The Project Gutenberg eBook of The Kansas University Quarterly, Vol. I, No. 1 (1892) This ebook is for the use of anyone anywhere in the United States and most other parts of the world at no cost and with almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included with this ebook or online at www.gutenberg.org. If you are not located in the United States, you will have to check the laws of the country where you are located before using this eBook. Title: The Kansas University Quarterly, Vol. I, No. 1 (1892) Author: Various Editor: Vernon L. Kellogg Release date: July 26, 2017 [eBook #55207] Language: English Credits: Produced by Larry B. Harrison, Paul Marshall and the Online Distributed Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net (This book was produced from images made available by the HathiTrust Digital Library.) *** START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE KANSAS UNIVERSITY QUARTERLY, VOL. I, NO. 1 (1892) *** Produced by Larry B. Harrison, Paul Marshall and the Online Distributed Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net (This book was produced from images made available by the HathiTrust Digital Library.) Transcriber's Notes: Underscores "_" before and after a word or phrase indicate _italics_ in the original text. Equal signs "=" before and after a word or phrase indicate =bold= in the original text. Small capitals have been converted to SOLID capitals. Illustrations have been moved so they do not break up paragraphs. Typographical errors have been silently corrected but other variations in spelling and punctuation remain unaltered. Vol. I. JULY, 1892 No. 1. THE KANSAS UNIVERSITY QUARTERLY COMMITTEE OF PUBLICATION E. H. S. BAILEY F. W. BLACKMAR W. H. CARRUTH C. G. DUNLAP E. MILLER S. W. WILLISTON V. L. KELLOGG, _Managing Editor_ CONTENTS KANSAS PTERODACTYLS, PART I. _S. W. Williston_ KANSAS MOSASAURS, PART I. _S. W. Williston and E. C. Case_ NOTES AND DESCRIPTIONS OF SYRPHIDAE, _W. A. Snow_ NOTES ON MELITERA DENTATA GROTE, _V. L. Kellogg_ DIPTERA BRASILIANA, PART II. _S. W. Williston_ PUBLISHED BY THE UNIVERSITY LAWRENCE, KANSAS _Price of this number, 50 cents_ Entered at the Post-office in Lawrence as Second-class matter JOURNAL PUBLISHING HOUSE, LAWRENCE, KANSAS. 1892. KANSAS PTERODACTYLS. BY S. W. WILLISTON. PART I, WITH PLATE I. The first American species of the singular group of extinct Mesozoic reptiles variously know as Ornithosaurs, Pterosaurs or Pterodactyls was described by Marsh from a fragmentary specimen obtained in 1870, by the Yale College Expedition in Wallace County, Kansas. About a dozen other specimens were obtained by a similar expedition the following year in charge of Professor Marsh, or by Professor Cope, and were described by these authors shortly afterward. By far the largest number of known specimens, however, other than those in the Kansas University Museum, were obtained during the years 1874, ’75, ’76 and ’77 by parties of which Professor Mudge, Dr. H. A. Brous, E. W. Guild, George Cooper and myself were the members, and it was from these specimens that most of the published characters were derived. Many of these specimens are necessarily fragmentary ones, still the material now in the Yale College Museum is ample to elucidate everything of interest concerning these animals. During the past few years, the Museum of Kansas University has been enriched by a series of excellent specimens of these animals, obtained from the same regions, specimens that permit the solution of most of the doubtful characters and throw not a little light on the affinities of the Kansas forms. The species hitherto named are as follows: PTERANODON. _Pteranodon_ Marsh, Amer. Journ. Sci. xi, p. 508, June 1876; and xii, p. 479, Dec. 1876; xxiii, p. 253, April, 1882; xxvii, p. 423, May, 1881; Williston, Amer. Naturalist, xxv, p. 1174, Dec. 1891 =Pteranodon occidentalis.= _Pterodactylus Oweni_ Marsh, Amer. Journ. Sci. i, p. 472, June 1871, Sep. p. 16 (nom. preoc). _Pterodactylus occidentalis_ Marsh, Amer. Journ. Sci. iii, p. 242, April 1872, Sep. p. 1; Cope, Cretac. Vert. p. 68, pl. vii, ff. 5, 6. _Ornithocheirus harpyia_ Cope, Proc. Amer. Phil. Soc. 1872, p. 471 (Cope). This species was originally based upon the distal end of two wing-metacarpals, and teeth. In the following year, a fuller description was given of additional remains referred to the same species and renamed _P. occidentalis_. =Pteranodon ingens.= _Pterodactylus ingens_ Marsh, Amer. Journ Sci. iii, p. 246, April 1872, Sep. p. 6. _Pteranodon ingens_ Marsh, Amer. Journ. Sci. xi, p. 508, June 1876. This species is based upon various bones of the wing-finger of several individuals, and three teeth. =Pteranodon umbrosus.= _Ornithocheirus umbrosus_ Cope, Proc. Amer. Phil. Soc. 1872, p. 471. _Pterodactylus umbrosus_ Cope, Cret. Vert. p. 65, pl. vii, ff. 1-4. Marsh (Amer. Journ. Sci. xii, p. 480, Dec. 1876) says this name is a synonym of _P. ingens_, published two days earlier. As this synonymy is not certain, and as Cope’s species has been figured, I am not ready to accept his views. =Pteranodon velox.= _Pterodactylus velox_ Marsh, Amer. Journ. Sci. iii, p. 247, April 1872, Sep. p. 8. Based upon the distal end of the right metacarpal of the wing-finger, and the proximal extremity of the adjoining first phalanx, two uncharacteristic parts of the skeleton, Marsh to the contrary notwithstanding. It is doubtful whether the direct comparison of the types will suffice to determine the species with certainty. “Both of the bones are somewhat distorted by pressure.” =Pteranodon longiceps.= _Pteranodon longiceps_ Marsh, Amer. Journ. Sci. xi, p. 508, June 1875; xxvii, p. 424, pl. xv, May 1884. Based upon a somewhat defective skull, without other bones. There is no evidence whatever that the species is distinct from the preceding. =Pteranodon comptus.= _Pteranodon comptus_ Marsh, Amer. Journ. Sci. xi, p. 509, June 1876. Based upon wing-bones of three individuals. The description is meagre. =Pteranodon nanus.= _Pteranodon nanus_ Marsh, Amer. Journ. Sci. xxi, p. 343, April 1881. Based upon various remains of one individual; the humerus, alone, is recognizably described. NYCTODACTYLUS. _Nyctosaurus_ Marsh, Amer. Journ. Sci. xii, p. 480, Dec. 1876. (nomen preoc.[1]). _Nyctodactylus_ Marsh, Amer. Journ. Sci. xxi, p. 343, April 1881: ibid. xxvii, p. 423, May 1884. [1] This preoccupation rests, so far as I am aware, upon Marsh’s statement. I can find no evidence of the name having been previously used. =Nyctodactylus gracilis.= _Pteranodon gracilis_ Marsh, Amer. Journ. Sci. xi, p. 508, June 1876. _Nyctosaurus gracilis_ Marsh, Amer. Journ. Sci. xii, p. 480, Dec. 1876. _Nyctodactylus gracilis_ Marsh, Amer. Jour. Sci. xxi, p. 343, April 1881. PTERANODON. =Skull.= Fragmentary portions of the skull of Pteranodon are not at all rare in the Kansas chalk; but it is exceedingly seldom that a complete, or even approximately complete specimen is found. Their great length and slenderness, together with the extensive pneumaticity of the bones, render their preservation, as a whole, a thing of great rarity. Probably the most nearly perfect one yet known is now in the Museum of Kansas University. It was discovered the past summer by Mr. E. C. Case, a member of the University Geological Expedition. The specimen was carefully cleaned on its upper surface, as it lay in the chalk, and then imbedded in plaster before removal. The surface now exposed was the under one, which surface is, almost invariably, better preserved and less distorted than the upper one in these animals. A figure of this specimen is given in Plate I. The only portion restored is that indicated by the line in the lower jaw; it is possible that this part of the symphysis may not be exactly as it is drawn. Other, incomplete, specimens in the Museum confirm the outlines, except in the occipital crest, which is not present. As stated by me in the American Naturalist (_l. c._), the type specimen of _Pteranodon_, also collected by myself, was incomplete, and the figures of it, as given by Marsh, are faulty. The elements of the skull are all so firmly united that they can not be distinguished. There are no indications whatever of a horny sheath enclosing the jaw, and it is improbable that the covering of these parts was essentially different from that in the slender jawed _Pterodactylidae_. In texture, the maxillaries are fine-grained, and wholly without the vascular foramina found in the corresponding bones of birds. The bones are composed of two thin and firm plates, separated by cavities which are bounded by irregular walls of bony tissue. In the compression from which all the Pterodactyl bones have suffered more or less, the greater resistance of these walls has caused irregularities upon both the outer and the inner surfaces. At the borders of the bones, where the thickness has been greater, the roughening is not observed. Seen from above, the skull is narrow, as stated by Marsh; but, contrary to his statement, there is not a sharp ridge extending along the upper border. This border is obtuse and rounded, and in the frontal region, flattened. The sagittal crest is large, but not nearly so large as it is figured by Marsh, the restored outline of whose figure is undoubtedly wrong. The texture of the bone forming the crest is materially different from that of the remaining bones of the skull. The bone is more roughened, and less firm. There is a well-developed ring of sclerotic ossifications. In the specimen figured, the separate plates measure from six to eight millimeters in diameter. They were not imbricated, as in the Pythonomorpha, but have a similar dense texture. There is a superior temporal arch, bridging over a small opening leading downward to the inferior temporal fossa. The following measurements will give the principal dimensions of this specimen. Length from tip of premaxillary to occipital condyle 680 millim. Extreme length of skull 780 Extent of crest beyond orbit 145 Greatest diameter of orbit 65 Antero-posterior diameter of nasal opening 135 Length of quadrate 120 Width of lower jaw at articulation 22 =Pubis.