind
drove the vessel to our coast, where these Syrian damsels disembarked.
Here they lived the rest of their lives, and married with the
aborigines, "a lawless crew of devils." Milton mentions this legend,
and naïvely adds, "it is too absurd and unconscionably gross to be
believed." Its resemblance to the fifty daughters of Dan'aos is
palpable.

Drayton, in his _Polyolbion_, says that Albion came from Rome, was
"the first martyr of the land," and dying for the faith's sake, left
his name to the country, where Offa subsequently reared to him "a rich
and sumptuous shrine, with a monastery attached."--Song xvi.

_Albion_, king of Briton, when O'beron held his court in what is now
called "Kensington Gardens." T. Tickell has a poem upon this subject.

_Albion wars with Jove's Son_. Albion, son of Neptune, wars with
Her'culês, son of Jove. Neptune, dissatisfied with the share of his
father's kingdom, awarded to him by Jupiter, aspired to dethrone
his brother, but Hercules took his father's part, and Albion was
discomfited.

  Since Albion wielded arms against the son of
  Jove.

M. Drayton, _Polyolbion_, iv. (1612).

ALBO'RAK, the animal brought by Gabriel to convey Mahomet to the
seventh heaven. It had the face of a man, the cheeks of a horse, the
wings of an eagle, and spoke with a human voice.

ALBUMA'ZAR, Arabian astronomer (776-885).

  Chaunteclere, our cocke, must tell what is o'clocke,
  By the astrologye that he hath naturally
  Conceyued and caught; for he was never taught
  By Albumazar, the astronomer,
  Nor by Ptholomy, prince of astronomy.
  J. Skelton, _Philip Sparoiv_ (time, Henry VIII.).

Alcestis or Alcestes, daughter of Pelias and wife of Admetus (_q. v_.)
On his wedding-day Admetus neglected to offer sacrifice to Diana and
was condemned to die, but Apollo induced the Fates to spare his life
if he could find a voluntary substitute. His wife offered to give her
life for his, and went away with death; but Hercules fought with Death
and restored Alcestes to her husband. This story is the subject of a
tragedy _Alcestes_, by Euripides. Milton alludes to the incident in
one of his sonnets:

  Methought I saw my late espoused saint
  Brought to me like Alcestes from the grave.

John Milton, Sonnet _On his deceased Wife_.

William Morris has made Alcestes the subject of one of the tales in
his _Earthly Paradise._

A variation of the story is found in Longfellow's _The Golden Legend_,
Henry of Hoheneck when dying was promised his life if a maiden could
be found who would give up her life for his. Elsie, the daughter
of Gottlieb, a tenant-farmer of the prince offered herself as a
sacrifice, and followed her lord to Sorrento to give herself up to
Lucifer; but Henry heard of it, and, moved by gratitude, saved Elsie
and made her his wife.

_Alceste_, the hero of Molière's comedy _Le Misanthrope_. He has a
pure and noble mind that has been soured and disgusted by intercourse
with the world. Courtesy he holds to be the vice of fops, and the
manners of society mere hypocrisy. He courts Célmène, a coquette and
her treatment of his love confirms his bad opinion of mankind.

AL'CHEMIST (_The_), the last of the three great comedies of Ben Jonson
(1610). The other two are _Vol'pone_ (2 _syl_.), (1605), and _The
Silent Woman_ (1609). The object of _The Alchemist_ is to ridicule
the belief in the philosopher's stone and the elixir of life. The
alchemist is "Subtle," a mere quack; and "sir Epicure Mammon" is
the chief dupe, who supplies money, etc., for the "transmutation of
metal." "Abel Drugger" a tobacconist, and "Dapper" a lawyer's
clerk, are two other dupes. "Captain Face," _alias_ "Jeremy," the
house-servant of "Lovewit," and "Dol Common" are his allies. The whole
thing is blown up by the unexpected return of "Lovewit."

ALCIB'ADES (5 _syl._), the Athenian general. Being banished by the
senate, he marches against the city, and the senate, being unable to
offer resistance, open the gates to him (B.C. 450-404). This incident
is introduced by Shakespeare in _Timon of Athens_.

ALCIBI'ADES' TABLES represented a god or goddess outwardly, and
a Sile'nus, or deformed piper, within. Erasmus has a "curious
dissertation on these tables" (_Adage_, 667, edit. R. Stephens); hence
emblematic of falsehood and dissimulation.

  Whose wants virtue is compared to these
  False tables wrought by Alcibiades;
  Which noted well of all were found t've bin
  Most fair without, but most deformed within.

Wm. Browne, _Britannia's Pastorals_, i. (1613).

ALCI'DES, a name sometimes given to Hercules as the descendent of the
hero Alcoeus through his son Amphitryon (_q. v._) The name is applied
to any valiant hero.

  The Tuscan poet [_Ariosto_] doth advance
  The frantic paladin of France [_Orlando Furioso_];
  And those more ancient do enhance
  Alcidês in his fury.

M. Drayton, _Nymphidia_ (1563-1631).

  Where is the great Alcidês of the field,
  Valiant lord Talbot, earl of Shrewsbury?

Shakespeare, 1 _Henry VI_. act. iv. sc. 7 (1589).

ALCI'NA, Carnal Pleasure personified. In Bojardo's _Orlando
Innamorato_ she is a fairy, who carries off Astolfo. In Ariosto's
_Orlando Furioso_ she is a kind of Circê, whose garden is a scene of
enchantment. Alcina enjoys her lovers for a season, and then converts
them into trees, stones, wild beasts, and so on, as her fancy
dictates.

AL'CIPHRON, or _The Minute Philosopher_, the title of a work by bishop
Berkeley, so called from the name of the chief speaker, a freethinker.
The object of this work is to expose the weakness of infidelity.

_Al'ciphron_, "the epicurean," the hero of T. Moore's romance entitled
_The Epicurean_.

  Like Aleiphron, we swing in air and darkness,
  and know not whither the wind blows us.

--_Putnam's Magazine._

ALCME'NA (in Molière, _Alcmène_), the wife of Amphitryon, general
of the Theban army. While her husband is absent warring against the
Telebo'ans, Jupiter assumes the form of Amphitryon; but Amphitryon
himself returns home the next day, and great confusion arises between
the false and true Amphitryon, which is augmented by Mercury, who
personates Sos'ia, the slave of Amphitryon. By this amour of Jupiter,
Alcmena becomes the mother of Her'culês. Plautus, Molière, and Dryden
have all taken this plot for a comedy entitled _Amphitryon_.

ALCOFRI'BAS, the name by which Rabelais was called, after he came out
of the prince's mouth, where he resided for six months, taking toll of
every morsel of food that the prince ate. Pantag'ruel gave "the merry
fellow the lairdship of Salmigondin."--Rabelais, _Pantagruel_, ii. 32
(1533).

AL'COLOMB, "subduer of hearts," daughter of Abou Aibou of Damascus,
and sister of Ganem. The caliph Haroun-al-Raschid, in a fit of
jealousy, commanded Ganem to be put to death, and his mother and
sister to do penance for three days in Damascus, and then to be
banished from Syria. The two ladies came to Bag dad, and were taken in
by the charitable syndic of the jewellers. When the jealous fit of the
caliph was over he sent for the two exiles. Alcolomb he made his wife,
and her mother he married to his vizier.--_Arabian Nights_ ("Ganem,
the Slave of Love ").

ALCY'ON "the wofullest man alive," but once "the jolly shepherd swain
that wont full merrily to pipe and dance," near where the Severn
flows. One day he saw a lion's cub, and brought it up till it followed
him about like a dog; but a cruel satyr shot it in mere wantonness. By
the lion's cub he means Daphne, who died in her prime, and the cruel
satyr is death. He said he hated everything--the heaven, the earth,
fire, air, and sea, the day, the night; he hated to speak, to hear, to
taste food, to see objects, to smell, to feel; he hated man and woman
too, for his Daphne lived no longer. What became of this doleful
shepherd the poet could never ween. Alcyon is sir Arthur
Gorges.--Spencer, _Daphnaida_ (in seven fyttes, 1590).

  And there is that Alcyon bent to mourn,
  Though fit to frame an everlasting ditty.
  Whose gentle sprite for Daphne's death doth turn
  Sweet lays of love to endless plaints of pity.

Spenser, _Colin Clout's Come Home Again_ (1591).

ALCY'ONE or HALCYONE (4 _syl_.), daughter of Aeolus, who, on hearing
of her husband's death by shipwreck, threw herself into the sea, and
was changed to a kingfisher. (See HALCYON DAYS.)

ALDABEL'LA, wife of Orlando, sister of Oliver, and daughter of
Monodan'tês.--Ariosto, _Orlando Furioso, etc_. (1516).

_Aldabella_, a marchioness of Florence, very beautiful and
fascinating, but arrogant and heartless. She used to give
entertainments to the magnates of Florence, and Fazio was one who
spent most of his time in her society. Bian'ca his wife, being jealous
of the marchioness, accused him to the duke of being privy to the
death of Bartoldo, and for this offence Fazio was executed. Bianca
died broken-hearted, and Aldabella was condemned to spend the rest of
her life in a nunnery.--Dean Milman, _Fazio_ (a tragedy, 1815).

ALDEN (_John_), one of the sons of the Pilgrim fathers, in love with
Priscilla, the beautiful puritan. Miles Standish, a bluff old soldier,
wishing to marry Priscilla, asked John Alden to go and plead for him;
but the maiden answered archly, "Why don't you speak for yourself,
John!" Soon after this, Standish being reported killed by a poisoned
arrow, John spoke for himself, and the maiden consented. Standish,
however, was not killed, but only wounded; he made his reappearance
at the wedding, where, seeing how matters stood, he accepted the
situation with the good-natured remark:

  If you would be served you must serve yourself;
  and moreover
  No man can gather cherries in Kent at the season
  of Christmas.

Longfellow, _Courtship of Miles Standish_ (1858).

ALDIBORONTEPHOSCOPHORNIO _[Al'diboron'te-fos'co-for'nio]_, a character
in _Chrononhotonthologos_, by H. Carey.

(Sir Walter Scott used to call James Ballantyne, the printer, this
nickname, from his pomposity and formality of speech.)

AL'DIGER, son of Buo'vo, of the house of Clarmont, brother of
Malagi'gi and Vivian.--Ariosto, _Orlando Furioso_ (1516).

AL'DINE (2 _syl_.), leader of the second squadron of Arabs which
joined the Egyptian armament against the crusaders. Tasso says of
the Arabs, "Their accents were female and their stature diminutive"
(xvii.).--Tasso, _Jerusalem Delivered_ (1575).

AL'DINGAR _(Sir)_, steward of queen Eleanor, wife of Henry II. He
impeached the queen's fidelity, and agreed to prove his charge
by single combat; but an angel (in the shape of a little child)
established the queen's innocence. This is probably a blundering
version of the story of Gunhilda and the emperor Henry.--Percy,
_Reliques_, ii. 9.

ALDO, a Caledonian, was not invited by Fingal to his banquet on his
return to Morven, after the overthrow of Swaran. To resent this
affront, he went over to Fingal's avowed enemy, Erragon king of Sora
(in Scandinavia), and here Lorma, the king's wife, fell in love
with him. The guilty pair fled to Morven, which Erragon immediately
invaded. Aldo fell in single combat with Erragon, Lorma died of grief,
and Erragon was slain in battle by Graul, son of Morni.--_Ossian_
("The Battle of Lora").

ALDRICK the Jesuit, confessor of Charlotte countess of Derby.--Sir W.
Scott, _Peveril of the Peak_ (time, Charles II.).

ALDROVAND _(Father)_, chaplain of sir Raymond Berenger, the old Norman
warrior.--Sir W. Scott, _The Betrothed_ (time, Henry II.).

ALDUS, father of Al'adine (3 _syl_), the "lusty knight."--Spenser,
_Faëry Queen_, vi. 3 (1596).

ALEA, a warrior who invented dice at the siege of Troy; at least so
Isidore of Seville says. Suidas ascribes the invention to Palamëdês.

Alea est ludus tabulae inventa a Graecis, in otio Trojani belli, a
quodam milite, nomine ALEA, a quo et ars nomen accepit.--Isidorus,
_Orig_. xviii. 57.

ALEC'TRYON, a youth set by Mars to guard against surprises, but he
fell asleep, and Apollo thus surprised Mars and Venus in each others'
embrace. Mars in anger changed the boy into a cock.

  And from out the neighboring farmyard
  Loud the cock Alectryon crowed.
  Longfellow, _Pegasus in Pound_.

ALEC YEATON, the Gloucester skipper in T. B. Aldrich's ballad, _Alec
Yeaton's Son_.

  The wind it wailed, the wind it moaned,
  And the white caps flecked the sea;
  "An' I would to God," the skipper groaned,
  "I had not my boy with me!"

       *       *       *       *       *

  Long did they marvel in the town
  At God His strange decree;
  That let the stalwart skipper drown,
  And the little child go free. (1890.)

ALE'RIA, one of the Amazons, and the best beloved of the ten wives of
Guido the Savage.--Ariosto, _Orlando Furioso_ (1516).

ALESSANDRO, husband of the Indian girl Ramona, in Helen Hunt Jackson's
novel _Ramona_. The story of the young couple is a series of
oppressions and deceits practised by U. S. officials (1884). ALESSIO,
the young man with whom Lisa was living in concubinage, when Elvi'no
promised to marry her. Elvino made the promise out of pique, because
he thought Ami'na was not faithful to him, but when he discovered his
error he returned to his first love, and left Lisa to marry Alessio,
with whom she had been previously cohabiting.--Bellini's opera, _La
Sonnamlula_ (1831).

ALE'THES (3 _syl_.), an ambassador from Egypt to king Al'adine
(3 _syl_.); subtle, false, deceitful, and full of wiles.--Tasso,
_Jerusalem Delivered_ (1575).

ALEXANDER PATOFF, brother of the young Russian who figures most
prominently in F. Marion Crawford's novel _Paul Patoff_. Alexander's
mysterious disappearance in a mosque leads to suspicions involving
his brother, even the mother of the two brothers accusing Paul of
fratricide (1887).

ALEX. WALTON, physician and suitor of Margaret Kent in _The Story of
Margaret Kent_, by Henry Hayes (Ellen Olney Kirke) (1886).

ALEXANDER THE GREAT, a tragedy by Nathaniel Lee (1678). In French we
have a novel called _Roman d'Alexandre_, by Lambert-li-cors (twelfth
century), and a tragedy by Racine (1665).

_Alexander an Athlete_. Alexander, being asked if he would run a
course at the Olympic games, replied, "Yes, if my competitors are all
kings."

_The Albanian Alexander_, George Castriot _(Scanderbeg_ or _Iscander
beg_, 1404-1467).

_The Persian Alexander_, Sandjar (1117-1158).

_Alexander of the North_, Charles XII. of Sweden (1682-1718).

_Alexander deformed_.

  Ammon's great son one shoulder had too high.

Pope, _Prologue to the Satires_, 117.

_Alexander and Homer_. When Alexander invaded Asia Minor, he offered
up sacrifice to Priam, and then went to visit the tomb of Achilles.
Here he exclaimed, "O most enviable of men, who had Homer to sing thy
deeds!"

Which made the Eastern conqueror to cry,

  "O fortunate young man! whose virtue found
  So brave a trump thy noble deeds to sound."

Spenser, _The Ruins of Time_ (1591).

_Alexander and Parme'nio._ When Darius, king of Persia, offered
Alexander his daughter Stati'ra in marriage, with a dowry of 10,000
talents of gold, Parmenio said, "I would accept the offer, if I
were Alexander." To this Alexander rejoined, "So would I, if I were
Parmenio."

On another occasion the general thought the king somewhat too lavish
in his gifts, whereupon Alexander made answer, "I consider not what
Parmenio ought to receive, but what Alexander ought to give."

_Alexander and Perdiccas_. When Alexander started for Asia he divided
his possessions among his friends. Perdiccas asked what he had
left for himself. "Hope," said Alexander. "If hope is enough for
Alexander," replied the friend, "it is enough for Perdiccas also;" and
declined to accept anything.

_Alexander and Raphael_. Alexander encountered Raphael in a cave
in the mountain of Kaf, and being asked what he was in search of,
replied, "The water of immortality." Whereupon Raphael gave him a
stone, and told him when he found another of the same weight he would
gain his wish. "And how long," said Alexander, "have I to live?" The
angel replied, "Till the heaven above thee and the earth beneath thee
are of iron." Alexander now went forth and found a stone almost of the
weight required, and in order to complete the balance, added a little
earth; falling from his horse at Ghur he was laid in his armor on the
ground, and his shield was set up over him to ward off the sun. Then
understood he that he would gain immortality when, like the stone, he
was buried in the earth, and that his hour was come, for the earth
beneath him was iron, and his iron buckler was his vault of heaven
above. So he died.

_Alexander and the Robber_. When Dion'idês, a pirate, was brought
before Alexander, he exclaimed, "Vile brigand! How dare you infest
the seas with your misdeeds?" "And you," replied the pirate, "by what
right do you ravage the world? Because I have only one ship, I
am called a brigand, but you who have a whole fleet are termed a
conqueror." Alexander admired the man's boldness, and commanded him to
be set at liberty.

_Alexander's Beard_, a smooth chin, or a very small beard. It is said
that Alexander the Great had scarcely any beard at all.

  Disgracèd yet with Alexander's bearde.

G. Gascoigne, _The Steele Glas_ (died 1577).

_Alexander's Runner_, Ladas.

ALEXAN'DRA, daughter of Oronthea, queen of the Am'azons, and one of
the ten wives of Elba'nio. It is from this person that the land of the
Amazons was called Alexandra.--Ariosto, _Orlando Furioso_ (1516).

ALEX'IS, the wanton shepherd in _The Faithful Shepherdess_, a pastoral
drama by John Fletcher (1610).

ALFA'DER, the father of all the Asen _(deities)_ of Scandinavia,
creator and governor of the universe, patron of arts and magic, etc.

ALFONSO, father of Leono'ra d'Este, and duke of Ferrara, Tasso the
poet fell in love with Leonora. The duke confined him as a lunatic for
seven years in the asylum of Santa Anna, but at the expiration of that
period he was released through the intercession of Vincenzo Gonzago,
duke of Mantua. Byron refers to this in his _Childe Harold_, iv. 36.

_Alfonso XI_ of Castile, whose "favorite" was Leonora de
Guzman.--Donizetti, _La Favorita_ (an opera, 1842).

_Alfon'so (Don)_, of Seville, a man of fifty and husband of donna
Julia (twenty-seven years his junior), of whom he was jealous without
cause.--Byron, _Don Juan_, i.

_Alfon'so_, in Walpole's tale called _The Castle of Otranto_, appears
as an apparition in the moonlight, dilated to a gigantic form (1769).

ALFRED AS A GLEEMAN. Alfred, wishing to know the strength of the
Danish camp, assumed the disguise of a minstrel, and stayed in the
Danish camp for several days, amusing the soldiers with his harping
and singing. After he had made himself master of all he required,
he returned back to his own place.--William of Malmesbury (twelfth
century).

William of Malmesbury tells a similar story of Anlaf, a Danish king,
who, he says, just before the battle of Brunanburh, in Northumberland,
entered the camp of king Athelstan as a gleeman, harp in hand; and so
pleased was the English king that he gave him gold. Anlaf would not
keep the gold, but buried it in the earth.

ALGARSIFE (3 _syl_.), and Cam'ballo, sons of Cambuscan' king of
Tartary, and Elfêta his wife. Algarsife married Theodora.

  I speak of Algarsife,
  How that he won Theodora to his wife.

Chaucer, _The Squire's Tale_ AL'GEBAR' ("_the giant_"). So the
Arabians call the constellation Orion.

  Begirt with many a blazing star,
  Stood the great giant Algebar--
  Orion, hunter of the beast.
  Longfellow, _The Occultation of Orion_.

AL'I, cousin and son-in-law of Mahomet. The beauty of his eyes is
proverbial in Persia. _Ayn Hali_ ("eyes of Ali") is the highest
compliment a Persian can pay to beauty.--Chardin.

ALI BABA, a poor Persian wood-carrier, who accidentally learns the
magic words, "Open Sesamê!" "Shut Sesamê!" by which he gains entrance
into a vast cavern, the repository of stolen wealth and the lair of
forty thieves. He makes himself rich by plundering from these stores;
and by the shrewd cunning of Morgiana, his female slave, the captain
and his whole band of thieves are extirpated. In reward of these
services, Ali Baba gives Morgiana her freedom, and marries her to his
own son.--_Arabian Nights_ ("Ali Baba or the Forty Thieves").

AL'ICE (2 _syl_.), sister of Valentine, in _Mons. Thomas_, a comedy by
Beaumont and Fletcher (1619).

_Al'ice_ (2 _syl_.), foster-sister of Robert le Diable, and bride of
Rambaldo, the Norman troubadour, in Meyerbeer's opera of _Roberto
il Diavolo_. She comes to Palermo to place in the duke's hand his
mother's "will," which he is enjoined not to read till he is a
virtuous man. She is Robert's good genius, and when Bertram, the
fiend, claims his soul as the price of his ill deeds, Alice, by
reading the will, reclaims him.

_Al'ice_ (2 _syl_.), the servant-girl of dame Whitecraft, wife of the
innkeeper at Altringham.--Sir W. Scott, _Peveril of the Peak_ (time,
Charles II.).

_Al'ice_, the miller's daughter, a story of happy first love told in
later years by an old man who had married the rustic beauty. He was a
dreamy lad when he first loved Alice, and the passion roused him into
manhood. (See ROSE.)--Tennyson, _The Miller's Daughter_.

_Al'ice (The Lady_), widow of Walter, knight of Avenel (2 _syl_).--Sir
W. Scott, _The Monastery_ (time, Elizabeth).

_Al'ice_ [GRAY], called "Old Alice Gray," a quondam tenant of the lord
of Ravenswood. Lucy Ashton visits her after the funeral of the old
lord.--Sir W. Scott, _Bride of Lammermoor_ (time, William III.).

_Alice Munro_, one of the sisters taken captive by Indians in Cooper's
_Last of the Mohicans_ (1821).

ALICHI'NO. a devil in Dante's _Inferno_.

ALICIA gave her heart to Mosby, but married Arden for his position. As
a wife, she played falsely with her husband, and even joined Mosby in
a plot to murder him. Vacillating between love for Mosby and
respect for Arden, she repents, and goes on sinning; wishes to get
disentangled, but is overmastered by Mosby's stronger will. Alicia's
passions impel her to evil, but her judgment accuses her and prompts
her to the right course. She halts, and parleys with sin, like Balaam,
and of course is lost.--Anon., _Arden of Feversham_ (1592).

_Alic'ia_, "a laughing, toying, wheedling, whimpering she," who once
held lord Hastings under her distaff, but her annoying jealousy,
"vexatious days, and jarring, joyless nights," drove him away from
her. Being jealous of Jane Shore, she accused her to the duke of
Gloster of alluring lord Hastings from his allegiance, and the lord
protector soon trumped up a charge against both; the lord chamberlain
he ordered to execution for treason, and Jane Shore he persecuted for
witchcraft. Alicia goes raving mad.--Rowe, _Jane Shore_ (1713).

_Alic'ia_ (_The lady_), daughter of lord Waldemar Fitzurse.--Sir W.
Scott, _Ivanhoe_ (time, Richard I.).

ALICK [POLWORTH], one of the servants of Waverley.--Sir W. Scott,
_Waverley_ (time, George II.).

ALIFAN'FARON, emperor of the island Trap'oban, a Mahometan, the suitor
of Pentap'olin's daughter, a Christian. Pentapolin refused to sanction
this alliance, and the emperor raised a vast army to enforce his
suit. This is don Quixote's solution of two flocks of sheep coming
in opposite directions, which he told Sancho were the armies of
Alifanfaron and Pentapolin.--Cervantes, _Don Quixote_, I. iii. 4
(1605).

Ajax the Greater had a similar encounter. (See AJAX.)

ALIN'DA, daughter of Alphonso, an irascible old lord of
Sego'via.--Beaumont and Fletcher, _The Pilgrim_ (1621).

(_Alinda_ is the name assumed by young Archas when he dresses in
woman's attire. This young man is the son of general Archas, "the
loyal subject" of the great duke of Moscovia, in the drama by Beaumont
and Fletcher, called _The Loyal Subject_, 1618.)

ALIPRANDO, a Christian knight, who discovered the armor of Rinaldo,
and took it to Godfrey. Both inferred that Rinaldo had been slain, but
were mistaken.--Tasso, _Jerusalem Delivered_ (1575).

AL'IRIS, sultan of Lower Buchar'ia, who, under the assumed name of
Fer'amorz, accompanies Lalla Rookh from Delhi, on her way to be
married to the sultan. He wins her love, and amuses the tedium of the
journey by telling her tales. When introduced to the sultan, her joy
is unbounded on discovering that Feramorz the poet, who has won her
heart, is the sultan to whom she is betrothed.--T. Moore, _Lalla
Rookh_.

ALISAUNDER (_Sir_), surnamed LORFELIN, son of the good prince Boudwine
and his wife An'glides (3 _syl_.). Sir Mark, king of Cornwall,
murdered sir Boudwine, who was his brother, while Alisaunder was a
mere child. When Alisaunder was knighted, his mother gave him his
father's doublet, "bebled with old blood," and charged him to revenge
his father's death. Alisaunder married Alis la Beale Pilgrim, and
had one son called Bellen'gerus le Beuse. Instead of fulfilling his
mother's charge, he was himself "falsely and feloniously slain" by
king Mark.--Sir T. Malory, _History of King Arthur_, ii. 119-125
(1470).

AL'ISON, the young wife of John, a rich old miserly carpenter.
Absolon, a priggish parish clerk, paid her attention, but she herself
loved a poor scholar named Nicholas, lodging in her husband's house.
Fair she was, and her body lithe as a weasel. She had a rouguish eye,
small eyebrows, was "long as a mast and upright as a bolt," more
"pleasant to look on than a flowering pear tree," and her skin "was
softer than the wool of a wether."--Chaucer, "The Miller's Tale,"
_Canterbury Tales_, (1388).

_Al'ison_, in sir W. Scott's _Kenilworth_, is an old domestic in the
service of the earl of Leicester at Cumnor Place.

AL'KEN, an old shepherd, who instructs Robin Hood's men how to find a
witch, and how she is to be hunted.--Ben Jonson, _The Sad Shepherd_
(1637).

ALL'S WELL THAT ENDS WELL, a comedy by Shakespeare (1598). The hero
and heroine are Bertram of Rousillon, and Hel'ena a physician's
daughter, who are married by the command of the king of France, but
part because Bertram thought the lady not sufficiently well-born for
him. Ultimately, however, all ends well.--(See HELENA.)

The story of this play is from Painter's _Gilletta of Narbon_.

ALL THE TALENTS Administration, formed by lord Grenville, in 1806, on
the death of William Pitt. The members were lord Grenville, the earl
Fitzwilliam, viscount Sidmouth, Charles James Fox, earl Spencer,
William Windham, lord Erskine, sir Charles Grey, lord Minto, lord
Auckland, lord Moira, Sheridan, Richard Fitzpatrick, and lord
Ellenborough. It was dissolved in 1807.

  On "all the talents" vent your venal spleen.

Byron, _English Bards and Scotch Reviewers_.

ALLAN, lord of Ravenswood, a decayed Scotch nobleman.--Sir W. Scott,
_The Bride of Lammermoor_ (time, William III.).

_Al'lan (Mrs.)_, colonel Mannering's housekeeper at Woodburne.--Sir W.
Scott, _Guy Mannering_ (time, George II.).

_Al'lan_ [Breck Cameron], the sergeant sent to arrest Hamish Bean
McTavish, by whom he is shot. Sir W. Scott, _The Highland Widow_
(time, George II.).

ALLAN-A-DALE, one of Robin Hood's men, introduced by sir W. Scott in
_Ivanhoe_. (See ALLIN-A-DALE.)

ALLAN QUARTERMAIN, hunter and traveller whose adventures are recorded
in _She, King Solomon's Mines_, and _Allan Quartermain_, by W. Rider
Haggard (1886-1891).

ALLE'GRE (3 _syl_.), the faithful servant of Philip Chabot. When
Chabot was accused of treason, Allegre was put to the rack to make him
confess something to his master's damage, but the brave fellow was
true as steel, and it was afterwards shown that the accusation had no
foundation but jealousy.--G. Chapman and J. Shirley, _The Tragedy of
Philip Chabot_.

ALLEN (_Ralph_), the friend of Pope, and benefactor of Fielding.

  Let humble Allen, with an awkward shame,
  Do good by stealth, and blush to find it fame.

Pope.

_Allen (Long)_, a soldier in the "guards" of king Richard I.--Sir W.
Scott, _The Talisman_.

_Allen (Major)_, an officer in the duke of Monmouth's army.--Sir W.
Scott, _Old Mortality_ (time, Charles II.).

ALL-FAIR, a princess, who was saved from the two lions (which guarded
the Desert Fairy) by the Yellow Dwarf, on condition that she would
become his wife. On her return home she hoped to evade this promise
by marrying the brave king of the Gold Mines, but on the wedding day
Yellow Dwarf carried her off on a Spanish cat, and confined her in
Steel Castle. Here Gold Mine came to her rescue with a magic sword,
but in his joy at finding her, he dropped his sword, and was stabbed
to the heart with it by Yellow Dwarf. All-Fair, falling on the body of
her lover, died of a broken heart. The syren changed the dead lovers
into two palm trees.--Comtesse D'Aunoy, _Fairy Tales_ ("The Yellow
Dwarf," 1682). ALLIN-A-DALE or ALLEN-A-DALE, of Nottinghamshire,
was to be married to a lady who returned his love, but her parents
compelled her to forego young Allin for an old knight of wealth. Allin
told his tale to Robin Hood, and the bold forester, in the disguise of
a harper, went to the church where the wedding ceremony was to take
place. When the wedding party stepped in, Robin Hood exclaimed, "This
is no fit match; the bride shall be married only to the man of her
choice." Then, sounding his horn, Allin-a-Dale with four and twenty
bowmen entered the church. The bishop refused to marry the woman to
Allin till the banns had been asked three times, whereupon Robin
pulled off the bishop's gown, and invested Little John in it, who
asked the banns seven times, and performed the ceremony.--_Robin Hood
and Allin-a-Dale_ (a ballad).

ALL'IT. Captain of Nebuchadrezzar's guards in _The Master of the
Magicians_, by Elizabeth Stuart Phelps and Herbert D. Ward. He is
flattered and content to be the queen's favorite until he meets
Lalitha, a Jewish damsel. He braves death to save her from runaway
horses attached to a chariot, is captivated by her beauty, and forgets
his royal mistress in an honorable love (1890).

ALLNUT (_Noll_), landlord of the Swan, Lambythe Ferry (1625).

_Grace Allnut_, his wife.

_Oliver Allnut_, the landlord's son.--Sterling, _John Felton_ (1852).

ALLWORTH (_Lady_), stepmother to Tom Allworth. Sir Giles Overreach
thought she would marry his nephew Wellborn, but she married lord
Lovel.

_Tom Allworth_, stepson of lady Allworth, in love with Margaret
Overreach, whom he marries.--Massinger, _A New Way to pay Old Debts_
(1625).

ALL'WORTHY, in Fielding's _Tom Jones_, a man of sturdy rectitude,
large charity, infinite modesty, independent spirit, and untiring
philanthropy, with an utter disregard of money or fame. Fielding's
friend, Ralph Allen, was the academy figure of this character.

ALMA (_the human soul_) queen of a Castle, which for seven years was
beset by a rabble rout. Arthur and sir Guyon were conducted by Alma
over this castle, which though not named is intended to represent the
human body.--Spenser, _The Faërie Queene_, ii. 9 (1590).

ALMANSOR ("_the invincible_"), a title assumed by several Mussulman
princes, as by the second caliph of the Abbasside dynasty, named Abou
Giafar Abdallah (_the invincible_, or _al mansor_). Also by the
famous captain of the Moors in Spain, named Mohammed. In Africa,
Yacoubal-Modjahed was entitled "_al mansor_," a royal name of dignity
given to the kings of Fez, Morocco, and Algiers.

  The kingdoms of Almansor, Fez, and Sus,
  Marocco and Algiers.
  Milton, _Paradise Lost_, xi. 403 (1665).

ALMANZOR, the caliph, wishing to found a city in a certain spot, was
told by a hermit named Bag dad that a man called Moclas was destined
to be its founder. "I am that man," said the caliph, and he then told
the hermit how in his boyhood he once stole a bracelet and pawned it,
whereupon his nurse ever after called him "Moclas" (_thief_).
Almanzor founded the city, and called it Bag dad, the name of the
hermit.--Marigny.

_Alman'zor_, in Dryden's tragedy of _The Conquest of Grana'da_.

_Alman'zor_, lackey of Madelon and her cousin Cathos, the affected
fine ladies in Molière's comedy of _Les Précieuses Ridicules_ (1659).

ALMAVI'VA, (_Count_), in _The Marriage of Figaro_ and _The Barber
of Seville_ by Beaumarchais. _The Follies of a Day_ by T. Holcroft
(1745-1809) is borrowed from Beaumarchais.

ALME'RIA, daughter of Manuel king of Grana'da. While captive of
Valentia, prince Alphonso fell in love with her, and being compelled
to fight, married her; but on the very day of espousal the ship in
which they were sailing was wrecked, and each thought the other had
perished. Both, however, were saved, and met unexpectedly on the coast
of Granada, to which Alphonso was brought as a captive. Here Alphonso,
under the assumed name of Osmyn, was imprisoned, but made his escape,
and at the head of an army invaded Granada, found Manuel dead, and
"the mournful bride" became converted into the joyful wife.--W.
Congreve, _The Mourning Bride_ (1697).

ALMES'BURY (3 _syl_.). It was in a sanctuary of Almesbury that queen
Guenever took refuge, after her adulterous passion for sir Lancelot
was made known to the king. Here she died, but her body was buried at
Glastonbury.

ALMEY'DA, the Portuguese governor of India. In his engagement with
the united fleets of Cambaya and Egypt, he had his legs and thighs
shattered by chain-shot, but instead of retreating to the back, he had
himself bound to the shipmast, where he "waved his sword to cheer on
the combatants," till he died from loss of blood.

Similar stories are told of admiral Benbow, Cynaegeros brother of the
poet Æschylos, Jaafer who carried the sacred banner of "the prophet"
in the battle of Muta, and of some others.

  Whirled by the cannons' rage, in shivers torn,
  His thighs far scattered o'er the waves are borne;
  Bound to the mast the godlike hero stands,
  Waves his proud sword and cheers his woeful hands:
  Tho' winds and seas their wonted aid deny,
  To yield he knows not; but he knows to die.
  Camoens, _Lusiad_, x. (1569).

ALMIRODS (_The_), a rebellions people, who refused to submit to prince
Pantag'ruel after his subjugation of Anarchus king of the Dipsodes (2
_syl_). It was while Pantagruel was marching against these rebels that
a tremendous shower of rain fell, and the prince, putting out his
tongue "halfway," sheltered his whole army.--Rabelais, _Pantagruel_,
ii. 32 (1533).

ALNAS'CHAR, the dreamer, the "barber's fifth brother." He invested all
his money in a basket of glassware, on which he was to gain so much,
and then to invest again and again, till he grew so rich that he would
marry the vizier's daughter and live in grandeur; but being angry with
his supposed wife, he gave a kick with his foot and smashed all the
ware which had given birth to his dream of wealth.--_The Arabian
Nights' Entertainments_.

_The Alnaschar of Modern Literature_, S.T. Coleridge, so called
because he was constantly planning magnificent literary enterprises
which he never carried out (1772-1834).

ALOA'DIN (4 _syl_.), a sorcerer, who made for himself a palace and
garden in Arabia called "The Earthly Paradise." Thalaba slew him with
a club, and the scene of enchantment disappeared.--Southey, _Thalaba
the Destroyer_, vii. (1797).

ALON'SO, king of Naples, father of Ferdinand and brother of Sebastian,
in _The Tempest_, by Shakespeare (1609).

ALONZO _the brave_, the name of a ballad by M.G. Lewis. The fair
Imogene was betrothed to Alonzo, but during his absence in the wars
became the bride of another. At the wedding-feast Alonzo's ghost sat
beside the bride, and, after rebuking her for her infidelity, carried
her off to the grave.

  Alonzo the brave was the name of the knight;
  The maid was the fair Imogene.
  M.G. Lewis.

_Alon'zo_, a Portuguese gentleman, the sworn enemy of the vainglorious
Duarte (3 _syl_.), in the drama called _The Custom of the Country_, by
Beaumont and Fletcher (1647).

_Alonzo_, the husband of Cora. He is a brave Peruvian knight, the
friend of Rolla, and beloved by king Atali'ba. Alonzo, being taken
prisoner of war, is set at liberty by Rolla, who changes clothes with
him. At the end he fights with Pizarro and kills him.--Sheridan,
_Pizarro_ (altered from Kotzebue).

_Alonzo (Don)_, "the conqueror of Afric," friend of don Carlos, and
husband of Leonora. Don Carlos had been betrothed to Leonora, but out
of friendship resigned her to the conqueror. Zanga, the Moor, out
of revenge, persuaded Alonzo that his wife and don Carlos still
entertained for each other their former love, and out of jealousy
Alonzo has his friend put to death, while Leonora makes away with
herself. Zanga now informs Alonzo that his jealousy was groundless,
and mad with grief he kills himself.--Edw. Young, _The Revenge_
(1721).

ALONZO FERNANDEZ DE AVELLANEDA, author of a spurious _Don Quixote_,
who makes a third sally. This was published during the lifetime of
Cervantes, and caused him great annoyance.

ALP, a Venetian renegade, who was commander of the Turkish army in
the siege of Corinth. He loved Francesca, daughter of old Minotti,
governor of Corinth, but she refused to marry a renegade and
apostate. Alp was shot in the siege, and Francesca died of a broken
heart.--Byron, _Siege of Corinth_.

ALPHE'US (3 _syl_.), a magician and prophet in the army of
Charlemagne, slain in sleep by Clorida'no.--Ariosto, _Orlando Furioso_
(1516).

_Alphe'us_ (3 _syl_.), of classic story, being passionately in love
with Arethu'sa, pursued her, but she fled from him in a fright, and
was changed by Diana into a fountain, which bears her name.

ALPHON'SO, an irascible old lord in _The Pilgrim_, a comedy by
Beaumont and Fletcher (1621).

_Alphon'so_, king of Naples, deposed by his brother Frederick. Sora'no
tried to poison him, but did not succeed. Ultimately he recovered his
crown, and Frederick and Sorano were sent to a monastery for the rest
of their lives.--Beaumont and Fletcher, _A Wife for a Month_ (1624).

_Alphonso_, son of count Pedro of Cantabria, afterwards king of Spain.
He was plighted to Hermesind, daughter of lord Pelayo.

  The young Alphonso was in truth an heir
  Of nature's largest patrimony; rich
  In form and feature, growing strength of limb,
  A gentle heart, a soul affectionate,
  A joyous spirit, filled with generous thoughts,
  And genius heightening and ennobling all.
  Southey, _Roderick, etc._, viii. (1814).

ALQUI'FE (3 _syl_.), a famous enchanter in _Amadis of Gaul_, by Vasco
de Lobeira, of Oporto, who died 1403.

La Noue denounces such beneficent enchanters as Alquife and Urganda,
because they serve "as a vindication of those who traffic with the
powers of darkness."--Francis de la Noue, _Discourses_, 87 (1587).

ALRINACH, the demon who causes shipwrecks, and presides over storms
and earthquakes. When visible it is always in the form and dress of a
woman.--_Eastern Mythology_.

ALSCRIP (_Miss_), "the heiress," a vulgar _parvenue_, affected,
conceited, ill-natured, and ignorant. Having had a fortune left her,
she assumes the airs of a woman of fashion, and exhibits the follies
without possessing the merits of the upper ten.

_Mr. Alscrip_, the vulgar father of "the heiress," who finds the
grandeur of sudden wealth a great bore, and in his new mansion,
Berkeley Square, sighs for the snug comforts he once enjoyed as
scrivener in Furnival's Inn.--General Burgoyne, _The Heiress_ (1781).

AL'TAMONT, a young Genoese lord, who marries Calista, daughter of lord
Sciol'to (3 _syl_). On his wedding day he discovers that his bride has
been seduced by Lotha'rio, and a duel ensues, in which Lothario is
killed, whereupon Calista stabs herself.--N. Rowe, _The Fair Penitent_
(1703). (Rowe makes Sciolto three syllables always.)

ALTAMO'RUS, king of Samarcand', who joined the Egyptian armament
against the crusaders. He surrendered himself to Godfrey (bk.
xx.).--Tasso, _Jerusalem Delivered_ (1575).

ALTASCAR (_Señor_). A courtly old Spaniard in Bret Harte's Notes by
_Flood and Field_. He is dispossessed of his corral in the Sacramento
Valley by a party of government surveyors, who have come to correct
boundaries (1878).

ALTEMERA. Typical far-southern girl, with a lovely face, creamy skin,
and a "lazy sweet voice," who takes the leading part in Annie Eliot's
_An Hour's Promise_ (1888).

ALTHAEA'S BRAND. The Fates told Althaea that her son Melea'ger
would live just as long as a log of wood then on the fire remained
unconsumed. Althaea contrived to keep the log unconsumed for many
years, but when her son killed her two brothers, she threw it angrily
into the fire, where it was quickly consumed, and Meleager expired at
the same time.--Ovid, _Metaph_. viii. 4.

  The fatal brand Althaea burned.
  Shakespeare, 2 _Henry VI_. act i. sc. 1 (1591).

ALTHE'A (_The divine_), of Richard Lovelace, was Lucy Saeheverell,
also called by the poet, _Lucasta_.

  When love with unconfinèd wings
  Hovers within my gates,
  And my divine Althea brings
  To whisper at my grates.

(The "grates" here referred to were those of a prison in which
Lovelace was confined by the Long Parliament, for his petition from
Kent in favor of the king.)

ALTHEETAR, one of the seven bridegrooms of Lopluël, condemned to die
successively, by a malignant spirit. He is young, beautiful, and
endowed with rare gifts of soul and mind. While singing to her, his
lyre falls from his hand and he dies in her arms, her loosened hair
falling about him as a shroud.

  "So calm, so fair,
  He rested on the purple, tapestried floor,
  It seemed an angel lay reposing there."

_Lopluel, or the Bride of Seven_, by Maria del Occidente (Maria Gowen
Brooks) (1833).

ALTISIDO'RA, one of the duchess's servants, who pretends to be in love
with don Quixote, and serenades him. The don sings his response that
he has no other love than what he gives to his Dulcin'ea, and while he
is still singing he is assailed by a string of cats, let into the room
by a rope. As the knight is leaving the mansion, Altisidora accuses
him of having stolen her garters, but when the knight denies the
charge, the damsel protests that she said so in her distraction, for
her garters were not stolen. "I am like the man looking for his mule
at the time he was astride its back."--Cervantes, _Don Quixote_, II.
iii. 9, etc.; iv. 5 (1615).

AL'TON (_Miss_), _alias_ Miss CLIFFORD, a sweet, modest young lady,
the companion of Miss Alscrip, "the heiress," a vulgar, conceited
_parvenue_. Lord Gayville is expected to marry "the heiress," but
detests her, and loves Miss Alton, her humble companion. It turns out
that £2000 a year of "the heiress's" fortune belongs to Mr. Clifford
(Miss Alton's brother), and is by him settled on his sister. Sir
Clement Flint destroys this bond, whereby the money returns to
Clifford, who marries lady Emily Gayville, and sir Clement settles the
same on his nephew, lord Gayville, who marries Miss Alton.--General
Burgoyne, _The Heiress_ (1781).

AL'TON LOCKE, tailor and poet, a novel by the Rev. Charles Kingsley
(1850). This novel won for the author the title of "The Chartist
Clergyman."

ALVIRA ROBERTS, hired "girl" and faithful retainer of the Fairchild
family. For many years she and Milton Squires, the hired man, have
"kept company." In his prosperity he deserts her. When he is convicted
of murder, she kisses him. "Ef 'twas the last thing I ever done in
my life, I'd dew it. We was--engaged--once't on a time!"--_Seth's
Brother's Wife_, by Harold Frederic (1886).

ALZIR'DO, king of Trem'izen, in Africa, overthrown by Orlando in
his march to join the allied army of Ag'ramant.--Ariosto, _Orlando
Furioso_ (1516).

AM'ADIS OF GAUL, a love-child of king Per'ion and the princess
Elize'na. He is the hero of a famous prose romance of chivalry, the
first four books of which are attributed to Lobeira, of Portugal (died
1403). These books were translated into Spanish in 1460 by Montal'vo,
who added the fifth book. The five were rendered into French by
Herberay, who increased the series to twenty-four books. Lastly,
Gilbert Saunier added seven more volumes, and called the entire series
_Le Roman des Romans_.

Whether Amadis was French or British is disputed. Some maintain
that "Gaul" means _Wales_, not France; that Elizena was princess of
_Brittany_ (Bretagne), and that Perion was king of Gaul (_Wales_), not
Gaul _(France)._

  Amadis de Gaul was a tall man, of a fair complexion,
  his aspect something between mild and
  austere, and had a handsome black beard. He
  was a person of very few words, was not easily
  provoked, and was soon appeased.--Cervantes,
  _Don Quixote_, II. i. 1 (1615).

As Arthur is the central figure of British romance, Charlemagne of
French, and Diderick of German, so Amadis is the central figure of
Spanish and Portuguese romance; but there is this difference--the tale
of Amadis is a connected whole, terminating with his marriage with
Oria'na, the intervening parts being only the obstacles he encountered
and overcame in obtaining this consummation. In the Arthurian
romances, and those of the Charlemagne series, we have a number of
adventures of different heroes, but there is no unity of purpose; each
set of adventures is complete in itself.

AMA'DIS OF GREECE, a supplemental part of _Amadis of Gaul_, by
Felicia'no de Silva. There are also several other Amadises--as Amadis
of Colchis, Amadis of Trebisond, Amadis of Cathay, but all these are
very inferior to the original _Amadis of Gaul_.


The ancient fables, whose relickes doe yet remain, namely, _Lancelot
of the Lake, Pierceforest, Tristram, Giron the Courteous_, etc., doe
beare witnesse of this odde vanitie. Herewith were men fed for the
space of 500 yeeres, untill our language growing more polished, and
our minds more ticklish, they were driven to invent some novelties
wherewith to delight us. Thus came ye bookes of Amadis into light
among us in this last age.--Francis de la Noue, _Discourses_, 87
(1587).


AMAI'MON (3 _syl_.), one of the principal devils. Asmode'us is one of
his lieutenants. Shakespeare twice refers to him, in 1 _Henry IV._ act
ii. sc. 4, and in _The Merry Wives of Windsor_, act ii. sc. 2.

AMAL'AHTA, son of Erill'yab the deposed queen of the Hoamen (2
_syl_.), an Indian tribe settled on the south of the Missouri. He is
described as a brutal savage, wily, deceitful, and cruel. Amalahta
wished to marry the princess Goer'vyl, Madoc's sister, and even seized
her by force, but was killed in his flight.--Southey, _Madoc_, ii. 16
(1805).

AMALTHAE'A, the sibyl who offered to sell to Tarquin nine books
of prophetic oracles. When the king refused to give her the price
demanded, she went away, burnt three of them, and returning to the
king, demanded the same price for the remaining six. Again the king
declined the purchase. The sibyl, after burning three more of the
volumes, demanded the original sum for the remaining three. Tarquin
paid the money, and Amalthaea was never more seen. Aulus Gellius says
that Amalthaea burnt the books in the king's presence. Pliny affirms
that the original number of volumes was only three, two of which the
sibyl burnt, and the third was purchased by king Tarquin.

AMALTHE'A, a mistress of Ammon and mother of Bacchus. Ammon hid
his mistress in the island Nysa (in Africa), in order to elude the
vigilance and jealousy of his wife Rhea. This account (given by
Diodorus Sic'ulus, bk. iii., and by sir Walter Raleigh in his _History
of the World_, I. vi. 5) differs from the ordinary story, which makes
Sem'elê the mother of Bacchus, and Rhea his nurse. (Ammon is Ham or
Cham, the son of Noah, founder of the African race.)

  ... that Nyseian ile,
  Girt with the river Triton, where old Cham
  (Whom Gentiles Ammon call, and Libyan Jove)
  Hid Amalthea and her florid son,
  Young Bacchus, from his stepdame Rhea's eye.

Milton, _Paradise Lost_, iv. 275 (1665).

AMANDA, wife of Loveless. Lord Foppington pays her amorous attentions,
but she utterly despises the conceited coxcomb, and treats him with
contumely. Colonel Townly, in order to pique his lady-love, also
pays attention to Loveless's wife, but she repels his advances with
indignation, and Loveless, who overhears her, conscious of his own
shortcomings, resolves to reform his ways, and, "forsaking all
other," to remain true to Amanda, "so long as they both should
live."--Sheridan, _A Trip to Scarborough_.

_Aman'da_, in Thomson's _Seasons_, is meant for Miss Young, who
married admiral Campbell.

  And thou, Amanda, come, pride of my song!
  Formed by the Graces, loveliness itself.

"Spring," 480, 481 (1728).

_Amanda_, the victim of Peregrine Pickle's seduction, in Smollett's
novel of _Peregrine Pickle_ (1751).

_Amanda_, worldly woman in Julia Ward Howe's poem, _Amanda's
Inventory_, who sums up her wealth and honors, and is forced to
conclude the list with death (1866).

AMARAN'TA, wife of Bar'tolus, the covetous lawyer. She was wantonly
loved by Leandro, a Spanish gentleman.--Beaumont and Fletcher, _The
Spanish Curate_ (1622).

AM'ARANTH (_Lady_), in _Wild Oats_, by John O'Keefe, a famous part of
Mrs. Pope (1740-1797).

AMARIL'LIS, a shepherdess in love with Per'igot (_t_ sounded), but
Perigot loved Am'oret. In order to break off this affection, Amarillis
induced "the sullen shepherd" to dip her in "the magic well," whereby
she became transformed into the perfect resemblance of her rival, and
soon effectually disgusted Perigot with her bold and wanton conduct.
When afterwards he met the true Amoret, he repulsed her, and even
wounded her with intent to kill. Ultimately, the trick was discovered
by Cor'in, "the faithful shepherdess," and Perigot was married to his
true love.--John Fletcher, _The Faithful Shepherd_ (1610).

AMARYLLIS, in Spenser's pastoral _Colin Clout's Come Home Again_, was
the countess of Derby. Her name was Alice, and she was the youngest of
the six daughters of sir John Spenser, of Althorpe, ancestor of the
noble houses of Spenser and Marlborough. After the death of the
earl, the widow married sir Thomas Egerton, keeper of the Great Seal
(afterwards baron of Ellesmere and viscount Brackley). It was for this
very lady, during her widowhood, that Milton wrote his _Ar'cades_ (3
_syl_.).

  No less praiseworthy are the sisters three,
  The honour of the noble family
  Of which I meanest boast myself to be ...
  Phyllis, Charyllis, and sweet Amaryllis:
  Phyllis the fair is eldest of the three,
  The next to her is bountiful Charyllis,
  But th' youngest is the highest in degree.

Spenser, _Colin Clout's Come Home Again_ (1594).

AM'ASISI, _Amosis_, or _Aah'mes_ (3 _syl_.), founder of the eighteenth
Egyptian dynasty (B.C. 1610). Lord Brooke attributes to him one of the
pyramids. The three chief pyramids are usually ascribed to Suphis (or
Cheops), Sen-Suphis (or Cephrenês), and Mencherês, all of the fourth
dynasty.

  Amasis and Cheops how can time forgive.
  Who in their useless pyramids would live?

Lord Brooke, _Peace_.

AMATEUR (_An_), Pierce Egan the younger published under this pseudonym
his _Real Life in London_, or _The Rambles and Adventures of Rob
Tally-ho, Esq., and his Cousin, the Hon. Tom Dashall, through the
Metropolis_ (1821-2).

AMAUROTS (_The_), a people whose kingdom was invaded by the Dipsodes
(2 _syl_.), but Pantag'ruel, coming to their defence, utterly routed
the invaders.--Rabelais, _Pantagruel_, ii. (1533).

AMA'VIA, the personification of Intemperance in grief. Hearing that
her husband, sir Mordant, had been enticed to the Bower of Bliss by
the enchantress Acra'sia, she went in quest of him, and found him so
changed in mind and body she could scarcely recognize him; however,
she managed by tact to bring him away, but he died on the road, and
Amavia stabbed herself from excessive grief.--Spenser, _Faëry Queen_,
ii. 1 (1590).

AMAZO'NA, a fairy, who freed a certain country from the Ogri and the
Blue Centaur. When she sounded her trumpet, the sick were recovered
and became both young and strong. She gave the princess Carpil'lona a
bunch of gilly-flowers, which enabled her to pass unrecognized before
those who knew her well.--Comtesse D'Aunoy, _Fairy Tales_ ("The
Princess Carpillona," 1682).

AMAZONS, a fabled race of women-warriors. It was said that in order to
use the bow, they cut off one of their breasts.

AMBER, said to be a concretion of birds' tears, but the birds were the
sisters of Melea'ger, called Meleag'ridês, who never ceased weeping
for their dead brother.--Pliny, _Natural History_, xxxvii. 2, 11.

  Around thee shall glisten the loveliest amber.
  That ever the sorrowing sea-birds have wept.

T. Moore, _Fire-Worshippers_.

AM'BROSE (2 _syl_.), a sharper, who assumed in the presence of Gil
Blas the character of a devotee. He was in league with a fellow who
assumed the name of don Raphael, and a young woman who called herself
Camilla, cousin of donna Mencia. These three sharpers allure Gil Blas
to a house which Camilla says is hers, fleece him of his ring, his
portmanteau, and his money, decamp, and leave him to find out that the
house is only a hired lodging.--Lesage, _Gil Blas_, i. 15, 16 (1715).

(This incident is borrowed from Espinel's romance entitled _Vida de
Escudero, marcos de Obregon_, 1618.)

_Am'brose_ (2 _syl_.), a male domestic servant waiting on Miss
Seraphine and Miss Angelica Arthuret.--Sir W. Scott, _Redgauntlet_
(time, George II.).

_Ambrose (Brother)_, a monk who attended the prior Aymer, of Jorvaulx
Abbey.--Sir W. Scott, _Ivanhoe_ (time, Richard I.).

_Am'brosius (Father)_, abbot of Kennaquhair, is Edward Glendinning,
brother of sir Halbert Glendinning (the knight of Avenel). He appears
at Kinross, disguised as a nobleman's retainer.--Sir W. Scott, _The
Abbot_ (time, Elizabeth).

AME'LIA, heroine of novel of same name. Young daughter of a German
inn-keeper, who rises to a high position in society, through native
merit, graces of mind and person.--Eliza Leslie (1843).

_Ame'lia_, a model of conjugal affection, in Fielding's novel so
called. It is said that the character was modelled from his own
wife. Dr. Johnson read this novel from beginning to end without once
stopping.


_Amelia_ is perhaps the only book of which, being printed off betimes
one morning, a new edition was called for before night. The character
of Amelia is the most pleasing heroine of all the romances.--Dr.
Johnson.


_Ame'lia_, in Thomson's _Seasons_, a beautiful, innocent young woman,
overtaken by a storm while walking with her troth-plight lover,
Cel'adon, "with equal virtue formed, and equal grace. Hers the mild
lustre of the blooming morn, and his the radiance of the risen day."
Amelia grew frightened, but Celadon said, "'Tis safety to be near
thee, sure;" when a flash of lightning struck her dead in his
arms.--"Summer" (1727).

_Amelia_, in Schiller's tragedy of _The Robbers_.

  Or they will learn how generous worth sublimes
  The robber Moor, and pleads for all his crimes;
  How poor Amelia kissed with many a tear
  His hand, blood-stained, but ever, ever dear.

Campbell, _Pleasures of Hope_, ii. (1799).

_Amelia Bailey_, ambitious woman with "literary tastes," who in
pursuit of a suitable sphere, marries a rich Californian, and "shines
with the diamonds her husband has bought, and makes a noise, but it is
the blare of vulgar ostentation,"--William Henry Rideing, _A Little
Upstart_ (1885).

AMELOT (2 _syl_.), the page of sir Damian de Lacy.--Sir W. Scott, _The
Betrothed_ (time, Henry II.).

AM'GIAD, son of Camaralzaman and Badoura, and half-brother of Assad
(son of Camaralzaman and Haiatal'nefous). Each of the two mothers
conceived a base passion for the other's son, and when the young
princes revolted at their advances, accused them to their father of
designs upon their honor. Camaralzaman ordered his emir Giondar to put
them both to death, but as the young men had saved him from a lion he
laid no hand on them, but told them not to return to their father's
dominions. They wandered on for a time, and then parted, but both
reached the same place, which was a city of the Magi. Here, by a
strange adventure Amgiad was made vizier, while Assad was thrown into
a dungeon, where he was designed as a sacrifice to the fire-god.
Bosta'na, a daughter of the old man who imprisoned Assad, released
him, and Amgiad out of gratitude made her his wife. After which, the
king, who was greatly advanced in years, appointed him his successor,
and Amgiad used his best efforts to abolish the worship of fire and
establish "the true faith."--_Arabian Nights_ ("Amgiad and Assad").

AM'YAS, a squire of low degree, beloved by Aemylia. They agreed
to meet at a given spot, but on their way thither both were taken
captives--Amyas by Corflambo, and Aemylia by a man monster. Aemylia
was released by Belphoebê (3 _syl_.), who slew "the caitiff;" and
Amyas by prince Arthur, who slew Corflambo. The two lovers were then
brought together by the prince "in peace and joyous blis."--Spenser,
_Faëry Queen_, iv. 7, 9 (1596).

AMI'DAS, the younger brother of Brac'idas, sons of Mile'sio; the
former in love with the dowerless Lucy, and the latter with the
wealthy Philtra. The two brothers had each an island of equal size and
value left them by their father, but the sea daily added to the island
of the younger brother, and encroached on that belonging to Bracidas.
When Philtra saw that the property of Amidas was daily increasing,
she forsook the elder brother and married the wealthier; while Lucy,
seeing herself jilted, threw herself into the sea. A floating chest
attracted her attention, she clung to it, and was drifted to the
wasted island. It was found to contain great riches, and Lucy gave its
contents and herself to Bracidas. Amidas claimed the chest as his own
by right, and the question in dispute was submitted to sir Ar'tegal.
The wise arbiter decided, that whereas Armidas claimed as his own all
the additions given to his island by the sea, Lucy might claim as her
own the chest, because the sea had given it to her.--Spenser, _Faëry
Queen_, v. 4 (1596).

AM'IEL, in Dryden's _Absalom and Achitophel_, is meant for sir Edward
Seymour, Speaker of the House of Commons.

  Who can Amiel's praise refuse?
  Of ancient race by birth, but nobler yet
  In his own worth, and without title great.
  The sanhedrim long time as chief he ruled,
  Their reason guided, and their passion cooled.

Part i.

A'MIN (_Prince_), son of the caliph Haroun-al-Raschid; he married
Am'inê, sister of Zobeide (3 _syl_.), the caliph's wife.--_Arabian
Nights' Entertainments_ ("The History of Amine").

_Am'ina_, an orphan, who walked in her sleep. She was betrothed to
Elvi'no, a rich farmer, but being found the night before the wedding
in the chamber of count Rodolpho, Elvino rightly refused to marry her.
The count remonstrated with the young farmer, and while they were
talking, the orphan was seen to get out of a window and walk along
the narrow edge of a mill-roof while the great wheel was rapidly
revolving; she then crossed a crazy old bridge, and came into the same
chamber. Here she awoke, and, seeing Elvino, threw her arms around
him so lovingly, that all his doubts vanished, and he married
her.--Bellini, _La Sonnambula_ (an opera, 1831).

AM'INE (3 _syl_.), half-sister of Zobei'dè (3 _syl_.), and wife of
Amin, the caliph's son. One day she went to purchase a robe, and the
seller told her he would charge nothing if she would suffer him to
kiss her cheek. Instead of kissing he bit it, and Amine, being asked
by her husband how she came by the wound, so shuffled in her answers
that he commanded her to be put to death, a sentence he afterwards
commuted to scourging. One day she and her sister told the stories
of their lives to the caliph Haroun-al-Raschid, when Amin
became reconciled to his wife, and the caliph married her
half-sister.--_Arabian Nights'Entertainments_ ("History of Zobeide and
History of Amine").

AM'INE (3 _syl_.) or AM'INES (3 _syl_.), the beautiful wife of Sidi
Nouman. Instead of eating her rice with a spoon, she used a bodkin for
the purpose, and carried it to her mouth in infinitesimal portions.
This went on for some time, till Sidi Nouman determined to ascertain
on what his wife really fed, and to his horror discovered that she was
a ghoul, who went stealthily by night to the cemetery, and feasted on
the freshly-buried dead.--_Arabian Nights_ ("History of Sidi Nouman").

  One of the Aminês' sort, who pick up their
  grains of food with a bodkin.--O.W. Holmes,
  _Autocrat of the Breakfast-Table_.

AMIN'TOR, a young nobleman, the troth-plight husband of Aspatia, but
by the king's command he marries Evad'ne (3 _syl_.). This is the great
event of the tragedy of which Amintor is the hero. The sad story of
Evadne, the heroine, gives name to the play.--Beaumont and Fletcher,
_The Maid's Tragedy_ (1610).

(Till the reign of Charles II., the kings of England claimed the
feudal right of disposing in marriage any one who owed them feudal
allegiance. In _All's Well that Ends Well_, Shakespeare makes the king
of France exercise a similar right, when he commands Bertram, count
of Rousillon, to marry against his will Hel'ena, the physician's
daughter.)

AMIS THE PRIEST, the hero of a comic German epic of the 13th century,
represented as an Englishman, a man of great wit and humor, but
ignorant and hypocritical. His popularity excites the envy of the
superior clergy, who seek to depose him from the priesthood by making
public exposition of his ignorance, but by his quickness at repartee
he always manages to turn the laugh against them.--Ascribed to
Stricker of Austria.

AM'LET (_Richard_), the gamester in Vanbrugh's _Confederacy_ (1695).
He is usually called "Dick."


I saw Miss Pope for the second time, in the year 1790, in the
character of "Flippanta," John Palmer being "Dick Amlet," and Mrs.
Jordan "Corinna."--James Smith.


_Mrs. Amlet_, a rich, vulgar tradeswoman, mother of _Dick_, of whom
she is very proud, although she calls him a "sad scapegrace," and
swears "he will be hanged." At last she settles on him £10,000, and he
marries Corinna, daughter of Gripe the rich scrivener.

AMMO'NIAN HORN (_The_), the cornucopia. Ammon king of Lib'ya gave to
his mistress Amalthe'a (mother of Bacchus) a tract of land resembling
a ram's horn in shape, and hence called the "_Ammonian_ horn" (from
the giver), the "_Amalthe'an_ horn" (from the receiver), and the
"_Hesperian_ horn" (from its locality). Amalthea also personifies
fertility. (Ammon is Ham, son of Noah, founder of the African race.)
(See AMALTHEA.)

  [Here] Amalthea pours,
  Well pleased, the wealth of that Ammonian horn,
  Her dower.     Akenside, _Hymn to the Naiads_.

AM'MON'S SON. Alexander the Great called himself the son of the god
Ammon, but others call him the son of Philip of Macedon.

  Of food I think with Philip's son, or rather
  Ammon's (ill pleased with one world and one
  father).
  Byron, _Don Juan_, v. 31.

(Alluding to the tale that when Alexander had conquered the whole
world, he wept that there was no other world to conquer.)

A'MON'S SON is Rinaldo, eldest son of Amon or Aymon marquis d'Este,
and nephew of Charlemagne.--Ariosto, _Orlando Furioso_ (1516).

AM'ORET, a modest, faithful shepherdess, who plighted her troth to
Per'igot (_t_ sounded) at the "Virtuous Well." The wanton shepherdess
Amarillis, having by enchantment assumed her appearance and dress, so
disgusted Perigot with her bold ways, that he lost his love for the
true Amoret, repulsed her with indignation, and tried to kill her. The
deception was revealed by Cor'in, "the faithful shepherdess," and the
lovers being reconciled, were happily married.--John Fletcher, _The
Faithful Shepherdess_ (before 1611).

AMORET'TA or AM'ORET, twin-born with Belphoebê (3 _syl_.), their
mother being Chrysog'onê (4 _syl_.). While the mother and her two
babes were asleep, Diana took one (Belphoebê) to bring up, and Venus
the other. Venus committed Amoretta to the charge of Psychê (2
_syl_.), and Psychê tended her as lovingly as she tended her own
daughter Pleasure, "to whom she became the companion." When grown to
marriageable estate, Amoretta was brought to Fairyland, and wounded
many a heart, but gave her own only to sir Scudamore (bk. iii. 6).
Being seized by Bu'sirane, an enchanter, she was kept in durance
by him because she would not "her true love deny;" but Britomart
delivered her and bound the enchanter (bk. iii. 11, 12), after which
she became the tender, loving wife of sir Scudamore.

_Amoret_ is the type of female loveliness and wifely affection, soft,
warm, chaste, gentle, and ardent; not sensual nor yet platonic, but
that living, breathing, warm-hearted love which fits woman for the
fond mother and faithful wife.--Spenser, _Faëry Queen_, iii. (1590).

AMOUR'Y (_Sir Giles_), the Grand-Master of the Knights Templars, who
conspires with the marquis of Montserrat against Richard I. Saladin
cuts off the Templar's head while in the act of drinking.--Sir W.
Scott, _The Talisman_ (time, Richard I.).

AM'PHIBAL (_St._), confessor of St. Alban of Verulam. When Maximia'nus
Hercu'lius, general of Diocle'tian's army in Britain, pulled down the
Christian churches, burnt the Holy Scriptures, and put to death the
Christians with unflagging zeal, Alban hid his confessor, and offered
to die for him.

  A thousand other saints whom Amphibal had taught ...
  Were slain where Lichfield is, whose name doth rightly sound
  (There of those Christians slain), "Dead-field" or burying-ground.

Drayton, _Polyolbion_, xxiv. (1622).

AMPHI'ON is said to have built Thebes by the music of his lute.
Tennyson has a poem called _Amphion_, a skit and rhyming _jeu
d'esprit_.

  Amphion there the loud creating lyre
  Strikes, and behold a sudden Thebes aspire.

Pope, _Temple of Fame_.

AMPHIS-BAENA, a reptile which could go head foremost either way,
because it had a head at each extremity. Milton uses the word in
_Paradise Lost_, x. 524. (Greek, _ampi baino_, "I go both ways.")

  The amphis-baena doubly armed appears,
  At either end a threatening head she rears.

Rowe, _Pharsalia_, ix. 696, etc. (by Lucan).

AMPHITRYON, a Theban general, husband of Alcme'nê (3 _syl._). While
Amphitryon was absent at war with Pter'elas, king of the Tel'eboans,
Jupiter assumed his form, and visited Alcmenê, who in due time became
the mother of Her'culês. Next day Amphitryon returned, having slain
Pterelas, and Alcmenê was surprised to see him so soon again. Here a
great entanglement arose, Alcmenê telling her husband he visited her
last night, and showing him the ring he gave her, and Amphitryon
declaring he was with the army. This confusion is still further
increased by his slave Sos'ia, who went to take to Alcmenê the news of
victory, but was stopped at the door of the house by Mercury, who had
assumed for the nonce Sosia's form, and the slave could not make out
whether he was himself or not. This plot has been made a comedy by
Plautus, Molière, and Dryden.

  The scenes which Plautus drew, to-night we show,
  Touched by Molière, by Dryden taught to glow.

  _Prologue to Hawksworth's version_.


As an Amphitryon _chez qui l'on dine_, no one knows better than Ouidà
the uses of a _recherché_ dinner.--E. Yates, _Celebrities_, xix.


"_Amphitryon_": _Le véritable Amphitryon est l'Amphitryon où l'on
dine_ ("The master of the feast is the master of the house"). While
the confusion was at its height between the false and true Amphitryon,
_Socie_ [Sosia] the slave is requested to decide which was which, and
replied--

  Je ne me trompois pas, messieurs; ce mot termine
  Toute l'irrésolution;
  Le véritable Amphitryon
  Est l'Amphitryon où l'on dine.

  Molière, _Amphitryon_, iii. 5 (1668).

  Demosthenes and Cicero
  Are doubtless stately names to hear,
  But that of good Amphitryon
  Sounds far more pleasant to my ear.

  M.A. Désaugiers (1772-1827).

AMRAH, the faithful woman-servant of the household of Ben-Hur in Lew
Wallace's novel, _Ben-Hur_. Through her heroic services, Judah,
the son, finds the mother and sister from whom he has been so long
separated (1880).

AM'RI, in _Absalom and Achitophel_, by Dryden and Tate, is Heneage
Finch, earl of Nottingham and lord chancellor. He is called "The
Father of Equity" (1621-1682).

  To whom the double blessing did belong,
  With Moses' inspiration, Aaron's tongue.

Part ii.

AMUN'DEVILLE (_Lord Henry_), one of the "British privy council." After
the sessions of parliament he retired to his country seat, where he
entertained a select and numerous party, among which were the duchess
of Fitz-Fulke, Aurora Raby, and don Juan, "the Russian envoy."
His wife was lady Adeline. (His character is given in xiv. 70,
71.)--Byron, _Don Juan_, xiii. to end.

AM'URATH III., sixth emperor of the Turks. He succeeded his father,
Selim II., and reigned 1574-1595. His first act was to invite all his
brothers to a banquet, and strangle them. Henry IV. alludes to this
when he says--

  This is the English, not the Turkish court;
  Not Amurath an Amurath succeeds,
  But Harry, Harry.

Shakespeare, 2 _Henry IV._ act v. sc. 2 (1598).

AMUSEMENTS OF KINGS. The great amusement of _Ardeltas_ of Arabia
Petraea, was currying horses; of _Artaba'nus_ of Persia, was
mole-catching; of _Domitian_ of Rome, was catching flies; of
_Ferdinand VII._, of Spain, was embroidering petticoats; of _Louis
XVI._, clock and lock making; of _George IV._, the game of patience.

AMY MARCH, the artist sister in Louisa M. Alcott's _Little Women_
(1868).

AMY WENTWORTH, the high-born but contented wife of the "Brown Viking
of the Fishing-smack," in John Greenleaf Whittier's poem, _Amy
Wentworth_.

  She sings, and smiling, hears her praise,
  But dreams the while of one
  Who watches from his sea-blown deck
  The ice-bergs in the sun.    (1860.)

AMYN'TAS, in _Colin Clout's Come Home Again_, by Spenser, is
Ferdinando earl of Derby, who died 1594.

  Amyntas, flower of shepherd's pride forlorn.
  He, whilst he lived, was the noblest swain
  That ever pipèd on an oaten quill.

Spenser, _Colin Clout's Come Home Again_ (1591).

AMYN'TOR. (See AMINTOR.)

A'MYS and AMY'LION, the Damon and Pythias of mediaeval romance.--See
Ellis's _Specimens of Early English Metrical Romances_.

AMYTIS, the Median queen of Nebuchadnezzar, king of Babylon.
Beautiful, passionate, and conscienceless, she condemns an innocent
rival to the worst of fates, without a pang of conscience, and dies a
violent death at the hands of one who was once her lover.

The gardens were well-watered and dripped luxuriantly.... At this time
of the morning, Amytis amused herself alone, or with a few favored
slaves. She dipped through artificial dew and pollen, bloom and
fountain, like one of the butterflies that circled above her small
head, or one of the bright cold lizards that crept about her feet. She
bathed, she ran, she sang, and curled to sleep, and stirred and bathed
again.--_The Master of the Magicians_, by Elizabeth Stuart Phelps and
Herbert D. Ward (1890).

ANACHARSIS [CLOOTZ]. Baron Jean Baptiste Clootz assumed the _prenome_
of Anacharsis, from the Scythian so called, who travelled about
Greece and other countries to gather knowledge and improve his own
countrymen. The baron wished by the name to intimate that his own
object in life was like that of Anacharsis (1755-1794).

ANACHRONISMS. (See ERRORS.)

CHAUCER, in his tale of _Troilus_, at the siege of Troy, makes
Pandarus refer to _Robin Hood_.

  And to himselfe ful soberly he saied,
  From hasellwood there jolly Robin plaied.

Book v.

GILES FLETCHER, in _Christ's Victory_, pt. ii. makes the Tempter
seem to be "a good old _hermit_ or _palmer_, travelling to see some
_saint_, and _telling his beads!!_"

LODGE, in _The True Tragedies of Marius and Sylla_ (1594), mentions
"the razor of Palermo" and "St. Paul's steeple," and introduces
Frenchmen who "for forty crowns" undertake to poison the Roman consul.

MORGLAY makes Dido tell Æneas that she should have been contented with
a son, even "if he had been a _cockney dandiprat_" (1582).

SCHILLER, in his _Piccolomini_, speaks of _lightning conductors_. This
was about 150 years before they were invented.

SHAKESPEAKE, in his _Coriolanus_ (act ii. sc. 1), makes Menenius refer
to _Galen_ above 600 years before he was born.

Cominius alludes to _Roman Plays_, but no such things were known for
250 years after the death of Cominius.--_Coriolanus_, act ii. sc. 2.

Brutus refers to the "_Marcian Waters_ brought to Rome by Censorinus."
This was not done till 300 years afterwards.

In _Hamlet_, the prince Hamlet was educated at _Wittemberg School_,
which was not founded till 1502; whereas Saxo-Germanicus, from whom
Shakespeare borrowed the tale, died in 1204. Hamlet was thirty years
old when his mother talks of his going back to school (act i. sc. 2).

In 1 _Henry IV._, the carrier complains that "the _turkeys_ in his
pannier are quite starved" (act ii. sc. 5), whereas turkeys came from
America, and the New World was not even discovered for a century
after. Again in _Henry V._, Grower is made to say to Fluellen, "Here
comes Pistol, swelling like a turkey-cock" (act v. sc. 1).

In _Julius Cæsar_, Brutus says to Cassius, "Peace, count the clock."
To which Cassius replies, "The clock has stricken three."

Clocks were not known to the Romans, and striking-clocks were not
invented till some 1400 years after the death of Cæsar.

VIRGIL places Æneas in the port Velinus, which was made by Curius
Dentatus.

This list, with very little trouble, might be greatly multiplied. The
hotbed of anachronisms is mediaeval romance; there nations, times and
places, are most recklessly disregarded. This may be instanced by a
few examples from Ariosto's great poem, _Orlando Furioso_.

Here we have Charlemagne and his paladins joined by Edward king of
England, Richard earl of Warwick, Henry duke of Clarence, and the
dukes of York and Gloucester (bk. vi.). We have cannons employed by
Cymosco king of Friza (bk. iv.), and also in the siege of Paris (bk.
vi.). We have the Moors established in Spain, whereas they were not
invited over by the Saracens for nearly 300 years after Charlemagne's
death. In bk. xvii. we have Prester John, who died in 1202; and in the
last three books we have Constantine the Great, who died in 337.

ANAC'REON, the prince of erotic and bacchanalian poets, insomuch that
songs on these subjects are still called Anacreon'tic (B.C. 563-478).

_Anacreon of Painters_, Francesco Albano or Alba'ni (1578-1660).

_Anacreon of the Guillotine_, Bertrand Barère de Vieuzac (1755-1841).

_Anacreon of the Temple_, Guillaume Amfrye, abbé de Chaulieu
(1639-1720).

_Anacreon of the Twelfth Century_, Walter Mapes, "The Jovial Toper."
His famous drinking song, "Meum est prepositum ..." has been
translated by Leigh Hunt (1150-1196).

_The French Anacreon_. 1. Pontus de Thiard, one of the "Pleiad
poets" (1521-1605). 2. P. Laujon, perpetual president of the _Caveau
Moderne_, a Paris club, noted for its good dinners, but every member
was of necessity a poet (1727-1811).

_The Persian Anacreon_, Mahommed Hafiz. The collection of his poems is
called _The Divan_ (1310-1389).

_The Sicilian Anacreon_, Giovanni Meli (1740-1815).

ANACREON MOORE, Thomas Moore of Dublin (1780-1852), poet, called
"Anacreon," from his translation of that Greek poet, and his own
original anacreontic songs.

  Described by Mahomet and Anacreon Moore.

Byron, _Don Juan_, i. 104.

ANAGNUS, Inchastity personified in _The Purple Island_, by Phineas
Fletcher (canto vii.). He had four sons by Caro, named Maechus
(_adultery_), Pornei'us (_fornication_), Acath'arus, and Asel'gês
(_lasciviousness_), all of whom are fully described by the poet. In
the battle of Mansoul (canto xi.) Anagnus is slain by Agnei'a (_wifely
chastity_), the spouse of Encra'tes (_temperance_) and sister of
Parthen'ia (_maidenly chastity_). (Greek, _anagnos_, "impure.")
(1633.)

ANAGRAMS.

CHARLES JAMES STUART (James I.). _Claims Arthur's Seat_.

DAME ELEANOR DAVIES (prophetess in the reign of Charles I.). _Never so
mad a ladie_.

HORATIO NELSON. _Honor est a Nilo_.

MARIE TOUCHET (mistress of Charles IX.). _Je charme tout_ (made by
Henri IV.).

Pilate's question, QUID EST VERITAS? _Est vir qui adest_.

SIR ROGER CHARLES DOUGHTY TICHBORNE, BARONET. _You horrid butcher,
Orton, biggest rascal here._

A'NAH, granddaughter of Cain and sister of Aholiba'mah. Japhet loved
her, but she had set her heart on the seraph Azaz'iel, who carried her
off to another planet when the Flood came.--Byron, _Heaven and Earth_.

  Anah and Aholibamah are very different characters:
  Anah is soft, gentle, and submissive; her
  sister is proud, imperious, and aspiring; the one
  loving in fear, the other in ambition. She fears
  that her love makes her "heart grow impious,"
  and that she worships the seraph rather than the
  Creator.--Ed. Lytton Bulwer (Lord Lytton).

ANAK OF PUBLISHERS, so John Murray was called by lord Byron
(1778-1843).

AN'AKIM or ANAK, a giant of Palestine, whose descendants were terrible
for their gigantic stature. The Hebrew spies said that they themselves
were mere grasshoppers in comparison of them.

  I felt the thews of Anakim,
  The pulses of a Titan's heart.

Tennyson, _In Memoriam_, iii.

(The Titans were giants, who, according to classic fable, made war
with Jupiter or Zeus, 1 _syl_.)

ANAMNES'TES (4 _syl_), the boy who waited on Eumnestês (Memory).
Eumnestês was a very old man, decrepit and half blind, a "man of
infinite remembrance, who things foregone through many ages held," but
when unable to "fet" what he wanted, was helped by a little boy yclept
Anamnestês, who sought out for him what "was lost or laid amiss."
(Greek, _eumnêstis_, "good memory;" _anamne'stis_, "research or
calling up to mind.")

  And oft when things were lost or laid amiss,
  That boy them sought and unto him did lend;
  Therefore the Anamnestes clepêd is,
  And that old man Eumnestes.

Spenser, _Faëry Queen_, ii. 9 (1590).

ANANI'AS, in _The Alchemist_, a comedy by Ben Jonson (1610).

("Wasp" in _Bartholomew Fair_, "Corbaccio" in _The Fox_, "Morose" in
_The Silent Woman_, all by B. Jonson.)

ANARCHUS, king of the Dipsodes (2 _syl_.), defeated by Pantag'ruel,
who dressed him in a ragged doublet, a cap with a cock's feather, and
married him to "an old lantern-carrying hag." The prince gave the
wedding-feast, which consisted of garlic and sour cider. His wife,
being a regular termagant, "did beat him like plaster, and
the ex-tyrant did not dare call his soul his own."--Rabelais,
_Pantagruel_, ii. 31 (1533).

ANASTA'SIUS, the hero of a novel called _Memoirs of Anastasius_, by
Thomas Hope (1770-1831), a most brilliant and powerful book. It is
the autobiography of a Greek, who, to escape the consequences of his
crimes and villainies, becomes a renegade, and passes through a long
series of adventures.

  Fiction has but few pictures which will bear
  comparison with that of Anastasius, sitting on
  the steps of the lazaretto of Trieste, with his
  dying boy in his arms.--_Encyc. Brit_. Art. "Romance."

ANASTASIUS GRÜN, the _nom de plume_ of Anton Alexander von Auersperg,
a German poet (1806-1876).

ANASTERAX, brother of Niquee [_ne.kay_], with whom he lives in
incestuous intercourse. The fairy Zorphee, in order to withdraw her
god-daughter from this alliance, enchanted her.--_Amadis de Gaul_.

AN'CHO, a Spanish brownie, who haunts the shepherds' huts, warms
himself at their fires, tastes their clotted milk and cheese,
converses with the family, and is treated with familiarity mixed with
terror. The Ancho hates church bells.

ANCIENT MARINER (_The_), by Coleridge. For the crime of having shot
an albatross (a bird of good omen to seamen) terrible sufferings are
visited upon him, which are finally remitted through his repentance;
but he is doomed to wander over the earth and repeat his story to
others as a warning lesson.

AN'DERSON (_Eppie_), a servant at the inn of St. Ronan's Well, held by
Meg Dods.--Sir W. Scott, _St. Ronan's Well_ (time, George III.).

ANDRÉ (2 _syl_.). Petit-André and Trois Echelles are the executioners
of Louis XI. of France. They are introduced by sir W. Scott, both in
_Quentin Durward_ and in _Anne of Geierstein_.

_André_, the hero and title of a novel by George Sand (Mde. Dudevant).
This novel and that called _Consuelo_ (4 _syl_.) are considered her
best (1804-1876).

ANDRE'OS, Fortitude personified in _The Purple Island_, by Phineas
Fletcher (canto x.). "None fiercer to a stubborn enemy, but to the
yielding none more sweetly kind." (Greek, _andria_ or _andreia_,
"manliness.")

ANDREW, gardener, at Ellangowan, to Godfrey Bertram the laird.--Sir W.
Scott, _Guy Mannering_ (time, George II.).

ANDREWS, a private in the royal army of the duke of Monmouth.--Sir W.
Scott, _Old Mortality_ (time, Charles II.).

_Andrews (Joseph)_, the hero and title of a novel by Fielding. He is
a footman who marries a maid-servant. Joseph Andrews is a brother of
[Richardson's] "Pamela," a handsome, model young man.

  The accounts of Joseph's bravery and good
  qualities, his voice too musical to halloa to the
  dogs, his bravery in riding races for the gentlemen
  of the county, and his constancy in refusing
  bribes and temptation, have something refreshing
  in their _naïveté_ and freshness, and prepossess
  one in favor of that handsome young hero.--Thackeray.

ANDROCLUS AND THE LION. Androclus was a runaway Roman slave, who took
refuge in a cavern. A lion entered, and instead of tearing him to
pieces, lifted up its fore-paw that Androclus might extract from it a
thorn. The fugitive, being subsequently captured, was doomed to fight
with a lion in the Roman arena, and it so happened that the very same
lion was let out against him; it instantly recognized its benefactor,
and began to fawn upon him with every token of gratitude and joy. The
story being told of this strange behavior, Androclus was forthwith set
free.

A somewhat similar anecdote is told of sir George Davis, English
consul at Florence at the beginning of the present century. One day
he went to see the lions of the great duke of Tuscany. There was one
which the keepers could not tame, but no sooner did sir George appear,
than the beast manifested every symptom of joy. Sir George entered
the cage, when the creature leaped on his shoulder, licked his face,
wagged its tail, and fawned like a dog. Sir George told the great
duke that he had brought up this lion, but as it grew older it became
dangerous, and he sold it to a Barbary captain. The duke said he
bought it of the same man, and the mystery was cleared up.

ANDROMACHE [_An. drom'. a. ky_], widow of Hector. At the downfall of
Troy both she and her son Asty'anax were allotted to Pyrrhus king
of Epirus, and Pyrrhus fell in love with her, but she repelled
his advances. At length a Grecian embassy, led by Orestês son of
Agamemnon, arrived, and demanded that Astyanax should be given up and
put to death, lest in manhood he should attempt to avenge his father's
death. Pyrrhus told Andromachê that he would protect her son in
defiance of all Greece if she would become his wife, and she
reluctantly consented thereto. While the marriage ceremonies were
going on, the ambassadors rushed on Pyrrhus and slew him, but as he
fell he placed the crown on the head of Andromachê, who thus became
the queen of Epirus, and the ambassadors hastened to their ships in
flight.--Ambrose Philips, _The Distressed Mother_ (1712).

ANDROMEDA, beautiful daughter of the king of Ethiopia. To appease
Neptune, she was bound to a rock to be devoured by Neptune. Perseus
slew the monster and made the maiden his wife.

ANDRONI'CA, one of Logistilla's handmaids, noted for her
beauty.--Ariosto, _Orlando Furioso_ (1516).

ANDRONI'CUS (_Titus_), a noble Roman general against the Goths,
father of Lavin'ia. In the play so called, published among those of
Shakespeare, the word all through is called _Andron'icus_ (1593).

_Marcus Andronicus_, brother of Titus, and tribune of the people.

ANDROPH'ILUS, Philanthropy personified in _The Purple Island_,
by Phineas Fletcher (1633). Fully described in canto x. (Greek,
_Andro-philos_, "a lover of mankind.")

ANDY (_Handy_), Irish lad in the employ of Squire Egan. He has
boundless capacity for bulls and blunders.--Samuel Lover, _Handy
Andy_.

ANEAL (2 _syl_.), daughter of Maä'ni, who loves Djabal, and believes
him to be "hakeem'" (the incarnate god and founder of the Druses)
returned to life for the restoration of the people and their return to
Syria from exile in the Spo'radês. When, however, she discovers his
imposture, she dies in the bitterness of her disappointment.--Robert
Browning, _The Return of the Druses_.

_L'ange de Dieu_, Isabeau la belle, the "inspired prophet-child" of
the Camisards.

ANGELA MESSENGER, heiress to Messenger's Brewery and an enormous
fortune. In order to know the people of the East End she lives among
them as a dressmaker. She sees their needs, and to supply these in
part, builds _The People's Palace_--or Palace of Delights.--_All Sorts
and Conditions of Men_, by Walter Besant (1889).

ANGEL'ICA, in Bojardo's _Orlando Innamorato_ (1495), is daughter of
Gal'aphron king of Cathay. She goes to Paris, and Orlando falls in
love with her, forgetful of wife, sovereign, country, and glory.
Angelica, on the other hand, disregards Orlando, but passionately
loves Rinaldo, who positively dislikes her. Angelica and Rinaldo drink
of certain fountains, when the opposite effects are produced in their
hearts, for then Rinaldo loves Angelica, while Angelica loses all love
for Rinaldo.

_Angelica_, in Ariosto's _Orlando Furioso_ (1516), is the same lady,
who marries Medoro, a young Moore, and returns to Cathay, where Medoro
succeeds to the crown. As for Orlando, he is driven mad by jealousy
and pride.

  The fairest of her sex, Angelica,
  ...Sought by many prowest knights,
  Both painim and the peers of Charlemagne.

Milton, _Paradise Regained_, iii. (1671).

_Angelica (The Princess_), called "The Lady of the Golden Tower." The
loves of Parisme'nos and Angelica form an important feature of the
second part of _Parismus Prince of Bohemia_, by Emanuel Foord (1598).

_Angelica_, an heiress with whom Valentine Legend is in love. For a
time he is unwilling to declare himself because of his debts; but
Angelica gets possession of a bond for £4000, and tears it. The money
difficulty being adjusted, the marriage is arranged amicably.--W.
Congreve, _Love for Love_ (1695).

Mrs. Anne Bracegirdle equally delighted in melting tenderness and
playful coquetry, in "Statira" or "Millamant;" and even at an advanced
age, when she played "Angelica."--C. Dibden.

_Angelica_, the troth-plight wife of Valère, "the gamester." She
gives him a picture, and enjoins him not to part with it on pain of
forfeiting her hand. However, he loses it in play, and Angelica in
disguise is the winner of it. After much tribulation, Valère is
cured of his vice, and the two are happily united by marriage.--Mrs.
Centlivre, _The Gamester_ (1705).

ANGELI'NA, daughter of lord Lewis, in the comedy called _The Elder
Brother_, by Beaumont and Fletcher (1637).

_Angelina_, daughter of don Charino. Her father wanted her to marry
Clodio, a coxcomb, but she preferred his elder brother Carlos, a
bookworm, with whom she eloped. They were taken captives and carried
to Lisbon. Here in due time they met, the fathers who went in search
of them came to the same spot, and as Clodio had engaged himself to
Elvira of Lisbon, the testy old gentlemen agreed to the marriage of
Angelina with Carlos.--C. Cibber, _Love Makes a Man_.

Angelique' (3 _syl._), daughter of Argan the _malade imaginaire_. Her
lover is Cléante (2 _syl._). In order to prove whether his wife or
daughter loved him the better, Argan pretended to be dead, whereupon
the wife rejoiced greatly that she was relieved of a "disgusting
creature," hated by every one; but the daughter grieved as if her
heart would break, rebuked herself for her shortcomings, and vowed
to devote the rest of her life in prayer for the repose of his soul.
Argan, being assured of his daughter's love, gave his free consent to
her marriage with Cléante.--Molière, _Malade Imaginaire_ (1673).

_Angelique_, the aristocratic wife of George Dandin, a French
commoner. She has a liaison with a M. Clitandre, but always contrives
to turn the tables on her husband. George Dandin first hears of a
rendezvous from one Lubin, a foolish servant of Clitandre, and lays
the affair before M. and Mde. Sotenville, his wife's parents. The
baron with George Dandin call on the lover, who denies the accusation,
and George Dandin has to beg pardon. Subsequently, he catches his wife
and Clitandre together, and sends at once for M. and Mde. Sotenville;
but Angelique, aware of their presence, pretends to denounce her
lover, and even takes up a stick to beat him for the "insult offered
to a virtuous wife;" so again the parents declare their daughter to be
the very paragon of women. Lastly, George Dandin detects his wife and
Clitandre together at night-time, and succeeds in shutting his wife
out of her room; but Angelique now pretends to kill herself, and when
George goes for a light to look for the body, she rushes into her room
and shuts him out. At this crisis the parents arrive, when Angelique
accuses her husband of being out all night in a debauch; and he is
made to beg her pardon on his knees.--Molière, _George Dandin_ (1668).

AN'GELO, in _Measure for Measure_, lord deputy of Vienna in the
absence of Vincentio the duke. His betrothed lady is Maria'na. Lord
Angelo conceived a base passion for Isabella, sister of Claudio,
but his designs were foiled by the duke, who compelled him to marry
Mariana.--Shakespeare (1603).

_An'gelo_, a gentleman friend to Julio in _The Captain_, a drama by
Beaumont and Fletcher (1613).

ANGELS (_Orders of_). According to Dionysius the Areop'agite, the
angels are divided into nine orders: Seraphim and Cherubim, in the
_first_ circle; Thrones and Dominions, in the _second_ circle;
Virtues, Powers, Principalities, Archangels, and Angels, in the
_third_ circle.

  Novem angelorum ordines dicimus, quia videlicet
  esse, testante sacro eloquio, scimus Angelos,
  Archangelos, Virtutes, Potestates, Principatus,
  Dominationes, Thronos, Cherubim, atque Seraphim.--St.
  Gregory the Great, _Homily_ 34.

(See _Hymns Ancient and Modern_, No. 253, ver. 2, 3.)

ANGER ... THE ALPHABET. It was Athenodo'rus the Stoic who advised
Augustus to repeat the alphabet when he felt inclined to give way to
anger.

  Un certain Grec disait à l'empereur Auguste,
  Comme une instruction utile autant que juste,
  Que, lorsqu' une aventure en colère nous met,
  Nous devons, avant tout, dire notre alphabet,
  Afin que dans ce temps la bile se tempère,
  Et qu'on ne fasse rien que l'on ne doive faire.

Molière, _L'École des Femmes_, ii. 4 (1662).

ANGIOLI'NA (4 _syl_.), daughter of Loreda'no, and the young wife of
Mari'no Faliero, the doge of Venice. A patrician named Michel Steno,
having behaved indecently to some of the women assembled at the great
civic banquet given by the doge, was kicked out of the house by order
of the doge, and in revenge wrote some scurrilous lines against the
dogaressa. This insult was referred to "The Forty," and Steno was
sentenced to two months' imprisonment, which the doge considered a
very inadequate punishment for the offence.--Byron, _Marino Faliero_.

  The character of the calm, pure-spirited Angiolina
  is developed most admirably. The great
  difference between her temper and that of her
  fiery husband is vividly portrayed, but not less
  vividly touched is that strong bond of union
  which exists in the common nobleness of their
  deep natures. There is no spark of jealousy in
  the old man's thoughts. He does not expect the
  fervor of youthful passion in his young wife;
  but he finds what is far better--the fearless confidence
  of one so innocent that she can scarcely
  believe in the existence of guilt.... She thinks
  Steno's greatest punishment will be "the blushes
  of his privacy."--Lockhart.

ANGLAN'TE'S LORD, Orlando, who was lord of Anglantê and knight of
Brava.--Ariosto, _Orlando Furioso_ (1516).

AN'GLIDES (3 _syl_.), wife of good prince Boud'wine (2 _syl_.),
brother to sir Mark king of Cornwall ("the falsest traitor that ever
was born"). When king Mark slew her husband, Anglides and her son
Alisaunder made their escape to Magounce (_i.e. Arundel_), where she
lived in peace, and brought up her son till he received the honor
of knighthood.--Sir T. Malory, _Hist, of Pr. Arthur_, ii. 117, 118
(1470).

AN'GUISANT, king of Erin (_Ireland_), subdued by king Arthur fighting
in behalf of Leod'ogran king of Cam'eliard (3 _syl_.).--Tennyson,
_Coming of King Arthur_.

ANGULE (_St._), bishop of London, put to death by Maximia'nus
Hercu'lius, Roman general in Britain in the reign of Diocletian.

  St. Angule put to death, one of our holiest men,
  At London, of that see the godly bishop then.

Drayton, _Polyolbion_, xxiv. (1622).

ANGURVA'DEL, Frithiof's sword, inscribed with Runic characters, which
blazed in time of war, but gleamed dimly in time of peace.

ANICE, the woman who steals Fenn's fancy, rather than his heart, from
his wife, in George Parsons Lathrop's story, _An Echo of Passion_
(1882).

ANIMULA, beauteous being revealed in a drop of water by a microscope
of extraordinary and inconceivable power.--_The Diamond Lens_, by
Fitz-James O'Brien (1854).

ANJOU (_The Fair Maid of_), lady Edith Plantagenet, who married David
earl of Huntingdon (a royal prince of Scotland). Edith was a kinswoman
of Richard Coeur de Lion, and an attendant on queen Berengaria.

[Illustration: symbol] Sir Walter Scott has introduced her in _The
Talisman_ (1825).

ANN (_The princess_), lady of Beaujeu.--Sir W. Scott, _Quentin
Durward_ (time, Edward IV.).

_Ann_ (_The Lady_), the wife who, in John G. Saxe's ballad, _The Lady
Ann_, goes mad at the news of the death of sir John, her husband
(1868).

ANNA (_Donna_), the lady beloved by don Otta'vio, but seduced by don
Giovanni.--Mozart's opera, _Don Giovanni_ (1787).

AN'NABEL, in _Absalom and Achitophel_, by

Dryden, is the duchess of Monmouth, whose maiden name was Anne Scott
(countess of Buccleuch). She married again after the execution of her
faithless husband.

  With secret joy indulgent David [_Charles II_.]
  viewed
  His youthful image in his son renewed;
  To all his wishes nothing he denied,
  And made the charming Annabel his bride.
  Part i.

ANNABEL LEE. Edgar A. Poe's poem of this name is supposed to be
a loving memorial to his young wife, Virginia Clemm, who died of
consumption at Fordham, N.Y., in 1847.

  The angels, not half so happy in heaven
  Went envying her and me;
  Yes! that was the reason (as all men know,
  In this kingdom by the sea)
  That the wind came out of the cloud by night,
  Chilling and killing my Annabel Lee. (1848.)

ANNA PASTORIUS, wife of Pastorius in Whittier's poem, _The
Pennsylvania Pilgrim_. At his cry "Help! for the good man faileth!"
she points to her aloe-tree, and reminds him that as surely as "the
century-moulded bud shall burst in bloom," love and patience will soon
or late conquer wrong (1872).

AN'NAPLE [BAILZOU], Effie Dean's "monthly" nurse.--Sir W. Scott,
_Heart of Midlothian_ (time, George II.).

_An'naple_, nurse of Hobbie Elliot of the Heugh-foot, a young
farmer.--Sir W. Scott, _The Black Dwarf_ (time, Anne).

ANNE (_Sister_), the sister of Fat'ima, the seventh and last wife of
Blue Beard. Fatima, having disobeyed her lord by looking into the
locked chamber, is allowed a short respite before execution. Sister
Anne ascends the high tower of the castle, with the hope of seeing
her brothers, who are expected to arrive every moment. Fatima, in her
agony, keeps asking "sister Anne" if she can see them, and Blue Beard
keeps crying out for Fatima to use greater despatch. As the patience
of both is exhausted, the brothers arrive, and Fatima is rescued from
death.--Charles Perrault, _La Barbe Bleue_.

_Anne_, own sister of king Arthur. Her father was Uther the pendragon,
and her mother Ygerna, widow of Gorloïs. She was given by her brother
in marriage to Lot, consul of Londonesia, and afterwards king of
Norway.--Geoffrey, _British History_, viii. 20, 21.

[Illustration] In Arthurian romance this Anne is called Margawse
(_History of Prince Arthur_, i. 2); Tennyson calls her Bellicent
(_Gareth and Lynette_). In Arthurian romance Lot is always called king
of Orkney.

ANNE CATHERICK, half-witted girl, the natural sister of Laura Fairlie,
to whom she bears a strong resemblance. This circumstance suggests to
the villain of the book the deception of showing her dead body as that
of Laura, as a step toward securing the fortune of the latter.--_The
Woman in White_, by Wilkie Collins (1865).

ANNE DOUGLAS, heroine of _Anne_, a novel by Constance Fenimore Woolson
(1882). The scene laid on the Island of Mackinac, Mich.

ANNETTE, daughter of Mathis and Catherine, the bride of Christian,
captain of the patrol.--J.E. Ware, _The Polish Jew_.

ANNETTE AND LUBLIN, by Marmontel, imitated from the _Daphnis and
Chloe_ of Longos (_q.v._).

ANNIE KILBURN, the conscientious heiress who returns to a New England
homestead after long residence abroad, and endeavors to do her duty in
the station to which Providence has called her. Prim, pale, pretty,
and not youthful except in heart.--_Annie Kilburn_, by William Dean
Howells (1888).

AN'NIE LAU'RIE, eldest of the three daughters of sir Robert Laurie, of
Maxwelton. In 1709 she married James Fergusson, of Craigdarroch, and
was the mother of Alexander Fergusson, the hero of Burns's song _The
Whistle_. The song of _Annie Laurie_ was written by William Douglas,
of Fingland, in the stewardry of Kirkcud'bright, hero of the song
_Willie was a Wanton Wag_. (See WHISTLE.)

Bayard Taylor has used the ballad with thrilling effect in his poem
_The Song of the Camp_.

  They sang of love, and not of fame,
  Forgot was Britain's glory,
  Each heart recalled a different name,
  But all sang "Annie Laurie."
  Voice after voice caught up the song
  Until its tender passion
  Rose, like an anthem, rich and strong,
  Their battle-eve confession.

         *       *       *       *       *

  Dear girl! her name he dared not speak,
  But as the song grew louder,
  Something upon the soldier's cheek
  Washed off the stain of powder.

         *       *       *       *       *

AN'NIE WIN'NIE, one of the old sibyls at Alice Gray's death; the other
was Ailsie Gourlay.--Sir W. Scott, _The Bride of Lammermoor_ (time,
William III.).

ANNIR, king of Inis-thona (an island of Scandinavia). He had two sons
(Argon and Ruro) and one daughter. One day Cor'malo, a neighboring
chief, came and begged the honor of a tournament. Argon granted the
request, and overthrew him, which so vexed Cormalo that during a hunt
he shot both the brothers secretly with his bow. Their dog Runa ran
to the palace, and howled so as to attract attention; whereupon Annir
followed the hound, and found both his sons dead, and on his return he
further found that Cormalo had carried off his daughter. Oscar, son of
Ossian, led an army against the villain, and slew him; then liberating
the young lady, he took her back to Inis-thona, and delivered her to
her father.--_Ossian_ ("The War of Inis-thona").

AN'NOPHEL, daughter of Cas'silane (3 _syl_.) general of
Candy.--Beaumont and Fletcher, _The Laws of Candy_ (1647).

ANSELM, prior of St. Dominic, the confessor of king Henry IV.--Sir W.
Scott, _The Fair Maid of Perth_ (time, Henry IV.).

ANSELME (2 _syl_.), father of Valère (2 _syl_.) and Mariane (3
_syl_.). In reality he is don Thomas d'Alburci, of Naples. The family
were exiled from Naples for political reasons, and being shipwrecked
were all parted. Valère was picked up by a Spanish captain, who
adopted him; Mariane fell into the hands of a corsair, who kept her
a captive for ten years, when she effected her escape; and Anselme
wandered from place to place for ten years, when he settled in Paris,
and intended to marry. At the expiration of sixteen years they all met
in Paris at the house of Har'pagon, the miser. Valère was in love
with Elise (2 _syl_.), the miser's daughter, promised by Harpagon in
marriage to Anselme; and Mariane, affianced to the miser's son Cléante
(2 _syl_.), was sought in marriage by Harpagon, the old father. As
soon as Anselme discovered that Valère and Mariane were his own
children, matters were soon amicably arranged, the young people
married, and the old ones retired from the unequal contest.--Molière,
_L'Avare_ (1667).

ANSELMO, a noble cavalier of Florence, the friend of Lothario. Anselmo
married Camilla, and induced his friend to try to corrupt her, that
he might rejoice in her incorruptible fidelity. Lothario unwillingly
undertook the task, and succeeded but too well. For a time Anselmo
was deceived, but at length Camilla eloped, and the end of the silly
affair was that Anselmo died of grief, Lothario was slain in battle,
and Camilla died in a convent.--Cervantes, _Don Quixote_, I. iv. 5, 6;
_Fatal Curiosity_ (1605).

AN'STER (_Hob_), a constable at Kinross village.--Sir W. Scott, _The
Abbot_ (time, Elizabeth).

ANSTISS DOLBEARE, heroine of Mrs. A.D.T. Whitney's novel, _Hitherto_,
a sensitive, imaginative, morbid, motherless girl who is "all the time
holding up her soul ... with a thorn in it" (1872).

ANTAE'OS, a gigantic wrestler of Libya (or _Irassa_). His strength was
inexhaustible so long as he touched the earth, and was renewed every
time he did touch it. Her'culés killed him by lifting him up from the
earth and squeezing him to death. (See MALEGER.)

  As when earth's son Antaeus ... in Irassa strove
  With Jove's Alcidês, and oft foiled, still rose,
  Receiving from his mother earth new strength,
  Fresh from his fall, and fiercer grapple joined,
  Throttled at length in the air, expired and fell.

Milton, _Paradise Regained_, iv. (563).

[Illustration] Similarly, when Bernardo del Carpio assailed Orlando or
Rolando at Roncesvallês, as he found his body was not to be pierced by
any instrument of war, he took him up in his arms and squeezed him to
death.

N.B.--The only vulnerable part of Orlando was the sole of his foot.

ANTE'NOR, a traitorous Trojan prince, related to Priam. He advised
Ulyssês to carry away the palladium from Troy, and when the wooden
horse was built it was Antenor who urged the Trojans to make a breach
in the wall and drag the horse into the city.--Shakespeare has
introduced him in _Troilus and Cressida_ (1602).

ANTHEA, beautiful woman to whom Herrick addresses several poems.

ANTHI'A, the lady beloved by Abroc'omas in the Greek romance called
_De Amoribus Anthiae et Abrocomae_, by Xenophon of Ephesus, who lived
in the fourth Christian century. (This is not Xenophon the historian,
who lived B.C. 444-359.)

ANTHONIO, "the merchant of Venice," in Shakespeare's drama so called
(1598). Anthonio borrows of Shylock, a Jew, 3000 ducats for three
months, to lend to his friend Bassanio. The conditions of the loan
were these: if the money was paid within the time, only the principal
should be returned; but if not, the Jew should be allowed to cut from
Anthonio's body "a pound of flesh." As the ships of Anthonio were
delayed by contrary winds, he was unable to pay within the three
months, and Shylock demanded the forfeiture according to the bond.
Portia, in the dress of a law-doctor, conducted the case, and when the
Jew was about to cut the flesh, stopped him, saying--(1) the bond gave
him no drop of blood; and (2) he must take neither more nor less than
an exact pound. If he shed one drop of blood or if he cut more or
less than an exact pound, his life would be forfeit. As it was quite
impossible to comply with these restrictions, the Jew was nonsuited,
and had to pay a heavy fine for seeking the life of a citizen.

_Antho'nio_, the ursuping duke of Milan, and brother of Pros'pero (the
rightful duke, and father of Miranda).--Shakespeare, _The Tempest_
(1609).

_Antho'nio_, father of Protheus, and suitor of Julia.--Shakespeare,
_The Two Gentlemen of Verona_ (1594).

AN'THONY, an English archer in the cottage of farmer Dickson, of
Douglasdale.--Sir W. Scott, _Castle Dangerous_ (time, Henry I.).

_An'thony_, the old postillion at Meg Dods's, the landlady of the inn
at St. Ronan's Well.--Sir W. Scott, _St. Ronan's Well_ (time, George
III.).

ANTID'IUS, bishop of Jaen, martyred by the Vandals in 411. One day,
seeing the devil writing in his pocket-book some sin committed by the
pope, he jumped upon his back and commanded his Satanic majesty to
carry him to Rome. The devil tried to make the bishop pronounce the
name of Jesus, which would break the spell, and then the devil would
have tossed his unwelcome burden into the sea, but the bishop only
cried, "Gee up, devil!" and when he reached Rome he was covered with
Alpine snow. The chronicler naïvely adds, "the hat is still shown at
Rome in confirmation of this miracle."--_General Chronicle of King
Alphonso the Wise_.

ANTIG'ONE (4 _syl._), daughter of Oe'dipos and Jocas'tê, a noble
maiden, with a truly heroic attachment to her father and brothers.
When Oedipos had blinded himself, and was obliged to quit Thebes,
Antigonê accompanied him, and remained with him till his death, when
she returned to Thebes. Creon, the king, had forbidden any one to bury
Polyni'cês, her brother, who had been slain by his elder brother in
battle; but Antigonê, in defiance of this prohibition, buried the dead
body, and Creon shut her up in a vault under ground, where she killed
herself. Haemon, her lover, killed himself also by her side. Sophoclês
has a Greek tragedy on the subject, and it has been dramatized for the
English stage.

_The Modern Antigonê_, Mariè Therèse Charlotte duchesse d'Angouleme,
daughter of Louis XVI. and Marie Antoinette (1778-1851).

ANTIG'ONUS, a Sicilian lord, commanded by king Leontês to take his
infant daughter to a desert shore and leave her to perish. Antigonus
was driven by a storm to the coast of Bohemia, where he left the
babe; but on his way back to the ship, he was torn to pieces by a
bear.--Shakespeare, _The Winter's Tale_ (1604).

_Antig'onus (King)_, an old man with a young man's amorous passions.
He is one of the four kings who succeeded to the divided empire of
Alexander the Great.--Beaumont and Fletcher, _The Humorous Lieutenant_
(1647).

ANTIN'OUS (4 _syl_.), a page of Hadrian, the Roman emperor, noted for
his beauty.

_Antin'ous_ (4 _syl_.), son of Cas'silane (3 _syl_.) general of Candy,
and brother of An'no-phel, in _The Laws of Candy_ a drama by Beaumont
and Fletcher (1647).

ANTI'OCHUS, emperor of Greece, who sought the life of Per'iclês
prince of Tyre, but died without effecting his desire.--Shakespeare,
_Pericles Prince of Tyre_ (1608).

ANTI'OPE (4 _syl_.), daughter of Idom'e-neus (4 _syl_.), for whom
Telem'achus had a _tendresse_. Mentor approved his choice, and assured
Telemachus that the lady was designed for him by the gods. Her charms
were "the glowing modesty of her countenance, her silent diffidence,
and her sweet reserve; her constant attention to tapestry or to some
other useful and elegant employment; her diligence in household
affairs, her contempt of finery in dress, and her ignorance of her own
beauty," Telemachus says, "She encourages to industry by her example,
sweetens labor by the melody of her voice, and excels the best of
painters in the elegance of her embroidery."--Fénelon, _Télémaque_,
xxii. (1700).

He [_Paul_] fancied he had found in Virginia the wisdom of Antiope
with the misfortunes and the tenderness of Eucharis.--Bernardin de St.
Pierre, _Paul and Virginia_ (1788).

ANTIPH'OLUS, the name of two brothers, twins, the sons of Aege'on, a
merchant of Syracuse. The two brothers were shipwrecked in infancy,
and, being picked up by different cruisers, one was carried to
Syracuse, and the other to Ephesus. The Ephesian entered the service
of the duke, and, being fortunate enough to save the duke's life,
became a great man and married well. The Syracusian Antipholus, going
in search of his brother, came to Ephesus, where a series of blunders
occurs from the wonderful likeness of the two brothers and their
two servants called Dromio. The confusion becomes so great that the
Ephesian is taken up as a madman. It so happened that both brothers
appeared before the duke at the same time; and the extraordinary
likeness being seen by all, the cause of the blunders was evident,
and everything was satisfactorily explained.--Shakespeare, _Comedy of
Errors_ (1593).

ANTON (_Sir_). Tennyson says that Merlin gave Arthur, when an infant,
to sir Anton and his lady to bring up, and they brought him up as
their own son. This does not correspond with the _History of Prince
Arthur_, which states that he was committed to the care of sir Ector
and his lady, whose son, sir Key, is over and over again called the
prince's foster-brother. The _History_ furthermore states that Arthur
made sir Key his seneschal _because_ he was his foster-brother.

  So the child was delivered unto Merlin, and he
  bare him forth unto sir Ector, and made a holy
  man christen him, and named him "Arthur."
  And so sir Ector's wife nourished him with her
  own breast.--Part i. 3.

  So sir Ector rode to the justs, and with him
  rode sir Key, his son, and young Arthur that
  was his nourished brother.--Ditto.

  "Sir," said sir Ector, "I will ask no more of
  you but that you will make my son, sir Key,
  your foster-brother, seneschal of all your lands."
  "That shall be done," said Arthur (ch. 4).--Sir
  T. Malory, _History of Prince Arthur_ (1470).

_Anton_, one of Henry Smith's men in _The Fair Maid of Perth_, by sir
W. Scott (time, Henry IV.).

ANTO'NIO, a sea captain who saved Sebastian, the brother of Vi'ola,
when wrecked off the coast of Illyria.--Shakespeare, _Twelfth Night_
(1614).

_Anto'nio_, the Swiss lad who acts as the guide from Lucern, in sir W.
Scott's _Anne of Geierstein_ (time, Edward IV.).

_Anto'nio_, a stout old gentleman, kinsman of Petruccio, governor
of Bologna.--Beaumont and Fletcher, _The Chances_ (a comedy, before
1621).

_Antonio (Don)_, father of Carlos, a bookworm, and Clodio, a coxcomb;
a testy, headstrong old man. He wants Carlos to sign away his
birthright in favor of his younger brother, to whom he intends
Angelina to be married; but Carlos declines to give his signature, and
elopes with Angelina, whom he marries, while Clodio engages his troth
to Elvira of Lisbon.--C. Cibber, _Love Makes a Man_.