= In a previous paper on the anatomy of _Pteranodon_,[2] I stated that I had never seen the so-called “prepubic bones.” Since that time, however, an excellent specimen of them has been discovered among our material. The specimen of which they are a part consists of the larger portion of the skeleton, and is perhaps conspecific with the one to which the described pelvis belongs. The figure given herewith will convey a good idea of their shape. The bones of the two sides are firmly co-ossified, and have been pressed nearly flat; the figure represents them as they are spread out in one plane. The bone is very thin throughout, with a slight thickening at the ischial (_a_) attachment only. Lying contiguous with the anterior projection, is a slender ventral rib (_b_). It is possible that the curvature of this bone may be inward, rather than outward. [Illustration: FIG. 1.] [2] Amer. Naturalist, Dec. 1891, p. 1124. In this article the description of the foot-phalanges should read: “All are slender, except the second one in the third toe, and the second and third in the fourth toe, where they are scarcely longer than wide.” This peculiar structure of the pubis (I believe it represents the pubis, and not the prepubis), seems to be quite similar to that which obtains in the genus _Rhamphorhynchus_, and, perhaps also, in _Pterodactylus suevicus_ (_Cycnorhamphus_ Seeley), and very different from that found in other species of _Pterodactylus_. The principal measurements of the above described specimen are as follows: Antero-posterior expansion 40 millim. Length of symphysis 14 Expanse of the united bones, as flattened 90 Width of ischial process 11 NYCTODACTYLUS. The type species of this genus was described as follows by its author (loc. cit. supra): “One of the smallest American species yet found is represented in the Yale Museum by several bones of the wing, a number of vertebrae and the nearly complete pelvis. The wing-bones preserved are elongated and very slender. The pelvis is unusually small, and there are five vertebrae in the sacrum. The last of the series indicates that the tail was short. The following are the principal measurements of this specimen: Length of ulna 187 millim. Length of metacarpal of wing-finger 300 Antero-posterior diameter of outer condyle at distal end 15 Transverse diameter of shaft, above condyles 13 Length of first phalanx of wing-finger 347 Extent of five vertebrae of sacrum 57 This species, which may be called _Pteranodon gracilis_, was about two-thirds the size of _P. velox_ Marsh. It probably measured about ten feet between the tips of the expanded wings.” In the December number of the same volume of the American Journal of Science, he described the genus as follows: “A second genus of American Pterodactyls is represented in the Yale Museum by several well preserved specimens. This genus is nearly related to _Pteranodon_, but may be readily distinguished from it by the scapular arch, in which the coracoid is not co-ossified with the scapula. The latter bone, moreover, has no articulation at its distal end, which is comparatively thin and expanded. The type of this species is _Pteranodon gracilis_ Marsh, which may now be called _Nyctosaurus gracilis_. It was a Pterodactyl of medium size, measuring about eight to ten feet between the tips of the expanded wings.” The specific description of this species rests solely upon the measurements; the other characters given are not only vague, but are also common to all the known species. The generic description, as it is seen, is based upon the structure of the coraco-scapula. It will also be observed that the characters are not drawn from the type specimen, as that did not include this part of the skeleton, according to the author’s statement. Of these two characters, the non-ossification of the coracoid and scapula is a somewhat doubtful one, as the same character may or may not occur in allied species, as, for example, in the species of _Rhamphorhyncus_ (_R. Muensteri_ Goldf.) described by the author himself. So incomplete and unsatisfactory are the characters thus given that Zittel, in his Handbuch, dismisses the genus with the brief remark, “noch unbeschrieben.” Nevertheless, from the peculiar form of the scapula, and from my recollection of the specimens upon which the genus was based, I believe I have determined with certainty an excellent specimen in the Snow Museum of Kansas University as a member of it, and here give a sufficiently complete description to place the genus on a more secure foundation. This specimen was collected by Professor E. E. Slosson, of Wyoming University, while a member of my party in western Kansas the past season. It was partly exposed upon a gently sloping surface of firm yellow chalk on the Smoky Hill river, in the vicinity of Monument Rocks. Originally, the nearly complete skeleton must have been preserved, but a number of the bones had been either wholly or partially washed away, in some cases leaving their imprint in the chalk. The bones uncovered, and now lying upon the chalk slab nearly in their natural relations, are a humerus, both radii and ulnae, a pteroid, the two carpals of one wrist, both wing metacarpals, a first and a last wing phalanx, both coraco-scapulae, the posterior part of the lower jaws, ilium, femur, sternum, numerous ribs and vertebrae. The two coraco-scapulae lie with their scapular ends nearly touching, and their coracoid ends separated by a space equivalent to the width of the sternal articulation. The two elements appear to have been imperfectly united and were probably not co-ossified. The inferior border of the coracoid, near the humeral articulation, has a greater expansion than is found in _Pteranodon_; its shaft is more rounded and less rugose, lacking especially the strong muscular markings upon the external surface. The articular surface does not appear to differ materially from that in _Pteranodon_. The scapula is of nearly the same length as the coracoid, but is much less stout. It is a thin, spatulate bone, slightly expanded at the distal extremity, where the margin is rounded, and without the characteristic oblique articular facet. It has no supra-glenoid expansion or process on the posterior proximal border, but has its margin nearly straight or gently concave from the articulation to its extremity. The space included between the bones of the two sides as they lie is a nearly regular, oval one, measuring ninety-five millimeters in its greater, forty-five in its lesser diameter. The sternum lies at a little distance from the coraco-scapulae. It is an extremely thin bone, with a stout anterior, styliform projection, at the base of which, on either side, looking upward and outward, is the articular, trochlea-like surface for the sternal end of the coracoid. The width between these articular surfaces measures fifteen millimeters; the length of the process in front of the articulations is twenty-five millimeters. Immediately posterior to the articular surfaces, the bone expands nearly at right angles to the longitudinal axis to a width of about sixty millimeters. The thin lateral margins are nearly parallel with the longitudinal axis, and show three shallow emarginations between the four costal articular projections. The hind angles are nearly rectangular. The bone, as preserved, is only shallowly concave, and shows no true keel, though a more pronounced median convexity towards the front doubtless subserved the function of a carina in part. The left humerus lies in position, and is especially characterized by its enormous deltoid crest (radial crest of Marsh), though otherwise slender. This crest is further removed from the head of the bone than is the case in species of _Pteranodon_. It is directed somewhat downward, and has its distal, gently convex, border about twenty-five millimeters in extent, while the width of the process midway between the extremity and the base measures but sixteen millimeters. The bicipital crest is also prominent. The bone is relatively shorter than in _Pteranodon_. The humerus, as will be seen from the above description, and from the measurements given below, is remarkably like the same bone in _Pteranodon nanus_, as described by Marsh (_l. c. supra_), and but a little larger. In _P. nanus_, however, the coracoid and scapula are said to be firmly co-ossified, and the scapula has of course a different structure. The skull has been, unfortunately, almost wholly washed away, a fragment of the cranial wall and the posterior part of the lower jaws alone remaining. It is impossible, hence, to say much concerning this part of the anatomy. The lower jaws show a different structure from that in _Pteranodon_. As they lie in their natural position, the width at the condyles is about twenty-four millimeters. The angular is less produced posterior to the articulation than in _Pteranodon_, indicating a less elongated and less powerful mandibular portion, an indication further borne out by the slenderness of the rami. The impression in the chalk shows the symphysis to begin ninety millimeters from the articulation. The width at this place could not have exceeded sixteen millimeters; and the entire length of the lower jaws could hardly have been more than one hundred and twenty-five millimeters. In the parts preserved, measuring seventy-five millimeters, there are no indications of teeth; yet it is not impossible that there may have been teeth in the anterior portion of the dentary, as in some species of _Pterodactylus_. I hardly think it probable, however. There are seven cervical vertebrae preserved, apparently the full complement, as in _Pteranodon_ and other members of the order. They differ in no especial respect from the corresponding vertebrae of _Pteranodon_, and, apparently, of _Pterodactylus_. The imperfectly anchylosed, possibly free, atlas shows three pieces, the odontoid process and the two slender lateral pieces. The lateral pieces are entirely free, with a thickened base and a slender, curved upper portion. The odontoid is gently concave in front, and seems to be imperfectly ossified with the axis; it occupies the lower part of the articulation, corresponding to the hypapophysis of the Pythonomorpha. The axis is the shortest of the remaining vertebrae, and has a well developed spine. The centrum is strongly convex behind, as are the remaining centra of the series. The following five vertebrae decrease gradually in length. The anterior ones have only a thin ridge or plate for the neural spine; the seventh, however, has a neurapophysis of some length. They are all, as is usually the case, somewhat distorted from pressure. The under side is flattened, apparently gently concave longitudinally, and with a lateral ridge terminating in an obtuse hypapophysis at each inferior hind angle. In his discussion of the Pterosauria, Zittel says concerning the vertebrae: “zwischen oberen Bogen und Centrum ist keine Sutur zu bemerken.” Handbuch, iii, p. 776. In this he is in error, so far as the American forms are concerned. It is usually the case in the Kansas specimens of both genera that the neural arch of the post-cervical vertebrae is wholly or in part detached from the centrum, showing a sutural, and not anchylosed union in life. The centra of twelve vertebrae are preserved, in the present specimen, from the region back of the neck; in only five of them are the neural arches in any way attached. Three of these are evidently anterior thoracic, judging from their structure and the position in which they lie. The shortest of them, to which was attached a very large rib, and which was lying in front of the scapulae, may represent the first thoracic vertebra (_a_). Its centrum is fully as wide as long, is flat on the under surface, and has a large, stout, horizontal parapophysis near the anterior end. Just above this process for the attachment of the head of the rib, and separated by a deep notch, is a much more elongated, horizontal diapophysis for the tuberculum. The cup of the centrum is shallowly concave; the transverse, shallowly U-shaped ball is only a little convex. Two other vertebrae (_b_), found close by the one just described, and possibly one or the other contiguous with it, differ remarkably in having no, or a rudimentary, parapophysial process, and in having the diapophyses much shorter. It is not impossible that a slight expansion at the lateral margins of the ball may represent small parapophyses. In _Pteranodon_ there are at least four vertebrae with dia- and parapophyses. In the other vertebrae from this region the diapophyses are yet shorter and the neural spine stouter and broader. The other centra preserved are all shaped somewhat like the half of a cylinder, and are a little longer than broad. They have no distinct cup or ball. In two of them there is a very long, recurved parapophysial process, as though formed by an anchylosed rib, on each side; they are probably lumbar vertebrae. Most of the ribs are very slender; a few are moderately thickened; one only is very stout; its measurements are given below. Length of lateral pieces of the atlas 7 millim. Diameter of lateral pieces at the base 3½ Width of odontoid 4½ Height of odontoid 3 Length of axis 8 Height of axis 15 Length of third cervical vertebra 21 Length of fourth cervical vertebra 20 Length of fifth cervical vertebra 19 Length of sixth cervical vertebra 18 Length of seventh cervical vertebra 17 Height of seventh cervical (about) 15 Length of centrum, anterior thoracic vertebra (_a_) 6 Width of ball (_a_) 8 Expanse of parapophyses (_a_) 14 Expanse of diapophyses (_a_) 26 Width of neural canal (_a_) 3 Length of centrum, anterior thoracic vertebra (_b_) 8 Width of ball (_b_) 10 Expanse of diapophyses (_b_) 17 Height of neural spine (_b_) 20 Width of neural spine (_b_) 5 Length of rib (_c_) 45 Width of shaft (_c_) 5 Distance from center of capitulum to center of tubercle (_c_) 10 Length of coracoid 50 Antero-posterior diameter, sternal extremity 9 Length of scapula 45 Width of scapula at distal end 15 Length of humerus 80 Width through deltoid crest 24 Least diameter of shaft of humerus 13 Length of ulna 133 Width of ulna at distal extremity 22 Length of radius 130 Width of radius distally 15 Length of wing-finger metacarpal 220 Width of same metacarpal at proximal end 20 Diameter through condyles 15 Transverse diameter of shaft above condyles 10 Length of first phalanx, wing-finger 263 Width of same phalanx at proximal end 24 Width of same phalanx at distal end 15 Width of sternum 67 Length of rib borders 25 Length of femur 75 Diameter of head of femur 5 Diameter of femur through condyles 12 Length of pteroid bone 88 The principal dimensions of this species can be got at with considerable certainty. Although two of the wing-phalanges and the bones of the foot are wanting, yet the relative proportions of those present agree so closely with those of the corresponding bones in _Pteranodon_, that there can be but little possibility of error in assuming the same proportions for the missing ones. The position of the ilium and femur, as also the ribs, show that they hold their natural relations to the pectoral arch. The tail, alone, can not be got at. Extreme expanse of wing-bones 2400 mm. 7 ft. 10 in. Expanse of wings in life, approximated 2000 6 6 Length of head, estimated 150 6 Length of neck 128 5½ Length of trunk 165 6½ Length of leg and foot, outstretched 275 11 But one species has been described from the American Cretaceous smaller than the present one, _Pteranodon nanus_ Marsh, in which the expanse of wings is given as not more than three or four feet. In this estimate the author is certainly in error. The size of the humerus, as given, is rather more than three-fourths that of the present species, and the expanse, hence, must be nearly five feet in life, or six feet as the bones lie outstretched. As regards the specific determination of the present specimen, there must necessarily be some doubt until the species already named have been recognizably described. But three of the existing species can be taken into account, _N. gracilis_, _P. comptus_ and _P. nanus_. That it can not be the last, has already been shown. In size, it agrees well with _P. comptus_, but the other characters throw no light upon the identity. The measurements given of the type specimen of _N. gracilis_ show the size to be materially greater,—a character, however, of subordinate value—greater slenderness, and a relatively shorter first wing-phalanx. The relative lengths of wing-metacarpals, wing-phalanx and ulna in _N. gracilis_ and the present specimen may be expressed as follows: Length of wing-metacarpal 100 100 Length of first wing-phalanx 115.6 119.5 Length of ulna 62.3 60.4 It will be seen that not a single character has yet been given to distinguish the genus from _Pterodactylus_, and it is not at all impossible that it may prove to be the same; its location among the _Pteranodontidae_ rests solely on the assumed absence of teeth, and that is a character yet wholly unknown. The material now in the museum permits a fuller discussion of the relations and characters of this group of reptiles than has been hitherto attempted. Originally, they were described as constituting a new order, a view still held by its author and no one else. Lydekker, in his Paleontology and Catalogue gives them a subordinal value; Zittel only a family value, though expressing doubt as to their subordinal rank. It seems very probable that the genus _Nyctodactylus_ has no teeth in the jaws; it agrees in _every other respect_ with the genus _Pterodactylus_, so far as known. If the genus has teeth it must be united with _Pterodactylus_. Now, in not a few species of this genus, the teeth are confined to the anterior end of the jaws, and their entire absence, unaccompanied by other structural differences, will hardly constitute an order, or even family. But, leaving aside _Nyctodactylus_, it is very much of a question whether the differences between _Pterodactylus_ and _Pteranodon_ are sufficient to locate them in different families, let alone different suborders. The two genera have the following in common: Tail short. Skull with more or less elongated, pointed jaws, and very small upper and lower temporal fossae. Narial opening large, confluent with the pre-orbital foramen. Cervical vertebrae elongated, with rudimentary spinous processes. Fore and hind extremities, quite alike. _Pteranodon_ differs from _Pterodactylus_, so far as that genus is known, in the united coracoscapulae and pubes, both of which characters are found in _Rhamphorhynchus_. The sole family characters remaining then, for _Pteranodon_, are, absence of teeth, a supra-occipital crest, and the articulation of the upper end of the scapula. Now it seems evident that to place the pteranodonts in a group equivalent to all the other pterosaurs is unwarranted, and any classification that will not show the more pronounced relationships with _Pterodactylus_ is faulty. I would, therefore, propose the following: Order Pterosauria. Family Pterodactylidae, subfamilies Pteranodontinae, Pterodactylinae. Family Rhamphorhynchidae. Family Ornithocheiridae. As regards the geographical distribution of the Pteranodonts, they have hitherto been recognized only from Kansas, but I am firmly of the opinion that they occur in Europe, and, if so, it is very probable that the name _Pteranodon_ must be eventually given up. In fact, a toothless form of Pterodactyl was described by Seeley as long ago as 1871, under the name of _Ornithostoma_. I cannot refer to his description at present, and can, therefore, give no opinion as to their identity. It seems certain that the peculiar form of the scapulae and their vertebral articulation[3] occur among some of the European forms, which would strengthen the belief that _Pteranodon_ is also an European genus. [3] The specimens in which I have seen the vertebral articulation show no co-ossification of the vertebrae: the facet for articulation being placed above the spines, and apparently formed by ossified ligaments. In view of the above, the practice of the American text-books in Geology in introducing generic names of characteristic fossils as names of the geological horizons whence they come, is very reprehensible, in my opinion. Even the late edition of Leconte’s Elements contains a long list of such names, the greater portion of which have been relegated to the limbo of synonymy by paleontologists. It is greatly to be desired that the name “Pteranodon Beds” shall not become established, so long as there is the least doubt of the validity of the name itself. KANSAS MOSASAURS. BY S. W. WILLISTON AND E. C. CASE. PART I, CLIDASTES, WITH PLATES II-VI. The group of extinct Cretaceous reptiles known as the Mosasaurs or Pythonomorpha was defined by Cope, “to whom Science is so largely indebted for its present knowledge of this interesting order of reptiles” (Marsh), in 1869.[4] Although some of the characters assigned by him to the order have since been shown to be inapplicable, and the group to have less value, yet his name, Pythonomorpha, has been generally retained. Lydekker and Zittel have assigned to the group a subordinal value, as has also Marsh, though under a different name. Owen rejected it entirely, and Baur, more recently,[5] has united it with the Varanidae to form a super-family, as follows: Suborder Platynota. Super-family Varanoidea. Families Mosasauridae, Varanidae. Super-family Helodermatoidea. Family Helodermatidae. The group, whatever may be its rank or position, includes, so far, the following genera: _Mosasaurus_ Conyb., _Liodon_ Owen, _Platecarpus_ Cope, _Clidastes_ Cope, _Baptosaurus_ Marsh, _Sironectes_ Cope, _Plioplatecarpus_ Dollo and _Hainosaurus_ Dollo. _Pterycollasaurus_ Dollo, founded upon _Mosasaurus maximilianus_ Goldf., is omitted as doubtful. All of these genera, save _Plioplatecarpus_ and _Hainosaurus_, have been recorded from North America, _Clidastes_, _Baptosaurus_ and _Sironectes_ being peculiar to this country. Of these latter three genera, however, _Clidastes_ alone is well known; but this genus is suspected by Lydekker of being the same as the imperfectly known European _Geosaurus_ Cuvier. Thus it seems that the genera, or at least the most of them, have a wide distribution; _Platecarpus_, in fact, is said to occur in New Zealand. [4] Proc. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist., p. 253. [5] Science, xvi, p. 262, Nov. 7, 1890. In America, members of the group have been discovered in the Cretaceous deposits of New Jersey, Alabama, North Carolina, the upper Missouri region, Nebraska, Kansas and New Mexico. Probably nineteen-twentieths of all the known specimens, however, have been obtained in western Kansas. The material now in the University Museum, all from Kansas, comprises several hundred specimens of these animals, including, probably, the best ones known. It is upon this material that the following preliminary studies are chiefly based. The genus _Clidastes_, as first described by Cope, was based upon two dorsal vertebrae of _C. iguanavus_, the type species, from New Jersey. Shortly afterward, however, he gave a full and careful generic description, as derived from an unusually good specimen of an allied species, _C. propython_, from Alabama. Only a little later, Marsh described a genus, which he called _Edestosaurus_, from Kansas, but without giving any real, distinctive differences from _Clidastes_, following the very reprehensible practice of naming supposed new forms in the hopes that future distinctive characters might be found. The genus _Edestosaurus_ has been rejected by nearly all save the authors of the American text-books in Geology. It seems hardly necessary to point out the identity. The only distinctive character the author gave for his genus was the insertion of the pterygoid teeth, and even this character he modified later—“Palatine (sic) teeth more or less pleurodont.”