_Antonio (Don)_, in love with Louisa, the daughter of don Jerome of
Seville. A poor nobleman of ancient family.--Sheridan, _The Duenna_
(1778).

ANTONOMAS'IA _(The princess_), daughter of Archipiela, king of
Candaya, and his wife Maguncia. She married don Clavijo, but the giant
Malambru'no, by enchantment, changed the bride into a brass monkey,
and her spouse into a crocodile of some unknown metal. Don Quixote
mounted the wooden horse Clavileno the Winged, to disenchant the
lady and her husband, and this he effected "simply by making the
attempt."--Cervantes, _Don Quixote_, II iii. 4, 5 (1615).

ANTONY _(Saint)_ lived in a cavern on the summit of Cavadonga, in
Spain, and was perpetually annoyed by devils.

  Old St. Antonius from the hell
  Of his bewildered phantasy saw fiends
  In actual vision, a foul throng grotesque
  Of all horrific shapes and forms obscene,
  Crowd in broad day before his open eyes.
  Southey, _Roderick, etc_., xvi. (1814).

AN'TONY AND CÆSAR. Macbeth says that "under Banquo his own genius was
rebuked [or snubbed], as it is said Mark Antony's was by Cæsar" (act
iii. sc. 1), and in _Antony and Cleopatra_ this passage is elucidated
thus--

  Thy daemon, that's thy spirit which keeps thee, is
  Noble, courageous, high, unmatchable,
  Where Cæsar's is not; but near him thy angel
  Becomes a fear, as being overpowered.

  Act ii. sc. 3.

ANVIL (_The Literary_). Dr. Mayo was so called, because he bore the
hardest blows of Dr. Johnson without flinching.

AODH, last of the Culdees, or primitive clergy of Io'na, an island
south of Staffa. His wife was Reullu'ra. Ulvfa'gre the Dane, having
landed on the island and put many to the sword, bound Aodh in
chains of iron, then dragging him to the church, demanded where the
"treasures were concealed." A mysterious figure now appeared, which
not only released the priest, but took the Dane by the arm to the
statue of St. Columb, which fell on him and crushed him to death.
After this the "saint" gathered the remnant of the islanders together,
and went to Ireland.--Campbell, _Reullura_.

APE (1 _syl._), the pseudonym of M. Pellegrini, the caricaturist of
_Vanity Fair_. Dr. Johnson says "_to ape_ is to imitate ludicrously;"
whence the adoption of the name.

APEL'LES AND THE COBBLER. A cobbler found fault with the shoe-latchet
of one of Apelles' paintings, and the artist rectified the fault. The
cobbler, thinking himself very wise, next ventured to criticise the
legs; but Apelles said, _Ne sutor ultra crepidam_ ("Let not the
cobbler go beyond his last").

Within that range of criticism where all are equally judges, and where
Crispin is entitled to dictate to Apelles.--_Encyc. Brit._, Art.
"Romance."

_Apelles_. When his famous painting of Venus rising out of the sea
(hung by Augustus in the temple of Julius Cæsar) was greatly injured
by time, Nero replaced it by a copy done by Dorotheus. This Venus
by Apelles is called "Venus Anadyom'-enê," his model (according to
tradition) being Campaspê (afterwards his wife).

APEMAN'TUS, a churlish Athenian philosopher, who snarled at men
systematically, but showed his cynicism to be mere affectation, when
Timon attacked him with his own weapons.--Shakespeare, _Timon of
Athens_ (1600).

Their affected melancholy showed like the cynicism of Apemantus,
contrasted with the real misanthropy of Timon.--Sir W. Scott.

APIC'IUS, an epicure in the time of Tiberius. He wrote a book on the
ways of provoking an appetite. Having spent £800,000 in supplying
the delicacies of the table, and having only £80,000 left, he hanged
himself, not thinking it possible to exist on such a wretched
pittance. _Apicia_, however, became a stock name for certain cakes and
sauces, and his name is still proverbial in all matters of gastronomy.

There was another of the name in the reign of Trajan, who wrote a
cooking book and manual of sauces.

No Brahmin could abominate your meal more than I do. Hirtius and
Apicius would have blushed for it. Mark Antony, who roasted eight
whole boars for supper, never massacred more at a meal than you have
done.--Cumberland, _The Fashionable Lover_, i. 1 (1780).

APOLLO, son of Jupiter and Latona, and model of masculine beauty. He
is the sun, in Homeric mythology, the embodiment of practical wisdom
and foresight, of swift and far-reaching intelligence, and hence of
poetry, music, etc.

_The Apollo Belvidere_, that is, the Apollo preserved in the Belvidere
gallery of the Vatican, discovered in 1503 amid the ruins of An'tium,
and purchased by pope Julius II. It is supposed to be the work of
Cal'amis, a Greek sculptor of the fifth century B.C.

_The Apollo of Actium_ was a gigantic statue, which served for a
beacon.

_The Apollo of Rhodes_, usually called the colossus, was a gigantic
bronze statue, 150 feet high, made by Charês, a pupil of Lysippus, and
set up B.C. 300.

_Animals consecrated to Apollo_, the cock, the crow, the grasshopper,
the hawk, the raven, the swan, and the wolf.

APOLL'YON, king of the bottomless pit; introduced by Bnnyan in his
_Pilgrim's Progress_. Apollyon encounters Christian, by whom, after a
severe contest, he is foiled (1678).

APOSTLE _or Patron Saint of_--

  ABYSSINIANS, St. Frumentius (died 360). His day, October 27.
  ALPS, Felix Neff (1798-1829).
  ANTIOCH, St. Margaret (died 275). Her day, July 20.
  ARDENNES, St. Hubert (656-730).
  ARMENIANS, Gregory of Armenia (256-331).
  CAGLIARI (_Sardinia_), St. Efisio.
  CORFU, St. Spiridion (fourth century). His day, December 14.
  ENGLISH, St. Augustin (died 607); St. George (died 290).
  ETHIOPIA, St. Frumentius (died 360). His day, October 27.
  FRANCONIA, St. Kilian (died 689). His day, July 8.
  FREE TRADE, Richard Cobden (1804-1865).
  FRENCH, St. Denis (died 272). His day, October 9.
  FRISIANS, St. Wilbrod (657-738).
  GAULS, St. Irenae'us (130-200); St. Martin (316-397).
  GENTILES, St. Paul (died 66). His days, June 29, January 25.
  GEORGIA, St. Nino.
  GERMANY, St. Boniface (680-755). His day, June 5.
  HIGHLANDERS, St. Colomb (521-597). His day, June 9.
  HUNGARIANS, St. Anastasius (died 628). His day, January 22.
  INDIANS, Bartolomé de Las Casas (1474-1566); Rev. John Eliot (1603-1690).
  INDIES, St. Francis Xavier (1506-1552). His day, December 3.
  INFIDELITY, Voltaire (1694-1778).
  IRISH, St. Patrick (372-493). His day, March 17.
  LIBERTY, Thomas Jefferson, third president of the U.S. (1743-1826).
  LONDON, St. Paul; St. Michael. Days, January 25, September 29.
  NETHERLANDS, St. Armand (589-679).
  NORTH, St. Ansgar (801-864); Bernard Gilpin (1517-1583).

Padua, St. Anthony (1195-1231). His day, June 13. Paris, St. Genevieve
(419-512). Her day, January 3. Peak, W. Bagshaw, so called from his
missionary labors in Derbyshire (1628-1702). Picts, St. Ninian.
Scottish Reformers, John Knox (1505-1572). Sicily (the tutelary deity
is) Cerês. Slaves, St. Cyril (died 868). His day, February 14. Spain,
St. James the Greater (died 44.) His day, July 24. Temperance, Father
Mathew (1790-1856). Venice, St. Mark; St. Pantaleon; St. Andrew
Justiniani. St. Mark's day, April 25; St. Pantaleon's, July 27. Wales,
St. David (480-544). His day, March 1. Yorkshire, St. Pauli'nus,
bishop of York (597-644).

APOSTOLIC FATHERS (_The Five_): Clement of Rome, Barnabas, Hermas,
Igna'tius, and Polycarp. All contemporary with the Apostles.

AP'PETIZER. A Scotchman being told that the birds called kittiewiaks
were admirable appetizers, ate six of them, and then complained "he
was no hungrier than he was before."

AQUARIUS, SAGITTARIUS. Mrs. Browning says that "Aquarius" is a symbol
of man _bearing_, and "Sagittarius" of man _combatting_. The passive
and active forms of human labor.

  _Eve_. Two phantasms of two men.
  _Adam_. One that sustains,
  And one that strives, so the ends
  Of manhood's curse of labor.

E. B. Browning, _A Drama of Exile_ (1851).

A'QUILANT, son of Olive'ro and Sigismunda; a knight in Charlemagne's
army. He was called "_black_," and his brother Gryphon "_white_" from
the color of their armor.--Ariosto, _Orlando Furioso_ (1516).

A'QUILINE (3 _syl_.), Raymond's steed, whose sire was the
wind.--Tasso, _Jerusalem Delivered_, vii. (1575).

(Solinus, Columella, and Varro relate how the Lusitanian mares "with
open mouth against the breezes held, receive the gales with warmth
prolific filled, and thus inspired, their swelling wombs produce the
wondrous offspring."--See also Virgil, _Georgics_, in. 266-283.)

AQUIN'IAN SAGE. Juvenal is so called, because he was born at Aqui'num,
in Latium (fl. A.D. 100).

ARABEL'LA, an heiress left under the guardianship of justice Day. Abel
Day, the son of justice Day, aspires to her hand and fortune, but she
confers both with right good will on captain Manly.--T. Knight, _The
Honest Thieves_.

ARA'BIA FE'LIX ("_Araby the blest_"). This name is a blunder made by
British merchants, who supposed that the precious commodities of India
bought of Arab traders were the produce of Arabia.

ARA'BIAN BIRD (_The_), the phoenix, a marvellous man, one _sui
generis_.

  O Antony! O thou Arabian bird!

Shakespeare, _Antony and Cleopatra_, act iii. sc. 2.

ARACH'NE (3 _syl_.), a spider, a weaver. "Arachnê's labors," spinning
or weaving. Arachnê was a Lydian maiden, who challenged Minerva to
compete with her in needle tapestry, and Minerva changed her into a
spider.

  No orifice for a point
  As subtle as Arachnê's broken woof
  To enter.

Shakespeare, _Troilus and Cressida_, act v. sc. 2 (1602).

ARAGNOL, the son of Arachnê (the "most fine-fingered of all workmen,"
turned into a spider for presuming to challenge Minerva to a contest
in needlework). Aragnol entertained a secret and deadly hatred against
prince Clarion, son of Muscarol the fly-king; and weaving a curious
net, soon caught the gay young flutterer, and gave him his death-wound
by piercing him under the left wing.--Spenser, _Muiopotmos or The
Butterfly's Fate_ (1590).

ARAMIN'TA, the wife of Moneytrap, and friend of Clarissa (wife of
Gripe the scrivener).--Sir John Vanbrugh, _The Confederacy_ (1695).

ARANZA (_The duke of_). He marries Juliana, eldest daughter of
Balthazar. She is so haughty, arrogant, and overbearing, that after
the marriage he takes her to a mean hut, which he calls his home, and
pretends to be only a peasant who must work for his living, and gives
his bride the household duties to perform. She chafes for a time, but
firmness, manliness, and affection win the day; and when the duke
sees that she loves him for himself, he leads her to his castle, and
reveals to her that the peasant husband is after all the duke of
Aranza.--J. Tobin, _The Honeymoon_ (1804).

AR'APHIL or AR'APHILL, the poetic pseudonym of Win. Habington. His
lady-love, Miss Lucy Herbert, he calls Castara.

ARAS'PES (3 _syl_.), king of Alexandria, who joined the Egyptian
armament against the crusaders.--Tasso, _Jerusalem Delivered_ (1575).

ARBA'CES (3 _syl_.), king of Ibe'ria, in the drama called _A King or
no King_, by Beaumont and Fletcher (1619).

ARBATE (2 _syl_.), governor of the prince of Ithaca, in Molière's
comedy _La Princesse d'Elide_ (1664). In his speech to "Euryle" prince
of Ithaca, persuading him to love, he is supposed to refer to Louis
XIV., then 26 years of age.

  Je dirai que l'amour sied bien à vos pareil ...
  Et qu'il est malaisé que, sans etre amoureux
  Un jeune prince soit et grand et généreux.

  Act i. 1.

_Arbate_, in Racine's drama of _Mithridate_ (1673).

AR'BITER EL'IGANTIÆ. C. Petro'nius was appointed dictator-in-chief
of the imperial pleasures at the court of Nero, and nothing was
considered _comme il faut_ till it had received the sanction of this
Roman _beau Brummel_.

  Behold the new Petronius of the day,
  The arbiter of pleasure and of play.

  Byron, _English Bards and Scottish Reviewers_.

ARBRE SOL foretold, with audible voice, the place and manner of
Alexander's death. It figures in all the fabulous legends of
Alexander.

ARBUTUS, sturdy yeoman usually known as "Bute," in Bayard Taylor's
novel _Hannah Thurston._ Rugged and sound as the New England granite
underlying the farm he tills.

ARC _(Joan of)_, or _Jeanne la Pucelle_, the "Maid of Orleans,"
daughter of a rustic of Domrémy, near Vaucouleurs, in France. She was
servant at an inn when she conceived the idea of liberating France
from the English. Having gained admission to Charles VII., she was
sent by him to raise the siege of Orleans, and actually succeeded in
so doing. Schiller has a tragedy on the subject, Casimir Delavigne an
elegy on her, Southey an epic poem on her life and death, and Voltaire
a burlesque.

In regard to her death, M. Octave Delepière, in his _Doute
Historique_, denies the tradition of her having been burnt to death at
Rouen; and Vignier discovered in a family muniment chest the "contract
of marriage between" Robert des Armoise, knight, and Jeanne d'Arc,
surnamed "The Maid of Orleans."

AR'CADES AMBO, both fools alike; both "sweet innocents;" both alike
eccentric. There is nothing in the character of Corydon and Thyrsis
(Virgil's _Eclogue_, vii. 4) to justify this disparaging application
of the phrase. All Virgil says is they were both "in the flower of
their youth," and both Arcadians, both equal in setting a theme for
song or capping it epigrammatically; but as Arcadia was the least
intellectual part of Greece, an "Arcadian" came to signify a dunce,
and hence "Arcades ambo" received its present acceptation.

ARCALA'US (4 _syl_.), an enchanter who bound Am'adis de Gaul to a
pillar in his courtyard, and administered to him 200 stripes with his
horse's bridle.--_Amadis de Gaul_ (fifteenth century).

ARCA'NES (3 _syl_.), a noble soldier, friend of Cas'silane (3 _syl_.)
general of Candy.--Beaumont and Fletcher, _The Laws of Candy_ (1647).

ARCHAN'GEL. Burroughs, the puritan preacher, called Cromwell "the
archangel that did battle with the devil."

ARCHAS, "the loyal subject" of the great duke of Moscovia, and general
of the Moscovites. His son is colonel Theodore.

_Young Archas_, son of the general. Disguised as a woman, he assumes
the name of Alinda.--Beaumont and Fletcher, _The Loyal Subject_
(1618).

ARCHBSH'OP OF GRANA'DA told his secretary, Gil Blas, when he hired
him,

"Whenever thou shalt perceive my pen smack of old age and my genius
flag, don't fail to advertise me of it, for I don't trust to my own
judgment, which may be seduced by self-love." After a fit of apoplexy,
Gil Blas ventured in the most delicate manner to hint to his grace
that "his last discourse had not altogether the energy of his former
ones." To this the archbishop replied, "You are yet too raw to make
proper distinctions. Know, child, that I never composed a better
homily than that which you disapprove. Go, tell my treasurer to
give you 100 ducats. Adieu, Mr. Gil Blas; I wish you all manner of
prosperity, with a little more taste."--Le-sage, _Gil Blas_, vii. 3
(1715).

AR'CHER (_Francis_), friend of Aimwell, who joins him in
fortune-hunting. These are the two "beaux." Thomas viscount Aimwell
marries Dorinda, the daughter of lady Bountiful. Archer hands the
deeds and property taken from the highwaymen to sir Charles Freeman,
who takes his sister, Mrs. Sullen, under his charge again.--George
Farquhar, _The Beaux' Stratagem_ (1707).

ARCHIBALD (_John_), attendant on the duke of Argyle.--Sir W. Scott,
_Heart of Midlothian_ (time, George II.).

ARCHIMA'GO, the reverse of holiness, and therefore Satan the father of
lies and all deception. Assuming the guise of the Red Cross Knight, he
deceived Una; and under the guise of a hermit, he deceived the knight
himself. Archimago is introduced in bks. i. and ii. of Spenser's
_Faëry Queen._ The poet says:

  ... he could take
  As many forms and shapes in seeming wise
  As ever Proteus to himself could make:
  Sometimes a fowl, sometimes a fish in lake,
  Now like a fox, now like a dragon fell.

Spenser, _The Faëry Queen_, I. ii. 10 (1590).

ARCHIMEDES, Syracusan philosopher, who discovered, among other great
scientific facts, the functions of the lever. The solution of an
abstruse problem having occurred to him while in the bath, he
leaped out of the water, and ran naked through the city, shouting,
"_Eureka!_"

AR'CHY M'SAR'CASM _(Sir)_, "a proud Caledonian knight, whose tongue,
like the dart of death, spares neither sex nor age ... His insolence
of family and licentiousness of wit gained him the contempt of every
one" (i. 1). Sir Archy tells Charlotte, "In the house of M'Sarcasm are
two barons, three viscounts, six earls, one marquisate, and two dukes,
besides baronets and lairds oot o' a' reckoning" (i. 1). He makes love
to Charlotte Goodchild, but supposing it to be true that she has lost
her fortune, declares to her that he has just received letters "frae
the dukes, the marquis, and a' the dignitaries of the family ...
expressly prohibiting his contaminating the blood of M'Sarcasm wi'
onything sprung from a hogshead or a coonting-house" (ii. 1).

The man has something droll, something ridiculous in him. His
abominable Scotch accent, his grotesque visage almost buried in snuff,
the roll of his eyes and twist of his mouth, his strange inhuman
laugh, his tremendous periwig, and his manners altogether--why, one
might take him for a mountebank doctor at a Dutch fair.--C. Macklin,
_Love à-la-mode_, i. 1 (1779).

_Sir Archy's Great-grandmother._ Sir Archy M'Sarcasm insisted on
fighting Sir Callaghan O'Brallaghan on a point of ancestry. The
Scotchman said that the Irish are a colony from Scotland, "an ootcast,
a mere ootcast." The Irishman retorted by saying that "one Mac Fergus
O'Brallaghan went from Carrickfergus, and peopled all Scotland with
his own hands." Charlotte [Goodchild] interposed, and asked the cause
of the contention, whereupon Sir Callaghan replied, "Madam, it is
about sir Archy's great-grandmother."--C. Macklin, _Love à-la-mode_,
i. I (1779).

We shall not now stay to quarrel about sir Archy's
great-grandmother.--Maepherson, _Dissertation upon Ossian_.

ARCHY'TAS of Tarentum made a wooden pigeon that could fly; and
Regiomonta'nus, a German, made a wooden eagle that flew from
Koenigsberg to meet the emperor, and, having saluted him, returned
whence it set out (1436-1476).

This engine may be contrived from the same principles by which
Archytas made a wooden dove, and Regiomontanus a wooden eagle.--Dr.
John Wilkins (1614-1672).

AR'CITE (2 _syl_.) AND PAL'AMON, two Theban knights, captives of
duke Theseus, who used to see from their dungeon window the duke's
sister-in-law, Emily, taking her airing in the palace garden, and fell
in love with her. Both captives having gained their liberty, contended
for the lady by single combat. Arcite was victor, but being
thrown from his horse was killed, and Emily became the bride of
Palamon.--Chaucer, _Canterbury Tales_ ("The Knight's Tale," 1388).

Richard Edwards in 1566 produced a drama entitled _Palamon and
Arcite_.

AR'DEN _(Enoch)_, the hero of a poetic tale by Tennyson. He is a
seaman wrecked on a desert island, who returns home after the absence
of several years, and finds his wife married to another. Seeing her
both happy and prosperous, Enoch resolves not to mar her domestic
peace, so leaves her undisturbed, and dies of a broken heart.

AR'DEN OF FEV'ERSLIAM, a noble character, honorable, forgiving,
affectionate, and modest. His wife Alicia in her sleep reveals to him
her guilty love for Mosby, but he pardons her on condition that she
will never see the seducer again. Scarcely has she made the promise
when she plots with Mosby her husband's murder. In a planned
street-scuffle, Mosby pretends to take Arden's part, and thus throws
him off his guard. Arden thinks he has wronged him, and invites him to
his house, but Mosby conspires with two hired ruffians to fall on his
host during a game of draughts, the right moment being signified by
Mosby's saying, "Now I take you." Arden is murdered; but the whole
gang is apprehended and brought to justice.

(This drama is based on a murder which took place in 1551. Ludwig
Tieck has translated the play into German, as a genuine production of
Shakespeare. Some ascribe the play to George Lillo, but Charles Lamb
gives 1592 as the date of its production, and says the author is
unknown.)

AREOUS'KI, the Indian war-god, war, tumult.

A cry of Areouski broke our sleep. Campbell, _Gertrude of Wyoming_, i,
16 (1809).

ARETHU'SA, daughter of the king Messi'na, in the drama called
_Philaster_ or _Love Lies a-bleeding_, by Beaumont and Fletcher
(1638).

_Arethusa_, a nymph pursued by Alpheos the river-god, and changed into
a fountain in the island of Ortygia; but the river-god still pursued
her, and mingled his stream with the fountain, and now, "like friends
once parted grown single-hearted," they leap and flow and slumber
together, "like spirits that love but live no more."

[Illustration] This fable has been exquisitely turned into poetry by
Percy B. Shelley (_Arethusa_, 1820).

ARGALI'A, brother of Angel'ica, in Ariosto's _Orlando Furioso_ (1516).

AR'GAN, the _malade imaginaire_ and father of Angelique. He is
introduced taxing his apothecary's bills, under the conviction that he
cannot afford to be sick at the prices charged, but then he notices
that he has already reduced his bills during the current month, and is
not so well. He first hits upon the plan of marrying Angelique to a
young doctor, but to this the lady objects. His brother suggests that
Argan himself should be his own doctor, and when the invalid replies
he has not studied either diseases, drugs, or Latin, the objection is
overruled by investing the "malade" in a doctor's cap and robe. The
piece concludes with the ceremonial in macaronic Latin.

[Illustration] When Argan asks his doctor how many grains of salt he
ought to eat with an egg, the doctor answers, "Six, huit, dix, etc.,
par les nombres pairs, comme dans les médicaments par les nombres
impairs."--Molière, _Le Malade Imaginaire_, ii. 9 (1673).

ARGAN'TE (3 _syl_.), a giantess called "the very monster and miracle
of lust." She and her twin-brother Ollyphant or Oliphant were the
children of Typhoe'us and Earth. Argantè used to carry off young
men as her captives, and seized "the Squire of Dames" as one of
her victims. The squire, who was in fact Britomart (the heroine of
chastity), was delivered by sir Sat'yrane (3 _syl_.).--Spenser, _Faëry
Queen_, iii. 7 (1590).

_Argante_' (2 _syl_.), father of Octave (2 _syl_.) and Zerbinette (3
_syl_.). He promises to give his daughter Zerbinette to Leandre (2
_syl_.), the son of his friend Géronte (2 _syl_.); but during his
absence abroad the young people fall in love unknown to their
respective fathers. Both fathers storm, and threaten to break off the
engagement, but are delighted beyond measure when they discover that
the choice of the young people has unknowingly coincided with their
own.--Molière, _Les Fourteries de Scapin_ (1671).

(Thomas Otway has adapted this play to the English stage, and called
it _The Cheats of Scapin_. "Argante" he calls _Thrifty_; "Géronte" is
_Gripe_; "Zerbinette" he calls _Lucia_; and "Leandre" he Anglicizes
into _Leander_.)

ARGAN'TES (3 _syl_.), a Circassian of high rank and undoubted courage,
but fierce and a great detester of the Nazarenes. Argantês and Solyman
were undoubtedly the bravest heroes of the infidel host. Argantês
was slain by Rinaldo, and Solyman by Tancred.--Tasso, _Jerusalem
Delivered_ (1575).

Bonaparte stood before the deputies like the Argantês of Italy's
heroic poet.--Sir Walter Scott.

AR'GENIS, a political romance by Barclay (1621).

AR'GENTILE (3 _syl_.), daughter of king Adelbright, and ward of Edel.
Curan, a Danish prince, in order to woo her, became a drudge in her
house, but being obliged to quit her service, became a shepherd. Edel,
the guardian, forcing his suit on Argentile, compelled her to flight,
and she became a neatherd's maid. In this capacity Curan wooed and won
her. Edel was forced to restore the possessions of his ward, and
Curan became king of Northumberland. As for Edel, he was put to
death.--William Warner, _Albion's England_ (1586).

AR'GENTIN _(Le sieur d_'), one of the officers of the duke of
Burgundy.--Sir W. Scott, _Anne of Geiersiein_ (time, Edward IV.).

ARGE'O, baron of Servia and husband of Gabrina. (See _Dictionary of
Phrase and Fable_.)--Ariosto, _Orlando Furioso_ (1516).

ARGES'TES (3 _syl_.), the west wind.

  Wingèd Argestes, faire Aurora's sonne,
  Licensed that day to leave his dungeon,
  Meekly attended.

Wm. Browne, _Britannia's Pastorals_, ii. 5 (1613).

_Arges'tes_ (3 _syl_.), the north-east wind; Cæ'cias, the north-west;
Bo'reas, the full north.

  Boreas and Cæcias and Argestes loud
  ... rend the woods, and seas upturn.

Milton, _Paradise Lost_, x. 699, etc. (1665).

AR'GILLAN, a haughty, turbulent knight, born on the banks of the
Trent. He induced the Latians to revolt, was arrested, made his
escape, but was ultimately slain in battle by Solyman.--Tasso,
_Jerusalem Delivered_, viii. ix. (1575).

ARGON AND RURO, the two sons of Annir, king of Inis-thona, an island
of Scandinavia. Cor'malo, a neighboring chief, came to the island, and
asked for the honor of a tournament. Argon granted the request, and
overthrew him, and this so vexed Cormalo that during a hunt he shot
both the brothers with his bow. Their dog Runo, running to the hall,
howled so as to attract attention, and Annir, following the hound,
found his two sons both dead. On his return he discovered that Cormalo
had run off with his daughter. Oscar, son of Ossian, slew Cormalo in
fight, and restored the daughter to her father.--_Ossian_ ("The War of
Inis-thona").

ARGONAUTS, heroes and demi-gods, who sailed to Colchis in quest of the
golden fleece, guarded by a sleepless dragon. Jason was their leader.

_Argonauts (The)_. Title applied to adventurers who, in 1849, sought
gold in California. Bret Harte has seized upon the name as the theme
of tales and ballads of the "Forty-niners."

AR'GUS, the turf-writer, was Irwin Willes, who died in 1871.

ARGYLE _(Mac Callum More, duke of_), in the reign of George I.--Sir W.
Scott, _Rob Roy_ (1818).

_Mac Callum More, marquis of Argyle_, in the reign of Charles I.,
was commander of the parliamentary forces, and is called "Gillespie
Grumach;" he disguises himself, and assumes the name of Murdoch
Campbell.--Sir W. Scott, _Legend of Montrose_ (1819).

(Duke and duchess of Argyle are introduced also in the _Heart of
Midlothian_, by Sir W. Scott, 1818.)

ARIAD'NE (4 _syl_.), daughter of Minos king of Crete. She gave Theseus
a clew of thread to guide him out of the Cretan labyrinth. Theseus
married his deliverer, but when he arrived at Naxos _(Dia)_ forsook
her, and she hung herself.

Surely it is an Ariadnê.... There is dawning womanhood in every line;
but she knows nothing of Naxos.--Ouidà, _Ariadnê_, i. 1.

AR'IBERT, king of the Lombards (653-661), left "no male pledge
behind," but only a daughter named Rhodalind, whom he wished duke
Gondibert to marry, but the duke fell in love with Bertha, daughter
of As'tragon, the sage. The tale being unfinished, the sequel is not
known.--Sir W. Davenant, _Gondibert_ (died 1668).

ARIDEUS _[A.ree'.de.us]_, a herald in the Christian army.--Tasso,
_Jerusalem Delivered_ (1575).

A'RIEL, in _The Tempest_, an airy spirit, able to assume any shape,
or even to become invisible. He was enslaved to the witch Syc'orax,
mother of Caliban, who overtasked the little thing, and in punishment
for not doing what was beyond his strength, imprisoned him for twelve
years in the rift of a pine tree, where Caliban delighted to torture
him with impish cruelty. Prospero, duke of Milan and father of
Miranda, liberated Ariel from the pine-rift, and the grateful spirit
served the duke for sixteen years, when he was set free.

  And like Ariel in the cloven pine tree,
  For its freedom groans and sighs.

Longfellow, _The Golden Milestone_.

_A'riel_, the sylph in Pope's _Rape of the Lock_. The impersonation
of "fine life" in the abstract, the nice adjuster of hearts and
necklaces. When disobedient he is punished by being kept hovering over
the fumes of the chocolate, or is transfixed with pins, clogged with
pomatums, or wedged in the eyes of bodkins.

_A'riel_, one of the rebel angels. The word means "the Lion of God."
Abdiel encountered him, and overthrew him.--Milton, _Paradise Lost_,
vi. 371 (1665).

ARIELLA, an invalid girl, the daughter of Malachi and Hagar his wife,
in _Come Forth_, by Elizabeth Stuart Phelps and Herbert D. Ward. Her
name signifies STRENGTH OF GOD. She has lain a helpless cripple for
nine years, when she is healed by a word from The Christ (1891).

ARIMAN'ES (4 _syl_.), the prince of the powers of evil, introduced by
Byron in his drama called _Manfred_. The Persians recognized a power
of good and a power of evil: the former Yezad, and the latter Ahriman
(in Greek, Oroma'zes and Ariman'nis). These two spirits are ever at
war with each other. Oromazes created twenty-four good spirits, and
enclosed them in an egg to be out of the power of Arimanês; but
Arimanês pierced the shell, and thus mixed evil with every good.
However, a time will come when Arimanês shall be subjected, and the
earth will become a perfect paradise.

ARIMAS'PIANS, a one-eyed people of Scythia, who adorned their hair
with gold. As gold mines were guarded by Gryphons, there were
perpetual contentions between the Arimaspians and the Gryphons. (See
GRYPHON.)

  Arimaspi, quos diximus uno oculo in fronte
  media in signes; quibus assidue bellum esse
  circa metella cum gryphis, ferarum volucri genere,
  quale vulgo traditur, eruente ex cuniculis
  aurum, mire cupiditate et feris custodientibus,
  et Arimaspis rapientibus, multi, sed maxime
  illustres Herodotus et Aristeas Proconnesius scribunt.--Pliny,
  _Nat. Hist._ vii. 2.

AR'IOCH ("_a fierce lion_"), one of the fallen angels overthrown by
Abdiel.--Milton, _Paradise Lost_, vi. 371 (1665).

ARIODAN'TES (5 _syl_.), the beloved of Geneu'ra, a Scotch princess.
Geneura being accused of incontinence, Ariodantês stood forth her
champion, vindicated her innocence, and married her.--Ariosto,
_Orlando Furioso_ (1516).

ARI'ON. William Falconer, author of _The Shipwreck_, speaks of himself
under this _nom de plume_ (canto iii). He was sent to sea when a lad,
and says he was eager to investigate the "antiquities of foreign
states." He was junior officer in the _Britannia_, which was wrecked
against the projecting verge of cape Colonna, the most southern point
of Attica, and was the only officer who survived.

  Thy woes, Arion, and thy simple tale
  O'er all the hearts shall triumph and prevail.
  Campbell, _Pleasures of Hope_, ii. (1799).

_Ari'on_, a Greek musician, who, to avoid being murdered for his
wealth, threw himself into the sea, and was carried to Tæ'naros on the
back of a dolphin.

_Ari'on_, the wonderful horse which Herculês gave to Adrastos. It had
the gift of human speech, and the feet on the right side were the feet
of a man.

(One of the masques in Sir W. Scott's _Kenilworth_ is called "Arion.")

ARIO'STO OF THE NORTH, Sir Walter Scott (1771-1832).

  And, like the Ariosto of the North,
  Sang ladye-love and war, romance and knightly worth.

Byron, _Childe Harold_, iv. 40.

ARISTÆ'US, protector of vines and olives, huntsmen and herdsmen. He
instructed man also in the management of bees, taught him by his
mother Cyrenê.

  In such a palace Aristæus found
  Cyrenê, when he bore the plaintive tale
  Of his lost bees to her maternal ear.
  Cowper, _The Ice Palace of Anne of Russia_.

ARISTAR'CHUS, any critic. Aristarchus of Samothrace was the greatest
critic of antiquity. His labors were chiefly directed to the _Iliad_
and _Odyssey_ of Homer. He divided them into twenty-four books each,
marked every doubtful line with an obelos, and every one he considered
especially beautiful with an asterisk. (Fl. B.C. 156; died aged 72.)

The whole region of belle lettres fell under my inspection.... There,
sirs, like another Aristarch, I dealt out fame and damnation at
pleasure.--Samuel Foote, _The Liar_, i. 1.

"How, friend," replied the archbishop, "has it [_the homily_] met
with any Aristarchus [_severe critic_]?"--Lesage, _Gil Blas_, vii. 4
(1715).

ARISTE (2 _syl_.), brother of Chrysale (2 _syl_.), not a _savant_,
but a practical tradesman. He sympathizes with Henriette, his womanly
niece, against his sister-in-law Philaminte (3 _syl_.) and her
daughter Armande (2 _syl_.), who _femmes savantes_.--Molière, _Les
Femmes Savantes_ (1672).

ARISTE'AS, a poet who continued to appear and disappear alternately
for above 400 years, and who visited all the mythical nations of the
earth. When not in the human form, he took the form of a stag.--_Greek
Legend_.

ARISTI'DES (_The British_), Andrew Marvell, an influential member of
the House of Commons in the reign of Charles II. He refused every
offer of promotion, and a direct bribe tendered to him by the lord
treasurer. Dying in great poverty, he was buried, like Aristidês, at
the public expense (1620-1678).

ARISTIP'POS, a Greek philosopher of Cyre'nê, who studied under
Soc'ratês, and set up a philosophic school of his own, called
"he'donism" (_[Greek: aedonae]_ "pleasure").

[Illustration] C. M. Wieland has an historic novel in German, called
_Aristippus_, in which he sets forth the philosophical dogmas of this
Cyrenian (1733-1813).

An axiom of Aristippos was _Omnis Aristippum decuit color, et status,
et res_ (Horace, _Epist_. i. 17, 23); and his great precept was _Mihi
res, non me rebus subjungere_ (Horace, _Epist_. i. I, 18).

I am a sort of Aristippus, and can equally accommodate myself to
company and solitude, to affluence and frugality.--Lesage, _Gil Blas_,
v. 12 (1715).

ARISTOBU'LUS, called by Drayton Aristob'ulus (_Rom._ xvi. 10), and
said to be the first that brought to England the "glad tidings of
salvation." He was murdered by the Britons.

  The first that ever told Christ crucified to us,
  By Paul and Peter sent, just Aristob'ulus ...
  By the Britons murdered was.

Drayton, _Polyolbion_, xxiv. (1622).

ARISTOM'ENES (5 _syl_.), a young Messenian of the royal line, the
"Cid" of ancient Messe'nia. On one occasion he entered Sparta by night
to suspend a shield from the temple of Pallas. On the shield were
inscribed these words: "Aristomenês from the Spartan spoils dedicates
this to the goddess."

[Illustration] A similar tale is told of Fernando Perez del Pulgar,
when serving under Ferdinand of Castile at the siege of Grana'da. With
fifteen companions he entered Granada, then in the power of the Moors,
and nailed to the door of the principal mosque with his dagger a
tablet inscribed "Ave Maria!" then galloped back, before the guards
recovered from their amazement.--Washington Irving, _Conquest of
Granada_, 91.

ARISTOPH'ANES (5 _syl_.), a Greek who wrote fifty-four comedies,
eleven of which have survived to the present day (B.C. 444-380). He is
called "The Prince of Ancient Comedy," and Menander "The Prince of New
Comedy" (B.C. 342-291).

_The English_ or _Modern Aristophanes_, Samuel Foote (1722-1777).

_The French Aristophanes_, J. Baptiste Poquelin de Molière
(1622-1673).

ARISTOTLE. The mistress of this philosopher was Hepyllis; of Plato,
Archionassa; and of Epicurus, Leontium.

_Aristotle of China_, Tehuhe, who died A.D. 1200, called "The Prince
of Science."

_Aristotle of Christianity_, Thomas Aqui'nas, who tried to reduce the
doctrines of faith to syllogistic formulæ (1224-1274).

_Aristotle of the Nineteenth Century_, George Cuvier, the naturalist
(1769-1832).

AR'ISTOTLE IN LOVE. Godfrey Gobilyve told sir Graunde Amoure that
Aristotle the philosopher was once in love, and the lady promised to
listen to his prayer if he would grant her request. The terms being
readily accepted, she commanded him to go on all fours, and then,
putting a bridle into his mouth, mounted on his back, and drove him
about the room till he was so angry, weary, and disgusted, that he was
quite cured of his foolish attachment.--Stephen Hawes, _The Pastime of
Plesure_, xxix. (1555).

ARMADALE (_Allan_), bluff young Englishman, devoted to the sea and
ship-building, and prone to fall in love. He is betrothed, first
to Miss Milroy, a winning lass of sixteen, then to Miss Gwilt, her
governess, again and lastly to Miss Milroy, whom he marries.--Wilkie
Collins, _Armadale_.

ARMADO (_Don Adriano de_), a pompous, affected Spaniard, called "a
refined traveller, in all the world's new fashion planted, that had
a mint of phrases in his brain. One whom the music of his own vain
tongue did ravish." This man was chosen by Ferdinand, the king of
Navarre, when he resolved to spend three years in study with three
companions, to relate in the interim of his studies "in high-born
words the worth of many a knight from tawny Spain lost in the world's
debate."

His humor is lofty, his discourse peremptory, his tongue filed, his
eye ambitious, his gait majestical, and his general behavior vain,
ridiculous, and thrasonical.... He draweth out the thread of his
verbosity finer than the staple of his argument.--Shakespeare, _Love's
Labor's Lost_, act v. sc. 1 (1594).

ARMANDE (2 _syl_.), daughter of Chrysale (2 _syl_.), and sister of
Henriette. Armande is a _femme savante_, and Henriette a "thorough
woman." Both love Clitandre, but Armande loves him platonically, while
Henriette loves him with womanly affection. Clitandre prefers the
younger sister, and after surmounting the usual obstacles, marries
her.--Molière, _Les Femmes Savantes_ (1672).

ARMI'DA, a sorceress, who seduces Rinaldo and other crusaders from
the siege of Jerusalem. Rinaldo is conducted by her to her splendid
palace, where he forgets his vows, and abandons himself to sensual
joys. Carlo and Ubaldo are sent to bring him back, and he escapes from
Armida; but she follows him, and not being able to allure him back
again, sets fire to her palace, rushes into the midst of the fight,
and is slain.

  [Julia's] small hand
  Withdrew itself from his, but left behind
  A little pressure ... but ne'er magician's wand
  Wrought change with, all Armida's fairy art,
  Like what this light touch left on Juan's heart.
  Byron, _Don Juan_, i. 71.

When the young queen of Frederick William of Prussia rode about in
military costume to incite the Prussians to arms against Napoleon, the
latter wittily said, "She is Armida in her distraction setting fire to
her own palace."

(Both Glück and Rossini have taken the story of Armida as the subject
of an opera.)

_Armida's Girdle_. Armida had an enchanted girdle, which, "in price
and beauty," surpassed all her other ornaments; even the cestus of
Venus was less costly. It told her everything; "and when she would be
loved, she wore the same."--Tasso, _Jerusalem Delivered_ (1575).

ARM'STRONG (_John_), called "The Laird's Jock." He is the laird of
Mangerton. This old warrior witnesses a national combat in the valley
of Liddesdale, between his son (the Scotch chieftain) and Foster (the
English champion), in which young Armstrong is overthrown.--Sir W.
Scott, _The Laird's Jock_ (time, Elizabeth).

_Armstrong (Grace)_, the bride-elect of Hobbie Elliot of the
heugh-foot, a young farmer.--Sir W. Scott, _The Black Dwarf_ (time,
Anne).

_Armstrong (Archie)_, court jester to James I., introduced in _The
Fortunes of Nigel_, by Sir Walter Scott (1822).

AR'NAUT, an Albanian mountaineer. The word means "a brave man."

Stained with the best of Arnaut blood. Byron, _The Giaour_, 526.

ARNHEIM (2 _syl.). The baron Herman von Arnheim_, Anne of Geierstein's
grandfather.

_Sibilla of Arnheim_, Anne's mother.

_The baroness of Arnheim_, Anne of Geierstein.--Sir W. Scott, _Anne of
Geierstein_ (time, Edward IV.).

ARNOLD, the deformed son of Bertha, who hates him for his ugliness.
Weary of life, he is about to make away with himself, when a stranger
accosts him, and promises to transform him into any shape he likes
best. He chooses that of Achilles, and then goes to Rome, where he
joins the besieging army of Bourbon. During the siege, Arnold enters
St. Peter's of Rome just in time to rescue Olimpia, but the proud
beauty, to prevent being taken captive by him, flings herself from the
high altar on the pavement, and is taken up apparently lifeless. As
the drama was never completed, the sequel is not known.--Byron, _The
Deformed Transformed_.

_Ar'nold_, the torch-bearer at Rotherwood.--Sir W. Scott, _Ivanhoe_
(time, Richard I.).

_Ar'nold_ of Benthuysen, disguised as a beggar, and called
"Ginks."--Beaumont and Fletcher, _The Beggar's Bush_ (1622).

ARNOLD BRINKWORTH, frank, whole-souled sailor, in love with and
betrothed to Blanche Lundie. Through his friendship for the man who
has betrayed Anne Silvestre, and desire to serve the hapless woman, he
is the bearer of a message to her from _Geoffrey Delamayne_, and
is mistaken for her husband. Through this blunder he finds himself
married by Scotch law to Anne, while he is engaged to Blanche.--Wilkie
Collins, _Man and Wife_.

ARNOL'DO, son of Melchtal, patriot of the forest cantons of
Switzerland. He was in love with Mathilde (3 _syl._), sister of
Gessler, the Austrian governor of the district. When the tyranny of
Gessler drove the Swiss into rebellion, Arnoldo joined the insurgents,
but after the death of Gessler he married Mathilde, whose life he had
saved when it was imperilled by an avalanche.--Rossini, _Guglielmo
Tell_ (1829).

_Arnol'do_, a gentleman contracted to Zeno'cia, a chaste lady,
dishonorably pursued by the governor, count Clodio.--Beaumont and
Fletcher, _The Custom of the Country_ (1647).

AR'NOLPHE (2 _syl._), a man of wealth, who has a crotchet about the
proper training of girls to make good wives, and tries his scheme on
Agnes, whom he adopts from a peasant's hut, and intends in time to
make his wife. She is brought up, from the age of four years, in
a country convent, where difference of sex and the conventions of
society are wholly ignored; but when removed from the convent Agnes
treats men like school-girls, nods to them familiarly, kisses them,
and plays with them. Being told by her guardian that married women
have more freedom than maidens, she asks him to marry her; however, a
young man named Horace falls in love with her, and makes her his
wife, so Arnolphe, after all, profits nothing by his pains.--Molière,
_L'École des Femmes_ (1662).

  Dans un petit couvent loin de toute pratique
  Je le fis élever selon ma politique
  C'est-à-dire, ordonnant quels soins on emploieroit
  Pour le rendre idiote autant qu'il se pourroit.
  Act i. I.

AR'NOT (_Andrew_), one of the yeomen of the Balafre [Ludovic
Lesly].--Sir W. Scott, _Quentin Durward_ (time, Edward IV.).

ARON'TEUS (4 _syl._), an Asiatic king, who joined the Egyptian
armament against the crusaders.--Tasso, _Jerusalem Delivered_ (1575).

ARPA'SIA, the betrothed of Mone'sês, a Greek, but made by constraint
the bride of Baj'azet sultan of Turkey. Bajazet commanded Monesês
to be bow-strung in the presence of Arpasia, to frighten her into
subjection, but she died at the sight.--N. Eowe, _Tamerlane_ (1702).

AR'ROT, the weasel in the beast-epic of _Reynard the Fox_ (1498).

ARROW-HEAD, Indian warrior in Cooper's _Pathfinder_, the husband of
Dew-in-June (1840).

ARROW-MAKER, father of Minnehaha, in Longfellow's _Hiawatha_ (1855).

AR'SACES (3 _syl._), the patronymic name of the Persian kings,
from Arsaces, their great monarch. It was generally added to some
distinctive name or appellation, as the Roman emperors added the name
of Cæsar to their own.

  Cujus memoriae hunc honorem Parthi tribuerunt
  ut omnes exinde reges suos Arsacis nomine
  nuncupent.--Justin, _Historiarae Philippicae_, xli.

ARSE'TES (3 _syl._), the aged eunuch who brought up Clorinda, and
attended on her.--Tasso, _Jerusalem Delivered_ (1575).

ARSINOË, prude in Molière's comedy _Le Misanthrope_.

AR'TAMENES (3 _syl_.) or LE GRAND CYRUS, a "long-winded romance," by
Mdlle. Scudéri (1607-1701).

ARTAXAM'INOUS, king of Utopia, married to Griskinissa, whom he wishes
to divorce for Distaffi'na. But Distaffina is betrothed to general
Bombastês, and when the general finds that his "fond one" prefers
"half a crown" to himself, he hates all the world, and challenges the
whole race of man by hanging his boots on a tree, and daring any one
to displace them. The king, coming to the spot, reads the challenge,
and cuts the boots down, whereupon Bombastês falls on his majesty, and
"kills him," in a theatrical sense, for the dead monarch, at the close
of the burletta, joins in the dance, and promises, if the audience
likes, "to die again to-morrow."--W. B. Rhodes, _Bombastes Furioso_.

AR'TEGAL OR ARTHEGAL (_Sir_), son of Gorloïs prince of Cornwall,
stolen in infancy by the fairies, and brought up in Fairyland.
Brit'omart saw him in Venus's looking-glass, and fell in love with
him. She married him, and became the mother of Aurelius Conan, from
whom (through Cadwallader) the Tudor dynasty derives descent. The
wanderings of Britomart, as a lady knight-errant and the impersonation
of chastity, is the subject of bk. iii. of the _Faëry Queen_; and the
achievements of sir Artegal, as the impersonation of justice, is the
subject of bk. v.

Sir Artegal's first exploit was to decide to which claimant a living
woman belonged. This he decided according to Solomon's famous judgment
respecting "the living and dead child" (canto 1). His next was to
destroy the corrupt practice of bribery and toll (canto 2). His third
was the exposing of Braggadoccio and his follower Trompart (canto 3).
He had then to decide to which brother a chest of money found at sea
belonged, whether to Bracidas or Am'idas; he gave judgment in favor of
the former (canto 4). He then fell into the hands of Rad'igund queen
of the Amazons, and was released by Britomart (cantos 5 and 6), who
killed Radigund (canto 7). His last and greatest achievement was the
deliverance of Ire'na _(Ireland)_ from Grantorto _(rebellion)_, whom
he slew (canto 12).

N.B.--This rebellion was that called the earl of Desmond's, in 1580.
Before bk. iv. 6, Artegal is spelled Arthegal, but never afterwards.

[Illustration] "Sir Artegal" is meant for lord Gray of Wilton,
Spenser's friend. He was sent in 1580 into Ireland as lord-lieutenant,
and the poet was his secretary. The marriage of Artegal with Britomart
means that the justice of lord Gray was united to purity of mind or
perfect integrity of conduct.--Spenser's _Faëry Queen_, v. (1596).

ARTEMIS'IA, daughter of Lygdamis and queen of Carlia. With five
ships she accompanied Xerxes in his invasion of Greece, and greatly
distinguished herself in the battle of Salamis by her prudence and
courage. (This is _not_ the Artemisia who built the Mausoleum.)

  Our statues ... she
  The foundress of the Babylonian wall _[Semirfa-mis]_;
  The Carian Artemisia strong in war.

  Tennyson, _The Princess_, ii.

_Artemis'ia_, daughter of Hecatomnus and sister-wife of Mauso'lus.
Artemisia was queen of Caria, and at the death of her fraternal
husband raised a monument to his memory (called a mausole'um), which
was one of the "Seven Wonders of the World." It was built by four
different architects: Scopas, Timotheus, Leocharês, and Bruxis.


  This made the four rare masters which began
  Fair Artemysia's husband's dainty tomb
  (When death took her before the work was done,
  And so bereft them of all hopes to come),
  That they would yet their own work perfect make
  E'en for their workes, and their self-glories sake.


Lord Brooke, _An Inquiry upon Fame, etc_. (1554-1628).

ARTEMUS WARD, travelling showman and philosopher, whose adventures and
sayings as given by Charles Brown were a new departure in the history
of American dialect literature (1862).

ARTFUL DODGER, the sobriquet of John Dawkins, a young thief, up
to every sort of dodge, and a most marvellous adept in villainy.--Dickens,
_Oliver Twist_ (1837).

ARTHGALLO, a mythical British king, brother of Gorbonian, his
predecessor on the throne, and son of Mor'vidus, the tyrant who was
swallowed by a sea-monster. Arthgallo was deposed, and his brother
El'idure was advanced to the throne instead.--Geoffrey, _British
History_, iii. 17 (1142).

ARTHUR (_King_), parentage of. His father was Uther the pendragon, and
his mother Ygernê (3 _syl_.), widow of Gorloïs duke of Cornwall. But
Ygernê had been a widow only three hours, and knew not that the duke
was dead (pt. i. 2), and her marriage with the pendragon was not
consummated till thirteen days afterwards. When the boy was born
Merlin took him, and he was brought up as the foster-son of sir Ector
(Tennyson says "sir Anton"), till Merlin thought proper to announce
him as the lawful successor of Uther, and had him crowned. Uther lived
two years after his marriage with Ygernê.--Sir T. Malory, _History of
Prince Arthur_, i. 2, 6 (1470).

  Wherefore Merlin took the child
  And gave him to sir Anton, an old knight
  And ancient friend of Uther; and his wife
  Nursed the young prince, and reared him with her own.
  Tennyson, _Coming of Arthur_.

_Coming of Arthur_. Leod'ogran, king of Cam'eliard (3 _syl._),
appealed to Arthur to assist him in clearing his kingdom of robbers
and wild beasts. This being done, Arthur sent three of his knights to
Leodogran, to beg the hand of his daughter Guenever in marriage. To
this Leodogran, after some little hesitation, agreed, and sir Lancelot
was sent to escort the lady to Arthur's court.

_Arthur not dead_. According to tradition Arthur is not dead, but
rests in Glastonbury, "till he shall come again full twice as fair, to
rule over his people." (See BARBAROSSA.)

According to tradition, Arthur never died, but was converted into a
raven by enchantment, and will, in the fulness of time, appear again
in his original shape, to recover his throne and sceptre. For this
reason there is never a raven killed in England.--Cervantes, _Don
Quixote_, I ii. 5 (1605).

_Arthur's Twelve Battles_ (or victories over the Saxons). I. The
battle of the river Glem (_i.e._ the glen of Northumberland). 2 to 5.
The four battles of the Duglas (which falls into the estuary of the
Ribble). 6. The battle of Bassa, said to be Bashall Brook, which
joins the Ribble near Clithero. 7. The battle of Celidon, said to
be Tweeddale. 8. The battle of Castle Gwenion (_i.e._ Caer Wen, in
Wedale, Stow). 9. The battle of Caerleon, _i.e._ Carlisle; which
Tennyson makes to be Caerleon-upon-Usk. 10. The battle of Trath
Treroit, in Anglesey, some say the Solway Frith. 11. The battle of
Agned Cathregonion (_i.e._ Edinburgh). 12. The battle of Badon Hill
(_i.e._ the Hill of Bath, now Bannerdown).

Then bravely chanted they The several twelve pitched fields he
[_Arthur_] with the Saxons fought. M. Drayton, _Polyolbion_, iv.
(1612).

_Arthur, one of the Nine Worthies_. Three were Gentiles: Hector,
Alexander, and Julius Cæsar; three were Jews: Joshua, David, and Judas
Maccabæus; three were Christians: Arthur, Charlemagne, and Godfrey of
Bouillon.

_Arthur's Foster-Father and Mother_, sir Ector and his lady. Their
son, sir Key (his foster-brother), was his seneschal or steward.--Sir
T. Malory, _History of Prince Arthur_, i. 3, 8 (1470).

N.B.--Tennyson makes sir Anton the foster-father of Arthur.

_Arthur's Butler_, sir Lucas or Lucan, son of duke Corneus; but sir
Griflet, son of Cardol, assisted sir Key and sir Lucas "in the rule of
the service."--_History of Prince Arthur_, i. 8 (1470).

_Arthur's Sisters_ [half-sisters], Morgause or Margawse (wife of king
Lot); Elain (wife of king Nentres of Carlot); and Morgan le Fay, the
"great clark of Nigromancy," who wedded king Vrience, of the land of
Corê, father of Ewayns le Blanchemayne. Only the last had the same
mother (Ygraine or Ygernê) as the king.--Sir T. Malory, _History of
Prince Arthur_, i. 2.

_Arthur's Sons_--Urien, Llew, and Arawn. Borre was his son by Lyonors,
daughter of the earl Sanam.--_History of Prince Arthur_, i. 15.
Mordred was his son by Elain, wife of king Nentres of Carlot. In some
of the romances collated by sir T. Malory he is called the son of
Morgause and Arthur; Morgause being called the wife of king Lot,
and sister of Arthur. This incest is said to have been the cause of
Mordred's hatred of Arthur.--Pt. i. 17, 36, etc.

_Arthur's Drinking-Horn_. No one could drink from this horn who was
either unchaste or unfaithful.--_Lai du Corn_ and _Morte d'Arthur_.
(See CHASTITY.)

_Arthur's Shield_, Pridwin. Geoffrey calls it Priwen, and says it was
adorned with the picture of the Virgin Mary.--_British History_, ix. 4
(1142).

_Arthur's Spear_, Rone. Geoffrey calls it Ron. It was made of
ebony.--_British History_, ix. 4 (1142).

  His spere he nom an honde tha Ron wes ihaten.
  Layamon. _Brut_, (twelfth century).

_Arthur's Sword_, Escal'ibur or Excal'ibur. Geoffrey calls it
Caliburn, and says it was made in the isle of Avallon.--_British
History_, ix. 4 (1142).

  The temper of his sword, the tried Escalabour,
  The bigness and the length of Rone, his noble
  spear,
  With Pridwin, his great shield.

Drayton, _Polyolbion_, iv. (1612).

_Arthur's Round Table_. It contained seats for 150 knights. Three were
reserved, two for honor, and one (called the "siege perilous") for sir
Galahad, destined to achieve the quest of the sangreal. If any one
else attempted to sit in it, his death was the certain penalty.

[Illustration] There is a table so called at Winchester, and Henry
VIII. showed it to François I. as the very table made by Merlin for
Uther the pendragon.

  And for great Arthur's seat, her Winchester
  prefers,
  Whose old round table yet she vaunteth to be
  hers.

M. Drayton, _Polyolbion_, ii. (1612).

_Arthur_ (_King_), in the burlesque opera of

_Tom Thumb_, has Dollallolla for his queen, and Huncamunca for his
daughter. This dramatic piece, by Henry Fielding, the novelist, was
produced in 1730, but was altered by Kane O'Hara, author of _Midas_,
about half a century later.

ARTHURIAN ROMANCES.

_King Arthur and the Round Table_, a romance in verse (1096).

_The Holy Graal_ (in verse, 1100).