[6] [6] Amer. Journ. Sci. iii, June 1872. This character, even were it real, is of very slight value; indeed it cannot be used to distinguish the species even. _Clidastes_ is, without doubt, one of the most highly specialized genera in the group, and, what is very interesting, is one of the latest. It occurs in Kansas in the uppermost part of the Niobrara beds, in the horizon so markedly characterized by the toothed birds. Both _Platecarpus_ and _Liodon_ occur, though in diminished numbers, almost to the very lowest portion, but _Clidastes_ has never been found except towards the top. From measurements made the past season, the thickness of the beds in which these saurians occur cannot be less than six hundred feet. The following species have been found in Kansas: none of them are known to occur elsewhere. MOSASAURIDAE. _Mosasauridae_ Conybeare, in Cuvier, Ossem. Foss., 2nd ed., p. 338, 1824. _Clidastidae_ Cope, Extinct Batr. Rept. and Aves of N. Amer., Trans. Amer. Phil. Soc. xiv, p. 50, 1870. _Edestosauridae_ Marsh, Amer. Journ. Sci. xxi, p. 59, July 1878. CLIDASTES. ? _Geosaurus_ Cuvier, Ossem. Foss. 2nd ed., 328, 1824, (_fide_ Lydekker.) _Clidastes_ Cope, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phil. 1868, p. 233; Ext. Batr. etc., p. 21, 1870. _Edestosaurus_ Marsh, Amer. Journ. Sci. i, p. 417, June, 1871. =C. cineriarum.= _Clidastes cineriarum_ Cope, Proc. Amer. Phil. Soc., 1870, p. 583; Cret. Vert. etc. pp. 137, 266, pl. xxi, ff. 14-17; Bullet. U. S. Geol. Surv. Hayden, iii, p. 583. =C. dispar.= _Edestosaurus dispar_ Marsh, op. cit. i, p. 447, June 1871; iii, pl. xi., June, 1872. =C. velox.= _Edestosaurus velox_ Marsh, Amer. Journ. Sci. i. p. 450, June, 1871. _Edestosaurus pumilus_ Marsh, ibid. p. 452. ? _Clidastes affinis_ Leidy, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci., 1870, p. 4; Rep. U. S. Geol. Surv., Hayden, vol. i, p. 283, 1873. ? _Edestosaurus dispar_ Marsh, op. cit. xix, pl. i, f. 1, Jan., 1880. =C. Wymani.= _Clidastes Wymani_ Marsh, Amer. Journ. Sci. i, p. 451, June, 1871; iii, p. 202, April, 1872. _Edestosaurus Wymani_ Marsh, op. cit. iii, p. 464, June, 1872. =C. tortor.= _Edestosaurus tortor_ Cope, Proc. Amer. Phil. Soc. Dec., 1871; Marsh, op. cit. iii, p. 464, June, 1872. _Clidastes tortor_ Cope, Cret. Vert. Rep. U. S. Geol. Surv., Hayden, vol. ii, pp. 48, 131, 265, pls. iv, f. i; xiv, f. i; xvi, ff. 2, 3; xvii, f. 1; xix, ff. 1-10; xxxvi, f. 3; xxxvii, f. 2; Bullet. U. S. Geol. Surv. Hayden, vol. iii, p. 583. =C. stenops.= _Edestosaurus stenops_ Cope, Proc. Amer. Phil. Soc. p. 330, 1871: Marsh, Amer. Journ. Sci. iii, p. 464, June, 1872. _Clidastes stenops_ Cope, Cret. Vert. etc. pp. 133, 266, pls. xiv, ff. 4, 5; xvii, f. 7, 8; xviii, ff. 1-5; xxxvi, f. 4; xxxvii, f. 3; xxxviii, f. 3. =C. rex.= _Edestosaurus rex_ Marsh, op. cit. iii, p. 462, pl. xxii, f. 1, June, 1872. =C. planifrons.= _Clidastes planifrons_ Cope, Bullet. U. S. Geol. Surv. No. 2, p. 31, 1874; Cret. Vert. etc. pp. 135, 265, pls. xxii, xxiii. =C. Westii.= _C. Westii_ Williston, n. sp. infra. CLIDASTES VELOX. A remarkably complete specimen, referred with considerable certainty to this species, was obtained by ourselves in western Kansas, (Butte Creek) in the summer of 1891. A brief preliminary description of the specimen was given by the senior author in Science, December 8, 1891. A more complete description is here given, which, it is believed, will be of service. The specimen is an unusually perfect one, being very nearly complete, and, as now mounted, shows the bones nearly all in the position in which they were found. The vertebral column is continuous, except in one place, where the tail had been bent up over the back; and complete, save at the very tip of the tail. The skull is complete, or very nearly complete, and has been restored nearly to the condition in life. Figures have been made of this portion of the skeleton, and will be given in a future communication. At present, it may be mentioned that the lacrymals are small, roughly irregular bones, and pointed at either extremity. There are no indications of transverse bones, as there are none in any other skull in the collection. Cervical vertebrae. ATLAS. The intercentrum is a small bone with three sides of nearly equal extent. The two upper, articular surfaces are gently concave, and meet in a rounded margin; the inferior surface is convex, both antero-posteriorly and transversely, with a roughened prominence in the middle. The lateral pieces have indistinctly separated facets for articulation with the odontoid, the intercentrum and the occipital condyle. The rather short, flattened lamina extends upward, backward and inward, approaching, but not reaching its fellow of the opposite side; it is somewhat dilated distally. Directed outwards and forwards, there is a stout styliform process. AXIS. The neural spine of the axis is elongated antero-posteriorly. It is thin on the anterior portion, but stouter and longer at the posterior part. The large, stout odontoid process is united suturally, as is also the well-developed atlantar hypapophysis, which forms the anterior, inferior portion of the bone. The diapophyses are the smallest of the costiferous series, with only a small articular facet for the rib. The ball is strongly and evenly convex, with its greater diameter transversely. The hypapophysis is the largest of the series; it is suturally united with the stout, exogenous process of the centrum, and projects downward and backward; its distal extremity is roughened for ligamentous attachments. The third cervical vertebra shows a well-developed zygosphenal articulation, and stout articular processes. The transverse process is small, only a little larger than that of the axis, though, unlike that, it is strengthened by a ridge continued from the anterior zygapophyses. The hypapophysis is smaller than that of the axis, but, like that, is directed downward and backward. The spine may be distinguished from that of any other vertebra by its stout, trihedral shape; it is directed rather more obliquely backward than in the following vertebrae. The fourth cervical vertebra differs from the third in having stouter transverse processes; in the hypapophysis being directed more nearly downward, and in its smaller size; and in the spine being flattened antero-posteriorly toward the base. The fifth cervical vertebra differs from the fourth in the broader spine, in the stouter transverse processes, and the smaller hypapophysis. In the sixth cervical vertebra, the hypapophysis is reduced to a small ossification, scarcely longer than broad, directed downward. The spine has reached nearly the full width of those of the following vertebrae, though somewhat stouter above. The transverse processes are yet stouter. In the seventh, or last, cervical vertebra the hypapophysis is wanting, or very rudimentary. The under part of the centrum shows a rounded ridge or carina, with a slight projection corresponding to the hypapophysis. MEASUREMENTS OF THE CERVICAL VERTEBRAE. 1. Antero-posterior diameter of intercentrum of atlas 14 millim. Transverse diameter of intercentrum 25 Antero-posterior diameter of lateral piece 20 Vertical extent of articular surface 17 Extent of lateral piece 35 Width of lamina above 16 2. Length of axis 43 Transverse diameter of ball 18 Vertical diameter of ball 17 Expanse of transverse processes 28 Elevation of spine above floor of neural canal 34 Antero-posterior extent of spine 50 3. Length of third cervical vertebra 37 Height of spine above floor of neural canal 36 Depth of hypapophysis below floor of neural canal 34 4. Length of fourth cervical vertebra 37 Height of spine above floor of neural canal 39 Depth of hypapophysis below floor of neural canal 35 5. Length of fifth cervical vertebra 37 Height of spine above floor of neural canal 42 Depth of hypapophysis below floor of neural canal 33 Transverse diameter of ball 17 Vertical diameter of ball 18 6. Length of sixth cervical vertebra 37 Height of spine above floor of neural canal 42 Depth of hypapophysis below floor of neural canal 30 Width of spinous process 26 7. Length of seventh cervical vertebra 37 Height of spine above floor of neural canal 46 Transverse diameter of ball 19 Vertical diameter of ball 20 Width of spinous process 27 Dorsal vertebrae. There are thirty-five vertebrae between the cervicals and the first non-rib-bearing vertebra, to which the pelvis was, evidently, attached. The distinction between the cervicals and thoracics cannot be made from any characters they possess, as the seventh vertebra does not bear a distinct hypapophysis. Neither can it be said with certainty from this specimen which is the first thoracic vertebra, as the cervical ribs had, unfortunately, been displaced in the collection and preparation of the specimen. In another specimen, referred to _C. pumilus_, and which, as will be seen later, cannot be specifically distinguished from the present species, short cervical ribs were found attached to six vertebrae posterior to the atlas. That the eighth vertebra is a thoracic one is shown by the relation of the ribs in this specimen. Posteriorly there is no distinction, also, between the true thoracic vertebrae and those of the lumbar region. All the vertebrae anterior to the pelvis bear ribs, and will all be considered as dorsal vertebrae, the true thoracic vertebrae being restricted to those of which the ribs are elongated, and, probably, connected with the sternum. In the anterior vertebrae of the series, the centra are subcarinate below, the obtuse, rounded ridge becoming less and less apparent until no indications of the keel can be seen, before the middle of the series. The transverse processes are stoutest, with a more elongated, sigmoid articular surface, with little or no constriction, and projecting only slightly beyond the stout articulating processes, in the anterior vertebrae. In the tenth or eleventh, the articular surface has become markedly smaller, more vertical, and less sigmoid in outline. Thence to the last, the articular surface for the ribs remains nearly the same. The process itself, however, becomes gradually more prominent and constricted, as the zygapophyses becomes smaller. The spinous processes increase slightly in length and breadth, and are only slightly oblique throughout. In length, the centra increase gradually. The vertical diameter of the ball increases gradually, while the transverse diameter remains more nearly the same. MEASUREMENTS OF THE DORSAL VERTEBRAE. 1. Length of centrum to rim of ball 38 millim. Transverse diameter of ball 20 Vertical diameter of ball 19 Height of spine above floor of neural canal 48 Extent of articular surface of transverse process 30 Width of spine 28 4. Length of centrum to rim of ball 41 Transverse diameter of ball 20 Vertical diameter of ball 20 Height of spine above floor of neural canal 48 11. Length of centrum to rim of ball 41 Vertical diameter of ball 22 Extent of articular surface of transverse process 16 Width of spine 32 15. Length of centrum to rim of ball 41 Transverse diameter of ball 21 Vertical diameter of ball 24 20. Length of centrum to rim of ball 42 Vertical diameter of ball 25 Height of spine above floor of neural canal 58 24. Length to rim of ball 41 Transverse diameter of ball 22 Vertical diameter of ball 23 Height of spine 49 28. Length to rim of ball 40 Vertical diameter of ball 24 Transverse diameter of ball 23 Height of spine 54 32. Length to rim of ball 38 Vertical diameter of ball 25 Transverse diameter of ball 24 35. Length to rim of ball 37 Caudal vertebrae. Immediately following the thirty-fifth rib-bearing vertebra there is an abrupt change, the tubercular process for the rib giving place to an elongated transverse process. From the position of the pelvis, it is evident that the ilia were attached to the first pair of these. Precisely this relation of pelvis to the vertebrae is found in such lizards as the Monitor and Iguana, and it is probable that such is the relation in all the Pythonomorpha. It will thus be seen that there are no distinctively lumbar vertebrae, if by such are meant free, non-costiferous, pre-sacral vertebrae. The vertebrae of these animals that have been so designated by writers are in reality basal caudal. A distinctive term for them—those with transverse, non-costiferous processes and without chevrons—is needed, and we propose, provisionally, the term _pygial_. There are seven in the present series, all characterized by elongated transverse processes, and not differing much from each other. The vertebrae lie in the matrix with the ventral aspect uppermost, concealing the spine and upper parts. The under surface is somewhat flattened, and, as in the preceding vertebrae, is gently concave antero-posteriorly. The transverse processes are elongate, stout towards the base, apparently all of nearly equal length, and directed gently backwards and downwards. In the anterior vertebrae the processes spring from near the front part: as the centra become shorter they arise from near the middle. In the last one of the series there are minute indications of chevrons. MEASUREMENTS OF THE PYGIAL CAUDAL VERTEBRAE. 1. Length to rim of ball 36 millim. Width of ball 25 Expanse of transverse processes 130 Width of transverse process near base 17 2. Length to rim of ball 33 3. Length to rim of ball 31 4. Length to rim of ball 29 5. Length to rim of ball 28 6. Length to rim of ball 27 Expanse of transverse processes 130 Width of ball 24 7. Length to rim of ball 27 The centra of those caudal vertebrae which have chevrons do not differ much in shape. They become less constricted, and, back of the middle of the series, are smoothly cylindrical in shape. The transverse processes decrease gradually in length, disappearing entirely in the twenty-fifth or twenty-sixth. The spinous processes are more or less incompletely preserved in the anterior vertebrae. They increase only gradually in length for the first twenty of the series, and are markedly oblique, with the posterior border stout, and the anterior border alate. With the twenty-sixth they begin to increase more rapidly in length, and have become more nearly vertical in position, and are thinner at each margin. In the thirty-fifth or thirty-sixth they attain their greatest length, and are here directed slightly forwards. Thence to the end of the tail, the length decreases gradually, and, in position, they are directed more and more obliquely backward. The chevrons are strongly oblique throughout the series and are firmly co-ossified with the centrum. The tail, it is thus seen, has a broad, vertical, fin-like extremity, which, doubtless, aided much in the propulsion of the animal through the water. There are sixty-seven vertebrae with chevrons present in the specimen, all continuous, except in one place. The last one is less than one-fourth of an inch in diameter, and shows that there had been yet another, possibly several more. Toward the base of the series the tail has been bent forwards over the back, and it is possible that, where the break occurs, there has been a vertebra lost. The measurements, however, do not seem to indicate any loss. The entire series of vertebrae was not less than sixty-eight, and probably not more than seventy, making for the entire vertebral series one hundred and seventeen to twenty. MEASUREMENTS OF THE CHEVRON-BEARING CAUDAL VERTEBRAE. 1. Length to rim of ball 26 millim. 5. Length to rim of ball 24 Vertical diameter of ball 21 Transverse diameter of ball 24 10. Length to rim of ball 24 15. Length to rim of ball 24 Height of spine above floor of neural canal 40 Length of chevron 45 20. Length to rim of ball 23 Vertical diameter of ball 21 Transverse diameter of ball 22 25. Length to rim of ball 20 Height of spine 44 Width of spine at base 19 Width of spine at distal end 10 Length of chevron 85 Altitude of tail 112 30. Length to rim of ball 18 Vertical diameter of ball 17 Height of spine 57 Width of spine at base 19 Width of spine at distal end 9 Length of chevron 99 Altitude of tail 20 35. Length to rim of ball 16 Vertical diameter of ball 16 Height of spine 61 Length of chevron 97 Altitude of tail 122 40. Length to rim of ball 15 Vertical diameter of ball 15 Height of spine 54 Length of chevron 70 Altitude of tail 110 45. Length to rim of ball 14 Vertical diameter of ball 14 Height of spine 40 Length of spine 50 Length of chevron 58 Altitude of tail 93 50. Length to rim of ball 13 Length of spine 43 Length of chevron 55 Altitude of tail 73 55. Length to rim of ball 12 Length of spine 38 Length of chevron 42 Altitude of tail 63 60. Length to rim of ball 9 Length of spine 46 Length of chevron 25 Altitude of tail 50 66. Length to rim of ball 7 Length of chevron 10 Altitude of tail 20 67. Length 6 Ribs. As has already been stated, the cervical ribs were displaced in the present specimen, and measurements of them cannot be given. In a smaller specimen, specifically indistinguishable from the present one, the entire cervical series is preserved with the ribs attached. The first, that articulating with the axis, is very short. The following ones are stouter, but increase only moderately in length, that of the sixth measuring only thirty-five millimeters, while that of the seventh is but a little longer. In the specimen of _C. velox_ described, there is a detached cervical rib sixty-five millimeters in length; it probably belongs with the seventh. The thoracic ribs are simple, somewhat flattened rods, moderately expanded at the proximal end. The greatest convexity is shown about the middle of the series, where the versedsine of the curvature is forty millimeters, the chord being one hundred and sixty. Posteriorly, the short ribs are only gently curved. Lying by the side of the vertebral column, and between the ribs, as they have been pressed down, are a number of flattened, soft, punctulate bones, which are evidently the costal cartilages. Posteriorly four rows of them are seen, lying closely side by side, some of them eight or ten inches in length. The sternum, composed of the same material, has been so crushed and crumpled that its shape cannot be made out. The whole structure here, whether of ribs, cartilages or sternum, reminds one very strongly of such lizards as the Iguana or Monitor. There is no indication, however, in any specimen, of an episternum. MEASUREMENTS OF RIBS. Length, first thoracic rib, (chord) 200 millim. Length, eleventh thoracic rib, (chord) 145 Length, thirteenth dorsal rib 68 Length, eighteenth dorsal rib 64 Length, thirty-fourth dorsal rib 52 The lengths of the different regions, as they lie in their natural relations, are as follows: Skull 0.420 meters. Neck 0.225 Trunk 1.360 Tail 1.460 Total 3.465 11 ft. 7 in. The measurements of an excellent specimen of _C. tortor_ are as follows: Skull 0.630 meters. Neck 0.360 Trunk, (thirty-three vertebrae preserved) 2.370 A very complete specimen of a _Liodon_ in the Museum, in which the _complete_ vertebral column is present, numbering one hundred and seventeen vertebrae, gives the following measurements. The skull is complete, save the most anterior portion. Skull (approximated within narrow limits) 0.700 meters. Neck 0.430 Trunk 1.760 Tail 3.420 Total 6.310 20 ft. 8 in. The vertebral series in this specimen is composed of seven cervicals, twenty-three dorsals, seven pygials, and eighty chevron-caudals. The relative proportions of the different regions in the two genera, as shown by the two specimens of _Clidastes_ and _Liodon_, may be represented as follows. The first column is for _Clidastes_. Skull 12.1 11.1 Neck 6.5 6.8 Trunk 39.2 28.0 Tail 42.3 54.1 Limbs. The figures in plates II and III will give a sufficiently good idea of the limbs in this specimen. They are figured as they were lying, showing the outer sides of the coracoid, scapula and pelvic bones, and the palmar or plantar surface of the remaining bones. Coracoid. It will be observed in plates II and IV that there are two very different types of coracoid, one with a deep emargination, the other without the slightest indication of such. The same non-emarginate form occurs in _C. tortor_, as specimens in our Museum show, in _C. propython_ Cope (Ext. Batr. etc. pl. xii, f. 16,) and in _C. dispar_, as figured by Marsh[7], and as stated by him in the same paper (“There is certainly no emargination in the coracoid of _Clidastes_, _Edestosaurus_ and _Baptosaurus_, as specimens in the Yale Museum conclusively prove.”) It is true that Marsh in a later paper[8] figured a specimen with emarginate coracoid under the name of _Edestosaurus dispar_, but it is certain that his identification of his own species was wrong, as will be seen by comparing his figures. From the senior author’s memory of the specimen with the emarginate coracoid figured, and from the figure itself he feels confident that the second specimen is _C. velox_. [7] Amer. Journ. Sci. iii, pl. xi, f. 1, June, 1872. [8] Amer. Journ. Sci. xix, pl. i, fig. 1, Jan., 1880. That the emargination was overlooked by the author seems strange, as in the same paper in which this figure is given occurs the description of _Holosaurus, founded upon that very character_. If the emargination is sufficiently important to base a genus in the one case, then it should be in the other, and the character could not be applied to _Edestosaurus_, based upon characters which it hardly seems possible that the author himself could seriously consider, for _E. dispar_ was the type of _Edestosaurus_. It will be observed, further, that the figured coracoids differ very materially in size, those with the emargination pertaining to a small species, while _C. dispar_ is one of the largest. In our Museum there are three specimens with the emarginate coracoid, all of them small or very small, the described specimen of _C. velox_ being the largest. The point of chief interest in this relation is the value that can be given to this character. Is it individual, specific or generic? Marsh has called it generic, but we think an examination of the two very complete specimens of _C. tortor_ and _C. velox_ in our Museum will convince any unprejudiced student that he is in error. A comparison of the figures herewith given of the paddles will show their great resemblance, and these two forms of paddles have been figured because the species are the most unlike of any that we know in the genus. As all the small specimens seem to possess this character, and as they cannot be called immature specimens, we believe the character is a specific one. As Marsh says, typically both _Clidastes_ and _Edestosaurus_ have a non-emarginate coracoid, so that neither name could apply to the emarginate form, were it generically distinct. Our Museum also contains both forms of the coracoid pertaining to the genus _Platecarpus_, of which _Holosaurus_ is a synonym. While studying the specimen above described, a striking similarity was observed to several other specimens already determined with confidence as _C. pumilus_ Marsh. A more careful comparison failed to bring out any real differences beyond size, and even this was shown to be very inconstant. The