_Titurel_, or _The Guardian of the Holy Graal_, by Wolfram von
Eschenbach. Titurel founded the temple of Graalburg as a shrine for
the holy graal.

_The Romance of Parzival_, prince of the race of the kings of
Graalburg. By Wolfram of Eschenbach (in verse). This romance (written
about 1205) was partly founded upon a French poem by Chrétien de
Troyes, _Parceval le Gallois_ (1170).

_Launcelot of the Lake_, by Ulrich of Zazikoven, contemporary with
William Rufus.

_Wigalois_, or _The Knight of the Wheel_, by Wirnd of Graffenberg.
This adventurer leaves his mother in Syria, and goes in search of his
father, a knight of the Round Table.

_I'wain_, or _The Knight of the Lion_, and _Ereck_, by Hartmann von
der Aue (thirteenth century).

_Tristan and Yseult_ (in verse), by Master Grottfried of Strasburg
(thirteenth century). This is also the subject of Luc du Grast's prose
romance, which was revised by Elie de Borron, and turned into verse by
Thomas the Rhymer, of Erceldoune, under the title of the _Romance of
Tristram_.

_Merlyn Ambroise_, by Robert de Borron.

_Roman des diverses Quétes de St. Graal_, by Walter Mapes (prose).

_La Morte d'Arthur_, by Walter Mapes.

_A Life of Joseph of Arimathea_, by Robert de Borron.

_The Idylls of the King_, by Tennyson, in blank verse, containing "The
Coming of Arthur," "Gareth and Lynette," "Geraint and Enid," "Merlin
and Vivien," "Lancelot and Elaine," "The Holy Graal," "Peleas and
Ettarre" (2 _syl._), "The Last Tournament," "Guinevere" (3 _syl._)
and "The Passing of Arthur," which is the "Morte d'Arthur" with an
introduction added to it.

(The old Arthurian Romances have been collated and rendered into
English by sir Thomas Malory, in three parts. Part i. contains the
early history of Arthur and the beautiful allegory of Gareth and
Linet; part ii. contains the adventures of sir Tristram; and part iii.
the adventures of sir Launcelot, with the death of Arthur and his
knights. Sir Frederick Madden and J.T.K. have also contributed to the
same series of legends.)

[Illustration] _Sources of the Arthurian Romances_. The prose series
of romances called Arthurian, owe their origin to: 1. The legendary
chronicles composed in Wales or Brittany, such as _De Excidio
Britanniae_ of Gildas. 2. The chronicles of Nennius (ninth century).
3. The Armoric collections of Walter [Cale'nius] or Gauliter,
archdeacon of Oxford. 4. The _Chronicon sive Historia Britonum_ of
Geoffrey of Monmouth. 5. Floating traditions and metrical ballads and
romances. (See CHARLEMAGNE.)

AR'THURET _(Miss Seraphina_ the papist and _Miss Angelica_), two
sisters in sir W. Scott's novel called _Redgauntlet_ (time, George
III.).

ARTHUR KAVANAGH, the new pastor in the Fairmeadow parish, endowed
"with the zeal of Peter and the gentleness of John," who writes on his
study-door Dante's injunction--

Think that To-day will never dawn again. _Kavanagh. A Tale_, by H.W.
Longfellow (1872).

ARTHUR LIVINGSTON, an American traveller in Egypt who falls in love,
at first leisurely, finally desperately, with the heroine of _Kismet_
by George Fleming (Julia C. Fletcher) (1877).

ARTHUR RIPLEY, young New York lawyer employed in the criminal case
that is the pivotal centre of interest in Sidney Luska's (Harry
Harland) novel, _Mrs. Peixada_ (1886).

AR'TURO (lord Arthur Talbot), a cavalier affianced to Elvi'ra "the
puritan," daughter of lord Walton. On the day appointed for the
wedding, Arturo has to aid Enrichetta (_Henrietta, widow of Charles
I._) in her escape, and Elvira, supposing he is eloping with a rival,
temporarily loses her reason. On his return, Arturo explains the
circumstances, and they vow never more to part. At this juncture
Arturo is arrested for treason, and led away to execution; but a
herald announces the defeat of the Stuarts, and free pardon of all
political offenders, whereupon Arturo is released, and marries "the
fair puritan."--Bellini's opera, _I Puritani_ (1834).

_Ar'turo_ [BUCKLAW]. So Frank Hayston is called in Donizetti's opera
of _Lucia di Lammermoor_ (1835). (See HAYSTON.)

AR'VALAN, the wicked son of Keha'ma, slain by Ladur'lad for attempting
to dishonor his daughter Kail'yal (2 _syl._). After this, his spirit
became the relentless persecutor of the holy maiden, but holiness and
chastity triumphed over sin and lust. Thus when Kailyal was taken to
the bower of bliss in paradise, Arvalan borrowed the dragon-car of the
witch Lor'rimite (3 _syl._) to carry her off; but when the dragons
came in sight of the holy place they were unable to mount, and went
perpetually downwards, till Arvalan was dropped into an ice-rift of
perpetual snow. When he presented himself before her in the temple of
Jaganaut, she set fire to the pagoda. And when he caught the maiden
waiting for her father, who was gone to release the glendoveer from
the submerged city of Baly, Baly himself came to her rescue.

  "Help, help, Kehama! help!" he cried.
  But Baly tarried not to abide
  That mightier power. With irresistible feet
  He stampt and cleft the earth. It opened wide,
  And gave him way to his own judgment-seat.
  Down like a plummet to the world below
  He sank ... to punishment deserved and endless woe.

  Southey, _Curse of Kehama_, xvii. 12 (1809).

ARVI'DA (_Prince_), a noble friend of Gustavus Vasa. Both Arvida and
Gustavus are in love with Christi'na, daughter of Christian II. king
of Scandinavia. Christian employs the prince to entrap Gustavus, but
when he approaches him the better instincts of old friendship and the
nobleness of Gustavus prevail, so that Arvida not only refuses to
betray his friend, but even abandons to him all further rivalry in the
love of Christina.--H. Brooke, _Gustavus Vasa_ (1730).

ARVIR'AGUS, the husband of Do'rigen. Aurelius tried to win her love,
but Dorigen made answer that she would never listen to his suit till
the rocks that beset the coast were removed, "and there n'is no stone
y-seen." By the aid of magic, Aurelius caused all the rocks of the
coast to disappear, and Dorigen's husband insisted that she should
keep her word. When Aurelius saw how sad she was, and was told that
she had come in obedience to her husband's wishes, he said he would
rather die than injure so true a wife and noble a gentleman.--Chaucer,
_Canterbury Tales_ ("The Franklin's Tale," 1388).

(This is substantially the same as Boccaccio's tale of _Dianora and
Gilberto_, day x. 5. See DIANORA.)

_Arvir'agus_, younger son of Cym'beline (3 _syl._) king of Britain,
and brother of Guide'rius. The two in early childhood were kidnapped
by Bela'rius, out of revenge for being unjustly banished, and were
brought up by him in a cave. When they were grown to manhood,
Belarius, having rescued the king from the Romans, was restored to
favor. He then introduced the two young men to Cymbeline, and told
their story, upon which the king was rejoiced to find that his two
sons whom he thought dead were both living.--Shakespeare, _Cymbeline_
(1605).

ARYAN LANGUAGES (_The_)--

  1. Sanskrit, whence Hindustanee.
  2. Zend, whence Persian.
  3. Greek, whence Romaic.
  4. Latin, whence Italian, French, Spanish, Portuguese, Wallachian
  (_Romance_).
  5. Keltic, whence Welsh, Irish, Gaelic.
  6. Gothic, whence Teutonic, English, Scandinavian.
  7. Slavonic, whence European Russian, and Austrian.

AS YOU LIKE IT, a comedy by Shakespeare. One of the French dukes,
being driven from his dukedom by his brother, went with certain
followers to the forest of Arden, where they lived a free and easy
life, chiefly occupied in the chase. The deposed duke had one
daughter, named Rosalind, whom the usurper kept at court as the
companion of his own daughter Celia, and the two cousins were very
fond of each other. At a wrestling match Rosalind fell in love with
Orlando, who threw his antagonist, a giant and professional athlete.
The usurping duke (Frederick) now banished her from the court, but her
cousin Celia resolved to go to Arden with her; so Rosalind in boy's
clothes (under the name of Ganymede), and Celia as a rustic maiden
(under the name of Alie'na), started to find the deposed duke. Orlando
being driven from home by his elder brother, also went to the forest
of Arden, and was taken under the duke's protection. Here he met
the ladies, and a double marriage was the result--Orlando married
Rosalind, and his elder brother Oliver married Celia. The usurper
retired to a religious house, and the deposed duke was restored to his
dominions.--(1598.)

ASAPH. So Tate calls Dryden in _Absalom and Achitophel_.

  While Judah's throne and Zion's rock stand fast,
  The song of Asaph and his fame shall last.

  Part ii.

_Asaph (St.)_ a British [_i.e. Welsh_] monk of the sixth century,
abbot of Llan-Elvy, which changed its name to St. Asaph, in honor of
him.

  So bishops can she bring, of which her saints shall be:
  As Asaph, who first gave that name unto that see.

  Drayton, _Polyolbion_, xxiv. (1622).

ASCAL'APHOS, son of Acheron, turned into an owl for tale-telling and
trying to make mischief.--_Greek Fable_.

ASCA'NIO, son of don Henrique (2 _syl._), in the comedy called _The
Spanish Curate_, by Beaumont and Fletcher (1622).

AS'CAPART or AS'CUPART, an enormous giant, thirty feet high, who
carried off sir Bevis, his wife Jos'ian, his sword Morglay, and his
steed Ar'undel, under his arm. Sir Bevis afterwards made Ascapart his
slave, to run beside his horse. The effigy of sir Bevis is on the city
gates of Southampton.--Drayton, _Polyolbion_, ii. (1612).

He was a man whose huge stature, thews, sinews, and bulk ... would
have enabled him to enact "Colbrand," "Ascapart," or any other giant
of romance, without raising himself nearer to heaven even by the
altitude of a chopin.--Sir W. Scott.

  Those Ascaparts, men big enough to throw
  Charing Cross for a bar.

  Dr. Donne (1573-1631).

Thus imitated by Pope (1688-1744)--

  Each man an Ascapart of strength to toss
  For quoits both Temple Bar and Charing Cross.

ASCRÆ'AN SAGE, or _Ascræan poet_, Hesiod, who was born at Ascra, in
Boeo'tia. Virgil calls him "The Old Ascræan."

  Hos tibi dant calamos, en accipe, Musæ
  Ascræo quos ante seni.

  _Ecl._ vii. 70.

AS'EBIE (3 _syl_.), Irreligion personified in _The Purple Island_
(1633), by Phineas Fletcher (canto vii.). He had four sons: Idol'atros
(_idolatry_), Phar'makeus (3 _syl_.) (_witchcraft_), Hæret'icus,
and Hypocrisy; all fully described by the poet. (Greek, _asebeia_,
"impiety.")

ASEL'GES (3 _syl_.), Lasciviousness personified. One of the four
sons of Anag'nus (_inchastity_), his three brothers being Mæchus
(_adultery_), Pornei'us (_fornication_), and Acath'arus. Seeing
his brother Porneius fall by the spear of Parthen'ia (_maidenly
chastity_), Aselgês rushes forward to avenge his death, but the
martial maid caught him with her spear, and tossed him so high i'
the air "that he hardly knew whither his course was bent." (Greek,
_aselgês_, "intemperate, wanton.")--Phineas Fletcher, _The Purple
Island_, xi. (1633).

AS'EN, strictly speaking, are only the three gods next in rank to
the twelve male Asir; but the word is not unfrequently used for the
Scandinavian deities generally.

ASHBURTON (_Mary_), heroine of _Hyperion_, by H.W. Longfellow (1839).

ASH'FIELD (_Farmer_), a truly John Bull farmer, tender-hearted,
noble-minded but homely, generous but hot-tempered. He loves his
daughter Susan with the love of a woman. His favorite expression is
"Behave pratty," and he himself always tries to do so. His daughter
Susan marries Robert Handy, the son of sir Abel Handy.

_Dame Ashfield_, the farmer's wife, whose _bête noire_ is a
neighboring farmer named Grundy. What Mrs. Grundy will say, or what
Mrs. Grundy will think or do, is dame Ashfield's decalogue and gospel
too.

_Susan Ashfield_, daughter of farmer and dame Ashfield.--Thom. Morton,
_Speed the Plough_ (1764-1838).

ASH'FORD (_Isaac_), "a wise, good man, contented to be poor."--Crabbe,
_Parish Register_ (1807).

ASHPENAZ, chief of eunuchs, and majordomo to Nebuchadnezzar, the
Babylonian monarch. Wily, corpulent, and avaricious, a creature to
be at once feared and despised.--_The Master of the Magicians_, by
Elizabeth Stuart Phelps and Herbert D. Ward (1890).

ASH'TAROTH, a general name for all Syrian goddesses. (See ASTORETH.)

  [_They_] had general names
  Of Baälim and Ashtaroth: those male,
  These feminine.

Milton, _Paradise Lost_, i. 422 (1665).

ASH'TON (_Sir William_), the lord keeper of Scotland, and father of
Lucy Ashton.

_Lady Eleanor Ashton_, wife of sir William.

_Colonel Sholto Douglas Ashton_, eldest son of sir William.

_Lucy Ashton_, daughter of sir William, betrothed to Edgar (the master
of Ravenswood); but being compelled to marry Frank Hayston (laird of
Bucklaw), she tries to murder him in the bridal chamber, and becomes
insane. Lucy dies, but the laird recovers.--Sir W. Scott, _The Bride
of Lammermoor_ (time, William III.).

(This has been made the subject of an opera by Donizetti, called
_Lucia di Lammermoor_, 1835.)

ASIA, the wife of that Pharaoh who brought up Moses. She was the
daughter of Mozahem. Her husband tortured her for believing in Moses;
but she was taken alive into paradise.--Sale, _Al Korân_, xx., note,
and Ixvi., note.

Mahomet says, "Among women four have been perfect: Asia, wife of
Pharaoh; Mary, daughter of Imran; Khadijah, the prophet's first wife;
and Fatima, his own daughter."

AS'IR, the twelve chief gods of Scandinavian mythology--Odin, Thor,
Baldr, Niord, Frey, Tyr, Bragi, Heimdall, Vidar, Vali, Ullur, and
Forseti.

Sometimes the goddesses--Frigga, Freyja, Idu'na, and Saga, are ranked
among the Asir also.

AS'MADAI (3 _syl.)_ the same as As-mode'us _(4 syl.)_ the lustful and
destroying angel, who robbed Sara of her seven husbands _(Tobit_ iii.
8). Milton makes him one of the rebellious angels overthrown by Uriel
and Ra'phael. Hume says the word means "the _destroyer_."--_Paradise
Lost_, vi 365 (1665).

ASMODE'US _(4 syl.)_, the demon of vanity and dress, called in the
Talmud "king of the devils." As "dress" is one of the bitterest evils
of modern life, it is termed "the Asmodeus of domestic peace," a
phrase employed to express any "skeleton" in the house of a private
family.

In the book of _Tobit_ Asmodeus falls in love with Sara, daughter of
Rag'uël, and causes the successive deaths of seven husbands each on
his bridal night, but when Sara married Tobit, Asmodeus was driven
into Egypt by a charm made of the heart and liver of a fish burnt on
perfumed ashes.

(Milton throws the accent on the third syl., Tennyson on the second.)

  Better pleased
  Than Asmodeus with the fishy fume.

Milton, _Paradise Lost_, iv. 168.

  Abaddon and Asmodëus caught at me.

Tennyson, _St. Simeon Stylitês_.

_Asmode'us_, a "diable bon-homme," with more gaiety than malice; not
the least like Mephistophelês. He is the companion of Cle'ofas, whom
he carries through the air, and shows him the inside of houses, where
they see what is being done in private or secrecy without being seen.
Although Asmodeus is not malignant, yet with all his wit, acuteness,
and playful malice, we never forget the fiend.--Le Sage, _Le Diable
Boiteux_.

(Such was the popularity of the _Diable Boiteux_, that two young men
fought a duel in a bookseller's shop over the only remaining copy, an
incident worthy to be recorded by Asmodeus himself.)

Miss Austen gives us just such a picture of domestic life as
Asmodeus would present could he remove the roof of many an English
home.--_Encyc. Brit_. Art. "Romance."

ASO'TUS, Prodigality personified in _The Purple Island_ (1633), by
Phineas Fletcher, fully described in canto viii. (Greek, _asotos_, "a
profligate.")

ASPA'TIA, a maiden the very ideal of ill-fortune and wretchedness.
She is the troth-plight wife of Amintor, but Amintor, at the king's
request, marries Evad'ne (3 _syl_.). "Women point with scorn at the
forsaken Aspatia, but she bears it all with patience. The pathos of
her speeches is most touching, and her death forms the tragical event
which gives name to the drama."--Beaumont and Fletcher, _The Maid's
Tragedy_ (1610).

AS'PRAMONTE (3 _syl_.), in Sir W. Scott's _Count Robert of Paris_
(time, Rufus).

  _The old knight_, father of _Brenhilda_.
  _The lady of Aspramonte_, the knight's wife.
  _Brenhilda of Aspramonte_, their daughter, wife of count Robert.

AS'RAEL or AZ'RAEL, an angel of death. He is immeasurable in height,
insomuch that the space between his eyes equals a 70,000 days'
journey.--_Mohammedan Mythology_.

AS'SAD, son of Camaral'zaman and Haiatal'nefous (5 _syl_.), and
half-brother of Amgiad (son of Camaralzaman and Badoura). Each of the
two mothers conceived a base passion for the other's son, and when the
young men repulsed their advances, accused them to their father of
gross designs upon their honor. Camaralzaman commanded his vizier to
put them both to death; but instead of doing so, he conducted them out
of the city, and told them not to return to their father's kingdom
(the island of Ebony). They wandered on for ten days, when Assad went
to a city in sight to obtain provisions. Here he was entrapped by an
old fire-worshipper, who offered him hospitality, but cast him into a
dungeon, intending to offer him up a human victim on the "mountain
of fire." The ship in which he was sent being driven on the coast of
queen Margiana, Assad was sold to her as a slave, but being recaptured
was carried back to his old dungeon. Here Bosta'na, one of the old
man's daughters, took pity on him, and released him, and ere long
Assad married queen Margiana, while Amgiad, out of gratitude, married
Bostana.--_Arabian Nights_ ("Amgiad and Assad").

ASTAG'ORAS, a female fiend, who has the power of raising
storms.--Tasso, _Jerusalem Delivered_ (1575).

ASTAR'TE (3 _syl_.), the Phoenician moon-goddess, the Astoreth of the
Syrians.

  With these
  Came Astoreth, whom the Phoenicians called
  Astarte, queen of heaven, with crescent horns.
  Milton, _Paradise Lost_, i. 438 (1665).

_As'tarte_ (2 _syl_.), an attendant on the princess Anna
Comne'na.--Sir W. Scott, _Count Robert of Paris_ (time, Eufus).

_Astarte_ a woman, beloved by Manfred.--Byron, _Manfred_.

We think of Astarte as young, beautiful, innocent,--guilty, lost,
murdered, judged, pardoned; but still, in her permitted visit to
earth, speaking in a voice of sorrow, and with a countenance yet pale
with mortal trouble. We had but a glimpse of her in her beauty and
innocence, but at last she rises before us in all the moral silence of
a ghost, with fixed, glazed, and passionless eyes, revealing death,
judgment, and eternity.--Professor Wilson.

  The lady Astarte his? Hush! who
  comes here? (iii. 4.)
  ...The same Astarte? no! (iii. 4.)

AS'TERY, a nymph in the train of Venus; the lightest of foot and most
active of all. One day the goddess, walking abroad with her nymphs,
bade them go gather flowers. Astery gathered most of all; but Venus,
in a fit of jealousy, turned her into a butterfly, and threw the
flowers into the wings. Since then all butterflies have borne wings
of many gay colors.--Spenser, _Muiopotmos or the Butterfly's Fate_
(1590).

ASTOL'PHO, the English cousin of Orlando; his father was Otho. He was
a great boaster, but was generous, courteous, gay, and singularly
handsome. Astolpho was carried to Alci'na's isle on the back of a
whale; and when Alcina tired of him, she changed him into a myrtle
tree, but Melissa disenchanted him. Astolpho descended into the
infernal regions; he also went to the moon, to cure Orlando of his
madness by bringing back his lost wits in a phial.--Ariosto, _Orlando
Furioso_ (1516).

AS'TON _(Sir Jacob)_, a cavalier during the Commonwealth; one of
the partisans of the late king.--Sir W. Scott, _Woodstock_ (period,
Commonwealth).

_As'ton (Enrico)._ So Henry Ashton is called in Donizetti's opera of
_Lucia di Lammermoor_ (1835). (See ASHTON.)

AS'TORAX, king of Paphos and brother of the princess Calis.--Beaumont
and Fletcher, _The Mad Lover_ (before 1618).

AS'TORETH, the goddess-moon of Syrian mythology; called by Jeremiah,
"The Queen of Heaven," and by the Phoenicians, "Astar'tê."

  With these [_the host of heaven_] in troop
  Came Astoreth, whom the Phoenicians called
  Astartê, queen of heaven, with crescent horns.

  Milton, _Paradise Lost_, i. 438 (1665).

(Milton does not always preserve the difference between Ashtaroth and
Ashtoreth; for he speaks of the "moonèd Ashtaroth, heaven's queen and
mother.")

AS'TRAGON, the philosopher and great physician, by whom Gondibert and
his friends were cured of the wounds received in the faction fight
stirred up by prince Oswald. Astragon had a splendid library and
museum. One room was called "Great Nature's Office," another "Nature's
Nursery," and the library was called "The Monument of Vanished Mind."
Astragon (the poet says) discovered the loadstone and its use in
navigation. He had one child, Bertha, who loved duke Gondibert, and
to whom she was promised in marriage. The tale being unfinished, the
sequel is not known.--Sir W. Davenant, _Gondibert_ (died 1668).

ASTRE'A _(Mrs. Alphra Behn_), an authoress. She published the story of
_Prince Oroonoka_ (died 1689).

The stage now loosely does Astrea tread. Pope.

ASTRINGER, a falconer. Shakespeare introduces an astringer in _All's
Well that Ends Well_, act v. sc. 1. (From the French _austour_,
Latin _austercus_, "a goshawk.") A "gentle astringer" is a gentleman
falconer.

We usually call a falconer who keeps that kind of hawk [the goshawk]
an austringer.--Cowell, _Law Dictionary_.

AS'TRO-FIAMMAN'TE (5 _syl_.), queen of the night. The word means
"flaming star."--Mozart, _Die Zauberflöte_ (1791).

ASTRONOMER (_The_), in _Rasselas_, an old enthusiast, who believed
himself to have the control and direction of the weather. He leaves
Imlac his successor, but implores him not to interfere with the
constituted order.

"I have possessed," said he to Imlac, "for five years the regulation
of the weather, and the distribution of the seasons: the sun has
listened to my dictates, and passed from tropic to tropic by my
direction; the clouds, at my call, have poured their waters, and the
Nile has overflowed at my command; I have restrained the rage of the
Dog-star, and mitigated the fervor of the Crab. The winds alone ...
have hitherto refused my authority.... I am the first of human beings
to whom this trust has been imparted."--Dr. Johnson, _Rasselas_,
xli.--xliii. (1759).

AS'TROPHEL (_Sir Philip Sidney_). "Phil. Sid." may be a contraction
of _philos sidus_, and the Latin _sidus_ being changed to the Greek
_astron_, we get _astron philos_ ("star-lover"). The "star" he loved
was Penelopê Devereux, whom he calls _Stella_ ("star"), and to whom he
was betrothed. Spenser wrote a poem called _Astrophel_, to the memory
of Sir Philip Sidney.

  But while as Astrophel did live and reign,
  Amongst all swains was none his paragon.

  Spenser, _Colin Clout's Come Home Again_ (1591).

ASTYN'OME (4 _syl_.) or CHRYSEÏS, daughter of Chrysês priest of
Apollo. When Lyrnessus was taken, Astynomê fell to the share of
Agamemnon, but the father begged to be allowed to ransom her.
Agamemnon refused to comply, whereupon the priest invoked the anger of
his patron god, and Apollo sent a plague into the Grecian camp. This
was the cause of contention between Agamemnon and Achillês, and forms
the subject of Homer's epic called _The Iliad_.

AS'WAD, son of Shedad king of Ad. He was saved alive when the angel of
death destroyed Shedad and all his subjects, because he showed mercy
to a camel which had been bound to a tomb to starve to death, that it
might serve its master on the day of resurrection.--Southey, _Thalaba
the Destroyer_ (1797).

ATABA'LIPA, the last emperor of Peru, subdued by Pizarro, the Spanish
general. Milton refers to him in _Paradise Lost_, xi. 409 (1665).

AT'ALA, the name of a novel by François Auguste Chateaubriand. Atala,
the daughter of a white man and a Christianized Indian, takes an oath
of virginity, but subsequently falling in love with Chactas, a young
Indian, she poisons herself for fear that she may be tempted to break
her oath. The novel was received with extraordinary enthusiasm (1801).

(This has nothing to do with _Attila_, king of the Huns, nor with
_Atlialie_ (queen of Judah), the subject of Racine's great tragedy.)

ATALANTA, of Arcadia, wished to remain single, and therefore gave out
that she would marry no one who could not outstrip her in running;
but if any challenged her and lost the race, he was to lose his
life. Hippom'enês won the race by throwing down golden apples, which
Atalanta kept stopping to pick up. William Morris has chosen this for
one of his tales in _Earthly Paradise_ (March).

In short, she thus appeared like another Atalanta.--Comtesse D'Aunoy,
_Fairy Tales_ ("Fortunio," 1682).

_Atalanta_, the central figure in Algernon Charles Swinburne's poem
after Æschylus _Atalanta in Calydon_ (1864).

ATALI'BA, the inca of Peru, most dearly beloved by his subjects, on
whom Pizarro makes war. An old man says of the inca--

The virtues of our monarch alike secure to him the affection of his
people and the benign regard of heaven.--Sheridan, _Pizarro_; ii. 4
(from Kotzebue),(1799).

Atê (2 _syl_.), goddess of revenge.

With him along is come the mother queen. An Atê, stirring him to blood
and strife. Shakespeare, _King John_, act ii. sc. I (1596).

_Atê_ (2 _syl_.), "mother of debate and all dissension," the friend of
Duessa. She squinted, lied with a false tongue, and maligned even the
best of beings. Her abode, "far under ground hard by the gates of
hell," is described at length in bk. iv. I. When Sir Blandamour was
challenged by Braggadoccio (canto 4), the terms of the contest were
that the conqueror should have "Florimel," and the other "the old hag
Atê," who was always to ride beside him till he could pass her off to
another.--Spenser, _Faëry Queen_, iv. (1596).

ATH'ALIE (3 _syl_.), daughter of Ahab and Jezebel, and wife of Joram
king of Judah. She massacred all the remnant of the house of David;
but Joash escaped, and six years afterwards was proclaimed king.
Athalie, attracted by the shouts, went to the temple, and was
killed by the mob. This forms the subject and title of Racine's
_chef-d'oeuvre_ (1691), and was Mdlle. Rachel's great part.

(Racine's tragedy of _Athalie_, queen of Judah, must not be confounded
with Corneille's tragedy of _Attila_, king of the Huns.)

ATHEIST'S TRAGEDY (_The_), by Cyril Tourneur. The "atheist"
is D'Amville, who murders his brother Montferrers for his
estates.--(Seventeenth century.)

ATH'ELSTANE (3 _syl_.), surnamed "The Unready," thane of
Coningsburgh.--Sir W. Scott, _Ivanhoe_ (time, Richard I.).

[Illustration] "Unready" does not mean _unprepared_ but _injudicious_
(from Anglo-Saxon _raed_, "wisdom, counsel").

ATHE'NA (_Pallas_) once meant "the air," but in Homer this goddess is
the representative of civic prudence and military skill; the armed
protectress of states and cities. The Romans called her Minerva.

ATHE'NIAN BEE, Plato, so called from, the honeyed sweetness of his
composition. It is said that a bee settled on his lip while he was an
infant asleep in his cradle, and indicated that "honeyed words" would
fall from his lips, and flow from his pen. Sophoclês is called "The
Attic Bee."

ATH'LIOT, the most wretched of all women.

  Her comfort is (if for her any be),
  That none can show more cause of grief than she.

  Wm. Browne, _Britannia's Pastorals_, ii. 5 (1613).

ATH'OS. Dinoc'ratês, a sculptor, proposed to Alexander to hew mount
Athos into a statue representing the great conqueror, with a city in
his left hand, and a basin in his right to receive all the waters
which flowed from the mountain. Alexander greatly approved of the
suggestion, but objected to the locality.

  And hew out a huge mountain of pathos,
  As Philip's son proposed to do with Athos.

  Byron, _Don Juan_, xii. 86.

AT'IMUS, Baseness of Mind personified in _The Purple Island_ (1633),
by Phineas Fletcher. "A careless, idle swain ... his work to eat,
drink, sleep, and purge his reins." Fully described in canto viii.
(Greek, _atimos_, "one dishonored.")

A'TIN (_Strife_), the squire of Pyr'ochlês.--Spenser, _Faëry Queen_,
ii. 4, 5, 6 (1590).

ATOS'SA. So Pope calls Sarah duchess of Marlborough, because she was
the great friend of lady Mary Wortley Montagu, whom he calls Sappho.

  But what are these to great Atossa's mind?

  Pope.

(The great friend of Sappho was Atthis. By Atossa is generally
understood Vashti, daughter of Cyrus and wife of Ahasuerus of the Old
Testament.)

AT'ROPOS, one of the Fates, whose office is to cut the thread of life
with a pair of scissors.

  ... nor shines the knife,
  Nor shears of Atropos before their vision.

  Byron, _Don Juan_, ii. 64.

ATTIC BEE _(The)_, Soph'oclês (B.C. 495-405). Plato is called "The
Athenian Bee."

ATTIC BOY _(The)_, referred to by Milton in his _Il Penseroso_, is
Ceph'alos, who was beloved by Aurora or Morn, but was married to
Procris. He was passionately fond of hunting.

  Till civil-suited Morn appear,
  Not tricked and flounced, as she was wont
  With the Attic boy to hunt,
  But kerchiefed in a comely cloud.
  _II Penseroso_ (1638).

ATTIC MUSE _(The)_, a phrase signifying the whole body of Attic
poetry.

ATTICUS. The surname of T. Pomponius, the intimate friend of Cicero,
given to him on account of his long residence in Athens. His biography
is found in Nepor.

_The English Atticus_. Joseph Addison.

  Who but must laugh if such a man there be.
  Who would not weep if Atticus were he?
  Pope, _Prologue to the Satires_.

AT'TILA, one of the tragedies of Pierre Corneille (1667). This king of
the Huns, usually called "The Scourge of God," must not be confounded
with "Athalie," daughter of Jezebel and wife of Joram, the subject
and title of Racine's _ches-d'oeuvre_, and Mdlle. Rachel's chief
character.

AUBERT _(Thérèse)_, the heroine of C. Nodier's romance of that name
(1819). The story relates to the adventures of a young royalist in
the French Revolutionary epoch, who had disguised himself in female
apparel to escape detection.

AUBREY, a widower for eighteen years. At the death of his wife he
committed his infant daughter to the care of Mr. Bridgemore, a
merchant, and lived abroad. He returned to London after an absence of
eighteen years, and found that Bridgemore had abused his trust, and
his daughter had been obliged to quit the house and seek protection
with Mr. Mortimer.

_Augusta Aubrey_, daughter of Mr. Aubrey, in love with Francis Tyrrel,
the nephew of Mr. Mortimer. She is snubbed and persecuted by the
vulgar Lucinda Bridgemore, and most wantonly persecuted by lord
Abberville, but after passing through many a most painful visitation,
she is happily married to the man of her choice.--Cumberland, _The
Fashionable Lover_ (1780).

AU´BRI'S DOG showed a most unaccountable hatred to Richard de Macaire,
snarling and flying at him whenever he appeared in sight. Now Aubri
had been murdered by some one in the forest of Bondy, and this
animosity of the dog directed suspicion towards Richard de Macaire.
Richard was taken up, and condemned to single combat with the dog, by
whom he was killed. In his dying moments he confessed himself to be
the murderer of Aubri. (See DOG.)

Le combat entre Macaire et le chien eut lieu à Paris, dans l'île
Louviers. On place ce fait merveilleux en 1371, mais ... il est bien
antérieur, car il est mentionné dès le siècle précédent par Albéric
des Trois-Fontaines.--Bouillet, _Dict. Universel, etc._

AUCH´TERMUCH´TY (_John_), the Kinross carrier.--Sir W. Scott, _The
Abbot_ (time, Elizabeth).

AUDHUM´BLA, the cow created by Surt to nourish Ymir. She supplied him
with four rivers of milk, and was herself nourished by licking dew
from the rocks.--_Scandinavian Mythology_.

AU´DREY, a country wench, who jilted William for Touchstone. She is an
excellent specimen of a wondering she-gawky. She thanks the gods that
"she is foul," and if to be poetical is not to be honest, she thanks
the gods also that "she is not poetical."--Shakespeare, _As You Like
It_ (1598).

  The character of "Audrey," that of a female
  fool, should not have been assumed [_i.e._ by Miss
  Pope, in her last appearance in public]; the last
  line of the farewell address was, "And now poor
  Audrey bids you all farewell" (May 26, 1808).--
  James Smith, _Memoirs, etc._ (1840).

AUGUS´TA, mother of Gustavus Vasa. She is a prisoner of Christian II.
king of Denmark, but the king promises to set her free if she will
induce her son to submission. Augusta refuses, but in the war which
follows, Gustavus defeats Christian, and becomes king of Sweden.--H.
Brooke, _Gustavus Vasa_ (1730).

_Augusta_, a title conferred by the Roman emperors on their wives,
sisters, daughters, mothers, and even concubines. It had to be
conferred; for even the wife of an Augustus was not an Augusta until
after her coronation.

1. EMPRESSES. Livia and Julia were both _Augusta_; so were Julia
(wife of Tiberius), Messalina, Agrippina, Octavia, Poppaea, Statilia,
Sabina, Domitilla, Domitia, and Faustina. In imperials the wife of an
emperor is spoken of as _Augusta: Serenissima Augusta conjux nostra;
Divina Augusta_, etc. But the title had to be conferred; hence we
read, "Domitian uxorem suam _Augustam_ jussit nuncupari;" and "Flavia
Titiana, eadem die, uxor ejus [_i.e._ Pertinax] _Augusta_ est
appellata."

2. MOTHERS or GRANDMOTHERS. Antonia, grandmother of Caligula, was
created _Augusta_. Claudius made his mother Antonia _Augusta_ after
her death. Heliogab´alus had coins inscribed with "Julia Mæsa
_Augusta_," in honor of his grandmother;

Mammaea, mother of Alexander Severus, is styled _Augusta_ on coins;
and so is Helena, mother of Constantine.

3. SISTERS. Honorius speaks of his sister as "venerabilis _Augusta_
germananostra." Trajan has coins inscribed with "Diva Marciana
_Augusta_."

4. DAUGHTERS. Mallia Scantilla the wife, and Didia the daughter of
Didius Julianus, were both _Augusta_. Titus inscribed on coins his
daughter as "Julia Sabina _Augusta_;" there are coins of the emperor
Decius inscribed with "Herennia Etruscilla _Augusta_," and "Sallustia
_Augusta_," sisters of the emperor Decius.

5. OTHERS. Matidia, niece of Trajan, is called _Augusta_ on coins;
Constantine Monomachus called his concubine _Augusta_.

AUGUSTA HARE, a woman with a native genius for popularity, in Mrs.
A.D.T. Whitney's novel _Hitherto_.

AUGUSTI´NA, _the Maid of Saragossa_. She was only twenty-two when, her
lover being shot, she mounted the battery in his place. The French,
after a siege of two months, were obliged to retreat, August 15, 1808.

  Such were the exploits of the Maid of Saragossa,
  who by her valor elevated herself to the
  highest rank of heroines. When the author
  was at Seville, she walked daily on the Prado,
  decorated with medals and orders, by order of
  the Junta.--Lord Byron.

AULD ROBIN GRAY was written (1772) by Lady Anne Barnard, to raise a
little money for an old nurse. Lady Anne's maiden name was Lindsay,
and her father was earl of Balcarras.

AULLAY, a monster horse with an elephant's trunk. The creature is as
much bigger than an elephant as an elephant is larger than a sheep.
King Baly of India rode on an aullay.

  The aullay, hugest of four-footed kind,
  The aullay-horse, that in his force,
  With elephantine trunk, could bind
  And lift the elephant, and on the wind
  Whirl him away, with sway and swing,
  E'en like a pebble from a practised sling.

  Southey, _Curse of Kehama_, xvi. 2 (1809).

AURE´LIUS, a young nobleman who tried to win to himself Do´rigen, the
wife of Arvir´agus, but Dorigen told him she would never yield to his
suit till all the rocks of the British coast were removed, "and there
n'is no stone y-seen." Aurelius by magic made all the rocks disappear,
but when Dorigen went, at her husband's bidding, to keep her promise,
Aurelius, seeing how sad she was, made answer, he would rather
die than injure so true a wife and noble a gentleman.--Chaucer,
_Canterbury Tales_ ("The Franklin's Tale," 1388).

(This is substantially the same as Boccaccio's tale of _Dimora and
Gilberto_, x. 5. See DIANORA.)

_Aurelius_, elder brother of Uther the pendragon, and uncle of Arthur,
but he died before the hero was born.

Even sicke of a flixe [_ill of the flux_] as he was, he caused himself
to be carried forth on a litter; with whose presence the people
were so encouraged, that encountering with the Saxons they wan the
victorie.--Holinshed, _History of Scotland_, 99.

  ... once I read
  That stout Pendragon on his litter sick
  Came to the field, and vanquishèd his foes.

  Shakespeare, 1 _Henry VI._, act iii. sc. 2 (1589).

AURORA LEIGH, daughter of an Englishman and an Italian woman. At
her father's death Aurora comes to England to live with a severe,
practical aunt. In time she becomes a poet, travels far, sees much,
and thinks much of life's problems. She marries her cousin Romney,
a philanthropist, blinded by an accident.--_Aurora_ _Leigh_, by
Elizabeth Barrett Browning (1856).

AURORA NUNCANOU, beautiful Creole widow in _The Grandissimes_, by
George W. Cable. In her thirty-fifth year, she "is the red, red,
full-blown, faultless joy of the garden. With her it will be always
morning. That woman is going to last forever; ha-a-a-a!--even longer!"
(1880).

AUSTIN, the assumed name of the lord of Clarinsal, when he renounced
the world and became a monk of St. Nicholas. Theodore, the grandson of
Alfonso, was his son, and rightful heir to the possessions and title
of the count of Narbonne.--Robert Jephson, _Count of Narbonne_ (1782).

AUSTINS (_The_). _Miss Susan_, old maid resident at Whiteladies,
concerned in a conspiracy to introduce a false heir to the estate.

_Miss Augustine_, saintly sister, who tries to "turn the curse
from _Whiteladies_, by her own prayers and those of her
almsmen."--_Whiteladies_, by M.O.W. Oliphant.

AUS´TRIA AND THE LION'S HIDE. There is an old tale that the arch-duke
of Austria killed Richard I., and wore as a spoil the lion's hide
which belonged to our English monarch. Hence Faulconbridge (the
natural son of Richard) says jeeringly to the arch-duke:

  Thou wear a lion's hide! doff it for shame,
  And hang a calf-skin on those recreant limbs.
  Shakespeare, _King John_, act iii. sc. 1 (1596).

(The point is better understood when it is borne in mind that fools
and jesters were dressed in calf-skins.)

AUTOCRAT OF THE BREAKFAST-TABLE, a mythical personage who indites
Oliver Wendell Holmes's breakfast-table conversations.

AUTOL´YCOS, the craftiest of thieves. He stole the flocks of his
neighbors, and changed their marks. Sis´yphos outwitted him by marking
his sheep under their feet.

AUTOL´YCUS, a peddler and witty rogue, in _The Winter's Tale_, by
Shakespeare (1604).

AVARE (_L_'). The plot of this comedy is as follows: Harpagon the
miser and his son Cléante (2 _syl._) both want to marry Mariane (3
_syl._), daughter of Anselme, _alias_ don Thomas d'Alburci, of Naples.
Cléante gets possession of a casket of gold belonging to the miser,
and hidden in the garden. When Harpagon discovers his loss he raves
like a madman, and Cléante gives him the choice of Mariane or the
casket. The miser chooses the casket, and leaves the young lady to his
son. The second plot is connected with Elise (2 _syl._), the miser's
daughter, promised in marriage by the father to his friend Anselme (2
_syl._); but Elise is herself in love with Valère, who, however, turns
out to be the son of Anselme. As soon as Anselme discovers that Valère
is his son, who he thought had been lost at sea, he resigns to him
Elise, and so in both instances the young folks marry together, and
the old ones give up their unnatural rivalry.--Molière, _L'Avare_
(1667).

AVE´NEL (2 _syl._), _Julian_, the usurper of Avenel Castle.

_Lady Alice_, widow of sir Walter.

_Mary_, daughter of Lady Alice. She marries Halbert Glendinning.--Sir
W. Scott, _The Monastery_ (date 1559).

_Ave´nel_ (_Sir Halbert Glendinning, knight of_), same as the
bridegroom in _The Monastery_.

_The lady Mary of Avenel_, same as the bride in _The Monastery_.--Sir
W. Scott, _The Abbot_ (time, Elizabeth).

_The White Lady of Avenel_, a spirit mysteriously connected with the
Avenel family, as the Irish banshee is with true Mile´sian families.
She announces good or ill fortune, and manifests a general interest
in the family to which she is attached, but to others she acts with
considerable caprice; thus she shows unmitigated malignity to the
sacristan and the robber. Any truly virtuous mortal has commanding
power over her.

  Noon gleams on the lake,
  Noon glows on the fell;
  Awake thee, awake,
  White maid of Avenel!

  Sir W. Scott, _The Monastery_ (time, Elizabeth).

AVEN´GER OF BLOOD, the man who had the birthright, according to the
Jewish, polity, of taking vengeance on him who had killed one of his
relatives.

  ... the Christless code
  That must have life for a blow.

  Tennyson, _Maud_, II. i. 1.

AVERY (_Parson_), a missionary "to the souls of fishers starving on
the rocks of Marblehead." He is wrecked with his crew, one wintry
midnight, and dies praying aloud.--J.G. Whittier, _The Swan Song of
Parson Avery_ (1850).

AV´ICEN or _Abou-ibn-Sina_, an Arabian physician and philosopher, born
at Shiraz, in Persia (980-1037). He composed a treatise on logic, and
another on metaphysics. Avicen is called both the Hippo´cratês and the
Aristotle of the Arabs.

  Of physicke speake for me, king Avicen ...
  Yet was his glory never set on shelfe,
  Nor never shall, whyles any worlde may stande
  Where men have minde to take good bookes in hande.

  G. Gascoigne, _The Fruits of Warre_, lvii. (died 1577).

AVIS, a New England girl, heroine of _The Story of Avis_, by Elizabeth
Stuart Phelps-Ward. She is forced by genius to be an artist, and
through her art loses hope of domestic happiness (1877).

AYL'MER (_Mrs._), a neighbor of sir Henry Lee.--Sir W. Scott,
_Woodstock_ (time, Commonwealth).

AY'MER (_Prior_), a jovial Benedictine monk, prior of Jorvaulx
Abbey.--Sir W. Scott, _Ivanhoe_ (time, Richard I.).

AY'MON, duke of Dordona (_Dordogne_). He had four sons, Rinaldo,
Guicciardo, Alardo, and Ricciardetto (_i.e._ Renaud, Guiscard, Alard,
and Richard), whose adventures are the subject of a French romance,
entitled _Les Quatre fils Aymon_, by H. de Alleneuve (1165-1223).

AZA'ZEL, one of the ginn or jinn, all of whom were made of "smokeless
fire," that is, the fire of the Simoom. These jinn inhabited the
earth before man was created, but on account of their persistent
disobedience were driven from it by an army of angels. When Adam was
created, and God commanded all to worship him, Azâzel insolently made
answer, "Me hast Thou created of fire, and him of earth; why should
I worship him?" Whereupon God changed the jinnee into a devil, and
called him Iblis or Despair. In hell he was made the standard-bearer
of Satan's host.

  Upreared
  His mighty standard; that proud honor claimed
  Azâzel as his right.

  Milton, _Paradise Lost_, i. 534 (1665).

AZ'LA, a suttee, the young widow of Ar'valan, son of
Keha'ma.--Southey, _Curse of Kehama_, i. 10 (1809).

AZ'O, husband of Parisi'na. He was marquis d'Este, of Ferrara, and had
already a natural son, Hugo, by Bianca, who, "never made his bride,"
died of a broken heart. Hugo was betrothed to Parisina before she
married the marqnis, and after she became his mother-in-law, they
loved on still. One night Azo heard Parisina in sleep express her love
for Hugo, and the angry marquis condemned his son to death. Although
he spared his bride, no one ever knew what became of her.--Byron,
_Parisina_.

AZ´RAEL (_3 syl._), the angel of death (called Raphael in the _Gospel
of Barnabas_).--_Al Korân_.

AZ´TECAS, an Indian tribe, which conquered the Hoamen (2 _syl._),
seized their territory, and established themselves on a southern
branch of the Missouri, having Az´tlan as their imperial city. When
Madoc conquered the Aztecas in the twelfth century, he restored the
Hoamen, and the Aztecas migrated to Mexico.--Southey, _Madoc_ (1805).

AZUCE´NA, a gipsy. Manri´co is supposed to be her son, but is in
reality the son of Garzia (brother of the conte di Luna).--Verdi, _Il
Trovato´rê_ (1853).

AZYORU´CA (4 _syl._), queen of the snakes and dragons. She resides in
Patala, or the infernal regions.--_Hindû Mythology_.

  There Azyoruca veiled her awful form
  In those eternal shadows. There she sat,
  And as the trembling souls who crowd around
  The judgment-seat received the doom of fate,
  Her giant arms, extending from the cloud,
  Drew them within the darkness.

Southey, _Curse of Kehama_, xxiii 15 (1809).

BAAL, plu. BAALIM, a general name for all the Syrian gods, as
Ash´taroth was for the goddesses. The general version of the legend of
Baal is the same as that of Adonis, Thammuz, Osiris, and the Arabian
myth of El Khouder. All allegorize the Sun, six months above and six
months below the equator. As a title of honor, the word Baal, Bal,
Bel, etc., enters into a large number of Phoenician and Carthaginian
proper names, as Hanni-bal, Hasdrubal, Bel-shazzar, etc.

  ... [the] general names
  Of Baälim and Ashtaroth: those male;
  These female.

Milton, _Paradise Lost_, i. 422 (1665).

BAB (_Lady_), a waiting maid on a lady so called, who assumes the airs
with the name and address of her mistress. Her fellow-servants and
other servants address her as "lady Bab," or "Your ladyship." She is a
fine wench, "but by no means particular in keeping her teeth clean."
She says she never reads but one "book, which is Shikspur." And
she calls Lovel and Freeman, two gentlemen of fortune, "downright
hottenpots."--Rev. J. Townley, _High Life Below Stairs_ (1763).

BA´BA, chief of the eunuchs in the court of the sultana
Gulbey´az.--Byron, _Don Juan_, v. 82, etc. (1820).

BABA (_Ali_), who relates the story of the "Forty Thieves" in the
_Arabian Nights' Entertainments_. He discovered the thieves' cave
while hiding in a tree, and heard the magic word "Ses´amê," at which
the door of the cave opened and shut.

_Cassim Baba_, brother of Ali Baba, who entered the cave of the forty
thieves, but forgot the pass-word, and stood crying "Open Wheat!"
"Open Barley!" to the door, which obeyed to no sound but "Open
Sesamê!"

BABA MUS´TAPHA, a cobbler who sewed together the four pieces into
which Cassim's body had been cleft by the forty thieves. When the
thieves discovered that the body had been taken away, they sent one
of the band into the city, to ascertain who had died of late. The man
happened to enter the cobbler's stall, and falling into a gossip heard
about the body which the cobbler had sewed together. Mustapha pointed
out to him the house of Cassim Baba's widow, and the thief marked it
with a piece of white chalk. Next day the cobbler pointed out the
house to another, who marked it with red chalk. And the day following
he pointed it out to the captain of the band, who instead of
marking the door studied the house till he felt sure of recognizing
it.--_Arabian Nights_ ("Ali Baba, or The Forty Thieves").

BABABALOUK, chief of the black eunuchs, whose duty it was to wait
on the sultan, to guard the sultanas, and to superintend the
harem.--Habesci, _State of the Ottoman Empire_, 155-6.

BABES IN THE WOOD, insurrectionary hordes that infested the mountains
of Wicklow and the woods of Enniscarthy towards the close of the
eighteenth century. (See CHILDREN IN THE WOOD.)

BABIE, old Alice Gray's servant-girl.--Sir W. Scott, _Bride of
Lammermoor_ (time, William III.).

BABIE´CA (3 _syl._), the Cid's horse.

  I learnt to prize Babieca from his head unto his
  hoof.

_The Cid_ (1128).

BABOON (_Philip_), Philippe Bourbon, duc d'Anjou.

_Lewis Baboon_, Louis XIV., "a false loon of a grandfather to Philip,
and one that might justly be called a Jack-of-all-trades."

  Sometimes you would see this Lewis Baboon
  behind his counter, selling broad-cloth, sometimes
  measuring linen; next day he would be
  dealing in mercery-ware; high heads, ribbons,
  gloves, fans, and lace, he understood to a nicety
  ... nay, he would descend to the selling of
  tapes, garters, and shoebuckles. When shop
  was shut up he would go about the neighborhood,
  and earn half-a-crown, by teaching the
  young men and maidens to dance. By these
  means he had acquired immense riches, which he
  used to squander away at back-sword [_in war_],
  quarter-staff, and cudgel-play, in which he took
  great pleasure.--Dr. Arbuthnot, _History of John
  Bull_, ii. (1712).

BABY BELL, the infant whose brief beautiful life is given in the poem
that first drew the eyes of the world to the young American poet, T.B.
Aldrich, then but nineteen years of age.

  Have you not heard the poets tell
  How came the dainty Baby Bell
  Into this World of ours?
  The gates of heaven were left ajar:
  With folded hands and dreamy eyes,
  Wandering out of Paradise,
  She saw this planet like a star
  Hung in the glistening depths of even,--
  Its bridges, running to and fro,
  O'er which the white-winged angels go,
  Bearing the holy dead to heaven.
  She touched a bridge of flowers--those feet
  So light they did not bend the bells
  Of the celestial asphodels,
  They fell like dew upon the flowers;
  Then all the air grew strangely sweet!
  And thus came dainty Baby Bell
  Into this world of ours. (1854.)

BACCHAN'TES (3 _syl._), priestesses of Bacchus.

  Round about him _Bacchus_ fair Bacchantês,
  Bearing cymbals, flutes, and thyrses,
  Wild from Naxian groves, or Zantê's
  Vineyards, sing delirious verses.
  Longfellow, _Drinking Song_.

BACCHUS, in the _Lusiad_, an epic poem by Camoens (1569), is the
personification of the evil principle which acts in opposition to
Jupiter, the lord of Destiny. Mars is made by the poet the guardian
power of Christianity, and Bacchus of Mohammedanism.

BACKBITE (_Sir Benjamin_), nephew of Crabtree, very conceited, and
very censorious. His friends called him a great poet and wit, but
he never published anything, because "'twas very vulgar to print;"
besides, as he said, his little productions circulated more "by giving
copies in confidence to friends."--Sheridan, _School for Scandal_
(1777).

  When I first saw Miss Pope she was performing
  "Mrs. Candour," to Miss Farren's "lady
  Teazle," King as "sir Peter," Parsons "Crab-tree,"
  Dodd "Backbite," Baddeley "Moses,"
  Smith "Charles," and John Palmer "Joseph"
  [Surface].--James Smith, _Memoirs, etc_.

BACTRIAN SAGE _(The)_, Zoroas'ter or Zerdusht, a native of Bactria,
now Balkh (B.C. 589-513).

BADE'BEC (2 _syl_.), wife of Gargantua and mother of Pantag'ruel. She
died in giving him birth, or rather in giving birth at the same time
to nine dromedaries laden with ham and smoked tongues, 7 camels
laden with eels, and 25 wagons full of leeks, garlic, onions, and
shallots.--Rabelais, _Pantagruel_, ii. 2 (1533).

BADGER _(Will)_, sir Hugh Robsart's favorite domestic.--Sir W. Scott,
_Kenilworth_ (time, Elizabeth).

_Bad'ger (Mr. Bayham_), medical practitioner at Chelsea, under whom
Richard Carstone pursues his studies. Mr. Badger is a crisp-looking
gentleman, with "surprised eyes;" very proud of being Mrs. Badger's
"third," and always referring to her former two husbands, captain
Swosser and professor Dingo.--C. Dickens, _Bleak House_ (1853).

BADINGUET [_Bad´.en.gay_] one of the many nicknames of Napoleon III.
It was the name of the mason in whose clothes he escaped from the
fortress of Ham (1808, 1851-1873).

BADOU´RA, daughter of Gaiour (2 _syl._), king of China, the "most
beautiful woman ever seen upon earth." The emperor Gaiour wished her
to marry, but she expressed an aversion to wedlock. However, one night
by fairy influence she was shown prince Camaral´zaman asleep, fell
in love with him, and exchanged rings. Next day she inquired for the
prince, but her inquiry was thought so absurd that she was confined as
a madwoman. At length her foster-brother solved the difficulty thus:
The emperor having proclaimed that whoever cured the princess of her
[supposed] madness should have her for his wife, he sent Camaralzaman
to play the magician, and imparted the secret to the princess by
sending her the ring she had left with the sleeping prince. The cure
was instantly effected, and the marriage solemnized with due pomp.
When the emperor was informed that his son-in-law was a prince, whose
father was sultan of the "Island of the Children of Khal´edan, some
twenty days' sail from the coast of Persia," he was delighted with the
alliance.--_Arabian Nights_ ("Camaralzaman and Badoura").

BADROUL´BOUDOUR, daughter of the sultan of China, a beautiful
brunette. "Her eyes were large and sparkling, her expression modest,
her mouth small, her lips vermilion, and her figure perfect." She
became the wife of Aladdin, but twice nearly caused his death; once
by exchanging "the wonderful lamp" for a new copper one, and once by
giving hospitality to the false Fatima. Aladdin killed both these
magicians.--_Arabian Nights_ ("Aladdin or The Wonderful Lamp").

BAG DAD. A hermit told the caliph Almanzor that one Moclas was
destined to found a city on the spot where he was standing. "I am that
man," said the caliph, and he then informed the hermit how in his
boyhood he once stole a bracelet, and his nurse ever after called him
"Moclas," the name of a well-known thief.--Marigny.

BAGSHOT, one of a gang of thieves who conspire to break into the house
of lady Bountiful.--Farquhar, _The Beaux' Stratagem_ (1705).

BAGSTOCK (_Major Joe_), an apoplectic retired military officer, living
in Princess's Place, opposite to Miss Tox. The major has a covert
kindness for Miss Tox, and is jealous of Mr. Dombey. He speaks of
himself as "Old Joe Bagstock," "Old Joey," "Old J.," "Old Josh,"
"Rough and tough old Jo," "J.B.," "Old J.B.," and so on. He is also
given to over-eating, and to abusing his poor native servant.--C.
Dickens, _Dombey and Son_ (1846).

BAH´ADAR, master of the horse to the king of the Magi. Prince Am´giad
was enticed by a collet to enter the minister's house, and when
Bahadar returned, he was not a little surprised at the sight of his
uninvited guest. The prince, however, explained to him in private how
the matter stood, and Bahadar, entering into the fun of the thing,
assumed for the nonce the place of a slave. The collet would have
murdered him, but Amgiad, to save the minister, cut off her head.
Bahadar, being arrested for murder, was condemned to death, but Amgiad
came forward and told the whole truth, whereupon Bahadar was instantly
released, and Amgiad created vizier.--_Arabian Nights_ ("Amgiad and
Assad").

BAHMAN (_Prince_), eldest son of the sultan Khrossou-schah of Persia.
In infancy he was taken from the palace by the sultana's sisters, and
set adrift on a canal, but being rescued by the superintendent of the
sultan's gardens, he was brought up, and afterwards restored to the
sultan. It was the "talking bird" that told the sultan the tale of the
young prince's abduction.

_Prince Bahman's Knife_. When prince Bahman started on his exploits,
he gave to his sister Parazadê (4 _syl._) a knife, saying, "As long as
you find this knife clean and bright, you may feel assured that I am
alive and well; but if a drop of blood falls from it, you may know
that I am no longer alive."--_Arabian Nights_ ("The Two Sisters," the
last tale).

BAILEY, a sharp lad in the service of Todger's boarding-house. His
ambition was to appear quite a full-grown man. On leaving Mrs.
Todgers's, he became the servant of Montague Tigg, manager of the
"Anglo-Bengalee Company."--C. Dickens, _Martin Chuzzlewit_ (1844).

BAILIE (_General_), a parliamentary leader.--Sir W. Scott, _Legend of
Montrose_ (time, Charles I.).

_Bailie (Giles)_, a gipsy; father of Gabrael Faa (nephew to Meg
Merrilies).--Sir W. Scott, _Guy Mannering_ (time, George II.).

BAILLY, (_Henry or Harry_), the host of the Tabard Inn, in Southwerk,
London, where the nine and twenty companions of Chaucer put up before
starting on their pilgrimage to Canterbury.

  A semely man our hoste was withal
  For to han been a marshal in an halle,
  A fairer burgeis is ther non in Chepe.

  Chaucer, _Canterbury Tales, Prologue_.

BAILIFF'S DAUGHTER OF ISLINGTON (in Norfolk). A squire's son loved the
bailiff's daughter, but she gave him no encouragement, and his friends
sent him to London "an apprentice for to binde." After the lapse of
seven years, the bailiff's daughter, "in ragged attire," set out to
walk to London, "her true love to inquire." The young man on horseback
met her, but knew her not. "One penny, one penny, kind sir!" she
said. "Where were you born?" asked the young man. "At Islington," she
replied. "Then prithee, sweetheart, do you know the bailiff's daughter
there?" "She's dead, sir, long ago." On hearing this the young man
declared he'd live an exile in some foreign land. "Stay, oh stay, thou
goodly youth," the maiden cried, "she is not really dead, for I am
she." "Then farewell grief and welcome joy, for I have found my true
love, whom I feared I should never see again."--Percy, _Relics of
English Poetry_, ii. 8.

BAILZOU _(Ann´aple)_, the nurse of Effie Deans in her
confinement.--Sir W. Scott, _Heart of Midlothian_ (time, George II.).

BAJAR´DO, Rinaldo's steed.--Ariosto, _Orlando Furioso_ (1516).

BAJA´ZET, surnamed "The Thunderbolt" (_ilderim_), sultan of Turkey.
After subjugating Bulgaria, Macedonia, Thessaly, and Asia Minor, he
laid siege to Constantinople, but was taken captive by Tamerlane
emperor of Tartary. He was fierce as a wolf, reckless, and
indomitable. Being asked by Tamerlane how he would have treated him
had their lots been reversed, "Like a dog," he cried. "I would have
made you my footstool when I mounted my saddle, and when your services
were not needed would have chained you in a cage like a wild beast."
Tamerlane replied, "Then to show you the difference of my spirit, I
shall treat you as a king." So saying, he ordered his chains to be
struck off, gave him one of the royal tents, and promised to restore
him to his throne if he would lay aside his hostility. Bajazet abused
this noble generosity; plotted the assassination of Tamerlane; and
bow-strung Mone´ses. Finding clemency of no use, Tamerlane commanded
him to be used "as a dog, and to be chained in a cage like a wild
beast."--N. Rowe, _Tamerlane_ (a tragedy, 1702).

_Bajazet_, a black page at St. James's Palace.--Sir W. Scott, _Peveril
of the Peak_ (time, Charles II.).

BAKER (_The_), and the "Baker's Wife." Louis XVI. and Marie Antoinette
were so called by the revolutionary party, because on the 6th October,
1789, they ordered a supply of bread to be given to the mob which
surrounded the palace at Versailles, clamoring for bread.

BA´LAAM (2 _syl._), the earl of Huntingdon, one of the rebels in the
army of the duke of Monmouth.

  And, therefore in the name of dulness, be
  The well-hung Balaam.

  Dryden, _Absalom and Achitophel_.

_Ba´laam_, a "citizen of sober fame," who lived near the monument of
London. While poor he was "religious, punctual, and frugal;" but when
he became rich and got knighted, he seldom went to church, became a
courtier, "took a bribe from France," and was hung for treason.--Pope,
_Moral Essays_, iii.

BALAAM AND JOSAPHAT, a religious novel by Johannes Damascenus, son of
Almansur. (For plot, see JOSAPHAT.)

BALACK, Dr. Burnet, bishop of Salisbury, who wrote a history called
_Burnet's Own Time_, and _History of the Reformation_.--Dryden and
Tate, _Absalom and Achitophel_, ii.

BALAFRÉ (_Le_), _alias_ Ludovic Lesly, an old archer of the Scottish
Guard at Plessis les Tours, one of the castle palaces of Louis XI. Le
Balafré is uncle to Quentin Durward.--Sir W. Scott, _Quentin Durward_
(time, Edward IV.).

¤¤¤ Henri, son of Francois second duke of Gruise, was called _Le
Balafré_ ("the gashed"), from a frightful scar in the face from a
sword-cut in the battle of Dormans (1575).

BALÂM´, the ox on which the faithful feed in paradise. The fish is
called Nûn, the lobes of whose liver will suffice for 70,000 men.

BALAN´, brother of Balyn or Balin le Savage, two of the most valiant
knights that the world ever produced.--Sir T. Malory, _History of
Prince Arthur_, i. 31 (1470).

_Balan_, "the bravest and strongest of all the giant race." Am´adis de
Gaul rescued Gabrioletta from his hands.--Vasco de Lobeira, _Amadis de
Gaul_, iv. 129 (fourteenth century).

BALANCE (_Justice_), father of Sylvia. He had once been in the army,
and as he had run the gauntlet himself, he could make excuses for
the wild pranks of young men.--G. Farquhar, _The Recruiting Officer_
(1704).

BA´LAND OF SPAIN, a man of gigantic strength, who called himself
Fierabras.--_Mediaeval Romance_.

BALATSU-USUR, the name given to the captive Jew Daniel in Babylon,
meaning "May Bel protect his life!"

  Prostrate upon his royal face, prostrate before
  the court, the queen, the people--down like a
  pleading conscience or a suppliant faith, Nebuchadrezzar
  the Great lay in the dust, and worshipped
  him right royally.

  "_Thou_ art the Master of the Magicians!" said
  the king. "For thou commandest the power of
  thy God and thou controllest the spirit of
  man!" ...

  Plain moral purity and religious fervor had
  done for the young man what a lifetime of political
  scheming had failed to do for many a
  grey-headed disappointed adventurer. Then, as
  in all ages, intrigue regarded the success of sincerity
  with astonishment.--_The Master of the
  Magicians_, by Elizabeth Stuart Phelps and Herbert
  D. Ward (1890).

BALCHRIS´TIE (_Jenny_), housekeeper to the laird of Dumbiedikes.--Sir
W. Scott, _Heart of Midlothian_ (time, George II.).

BALDASSA´RE (4 _syl._) chief of the monastery of St. Jacopo di
Compostella.--Donizetti's opera, _La Favorite_ (1842).

BAL´DER, the god of light, peace, and day, was the young and beautiful
son of Odin and Frigga. His palace, Briedablik ("wide-shining"), stood
in the Milky Way. He was slain by Höder, the blind old god of darkness
and night, but was restored to life at the general request of the
gods.--_Scandinavian Mythology_.

  Balder the beautiful,
  God of the summer sun.

  Longfellow, _Tegnier's Death_.

(Sydney Dobell has a poem entitled _Balder_, published in 1854.)

BAL´DERSTONE (_Caleb_), the favorite old butler of the master of
Ravenswood, at Wolf's Crag Tower. Being told to provide supper for
the laird of Bucklaw, he pretended that there were fat capon and good
store in plenty, but all he could produce was "the hinder end of a
mutton ham that had been three times on the table already, and the
heel of a ewe-milk kebbuck [_cheese_]" (ch. vii.).--Sir W. Scott,
_Bride of Lammermoor_ (time, William III.).

BALDRICK, an ancestor of the lady Eveline Berenger "the betrothed." He
was murdered, and lady Eveline assured Rose Flammock that she had seen
his ghost frowning at her.--Sir W. Scott, _The Betrothed_ (time, Henry
II.).

BAL´DRINGHAM (_The lady Ermengarde of_), great-aunt of lady Eveline
Berenger "the betrothed."--Sir W. Scott, _The Betrothed_ (time, Henry
II.).

BALDWIN, the youngest and comeliest of Charlemagne's paladins, nephew
of sir Roland.

_Baldwin_, the restless and ambitious duke of Bologna, leader of 1200
horse in the allied Christian army. He was Godfrey's brother, and very
like him, but not so tall.--Tasso, _Jerusalem Delivered_ (1575).

¤¤¤ He is introduced by sir Walter Scott in _Count Robert of Paris_.

_Baldwin_. So the Ass is called in the beast-epic entitled _Reynard
the Fox_ (the word means "bold friend"). In pt. iii. he is called
"Dr." Baldwin (1498).

_Bald´win_, tutor of Rollo ("the bloody brother") and Otto, dukes
of Normandy, and sons of Sophia. Baldwin was put to death by Rollo,
because Hamond slew Gisbert the chancellor with an axe and not with a
sword. Rollo said that Baldwin deserved death "for teaching Hamond no
better."--Beaumont and Fletcher, _The Bloody Brother_ (1639).

_Baldwin (Count)_, a fatal example of paternal self-will. He doted on
his elder son Biron, but because he married against his inclination,
disinherited him, and fixed all his love on Carlos his younger son.
Biron fell at the siege of Candy, and was supposed to be dead. His
wife Isabella mourned for him seven years, and being on the point of
starvation, applied to the count for aid, but he drove her from his
house as a dog. Villeroy (2 _syl._) married her, but Biron returned
the following day. Carlos, hearing of his brother's return, employed
ruffians to murder him, and then charged Villeroy with the crime; but
one of the ruffians impeached, Carlos was arrested, and Isabella,
going mad, killed herself. Thus was the wilfulness of Baldwin the
source of infinite misery. It caused the death of his two sons, as
well as of his daughter-in-law.--Thomas Southern, _The Fatal Marriage_
(1692).

_Baldwin_, archbishop of Canterbury (1184-1190), introduced by sir W.
Scott in his novel called _The Betrothed_ (time, Henry II.).

BALDWINDE OYLEY, esquire of sir Brian de Bois Guilbert (Preceptor of
the Knights Templars).--Sir W. Scott, _Ivanhoe_ (time, Richard I.).

BALIN (_Sir_), or "Balin le Savage," knight of the two swords. He was
a Northumberland knight, and being taken captive, was imprisoned six
months by king Arthur. It so happened that a damsel girded with a
sword came to Camelot at the time of sir Balin's release, and told the
king that no man could draw it who was tainted with "shame, treachery,
or guile." King Arthur and all his knights failed in the attempt, but
sir Balin drew it readily. The damsel begged him for the sword, but he
refused to give it to any one. Whereupon the damsel said to him, "That
sword shall be thy plague, for with it shall ye slay your best friend,
and it shall also prove your own death." Then the Lady of the Lake
came to the king, and demanded the sword, but sir Balin cut off
her head with it, and was banished from the court. After various
adventures he came to a castle where the custom was for every guest to
joust. He was accommodated with a shield, and rode forth to meet his
antagonist. So fierce was the encounter that both the combatants were
slain, but Balin lived just long enough to learn that his antagonist
was his dearly beloved brother Balan, and both were buried in one
tomb.--Sir T. Malory, _History of Prince Arthur_, i. 27-44 (1470).

¤¤¤ "The Book of Sir Balin le Savage" is part i. ch. 27 to 44 (both
inclusive) of sir T. Malory's _History of Prince Arthur_.

BALINVERNO, one of the leaders in Agramant's allied army.--Ariosto,
_Orlando Furioso_ (1516).

BA´LIOL (_Edward_), usurper of Scotland, introduced in _Redgauntlet_,
a novel by sir W. Scott (time, George II.).

_Ba´liol (Mrs.)_, friend of Mr. Croftangry, in the introductory
chapter of _The Fair Maid of Perth_, a novel by sir W. Scott (time,
Henry IV.).

_Ba´liol (Mrs. Martha Bethune)_, a lady of quality and fortune, who
had a house called Baliol Lodging, Canongate, Edinburgh. At her death
she left to her cousin Mr. Croftangry two series of tales called _The
Chronicles of Canongate (q.v.)_, which he published.--Sir W. Scott,
_The Highland Widow_ (introduction, 1827).

BALISAR´DA, a sword made in the garden of Orgagna by the sorceress
Faleri´na; it would cut through even enchanted substances, and was
given to Roge´ro for the express purpose of "dealing Orlando's
death."--Ariosto, _Orlando Furioso_, xxv. 15 (1516).

  He knew with Balisarda's lightest blows,
  Nor helm, nor shield, nor cuirass could avail,
  Nor strongly tempered plate, nor twisted mail.

  Book xxiii.

BALIVERSO, the basest knight in the Saracen army.--Ariosto, _Orlando
Furioso_, (1516).

BALK or BALKH ("_to embrace_"), Omurs, surnamed _Ghil-Shah_ ("earth's
king"), founder of the Paishdadian dynasty. He travelled abroad to
make himself familiar with the laws and customs of other lands. On his
return he met his brother, and built on the spot of meeting a city,
which he called Balk; and made it the capital of his kingdom.

BALKIS, the Arabian name of the queen of Sheba, who went from the
south to witness the wisdom and splendor of Solomon. According to the
Koran she was a fire-worshipper. It is said that Solomon raised her to
his bed and throne. She is also called queen of Saba or Aaziz.--_Al
Korân_, xxvi. (Sale's notes).

  She fancied herself already more potent than
  Balkis, and pictured to her imagination the genii
  falling prostrate at the foot of her throne.--W.
  Beckford, _Vathek_.

_Balkis queen of Sheba_ or _Saba_. Solomon being told that her
legs were covered with hair "like those of an ass," had the
presence-chamber floored with glass laid over running water filled
with fish. When Balkis approached the room, supposing the floor to be
water, she lifted up her robes and exposed her hairy ankles, of which
the king had been rightly informed.--_Jallalo'dinn_.

BALLENKEIROCH (_Old_), a Highland chief and old friend of Fergus
M'Ivor.--Sir W. Scott, _Waverley_ (time, Greorge II.).

BALMUNG, the sword of Siegfried forged by Wieland the smith of the
Scandinavian gods. In a trial of merit Wieland cleft Amilias (a
brother smith) to the waist; but so fine was the cut that Amilias
was not even conscious of it till he attempted to move, when he fell
asunder into two pieces.--_Niebelungen Lied_.

BALRUD´DERY (_The laird of_), a relation of Godfrey Bertram, laird of
Ellangowan.--Sir W. Scott, _Guy Mannering_ (time, George II.).

BALTHA´ZAR, a merchant, in Shakespeare's _Comedy of Errors_ (1593).

_Baltha´zar_, a name assumed by Portia, in Shakespeare's _Merchant of
Venice_ (1598).

_Baltha´zar_, servant to Romeo, in Shakespeare's _Romeo and Juliet_
(1597).

_Baltha´zar_, servant to don Pedro, in Shakespeare's _Much Ado about
Nothing_ (1600).

_Baltha´zar_, one of the three "kings" shown in Cologne Cathedral as
one of the "Magi" led to Bethlehem by the guiding star. The word means
"lord of treasures." The names of the other two are Melchior ("king of
light"), and Gaspar or Caspar ("the white one"). Klopstock, in _The
Messiah_, makes six "Wise Men," and none of the names are like these
three.

_Balthazar_, father of Juliana, Volantê, and Zam´ora. A proud,
peppery, and wealthy gentleman. His daughter Juliana marries the duke
of Aranza; his second daughter the count Montalban; and Zamora marries
signor Rinaldo.--J. Tobin, _The Honeymoon_ (1804).

BALUE (_Cardinal_), in the court of Louis XI. of France (1420-1491),
introduced by sir W. Scott in _Quentin Durward_ (time, Edward IV.).

BALUGANTES (4 _syl._), leader of the men from Leon, in Spain, and in
alliance with Agramant.--Ariosto, _Orlando Furioso_ (1516).

BALVENY (_Lord_), kinsman of the earl of Douglas.--Sir W. Scott, _Fair
Maid of Perth_ (time, Henry IV.).

BALWHIDDER [_Bal´wither_], a Scotch presbyterian pastor, filled with
all the old-fashioned national prejudices, but sincere, kind-hearted,
and pious. He is garrulous and loves his joke, but is quite ignorant
of the world, being "in it but not of it."--Galt, _Annals of the
Parish_ (1821).

  The _Rev. Micah Balwhidder_ is a fine representation
  of the primitive Scottish pastor; diligent,
  blameless, loyal, and exemplary in his life, but
  without the fiery zeal and "kirk-filling eloquence"
  of the supporters of the Covenant.--R.
  Chambers, _English Literature_, ii. 591.

BALY, one of the ancient and gigantic kings of India, who founded the
city called by his name. He redressed wrongs, upheld justice, was
generous and truthful, compassionate and charitable, so that at death
he became one of the judges of hell. His city in time got overwhelmed
with the encroaching ocean, but its walls were not overthrown, nor
were the rooms encumbered with the weeds and alluvial of the sea. One
day a dwarf, named Vamen, asked the mighty monarch to allow him to
measure three of his own paces for a hut to dwell in. Baly smiled, and
bade him measure out what he required. The first pace of the dwarf
compassed the whole earth, the second the whole heavens, and the
third the infernal regions. Baly at once perceived that the dwarf was
Vishnû, and adored the present deity. Vishnû made the king "Governor
of Pad´alon" or hell, and permitted him once a year to revisit the
earth, on the first full moon of November.

  Baly built
  A city, like the cities of the gods,
  Being like a god himself. For many an age
  Hath ocean warred against his palaces,
  Till overwhelmed they lie beneath the waves,
  Not overthrown.

  Southey, _Curse of Kehama_, xv. 1 (1809).

BAN, king of Benwick [_Brittany_], father of sir Launcelot, and
brother of Bors king of Gaul. This "shadowy king of a still more
shadowy kingdom" came over with his royal brother to the aid of
Arthur, when, at the beginning of his reign, the eleven kings leagued
against him (pt. i. 8).

  Yonder I see the most valiant knight of the
  world, and the man of most renown, for such
  two brethren as are king Ban and king Bors are
  not living.--Sir T. Malory, _History of Prince
  Arthur_, i. 14 (1470).

BANASTAR (_Humfrey_), brought up by Henry duke of Buckingham, and
advanced by him to honor and wealth. He professed to love the duke as
his dearest friend; but when Richard III. offered £1000 reward to
any one who would deliver up the duke, Banastar betrayed him to John
Mitton, sheriff of Shropshire, and he was conveyed to Salisbury, where
he was beheaded. The ghost of the duke prayed that Banastar's eldest
son, "reft of his wits might end his life in a pigstye;" that his
second son might "be drowned in a dyke" containing less than "half
a foot of water;" that his only daughter might be a leper; and that
Banastar himself might "live in death and die in life."--Thomas
Sackville, _A Mirrour for Magistraytes_ ("The Complaynt," 1587).

BANBERG (_The Bishop of_), introduced in Donnerhugel's narrative.--Sir
W. Scott, _Anne of Geierstein_ (time, Edward IV.).

BANBURY CHEESE. Bardolph calls Slender a "Banbury cheese" (_Merry
Wives of Windsor_, act i. sc. 1); and in _Jack Drum's Entertainment_
we read, "You are like a Banbury cheese, nothing but paring." The
Banbury cheese alluded to was a milk cheese, about an inch in
thickness.

BANDY-LEGGED, Armand Gouffé (1775-1845), also called _Le panard du
dix-neuvième siecle_. He was one of the founders of the "Caveau
moderne."

BANKS, a farmer, the great terror of old mother Sawyer, the witch
of Edmonton.--_The Witch of Edmonton_ (by Rowley, Dekker, and Ford,
1658).

BANQUO, a Scotch general of royal extraction, in the time of Edward
the Confessor. He was murdered at the instigation of king Macbeth, but
his son Fleance escaped, and from this Fleance descended a race of
kings who filled the throne of Scotland, ending with James I. of
England, in whom were united the two crowns. The witches on the
blasted heath hailed Banquo as--

  (1) Lesser than Macbeth, and greater.
  (2) Not so happy, yet much happier.
  (3) Thou shalt get kings, though thou be none.

  Shakespeare, _Macbeth_, act i. sc. 3 (1606).

(Historically no such person as Banquo ever existed, and therefore
Fleance was not the ancestor of the house of Stuart.)

BAN´SHEE, a tutelary female spirit. Every chief family of Ireland has
its banshee, who is supposed to give it warning of approaching death
or danger.

BANTAM (_Angela Cyrus_), grand-master of the ceremonies at "Ba-ath,"
and a very mighty personage in the opinion of the _élite_ of Bath.--C.
Dickens, _The Pickwick Papers_ (1836).

BAP, a contraction of _Bap'liomet, i.e._ Mahomet. An imaginary idol
or symbol which the Templars were accused of employing in their
mysterious religious rites. It was a small human figure cut in stone,
with two heads, one male and the other female, but all the rest of the
figure was female. Specimens still exist.

BAP'TES (2 _syl_.), priests of the goddess Cotytto, whose midnight
orgies were so obscene as to disgust even the very goddess of
obscenity. (Greek, _bapto_, "to baptize," because these priests bathed
themselves in the most effeminate manner.)

BAPTIS'TA, a rich gentleman of Padua, father of Kathari'na "the
shrew," and Bianca.--Shakespeare, _Taming of the Shrew_ (1594).

BAPTISTI DAMIOTTI, a Paduan quack, who shows in the enchanted mirror
a picture representing the clandestine marriage and infidelity of
sir Philip Forester.--Sir W. Scott, _Aunt Margaret's Mirror_ (time,
William III.).

BAR'ABAS, the faithful servant of Ealph Lascours, captain of the
_Uran'ia._ His favorite expression is "I am afraid;" but he always
acts most bravely when he is afraid. (See BARRABAS.)--E. Stirling,
_The Orphan of the Frozen Sea_ (1856).

BAR'ADAS (_Count_), the king's favorite, first gentleman of the
chamber, and one of the conspirators to dethrone Louis XIII., kill
Richelieu, and place the duc d'Orleans on the throne of France.
Baradas loved Julie, but Julie married the chevalier Adrien de
Mauprat. When Richelieu fell into disgrace, the king made count
Baradas his chief minister, but scarcely had he so done when a
despatch was put into his hand revealing the conspiracy, and Richelieu
ordered Baradas' instant arrest.--Lord Lytton, _Richelieu_ (1839).

BARAK EL HADGI, the fakir´, an emissary from the court of Hyder
Ali.--Sir W. Scott, _The Surgeon's Daughter_ (time, George II.).

BARBARA, the widowed heroine whose vacillations of devotion to her
buried husband and the living cousin who might be his twin, furnish
the _motif_ for Amelie Rives's story, _The Quick or the Dead?_ (1888).

BARBARA FLOYD, lonely-hearted wife in George Fleming's (Julia C.
Fletcher) novel, _The Head of Medusa_. The scene of the story is laid
in modern Rome; Barbara, married to an Italian nobleman, has an inner
and purer life with which the corruptions of the gay capital meddle
not.--(1880.)

BARBARA FRIETCHIE, heroic old woman of Frederick, Maryland, who took
up the flag the men had hauled down at the command of Stonewall
Jackson.--John Greenleaf Whittier, _Barbara Frietchie_ (1864).

  Barbara Frietchie's work is o'er
  And the Rebel rides on his raids no more.

  Honor to her! and let a tear
  Fall, for her sake, on Stonewall's bier.

  Over Barbara Frietchie's grave
  Flag of Freedom and Union wave.

  Peace and order and beauty draw
  Bound thy symbol of light and law,

  And ever the stars above look down On thy stars below in Frederick Town.

BARBARA HOLABIRD, the rattle-pate of the Holabird sisters in
A.D.T. Whitney's _We Girls_. She coins words and bakes lace-edged
griddle-cakes and contrives rhymes, and tells on the last page of the
book how it was made. "We rushed in, especially I, Barbara, and did
little bits, and so it came to be a Song o' Sixpence, and at last four
Holabirds were 'singing in the pie.'"--(1868.)

BARBARA'S HISTORY, story of young, untrained but bright and attractive
girl who marries a man of the world. The conflict of two strong,
wayward natures is long and fierce, resulting in temporary separation,
and the discipline of sorrow and absence in reconciliation.--Amelia B.
Edwards.

BARBAROSSA ("_red beard_"), surname of Frederick I. of Germany
(1121-1190). It is said that he never died, but is still sleeping in
Kyffhauserberg in Thuringia. There he sits at a stone table with his
six knights, waiting the "fulness of time," when he will come from his
cave to rescue Germany from bondage, and give her the foremost place
of all the-world. His beard has already grown through the table-slab,
but must wind itself thrice round the table before his second advent.
(See MANSUR, CHARLEMAGNE, ABTHUR, DESMOND, SEBASTIAN I., to whom
similar legends are attached.)

  Like Barbarossa, who sits in a cave,
  Taciturn, sombre, sedate, and grave.

  Longfellow, _The Golden Legend_.

_Barbarossa_, a tragedy by John Brown. This is not Frederick
Barbarossa, the emperor of Germany (1121-1190), but Horne Barbarossa,
the corsair (1475-1519). He was a renegade Greek, of Mitylenê, who
made himself master of Algeria, which was for a time subject to
Turkey. He killed the Moorish king; tried to cut off Selim the son,
but without success; and wanted to marry Zaphi'ra, the king's widow,
who rejected his suit with scorn, and was kept in confinement for
seven years. Selim returned unexpectedly to Algiers, and a general
rising took place; Barbarossa was slain by the insurgents; Zaphira was
restored to the throne; and Selim her son married Irenê the daughter
of Barbarossa (1742).

BAR'BARA (_St._), the patron saint of arsenals. When her father was
about to strike off her head, she was killed by a flash of lightning.

BARBASON, the name of a demon. Amaimon sounds well; Lucifer well;
Barbason well; yet they are ... the names of fiends.--_Merry Wives of
Windsor_, ii. 2.

  I am not Barbason, you cannot conjure me.--_Henry
  V_. ii. 1.

BAR'BASON, the name of a demon mentioned in _The Merry Wives of
Windsor_, act ii. sc. 2 (1596).

  I am not Barbason; you cannot conjure me.--Shakespeare,
  _Henry V_. act ii. sc. I (1599).

BARBY ELSTER, sharp-tongued and sweet-hearted "help" in the Rossiter
family in Susan Warner's _Queechy_. She considers herself her
employers' more-than-equal and loses no opportunity of expressing the
conviction.--(1852.)

BARCLAY OF URY, an Aberdeen laird, persecuted as a "Quaker coward"
by a mob of former friends and dependents, offers no resistance and
  refuses defence from the sword of an ancient henchman.

  "Is the sinful servant more
  Than his gracious Lord who bore
  Bonds and stripes in Jewry?"

  J.G. Whittier, _Barclay of Ury_.

BARCO'CHEBAH, an antichrist.

  Shared the fall of the antichrist Barcochebar.--Professor
  Selwin, _Ecce Homo_.

BARD OF AVON, Shakespeare, born and buried at Stratford-upon-Avon
(1564-1616).

_Bard of Ayrshire_, Robert Burns, a native of Ayrshire (1759-1796).

_Bard of Hope_, Thomas Campbell, author of _The Pleasures of Hope_
(1777-1844).

_Bard of the Imagination_, Mark Akenside, author of _The Pleasures of
the Imagination_ (1721-1770).

_Bard of Memory_, S. Rogers, author of _The Pleasures of Memory_
(1762-1855).

_Bard of Olney_, W. Cowper _[Coo'-per]_, who lived for many years at
Olney, in Bucks (1731-1800).

_Bard of Prose_, Boccaccio.

  He of the hundred tales of love.

  Byron, _Childe Harold_, iv. 56 (1818).

_Bard of Rydal Mount_, William Wordsworth, who lived at Rydal
Mount; also called "Poet of the Excursion," from his principal poem
(1770-1850).

_Bard of Twickenham_, Alexander Pope, who lived at Twickenham
(1688-1744).

BARDELL _(Mrs.)_, landlady of "apartments for single gentlemen" in
Groswell Street. Here Mr. Pickwick lodged for a time. She persuaded
herself that he would make her a good second husband, and on one
occasion was seen in his arms by his three friends. Mrs. Bardell put
herself in the hands of Messrs. Dodson and Fogg (two unprincipled
lawyers), who vamped up a case against Mr. Pickwick of "breach of
promise," and obtained a verdict against the defendant. Subsequently
Messrs. Dodson and Fogg arrested their own client, and lodged her in
the Fleet.--C. Dickens, _The Pickwick Papers_ (1836).

BARDE'SANIST (4 _syl_.), a follower of Barde'san, founder of a Gnostic
sect in the second century.

BARDO BARDI, aged blind scholar, father of Romola. She is his
colaborer in the studies he pursues despite his infirmity.--George
Eliot, _Romola_.

BAR'DOLPH, corporal of captain sir John Falstaff, in 1 and 2 _Henry
IV._ and in _The Merry Wives of Windsor_. In _Henry V._ he is promoted
to lieutenant, and Nym is corporal. Both are hanged. Bardolph is a
bravo, but great humorist; he is a lowbred, drunken swaggerer, wholly
without principle, and always poor. His red, pimply nose is an
everlasting joke with sir John and others. Sir John in allusion
thereto calls Bardolph "The Knight of the Burning Lamp." He says to
him, "Thou art our admiral, and bearest the lantern in the poop."
Elsewhere he tells the corporal he had saved him a "thousand marks in
links and torches, walking with him in the night betwixt tavern and
tavern."--Shakespeare.

  We are much of the mind of Falstaff's tailor.
  We must have better assurance for sir John than
  Bardolph's.--Macaulay.

(The reference is to 2 _Henry IV_. act i. sc. 2. When Falstaff asks
Page, "What said Master Dumbleton about the satin for my short cloak
and slops!" Page replies, "He said, sir, you should procure him better
assurance than Bardolph. He ... liked not the security.")

BARDON _(Hugh)_, the scout-master in the troop of lieutenant
Fitzurse.--Sir W. Scott, _Ivanhoe_ (time, Richard I.).

BAREFOOT BOY, reminiscence of the author's own boyhood in Whittier's
poem, _The Barefoot Boy_.

  Prince thou art,--the grown-up man
  Only is republican.

BARÈRE (2 _syl_.), an advocate of Toulouse, called "The Anacreon of
the Guillotine." He was president of the Convention, a member of the
Constitutional Committee, and chief agent in the condemnation to death
of Louis XVI. As member of the Committee of Public Safety, he decreed
that "Terror must be the order of the day." In the first empire Barère
bore no public part, but at the restoration he was banished from
France, and retired to Brussels (1755-1841).

  The filthiest and most spiteful Yahoo of the
  fiction was a noble creature compared with the
  Barère of history.--Lord Macaulay.

BARFÜSLE, pretty German child, left an orphan at a tender age, and
cast upon the world. She maintains herself reputably and resists
many temptations until she is happily married.--Bernard Auerbach,
_Barfüsle._

BAR'GUEST, a goblin armed with teeth and claws. It would sometimes set
up in the streets a most fearful scream in the "dead waste and middle
of the night." The faculty of seeing this monster was limited to a
few, but those who possessed it could by the touch communicate the
"gift" to others.--_Fairy Mythology, North of England_.

BAR'GULUS, an Illyrian robber or pirate.

  Bargulus, Illyrius latro, de quo est apud Theopompum
  magnas opes habuit.--Cicero, _De Officiis_,
  ii. 11.

BARICONDO, one of the leaders of the Moorish army. He was slain by the
duke of Clarence.--Ariosto, _Orlando Furioso_ (1516).

BARKER (.Mr.), friend to Sowerberry. _Mrs. Barker_, his wife.--W.
Brough, _A Phenomenon in a Smock Frock_.

BAR'KIS, the carrier who courted [Clara] Peggot'ty, by telling
David Copperfield when he wrote home to say to his nurse "Barkis is
willin'." Clara took the hint and became Mrs. Barkis.

  He dies when the tide goes out, confirming the
  superstition that people can't die till the tide goes
  out, or be born till it is in. The last words he
  utters are "Barkis is willin'."--C. Dickens, _David
  Copperfield_, xxx. (1849).

(Mrs. Quickly says of sir John Falstaff, "'A parted even just between
twelve and one, e'en at the turning o' the tide."--_Henry V_. act ii.
sc. 3, 1599.)

BAR'LAHAM AND JOSAPHAT, the heroes and title of a minnesong, the
object of which was to show the triumph of Christian doctrines over
paganism. Barlaham is a hermit who converts Josaphat, an Indian
prince. This "lay" was immensely popular in the Middle Ages, and
has been translated into every European language.--Rudolf of Ems (a
minnesinger, thirteenth century).

BARLEY _(Bill)_, Clara's father. Chiefly remarkable for drinking rum,
and thumping on the floor.--C. Dickens, _Great Expectations_ (1860).

BARLEYCORN (_Sir John_), Malt-liquor personified. His neighbors vowed
that sir John should die, so they hired ruffians to "plough him with
ploughs and bury him;" this they did, and afterwards "combed him with
harrows and thrust clods on his head," but did not kill him. Then with
hooks and sickles they "cut his legs off at the knees," bound him like
a thief, and left him "to wither with the wind," but he died not. They
now "rent him to the heart," and having "mowed him in a mow," sent two
bravos to beat him with clubs, and they beat him so sore that "all his
flesh fell from his bones," but yet he died not. To a kiln they next
hauled him, and burnt him like a martyr, but he survived the burning.
They crushed him between two stones, but killed him not. Sir John bore
no malice for this ill-usage, but did his best to cheer the flagging
spirits even of his worst persecutors.

[Illustration] This song, from the _English Dancing-Master_ (1651), is
generally ascribed to Robert Burns, but all that the Scotch poet did
was slightly to alter parts of it. The same may be said of "Auld lang
Syne," "Ca' the Yowes," "My Heart is Sair for Somebody," "Green grow
the Rashes, O!" and several other songs, set down to the credit of
Burns.

BARLOW, the favorite archer of Henry VIII. He was jocosely created
by the merry monarch "Duke of Shoreditch," and his two companions
"Marquis of Islington" and "Earl of Pancras."

_Barlow (Billy)_, a jester, who fancied himself a "mighty potentate."
He was well known in the east of London, and died in Whitechapel
workhouse. Some of his sayings were really witty, and some of his
attitudes truly farcical.

BAR'MECIDE. Schacabac "the hare-lipped," a man in the greatest
distress, one day called on the rich Barmecide, who in merry jest
asked him to dine with him. Barmecide first washed in hypothetical
water, Schacabac followed his example. Barmecide then pretended to eat
of various dainties, Schacabac did the same, and praised them highly,
and so the "feast" went on to the close. The story says Barmecide was
so pleased that Schacabac had the good sense and good temper to enter
into the spirit of the joke without resentment, that he ordered in
a real banquet, at which Schacabac was a welcome guest.--_Arabian
Nights_ ("The Barber's Sixth Brother").

BAR'NABAS _(St.)_, a disciple of Gamaliel, cousin of St. Mark, and
fellow-laborer with St. Paul. He was martyred at Salamis, A.D. 63.
_St. Barnabas' Day_ is June 11.--_Acts_ iv. 36, 37.

BAR'NABY _(Widow)_, the title and chief character of a novel by Mrs.
Trollope (1839). The widow is a vulgar, pretentious husband-hunter,
wholly without principle. _Widow Barnaby_ has a sequel called _The
Barnabys in America, or The Widow Married_, a satire on America and
the Americans (1840).

BARNABY RUDGE, a half-witted whose companion is a raven. He is enticed
into joining the Gordon rioters.--C. Dickens, _Barnaby Budge_ (1841).
(See RUDGE.)

BARNACLE, brother of old Nicholas Cockney, and guardian of Priscilla
Tomboy of the West Indies. Barnacle is a tradesman of the old school,
who thinks the foppery and extravagance of the "Cockney" school
inconsistent with prosperous shop-keeping. Though brusque and
even ill-mannered, he has good sense and good discernment of
character.--_The Romp_ (altered from Bickerstaff's _Love in the
City_).

BARNADINE, malefactor, condemned to death, "who will not die that day,
upon any man's persuasion."--Shakespeare, _Measure for Measure_.

BARNES (1 _syl_.), servant to colonel Mannering, at Woodburne.--Sir W.
Scott, _Guy Mannering_ (time, George II.).

BARNEY, a repulsive Jew, who waited on the customers at the low
public-house frequented by Fagin and his associates. Barney always
spoke through his nose.--C. Dickens, _Oliver Twist_ (1837).

BARN'STABLE (_Lieutenant_), in the British navy, in love with Kate
Plowden, niece of colonel Howard of New York. The alliance not being
approved of, Kate is removed from England to America, but Barnstable
goes to America to discover her retreat. In this he succeeds, but
being seized as a spy, is commanded by colonel Howard to be hung to
the yardarm of an American frigate called the _Alacrity_. Scarcely is
the young man led off, when the colonel is informed that Barnstable is
his own son, and he arrives at the scene of execution just in time
to save him. Of course after this he marries the lady of his
affection.--E. Fitzball, _The Pilot_ (a burletta).

BARNWELL (_George_), the chief character and title of a tragedy by
George Lillo. George Barnwell is a London apprentice, who falls in
love with Sarah Millwood of Shoreditch, who leads him astray. He first
robs his master of £200. He next robs his uncle, a rich grazier at
Ludlow, and murders him. Having spent all the money of his iniquity,
Sarah Millwood turns him off and informs against him. Both are
executed (1732).

[Illustration] For many years this play was acted on boxing-night, as
a useful lesson to London apprentices. BARON (_The old English_), a
romance by Clara Reeve (1777).

BAR'RABAS, the rich "Jew of Malta." He is simply a human monster,
who kills in sport, poisons whole nunneries, and invents infernal
machines. Shakespeare's "Shylock" has a humanity in the very whirlwind
of his resentment, but Marlowe's "Barrabas" is a mere ideal of
that "thing" which Christian prejudice once deemed a Jew. (See
BARABAS.)--Marlowe, _The Jew of Malta_ (1586).

_Bar'rabas_, the famous robber and murderer set free instead of Christ
by desire of the Jews. Called in the New Testament _Barab'has_.
Marlowe calls the word "Barrabas" in his _Jew of Malta_, and
Shakespeare says:

  "Would any of the stock of Bar'rabas
  Had been her husband, rather than a Christian."

  _Merchant of Venice_, act iv. sc. 1 (1598).

BARRY CORNWALL, the _nom de plume_ of Bryan Waller Procter. It is an
imperfect anagram of his name (1788-1874).

BARSAD (_John), alias_ Solomon Pross, a spy.

  He had an aquiline nose, but not straight,
  having a peculiar inclination towards the left
  cheek; expression, therefore, sinister.--C. Dickens,
  _A Tale of Two Cities_, ii. 16 (1859).

BARSIS'A (_Santon_), in _The Guardian_, the basis of the story called
_The Monk_, by M. G. Lewis (1796).

BARSTON, _alias_ captain Fenwicke, a jesuit and secret correspondent
of the conntess of Derby.--Sir W. Scott, _Peveril of the Peak_ (time,
Charles II.).

BARTHOL'OMEW (_Brother_), guide of the two Philipsons on their way to
Strasburg.

--Sir W. Scott, _Anne of Geierstein_ (time, Edward IV.).

_Bartholomew (St.)._ His day is August 24, and his symbol a knife, in
allusion to the knife with which he is said to have been flayed alive.

BARTLEY HUBBARD, the "smart" newspaper-man in _A Modern Instance_, by
William Dean Howells (1883). He also plies his trade and exhibits his
assurance in _The Rise of Silas Lapham_ (1885).

BARTOLDO, a rich old miser, who died of fear and want of sustenance.
Fazio rifled his treasures, and on the accusation of his own wife was
tried and executed.--Dean Milman, _Fazio_ (1815).

_Bartoldo_, same as _Bertoldo_ (_q.v._).

BARTOLI (in French _Barthole_, better known, however, by the Latin
form of the name, _Bartolus_) was the most famous master of the
dialectical school of jurists (1313-1356). He was born at Sasso
Ferrata in Italy, and was professor of Civil Law at the University of
Perugia. His reputation was at one time immense, and his works were
quoted as authority in nearly every European court. Hence the French
proverb, applied to a well-read lawyer, _He knows his "Barthole" as
well as a Cordelier his "Dormi_" (an anonymous compilation of sermons
for the use of the Cordelier monks). Another common French expression,
_Résolu comme Barthole_ ("as decided as Barthole"), is a sort of
punning allusion to his _Resolutiones Bartoli_, a work in which the
knottiest questions are solved with _ex cathedra_ peremptoriness.

BAR'TOLUS, a covetous lawyer, husband of Amaran'ta.--Beaumont and
Fletcher, _The Spanish Curate_ (1622).

BARTON (_Sir Andrew_), a Scotch sea-officer, who had obtained in 1511
letters of marque for himself and his two sons, to make reprisals upon
the subjects of Portugal. The council-board of England, at which the
earl of Surrey presided, was daily pestered by complaints from British
merchants and sailors against Barton, and at last it was decided to
put him down. Two ships were, therefore, placed under the commands of
sir Thomas and sir Edward Howard, an engagement took place, and sir
Andrew Barton was slain, bravely fighting. A ballad in two parts,
called "Sir Andrew Barton," is inserted in Percy's _Reliques_, II. ii.
12.

BARTRAM, the lime-burner, an obtuse, middle-aged clown in _Ethan
Brand_ by Nathaniel Hawthorne. When he finds the suicide's skeleton in
the kiln, the heart whole within the ribs, he congratulates himself
that "his kiln is half a bushel richer for him" (1846).

BARUCH. _Dites, donc, avez-vous lu Baruch?_ Said when a person puts
an unexpected question, or makes a startling proposal. It arose thus:
Lafontaine went one day with Racine to _tenebrae_, and was given a
Bible. He turned at random to the "Prayer of the Jews," in Baruch, and
was so struck with it that he said aloud to Racine, "Dites, donc, who
was this Baruch? Why, do you know, man, he was a fine genius;" and
for some days afterwards the first question he asked his friends was,
_Diles, done, Mons., avez-vous lu Baruch?_

BARZIL'LAI (3 _syl_.), the duke of Ormond, a friend and firm adherent
of Charles II. As Barzillai assisted David when he was expelled by
Absalom from his kingdom, so Ormond assisted Charles II. when he was
in exile.

  Barzillai, crowned with honors and with years,...
  In exile with his god-like prince he mourned,
  For him he suffered, and with him returned.

Dryden, _Absalom and Achitophel_, i.

BASA-ANDRE, the wild woman, a sorceress, married to Basa-Jaun, a
sort of vampire. Basa-Andre sometimes is a sort of land mermaid (a
beautiful lady who sits in a cave combing her locks with a golden
comb). She hates church bells. (See BASA-JAUN.)

BASA-JAUN, a wood-sprite, married to Basa-Andre, a sorceress. Both
hated the sound of church bells. Three brothers and their sister
agreed to serve him, but the wood-sprite used to suck blood from the
finger of the girl, and the brothers resolved to kill him. This they
accomplished. The Basa-Andre induced the girl to put a tooth into each
of the footbaths of her brothers, and lo! they became oxen. The girl
crossing a bridge saw Basa-Andre, and said if she did not restore her
brothers she would put her into a red-hot oven, so Basa-Andre told the
girl to give each brother three blows on the back with a hazel wand,
and on so doing they were restored to their proper forms.--Rev. W.
Webster, _Basque Legends_, 49 (1877).

BAS BLEU, nickname applied to literary women in the days succeeding
the French Revolution, made familiar in America by J. K. Paulding's
_Azure Hose_.

BASHABA, sachem in J. G.L. Whittier's poem, _The Bridal of Pennacock_.
His beautiful daughter, scorned by the chief to whom Bashaba gave her
in marriage, and detained against her will by her angry father, steals
away by night in a canoe and IS drowned in a vain attempt

  To seek the wigwam of her chief once more.

BASHFUL MAN (_The_), a comic drama by

W. T. Moncrieff. Edward Blushington, a young man just come into a
large fortune, is so bashful and shy that life is a misery to him. He
dines at Friendly Hall, and makes all sorts of ridiculous blunders.
His college chum, Frank Friendly, sends word to say that he and his
sister Dinah, with sir Thomas and lady Friendly, will dine with him
at Blushington House. After a few glasses of wine, Edward loses his
shyness, makes a long speech, and becomes the accepted suitor of Dinah
Friendly.

BASIL, the blacksmith of Grand Pré, in Acadia (now _Nova Scotia_), and
father of Gabriel the betrothed of Evangeline. When, the colony was
driven into exile in 1713 by George II., Basil settled in Louisiana,
and greatly prospered; but his son led a wandering life, looking for
Evangeline, and died in Pennsylvania of the plague.--Longfellow,
_Evangeline_ (1849).

BASIL MARCH, a clever, cynical, and altogether charming man of letters
who takes one of the leading parts in William Dean Howells's _Their
Wedding Journey. A Chance Acquaintance_, and _A Hazard of New
Fortunes_.

BA'SILE (2 _syl_.), a calumniating, niggardly bigot in _Le Mariage de
Figaro_, and again in _Le Barbier de Séville_, both by Beaumarchais.
Basile and Tartuffe are the two French incarnations of religious
hypocrisy. The former is the clerical humbug, and the latter the
lay religious hypocrite. Both deal largely in calumny, and trade in
slander.

BASILIS'CO, a bully and a braggart, in _Solyman and Perseda_ (1592).
Shakespeare has made Pistol the counterpart of Basilisco.

  Knight, knight, good mother, Basilisco-like.

  Shakespeare, _King John_, act i. sc. 1 (1596).

(That is, "my boasting like Basilisco has made me a knight, good
mother.")

BASILISK, supposed to kill with its gaze the person who looked on it.
Thus Henry VI. says to Suffolk, "Come, basilisk, and kill the innocent
gazer with thy sight."

  Natus in ardente Lydiæ basiliscus arena,
  Vulnerat aspectu, luminibusque nocet.

  Mantuanus.

BASILIUS, a neighbor of Quiteria, whom he loved from childhood, but
when grown up the father of the lady forbade him the house, and
promised Quiteria in marriage to Camacho, the richest man of the
vicinity. On their way to church they passed Basilius, who had fallen
on his sword, and all thought he was at the point of death. He prayed
Quiteria to marry him, "for his soul's peace," and as it was deemed
a mere ceremony, they were married in due form. Up then started the
wounded man, and showed that the stabbing was only a ruse, and the
blood that of a sheep from the slaughter-house. Camacho gracefully
accepted the defeat, and allowed the preparations for the general
feast to proceed.

  Basilius is strong and active, pitches the bar
  admirably, wrestles with amazing dexterity, and
  is an excellent cricketer. He runs like a buck,
  leaps like a wild goat, and plays at skittles like
  a wizard. Then he has a fine voice for singing,
  he touches the guitar so as to make it speak, and
  handles a foil as well as any fencer in Spain.--Cervantes,
  _Don Quixote_, II. ii. 4 (1615).

BASRIG or BAGSECG, a Scandinavian king, who with Halden or Halfdene
(2 _syl_.) king of Denmark, in 871, made a descent on Wessex. In this
year Ethelred fought nine pitched battles with the Danes. The first
was the battle of Englefield, in Berkshire, lost by the Danes; the
next was the battle of Beading, won by the Danes; the third was the
famous battle of Æscesdun or Ashdune (now _Ashton_), lost by the
Danes, and in which king Bagsecg was slain.

  And Ethelred with them [_the Danes_] nine sundry fields that fought ...
  Then Reading ye regained, led by that valiant lord,
  Where Basrig ye outbraved, and Halden sword to sword.

  Drayton, _Polyolbion_, xii. (1613).


Next year (871) the Danes for the first time entered Wessex.... The
first place they came to was Reading.... Nine great battles, besides
smaller skirmishes, were fought this year, in some of which the
English won, and in others the Danes. First, alderman Æthelwulf fought
the Danes at Englefield, and beat them. Four days after that there was
another battle at Reading ... where the Danes had the better of it,
and Æthelwulf was killed. Four days afterwards there was another more
famous battle at Æscesdun ... and king Æthelred fought against the
two kings, and slew Bagsecg with his own hand.--E. A. Freeman, _Old
English History_ (1869); see Asser, _Life of Alfred_ (ninth century).


BASSA'NIO, the lover of Portia, successful in his choice of the three
caskets, which awarded her to him as wife. It was for Bassanio that
his friend Antonio borrowed 3000 ducats of the Jew Shylock, on the
strange condition that if he returned the loan within three months no
interest should be required, but if not, the Jew might claim a pound
of Antonio's flesh for forfeiture.--Shakespeare, _Merchant of Venice_
(1598).

BAS'SET _(Count)_, a swindler and forger, who assumes the title of
"count" to further his dishonest practices.--C. Cibber, _The Provoked
Husband_ (1728).

BASSIA'NUS, brother of Satur'nius emperor of Rome, in love with
Lavin'ia daughter of Titus Andron'icus (properly _Andronicus_). He
is stabbed by Deme'trius and Chiron, sons of Tam'ora queen of the
Goths.--(?) Shakespeare, _Titus Andronicus_ (1593).

BASSI'NO _(Count)_, the "perjured husband of Aurelia" slain by
Alonzo.--Mrs. Centlivre, _The Perjured Husband_ (1700).

BASSANIO, a youth of noble birth but crippled fortunes, whose desire
to win the hand of Portia, a rich heiress, is the moving spring of the
action of Shakespeare's _The Merchant of Venice_. Portia's father has
left three caskets, and has ordered in his will that his daughter is
to marry only the man who chooses the casket that holds her portrait.
That Bassanio may enter the list of Portia's suitors, his friend
Antonio borrows money of Shylock, a Jew, who, out of hatred to the
merchant, entraps him into pledging a pound of his flesh as surety for
the loan. Bassanio marries Portia, but misfortune overtakes Antonio,
he forfeits his bond, and his life is only saved by a quibble devised
by Portia.

BASTARD OF ORLEANS, in Shakespeare's _Henry VI_ Part 1, is Jean Dunois
a natural son of Louis of Orleans, brother of Charles VI.

BAT (_Dr_.), naturalist in Cooper's _Prairie_, who mistakes his ass at
night for a monster described in his note-book.

BATES (1 _syl_.), a soldier in the army of Henry V. He with Court and
Williams are sentinals before the English camp at Agincourt, and the
king disguised comes to them during the watch, and talks with them
respecting the impending battle,--Shakespeare, _Henry V_.

_Bates (Charley)_, generally called "Master Bates," one of Fagin's
"pupils," training to be a pickpocket. He is always laughing
uproariously, and is almost equal in artifice and adroitness to "The
Artful Dodger" himself.--C. Dickens, _Oliver Twist_ (1837).

_Bates (Frank)_, the friend of Whittle. A man of good plain sense, who
tries to laugh the old beau out of his folly.--Garrick, _The Irish
Widow_ (1757).

BATH (_King of_), Richard Nash, generally called _Beau_ Nash,
master of-the ceremonies for fifteen years in that fashionable city
(1674-1761).

_Bath (The Maid of_), Miss Linley, a beautiful and accomplished
singer, who married Richard B. Sheridan, the statesman and dramatist.

_Bath (The Wife of_), one of the pilgrims travelling from Southwark
to Canterbury, in Chaucer's _Canterbury Tales_. She tells her tale in
turn, and chooses "Midas" for her subject (1388).

BATHSHEBA in Dryden's _Absalom and Achitophel_ is Louisa de
Queronailles, a young French lady brought into England by the Duchess
of Orleans, and who became the mistress of Charles II. The King made
her Duchess of Portsmouth.

  My father [_Charles II._] whom with reverence I name ...
  Is grown in Bathsheba's embraces old.

  Dryden, _Absalom and Achitophel_, ii.

BATHSHEBA EVERDEIIE, handsome heiress of an English farmstead, beloved
by two honest men and one knave. She marries the knave in haste, and
repents it at leisure for years thereafter. Released by his death,
she marries Gabriel Oak.--Thomas Hardy, _Far from the Madding Crowd_
(1874).

BATTAR _(Al), i.e. the trenchant_, one of Mahomet's swords.

BATTUS, a shepherd of Arcadia. Having witnessed Mercury's theft of
Apollo's oxen, he received a cow from the thief to ensure his
secrecy; but, in order to test his fidelity, Mercury re-appeared soon
afterwards, and offered him an ox and a cow if he would blab. Battus
fell into the trap, and was instantly changed into a touchstone.

  When Tantalus in hell sees store and starves;
  And senseless Battus for a touchstone serves.

Lord Brooke, _Treatise on Monarchie_, iv.

BAU'CIS AND PHILEMON, an aged Phrygian woman and her husband, who
received Jupiter and Mercury hospitably when every one else in the
place had refused to entertain them. For this courtesy the gods
changed the Phrygians' cottage into a magnificent temple, and
appointed the pious couple over it. They both died at the same time,
according to their wish, and were converted into two trees before the
temple.--_Greek and Roman Mythology_.

BAUL'DIE (2 _syl._), stable-boy of Joshua Geddes the quaker.--Sir W.
Scott, _Red-gauntlet_ (time, George III.).

_Baul'die_ (2 _syl._), the old shepherd in the introduction of the
story called _The Black Dwarf_, by sir W. Scott (time, Anne).

BAVIAN FOOL (_The_), one of the characters in the old morris-dance. He
wore a red cap faced with yellow, a yellow "slabbering-bib," a blue
doublet, red hose, and black shoes. He represents an overgrown baby,
but was a tumbler, and mimicked the barking of a dog. The word Bavian
is derived from _bavon_, a "bib for a slabbering child" (see Cotgrave,
_French Dictionary_). In modern French _bave_ means "drivel,"
"slabbering," and the verb _baver_ "to slabber," but the bib is now
called _bavette_. (See MORRIS-DANCE.)

BAVIE'CA, the Cid's horse. He survived his master two years and a
half, and was buried at Valencia. No one was ever allowed to mount him
after the death of the Cid.

BAVIUS, any vile poet. (See MÆVIUS.)

BAWTRY. _Like the saddler of Baivtry, who was hanged for leaving his
liquor_. (_Yorkshire Proverb_.) It was customary for criminals on
their way to execution to stop at a certain tavern in York for a
"parting draught." The saddler of Bawtry refused to accept the liquor,
and was hanged, whereas if he had stopped a few minutes at the tavern
his reprieve, which was on the road, would have arrived in time to
save him.

BA'YARD, _Le chevalier sans peur et sans reproche_; born in France in
1475. He served under Charles VIII. and Louis XII.; bore a gallant
part in the "Battle of the Spurs," and died in 1524 of wounds received
while in action.

_The British Bayard_, sir Philip Sidney (1554-1584).

_The Polish Bayard_, prince Joseph Poniatowski (1763-1814).

_The Bayard of India_, sir James Outram (1803-1863). So called by sir
Charles Napier.

_Ba'yard_, a horse of incredible speed, belonging to the four sons of
Aymon. If only one mounted, the horse was of the ordinary size, but
increased in proportion as two or more mounted. (The word means
"bright bay color.")--Villeneuve, _Les Quatre fils Aymon_.