following comparison of the descriptions given by Marsh will be of interest. _C. pumilus._ TEETH. Nearly round at base somewhat curved and with smooth enamel. QUADRATE. The rugose knob near the distal end of the quadrate is similar to that in _C. Wymani_ (just below the posterior superior process is a prominent rugose knob with a deep pit under it), but has no articular pit under it. The hook is comparatively short and has a free compressed extremity. The articular margin is not deflected toward the meatus. CERVICAL VERTEBRAE. Articular face nearly vertical, and having a broad transverse outline with faint superior emargination. The hypapophysis stout and transversely triangular. _C. velox._ Premaxillary and maxillary teeth smooth and subcompressed. The great ala less curved than in _E. dispar_, concave transversely on both surfaces. The alar process has its articular process very narrow in its extension over the great ala. No notch in posterior margin of external angle. On the ridge below the angle and nearly opposite the meatal pit is a strong rugosity which is rudimentary or wanting in _C. dispar_. The posterior margin of the hook is only a narrow tongue projecting towards the meatal pit, instead of a broad articular surface. Articular face transverse. The description, otherwise, shows no discrepancies of importance. The chief difference given by the author is the size, and this character we think our specimens show to be of little specific value. “It is a question of some importance how far difference in size among the Mosasauroids may be a test of difference in species. Among the numerous remains of these animals which have been discovered I have never yet observed any which presented any evidence relative to age. * * * In this view of the case, some of the many described species of Mosasauroids may have been founded on different sizes of the same.”[9] [9] Leidy, Rep. U. S. Geol. Surv. Hayden, vol. i, p. 284. The length of the cervical vertebrae in the specimen above described is thirty-seven or thirty-eight millimeters. The cervical vertebrae in two specimens referred to _C. pumilus_ have lengths respectively of twenty-two and thirty millimeters. In the type specimen of _C. velox_ they must have had a length of at least forty-two millimeters. It thus appears that, between the smallest specimen, which, in life, could have hardly exceeded eight feet in length, our specimens, indistinguishable anatomically, represent forms of ten and twelve feet, while the type itself was about fifteen feet in length. Of the material originally referred to _C. pumilus_, there are in the collection five or more specimens, which, altogether, furnish nearly every part of the skeleton. They present no tangible differences from the skeleton of _C. velox_ described above. There can be, hence, little or no doubt but that the name _C. pumilus_ is a synonym. It is hardly possible to say with certainty that _C. affinis_ Leidy is or is not the same as _C. velox_, but, so far as the description goes, we can find few differences. The type is of about the same size as the type of _C. velox_, and the figures agree well with the bones of the skeleton described. Although the description was not published till 1873, the author makes no mention of the species of Marsh’s. Leidy describes the back teeth as having the enamel strongly striated, with the surface presenting evidences of subdivision into narrow planes. In this respect, only, it disagrees with the specimen. _Plioplatecarpus_ Dollo is described by its author as having a sacrum of two conjoined vertebrae,[10] by reason of which it is placed in a separate family from the rest of the _Pythonomorpha_. It may be presumptuous to express a doubt of the genuineness of the sacrum, and yet, save from the fact that the author found two specimens quite alike, one might doubt it strongly. It is not very rare that two, or even three vertebrae are found united from injury in these animals, and such would readily account for the consolidation as figured and described by Dollo, except for the coincidence of the second specimen. A stronger reason for doubt is the statement that the consolidated vertebrae belong to the posterior “lumbar” region, and that the last vertebrae had small tubercles indicative of chevrons. In the reptiles which we have examined, the chevrons do not begin immediately behind the pelvis, but are separated by a longer or shorter region in which the vertebrae bear elongated diapophyses alone. If the conjoined vertebrae figured by Dollo are in reality sacral, it would appear that the animal is an exception to _Clidastes_ and such lizards as we have examined. Furthermore, the pelvis must have been of a different structure from that in the Kansas genera of the Pythonomorpha, for, in these, it is evident that the ilium had an oblique position, and could have been attached to but a single diapophysis. [10] Bull. Su. Mus. Roy. S. Hist. Nat. d. Belg. i, p. 8, 1882. CLIDASTES WESTII, N. SP. A specimen of much interest in the University collection differs so markedly from the other forms represented by specimens, as also from the descriptions of the known species, that we are constrained to regard it as new. It was collected by Mr. C. H. Sternberg from the uppermost of the Niobrara beds, in the vicinity of the old town of Sheridan. The character of the associated invertebrate fossils seems to indicate a different geological horizon, either the Fox Hills group, or transition beds to that group. The specimen consists of a complete lower jaw, quadrate, portions of the skull, the larger part of the vertebral column, and the incomplete hind and fore paddles. The vertebrae preserved are in two series, the one, numbering thirty-three, continuous with the skull; the other, sixty-three in number, all chevron caudals. The terminal caudals preserved indicate that there were several more in life, perhaps five or ten; the first of the series was evidently among the first of those which bore chevrons. Altogether the tail may have had seventy-five chevron caudals. The lengths of the two series are respectively seventy-one and seventy-two inches. Assuming that there was the same number of precaudal vertebrae as in _C. velox_, the entire vertebral column would have measured in life fifteen feet and four inches. The lower jaw shows the skull to have been very nearly twenty-four inches in length, making, for the animal when alive, a length of seventeen and one-half feet. This is one of the largest species, and it is interesting to observe that the real size here, as usually elsewhere among fossil vertebrates, is less than supposed. It is doubtful whether there is a _Clidastes_ known that exceeded twenty feet in length. While the skeleton was only about one half longer than the specimen of _C. velox_ described in the foregoing pages, or of about the same length as a very complete specimen of _C. tortor_ in the museum, the proportions of the animal were very much stouter. The figures given in plate VI of the twenty-fifth, or eighteenth dorsal, vertebra will show the relations between length and breadth: it is upon these remarkably stout proportions, and the shape of the articular faces, as indicated by the figures and by the measurements appended, that the species is chiefly based. The articular surfaces of the basal caudal vertebrae are remarkably triangular in shape, with the angles rounded, and the sides of nearly equal length. This triangular shape is persistent for the first twenty of the series as they are preserved. The paddles, as shown in plates IV and V, show much stouter proportions than in either _C. velox_ or _C. tortor_. The species comes nearest to _C. stenops_ Cope, but it seems hardly the same. It is, also, evidently allied to _C. dispar_ Marsh. From these and other described species, the following, extracted from the original descriptions, will serve to show the differences, in comparison with the specimen of _C. Westii_. =C. dispar.= The articular faces in the cervicals are a broad transverse oval, faintly emarginated above for the neural canal. In the dorsals and lumbars the cup continues transverse, and the emargination is deeper, but in the anterior caudals the outline becomes a vertical oval. There appears to have been thirteen mandibular teeth. Length of axis with odontoid process 32 lines 100 Width between diapophyses 26.8 103 Length from edge of cup to end of ball in eleventh vertebra 25 100 Width of ball 14 56 Depth of ball 12 43 =C. Wymani.= In the cervical vertebrae, the outline of the articular faces is transversely cordate. The centra of the anterior dorsals are elongate, and much constricted behind the diapophyses. In the anterior caudals, the articular faces are a broad vertical oval. Length of axis with odontoid process 19 lines 100 Width between diapophyses 17 89.4 Width of ball 8 42.1 Depth of ball 7 36.7 Length of sixth cervical, without ball 13 100 Width of cup 9 69.1 =C. rex.= The cervical vertebrae have very broad, transversely oval faces, with indications of emargination. The dorsals are elongated, with transverse faces, and a distinct superior excavation for neural canal. The articular ends of the anterior caudals are vertically oval. Length of posterior cervical vertebrae 44 mm 100 Vertical diameter of ball 24 54.5 Transverse diameter 29.5 67 Length of a dorsal vertebra 52 =C. stenops.= The anterior caudals possess wide diapophyses. Their articular faces are a vertical oval, a little contracted above, sometimes a straight outline. They present a peculiarly elongate form. Length of axis (alone) 60 mm 100 Vertical diameter of ball 27 45 Transverse diameter of ball 27 45 Length of the mandible 720 100 Depth at coronoid process 150 20.9 MEASUREMENTS OF CLIDASTES WESTII. Length of dentary 400 millim. Depth opposite the first tooth 20 Depth opposite last tooth 62 Entire extent of mandible 630 Greatest depth at coronoid process 95 2. Length of axis with odontoid process 80 Length of axis without odontoid process 70 Vertical diameter of ball 24 Transverse diameter of ball 33 4. Length of fourth cervical vertebra to rim of ball 49 Expanse of diapophyses 82 5. Length of fifth cervical to rim of ball 49 Transverse diameter of ball 35 Vertical diameter of ball 28 Expanse of diapophyses 90 8. Length of eighth vertebra to rim of ball 53 Expanse of diapophyses 90 14. Length to rim of ball 54 Transverse diameter of ball 40 Vertical diameter of ball 33 Expanse of diapophyses 100 18. Length to rim of ball 50 Transverse diameter of ball 40 Vertical diameter of ball 36 Expanse of diapophyses 100 23. Length to rim of ball 50 Transverse diameter of ball 41 Expanse of diapophyses 100 25. Length to rim of ball 52 Transverse diameter of ball 43 Vertical diameter of ball 43 Expanse of diapophyses 100 30. Length to rim of ball 54 Transverse diameter of ball 46 This species is named in memory of Judge E. P. West, lately deceased, to whom our Museum owes so much for his long, diligent and faithful labors in the collection and preparation of the geological material. * * * * * ERRATUM: P. 17, line 15, for “_Edestosaurus_,” read _Clidastes_, and in next line, strike out “Proc. Acad.” etc. Notes and Descriptions of Syrphidae. BY W. A. SNOW. WITH PLATE VII. Among the insects obtained by Prof. F. H. Snow in a recent trip to Colorado, is an excellent representative collection of the Diptera. The material for the following notes on Syrphidae is chiefly drawn from this collection. That such a collection affords so many points of interest in this, one of the best studied families of North American Diptera, is an evidence of the rich field that is presented by this important and little-studied order of insects. CALLICERA. _Callicera_ Panzer, Fauna Germanica, 1806. _Callicera_ is a small genus hitherto supposed to be peculiar to Europe. The species are found in the high mountains, where the males are often taken while hovering in the air. The present collection includes numerous specimens of a species taken near the summit of Mt. Deception, in Manitou Park, Colorado, at an altitude of nine thousand feet. The occurrence of members of this genus in the western part of the United States is a fact of especial interest and further substantiates the rule that American forms common to Europe are more apt to occur in the western regions. _Arctophila flagrans_ Osten Sacken, is a case precisely similar to the present one, belonging as it does to a small European genus of mountain flies, and described from Colorado. As the genus is a new one to our fauna, I here give an amended transcription of the generic characters from Schiner’s Fauna Austriaca, to include the new species, which differs only in unimportant details. =Callicera.