_Bayard_, the steed of Fitz-James.--Sir W. Scott, _Lady of the Lake_,
v. 18 (1810).

BAYAR'DO, the famous steed of Rinaldo, which once belonged to Amadis
of Gaul. It was found in a grotto by the wizard Malagigi, along with
the sword Fusberta, both of which he gave to his cousin Rinaldo.

  His color bay, and hence his name he drew--
  Bayardo called. A star of silver hue
  Emblazed his front.

Tasso, _Rinaldo_, ii. 220 (1562).

BAYES (1 _syl._), the chief character of _The Rehearsal_, a farce by
George Villiers, duke of Buckingham (1671). Bayes is represented
as greedy of applause, impatient of censure, meanly obsequious,
regardless of plot, and only anxious for claptrap. The character is
meant for John Dryden.

[Illustration] C. Dibdin, in his _History of the Stage_, states that
Mrs. Mountford played "Bayes" "with more variety than had ever been
thrown into the part before."

  No species of novel-writing exposes itself to a
  severer trial, since it not only resigns all Bayes'
  pretensions "to elevate the imagination," ... but
  places its productions within the range
  of [general] criticism.--_Encyc. Brit._ Art. "Romance."

BAYNARD (_Mr._), introduced in an episode in the novel called
_Humphrey Clinker_, by Smollett (1771).

BEA'CON (_Tom_), groom to Master Chiffinch (private emissary of
Charles II.).--Sir W. Scott, _Peveril of the Peak_ (time, Charles
II.).

BEA'GLE (_Sir Harry_), a horsy country gentleman, who can talk of
nothing but horses and dogs. He is wofully rustic and commonplace. Sir
Harry makes a bargain with lord Trinket to give up Harriet to him in
exchange for his horse. (See GOLDFINCH.)--George Colman, _The Jealous
Wife_ (1761).

BEAK. Sir John Fielding was called "The Blind Beak" (died 1780). BEAN
LEAN (_Donald_), _alias_ Will Ruthven, a Highland robber-chief.
He also appears disguised as a peddler on the roadside leading to
Stirling. Waverley is rowed to the robber's cave and remains there all
night.

_Alice Bean_, daughter of Donald Bean Lean, who attends on Waverley
during a fever.--Sir W. Scott, _Waverley_ (time, George II.).

BEAR (_The Brave_). Warwick is so called from his cognizance, which
was _a bear and ragged staff_.

BEARCLIFF (_Deacon_), at the Gordon Arms or Kippletringam inn, where
colonel Mannering stops on his return to England, and hears of
Bertram's illness and distress.--Sir W. Scott, _Guy Mannering_ (time,
George II.).

BEARDED (_The_). (1) Geoffrey the crusader. (2) Bouchard of the house
of Montmorency. (3) Constantine IV. (648-685). (4) Master George
Killingworthe of the court of Ivan _the Terrible_ of Russia, whose
beard (says Hakluyt) was five feet two inches long, yellow, thick, and
broad. Sir Hugh Willoughby was allowed to take it in his hand.

_The Bearded Master_. Soc'ratês was so called by Persius (B.C.
468-399).

_Handsome Beard_, Baldwin IV. earl of Flanders (1160-1186).

_John the Bearded_, John Mayo, the German painter, whose beard touched
the ground when he stood upright.

BEARNAIS (_Le_), Henri IV. of France, so called from his native
province, Le Béarr. (1553-1610).

BEATON, the artist of _Every Other Week_, the story of which
periodical is told in W. D. Howells's _A Hazard of New Fortunes_
(1889).

His name was Beaton--Angus Beaton. His father was a Scotchman, but
Beaton was born in Syracuse, New York, and it had taken only three
years to obliterate many traces of native and ancestral manner in him.
He wore his thick beard cut shorter than his moustache, and a little
pointed; he stood with his shoulders well thrown back, and with a
lateral curve of his person when he talked about art which would alone
have carried conviction, even if he had not had a thick, dark bang
coming almost to the brows of his mobile gray eyes, and had not spoken
English with quick, staccato impulses, so as to give it the effect of
epigrammatic and sententious French.

BE'ATRICE (3 _syl_.), a child eight years old, to whom Dantê at the
age of nine was ardently attached. She was the daughter of Folco
Portina'ri, a rich citizen of Florence. Beatrice married Simoni de
Bardi, and died before she was twenty-four years old (1266-1290).
Dantê married Gemma Donati, and his marriage was a most unhappy one.
His love for Beatrice remained after her decease. She was the fountain
of his poetic inspiration, and in his _Divina Commedia_ he makes her
his guide through paradise.

Dantê's Beatrice and Milton's Eve Were not drawn from their spouses
you conceive. Byron, _Don Juan_, iii. 10 (1820).

(Milton, who married Mary Powell, of Oxfordshire, was as unfortunate
in his choice as Dantê.)

_Beatrice_, wife of Ludov'ico Sforza.

_Beatrice_, daughter of Ferdinando king of Naples, sister of Leonora
duchess of Ferrara, and wife of Mathias Corvi'nus of Hungary.

_Beatrice_, niece of Leonato governor of Messina, lively and
light-hearted, affectionate and impulsive. Though wilful she is not
wayward, though volatile she is not unfeeling, though teeming with wit
and gaiety she is affectionate and energetic. At first she dislikes
Benedick, and thinks him a flippant conceited coxcomb; but overhearing
a conversation between her cousin Hero and her gentlewoman, in which
Hero bewails that Beatrice should trifle with such deep love as that
of Benedick, and should scorn so true and good a gentleman, she cries,
"Sits the wind thus? then, farewell, contempt. Benedick, love on; I
will requite you." This conversation of Hero's was a mere ruse, but
Benedick had been caught by a similar trick played by Claudio, don
Pedro, and Leonato. The result was they sincerely loved each other,
and were married.--Shakespeare, _Much Ado about Nothing_ (1600).

BEATRICE CENCI, the _Beautiful Parricide (q.v.)._

BEATRICE D'ESTE, canonized at Rome.

BEATRICE GIORGINI, an Italian contessa whose parents contract a secret
marriage, an unequal match as to birth and fortune, and, dying young,
one by violence, leave their child in charge of Betta, a faithful
nurse, who takes her to her mother's mother, an old peasant. At her
grandmother's death she becomes companion to a relative of her father;
marries don Leonardo, her father's cousin and one of the witnesses to
the secret marriage, and uses him to prove her legitimacy and his own
treachery.--Mary Agnes Tincker, _Two Coronets_ (1889).

BEAU BRUMMEL, George Bryan Brummel, son of a London pastry-cook, who
became the fashion at the court of George III. and reigning favorite
of the Prince of Wales. His story has been made the foundation of a
brilliant American play by Clyde Fitch, in which Richard Mansfield
takes the part of Brummel (1890).

BEAU CLARK, a billiard-maker at the beginning of the nineteenth
century. He was called "The Bean," assumed the name of _Beauelerc_,
and paid his addresses to a _protégée_ of lord Fife.

BEAU FIELDING, called "Handsome Fielding" by Charles II., by a play on
his name, which was Hendrome Fielding. He died in Scotland Yard.

BEAU HEWITT was the original of sir George Etherege's "Sir Fopling
Flutter," in the comedy called _The Man of Mode or Sir Fopling
Flutter_ (1676).

BEAU NASH, Richard Nash, called also "King of Bath;" a Welsh
gentleman, who for fifteen years managed the bath-rooms of Bath, and
conducted the balls with unparalleled splendor and decorum. In his old
age he sank into poverty (1674-1761).

BEAU D'ORSAY _(Le)_, father of count d'Orsay, whom Byron calls "_Jeune
Cupidon._"

BEAU SEANT, the Templars' banner, half white and half black; the white
signified that the Templars were good to Christians, the black, that
they were evil to infidels.

BEAU TIBBS, in Goldsmith's _Citizen of the World_, a dandy noted for
his finery, vanity, and poverty.

BEAUCLERK, Henry I. king of England (1068, 1100-1135).

BEAUFORT, the lover of Maria Wilding, whom he ultimately marries.--A.
Murphy, _The Citizen_ (a farce).

BEAUJEU (_Mons. le chevalier de_), keeper of a gambling-house to which
Dalgarno takes Nigel.--Sir W. Scott, _Fortunes of Nigel_ (time, James
I.).

_Beaujeu_ (_Mons. le comte de_), a French officer in the army of the
Chevalier Charles Edward, the Pretender.--Sir W. Scott, _Waverley_
(time, George II.).

BEAUMAINS ("_big hands_"), a nickname which sir Key (Arthur's steward)
gave to Gareth when he was kitchen drudge in the palace. "He had the
largest hands that ever man saw." Gareth was the son of king Lot and
Margawse (king Arthur's sister). His brothers were sir Gaw'ain, sir
Agravain, and sir Gaheris. Mordred was his half-brother.--Sir T.
Malory, _History of Prince Arthur_, i. 120 (1470).

[Illustration] His achievements are given under the name "Gareth"
(q.v.).

Tennyson, in his _Gareth and Lynette_, makes sir Key tauntingly
address Lancelot thus, referring to Gareth:

  Fair and fine, forsooth!
  Sir Fine-face, sir Fair-hands? But see thou to it
  That thine own fineness, Lancelot, some fine day,
  Undo thee not.

Be it remembered that Key himself called Gareth "Beaumain" from the
extraordinary size of the lad's hands; but the taunt put into the
mouth of Key by the poet indicates that the lad prided himself on his
"fine" face and "fair" hands, which is not the case. If "fair hands"
is a translation of this nickname, it should be "fine hands," which
bears the equivocal sense of _big_ and _beautiful_.

BEAU'MANOIR (_Sir Lucas_), Grand-Master of the Knights Templars.--Sir
W. Scott, _Ivanhoe_ (time, Richard I.).

BEAUPRE [_Bo-pray_'], son of judge Vertaigne (2 _syl_.) and brother of
Lami'ra.--Beaumont and Fletcher, _The Little French Lawyer_ (1647).

BEAUTÉ (2 _syl_). _La dame de Beauté_. Agnes Sorel, so called from the
château de Beauté, on the banks of the Marne, given to her by Charles
VII. (1409-1450).

BEAUTIFUL CORISANDE (3 _syl_). Diane comtesse de Guiche et de
Grammont. She was the daughter of Paul d'Andouins, and married
Philibert de Grammont, who died in 1580. The widow outlived her
husband for twenty-six years. Henri IV., before he was king of
Navarre, was desperately smitten by La belle Corisande, and when Henri
was at war with the League, she sold her diamonds to raise for him a
levy of 20,000 Gascons (1554-1620).

(The letters of Henri to Corisande are still preserved in the
_Bibliothéque de l'Arsenal_, and were published in 1769.)

BEAUTIFUL PARRICIDE (_The_), Beatrice Cenci, daughter of a Roman
nobleman, who plotted the death of her father because he violently
defiled her. She was executed in 1605. Shelley has a tragedy on the
subject, entitled _The Cenci_. Guido Reni's portrait of Beatrice is
well known through its numberless reproductions.

BEAUTY (_Queen of_). So the daughter of Schems'edeen' Mohammed, vizier
of Egypt, was called. She married her cousin, Bed'redeen' Hassan, son
of Nour'edeen' Ali, vizier of Basora.--_Arabian Nights_ ("Nouredeen
Ali," etc.).

BEAUTY AND THE BEAST (_La Belle et la Bête_'), from _Les Contes
Marines_ of Mde. Villeneuvre (1740), the most beautiful of all nursery
tales. A young and lovely woman saved her father by putting herself in
the power of a frightful but kind-hearted monster, whose respectful
affection and melancholy overcame her aversion to his ugliness, and
she consented to become his bride. Being thus freed from enchantment,
the monster assumed his proper form and became a young and handsome
prince.

BEAUTY OF BUTTERMERE (3 syl.), Mary Robinson, who married John
Hatfield, a heartless impostor executed for forgery at Carlisle in
1803.

BEAUX' STRATAGEM (_The_), by George Farquhar. Thomas viscount Aimwell
and his friend Archer (the two beaux), having run through all their
money, set out fortune-hunting, and come to Lichfield as "master and
man." Aimwell pretends to be very unwell, and as lady Bountiful's
hobby is tending the sick and playing the leech, she orders him to
be removed to her mansion. Here he and Dorinda (daughter of lady
Bountiful) fall in love with each other, and finally marry. Archer
falls in love with Mrs. Sullen, the wife of squire Sullen, who had
been married fourteen months but agreed to a divorce on the score of
incompatibility of tastes and temper. This marriage forms no part
of the play; all we are told is that she returns to the roof of her
brother, sir Charles Freeman (1707).

BEDE (_Adam_ and _Seth_), brothers, carpenters. Seth loves the fair
gospeller Dinah Morris, but she marries Adam.--George Eliot, _Adam
Bede_.

_Bede (Cuthbert_), the Rev. Edward Bradley, author of _The Adventures
of Mr. Verdant Green, an Oxford Freshman_ (1857).

BED'ER ("_the full moon_"), son of Gulna'rê (3 syl.), the young king
of Persia. As his mother was an under-sea princess, he was enabled to
live under water as well as on land. Beder was a young man of handsome
person, quick parts, agreeable manners, and amiable disposition. He
fell in love with Giauha'rê, daughter of the king of Samandal, the
most powerful of the under-sea empires, but Giauharê changed him into
a white bird with red beak and red legs. After various adventures,
Beder resumed his human form and married Giauharê.--_Arabian Nights_
("Beder and Giauharê").

BED'IVERE (_Sir_) or BED'IVER, king Arthur's butler and a knight of
the Round Table. He was the last of Arthur's knights, and was sent by
the dying king to throw his sword Excalibur into the mere. Being cast
in, it was caught by an arm "clothed in white samite," and drawn into
the stream.--Tennyson, _Morte d'Arthur_.

Tennyson's _Morte d'Arthur_ is a very close and in many parts a verbal
rendering of the same tale in sir Thomas Malory's _Morte d'Arthur_,
iii. 168 (1470).

BEDLOE (_Augustus_), an eccentric Virginian, an opium-eater, and
easily hypnotized, in Edgar Allan Poe's _Tale of the Ragged Mountains_
(1846).


BEDOTT (_Widow_). (See HEZEKIAH BEDOTT.)

BED'OUINS [_Bed'.winz_], nomadic tribes of Arabia. In common
parlance, "the homeless street poor." Thus gutter-children are called
"Bedouins."

BED'REDEEN' HAS'SAN of Baso'ra, son of Nour'edeen' Ali grand vizier
of Basora, and nephew to Schems'edeen' Mohammed vizier of Egypt. His
beauty was transcendent and his talents of the first order. When
twenty years old his father died, and the sultan, angry with him for
keeping from court, confiscated all his goods, and would have seized
Bedredeen if he had not made his escape. During sleep he was conveyed
by fairies to Cairo, and substituted for an ugly groom (Hunchback) to
whom his cousin, the Queen of Beauty, was to have been married. Next
day he was carried off by the same means to Damascus, where he lived
for ten years as a pastry-cook. Search was made for him, and the
search party, halting outside the city of Damascus, sent for some
cheese-cakes. When the cheese-cakes arrived, the widow of Nouredeen
declared that they must have been made by her son, for no one else
knew the secret of making them, and that she herself had taught it to
him. On hearing this, the vizier ordered Bedredeen to be seized, "for
making cheese-cakes without pepper," and the joke was carried on till
the party arrived at Cairo, when the pastry-cook prince was reunited
to his wife, the Queen of Beauty.--_Arabian Nights_ ("Nouredeen Ali,"
etc.).

BEDWIN (_Mrs._), housekeeper to Mr. Brownlow. A kind, motherly soul,
who loves Oliver Twist most dearly.--C. Dickens, _Oliver Twist_
(1837).

BEE OF ATTICA, Soph'oclês the dramatist (B.C. 495-405). The "Athenian
Bee" was Plato the philosopher (B.C. 428-347).

  The Bee of Attica rivalled Æschylus when in
  the possession of the stage.--Sir W. Scott, _The
  Drama._

BEEF'INGTON (_Milor_), introduced in _The Rovers._ Casimir is a Polish
emigrant, and Beefington an English nobleman exiled by the tyranny of
king John.--_Anti-Jacobin._

  "Will without power," said the sagacious Casimir,
  to Milor Beefington, "is like children playing
  at soldiers."--Macaulay.

BE'ELZELBUB (4 _syl_.), called "prince of the devils" (_Matt._ xii.
24), worshipped at Ekron, a city of the Philistines (2 _Kings_ i. 2),
and made by Milton second to Satan.

  One next himself in power and next in crime--Beëlzebub.

  _Paradise Lost_, i. 80 (1665).

BEE'NIE (2 _syl_.), chambermaid at Old St. Ronan's inn, held by Meg
Dods.--Sir W. Scott, _St. Ronan's Well_ (time, George III.).

BEES (_Telling the_), a superstition still prevalent in some rural
districts that the bees must be told at once if a death occur in the
family, or every swarm will take flight. In Whittier's poem, _Telling
the Bees_, the lover coming to visit his mistress sees the small
servant draping the hives with black, and hears her chant:

  "Stay at home, pretty bees, fly not hence,
  Mistress Mary is dead and gone."

BEFA'NA, the good fairy of Italian children. She is supposed to fill
their shoes and socks with toys when they go to bed on Twelfth Night.
Some one enters the bedroom for the purpose, and the wakeful youngters
cry out, "_Ecco la Befana!_" According to legend, Befana was too busy
with house affairs to take heed of the Magi when they went to offer
their gifts, and said she would stop for their return; but they
returned by another way, and Befana every Twelfth Night watches to see
them. The name is a corruption of _Epiphania_.

BEG (_Callum_), page to Fergus M'Ivor, in _Waverley_, a novel by sir
W. Scott (time, George II.).

_Beg (Toshach)_, MacGillie Chattanach's second at the combat.--Sir W.
Scott, _Fair Maid of Perth_ (time, Henry IV.).

BEGGAR OF BETHNAL GREEN (_The_), a drama by S. Knowles (recast and
produced, 1834). Bess, daughter of Albert, "the blind beggar of
Bethnal Green," was intensely loved by Wilford, who first saw her
in the streets of London, and subsequently, after diligent search,
discovered her in the Queen's Arms inn at Romford. It turned out that
her father Albert was brother to lord Woodville, and Wilford was his
truant son, so that Bess was his cousin Queen Elizabeth sanctioned
their nuptials, and took them under her own conduct. (See BLIND.)

BEGGARS (_King of the_), Bampfylde Moore Carew. He succeeded Clause
Patch (1693, 1730-1770).

BEGGAR'S DAUGHTER (_The_), "Bessee the beggar's daughter of Bethnal
Green," was very beautiful, and was courted by four suitors at
once--a knight, a country squire, a rich merchant, and the son of an
inn-keeper at Romford. She told them all they must first obtain the
consent of her poor blind father, the beggar of Bethnal Green, and all
slunk off except the knight, who went and asked leave to marry "the
pretty Bessee." The beggar gave her for a "dot," £3000, and £100 for
her trousseau, and informed the knight that he (the beggar) was Henry,
son and heir of sir Simon de Montfort, and that he had disguised
himself as a beggar to escape the vigilance of spies, who were in
quest of all those engaged on the baron's side in the battle of
Evesham.--Percy's _Reliques_, II. ii 10.

The value of money was about twelve times more than its present
purchase value, so that the "dot" given was equal to £36,000.

BEGGAR'S OPERA (_The_), by Gay (1727). The beggar is captain Macheath.
(For plot, see MACHEATH.)

BEGGAR'S PETITION (_The_), a poem by the Rev. Thomas Moss, minister
of Brierly Hill and Trentham, in Staffordshire. It was given to Mr.
Smart, the printer, of Wolverhampton.--_Gentleman's Magazine_, lxx.
41. BEGUINES [_Beg-wins_], the earliest of all lay societies of women
united for religious purposes. Brabant says the order received its
name from St. Begga, daughter of Pepin, who founded it at Namur',
in 696; but it is more likely to be derived from _le Bègue_ ("the
Stammerer"); and if so, it was founded at Liège, in 1180.

BEH'RAM, captain of the ship which was to convey prince Assad to the
"mountain of fire," where he was to be offered up in sacrifice. The
ship being driven on the shores of queen Margia'na's kingdom, Assad
became her slave, but was recaptured by Behram's crew, and carried
back to the ship. The queen next day gave the ship chase. Assad was
thrown overboard, and swam to the city whence he started. Behram also
was drifted to the same place. Here the captain fell in with the
prince, and reconducted him to the original dungeon. Bosta'na, a
daughter of the old fire-worshipper, taking pity on the prince,
released him; and, at the end, Assad married queen Margiana, Bostana
married prince Amgiad (half-brother of Assad), and Behram, renouncing
his religion, became a mussulman, and entered the service of Amgiad,
who became king of the city.--_Arabian Nights_ ("Amgiad and Assad").

BELA'RIUS, a nobleman and soldier in the army of Cym'beline (3 _syl._)
king of Britain. Two villains having sworn to the king that he was
"confederate with the Romans," he was banished, and for twenty years
lived in a cave; but he stole away the two infant sons of the king out
of revenge. Their names were Guide'rius and Arvir'agus. When these two
princes were grown to manhood, a battle was fought between the Romans
and Britons, in which Cymbeline was made prisoner, but Belarius coming
to the rescue, the king was liberated and the Roman general in turn
was made captive. Belarius was now reconciled to Cymbeline, and
presenting to him the two young men, told their story; whereupon they
were publicly acknowledged to be the sons of Cymbeline and princes of
the realm.--Shakespeare, _Cymbeline_ (1605).

BEL BREE, wide-awake country girl in _The Other Girls_, by A.D.T.
Whitney. Dissatisfied with rustic life, she accompanies aunt Blin, a
dressmaker, to Boston, works hard, is exposed to the temptations that
beset a pretty girl in a city, but resists them. She is thrown out
of work by the Boston fire, and "enters service" with satisfactory
consequences to all concerned.

BELCH (_Sir Toby_), uncle of Olivia the rich countess of Illyria. He
is a reckless roysterer of the old school, and a friend of sir Andrew
Ague-cheek.--Shakespeare, _Twelfth Night_ (1614).

BELCOUR, a foundling adopted by Mr. Belcour, a rich Jamaica merchant,
who at death left him all his property. He was in truth the son of Mr.
Stockwell, the clerk of Belcour, senior, who clandestinely married his
master's daughter, and afterwards became a wealthy merchant. On the
death of old Belcour, the young man came to England as the guest of
his unknown father, fell in love with Miss Dudley, and married her.
He was hot-blooded, impulsive, high-spirited, and generous, his very
faults serving as a foil to his noble qualities; ever erring and
repenting, offending and atoning for his offences.--Cumberland, _The
West Indian_ (1771).

BE'LED, one of the six Wise Men of the East, led by the guiding star
to Jesus. He was a king, who gave to his enemy who sought to
dethrone him half of his kingdom, and thus turned a foe into a fast
friend.--Klopstock, _The Messiah_, v. (1747).

BELERMA, the lady whom Durandarte served for seven years as a
knight-errant and peer of France. When, at length, he died at
Roncesvalles, he prayed his cousin Montesi'nos to carry his heart to
Belerma.

I saw a procession of beautiful damsels in mourning, with white
turbans on their heads. In the rear came a lady with a veil so long
that it reached the ground: her turban was twice as large as the
largest of the others; her eyebrows were joined, her nose was rather
flat, her mouth wide, but her lips of a vermilion color. Her teeth
were thin-set and irregular, though very white; and she carried in her
hand a fine linen cloth, containing a heart. Montesinos informed me
that this lady was Belerma.--Cervantes, _Don Quixote_, II. ii. 6
(1615).

BELE'SES (3 _syl_.), a Chaldaean soothsayer and Assyrian satrap, who
told Arba'ces (3 _syl_.) governor of Me'dia, that he would one day
sit on the throne of Nineveh and Assyria. His prophecy came true,
and Beleses was rewarded with the government of Babylon.--Byron,
_Sardanapalus_ (1819).

BEL'FIELD _(Brothers)._ The elder brother is a squire in Cornwall,
betrothed to Sophia (daughter of sir Benjamin Dove), who loves his
younger brother Bob. The younger brother is driven to sea by the
cruelty of the squire, but on his return renews his acquaintance
with Sophia. He is informed of her unwilling betrothal to the elder
brother, who is already married to Violetta, but parted from her.
Violetta returns home in the same ship as Bob Belfield, becomes
reconciled to her husband, and the younger brother marries
Sophia.--Rich. Cumberland, _The Brothers_ (1769).

BEL'FORD, a friend of Lovelace (2 _syl_.). They made a covenant
to pardon every sort of liberty which they took with each
other.--Richardson, _Clarissa Harlowe_ (1749).

_Belford (Major)_, the friend of colonel Tamper, and the plighted
hnsband of Mdlle. Florival.--G. Colman, sen., _The Deuce is in Him_
(1762).

BELGE (2 _syl_.), the mother of seventeen sons. She applied to queen
Mercilla for aid against Geryon'eo, who had deprived her of all her
offspring except five.--Spenser, _Faëry Queen_, v. 10 (1596).

[Illustration] "Beige" is Holland, the "seventeen sons" are the
seventeen provinces which once belonged to her; "Geryoneo" is Philip
II. of Spain; and "Mercilla" is queen Elizabeth.

BELIAL, sons of, in the Bible _passim_ means the lewd and profligate.
Milton has created the personality of Belial:

  Belial came last; than whom a spirit more lewd
  Fell not from Heaven, or more gross to love
  Vice for itself. To him no temple stood
  Or altar smoked; yet who more oft than he
  In temples, and at altars, when the priest
  Tarns atheist, as did Eli's sons, who filled
  With lust and violence the house of God?
  In courts and palaces he also reigns,
  And in luxurious cities, where the noise
  Of riot ascends above their loftiest towers
  And injury and outrage; and when night
  Darkens the streets, then wander forth the sons
  Of Belial, flown with insolence and wine.

Milton, _Paradise Lost_, i. 490

  On the other side up rose
  Belial, in act more graceful and humane;
  A fairer person lost not Heaven; he seemed
  For dignity composed, and high exploit.
  But all was false and hollow; though his tongue.
  Dropt manna, and could make the worse appear
  The better reason, to perplex and dash
  Maturest counsels; for his thoughts were low
  To vice industrious, but to nobler deeds
  Timorous and slothful.

Milton, _Paradise Lost_, ii. 108.

BELIA'NIS OF GREECE _(Don)_, the hero of an old romance of chivalry
on the model of _Am'adis de Gaul_. It was one of the books in don
Quixote's library, but was not one of those burnt by the cure as
pernicious and worthless.

"Don Belianis," said the curé, "with its two, three, and four parts,
hath need of a dose of rhubarb to purge off that mass of bile with
which he is inflamed. His Castle of Fame and other impertinences
should be totally obliterated. This done, we would show him lenity in
proportion as we found him capable of reform. Take don Belianis
home with you, and keep him in close confinement."--Cervantes, _Don
Quixote_, I. i. 6 (1605).

BELINDA, niece and companion of lady John Brute. Young, pretty, full
of fun, and possessed of £10,000. Heartfree marries her.--Vanbrugh,
_The Provoked Wife_ (1697).

_Belin'da_, the heroine of Pope's _Rape of the Lock_. This mock heroic
is founded on the following incident:--Lord Petre cut a lock of hair
from the head of Miss Arabella Fermor, and the young lady resented the
liberty as an unpardonable affront. The poet says Belinda wore on her
neck two curls, one of which the baron cut off with a pair of scissors
borrowed of Clarissa, and when Belinda angrily demanded that it should
be delivered up, it had flown to the skies and become a meteor there.
(See BERENICE.)

_Belinda_, daughter of Mr. Blandford, in love with Beverley the
brother of Clarissa. Her father promised sir William Bellmont that
she should marry his son George, but George was already engaged
to Clarissa. Belinda was very handsome, very independent, most
irreproachable, and devotedly attached to Beverley. When he hinted
suspicions of infidelity, she was too proud to deny their truth, but
her pure and ardent love instantly rebuked her for giving her lover
causeless pain.--A. Murphy, _All in the Wrong_ (1761).

_Belin'da_, the heroine of Miss Edgeworth's novel of the same name.
The object of the tale is to make the reader _feel_ what is good, and
pursue it (1803).

_Belin'da_, a lodging-house servant-girl, very poor, very dirty,
very kind-hearted, and shrewd in observation. She married, and Mr.
Middlewick the butter-man set her husband up in business in the butter
line.--H. J. Byron, _Our Boys_ (1875).

BELINE (2 _syl_.), second wife of Argan the _malade imaginaire_, and
step-mother of Angelique, whom she hates. Beline pretends to love
Argan devotedly, humors him in all his whims, calls him "mon fils,"
and makes him believe that if he were to die it would be the death of
her. Toinette induces Argan to put these specious protestations to the
test by pretending to be dead. He does so, and when Beline enters the
room, instead of deploring her loss, she cries in ecstasy:

"Le ciel en soit loué! Me voilà délivrée d'un pesant fardeau!... de
quoi servait-il sur la terre? Un homme incommode à tout le monde,
malpropre, dégoûtant ... mouchant, toussant, crachant toujours, sans
esprit, ennuyeux, de manvaise humeur, fatiguant sans cesse les gens,
et grondant jour et nuit servantes et valets."--(iii. 18).

She then proceeds to ransack the room for bonds, leases, and money;
but Argan starts up and tells her she has taught him one useful lesson
for life at any rate.--Molière, _Le Malade Imaginaire_ (1673).

BELISA'RIUS, the greatest of Justinian's generals. Being accused of
treason, he was deprived of all his property, and his eyes were put
out. In this state he retired to Constantinople, where he lived by
begging. The story says he fastened a label to his hat, containing
these words, "_Give an obolus to poor old Belisarius_." Marmontel has
written a tale called _Belisaire_, which has helped to perpetuate
these fables, originally invented by Tzetzês or Caesios, a Greek poet,
born at Constantinople in 1120.

BÉLISE (2 _syl_.), sister of Philaminte (3 _syl_.), and, like her,
a _femme savante_. She imagines that every one is in love with
her.--Molière, _Les Femmes Savantes_ (1672).

BELL (_Adam_), a wild, north-country outlaw, noted, like Robin Hood,
for his skill in archery. His place of residence was Englewood Forest,
near Carlisle; and his two comrades were Clym of the Clough [_Clement
of the Cliff_] and William of Cloudesly (3 _syl_.). William was
married, but the other two were not. When William was captured at
Carlisle, and was led to execution, Adam and Clym rescued him, and
all three went to London to crave pardon of the king, which, at the
queen's intercession, was granted them. They then showed the king
specimens of their skill in archery, and the king was so well pleased
that he made William a "gentleman of fe," and the two others yeomen of
the bedchamber.--Percy, _Reliques_ ("Adam Bell," etc.), I. ii. I.

_Bell_. Anne, Charlotte, and Emily Bronté assumed the _noms de plume_
of Acton, Currer, and Ellis Bell (first half of the nineteenth
century). Currer Bell or Bronté married the Rev. Arthur Bell Nicholls.
She was the author of _Jane Eyre_.

It will be observed that the initial letter of both names is in every
case preserved throughout--_Acton_ (Anne), _Currer_ (Charlotte),
_Ellis_ (Emily), and _Bell_ (Bronté).

_Bell_ (_Bessy_). Bessy Bell and Mary Gray were the daughters of two
country gentlemen near Perth. When the plague broke out in 1666 they
built for themselves a bower in a very romantic spot called Burn
Braes, to which they retired, and were supplied with food, etc., by a
young man who was in love with both of them. The young man caught
the plague, communicated it to the two young ladies, and all three
died.--Allan Eamsay, _Bessy Bell and Mary Gray_ (a ballad).

_Bell (Peter)_, the subject of a "tale in verse" by Wordsworth.
Shelley wrote a burlesque upon it, entitled _Peter Bell the Third._

_Bell (The Old Chapel_) J. G. Saxe's poem under this title is founded
upon a legend of a boy, who, wandering in a churchyard, hears a
musical articulate murmur from a disused bell hidden by matted grass.

  Its very name and date concealed
  Beneath a cankering crust. (1859.)

BELL-THE-CAT, sobriquet of Archibald Douglas, great-earl of Angus, who
died in 1514.

The mice, being much annoyed by the persecutions of a cat, resolved
that a bell should be hung about her neck to give notice of her
approach. The measure was agreed to in full council, but one of the
sager mice inquired, "Who would undertake to bell the cat?" When
Lauder told this fable to a council of Scotch nobles, met to declaim
against one Cochran, Archibald Douglas started up and exclaimed in
thunder, "I will;" and hence the sobriquet referred to.--Sir W. Scott,
_Tales of a Grandfather_, xxii.

BELLA, sweet girl-cousin, the first love and life-long friend of the
hero of _Dream-Life_, by Ik Marvel. Re-visiting his native place after
years of foreign travel, he learns that Bella is dead, and goes to her
grave, where dry leaves are entangled in the long grass, "giving it a
ragged, terrible look" (1851).

BELLA WILFER, a lovely, wilful, lively spoilt darling. She married
John Rokesmith (i.e., John Harmon).--C. Dickens, _Our Mutual Friend_
(1864).

BELLAMY, a steady young man, looking out for a wife "capable of
friendship, love, and tenderness, with good sense enough to be easy,
and good nature enough to like him." He found his beau-ideal in
Jacintha, who had besides a fortune of £30,000.--Dr. Hoadly, _The
Suspicious Husband_ (1761).

BELLA'RIO, the assumed name of Euphrasia, when she put on boy's
apparel that she might enter the service of prince Philaster, whom
she greatly loved.--Beaumont and Fletcher, _Philaster, or Love Lies
A-Bleeding_ (1622).

BELLASTON (_Lady_), a profligate, from whom Tom Jones accepts support.
Her conduct and conversation may be considered a fair photograph of
the "beauties" of the court of George II.--Fielding, _History of Tom
Jones, a Foundling_ (1750).

  The character of Jones, otherwise a model of
  generosity, openness, and manly spirit, mingled
  with thoughtless dissipation, is unnecessarily degraded
  by the nature of his intercourse with lady
  Bellaston.--_Encyc. Brit._ Art. "Fielding."

BELLE CORDIERE (_La_), Louise Labé, who married Ennemond Perrin, a
wealthy rope-maker (1526-1566).

BELLE CORISANDE (_La_), Diane comtesse de Gruiche et de Grammont
(1554-1620).

BELLEFONTAINE _(Benedict)_, the wealthy farmer of Grande Pré [_Nova
Scotia_] and father of Evangeline. When the inhabitants of his village
were driven into exile, Benedict died of a broken heart as he was
about to embark, and was buried on the sea-shore.--Longfellow,
_Evangeline_ (1849).

BEL'LENDEN (_Lady Margaret_), an old Tory lady, mistress of the Tower
of Tillietudlem.

_Old major Miles Bellenden_, brother of lady Margaret.

_Miss Edith Bellenden_, granddaughter of lady Margaret, betrothed to
lord Evendale, of the king's army, but in love with Morton (a leader
of the covenanters and the hero of the novel). After the death of
lord Evendale, who is shot by Balfour, Edith marries Morton, and this
terminates the tale.--Sir W. Scott, _Old Mortality_ (time, Charles
II.).

BELLERO'PHON was falsely accused by Antea, wife of Proetos, King of
Argos, and the enraged husband sent him to Lycia, to King Iobates, the
father of Antea, with sealed tablets, asking that the bearer might be
put to death. Iobates sent the youth on dangerous errands, but he came
off unharmed from all. Among other exploits he killed the Chimæra and
slew the Amazons. Later, he tried to mount to Olympus on the winged
horse Pegasus, but he fell and wandered about in melancholy madness
on the Aleian field until he died. This peculiar form of madness is
called _morbus Bellerophonteus_. Homer tells the story of Bellerophon
in the Iliad, Book VI. Milton alludes to him, _Paradise Lost_, VII.
15-20. Hawthorne has told the story of the Chimæra in _A Wonder Book._

BELLE'RUS is the name of a personage invented by Milton as the
supposed guardian of Land's End in Cornwall, the Bellerium of the
Romans. In questioning as to where the body of the drowned Lycidas
q.v. has been carried by the waves, he asks:

  Or whether thou to our moist vows denied
  Sleep'st by the fable of Bellerus old.

_Lycidas_, 159-60.

BELLE'S STRATAGEM (_The_). The "belle" is Letitia Hardy, and her
stratagem was for the sake of winning the love of Doricourt, to whom
she had been betrothed. The very fact of being betrothed to Letitia
sets Doricourt against her, so she goes unknown to him to a
masquerade, where Doricourt falls in love with "the beautiful
stranger." In order to accomplish the marriage of his daughter, Mr.
Hardy pretends to be "sick unto death," and beseeches Doricourt to wed
Letitia before he dies. Letitia meets her betrothed in her masquerade
dress, and unbounded is the joy of the young man to find that "the
beautiful stranger" is the lady to whom he has been betrothed.--Mrs.
Cowley, _The Belle's Stratagem_ (1780).

BELLE THE GIANT. It is said that the giant Belle mounted on his sorrel
horse at a place since called mount Sorrel. He leaped one mile, and
the spot on which he lighted was called Wanlip (one-leap); thence he
leaped a second mile, but in so doing "burst all" his girths, whence
the spot was called Burst-all; in the third leap he was killed, and
the spot received the name of Bellegrave.

BELLEUR', companion of Pinac and Mirabel ("the wild goose"), of
stout blunt temper; in love with Rosalu'ra, a daughter of
Nantolet.--Beaumont and Fletcher, _The Wild Goose Chase_ (1652).

BELL HAMLYN, young American girl, engaged to one man and in love with
another, in _Kismet_, by George Fleming (Julia C. Fletcher, 1877).

BELLICENT, daughter of Gorloïs lord of Tintag'il and his wife Ygernê
or Igerna. As the widow married Uther the pen-dragon, and was then the
mother of king Arthur, it follows that Bellicent was half-sister of
Arthur. Tennyson in _Gareth and Lynette_ says that Bellicent was the
wife of Lot king of Orkney, and mother of Gaw'ain and Mordred, but
this is not in accordance either with the chronicle or the history,
for Geoffrey in his _Chronicle_ says that Lot's wife was Anne, the
sister (not half-sister) of Arthur (viii. 20, 21), and sir T. Malory,
in his _History of Prince Arthur_ says:

  King Lot of Lothan and Orkney wedded Margawse;
  Nentres, of the land of Carlot, wedded
  Elain; and that Morgan le Fay was [_Arthurs_]
  third sister.--Pt. i. 2, 35, 36.

BEL'LIN, the ram, in the beast-epic of _Reynard the Fox_. The word
means "gentleness" (1498).

BELLINGHAM, a man about town.--D. Boucicault, _After Dark_.

BEL'LISANT, sister of king Pepin of France, and wife of Alexander
emperor of Constantinople. Being accused of infidelity, the emperor
banished her, and she took refuge in a vast forest, where she became
the mother of Valentine and Orson.--_Valentine and Orson_.

BELLMONT (_Sir William_), father of George Bellmont; tyrannical,
positive, and headstrong. He imagines it is the duty of a son to
submit to his father's will, even in the matter of matrimony.

_George Bellmont_, son of sir William, in love with Clarissa, his
friend Beverley's sister; but his father demands of him to marry
Belinda Blandford, the troth-plight wife of Beverley. Ultimately all
comes right.--A. Murphy, _All in the Wrong_ (1761).

BELLO'NA'S HANDMAIDS, Blood, Fire, and Famine.

The goddesse of warre, called Bellona, had these thre handmaids ever
attendynge on her: BLOOD, FIRE, and FAMINE, which thre damosels be
of that force and strength that every one of them alone is able and
sufficient to torment and afflict a proud prince; and they all joyned
together are of puissance to destroy the most populous country and
most richest region of the world.--Hall, _Chronicle_ (1530).

BELLUM (_Master_), war.

  A difference [_is_] 'twixt broyles and bloudie warres,--
  Yet have I shot at Maister Bellum's butte,
  And thrown his ball, although I toucht no tutte [_benefit_].

G. Gascoigne, _The Fruites of Warre_, 94 (died 1577).

BELMONT (_Sir Robert_), a proud, testy, mercenary country gentleman;
friend of his neighbor, sir Charles Raymond.

_Charles Belmont_, son of sir Robert, a young rake. He rescued
Fidelia, at the age of twelve, from the hands of Villard, a villain
who wanted to abuse her, and taking her to his own home, fell in
love with her, and in due time married her. She turns out to be the
daughter of sir Charles Raymond.

_Rosetta Belmont_, daughter of sir Robert, high-spirited, witty, and
affectionate. She is in love with colonel Raymond, whom she delights
in tormenting.--Ed. Moore, _The Foundling_ (1748).

_Belmont_ (_Andrew_), the elder of two brothers, who married Violetta
(an English lady born in Lisbon), and deserted her. He then promised
marriage to Lucy Waters, the daughter of one of his tenants, but had
no intention of making her his wife. At the same time he engaged
himself to Sophia, the daughter of sir Benjamin Dove. The day of
the wedding arrived, and it was then discovered that he was married
already, and that Violetta his wife was actually present.

_Robert Belmont_, the younger of the two brothers, in love with Sophia
Dove. He went to sea in a privateer under captain Ironside, his uncle,
and changed his name to Lewson. The vessel was wrecked on the Cornwall
coast, and he renewed his acquaintance with Sophia, but heard that she
was engaged in marriage to his brother. As, however, it was proved
that his brother was already married, the young lady willingly
abandoned the elder for the younger brother.--K. Cumberland, _The
Brothers_ (1769).

BELMOUR (_Edward_), a gay young man about town.--Congreve, _The Old
Bachelor_ (1693).

_Belmour (Mrs_.), a widow of "agreeable vivacity, entertaining
manners, quickness of transition from one thing to another, a feeling
heart, and a generosity of sentiment." She it is who shows Mrs.
Lovemore the way to keep her husband at home, and to make him treat
her with that deference which is her just due.--A. Murphy, _The Way to
Keep Him_ (1760).

BELOVED DISCIPLE (_The_), St. John "the divine," and writer of the
fourth Gospel.--_John_ xiii. 23, etc.

BELOVED PHYSICIAN (_The_), St. Luke the evangelist.--_Col._ iv. 14.

BEL'PHEGOR, a Moabitish deity, whose orgies were celebrated on mount
Phegor, and were noted for their obscenity.

BELPHOE'BE (3 _syl._). "All the Graces rocked her cradle when she was
born." Her mother was Chrysog'onê (4 _syl._), daughter of Amphisa of
fairy lineage, and her twin-sister was Amoretta. While the mother and
her babes were asleep, Diana took one (Belphoebê) to bring up, and
Venus took the other.

[Illustration] Belphoebe is the "Diana" among women, cold,
passionless, correct, and strong-minded. Amoret is the "Venus," but
without the licentiousness of that goddess, warm, loving, motherly,
and wifely. Belphoebê was a lily; Amoret a rose. Belphoebê a moonbeam,
light without heat; Amoret a sunbeam, bright and warm and life-giving.
Belphoebê would go to the battle-field, and make a most admirable
nurse or lady-conductor of an ambulance; but Amoret would prefer to
look after her husband and family, whose comfort would be her first
care, and whose love she would seek and largely reciprocate.--See
Spenser, _Faëry Queen_, iii. vi. (1590).

[Illustration] "Belphoebê" is queen Elizabeth. As _queen_ she is
Gloriana, but as _woman_ she is Belphoebê, the beautiful and chaste.

  Either Grloriana let her choose,
  Or in Belphoebe fashioned to be;

  In one her rule, in the other her rare chastitie.

  Spenser, _Faery Queen_ (introduction to bk. iii.).

BELTED WILL, lord William Howard, warden of the western marches
(1563-1640).

  His Bilboa blade, by Marchmen felt,
  Hung in a broad and studded belt;
  Hence in rude phrase the Borderers still
  Called noble Howard "Belted Will."

  Sir W. Scott.

BELTEN'EBROS (4 _syl._). Amadis of Graul assumes the name when he
retires to the Poor Rock, after receiving a cruel letter from Oria'na
his lady-love.--Vasco de Lobeira, _Amadis de Gaul_, ii. 6 (before
1400).

  One of the most distinguishing testimonies
  which that hero gave of his fortitude, constancy,
  and love, was his retiring to the Poor Rock when
  in disgrace with his mistress Oriana, to do penance
  under the name of _Beltenebros_ or the _Lovely
  Obscure._--Cervantes, _Don Quixote_, I. iii. 11 (1605).

BELVIDE'RA, daughter of Priu'li a senator of Venice. She was saved
from the sea by Jaffier, eloped with him, and married him. Her father
then discarded her, and her husband joined the conspiracy of Pierre to
murder the senators. He tells Belvidera of the plot, and Belvidera,
in order to save her father, persuades Jaffier to reveal the plot to
Priuli, if he will promise a general free pardon. Priuli gives the
required promise, but notwithstanding, all the conspirators, except
Jaffier, are condemned to death by torture. Jaffier stabs Pierre to
save him from the dishonor of the wheel, and then kills himself.
Belvidera goes mad and dies.--Otway, _Venice Preserved_ (1682).

BEN [LEGEND], sir Sampson Legend's younger son, a sailor and
a "sea-wit," in whose composition there enters no part of the
conventional generosity and open frankness of a British tar. His slang
phrase is "D'ye see," and his pet oath "Mess!"--W. Congreve, _Love for
Love_ (1695). I cannot agree with the following sketch:--


What is _Ben_--the pleasant sailor which Bannister gives us--but a
piece of satire ... a dreamy combination of all the accidents of a
sailor's character, his contempt of money, his credulity to women,
with that necessary estrangement from home?... We never think the
worse of Ben for it, or feel it as a stain upon his character.--C.
Lamb.

C. Dibdin says: "If the description of Thom. Doggett's performance of
this character be correct, the part has certainly never been performed
since to any degree of perfection."


BEN BOLT, old schoolmate with whom Thomas Dunn English exchanges
reminiscences in the ballad, _Ben Bolt_, beginning:

  Don't you remember sweet Alice, Ben Bolt?
  Sweet Alice, whose hair was so brown;
  Who wept with delight when you gave her a smile,
  And trembled with fear at your frown. (1845.)

BEN-HUR, a young Jew, who, for accidentally injuring a Roman soldier,
is condemned to the galleys for life. Escaping, after three years of
servitude, through the favor of Arrius, a Roman Tribune, he seeks his
mother and sister to find both lepers. They are healed by Christ,
whose devoted followers they become.--Lew Wallace, _Ben-Hur: A Tale of
the Christ_ (1880).

BEN ISRAEL (_Nathan_) or NATHAN BEN SAMUEL, the physician and friend
of Isaac the Jew.--Sir W. Scott, _Ivanhoe_ (time, Richard I.).

BEN JOC'HANAN, in the satire of _Absalom and Achitophel_, by Dryden
and Tate, is meant for the Rev. Samuel Johnson, who suffered much
persecution for his defence of the right of private judgment.

  Let Hebron, nay, let hell produce a man
  So made for mischief as Ben Jochanan.
  A Jew of humble parentage was he,
  By trade a Levite, though of low degree.

  Part ii.

BENAI'AH (3 _syl_.), in _Absalom and Achitophel_, is meant for general
George Edward Sackville. As Benaiah, captain of David's guard, adhered
to Solomon against Adonijah, so general Sackville adhered to the duke
of York against the prince of Orange (1590-1652).

  Nor can Benaiah's worth forgotten lie,
  Of steady soul when public storms were high.

  Dryden and Tate, part ii.

BENAS'KAR or BENNASKAR, a wealthy merchant and magician of
Delhi.--James Ridley, _Tales of the Genii_ ("History of Mahoud," tale
vii., 1751).

BENBOW (_Admiral_). In an engagement with the French near St. Martha
on the Spanish coast in 1701, admiral Benbow had his legs and thighs
shivered into splinters by chain-shot, but supported in a wooden frame
he remained on the quarter-deck till morning, when Du Casse sheered
off.

Similar acts of heroism are recorded of Almeyda, the Portuguese
governor of India, of Cynaegiros brother of the poet AEschylos, of
Jaafer the standard-bearer of "the prophet" in the battle of Muta, and
of some others.

_Benbow_, an idle, generous, free-and-easy sot, who spent a good
inheritance in dissipation, and ended life in the workhouse.

  Benbow, a boon companion, long approved
  By jovial sets, and (as he thought) beloved,
  Was judged as one to joy and friendship prone,
  And deemed injurious to himself alone.

  Crabbe, _Borough_, xvi. (1810).

BEND-THE-BOW, an English archer at Dickson's cottage.--Sir W. Scott,
_Castle Dangerous_ (time, Henry I.).

BENEDICK, a wild, witty, and light-hearted young lord of Padua, who
vowed celibacy, but fell in love with Beatrice and married her. It
fell out thus: He went on a visit to Leonato, governor of Messina;
here he sees Beatrice, the governor's niece, as wild and witty as
himself, but he dislikes her, thinks her pert and forward, and
somewhat ill-mannered withal. However, he hears Claudio speaking to
Leonata about Beatrice, saying how deeply she loves Benedick, and
bewailing that so nice a girl should break her heart with unrequited
love. This conversation was a mere ruse, but Benedick believed it to
be true, and resolved to reward the love of Beatrice with love and
marriage. It so happened that Beatrice had been entrapped by a similar
conversation which she had overheard from her cousin Hero. The end
was they sincerely loved each other, and became man and
wife.--Shakespeare, _Much Ado about Nothing_ (1600). BENEDICT
[BELLEFONTAINE], the wealthiest farmer of Grand Pré, in Acadia, father
of Evangeline ("the pride of the village"). He was a stalwart man
of seventy, hale as an oak, but his hair was white as snow. Colonel
Winslow in 1713 informed the villagers of Grand Pré that the French
had formally ceded their village to the English, that George II. now
confiscated all their lands, houses, and cattle, and that the people,
amounting to nearly 2000, were to be "exiled into other lands
without delay." The people assembled on the sea-shore; old Benedict
Bellefontaine sat to rest himself, and fell dead in a fit. The old
priest buried him in the sand, and the exiles left their village homes
forever.--Longfellow, _Evangeline_ (1849).

BEN'ENGEL'I (_Cid Hamet_), the hypothetical Moorish chronicler from
whom Cervantês pretends he derived the account of the adventures of
don Quixote.


The Spanish commentators ... have discovered that _cid Hamet
Benengeli_ is after all no more than an Arabic version of the name
of Cervantês himself. _Hamet_ is a Moorish prefix, and _Benengeli_
signifies "son of a stag," in Spanish _Cervanteno._--Lockhart.


_Benengeli_ (_Cid Hamet_), Thomas Babington lord Macaulay. His
signature in his _Fragment of an Ancient Romance_ (1826). (See Cid,
etc.)

BENEV'OLUS, in Cowper's _Task_, is John Courtney Throckmorton, of
Weston Underwood.

BENJAMIN PENGUILLAN. _The Pioneers_, by J. F. Cooper. A servant in the
family of Judge Temple. His sobriquet is "Ben Pump." (1823.)

BENJIE _(Little)_, or Benjamin Colthred, a spy employed by Cristal
Nixon, the agent of Redgauntlet.--Sir W. Scott, _Redgauntlet_ (time,
George III.).

BEN'NET _(Brother)_, a monk at St. Mary's convent.--Sir W. Scott, _The
Monastery_ (time, Elizabeth).

_Ben'net (Mrs.)_, a demure, intriguing woman in _Amelia_, a novel by
Fielding (1751).

BEN'OITON _(Madame)_, a woman who has been the ruin of the family by
neglect. In the "famille Benoiton" the constant question was "_Où
est Madame?_" and the invariable answer "_Elle est sortie_" At the
_dénouement_ the question was asked again, and the answer was varied
thus, "Madam has been at home, but is gone out again."--_La Famille
Benoiton_.

BEN'SHEE, the domestic spirit or demon of certain Irish families. The
benshee takes an interest in the prosperity of the family to which
it is attached, and intimates to it approaching disaster or death by
wailings or shrieks. The Scotch Bodach Glay or "grey spectre" is a
similar spirit. Same as _Banshee_ (which see).

  How oft has the Benshee cried!
  How oft has death untied
  Bright links that glory wove,
  Sweet bonds entwined by love!

  T. Moore, _Irish Melodies_, ii.

BENVO'LIO, nephew to Montague, and Romeo's friend. A testy, litigious
fellow, who would quarrel about goat's wool or pigeon's milk. Mercutio
says to him, "Thou hast quarrelled with a man for coughing in the
street, because he hath wakened thy dog that hath lain asleep in the
sun" (act iii. sc. 1),--Shakespeare, _Romeo and Juliet_ (1598).

BEOWULF, the name of an Anglo-Saxon epic poem of the sixth century. It
received its name from Beowulf, who delivered Hrothgar king of Denmark
from the monster Grrendel. This Grendel was half monster and half man,
and night after night stole into the king's palace called Heorot, and
slew sometimes as many as thirty of the sleepers at a time. Beowulf
put himself at the head of a mixed band of warriors, went against the
monster and slew it. This epic is very Ossianic in style, is full of
beauties, and is most interesting.--_Kemble's Translation._

(A.D. Wackerbarth published in 1849 a metrical translation of this
Anglo-Saxon poem, of considerable merit.)

BEPPO. Byron's _Beppo_ is the husband of Laura, a Venetian lady. He
was taken captive in Troy, turned Turk, joined a band of pirates, grew
rich, and after several years returned to his native land. He found
his wife at a carnival ball with a _cavaliero_, made himself known
to her, and they lived together again as man and wife. (Beppo is a
contraction of _Guiseppe_, as Joe is of _Joseph_, 1820.)

_Beppo_, in _Fra Diavolo_, an opera by Auber (1836).

BERALDE (2 _syl._), brother of Argan the _malade imaginaire_. He tells
Argan that his doctors will confess this much, that the cure of a
patient is a very minor consideration with them, "_toute l'excellence
de leur art consiste en un pompeux galimatias, en un spécieux babil,
qui vous donne des mots pour des raisons, et des promesses pour des
effets._" Again he says, "_presque tous les hommes meurent de leur
remèdes et non pas de leurs maladies_." He then proves that Argan's
wife is a mere hypocrite, while his daughter is a true-hearted,
loving girl; and he makes the invalid join in the dancing and singing
provided for his cure.--Molière, _Le Malade Imaginaire_ (1673).
BERCH'TA ("_the white lady_"), a fairy of southern Germany, answering
to Hulda ("the gracious lady") of northern Germany. After the
introduction of Christianity, Berchta lost her first estate and lapsed
into a bogie.

BERECYNTHIAN GODDESS (_The_). Cybelê is so called from mount
Berecyntus, in Phrygia, where she was held in especial adoration. She
is represented as crowned with turrets, and holding keys in her hand.

  Her helmèd head
  Rose like the Berecynthian goddess crowned
  With towers.

  Southey, _Roderick, etc._, ii. (1814).

BERECYN'THIAN HERO (_The_), Midas king of Phyrgia, so called from
mount Berecyn'tus (4 _syl_.), in Phrygia.


BERENGA'RIA, queen-consort of Richard Coeur de Lion, introduced in
_The Talisman_, a novel by sir W. Scott (1825). Berengaria died 1230.

BERENGER (_Sir Raymond_), an old Norman warrior, living at the castle
of Garde Doloureuse.

_The lady Eveline_, sir Raymond's daughter, betrothed to sir Hugo de
Lacy. Sir Hugo cancels his own betrothal in favor of his nephew (sir
Damian de Lacy), who marries the lady Eveline, "the betrothed."--Sir
W. Scott, _The Betrothed_ (time, Henry II.).

BERENI'CE (4 _syl_.), sister-wife of Ptolemy III. She vowed to
sacrifice her hair to the gods if her husband returned home the
vanquisher of Asia. On his return, she suspended her hair in the
temple of the war-god, but it was stolen the first night, and Conon of
Samos told the king that the winds had carried it to heaven, where
it still forms the seven stars near the tail of Leo, called _Coma
Berenices_.

Pope, in _his Rape of the Lock_, has borrowed this fable to account
for the lock of hair cut from Belinda's head, the restoration of which
the young lady insisted upon.