= Rather large, stout, green or black species with metallic lustre and abundant, long pile. Head hemispherical, somewhat broader than the thorax. Antennae porrect, longer than the head, somewhat remote at their base, inserted upon a protuberance of the front; first joint sometimes elongate; second joint shorter than, or as long as, the first joint; third joint one to three times the length of the first two joints taken together, with a short, terminal style. Face broad, under the antennae concave in profile; an obtuse tubercle below the middle; on the sides thickly covered with pile. Proboscis rather prominent, with broad labella. Eyes hairy, holoptic in the male. Abdomen elliptical, as long or longer than the thorax. Legs moderately strong. Third longitudinal vein straight, first posterior cell distally short petiolate; marginal cell open; cross-vein situated near the middle of the discal cell, oblique. =Callicera montensis, n. sp.=, Plate vii, f. 4. MALE. Black, densely golden red pilose. Frontal triangle, face and cheeks deep black, shining, covered thickly with black pile, save a median facial stripe. Antennae black, basal third of third joint on the under side red; first joint short; second joint not more than half as long as the first; third joint three times as long as the first and second joints taken together; gradually broadened for a third of its length, and then attenuated; style white. Eyes thickly clothed with golden pile. Thorax and abdomen covered everywhere with long golden red pile. Legs black; tarsal joints below and at their articulations reddish. Wings nearly hyaline, brownish on the anterior basal portion; stigma yellow. Length 11 millimeters. Three specimens, Colorado. The genus may be distinguished from _Pelecocera_, in Williston’s dichotomic table of the genera of North American Syrphidae, by the pilose eyes. =Microdon megalogaster, n. sp.=, Plate vii, f. 1. MALE. Large, yellowish pilose species, in shape globose. Antennae reddish black, the first joint about as long as the following two together; second joint not one-third as long as the third. Face dark metallic green, shining, thickly covered with golden yellow pile. Front black, with similar pile, narrowed in the middle. Eyes bare. Thorax and scutellum deep metallic green, with long, thick, golden pile; scutellum gently emarginate, the small obtuse tubercles approximate. Abdomen short and broad, black, moderately shining; first two segments and the hypopygium somewhat green; pile at base yellow, elsewhere short, black. Legs black, with black pile; front tibiae and their metatarsi, on the inner side, with short golden pile; hind metatarsi incrassate and longer than the three following joints taken together. Wings uniformly subinfuscate; veins at the outer part of the first posterior and discal cells sinuous and rounded. Length 12 millimeters. One specimen. =Chrysotoxum derivatum= Walker. Eight specimens from Colorado, which vary not a little from each other and from Williston’s description. They seem to belong here, however, better than elsewhere. In one specimen, the second joint of the antennae is shorter than the first, and only one-fourth the length of the third. In five examples the second abdominal cross-band is not interrupted; in the others it is distinctly parted. In two, the third band does not reach the yellow of the broad hind margin; in two others it barely touches it; in five, the two bands broadly coalesce. The yellow of the fifth segment, in four specimens, incloses a black, inverted V; in two others an inverted Y. =Paragus bicolor= Fabr. Three specimens, Colorado. These may be located under Schiner’s variety _taeniatus_. =Melanostoma stegnum= Say. _Syrphus stegnus_ Say, Journ. Acad. Phil. vi, p. 163. _Melanostoma tigrina_ Osten Sacken, Western Diptera, p. 323. _Melanostoma stegnum_ Williston, Biol. Centr.-Amer. Diptera, iii, p. 10. Eleven specimens, Colorado, which answer well to the descriptions. The metallic band of the fourth abdominal segment is sometimes interrupted, and there is usually a triangular opaque black spot near the anterior border of the fifth segment. “The female, hitherto unknown, has the front broad above, pollinose, except on the upper part, and with black pile; the thorax more shining metallic blue; the tibiae yellow, and on the third and fourth abdominal segments there is a narrow shining stripe, bisecting the black, as in the fourth segment of the male. The male has some long black hairs on the outer side of the front and middle tibiae, which are inconspicuous in the female. It is evident, from the lighter color of the tibiae, that Say’s specimens were females.” Williston, l. c. =Melanostoma mellinum= Linne. A single female specimen from Manitou Park. =Melanostoma, n. sp.=? MALE. Face and front dark metallic blue, shining, thinly covered with light-colored pollen; tubercle and epistoma black, shining, the former small. Antennae black, third joint yellowish red below, oblong. Pile of frontal and vertical triangles dusky. Thorax bronze-black, shining, sometimes bluish black, the pubescence white. Halteres yellowish. Abdomen long and narrow, with almost parallel sides; first segment metallic blue, shining; second segment opaque, or subopaque, black, with a light metallescent scallop on the sides, reaching to the distal third of the segment; third and fourth segments similar, marked anteriorly by a wide, interrupted, or subinterrupted blue fascia, deeply and widely emarginated, or concave behind; hind border of the third, and sometimes of the second segment, narrowly brown; fifth segment and the hypopygium metallic bluish green; sides of the abdomen with silvery white pile, longest and thickest at the base; the blue marking are whitish pruinose. Femora, except the tip, a broad ring on the tibiae, and the four posterior tarsi, black; elsewhere brownish or yellowish. Wings hyaline, stigma yellowish. Length 7-8 millimeters. =Eupeodes volucris=, Osten Sacken. Numerous specimens, Colorado. =Syrphus arcuatus= Fallen. Four specimens, Colorado. These specimens vary not a little from each other, and somewhat from the descriptions. One female is very small, not over seven millimeters in length, and with the spots on the third and fourth abdominal segments hardly oblique. One male has the hind femora black as far as the tip, while in three females the black does not extend beyond the middle. =Syrphus disjectus= Williston. A single female specimen, from Colorado, agrees well with the description drawn from males. The pile of the thorax is more whitish than orange-yellow, and there are light colored lateral margins on the anterior part of the thorax. =Syrphus ruficauda, n. sp.=, Plate vii, f. 3. MALE. Eyes bare. Face greenish yellow on the sides, yellow in the middle; a rather broad black line marks the border of the mouth and is lost in the black of the cheeks. Frontal triangle yellow, with long black pile. Antennae dark brown, more or less reddish below. Pile of occiput light yellow. Dorsum of thorax deep metallic green, the scutellum olivaceous yellow; both with light yellow pile. First segment of the abdomen shining black; second segment opaque black, with the lateral margins and hind border shining, and with a broad, yellow, interrupted band, not reaching the lateral margins; third segment similar, but with the yellow band somewhat wider, interrupted or subinterrupted and slightly bilaterally oblique; fourth and fifth segments orange-red, the sides narrowly black; the fourth segment shows indistinctly a broad interrupted band of a somewhat lighter color, corresponding to the yellow bands of the preceding segments. Legs light brown; basal third of the front and middle femora and basal half of the hind femora black. Wings hyaline, stigma yellowish. FEMALE. Head wanting. Thorax purplish brown. The yellow band on the second abdominal segment narrower, the second band straight, narrower and interrupted. Legs light brown, except the proximal end of the femora, which is black. Length 9 millimeters. Three males and one female, Colorado. =Syrphus pauxillus= Williston. Two specimens from Colorado undoubtedly come here. The species was described from a single male specimen. A female specimen offers the following differences or additions: Length nine millimeters, mesonotum more greenish black or bronze, the pile obscure whitish; fifth abdominal segment without yellow spots on the anterior angles; legs yellow, with the basal half of the front and middle femora, the hind femora except the tip, a broad band on the hind tibiae, and the hind tarsi, black. =Syrphus ribesii= Linne. Five specimens, Colorado. =Syrphus americanus= Wiedemann. Numerous specimens, Colorado. =Syrphus umbellatarum= Schiner. Five female specimens, Colorado. The only western locality heretofore given is Arizona (Williston). =Allograpta obliqua= Say. Five specimens, Colorado. =Mesogramma marginatum= Say. Numerous specimens from Colorado, showing very great variation. =Sphaerophoria cylindrica= Say. Twenty specimens, Colorado. I think the specimens belong here, though a positive identification is hardly possible at present. =Rhingia nasica= Say. One specimen, Colorado. This is the first time that this species has been recorded from beyond the Mississippi. =Copestylum marginatum= Say. Two specimens, Colorado, representing the extremes of variation in the species. The male corresponds to _C. lentum_ Williston. Specimens of this species were bred from _Opuntia missouriensis_, in company with others of _Volucella fasciata_ Macq. =Sericomyia militaris= Walker. Sixteen specimens from Minnesota and Colorado vary in the markings of the second abdominal segment, and in the color of the legs. Some have no spots at all on the second segment; in others the two yellow dots are conspicuous, approaching, in size and shape, the markings of the third segment. The tibiae vary from light yellow to reddish brown. =Brachyopa cynops, n. sp.