_Bereni'ce_ (4 _syl_.), a Jewish princess, daughter of Agrippa. She
married Herod king of Chalcis, then Polemon king of Cilicia, and then
went to live with Agrippa II. her brother. Titus fell in love with her
and would have married her, but the Romans compelled him to renounce
the idea, and a separation took place. Otway (1672) made this the
subject of a tragedy called _Titus and Berenicê_; and Jean Racine
(1670), in his tragedy of _Bérénice_, has made her a sort of Henriette
d'Orleans.

(Henriette d'Orleans, daughter of Charles I. of England, married
Philippe due d'Orléans, brother of Louis XIV. She was brilliant in
talent and beautiful in person, but being neglected by her husband,
she died suddenly after drinking a cup of chocolate, probably
poisoned.)

_Berenice_, heroine of a tragic-comic fantasy by Edgar Allan Poe,
in which Berenice's teeth hold a position as conspicuous as ghastly
(1845).

BERINGHEN (_The Sieur de_), an old gourmand, who preferred patties to
treason; but cardinal Richelieu banished him from France, saying:

  Sleep not another night in Paris,
  Or else your precious life may be in danger.

  Lord Lytton, _Richelieu_ (1839).

BERIN'THIA, cousin of Amanda; a beautiful young widow attached to
colonel Townly. In order to win him she plays upon his jealousy by
coquetting with Loveless.--Sheridan, _A Trip to Scarborough_ (1777).

BERKE'LEY (_The Old Woman of_), a woman whose life had been very
wicked. On her death-bed she sent for her son who was a monk, and for
her daughter who was a nun, and bade them put her in a strong stone
coffin, and to fasten the coffin to the ground with strong bands of
iron. Fifty priests and fifty choristers were to pray and sing over
her for three days, and the bell was to toll without ceasing. The
first night passed without much disturbance. The second night the
candles burnt blue and dreadful yells were heard outside the church.
But the third night the devil broke into the church and carried off
the old woman on his black horse.--R. Southey, _The Old Woman of
Berkeley_ (a ballad from Olaus Magnus).


Dr. Sayers pointed out to us in conversation a story related by Olaus
Magnus of a witch whose coffin was confined by three chains, but
nevertheless was carried off by demons. Dr. Sayers had made a
ballad on the subject; so had I; but after seeing _The Old Woman of
Berkeley_, we awarded it the preference.--W. Taylor.


BERKE'LY (_The lady Augusta_), plighted to sir John de Walton,
governor of Douglas Castle. She first appears under the name of
Augustine, disguised as the son of Bertram the minstrel, and the novel
concludes with her marriage to De Walton, to whom Douglas Castle had
been surrendered.--Sir W. Scott, _Castle Dangerous_ (time, Henry I.).

BERKSHIRE LADY (_The_), Miss Frances Kendrick, daughter of sir William
Kendrick, second baronet; his father was created baronet by Charles
II. The line, "Faint heart never won fair lady," was the advice of a
friend to Mr. Child, the son of a brewer, who sought the hand of the
lady.--_Quarterly Review_, cvi. 205-245.

BERNARD. Solomon Bernard, engraver of Lions (sixteenth century),
called _Le petit Bernard_. Claud Bernard of Dijon, the philanthropist
(1588-1641), is called _Poor Bernard._ Pierre Joseph Bernard, the
French poet (1710-1755), is called _Le gentil Bernard._

_Bernard_, an ass; in Italian _Bernardo_. In the beast-epic called
_Reynard the Fox_, the _sheep_ is called "Bernard," and the _ass_ is
"Bernard l'archipêtre" (1498).

BERNARD LANGDON, fine young fellow of the "Brahmin Caste," who teaches
school while preparing for a profession.--Oliver Wendell Holmes,
_Elsie Venner_ (1861).

BERNAR'DO, an officer in Denmark, to whom the ghost of the
murdured king appeared during the night-watch at the royal
castle.--Shakespeare, _Hamlet_ (1596).

BERNARDO DEL CARPIO, one of the favorite subjects of the old Spanish
minstrels. The other two were _The Cid_ and _Lara's Seven Infants_.
Bernardo del Carpio was the person who assailed Orlando (or Rowland)
at Roncesvalles, and finding him invulnerable, took him up in his arms
and squeezed him to death, as Hercules did Antae'os.--Cervantes, _Don
Quixote_, II. ii. 13 (1615).

[Illustration] The only vulnerable part of Orlando was the sole of the
foot.

BERSER'KER, grandson of the eight-handed Starka'der and the beautiful
Alfhil'de. He was so called because he wore "no shirt of mail," but
went to battle unharnessed. He married the daughter of Swaf'urlam, and
had twelve sons. (_Baer-syrce_, Anglo-Saxon, "bare of shirt;" Scotch,
"bare-sark.")


You say that I am a Berserker, and ... bare-sark I go to-morrow to the
war, and bare-sark I win that war or die.--Rev. C. Kingsley, _Hereward
the Wake_, i. 247.


BERTHA, the supposed daughter of Vandunke (2 _syl_.), burgomaster of
Bruges, and mistress of Goswin, a rich merchant of the same city. In
reality. Bertha is the duke of Brabant's daughter _Gertrude_, and
Goswin is _Florez_, son of Gerrard king of the beggars.--Beaumont and
Fletcher, _The Beggars' Bush_ (1622).

_Ber'tha_, daughter of Burkhard duke of the Alemanni, and wife of
Rudolf II. king of Burgundy beyond Jura. She is represented on
monuments of the time as sitting on her throne spinning.

  Yon are the beautiful Bertha the Spinner, the queen of Helvetia; ...
  Who as she rode on her palfrey o'er valley, and meadow, and mountain,
  Ever was spinning her thread from the distaff fixed to her saddle.
  She was so thrifty and good that her name passed into a proverb.

  Longfellow, _Courtship of Miles Standish_, viii.

_Bertha, alias_ AGATHA, the betrothed of Hereward (3 _syl_.), one of
the emperor's Varangian guards. The novel concludes with Hereward
enlisting under the banner of count Robert, and marrying Bertha.--Sir
W. Scott, _Count Robert of Paris_ (time, Rufus).

_Ber'tha_, the betrothed of John of Leyden. When she went with her
mother to ask count Oberthal's permission to marry, the count resolved
to make his pretty vassal his mistress, and confined her in his
castle. She made her escape and went to Munster, intending to set fire
to the palace of "the prophet," who, she thought, had caused the
death of her lover. Being seized and brought before the prophet, she
recognized in him her lover, and exclaiming, "I loved thee once, but
now my love is turned to hate," stabbed herself and died.--Meyerbeer,
_Le Prophète_ (an opera, 1849).

BERTHA AMORY, wife of Richard Amory and used by him in political
intrigues, in _Through One Administration_, by Francis Hodgson
Burnett. Secretly, and against her will, in love with Trevannion, an
army officer whom she has known from childhood (1883).

BERTHE AN GRAND-PIED, mother of Charlemagne, so called from a
club-foot.

BERTIE CECIL, noble young Englishman who assumes his brother's crime
to save the family name, and exiles himself as a soldier in the French
army of Algiers. Eventually his fame is cleared and he returns to
England as lord Royalieu.--Ouida, _Under Two Flags_.

BERTIE THE LAMB, professional dude, with a heart yet softer than his
head, in _The Henrietta_, a play of New York life, by Bronson Howard.
Stuart Robson's impersonation of "Bertie" is without a flaw (1887).

BERTOLDE (3 _syl_.), the hero of a little _jeu d'esprit_ in Italian
prose by Julio Cæsare Crocê (2 _syl_.). He is a comedian by
profession, whom nothing astonishes. He is as much at his ease with
kings and queens as with those of his own rank. Hence the phrase
_Imperturbable as Bertolde_, meaning "never taken by surprise," "never
thrown off one's guard," "never disconcerted."

BERTOLDO _(Prince)_, a knight of Malta, and brother of Roberto king of
the two Sicilies. He was in love with Cami'ola "the maid of honor,"
but could not marry without a dispensation from the pope. While
matters were at this crisis, Bertoldo laid siege to Sienna, and was
taken prisoner. Camiola paid his ransom, but before he was released
the duchess Aurelia requested him to be brought before her. As soon
as the duchess saw him, she fell in love with him, and offered him
marriage, and Bertoldo, forgetful of Camiola, accepted the offer. The
betrothed then presented themselves before the king. Here Camiola
exposed the conduct of the knight; Roberto was indignant;
Aurelia rejected her _fiancé_ with scorn; and Camiola took the
veil.--Massinger, _The Maid of Honor_ (1637).

_Bertol'do_, the chief character of a comic romance called _Vita di
Bertoldo_, by Julio Cesare Crocê, who flourished in the sixteenth
century. It recounts the successful exploits of a clever but ugly
peasant, and was for two centuries as popular in Italy as _Robinson
Crusoe_ is in England. Same as, _Bertolde_ and _Bartoldo_.

BERTOLDO'S SON, Rinaldo.--Tasso, _Jerusalem Delivered_ (1575).

BERTRAM _(Baron)_, one of Charlemagne's paladins.

_Ber'tram_, count of Rousillon. While on a visit to the king of
France, Helena, a physician's daughter, cured the king of a. disorder
which had baffled the court physicians. For this service the king
promised her for husband any one she chose to select, and her choice
fell on Bertram. The haughty count married her, it is true, but
deserted her at once, and left for Florence, where he joined the
duke's army. It so happened that Helena also stopped at Florence while
on a pilgrimage to the shrine of St. Jacques le Grand. In Florence
she lodged with a widow whose daughter Diana, was wantonly loved by
Bertram. Helena obtained permission to receive his visits in lieu of
Diana, and in one of these visits exchanged rings with him. Soon after
this the count went on a visit to his mother, where he saw the king,
and the king observing on his finger the ring he had given to Helena,
had him arrested on the suspicion of murder. Helena now came
forward to explain matters, and all was well, for all ended
well.--Shakespeare, _All's Well that Ends Well_ (1598).


I cannot reconcile my heart to "Bertram," a man noble without
generosity, and young without truth; who marries Helena as a coward,
and leaves her as a profligate. When she is dead by his unkindness he
sneaks home to a second marriage, is accused by a woman whom he
has wronged, defends himself by falsehood, and is dismissed to
happiness.--Dr. Johnson.


_Bertram_ (_Sir Stephen_), an austere merchant, very just but not
generous. Fearing lest his son should marry the sister of his clerk
(Charles Ratcliffe), he dismissed Ratcliffe from his service, and
being then informed that the marriage had already taken place, he
disinherited his son. Sheva the Jew assured him that the lady had
£10,000 for her fortune, so he relented. At the last all parties were
satisfied.

_Frederick Bertram_, only son of sir Stephen; he marries Miss
Ratcliffe clandestinely, and incurs thereby his father's displeasure,
but the noble benevolence of Sheva the Jew brings about a
reconciliation and opens sir Bertram's eyes to "see ten thousand
merits," a grace for every pound.--Cumberland, _The Jew_ (1776).

_Ber'tram_ (_Count_), an outlaw, who becomes the leader of a band of
robbers. Being wrecked on the coast of Sicily, he is conveyed to the
castle of lady Imogine, and in her he recognizes an old sweetheart to
whom in his prosperous days he was greatly attached. Her husband (St.
Aldobrand), who was away at first, returning unexpectedly is murdered
by Bertram; Imogine goes mad and dies; and Bertram puts an end to his
own life.--C. Maturin, _Bertram_ (1782-1825).

_Bertram_ (_Mr. Godfrey_), the laird of Ellangowan.

_Mrs. Bertram_, his wife.

_Harry Bertram, alias_ captain Vanbeest Brown, _alias_ Dawson, _alias_
Dudley, son of the laird, and heir to Ellangowan. Harry Bertram is in
love with Julia Mannering, and the novel concludes with his taking
possession of the old house at Ellangowan and marrying Julia.

_Lucy Bertram_, sister of Harry Bertram. She marries Charles
Hazlewood, son of sir Robert Hazlewood, of Hazlewood.

_Sir Allen Bertram_, of Ellangowan, an ancestor of Mr. Godfrey
Bertram.

_Dennis Bertram, Donohoe Bertram_, and _Lewis Bertram_, ancestors of
Mr. Godfrey Bertram.

_Captain Andrew Bertram_, a relative of the family.--Sir W. Scott,
_Guy Mannering_ (time, George II.).

_Bertram_, the English minstrel, and guide of lady Augusta Berkely;
when in disguise she calls herself the minstrel's son.--Sir W. Scott,
_Castle Dangerous_ (time, Henry I.).

_Ber'tram_, one of the conspirators against the republic of Venice.
Having "a hesitating softness, fatal to a great enterprise," he
betrayed the conspiracy to the senate.--Byron, _Marino Faliero_
(1819).

BERTRA'MO, the fiend-father of Robert le Diable. After alluring his
son to gamble away all his property, he meets him near St. Ire'nê,
and Hel'ena seduces him to join in "the Dance of Love." When at last
Bertramo comes to claim his victim, he is resisted by Alice (the
duke's foster-sister), who reads to Robert his mother's will.
Being thus reclaimed, angels celebrate the triumph of good over
evil.--Meyerbeer, _Roberto il Diavolo_ (an opera, 1831).

BERTRAND, a simpleton and a villain. He is the accomplice of Robert
Macaire, a libertine of unblushing impudence, who sins without
compunction.--Daumier, _L'Auberge des Adrets._

BERTRAND DU GUESLIN, a romance of chivalry, reciting the adventures of
this connétable de France, in the reign of Charles V.

_Bertrand du Gueslin in prison._ The prince of Wales went to visit his
captive Bertrand, and asking him how he fared, the Frenchman replied,
"Sir, I have heard the mice and the rats this many a day, but it is
long since I heard the song of birds," _i.e._ I have been long a
captive and have not breathed the fresh air.

The reply of Bertrand du Gueslin calls to mind that of Douglas, called
"The Good sir James," the companion of Robert Bruce, "It is better, I
ween, to hear the lark sing than the mouse cheep," _i.e._ It is better
to keep the open field than to be shut up in a castle.

BERTULPHE (2 _syl_.), provost of Bruges, the son of a serf. By his
genius and energy he became the richest, most honored, and most
powerful man in Bruges. His arm was strong in fight, his wisdom swayed
the council, his step was proud, and his eye untamed. He had one
child, most dearly beloved, the bride of sir Bouchard, a knight of
noble descent. Charles "the Good," earl of Flanders, made a law (1127)
that whoever married a serf should become a serf, and that serfs were
serfs till manumission. By these absurd decrees Bertulphe the provost,
his daughter Constance, and his knightly son-in-law were all serfs.
The result was that the provost slew the earl and then himself, his
daughter went mad and died, and Bouchard was slain in fight.--S.
Knowles, _The Provost of Bruges_ (1836).

BER'WINE (2 _syl_.), the favorite attendant of lady Er'mengarde
(3 _syl_.) of Baldringham, great-aunt of lady Eveline "the
betrothed."--Sir W. Scott, _The Betrothed_ (time, Henry II.).

BER'YL MOL'OZANE (3 _syl_.), the lady-love of George Geith. All
beauty, love, and sunshine. She has a heart for every one, is ready
to help every one, and is by every one beloved, yet her lot is most
painfully unhappy, and ends in an early death.--F.G. Trafford [J.H.
Riddell], _George Geith_.

BESO'NIAN (_A_), a scoundrel. From the Italian, _bisognoso_, "a needy
person, a beggar."


Proud lords do tumble from the towers of their high descents; and be
trod under feet of every inferior besonian.--Thomas Nash, _Pierce
Pennylesse, His Supplication, etc._ (1592).


BESS (_Good queen_), Elizabeth (1533, 1558-1603).

_Bess_, the daughter of the "blind beggar of Bethnal Green," a lady by
birth, a sylph for beauty, an angel for constancy and sweetness. She
was loved to distraction by Wilford, and it turned out that he was
the son of lord Woodville, and Bess the daughter of lord Woodville's
brother; so they were cousins. Queen Elizabeth sanctioned their
nuptials, and took them under her own especial conduct.--S. Knowles,
_The Beggar of Bethnal Green_ (1834).

BESS O' BEDLAM, a female lunatic vagrant, the male lunatic vagrant
being called a _Tom o' Bedlam_.

BESSUS, governor of Bactria, who seized Dari'us (after the battle
of Arbe'la) and put him to death. Arrian says, Alexander caused the
nostrils of the regicide to be slit, and the tips of his ears to be
cut off.  The offender being then sent to Ecbat'ana, in chains, was put
to death.

  Lo! Bessus, he that armde with murderer's knyfe
  And traytrous hart agaynst his royal king,
  With bluddy hands bereft his master's life.
  What booted him his false usurped raygne.
  When like a wretche led in an iron chayne,
  He was presented by his chiefest friende
  Unto the foes of him whom he had slayne?

  T. Sackville, _A Mirrour for Magistraytes_
  ("The Complaynt," 1587).

_Bes'sus_ a cowardly bragging captain, a sort of Bobadil or Vincent de
la Rosa. Captain Bessus, having received a challenge, wrote word back
that he could not accept the honor for thirteen weeks, as he had
already 212 duels on hand, but he was much grieved that he could not
appoint an earlier day.--Beaumont and Fletcher, _King and No King_
(1619).

  Rochester I despise for want of wit.
  So often does he aim, so seldom hit ...
  Mean in each action, lewd in every limb,
  Manners themselves are mischievous in him ...
  For what a Bessus has he always lived!

Dryden, _Essay upon Satire_.

BETH MARCH, the third and gentlest sister in Louisa M. Alcott's novel
"_Little Women_" (1868).

BETSEY, the wife in Will Carleton's farm ballad, _Betsey and I are
Out_. In dictating to a lawyer the terms of separation, the farmer
reminds himself of the many excellent points of the offending spouse,
and how "she and I was happy before we quarrelled so."

  And when she dies, I wish that she would be laid by me,
  And, lyin' together in silence, perhaps we will agree;
  And, if ever we meet in heaven I wouldn't think it queer
  If we loved each other better because we quarrelled here.

  (1873.)

BETSEY BOBBET, the sentimental spinster who wears out the patience of
Josiah Allen's wife with poetry and opinions.

"She is fairly activ' to make a runnin' vine of herself.... It seems
strange to me that them that preach up the doctrine of woman's
only spear don't admire one who carries it out to its full
extent."--Marietta Holley, _My Opinions and Betsey Bobbet's_ (1872).

BETTINA WARD, a Southern girl, poor and proud, in Constance Fenimore
Woolson's story of _Rodman the Keeper_. "A little creature that fairly
radiated scorn at thought of receiving charity from a Yankee" (1880).

BETTY DOXY, Captain Macheath says to her, "Do you drink as hard as
ever? You had better stick to good wholesome beer; for, in troth,
Betty, strong waters will in time ruin your constitution. You should
leave those to your betters."--Gray, _The Beggar's Opera_, ii. 1
(1727).

BETTY FOY, "the idiot mother of an idiot boy "--W. Wordsworth
(1770-1850).

BETTY [HINT], servant in the family of sir Pertinax and lady
McSycophant. She is a sly, prying tale-bearer, who hates Constantia
(the beloved of Egerton McSycophant), simply because every one else
loves her.--C. Macklin, _The Man of the World_ (1764).

BETTY LEICESTER, "vivacious, whole-souled girl of the period," whose
summer residence in a New England village introduces elements of
fuller and sweeter life. A home-missionary of the better sort.--Sarah
Orne Jewett, _Betty Leicester_ (1889).

BEULAH, a poor girl taken from an orphan asylum and brought up in a
family of refinement and education. She develops strong traits of
character and much intellectual ability. Her long struggles through
the mists of rationalism result in clear views of and high faith in
revealed religion. Her guardian, and long her teacher, loves her, and
after years of waiting, wins her.

"Have you learned that fame is an icy shadow?" he asks upon his return
from the protracted wanderings that have taught both how much they
need one another. "That gratified ambition cannot make you happy? Do
you love me?"

"Yes."

"Better than teaching school and writing learned articles?"

"Rather better, I believe, sir."

_Beulah_, a novel by Augusta Evans Wilson (1859).

BEUVES (1 _syl_.), or BUO'VO OF AY'GREMONT, father of Malagigi, and
uncle of Rinaldo. Treacherously slain by Ga'no.--Ariosto, _Orlando
Furioso_ (1516).

BEUVES DE HANTONE, French form for Bevis of Southampton (_q.v._).
"Hantone" is a French corruption of Southampton.

BEV'AN (_Mr._), an American physician, who befriends Martin Chuzzlewit
and Mark Tapley in many ways during their stay in the New World.--C.
Dickens, _Martin Chuzzlewit_ (1844).

BEV'ERLEY, "the gamester," naturally a good man, but led astray by
Stukely, till at last he loses everything by gambling, and dies a
miserable death.

_Mrs. Beverley_, the gamester's wife. She loves her husband fondly,
and clings to him in all his troubles.

_Charlotte Beverley_, in love with Lewson, but Stukely wishes to marry
her. She loses all her fortune through her brother, "the gamester,"
but Lewson notwithstanding marries her.--Edward Moore, _The Gamester_
(1712-1757).

_Beverley_, brother of Clarissa, and the lover of Belinda Blandford.
He is extremely jealous, and catches at trifles light as air to
confirm his fears; but his love is most sincere, and his penitence
most humble when he finds out how causeless his suspicions are.
Belinda is too proud to deny his insinuations, but her love is so deep
that she repents of giving him a moment's pain.--A. Murphy, _All in
the Wrong_ (1761).

BEVERLEY THURSTON, a lawyer, belonging to an old New York family, in
love with Claire Twining, _The Ambitious Woman_ of Edgar Fawcett's
society novel (1883).

He was a man of about forty years old, who had never married. His
figure was tall and shapely; his face, usually grave, was capable of
much geniality. He had travelled, read, thought, and observed. He
stood somewhat high in the legal profession, and came, on the maternal
side, of a somewhat noted family.

BEV'IL, a model gentleman, in Steele's _Conscious Lovers_.

  Whatever can deck mankind
  Or charm the heart, in generous Bevil shewed.

  Thomson, _The Seasons_ ("Winter," 1726).

_Bevil_ (_Francis, Harry, and George_), three brothers--one an M.P.,
another in the law, and the third in the Guards--who, unknown to
each other, wished to obtain in marriage the hand of Miss Grubb,
the daughter of a rich stock-broker. The M.P. paid his court to the
father, and obtained his consent; the lawyer paid his court to the
mother, and obtained her consent; the officer paid his court to the
young lady, and having obtained her consent, the other two brothers
retired from the field.--O'Brien, _Cross Purposes_.

BE'VIS, the horse of lord Marmion.--Sir W. Scott, _Marmion_ (1808).

_Be'vis_ (_Sir_) of Southampton. Having reproved his mother, while
still a lad, for murdering his father, she employed Saber to kill him;
but Saber only left him on a desert land as a waif, and he was brought
up as a shepherd. Hearing that his mother had married Mor'dure (2
_syl_.), the adulterer, he forced his way into the marriage hall and
struck at Mordure; but Mordure slipped aside, and escaped the blow.
Bevis was now sent out of the country, and being sold to an Armenian,
was presented to the king. Jos'ian, the king's daughter, fell in love
with him; they were duly married, and Bevis was knighted. Having slain
the boar which made holes in the earth as big as that into which
Curtius leapt, he was appointed general of the Armenian forces,
subdued Brandamond of Damascus, and made Damascus tributary to
Armenia. Being sent, on a future occasion, as ambassador to Damascus,
he was thrust into a prison, where were two huge serpents; these
he slew, and then effected his escape. His next encounter was with
Ascupart the giant, whom he made his slave. Lastly, he slew the great
dragon of Colein, and then returned to England, where he was restored
to his lands and titles. The French call him _Beuves de Hantone_.--M.
Drayton, _Polyolbion_, ii. (1612).

_The Sword of Bevis of Southampton_ was Morglay, and his _steed_
Ar'undel. Both were given him by his wife Josian, daughter of the king
of Armenia.

BEZA'LIEL, in the satire of _Absalom and Achitophel_, is meant for the
marquis of Worcester, afterwards duke of Beaufort. As Bezaliel,
the famous artificer, "was filled with the Spirit of God to devise
excellent works in every kind of workmanship," so on the marquis of
Worcester--

  ... so largely Nature heaped her store,
  There scarce remained for arts to give him more.

  Dryden and Tate, part ii.

BEZO'NIAN, a beggar, a rustic. (Italian, _bisognoso_, "necessitous.")

The ordinary tillers of the earth, such as we call _husbandmen_;
in France, _pesants_; in Spane, _besonyans_; and generally
_cloutshoe_.--Markham, _English Husbandman_, 4.

BIAN'CA, the younger daughter of Baptista of Pad'ua, as gentle and
meek as her sister Katherine was violent and irritable. As it was not
likely any one would marry Katherine "the shrew," the father resolved
that Bianca should not marry before her sister. Petruchio married "the
shrew," and then Lucentio married Bianca.--Shakespeare, _Taming of the
Shrew_ (1594).

_Bianca_, daughter of a noble family in "The Young Italian," one of
the _Tales of a Traveller_, by Washington Irving. She is beloved
passionately by the young Italian and betrothed to him. In his absence
Filippo, the false friend of her lover, weds her. The betrayed friend
on learning the truth kills Filippo, and is ever afterwards haunted by
his dying face (1824).

_Bian'ca_, a courtesan, the "almost" wife of Cassio. Iago, speaking of
the lieutenant, says:

  And what was he?
  Forsooth a great arithmetician.
  One Michael Cassio, a Florentine,
  A fellow almost damn'd in a fair wife.

  Shakespeare, _Othello_, act i. sc. I (1611).

_Bian'ca_, wife of Fazio. When her husband wantons with the
marchioness Aldabella, Bianca, out of jealousy, accuses him to the
duke of Florence of being privy to the death of Bartol'do, an old
miser. Fazio being condemned to death, Bianca repents of her rashness,
and tries to save her husband, but not succeeding, goes mad and
dies.--Dean Milman, _Fazio_ (1815).

BIBBET (_Master_), secretary to major-general Harrison, one of the
parliamentary commissioners.--Sir W. Scott, _Woodstock_ (time,
Commonwealth).

BIBBIE'NA (_Il_), cardinal Bernardo, who resided at Bibbiena, in
Tuscany. He was the author of _Calandra_, a comedy (1470-1520).

"BIBLE" BUTLER, _alias_ Stephen Butler, grandfather of Reuben Butler,
the presbyterian minister (married to Jeanie Deans).--Sir W. Scott,
_Heart of Midlothian_ (time, George II.).

BIB'LIS, a woman who fell in love with her brother Caunus, and was
changed into a fountain near Mile'tus.--Ovid, _Met_. ix. 662.

  Not that [_fountain_] where Biblis dropt, too fondly light,
  Her tears and self may dare compare with this.

  Phin. Fletcher, _The Purple Island_, v. (1633).

BIB'ULUS, a colleague of Julius Cæsar, but a mere cipher in office;
hence his name became a household word for a nonentity.

BIC'KERSTAFF (_Isaac_), a pseudonym of dean Swift, assumed in the
paper-war with Partridge, the almanac-maker, and subsequently adopted
by Steele in _The Tatler_, which was announced as edited by "Isaac
Bickerstaff, Esq., astrologer."

BICKERTON (_Mrs._), landlady of the Seven Stars inn of York, where
Jeanie Deans stops on her way to London, whither she is going to plead
for her sister's pardon.--Sir W. Scott, _Heart of Midlothian_ (time,
George II.).

BID'DENDEN MAIDS (_The_), two sisters named Mary and Elizabeth
Chulkhurst, born at Biddenden in 1100. They were joined together by
the shoulders and hips, and lived to the age of thirty-four. Some say
that it was Mary and Elizabeth Chulkhurst who left twenty acres of
land to the poor of Biddenden. This tenement called "Bread and Cheese
Land," because the rent derived from it is distributed on Easter
Sunday in doles of bread and cheese. Halstead says, in his _History of
Kent_, that it was the gift of two maidens named Preston, and not of
the Biddenden Maids.

BIDDY, servant to Wopsle's great-aunt, who kept an "educational
institution." A good, honest girl who falls in love with Pip, is
loved by Dolge Orlick, but marries Joe Grargery.--C. Dickens, _Great
Expectations_ (1860).

BIDDY [BELLAIR] (_Miss_), "Miss in her teens," in love with captain
Loveit. She was promised in marriage by her aunt and guardian to an
elderly man whom she detested; and during the absence of captain
Loveit in the Flanders war, she coquetted with Mr. Fribble and captain
Flash. On the return of her "Strephon," she set Fribble and Flash
together by the ears; and while they stood menacing each other, but
afraid to fight, captain Loveit entered and sent them both to the
right-about.--D. Garrick, _Miss in Her Teens_ (1753).

BIDÉFORD POSTMAN (_The_), Edward Capern, a poet, at one time a
letter-carrier in Bidéford (3 _syl_).

BIDE-THE-BENT (_Mr. Peter_), minister of Wolf's Hope village.--Sir W.
Scott, _Bride of Lammermoor_ (time, William III.).

BID'MORE (_Lord_), patron of the Rev Josiah Cargill, minister of St.
Ronan's.

_The Hon. Augustus Bidmore_, son of lord Bidmore, and pupil of the
Rev. Josiah Cargill.

_Miss Augusta Bidmore_, daughter of lord

Bidmore, beloved by the Rev. Josiah Cargill--Sir W. Scott, _St.
Ronan's Well_ (time, George III.).

BIE'DERMAN (_Arnold_), _alias_ count Arnold of Geierstein
[_Gi'.er.stine_], landamman of Unterwalden. Anne of Geierstein, his
brother's daughter, is under his charge.

_Bertha Biederman_, Arnold's late wife.

_Ru'diger Biederman_, Arnold Biederman's son.

_Ernest Biederman_, brother of Rudiger.

_Sigismund Biederman_, nicknamed "The Simple," another brother.

_Ulrick Biedermen_, youngest of the four brothers.--Sir W. Scott,
_Anne of Geierstein_ (time, Edward IV.).

BIG-EN'DIANS (_The_), a hypothetical religious party of Lilliput, who
made it a matter of "faith" to break their eggs at the "big end."
Those who broke them at the other end were considered heretics, and
called _Little-endians_.--Dean Swift, _Gulliver's Travels_ (1726).

BIG'LOW (_Hosea_), the feigned author of _The Biglow Papers_ (1848),
really written by Professor James Russell Lowell of Boston, Mass.
(1819-1891).

BIG'OT (_De_), seneschal of prince John.--Sir W. Scott, _Ivanhoe_
(time, Richard I.).

_Big'ot_, in C. Lamb's _Essays_, is John Fenwick, editor of the
_Albion_ newspaper.

BIL'DAI (2 _syl_.), a seraph and the tutelar guardian of Matthew
the apostle, the son of wealthy parents and brought up in great
luxury.--Klopstock, _The Messiah_, iii. (1748).

BILLINGS (_Josh_). A.W. Shaw so signs _His Book of Sayings_ (1866).

Ef a man hezn't a well-balanced mind I _du_ admire to see him part his
hair in the middle.

Ef thar iz wun sayin' trewer than anuther it is that the devil iz
allwaies ready fur kumpany.

_Josh Billings's Alminax_ (1870).

BILLINGSGATE (3 _syl_.). Beling was a friend of "Brennus" the Gaul,
who owned a wharf called Beling's-gate. Geoffrey of Momnouth derives
the word from Belin, a mythical king of the ancient Britons, who
"built a gate there," B.C. 400 (1142).

BILLY BARLOW, a merry Andrew, so-called from a semi-idiot, who fancied
himself "a great potentate." He was well known in the east of London,
and died in Whitechapel workhouse. Some of his sayings were really
witty, and some of his attitudes truly farcical.

BILLY BLACK, the conundrum-maker.--_The Hundred-pound Note_.


When Keeley was playing "Billy Black" at Chelmsford, he advanced to
the lights at the close of the piece, and said, "I've one more, and
this is a good un. Why is Chelmsford Theatre like a half-moon? D'ye
give it up? Because it is never full."--_Records of a Stage Veteran_.


BIMATER ("_two-mother_"). Bacchus was so called because at the death
of his mother during gestation, Jupiter put the foetus into his own
thigh for the rest of the time, when the infant Bacchus was duly
brought forth.

BIMBISTER (_Margery_), the old Ranzelman's spouse.--Sir W. Scott, _The
Pirate_ (time, William III.).

BIND'LOOSE (_John_), sheriff's clerk and banker at Marchthorn.--Sir W.
Scott, _St. Ronan's Well_ (time, George III.).

BINGEN (_Bishop of_), generally called bishop Hatto. The tale is that
during a famine, he invited the poor to his barn on a certain day,
under the plea of distributing corn to them; but when the barn was
crowded he locked the door and set fire to the building; for which
iniquity he was himself devoured by an army of mice or rats. His
castle is the Mouse-tower on the Rhine.

  They almost devour me with kisses,
  Their arms about me entwine,
  Till I think of the bishop of Bingen,
  In his Mouse-tower on the Rhine.

  Longfellow, _Birds of Passage_.

BINKS (_Sir Bingo_), a fox-hunting baronet, and visitor at the Spa.

_Lady Binks_, wife of sir Bingo, but before marriage Miss Rachael
Bonnyrigg. Visitor at the Spa with her husband.--Sir W. Scott, _St.
Ronan's Well_ (time, Greorge III.).

BI'ON, the rhetorician, noted for his acrimonious and sharp sayings.

  Bioneis sermonibus et sale nigro.

  Horace, _Epist_. ii. 2, 60.

BIONDEL'LO, one of the servants of Lucentio the future husband
of Bianca (sister of "the shrew"). His fellow-servant is
Tra'nio.--Shakespeare, _Taming of the Shrew_ (1594).

BIORN, the son of Heriulf, a Northman, who first touched the shores of
the New World.

  Across the unpathwayed seas,
  Shot the brave prow that cut on Vinland sands
  The first rune in the Saga of the West.

James Russell Lowell, _The Voyage to Vinland_.

BIRCH (_Harvey_), a prominent character in _The Spy_, a novel by J.F.
Cooper.

BIRD (_My_). Fanny Forester (Emily Chubbuck Judson) thus addressed her
baby daughter (1848).

  There's not in Ind a lovelier bird:
  Broad earth owns not a happier nest.
  Oh, God! Thou hast a fountain stirred
  Whose waters never more shall rest.

         *       *       *       *       *
  The pulse first caught its tiny stroke.
  The blood its crimson hue from mine;
  The life which I have dared invoke
  Henceforth is parallel with THINE!

_Bird (The Little Green)_, of the frozen regions, which could reveal
every secret and impart information of events past, present, or to
come. Prince Chery went in search of it, so did his two cousins,
Brightsun and Felix; last of all Fairstar, who succeeded in
obtaining it, and liberating the princes who had failed in their
attempts.--Comtesse D'Aunoy, _Fairy Tales_ ("Princess Chery," 1682).

This tale is a mere reproduction of "The Two Sisters," the last tale
of the _Arabian Nights_, in which the bird is called "Bulbulhezar, the
talking bird."

BIRD SINGING TO A MONK. The monk was Felix.--Longfellow, _Golden
Legend_, ii.

BIRE'NO, the lover and subsequent husband of Olympia queen of Holland.
He was taken prisoner by Cymosco king of Friza, but was released by
Orlando. Bireno, having forsaken Olympia, was put to death by Oberto
king of Ireland, who married the young widow.--Ariosto, _Orlando
Furioso_, iv. v. (1516).

_Bire'no_ (_Duke_), heir to the crown of Lombardy. It is the king's
wish that he should marry Sophia, his only child, but the princess
loves Pal'adore (3 _syl_.), a Briton. Bireno has a mistress named
Alin'da, whom he induces to personate the princess, and in Paladore's
presence she casts down a rope-ladder for the duke to climb up by.
Bireno has Alinda murdered to prevent the deception being known, and
accuses the princess of unchastity--a crime in Lombardy punished by
death. As the princess is led to execution, Paladore challenges the
duke, and kills him. The villainy is fully revealed, and the princess
is married to the man of her choice, who had twice saved her
life.--Robert Jephson, _The Law of Lombardy_ (1779).

BIRMINGHAM POET (_The_), John Freeth, the wit, poet, and publican, who
wrote his own songs; set them to music, and sang them (1730-1808).

BIRON, a merry mad-cap young lord, in attendance on Ferdinand king of
Navarre. Biron promises to spend three years with the king in study,
during which time no woman is to approach his court; but no sooner has
he signed the compact, than he falls in love with Rosaline. Rosaline
defers his suit for twelve months and a day, saying, "If you my favor
mean to get, for twelve months seek the weary beds of people sick."

  A merrier man,
  Within the limit of becoming mirth,
  I never spent an hour's talk withal.
  His eye begets occasion for his wit:
  For every object that the one doth catch,
  The other turns to a mirth-moving jest;
  Which his fair tongue (conceit's expositor)
  Delivers in such apt and gracious words,
  That agéd ears play truant at his tales,
  And younger hearings are quite ravished.

Shakespeare, _Love's Labor's Lost_, act ii. sc. 1 (1594).

_Biron_ (_Charles de Gontaut due de_), greatly beloved by Henri IV. of
France. He won immortal laurels at the battles of Arques and Ivry, and
at the sieges of Paris and Rouen. The king loaded him with honors: he
was admiral of France, marshal, governor of Bourgoyne, duke and peer
of France. This too-much honor made him forget himself, and he entered
into a league with Spain and Savoy against his country. The plot was
discovered by Lafin; and although Henri wished to pardon him, he was
executed (1602, aged 40).

George Chapman has made him the subject of two tragedies, entitled
_Biron's Conspiracy_ and _Biron's Tragedy_ (1557-1634).

_Biron_, eldest son of count Baldwin, who disinherited him for
marrying Isabella, a nun. Biron now entered the army and was sent to
the siege of Candy, where he fell, and it was supposed died. After the
lapse of seven years, Isabella, reduced to abject poverty, married
Villeroy (2 _syl_.), but the day after her espousals Biron returned,
whereupon Isabella went mad and killed herself.--Thomas Southern,
_Isabella, or the Fatal Marriage_.

  During the absence of the elder Macready, his
  son took the part of "Biron" in _Isabella_. The
  father was shocked, because he desired his son
  for the Church; but Mrs. Siddons remarked to
  him, "In the Church your son will live and die
  a curate on £50 a year, but if successful, the
  stage will bring him in a thousand."--Donaldson,
  _Recollections_.

BIRTHA, the motherless daughter and only child of As'tragon the
Lombard philosopher. In spring she gathered blossoms for her father's
still, in autumn, berries, and in summer, flowers. She fell in love
with duke Grondibert, whose wounds she assisted her father to heal.
Birtha, "in love unpractised and unread," is the beau-ideal of
innocence and purity of mind. Grondibert had just plighted his love to
her when he was summoned to court, for king Aribert had proclaimed him
his successor and future son-in-law. Gondibert assured Birtha he would
remain true to her, and gave her an emerald ring which he told her
would lose its lustre if he proved untrue. Here the tale breaks
off, and as it was never finished the sequel is not known.--Sir W.
Davenant, _Gondibert_ (died 1668).

BISHOP MIDDLEHAM, who was always declaiming against ardent drinks, and
advocating water as a beverage, killed himself by secret intoxication.

BISHOPS. The seven who refused to read the declaration of indulgence
published by James II. and were by him imprisoned for recusancy, were
archbishop Sancroft _(Canterbury)_, bishops Lloyd _(St. Asaph)_,
Turner _(Ely)_, Kew _(Bath and Wells)_, White _(Peterborough)_, Lake
_(Chichester)_, Trelawney _(Bristol)._ Being tried, they were all
acquitted (June, 1688).

BISTO'NIANS, the Thracians, so called from Biston (son of Mars), who
built Bisto'nia on lake Bis'tonis.

  So the Bistonian race, a maddening train,
  Exult and revel on the Thracian plain.

Pitt's _Statius_, ii.

BIT'ELAS(3 _syl_.), sister of Fairlimb, and daughter of Rukenaw the
ape, in the beast-epic called _Reynard the Fox_ (1498).

BIT'TLEBRAINS _(Lord)_, friend of sir William Ashton, lord-keeper of
Scotland.

_Lady Bittlebrains_, wife of the above lord.--Sir W. Scott, _Bride of
Lammermoor_ (time, William III.).

BIT'ZER, light porter in Bounderby's bank at Coketown. He is educated
at M'Choakumchild's "practical school," and becomes a general spy and
informer. Bitzer finds out the robbery of the bank, and discovers the
perpetrator to be Tom Gradgrind (son of Thomas Gradgrind, Esq., M.P.),
informs against him, and gets promoted to his place.--C. Dickens,
_Hard Times_ (1854).

BIZARRE _[Be.zar'(1)]_, the friend of Orian'a, forever coquetting
and sparring with Duretete _[Dure.tait]_, and placing him in awkward
predicaments.--G.K. Farquhar, _The Inconstant_ (1702).

BLACK AG'NES, the countess of March, noted for her defence of Dunbar
during the war which Edward III. maintained in Scotland (1333-1338).


Sir Walter Scott says: "The countess was called 'Black Agnes' from
her complexion. She was the daughter of Thomas Randolph, earl of
Murray."--_Tales of a Grandfather_, i. 14. (See BLACK PRINCE.)


BLACK COLIN CAMPBELL, general Campbell, in the army of George III.,
introduced by sir W. Scott in _Redgauntlet_.

BLACK DOUGLAS, William Douglas, lord of Nithsdale, who died 1390.

  He was tall, strong, and well made, of a swarthy
  complexion, with dark hair, from which he was
  called "The Black Douglas."--Sir Walter Scott,
  _Tales of a Grandfather_, xi.

BLACK DWARF (_The_), of sir Walter Scott, is meant for David Ritchie,
whose cottage was and still is on Manor Water, in the county of
Peebles.

BLACK-EYED SUSAN, one of Dibdin's sea-songs.

BLACK GEORGE, the gamekeeper in Fielding's novel, called _The History
of Tom Jones, a Foundling_ (1750).

_Black George_, Greorge Petrowitsch of Servia, a brigand; called by
the Turks _Kara George_, from the terror he inspired.

BLACK HORSE (_The_), the 7th Dragoon Guards (_not_ the 7th Dragoons).
So called because their facings (or collar and cuffs) are black
velvet. Their plumes are black and white; and at one time their horses
were black, or at any rate dark.


BLACK KNIGHT OF THE BLACK LANDS (_The_), sir Pereard. Called by
Tennyson "Night" _or_ "Nox." He was one of the four brothers who
kept the passages of Castle Dangerous, and was overthrown by sir
Gareth.--Sir T. Malory, _History of Prince Arthur_, i. 126 (1470);
Tennyson, _Idylls_ ("Gareth and Lynette").

BLACK LORD CLIFFORD, John ninth lord Clifford, son of Thomas lord
Clifford. Also called "The Butcher" (died 1461).

BLACK PRINCE, Edward prince of Wales, son of Edward III. Froissart
says he was styled _black_ "by terror of his arms" (c. 169).
Similarly, lord Clifford was called "The Black Lord Clifford" for his
cruelties (died 1461). George Petrowitsch was called by the Turks
"Black George" from the terror of his name. The countess of March was
called "Black Agnes" from the terror of her deeds, and not (as sir W.
Scott says) from her dark complexion. Similarly, "The Black Sea,"
or Axinus, as the Greeks once called it, received its name from the
inhospitable character of the Scythians.

BLACK'ACRE (_Widow_), a masculine, litigious, pettifogging, headstrong
woman.--Wycherly, _The Plain Dealer_ (1677).

BLACKCHESTER (_The countess of_), sister of lord Dalgarno.--Sir W.
Scott, _Fortunes of Nigel_ (time, James I.).

BLACKGUARDS (Victor Hugo says), soldiers condemned for some offence
in discipline to wear their red coats (which were lined with black)
inside out. The French equivalent, he says, is _Blaqueurs.--L'Homme
qui Rit_, II. in. 1.

It is quite impossible to believe this to be the true derivation of
the word. Other suggestions will be found in the _Dictionary of Phrase
and Fable_.

BLACKLESS (_Tomalin_), a soldier in the guard of Richard Coeur de
Lion.--Sir W. Scott, _The Talisman_ (time, Richard I.).

BLACKMANTLE (_Bernard_), Charles Molloy Westmacott, author of _The
English Spy_ (1826).

BLACK'POOL (_Stephen_), a power-loom weaver in Bounderby's mill at
Coketown. He had a knitted brow and pondering expression of face, was
a man of the strictest integrity, refused to join the strike, and was
turned out of the mill. When Tom Gradgrind robbed the bank of £150, he
threw suspicion on Stephen Blackpool, and while Stephen was hastening
to Coketown to vindicate himself he fell into a shaft, known as "the
Hell Shaft," and although rescued, died on a litter. Stephen Blackpool
loved Rachael, one of the hands, but had already a drunken, worthless
wife.--C. Dickens, _Hard Times_ (1854).

BLACKSMITH (_The Flemish_), Quentin Matsys, the Dutch painter
(1460-1529).

_Blacksmith_ (_The Learned_), Elihu Burritt, United States
(1810-1879).


BLACKWOOD'S MAGAZINE. The vignette on the wrapper of this magazine is
meant for George Buchanan, the Scotch historian and poet (1506-1582).
He is the representative of Scottish literature generally.

The magazine originated in 1817 with William Blackwood of Edinburgh,
publisher.

BLAD'DERSKATE (_Lord_) and lord Kaimes, the two judges in Peter
Peeble's lawsuit.--Sir W. Scott, _Redgauntlet_ (time, George III.).

BLADE O' GRASS, child of the gutter, bright, saucy, and warm-hearted.
She is taken from her wretched environment by philanthropists, who
would aid her to lead a different life. However great the outward
change, she is ever Bohemian at heart.--B.L. Farjeon, _Blade o'
Grass_.

BLA'DUD, father of king Lear. Geoffrey of Monmouth says that "This
Prince Bladud was a very ingenious man and taught necromancy in his
kingdom; nor did he leave off pursuing his magic operations till he
attempted to fly to the upper regions of the air with wings which he
had prepared, and fell down upon the temple of Apollo in the city of
Trinovantum, where he was dashed to pieces."

BLAIR (_Adam_), the hero of a novel by J.G. Lockhart, entitled _Adam
Blair, a Story of Scottish Life_ (1794-1854).

_Blair_ (_Father Clement_), a Carthusian monk, confessor of Catherine
Glover, "the fair maid of Perth."--Sir W. Scott, _Fair Maid of Perth_
(time, Henry IV.).

_Blair_ (_Rev. David_), sir Richard Philips, author of _The Universal
Preceptor_ (1816), _Mother's Question Book_, etc. He issued books
under a legion of false names.

BLAISE, a hermit, who baptized Merlin the enchanter.

_Blaise_ (_St._), patron saint of wool-combers, because he was torn to
pieces with iron combs.

BLAKE (_Franklin_), handsome, accomplished, and desperately in love
with his cousin Rachel. Almost wild concerning the safety of the
Moonstone which he has conveyed to her, he purloins it while under the
influence of opium, taken to relieve insomnia, and gives it to the
plausible villain of the book--Godfrey Ablewhite. The latter pawns it
to pay his debts, and is murdered by East Indians, who believe that he
still has the gem.--Wilkie Collins, _The Moonstone_.

BLANCHE (1 _syl._), one of the domestics of lady Eveline "the
betrothed."--Sir W. Scott, _The Betrothed_ (time, Henry II.).

_Blanche_ (_La reine_), the queen of France during the first six weeks
of her widowhood. During this period of mourning she spent her time
in a closed room, lit only by a wax taper, and was dressed wholly in
white. Mary, the widow of Louis XII., was called _La reine Blanche_
during her days of mourning, and is sometimes (but erroneously) so
called afterwards.

_Blanche (Lady)_ makes a vow with lady Anne to die an old maid, and
of course falls over head and ears in love with Thomas Blount, a
jeweller's son, who enters the army, and becomes a colonel. She is
very handsome, ardent, brilliant, and fearless.--S. Knowles, _Old
Maids_ (1841).

BLANCHE LOMBARD, girl of the period, who solaces herself for the
apparent defection of one lover by flirting with a new acquaintance;
registered in his note-book as "Blonde; superb physique; fine animal
spirits; giggles."--Robert Grant, _The Knave of Hearts_ (1886).

BLANCHE´FLEUR (2 _syl._), the heroine of Boccaccio's prose romance
called _Il Filopoco_. Her lover Flores is Boccaccio himself,
and Blanchefleur was the daughter of king Robert. The story of
Blanchefleur and Flores is substantially the same as that of _Dor´igen
and Aurelius_, by Chaucer, and that of "Diano´ra and Ansaldo," in the
_Decameron_.

BLAND´MOUR (_Sir_), a man of "mickle might," who "bore great sway
in arms and chivalry," but was both vainglorious and insolent. He
attacked Brit´omart, but was discomfited by her enchanted spear; he
next attacked sir Ferraugh, and having overcome him took him from
the lady who accompanied him, "the False Florimel."--Spenser, _Faëry
Queen_, iv. 1 (1596).

BLANDE´VILLE (_Lady Emily_), a neighbor of the Waverley family,
afterwards married to colonel Talbot.--Sir W. Scott, _Waverley_ (time,
George II.).

BLAND´FORD, the father of Belin´da, who he promised sir William
Bellmont should marry his son George. But Belinda was in love with
Beverley, and George Bellmont with Clarissa (Beverley's sister).
Ultimately matters arranged themselves, so that the lovers married
according to their inclinations.--A. Murphy, _All in the Wrong_
(1761).

BLAN´DIMAN, the faithful man-servant of the fair Bellisant, and her
attendant after her divorce.--_Valentine and Orson_.

BLANDI´NA, wife of the churlish knight Turpin, who refused hospitality
to sir Calepine and his lady Sere´na (canto 3). She had "the art of a
suasive tongue," and most engaging manners, but "her words were only
words, and all her tears were water" (canto 7).--Spenser, _Faëry
Queen_, iv. (1596).

BLANDISH, a "practised parasite." His sister says to him, "May you
find but half your own vanity in those you have to work on!" (act i.
1).

_Miss Letitia Blandish_, sister of the above, a fawning timeserver,
who sponges on the wealthy. She especially toadies to Miss Alscrip
"the heiress," flattering her vanity, fostering her conceit, and
encouraging her vulgar affectations.--General Burgoyne, _The Heiress_
(1781).

BLANE (_Niell_), town piper and publican.

_Jenny Blane_, his daughter.--Sir W, Scott, _Old Mortality_ (time,
Charles II.).

BLA´NEY, a wealthy heir, ruined by dissipation.--Crabbe, _Borough_.

BLARNEY (_Lady_), one of the flash women introduced by squire
Thornhill to the Primrose family.--Goldsmith, _Vicar of Wakefield_
(1765).

BLAS´PHEMOUS BALFOUR. Sir James Balfour, the Scottish judge, was so
called from his apostacy (died 1583).

BLA´TANT BEAST (_The_), the personification of slander or public
opinion. The beast had 100 tongues and a sting. Sir Artegal muzzled
the monster, and dragged it to Faëry-land, but it broke loose and
regained its liberty. Subsequently sir Cal´idore (_3 syl._) went in
quest of it.--Spenser, _Faëry Queen_, v. and vi. (1596).

[Illustration] "Mrs. Grundy" is the modern name of Spenser's "Blatant
Beast."

BLATH´ERS AND DUFF, detectives who investigate the burglary in which
Bill Sikes had a hand. Blathers relates the tale of Conkey Chickweed,
who robbed himself of 327 guineas.--C. Dickens, _Oliver Twist_ (1837).

BLAT´TERGROWL (_The Rev. Mr._), minister of Trotcosey, near
Monkbarns.--Sir W. Scott, _The Antiquary_ (time, Elizabeth).

BLEEDING-HEART YARD (London). So called because it was the place where
the devil cast the bleeding heart of lady Hatton (wife of the dancing
chancellor), after he had torn it out of her body with his claws.--Dr.
Mackay, _Extraordinary Popular Delusions_.

BLEISE (1 _syl._) of Northumberland, historian of king Arthur's
period.

BLEM´MYES (3 _syl._), a people of Africa, fabled to have no head, but
having eyes and mouth in the breast. (See GAOKA.)

  Blemmyis traduntur capita abesse, ore et oculis
  pectori affixis.--Pliny.

Ctesias speaks of a people of India near the Gangês, _sine cervice,
oculos in humeris habentes_. Mela also refers to a people _quibus
capita et vultus in pectore sunt_.

BLENHEIM SPANIELS. The Oxford electors are so called, because for
many years they obediently supported any candidate which the duke of
Marlborough commanded them to return. Lockhart broke through this
custom by telling the people the fable of the _Dog and the Wolf_. The
dog, it will be remembered, had on his neck the marks of his collar,
and the wolf said he preferred liberty.

(The race of the little dog called the Blenheim spaniel, has been
preserved ever since Blenheim House was built for the duke of
Marlborough in 1704.)

BLET´SON (_Master Joshua_), one of the three parliamentary
commissioners sent by Cromwell with a warrant to leave the royal lodge
to the Lee family.--Sir W. Scott, _Woodstock_ (time, Commonwealth).

BLI´FIL, a noted character in Fielding's novel entitled _The History
of Tom Jones, a Foundling_ (1750).

¤¤¤ Blifil is the original of Sheridan's "Joseph Surface" in the
_School for Scandal_ (1777).

BLIGH (_William_), captain of the _Bounty_, so well known for the
mutiny, headed by Fletcher Christian, the mate (1790).

BLIMBER (_Dr._), head of a school for the sons of gentlemen, at
Brighton. It was a select school for ten pupils only; but there was
learning enough for ten times ten. "Mental green peas were produced at
Christmas, and intellectual asparagus all the year round." The doctor
was really a ripe scholar, and truly kind-hearted; but his great fault
was over-tasking his boys, and not seeing when the bow was too much
stretched. Paul Dombey, a delicate lad, succumbed to this strong
mental pressure.

_Mrs. Blimber_, wife of the doctor, not learned, but wished to be
thought so. Her pride was to see the boys in the largest possible
collars and stiffest possible cravats, which she deemed highly
classical.

_Cornelia Blimber_, the doctor's daughter, a slim young lady, who kept
her hair short and wore spectacles. Miss Blimber "had no nonsense
about her," but had grown "dry and sandy with working in the graves
of dead languages." She married Mr. Feeder, B.A., Dr. Blimber's
usher.--C. Dickens, _Dombey and Son_ (1846).

BLIND BEGGAR OF BETHNAL GREEN, Henry, son and heir of sir Simon de
Montfort. At the battle of Evesham the barons were routed, Montfort
slain, and his son Henry left on the field for dead. A baron's
daughter discovered the young man, nursed him with care, and married
him. The fruit of the marriage was "pretty Bessee, the beggar's
daughter." Henry de Montfort assumed the garb and semblance of a blind
beggar, to escape the vigilance of king Henry's spies.

Day produced, in 1659, a drama called _The Blind Beggar of Bethnal
Green_, and S. Knowles, in 1834, produced his amended drama on
the same subject. There is [or was], in the Whitechapel Road a
public-house sign called the Blind Beggar of Bethnal Green.--_History
of Sign-boards._

BLIND EMPEROR (_The_), Ludovig III. of Germany (880, 890-934).

BLIND HARPER (_The_), John Parry, who died 1739.

John Stanley, mnsician and composer, was blind from his birth
(1713-1786).

BLIND HARRY, a Scotch minstrel of the fifteenth century, blind from
infancy. His epic of _Sir William Wallace_ runs to 11,861 lines. He
was minstrel in the court of James IV.

BLIND MECHANICIAN (_The_). John Strong, a great mechanical genius, was
blind from his birth. He died at Carlisle, aged sixty-six (1732-1798).

BLIND POET (_The_), Luigi Groto, an Italian poet called _Il Cieco_
(1541-1585). John Milton (1608-1674).

Homer is called _The Blind Old Bard_ (fl. B.C. 960).

BLIND TRAVELLER (_The_), lieutenant James Holman. He became blind at
the age of twenty-five, but, notwithstanding, travelled round the
world, and published an account of his travels (1787-1857).

BLIN´KINSOP, a smuggler in _Redgauntlet_, a novel by sir W. Scott
(time, George III.).

BLISTER, the apothecary, who says, "Without physicians, no one could
know whether he was well or ill." He courts Lucy by talking shop to
her.--Fielding, _The Virgin Unmasked_.

BLITHE-HEART KING (_The_). David is so called by Caedmon.

  Those lovely lyrics written by his hand
  Whom Saxon Caedmon calls "The Blithe-heart King."
  Longfellow, _The Poet's Tale_ (ref. is to _Psalm_
  cxlviii. 9).

BLOCK (_Martin_), one of the committee of the Estates of Burgundy, who
refuse supplies to Charles the Bold, duke of Burgundy.--Sir W. Scott,
_Anne of Geierstein_ (time, Edward IV.).

BLOK (_Nikkel_), the butcher, one of the insurgents at Liege.--Sir W.
Scott, _Quentin Durward_ (time, Edward IV.).

BLONDEL DE NESLE [_Neel_], the favorite trouvère or minstrel of
Richard Coeur de Lion. He chanted the _Bloody Vest_ in presence of
queen Berengaria, the lovely Edith Plantagenet.--Sir W. Scott, _The
Talisman_ (time, Richard I.).

BLON´DINA, the mother of Fairstar and two boys at one birth. She was
the wife of a king, but the queen-mother hated her, and taking away
the three babes substituted three puppies. Ultimately her children
were restored to her, and the queen-mother with her accomplices were
duly punished.--Comtesse D'Aunoy, _Fairy Tales_ ("Princess Fairstar,"
1682).

BLOOD (_Colonel Thomas_), emissary of the duke of Buckingham
(1628-1680), introduced by sir W. Scott in _Peveril of the Peak_, a
novel (time, Charles II.).

BLOODS (_The Five_): (1) The O'Neils of Ulster; (2) the O'Connors of
Connaught; (3) the O'Brians of Thomond; (4) the O'Lachlans of Meath;
and (5) the M'Murroughs of Leinster. These are the five principal
septs or families of Ireland, and all not belonging to one of these
five septs are accounted aliens or enemies, and could "neither sue nor
be sued," even down to the reign of Elizabeth.

William Fitz-Roger, being arraigned (4th Edward II.) for the murder of
Roger de Cantilon, pleads that he was not guilty of felony, because
his victim was not of "free blood," _i.e._ one of the "five bloods of
Ireland." The plea is admitted by the jury to be good.

BLOODY (_The_), Otho II. emperor of Germany (955, 973-983).

BLOODY-BONES, a bogie.

  As bad as Bloody-bones or Lunsford (_i.e._ sir
  Thomas Lunsford, governor of the Tower, the
  dread of every one).--S. Butler, _Hudibras_.

BLOODY BROTHER (_The_), a tragedy by Beaumont and Fletcher (1639). The
"bloody brother" is Rollo duke of Normandy, who kills his brother Otto
and several other persons, but is himself killed ultimately by Hamond
captain of the guard.

BLOODY BUTCHER (_The_), the duke of Cumberland, second son of George
II., so called from his barbarities in the suppression of the
rebellion in favor of Charles Edward, the young pretender. "Black
Clifford" was also called "The Butcher" for his cruelties (died 1461).

BLOODY HAND, Cathal, an ancestor of the O'Connors of Ireland.

BLOODY MARY, queen Mary of England, daughter of Henry VIII. and elder
half-sister of queen Elizabeth. So called on account of the sanguinary
persecutions carried on by her government against the protestants.
It is said that 200 persons were burned to death in her short reign
(1516,1553-1558).

BLOOMFIELD (_Louisa_), a young lady engaged to lord Totterly the beau
of sixty, but in love with Charles Danvers the embryo barrister.--C.
Selby, _The Unfinished Gentleman_.

BLOUNT (_Nicholas_), afterwards knighted; master of the horse to the
earl of Sussex.

--Sir W. Scott, _Kenilworth_ (time, Elizabeth).

_Blount_ (_Sir Frederick_), a distant relative of sir John Vesey. He
had a great objection to the letter _r_, which he considered "wough
and wasping." He dressed to perfection, and though not "wich," prided
himself on having the "best opewa-box, the best dogs, the best horses,
and the best house" of any one. He liked Greorgina Vesey, and as she
had £10,000 he thought he should do himself no harm by "mawy-wing the
girl."--Lord E. Bulwer Lytton, _Money_ (1840).

_Blount_ (_Master_), a wealthy jeweller of Ludgate Hill, London. An
old-fashioned tradesman, not ashamed of his calling. He had two sons,
John and Thomas; the former was his favorite.

_Mistress Blount_, his wife. A shrewd, discerning woman, who loved her
son Thomas, and saw in him the elements of a rising man.

_John Blount_, eldest son of the Ludgate jeweller. Being left
successor to his father, he sold the goods and set up for a man of
fashion and fortune. His vanity and snobbism were most gross. He
had good-nature, but more cunning than discretion, thought himself
far-seeing, but was most easily duped. "The phaeton was built after
my design, my lord," he says, "mayhap your lordship has seen it." "My
taste is driving, my lord, mayhap your lordship has seen me handle the
ribbons." "My horses are all bloods, mayhap your lordship has noticed
my team." "I pride myself on my seat in the saddle, mayhap your
lordship has seen me ride." "If I am superlative in anything, 'its in
my wines." "So please your ladyship, 'tis dress I most excel in ...
'tis walking I pride myself in." No matter what is mentioned, 'tis the
one thing he did or had better than any one else. This conceited fool
was duped into believing a parcel of men-servants to be lords and
dukes, and made love to a lady's maid, supposing her to be a countess.

_Thomas Blount_, John's brother, and one of nature's gentlemen. He
entered the army, became a colonel, and married lady Blanche. He is
described as having "a lofty forehead for princely thought to dwell
in, eyes for love or war, a nose of Grecian mould with touch of Rome,
a mouth like Cupid's bow, ambitious chin dimpled and knobbed."--S.
Knowles, _Old Maids_ (1841).

BLOUZELIN´DA or BLOWZELINDA, a shepherdess in love with Lobbin Clout,
in _The Shepherd's Week_.

  My Blouzelinda is the blithest lass,
  Than primrose sweeter, or the clover-grass.
  My Blouzelind's than gilliflower more fair,
  Than daisie, marygold, or kingcup rare.
  Gay, _Pastoral_, i. (1714).

  Sweet is my toil when Blowzelind is near,
  Of her bereft 'tis winter all the year ...
  Come, Blowzelinda, ease thy swain's desire,
  My summer's shadow, and my winter's fire.
  Ditto.

BLOWER (_Mrs. Margaret_), the shipowner's widow at the Spa. She
marries Dr. Quackleben, "the man of medicine" (one of the managing
committee at the Spa).--Sir W. Scott, _St. Ronan's Well_ (time, George
III.).

BLUCHER was nicknamed "Marshal Forward" for his dash and readiness in
the campaign of 1813.

BLUE BEARD (_La Barbe Bleue_), from the _contes_ of Charles Perrault
(1697). The chevalier Raoul is a merciless tyrant, with a blue beard.
His young wife is entrusted with all the keys of the castle, with
strict injunctions on pain of death not to open one special room.
During the absence of her lord the "forbidden fruit" is too tempting
to be resisted, the door is opened, and the young wife finds the floor
covered with the dead bodies of her husband's former wives. She drops
the key in her terror, and can by no means obliterate from it the
stain of blood. Blue Beard, on his return, commands her to prepare for
death, but by the timely arrival of her brothers her life is saved and
Blue Beard put to death.

Dr. C. Taylor thinks Blue Beard is a type of the castle-lords in the
days of knight-errantry. Some say Henry VIII. (the noted wife-killer)
was the "academy figure." Others think it was Giles de Retz, marquis
de Laval, marshal of France in 1429, who (according to Mézeray)
murdered six of his seven wives, and was ultimately strangled in 1440.

Another solution is that Blue Beard was count Conomar´, and the
young wife Triphy´na, daughter of count Guerech. Count Conomar was
lieutenant of Brittany in the reign of Childebert. M. Hippolyte
Violeau assures us that in 1850, during the repairs of the chapel of
St. Nicolas de Bieuzy, some ancient frescoes were discovered with
scenes from the life of St. Triphyna: (1) The marriage; (2) the
husband taking leave of his young wife and entrusting to her a key;
(3) a room with an open door, through which are seen the corpses of
seven women hanging; (4) the husband threatening his wife, while
another female [_sister Anne_] is looking out of a window above; (5)
the husband has placed a halter round the neck of his victim, but the
friends, accompanied by St. Gildas, abbot of Rhuys in Brittany, arrive
just in time to rescue the future saint.--_Pélerinages de Bretagne_.

BLUE KNIGHT (_The_), sir Persaunt of India, called by Tennyson
"Morning Star" _or_ "Phosphorus." He was one of the four brothers
who kept the passages of Castle Perilous, and was overthrown by sir
Gareth.--Sir T. Malory, _History of Prince Arthur_, i. 131 (1470);
Tennyson, _Idylls_ ("Gareth and Lynette").

[Illustration] It is evidently a blunder in Tennyson to call the
_Blue_ Knight "Morning Star," and the _Green_ Knight "Evening Star."
The reverse is correct, and in the old romance the combat with the
Green Knight was at day-break, and with the Blue Knight at sunset.

BLUE-SKIN, Joseph Blake, an English burglar, so called from his
complexion. He was executed in 1723.

BLUFF (_Bachelor_), celibate philosopher upon social, domestic, and
cognate themes.

  "Give me," he says emphatically, "in our
  household, color and cheeriness--not cold art,
  nor cold pretensions of any kind, but warmth,
  brightness, animation. Bring in pleasing colors,
  choice pictures, _bric-à-brac_, and what-not. But
  let in, also, the sun; light the fires; and have
  everything for daily use."--Oliver Bell Bunce,
  _Bachelor Bluff_ (1882).

_Bluff (Captain Noll)_, a swaggering bully and boaster. He says,
"I think that fighting for fighting's sake is sufficient cause for
fighting. Fighting, to me, is religion and the laws."

  "You must know, sir, I was resident in Flanders
  the last campaign ... there was scarce
  anything of moment done, but a humble servant
  of yours ... had the greatest share in't....
  Well, would you think it, in all this time ...
  that rascally _Gazette_ never so much as once mentioned
  me? Not once, by the wars! Took no
  more notice of Noll Bluff than if he had not been
  in the land of the living."--Congreve, _The Old
  Bachelor_ (1693).

BLUFF HAL or BLUFF HARRY, Henry VIII.

  Ere yet in scorn of Peter's pence,
  And numbered bead and shrift,
  Bluff Harry broke into the spence,
  And turned the cowls adrift.
  Tennyson, _The Talking Oak_.

BLUN'DERBORE (3 _syl._), the giant who was drowned because Jack
scuttled his boat.--_Jack the Giant-killer_.

BLUNT (_Colonel_), a brusque royalist, who vows "he'd woo no woman,"
but falls in love with Arbella, an heiress, woos and wins her. T.
Knight, who has converted this comedy into a farce, with the title of
_Honest Thieves_, calls colonel Blunt "captain Manly."--Hon. sir R.
Howard, _The Committee_ (1670).

_Blunt_ (_Major-General_), an old cavalry officer, rough in speech,
but brave, honest, and a true patriot.--Shadwell, _The Volunteers_.

BLUSHINGTON (_Edward_), a bashful young gentleman of twenty-five, sent
as a poor scholar to Cambridge, without any expectations, but by the
death of his father and uncle, left all at once as "rich as a nabob."
At college he was called "the sensitive plant of Brazenose," because
he was always blushing. He dines by invitation at Friendly Hall, and
commits ceaseless blunders. Next day his college chum, Frank Friendly,
writes word that he and his sister Dinah, with sir Thomas and lady
Friendly, will dine with him. After a few glasses of wine, he loses
his bashful modesty, makes a long speech, and becomes the accepted
suitor of the pretty Miss Dinah Friendly.--W.T. Moncrieff, _The
Bashful Man_.

BO or _Boh_, says Warton, was a fierce Gothic chief, whose name was
used to frighten children.

BOADICEA, queen of a tribe of ancient Britons. Her husband having been
killed by the Romans, she took the field in person. She was defeated
and committed suicide.

BOANER´GES (_4 syl._), a declamatory pet parson, who anathematizes all
except his own "elect." "He preaches real rousing-up discourses, but
sits down pleasantly to his tea, and makes hisself friendly."--Mrs.
Oliphant, _Salem Chapel_.

  A protestant Boanerges, visiting Birmingham,
  sent an invitation to Dr. Newman to dispute
  publicly with him in the Town Hall.--E. Yates,
  _Celebrities_, xxii.

[Illustration] Boanerges or "sons of thunder" is the name given by
Jesus Christ to James and John, because they wanted to call down fire
from heaven to consume the Samaritans.--Mark iii. 17.

BOAR (_The_), Richard III., so called from his cognizance.

  The bristled boar,
  In infant gore,
  Wallows beneath the thorny shade.
  Gray, _The Bard_ (1757).

In contempt Richard III. is called _The Hog_, hence the popular
distich:

  The Cat, the Rat, and Lovell the dog,
  Rule all England, under the Hog.

("The Cat" is Catesby, and "the Rat" Ratcliffe).

_Boar (The Blue)_. This public-house sign (Westminster) is the badge
of the Veres earls of Oxford.

_The Blue Boar Lane_ (St. Nicholas, Leicester) is so named from the
cognizance of Richard III., because he slept there the night before
the battle of Bosworth Field.

BOAR OF ARDENNES (_The Wild_), in French _Le Sanglier des Ardennes_
(_2 syl._), was Guillaume comte de la Marck, so called because he was
as fierce as the wild boar he delighted to hunt. The character is
introduced by sir W. Scott in _Quentin_ _Durward_, under the name of
"William count of la Marck."

BOB'ADIL, an ignorant, shallow bully, thoroughly cowardly, but
thought by his dupes to be an amazing hero. He lodged with Cob (the
water-carrier) and his wife Tib. Master Stephen was greatly struck
with his "dainty oaths," such as "By the foot of Pharaoh!" "Body of
Cæsar!" "As I am a gentleman and a soldier!" His device to save
the expense of a standing army is inimitable for its conceit and
absurdity:

"I would select 19 more to myself throughout the land; gentlemen they
should be, of a good spirit and able constitution. I would choose them
by an instinct,... and I would teach them the special rules ... till
they could play _[fence]_ very near as well as myself. This done, say
the enemy were 40,000 strong, we 20 would ... challenge 20 of the
enemy; ... kill them; challenge 20 more, kill them; 20 more, kill them
too; ... every man his 10 a day, that's 10 score ... 200 a day; five
days, a thousand; 40,000, 40 times 5,200 days; kill them all."--Ben
Jonson, _Every Man in his Humour_, iv. 7 (1598).

Since his [_Henry Woodward, 1717-1777_] time the part of "Bobadil" has
never been justly performed. It may be said to have died with him.

--Dr. Doran.

The name was probably suggested by Bobadilla first governor of Cuba,
who superseded Columbus sent home in chains on a most frivolous
charge. Similar characters are "Metamore" and "Scaramouch" (Molière);
"Parolles" and "Pistol" (Shakespeare); "Bessus" (Beaumont and
Fletcher). (See also BASILISCO, BOROUGHCLIFF, CAPTAIN BRAZEN, CAPTAIN
NOLL BLUFF, SIR PETRONEL FLASH, SACRIPANT, VINCENT DE LA ROSE, etc.)

BOBOLINKON. Christopher Pearse Cranch calls the bobolink:

  Still merriest of the merry birds, and
  Pied harlequins of June.

  O, could I share without champagne
  Or muscadel, your frolic;
  The glad delirium of your joy,
  Your fun unapostolic;
  Your drunken jargon through the fields,
  Your bobolinkish gabble,
  Your fine Anacreontic glee,
  Your tipsy reveller's babble!

Christopher Pearse Cranch, _The Bird and the Bell_ (1875).

BODACH GLAY or "Grey Spectre," a house demon of the Scotch, similar to
the Irish banshee.

BODLEY FAMILY, an American household, father, mother, sisters, and
brothers, whose interesting adventures at home and abroad are detailed
by Horace E. Scudder in _The Bodley Books_ (1875-1887).

BOE´MOND, the Christian king of Antioch, who tried to teach his
subjects arts, law, and religion. He is of the Norman race, Roge´ro's
brother, and son of Roberto Guiscar´do.--Tasso, _Jerusalem Delivered_
(1575).

BOEUF (_Front de_), a gigantic, ferocious follower of prince
John.--Sir W. Scott, _Ivanhoe_ (time, Richard I.).

BOFFIN (_Nicodemus_), "the golden dustman," foreman of old John
Harmon, dustman and miser. He was "a broad, round-shouldered,
one-sided old fellow, whose face was of the rhinoceros build, with
overlapping ears." A kind, shrewd man was Mr. Boffin, devoted to his
wife, whom he greatly admired. Being residuary legatee of John Harmon,
dustman, he came in for £100,000. Afterwards, John Harmon, the son,
being discovered, Mr. Boffin surrendered the property to him, and
lived with him.

_Mrs. Boffin_, wife of Mr. N. Boffin, and daughter of a cat's-meatman.
She was a fat, smiling, good-tempered creature, the servant of old
John Harmon, dustman and miser, and very kind to the miser's son
(young John Harmon). After Mr. Boffin came into his fortune she became
"a high flyer at fashion," wore black velvet and sable, but retained
her kindness of heart and love for her husband. She was devoted to
Bella Wilfer, who ultimately became the wife of young John Harmon,
_alias_ Rokesmith.--C. Dickens, _Our Mutual Friend_ (1864).

BO'GIO, one of the allies of Charlemagne. He promised his wife to
return within six months, but was slain by Dardinello.--Ariosto,
_Orlando Furioso_ (1516).

BOHEMIAN (_A_), a gipsy, from the French notion that the first gipsies
came from Bohemia.

_A Literary Bohemian_, an author of desultory works and irregular
life.

Never was there an editor with less about him of the literary
Bohemian.--_Fortnightly Review_ ("Paston Letters").

_Bohemian Literature_, desultory reading.

_A Bohemian Life_, an irregular, wandering, restless way of living,
like that of a gipsy.

BO'HEMOND, prince of Antioch, a crusader.--Sir W. Scott, _Count Robert
of Paris_ (time, Rufus).

BOIS'GRELIN (_The young countess de_), introduced in the ball given by
king René at Aix.--Sir W. Scott, _Anne of Geierstein_ (time, Edward
IV.).

BOIS-GUILBERT (_Sir Brian de_), a preceptor of the Knights Templars.
Ivanhoe vanquishes him in a tournament. He offers insult to Rebecca,
and she threatens to cast herself from the battlements if he touches
her. "When the castle is set on fire by the sibyl, sir Brian carries
off Rebecca from the flames. The Grand-Master of the Knights Templars
charges Rebecca with sorcery, and she demands a trial by combat. Sir
Brian de Bois-Guilbert is appointed to sustain the charge against her,
and Ivanhoe is her champion. Sir Brian being found dead in the lists,
Rebecca is declared innocent."--Sir W. Scott, _Ivanhoe_ time, (Richard
I.).

BOISTERER, one of the seven attendants of Fortu´nio. His gift was
that he could overturn a windmill with his breath, and even wreck a
man-of-war.

  Fortunio asked him what he was doing. "I
  am blowing a little, sir," answered he, "to set
  those mills at work." "But," said the knight,
  "you seem too far off." "On the contrary," replied
  the blower, "I am too near, for if I did not
  restrain my breath I should blow the mills over,
  and perhaps the hill too on which they stand."--Comtesse
  D'Aunoy, _Fairy Tales_ ("Fortunio,"
  1682).

BOLD BEAUCHAMP _[Beech´-am]_, a proverbial phrase similar to "an
Achilles," "a Hector," etc. The reference is to Thomas de Beauchamp,
earl of Warwick, who, with one squire and six archers, overthrew a
hundred armed men at Hogges, in Normandy, in 1346.

  So had we still of ours, in France that famous were,
  Warwick, of England then high-constable that was,
  ...So hardy, great, and strong,
  That after of that name it to an adage grew,
  If any man himself adventurous happed to shew,
  "Bold Beauchamp" men him termed, if none so bold as he.

  Drayton, _Polyolbion_, xviii. (1613).

BOLD STROKE FOR A HUSBAND, a comedy by Mrs. Cowley. There are two
plots: one a bold stroke to get the man of one's choice for a husband,
and the other a bold stroke to keep a husband. Olivia de Zuniga fixed
her heart on Julio de Messina, and refused or disgusted all suitors
till he came forward. Donna Victoria, in order to keep a husband,
disguised herself in man's apparel, assumed the name of Florio, and
made love as a man to her husband's mistress. She contrived by an
artifice to get back an estate which don Carlos had made over to his
mistress, and thus saved her husband from ruin (1782).

BOLD STROKE FOR A WIFE. Old Lovely at death left his daughter Anne
£30,000, but with this proviso, that she was to forfeit the money if
she married without the consent of her guardians. Now her guardians
were four in number, and their characters so widely different that
"they never agreed on any one thing." They were sir Philip Modelove,
an old beau; Mr. Periwinkle, a silly virtuoso; Mr. Tradelove, a broker
on 'Change; and Mr. Obadiah Prim, a hypocritical quaker. Colonel
Feignwell contrived to flatter all the guardians to the top of their
bent, and won the heiress.--Mrs. Centlivre (1717).

BOLDWOOD (_Farmer_), one of the wooers of Bathsheba Everdene. He
serves for her seven years and loses her at last, after killing
her husband to free her from his tyranny. He is sentenced to penal
servitude "during Her Majesty's pleasure."--Thomas Hardy, _Far from
the Madding Crowd_ (1874).

BOLSTER, a famous Wrath, who compelled St. Agnes to gather up the
boulders which infested his territory. She carried three apronfuls to
the top of a hill, hence called St. Agnes' Beacon. (See WRATH'S HOLE.)

BOL'TON (_Stawarth_), an English officer in _The Monastery_, a novel
by sir W. Scott (time, Elizabeth).

BOLTON ASS. This creature is said to have chewed tobacco and taken
snuff.--Dr. Doran.

BOMBA _(King)_, a nickname given to Ferdinand II. of Naples, in
consequence of his cruel bombardment of Messi'na in 1848. His son, who
bombarded Palermo in 1860, is called _Bombali'no_ ("Little Bomba").

  A young Sicilian, too, was there...
  [_Who_] being rebellious to his liege,
  After Palermo's fatal siege,
  Across the western seas he fled
  In good king Bomba's happy reign.

  Longfellow, _The Wayside Inn_ (prelude).

BOMBARDIN'IAN, general of the forces of king Chrononhotonthologos.
He invites the king to his tent, and gives him hashed pork. The king
strikes him, and calls him traitor. "Traitor, in thy teeth,"
replies the general. They fight, and the king is killed.--H. Carey,
_Chrononhotonthologos_ (a burlesque).

BOMBASTES FURIOSO, general of Artaxam'inous (king of Utopia). He is
plighted to Distaffi'na, but Artaxaminous promises her "half-a-crown"
if she will forsake the general for himself. "This bright reward
of ever-daring minds" is irresistible. When Bombastês sees himself
flouted, he goes mad, and hangs his boots on a tree, with this label
duly displayed:

  Who dares this pair of boots displace,
  Must meet Bombastês face to face.

The king, coming up, cuts down the boots, and Bombastês "kills him."
Fusbos, seeing the king fallen, "kills" the general; but at the
close of the farce the dead men rise one by one, and join the dance,
promising, if the audience likes, "to die again to-morrow."--W. B.
Rhodes, _Bombastes Furioso._ [Illustration] This farce is a travesty
of _Orlando_ _Furioso_, and "Distaffina" is Angelica, beloved by
Orlando, whom she flouted for Medoro, a young Moor. On this Orlando
went mad, and hung up his armor on a tree, with this distich attached
thereto:

  Orlando's arms let none displace,
  But such who'll meet him face to face.

In the _Rehearsal_, by the duke of Buckingham, Bayes' troops are
killed, every man of them, by Drawcansir, but revive, and "go off on
their legs."

See the translation of _Don Quixote_, by C. H. Wilmot, Esq., ii. 363
(1764).

_Bombastes Furioso (The French)_, capitaine Fracasse.--Théophile
Gautier.

BOMBAS'TUS, the family name of Paracelsus. He is said to have kept a
small devil prisoner in the pommel of his sword.

  Bombastus kept a devil's bird
  Shut in the pommel of his sword,
  That taught him all the cunning pranks
  Of past and future mountebanks.

  S. Butler, _Hudibras_, ii. 3.

BONAS'SUS, an imaginary wild beast, which the Ettrick shepherd
encountered. (The Ettrick shepherd was James Hogg, the Scotch
poet.)--_Noctes Ambrosianae_ (No. xlviii., April, 1830).

BONAVENTU'RE _(Father)_, a disguise assumed for the nonce by the
chevalier Charles Edward, the pretender.--Sir W. Scott, _Redgauntlet_
(time, George III.).

BONDU'CA or BOADICE'A, wife of Præsutagus king of the Ice'ni. For the
better security of his family, Præsutagus made the emperor of Rome
co-heir with his daughters; whereupon the Roman officers took
possession of his palace, gave up the princesses to the licentious
brutality of the Roman soldiers, and scourged the queen in public.
Bonduca, roused to vengeance, assembled an army, burnt the Roman
colonies of London, Colchester [_Camalodunum_], Verulam, etc., and
slew above 80,000 Romans. Subsequently, Sueto'nius Paulinus defeated
the Britons, and Bonduca poisoned herself, A.D. 61. John Fletcher
wrote a tragedy entitled _Bonduca_ (1647).

BONE-SETTER _(The)_, Sarah Mapp (died 1736).

BO'NEY, a familiar contraction of Bo'naparte (3 _syl_.), used by
the English in the early part of the nineteenth century by way of
depreciation. Thus Thom. Moore speaks of "the infidel Boney."

BONHOMME (_Jacques_), a peasant who interferes with politics; hence
the peasants' rebellion of 1358 was called _La Jacquerie_. The words
may be rendered "Jimmy" or "Johnny Goodfellow."

BON'IFACE (_St._), an Anglo-Saxon whose name was Winifrid or Winfrith,
born in Devonshire. He was made archbishop of Mayence by pope Gregory
III., and is called "The Apostle of the Germans." St. Boniface
was murdered in Friesland by some peasants, and his day is June 5
(680-755).

  ... in Friesland first St. Boniface our best,
  Who of the see of Mentz, while there he sat possessed,
  At Dockum had his death, by faithless Frisians slain.

  Drayton, _Polyolbion_, xxiv. (1622).

_Bon'iface_,(_Father_), ex-abbot of Kennaquhair. He first appears
under the name of Blinkhoodie in the character of gardener at Kinross,
and afterwards as the old gardener at Dundrennan. (_Kennaquhair_, that
is, "I know not where.")--Sir W. Scott, _The Abbot_ (time, Elizabeth).

_Bon'iface_ (_The abbot_), successor of the abbot Ingelram, as
Superior of St. Mary's Convent.--Sir W. Scott, _The Monastery_ (time,
Elizabeth).

_Boni'face_, landlord of the inn at Lichfield, in league with the
highwaymen. This sleek, jolly publican is fond of the cant phrase, "as
the saying is." Thus, "Does your master stay in town, as the saying
is?" "So well, as the saying is, I could wish we had more of them."
"I'm old Will Boniface; pretty well known upon this road, as the
saying is." He had lived at Lichfield "man and boy above eight and
fifty years, and not consumed eight and fifty ounces of meat." He
says:

  "I have fed purely upon ale. I have eat my
  ale, drank my ale, and I always sleep upon my
  ale."--George Farquhar, _The Beaux' Stratagem_,
  i. I (1707).

BONNE REINE, Claude de France, daughter of Louis XII. and wife of
François I. (1499-1524).

BONNET ROUGE, a red republican, so called from the red cap of liberty
which he wore.

BONNIBEL, southern beauty in Constance Cary Harrison's tale, _Flower
de Hundred._

  The perfection of blonde prettiness, with a
  mouth like Cupid's bow, a tiny tip-tilted nose,
  eyes gold-brown to match her hair, a color like
  crushed roses in her cheeks (1891).

BONNIVARD (_François de_), the prisoner of Chillon. In Byron's poem he
was one of six brothers, five of whom died violent deaths. The father
and two sons died on the battle-field; one was burnt at the stake;
three were imprisoned in the dungeon of Chillon, near the lake of
Geneva. Two of the three died, and François was set at liberty by
Henri the Bearnais. They were incarcerated by the duke-bishop of Savoy
for republican principles (1496-1570).

BONSTET'TIN (_Nicholas_), the old deputy of Schwitz, and one of the
deputies of the Swiss confederacy to Charles duke of Burgundy.--Sir W.
Scott, _Anne of Geierstein_ (time, Edward IV.).

BON'TEMPS (_Roger_), the personification of that buoyant spirit
which is always "inclined to hope rather than fear," and in the very
midnight of distress is ready to exclaim, "There's a good time coming,
wait a little longer." The character is the creation of Béranger.


  Vous, pauvres pleins d'envie,
  Vous, riches désireux;
  Vous, dont le char dévie
  Aprés un cours heureux;
  Vous, qui perdrez peut-être
  Des titres éclatans,
  Eh gai! prenez pour maître
  Le gros Roger Bontemps.

  Béranger (1814).

BON'THORN (_Anthony_), one of Ramorny's followers; employed to murder
Smith, the lover of Catherine Glover ("the fair maid of Perth"), but
he murdered Oliver instead, by mistake. When charged with the crime,
he demanded a trial by combat, and being defeated by Smith, confessed
his guilt and was hanged. He was restored to life, but being again
apprehended was executed.--Sir W. Scott, _Fair Maid of Perth_ (time,
Henry IV.).

BON TON, a farce by Garrick. Its design is to show the evil effects of
the introduction of foreign morals and foreign manners. Lord Minikin
neglects his wife, and flirts with Miss Tittup. Lady Minikin hates her
husband, and flirts with colonel Tivy. Miss Tittup is engaged to the
colonel. Sir John Trotley, who does not understand _bon ton_, thinks
this sort of flirtation very objectionable. "You'll excuse me, for
such old-fashioned notions, I am sure" (1760).

BOO'BY (_Lady_), a vulgar upstart, who tries to seduce her footman,
Joseph Andrews. Parson Adams reproves her for laughing in church. Lady
Booby is a caricature of Richardson's "Pamela."--Fielding, _Joseph
Andrews_ (1742).

BOON ISLAND. In Celia Thaxter's poem, _The Watch of Boon Island_, is
told the story of two wedded lovers who tended the lighthouse on Boon
Island until the husband died, when the wife

  Bowed her head and let the light die out,
  For the wide sea lay calm as her dead love,
  When evening fell from the far land, in doubt,
  Vainly to find that faithful star men strove.
  (1874.)

BOONE (1 _syl._), colonel [afterwards "general"] Daniel Boone, in the
United States' service, was one of the earliest settlers in Kentucky,
where he signalized himself by many daring exploits against the Red
Indians (1735-1820).

  Of all men, saving Sylla the man-slayer...
  The general Boone, the back-woodsman of Kentucky,
  Was happiest among mortals anywhere, etc.

  Byron, _Don Juan_, viii. 61-65 (1821).

BOOSHAL'LOCH (_Neil_), cowherd to Ian Eachin M'Ian, chief of the clan
Quhele.--Sir W. Scott, _The Fair Maid of Perth_ (time, Henry IV.).

BOO'TES (3 _syl_.), Arcas son of Jupiter and Calisto. One day his
mother, in the semblance of a bear, met him, and Arcas was on the
point of killing it, when Jupiter, to prevent the murder, converted
him into a constellation, either _Boötês_ or _Ursa Major_.--Pausanias,
_Itinerary of Greece_, viii. 4.

  Doth not Orion worthily deserve
  A higher place ...
  Than frail Boötês, who was placed above
  Only because the gods did else foresee
  He should the murderer of his mother be?

  Lord Brooke, _Of Nobility_.

BOOTH, husband of Amelia. Said to be a drawing of the author's own
character and experiences. He has all the vices of Tom Jones, with an
additional share of meanness.--Fielding, _Amelia_ (1751).

BORACH'IO, a follower of don John of Aragon. He is a great villain,
engaged to Margaret, the waiting-woman of Hero.--Shakespeare, _Much
Ado about Nothing_ (1600).

_Borach'io_, a drunkard. (Spanish, _borracho_, "drunk;" _borrachuélo_,
"a tippler.")

  "Why, you stink of wine! D'ye think my
  niece will ever endure such a borachio? You're
  an absolute Borachio."--W. Congreve, _The Way
  of the World_ (1700).

_Borachio (Joseph)_, landlord of the Eagle Hotel, in
Salamanca.--Jephson, _Two Strings to your Bow_ (1792).

BOR'AK (_Al_), the animal brought by Gabriel to convey Mahomet to the
seventh heaven. The word means "lightning." Al Borak had the face of
a man, but the cheeks of a horse; its eyes were like jacinths, but
brilliant as the stars; it had eagle's wings, glistened all over with
radiant light, and it spoke with a human voice. This was one of the
ten animals (not of the race of man) received into paradise.

Borak was a fine-limbed, high-standing horse, strong in frame, and
with a coat as glossy as marble. His color was saffron, with one hair
of gold for every three of tawny; his ears were restless and pointed
like a reed; his eyes large and full of fire; his nostrils wide and
steaming; he had a white star on his forehead, a neck gracefully
arched, a mane soft and silky, and a thick tail that swept the
ground.--_Groquemitaine_. ii. 9.

BORDER MINSTREL (_The_), sir Walter Scott (1771-1832).

  My steps the Border Minstrel led.

W. Wordsworth, _Yarrow Revisited_.

BO'REAS, the north wind. He lived in a cave on mount Hæmus, in Thrace.

  Cease, rude Boreas, blustering railer.

G. A. Stephens, _The Shipivreck_.

BOR'GIA _(Lucrezia di)_, duchess of Ferra'ra, wife of don Alfonso. Her
natural son Genna'ro was brought up by a fisherman in Naples, but
when he grew to manhood a stranger gave him a paper from his mother,
announcing to him that he was of noble blood, but concealing his name
and family. He saved the life of Orsi'ni in the battle of Rin'ini, and
they became sworn friends. In Venice he was introduced to a party of
nobles, all of whom had some tale to tell against Lucrezia: Orsini
told him she had murdered her brother; Vitelli, that she had caused
his uncle to be slain; Liverotto, that she had poisoned his uncle
Appia'no; Gazella, that she had caused one of his relatives to be
drowned in the Tiber. Indignant at these acts of wickedness, Gennaro
struck off the B from the escutcheon of the duke's palace at Ferrara,
changing the name Borgia into Orgia. Lucrezia prayed the duke to put
to death the man who had thus insulted their noble house, and Gennaro
was condemned to death by poison. Lucrezia, to save him, gave him an
antidote, and let him out of prison by a secret door. Soon after his
liberation the princess Negroni, a friend of the Borgias, gave a grand
supper, to which Gennaro and his companions were invited. At the close
of the banquet they were all arrested by Lucrezia after having drunk
poisoned wine. Gennaro was told he was the son of Lucrezia, and
died. Lucrezia no sooner saw him die than she died also.--Donizetti,
_Lucrezia di Borgia_ (an opera, 1835).

BOROS'KIE (3 _syl_.), a malicious counsellor of the great-duke of
Moscovia.--Beaumont and Fletcher, _The Loyal Subject_ (1618).

BOR'OUGHCLIFF (_Captain_), a vulgar Yankee, boastful, conceited, and
slangy. "I guess," "I reckon," "I calculate," are used indifferently
by him, and he perpetually appeals to sergeant Drill to confirm his
boastful assertions: as, "I'm a pretty considerable favorite with the
ladies; arn't I, sergeant Drill?" "My character for valor is pretty
well known; isn't it, sergeant Drill?" "If you once saw me in battle,
you'd never forget it; would he, sergeant Drill?" "I'm a sort of a
kind of a nonentity; arn't I, sergeant Drill?" etc. He is made the
butt of Long Tom Coffin. Colonel Howard wishes him to marry his niece
Katharine, but the young lady has given her heart to lieutenant
Barnstable, who turns out to be the colonel's son, and succeeds at
last in marrying the lady of his affection.--E. Fitzball, _The Pilot_.

BORRE (1 _syl_.), natural son of king Arthur, and one of the knights
of the Round Table. His mother was Lyonors, an earl's daughter, who
came to do homage to the young king.--Sir T. Malory, _History of
Prince Arthur_, i. 15 (1470).

[Illustration] Sir Bors de Granis is quite another person, and so is
king Bors of Gaul.

BORRO'MEO (_Charles_), cardinal and archbishop of Milan. Immortalized
by his self-devotion in ministering at Mil'an to the plague-stricken
(1538-1584).

St. Roche, who died 1327, devoted himself in a similar manner to those
stricken with the plague at Piacenza; and Mompesson to the people of
Eyam. In 1720-22 H. Francis Xavier de Belsunce was indefatigable in
ministering to the plague-stricken of Marseilles.

BORS (_King_) of Gaul, brother of king Ban of Benwicke [Brittany?].
They went to the aid of prince Arthur when he was first established on
the British throne, and Arthur promised in return to aid them against
king Claudas, "a mighty man of men," who warred against them.--Sir T.
Malory, _History of Prince Arthur_ (1470).

There are two brethren beyond the sea, and they kings both ... the one
hight king Ban of Benwieke, and the other hight king Bors of Gaul,
that is, France.--Pt. i. 8.

(Sir Bors was of Ganis, that is, Wales, and was a knight of the Round
Table. So also was Borre (natural son of prince Arthur), also called
sir Bors sometimes.)

_Bors_ (_Sir_), called sir Bors de Ganis, brother of sir Lionell and
nephew of sir Launcelot. "For all women he was a virgin, save for
one, the daughter of king Brandeg'oris, on whom he had a child, hight
Elaine; save for her, sir Bors was a clean maid" (ch. iv.). When he
went to Corbin, and saw Galahad the son of sir Launcelot and Elaine
(daughter of king Pelles), he prayed that the child might prove as
good a knight as his father, and instantly a vision of the holy greal
was vouchsafed him; for--

  There came a white dove, bearing a little censer
  of gold in her bill ... and a maiden that
  bear the Sancgreall, and she said, "Wit ye well,
  sir Bors, that this child ... shall achieve the
  Sancgreall" ... then they kneeled down ... and
  there was such a savor as all the spicery in the
  world had been there. And when the dove took
  her flight, the maiden vanished away with the
  Sancgreall.--Pt. iii. 4.

Sir Bors was with sir Galahad and sir

Percival when the consecrated wafer assumed the visible and bodily
appearance of the Saviour. And this is what is meant by achieving the
holy greal; for when they partook of the wafer their eyes saw the
Saviour enter it.--Sir T. Malory, _History of Prince Arthur_, iii.
101, 102 (1470).

N.B.--This sir Bors must not be confounded with sir Borre, a natural
son of king Arthur and Lyonors (daughter of the earl Sanam, pt. i.
15), nor yet with king Bors of Gaul, _i.e._, France (pt. i. 8).

BORTELL, the bull, in the beast-epic called _Reynard the Fox_ (1498).

BOS'CAN-[ALMOGA'VÀ], a Spanish poet of Barcelona (1500-1543). His
poems are generally bound up with those of Garcilasso. They introduced
the Italian style into Castilian poetry.

  Sometimes he turned to gaze upon his book,
  Boscan, or Garcilasso.

Byron, _Don Juan_, i. 95 (1819).

BOSCOSEL, mysterious being, who brings about a reunion on earth of
friends who have long ago departed for the spirit-world.--Francis
Howard Williams, _Boscosel_ (1888).

BOSMI'NA, daughter of Fingal king of Morven (north-west coast of
Scotland).--Ossian.

BOS'N HILL. In _Poems_ by John Albee (1883) we find a legend of a dead
Bos'n (boatswain) whose whistle calls up the dead on stormy nights
when

  The wind blows wild on Bos'n Hill,
  But sailors know when next they sail
  Beyond the hilltop's view,
  There's one amongst them shall not fail
  To join the Bos'n's crew.

BOSSU (_Réné le_), French scholar and critic (1631-1680).

  And for the epic poem your lordship bade
  me look at, upon taking the length, breadth,
  height, and depth of it, and trying them at
  home upon an exact scale of Bossu's, 'tis out, my
  lord, in every one of its dimensions.--Sterne
  (1768).

BOSSUT (_Abbé Charles_), a celebrated mathematician (1730-1814).

(Sir Richard Phillips assumed a host of popular names, among others
that of _M. l'Abbé Bossut_ in several educational works in French.)

BOSTA'NA, one of the two daughters of the old man who entrapped prince
Assad in order to offer him in sacrifice on "the fiery mountain."
His other daughter was named Cava'ma. The old man enjoined these two
daughters to scourge the prince daily with the bastinado and feed him
with bread and water till the day of sacrifice arrived. After a time,
the heart of Bostana softened towards her captive, and she released
him. Whereupon his brother Amgiad, out of gratitude, made her his
wife, and became in time king of the city in which he was already
vizier.--_Arabian Nights_ ("Amgiad and Assad").

BOSTOCK, a coxcomb, cracked on the point of aristocracy and family
birth. His one and only inquiry is "How many quarterings has a person
got?" Descent from the nobility with him covers a multitude of sins,
and a man is no one, whatever his personal merit, who "is not a sprig
of the nobility."--James Shirley, _The Ball_ (1642).

BOT'ANY (_Father of English_), W. Turner, M.D. (1520-1568).

J.P. de Tournefort is called _The Father of Botany_ (1656-1708).

[Illustration] Antoine de Jussieu lived 1686-1758, and his brother
Bernard 1699-1777.

BOTHWELL (_Sergeant_), _alias_ Francis Stewart, in the royal
army.--Sir W. Scott, _Old Mortality_ (time, Charles II.).

_Bothwell (Lady)_, sister of lady Forester.

_Sir Geoffrey Bothwell_, the husband of lady Bothwell.

_Mrs. Margaret Bothwell_, in the introduction of the story. Aunt
Margaret proposed to use Mrs. Margaret's tombstone for her own.--Sir
W. Scott, _Aunt Margaret's Mirror_ (time, William III.).

BOTTLED BEER, Alexander Nowell, author of a celebrated Latin catechism
which first appeared in 1570, under the title of _Christianæ pietatis
prima Institutio, ad usum Scholarum Latine Scripta_. In 1560 he was
promoted to the deanery of St. Paul's (1507-1602).--Fuller, _Worthies
of England_ ("Lancashire").

BOTTOM (_Nick_), an Athenian weaver, a compound of profound ignorance
and unbounded conceit, not without good-nature and a fair dash of
mother-wit. When the play of _Pyramus and Thisbe_ is cast, Bottom
covets every part; the lion, Thisbê, Pyramus, all have charms for him.
In order to punish Titan'ia, the fairy-king made her dote on Bottom,
on whom Puck had placed an ass's head.--Shakespeare, _Midsummer
Night's Dream_.

  Bottom. An' I may hide my face; let me play
  Thisby, too: I'll speak in a monstrous little voice.

         *       *       *       *       *

  Let me play the lion, too; I will roar that I will
  do any man's heart good to hear me.

  _Midsummer Night's Dream_, i. 2.

BOUBEKIR' MUEZ'IN, of Bag dad, "a vain, proud, and envious iman, who
hated the rich because he himself was poor." When prince Zeyn Alasnam
came to the city, he told the people to beware of him, for probably he
was "some thief who had made himself rich by plunder." The prince's
attendant called on him, put into his hand a purse of gold, and
requested the honor of his acquaintance. Next day, after morning
prayers, the iman said to the people, "I find, my brethren, that the
stranger who is come to Bag dad is a young prince possessed of a
thousand virtues, and worthy the love of all men. Let us protect him,
and rejoice that he has come among us."--_Arabian Nights_ ("Prince
Zeyn Alasnam").

BOUCHARD (_Sir_), a knight of Flanders, of most honorable descent. He
married Constance, daughter of Bertulphe provost of Bruges. In 1127
Charles "the Good," earl of Flanders, made a law that a serf was
always a serf till manumitted, and whoever married a serf became a
serf. Now, Bertulphe's father was Thancmar's serf, and Bertulphe, who
had raised himself to wealth and great honor, was reduced to serfdom
because his father was not manumitted. By the same law Bouchard,
although a knight of royal blood became Thancmar's serf because he
married Constance, the daughter of Bertulphe (provost of Bruges). The
result of this absurd law was that Bertulphe slew the earl and then
himself, Constance went mad and died, Bouchard and Thancmar slew each
other in fight, and all Bruges was thrown into confusion.--S. Knowles,
_The Provost of Bruges_ (1836).

BOU'ILLON (_Godfrey duke of_), a crusader (1058-1100), introduced in
_Count Robert of Paris_, a novel by Sir W. Scott (time, Rufus).

BOUNCE (_Mr. T_.), a nickname given in 1837 to T. Barnes, editor of
the _Times_ (or the _Turnabout_, as it was called).

BOUND'ERBY (_Josiah_), of Coketown, banker and mill-owner, the "Bully
of Humility," a big, loud man, with an iron stare and metallic laugh.
Mr. Bounderby is the son of Mrs. Pegler, an old woman, to whom he pays
£30 a year to keep out of sight, and in a boasting way he pretends
that "he was dragged up from the gutter to become a millionaire." Mr.
Bounderby marries Louisa, daughter of his neighbor and friend, Thomas
Gradgrind, Esq., M.P.--C. Dickens, _Hard Times_ (1854).

BOUNTIFUL (_Lady_), widow of sir Charles Bountiful. Her delight was
curing the parish sick and relieving the indigent.

  "My lady Bountiful is one of the best of women.
  Her late husband, sir Charles Bountiful, left her
  with £1000 a year; and I believe she lays out
  one-half on't in charitable uses for the good of
  her neighbors. In short, she has cured more
  people in and about Lichfield within ten years
  than the doctors have killed in twenty; and that's
  a bold word."--George Farquhar, _The Beaux'
  Stratagem_, i. 1 (1705).

BOUNTY (_Mutiny of the_), in 1790, headed by Fletcher Christian. The
mutineers finally settled in Pitcairn Island (Polynesian Archipelago).
In 1808 all the mutineers were dead except one (Alexander Smith), who
had changed his name to John Adams, and became a model patriarch
of the colony, which was taken under the protection of the British
Government in 1839. Lord Byron, in _The Island_, has made the "mutiny
of the _Bounty_" the basis of his tale, but the facts are greatly
distorted.

BOUS'TRAPA, a nickname given to Napoleon III. It is compounded of the
first syllables of _Bou_ [logne], _Stra_ [sbourg], _Pa_[ris], and
alludes to his escapades in 1836, 1840, 1851 (_coup d'état_).

No man ever lived who was distinguished by more nicknames than Louis
Napoleon. Besides the one above mentioned, he was called _Badinguet,
Man of December, Man of Sedan, Ratipol, Verhuel_, etc.; and after his
escape from the fortress of Ham he went by the pseudonym of _count
Arenenberg_.

BOWER OF BLISS, a garden belonging to the enchantress Armi'da. It
abounded in everything that could contribute to earthly pleasure.
Here Rinal'do spent some time in love-passages with Armi'da, but he
ultimately broke from the enchantress and rejoined the war.--Tasso,
_Jerusalem Delivered_ (1575).

_Bower of Bliss_, the residence of the witch Acras'ia, a beautiful and
most fascinating woman. This lovely garden was situated on a floating
island filled with everything which could conduce to enchant the
senses, and "wrap the spirit in forgetfulness."--Spenser, _Faëry
Queen_, ii. 12 (1590).

BOWKIT, in _The Son-in-Law._

In the scene where Cranky declines to accept Bowkit as son-in-law on
account of his ugliness, John Edwin, who was playing "Bowkit" at the
Haymarket, uttered in a tone of surprise, "_Ugly?_" and then advancing
to the lamps, said with infinite impertinence, "I submit to the
decision of the British public which is the ugliest fellow of us
three: I, old Cranky, or that gentleman there in the front row of the
balcony box?"--_Cornhill Magazine_ (1867).

BOWLEY (_Sir Joseph_), M.P., who facetiously calls himself "the poor
man's friend." His secretary is Fish.--C. Dickens, _The Chimes_
(1844).

BOWLING (_Lieutenant Tom_), an admirable naval character in Smollett's
_Roderick Random._ Dibdin wrote a naval song _in memoriam_ of Tom
Bowling, beginning thus:

  Here a sheer hulk lies poor Tom Bowling,
  The darling of the crew ...

BOWYER (_Master_), usher of the black rod in the court of queen
Elizabeth.--Sir W. Scott, _Kenilworth_ (time, Elizabeth).

BOWZYBE'US (4 _syl._), the drunkard, rioted for his songs in Gray's
pastorals, called _The Shepherd's Week_. He sang of "Nature's Laws,"
of "Fairs and Shows," "The Children in the Wood," "Chevy Chase,"
"Taffey Welsh," "Rosamond's Bower," "Lilly-bullero," etc. The 6th
pastoral is in imitation of Virgil's 6th _Ecl_., and Bowzybëus is a
vulgarized Silenus.

  That Bowzybeus, who with jocund tongue,
  Ballads, and roundelays, and catches sung.
  Gay, _Pastoral_, vi. (1714).

BOX AND COX, a dramatic romance, by J. M. Morton, the principal
characters of which are Box and Cox.

BOY BACHELOR _(The)_, William Wotton, D.D., admitted at St.
Catherine's Hall, Cambridge, before he was ten, and to his degree of
B.A. when he was twelve and a half (1666-1726).

BOY BISHOP _(The)_, St. Nicholas, the patron saint of boys (fourth
century).

(There was also an ancient custom of choosing a boy from the cathedral
choir on St. Nicholas' Day (December 6) as a mock bishop. This boy
possessed certain privileges, and if he died during the year was
buried _in pontificalibus_. The custom was abolished by Henry VIII. In
Salisbury Cathedral visitors are shown a small sarcophagus, which the
verger says was made for a boy bishop.)

BOY BLUE _(Little)_ is the subject of a poem in Eugene Field's _Little
Book of Western Verse_.

  The little toy-dog is covered with dust,
  But sturdy and staunch he stands;
  And the little toy-soldier is red with rust,
  And his musket moulds in his hands.
  Time was when the little toy-dog was new,
  And the soldier was passing fair,
  And that was the time when our Little Boy Blue
  Kissed them and put them there.

  Ay, faithful to Little Boy Blue they stand,
  Each in the same old place,
  Awaiting the touch of a little hand,
  The smile of a little face. (1889.)

BOY CRUCIFIED. It is said that some time during the dark ages, a boy
named Werner was impiously crucified at Bacharach, on the Rhine, by
the Jews. A little chapel erected to the memory of this boy stands on
the walls of the town, close to the river. Hugh of Lincoln and William
of Norwich are instances of a similar story.

  See how its currents gleam and shine ...
  As if the grapes were stained with the blood
  Of the innocent boy who, some years back,
  Was taken and crucified by the Jews
  In that ancient town of Bacharach.

Longfellow, _The Golden Legend_.

BOYET', one of the lords attending on the princess of
France.--Shakespeare, _Love's Labor's Lost_ (1594).

BOYTHORN (_Laurence_), a robust gentleman with the voice of a
Stentor; a friend of Mr. Jarndyce. He would utter the most ferocious
sentiments, while at the same time he fondled a pet canary on his
finger. Once on a time he had been in love with Miss Barbary, lady
Dedlock's sister. But "the good old times--all times when old are
good--were gone."--C. Dickens, _Bleak House_ (1853).

("Laurence Boythorn" is a caricature of W. S. Landor; as "Harold
Skimpole," in the same story, is drawn from Leigh Hunt.)

BOZ, Charles Dickens. It was the nickname of a pet brother dubbed
_Moses_, in honor of "Moses Primrose" in the _Vicar of Wakefield_.
Children called the name _Bozes_, which got shortened into _Boz_
(1812-1870).

BOZZY, James Boswell, the gossipy biographer of Dr. Johnson
(1740-1795).

BRABAN'TIO, a senator of Venice, father of Desdemo'na; most proud,
arrogant, and overbearing. He thought the "insolence" of Othello in
marrying his daughter unpardonable, and that Desdemona must have
been drugged with love-potions so to demean herself.--Shakespeare,
_Othello_ (1611).

BRAC'CIO, commissary of the republic of Florence, employed in picking
up every item of scandal he could find against Lu'ria the noble Moor,
who commanded the army of Florence against the Pisans. The Florentines
hoped to find sufficient cause of blame to lessen or wholly cancel
their obligations to the Moor, but even Braccio was obliged to
confess. This Moor hath borne his faculties so meek, hath been so
clear in his great office, that his virtues would plead like angels,
trumpet-tongued, against the council which should censure him.--Robert
Browning, _Luria_.

BRAC'IDAS AND AM'IDAS, the two sons of Mile'sio, the former in love
with the wealthy Philtra, and the latter with the dowerless Lucy.
Their father at death left each of his sons an island of equal size
and value, but the sea daily encroached on that of the elder brother
and added to the island of Amidas. The rich Philtra now forsook
Bracidas for the richer brother, and Lucy, seeing herself forsaken,
jumped into the sea. A floating chest attracted her attention, she
clung to it, and was drifted to the wasted island, where Bracidas
received her kindly. The chest was found to contain property of great
value, and Lucy gave it to Bracidas, together with herself, "the
better of them both." Amidas and Philtra claimed the chest as their
right, and the dispute was submitted to sir Ar'tegal. Sir Artegal
decided that whereas Amidas claimed as his own all the additions which
the sea had given to his island, so Lucy might claim as her own the
chest which the sea had given into her hands.--Spenser, _Faëry Queen_,
v. 4 (1596).

BRAEKENBURY _(Lord)_, English peer of nomadic tastes. He disappears
from his world, leaving the impression that he has been murdered, that
he may live unhampered by class-obligations.--Amelia B. Edwards, _Lord
Brackenbury_.

Bracy _(Sir Maurice de_), a follower of prince John. He sues the lady
Rowen'a to become his bride, and threatens to kill both Cedric and
Ivanhoe if she refuses. The interview is interrupted, and at the close
of the novel Rowena marries Ivanhoe.--Sir W. Scott, _Ivanhoe_ (time,
Richard I.).

BRAD'AMANT, daughter of Amon and Beatrice, sister of Rinaldo, and
niece of Charlemagne. She was called the _Virgin Knight._ Her armor
was white, and her plume white. She loved Roge'ro the Moor, but
refused to marry him till he was baptized. Her marriage with great
pomp and Rogero's victory over Rodomont form the subject of the last
book of _Orlando Furioso_. Bradamant possessed an irresistible spear,
which unhorsed any knight with a touch. Britomart had a similar
spear.--Bojardo, _Orlando Innamorato_ (1495); Ariosto, _Orlando
Furioso_ (1516).

BRAD'BOURNE (_Mistress Lilias_), waiting-woman of lady Avenel
(2 _syl_.), at Avenel Castle.--Sir W. Scott, _The Abbot_ (time,
Elizabeth).

BRADWARDINE (_Como Cosmyne_), baron of Bradwardine and of Tully
Veolan. He is very pedantic, but brave and gallant.

_Rose Bradwardine_, his daughter, the heroine of the novel, which
concludes with her marriage with Waverley, and the restoration of the
manor-house of Tully Veolan.

_Malcolm Bradwardine_ of Inchgrabbit, a relation of the old
baron.--Sir W. Scott, _Waverley_ (time, George II.).

BRADY (_Martha_), a young "Irish widow" twenty-three years of age,
and in love with William Whittle. She was the daughter of sir Patrick
O'Neale. Old Thomas Whittle, the uncle, a man of sixty-three, wanted
to oust his nephew in her affections, for he thought her "so modest,
so mild, so tenderhearted, so reserved, so domestic. Her voice was so
sweet, wit