=, plate vii, f. 2. Head light yellowish brown, largely concealed beneath light glistening pollen; the shining ground color shows just above the antennae and in a stripe on the cheeks, extending from the eye to the mouth opening. Antennae wanting. Dorsum of thorax brown, covered with grayish pollen; anteriorly with two approximated, linear, blackish stripes; laterally with a broad, interrupted stripe. Scutellum light brown, with yellowish pollen. Abdomen but little longer than broad; yellowish gray pollinose; second segment with a circular brown spot in the anterior corners; the two following segments are marked with corresponding elliptical spots, and, in the middle of the anterior border with a triangular spot; on the fifth segment are two small round spots. Legs uniformly reddish brown, with light colored pollen and short whitish pile. Wing hyaline, distinctly clouded at anterior cross-vein, on the veins at the anterior outer corner of the discal cell and on the ultimate section of the fourth vein; posterior cross-vein about as long as the penultimate section of the fourth vein, the included angle obtuse. Length 5 millimeters. One specimen, Colorado. =Eristalis latifrons= Loew. Numerous specimens, Colorado. The commonest Syrphid of the mountain meadows. Some specimens have very indistinct brownish spots on the second abdominal segment, and, when this is the case, the middle of the wing generally shows a brown spot, and brown clouds along the anterior veins between the spot and the base of the wing. =Eristalis brousi= Williston. One male specimen, Colorado. =Helophilus latifrons= Loew. Numerous specimens, Colorado. =Xylota flavitibia= Bigot. Eight specimens, Colorado. The glistening pile of the face and front varies from white to a golden yellow. On the dorsum of the thorax purplish stripes are distinctly visible. The fourth segment of the male abdomen is often red, as in the female abdomen. =Syritta pipiens= Linne. Eight specimens, Colorado. =Criorrhina umbratilis= Williston. A single, male specimen, collected by Mr. W. J. Coleman, at Lawrence, and agreeing exactly with the description. The only other known specimen of this species is the type, at Washington, from Connecticut. =Spilomyia quadrifasciata= Say. Seven specimens, Lawrence, Kansas, (F. H. Snow and E. S. Tucker). The species has not hitherto been recorded west of New York. Notes on Melitera Dentata Grote. BY VERNON L. KELLOGG. WITH PLATE VIII. At the meeting of the Entomological Club of the A. A. A. S., held in August, 1891, at Washington, Dr. Riley called attention to the habits of _Melitera prodenialis_ Walker. The larvae burrow into and feed upon the fleshy leaves of the prickly pear, _Opuntia_. Dr. Riley’s specimens came from Florida. Prof. J. B. Smith has recently bred the moth from the prickly pear in New Jersey. His notes were presented at the same meeting of the Club, and the brief references to the interesting notes of Doctors Riley and Smith, made in the Canadian Entomologist (v. xxiii, num. 11, pp. 242 and 256), suggest the presentation of the following notes on _Melitera dentata_ Grote, the western species of this Phycitid genus. Chancellor F. H. Snow, of this University, while investigating a grasshopper “outbreak” (_Dissosteira longipennis_) in eastern Colorado in July, 1891, noted the withered and dying condition of many leaves of the common prickly pear cactus (_Opuntia missouriensis_), and on examining the leaves found in them certain large, naked, bluish larvae. The larvae were imbedded in the fleshy leaves, eating away the soft inner tissue. The hollowed-out spaces were nearly filled with irregularly spherical, yellowish, translucent casts. The attacked leaves were withered and brown without. Prof. Snow took a few leaves and larvae on July 16, near Arriba, Colorado, and brought them to the laboratory. The larvae were put into breeding-cage on July 18. On July 28 one larva had spun up and pupated in a corner of the cage behind a small porcelain dish. Another had made a cocoon in a broken, empty pupa-case of _Eacles imperialis_, but died before pupating. On August —— the adults appeared, and have been determined by Prof. J. B. Smith as _M. dentata_, Grote. As I am aware of no description of the earlier stages of this species, I record the following notes of description: EGG. About 1-1.2 millimeters in diameter, surface with broad, meridian-like furrows from one pole for about one-third of the distance to the other pole. Color, creamy white. LARVA. Food plant, _Opuntia missouriensis_, prickly pear cactus, burrowing into the fleshy leaves and eating the soft, succulent, inner tissues. Length, 40 millimeters. Five pairs of prolegs. Color, one specimen, ultramarine blue; skin, semi-transparent and shining anteriorly, dead blue on dorsum; second specimen, buffy with a bluish suffusion, blue between segments, prolegs bluish, and last abdominal segment blue, especially below; skin more opaque than in first specimen. No pronounced markings of skin; spiracles shining black and present on first thoracic and first to tenth abdominal segments. Head flattened, slightly narrower than first thoracic segment, umber. Prothoracic shield well marked, brownish black; anal shield, smoky brownish. Clothing, limited to tubercled hairs sparsely distributed as follows: a subdorsal line of small tubercles, two tubercles to a segment, each tubercle bearing three short, fine hairs; a supra-stigmatic line, one tubercle to each segment, each tubercle bearing three to four fine hairs; a similar infra-stigmatic line; a sub-ventral line of tubercles, bearing usually four fine hairs, the tubercles of the three thoracic segments in this line situated at base of legs outside, and similarly as to the prolegs on the third to sixth abdominal segments. The tubercles in all the lines are faintly smoky. The larva is rather heavy, and rotund in form, tapering toward both head and posterior segment. It moves with a lumbering gait, but rather rapidly. CHRYSALIS. Length, 20 millimeters; in cocoon of silk, loosely covered with small dirt-masses. As made in the breeding cage the cocoons were above ground, but concealed under or in available objects. ADULT. The adults obtained from the breeding cage, (there are no others in our collection), are easily distinguished from _prodenialis_ Wlk., by the much stronger dentations of the outer line of the primaries. Prof. Smith kindly sent a specimen of _prodenialis_ taken at Ocean Grove, New Jersey, for comparison. The row of marginal black spots on the primaries which Hulst (Tran. Am. Ent. Soc., v. xvii, p. 172) mentions as distinctive of dentata is as pronounced in Prof. Smith’s specimen of _prodenialis_ as in our _dentata_. The much lighter color of the primaries, head and thorax in dentata as mentioned by Hulst is characteristic. An interesting feature in the venation of the hind wings in our bred specimens of _dentata_ is the considerable coalescence of the sub-costal and costal veins. Vein five is wanting, as mentioned by Hulst. In addition, there is further departure from a normal venation, in that vein seven after rising with six from its stem, (Hulst says: “Six short stemmed with seven”), coalesces for a short distance with eight and then runs free to the margin. Behind the forking of seven and six the stem (remnant of sub-costal) unites with the costal, and its basal portion is wholly merged with the forward vein. This partial disappearance of the sub-costal seems to be shared by _prodenialis_ and is probably characteristic of the genus. Prof. Smith, as recorded in the Canadian Naturalist, v. viii, p. 242, (1891), bred several specimens of _Volucella fasciata_, a Syrphid fly, from the same prickly pear leaves in which the _Melitera_ larvae were living. It is interesting to note that pupariae and later, adults of _Volucella fasciata_ and _Copestylum marginatum_, a closely allied Syrphid, were noted in the Opuntia leaves from which _M. dentata_ was bred. (See note by Dr. Williston, Entomological News, v. ii, p. 165, 1891). Diptera Brasiliana. BY S. W. WILLISTON. PART II.[11] [11] See Trans. Amer. Entom. Soc. xv, p. 243, for Part I. CONOPS. 1. First basal cell hyaline 2 First basal cell clouded throughout 6 2. Third joint of the antennae as long as the first two together; small species _parvus_, n. sp. Third joint of the antennae but little if any longer than the second joint 3 3. First posterior cell hyaline 4 First posterior cell more or less clouded 5 4. Cheeks yellow _angustifrons_, n. sp. Cheeks black _ornatus_, n. sp. 5. Face black in ground-color _argentifacies_, n. sp. Face yellow, large species _grandis_, n. sp. 6. Red species; front red _rufus_, n. sp. Black species; front black 7 7. Face and cheeks black in ground-color _magnus_, n. sp. Face and cheeks yellow _inornatus_, n. sp. 1. =Conops magnus, n. sp.= FEMALE. Front black, shining, the vertical callosity somewhat reddish. Face and cheeks yellowish brown, the orbits silvery pollinose. Antennae brownish black; second and third joints subequal, first joint about two-thirds the length of the second; third joint of the style with a long bristly extremity. Thorax shining black; pleurae lightly whitish pollinose. Abdomen deep black, opaque; lightly whitish pollinose posteriorly; ventral process of the fifth segment large. Wings deep brown in front, extending through the two basal cells, and the basal part of the discal cell; outer part of the first posterior cell subhyaline, as also behind the streak corresponding to the spurious vein of the Syrphidae. Legs black; base of the femora, of the tibiae, and of the tarsi, somewhat yellowish. Length 21-24 millimeters. Six specimens, Chapada, H. H. Smith. 2. =Conops grandis, n. sp.= FEMALE. Front black, the lower margin of the vertical callosity reddish; just below the callosity opaque, elsewhere shining. Antennae black; the second and third joints of nearly equal length; the first joint about two-thirds the length of the second joint; style with a long bristly extremity. Face and cheeks light yellow, the orbital margins of the former silvery or light golden pollinose. Thorax black, the mesonotum shining, the pleurae lightly whitish pollinose. Abdomen deep black; posteriorly lightly pollinose. Wings brown in front; first posterior cell and the space behind the streak corresponding to the spurious vein of the Syrphidae in the first posterior cell, pure hyaline; outer part of the first posterior cell subhyaline; a brown streak in front of the fifth vein. Legs black; the tibiae and basal joints of the tarsi in large part reddish or yellowish; pulvilli light yellow; ventral process of the fifth segment extraordinarily large; seventh segment as long as the three preceding together. MALE. Abdomen in ground-color black, either wholly so, or more or less, or rarely entirely, red; the ground color, save at the base, however, is almost wholly obscured by reddish brown pollen. Length 19-23 millimeters. Six specimens, Chapada, H. H. Smith. 3. =Conops rufus, n. sp.= MALE, FEMALE. Head red; face in the depression yellow, on the sides with a silvery sheen. Antennae black; first joint red, more than half of the length of the second joint; second joint sometimes reddish at the base; third joint about as long as the second joint, stout; third joint of the style suddenly attenuated into a moderately long bristly extremity. Thorax red; mesonotum with a median black stripe, and an oval, more or less distinct spot on either side; a golden pollinose spot on the inner side of each humerus. Abdomen red, lightly pollinose, the median segments more or less black; ventral process in the female large; the sixth segment in the same sex about as long as the two preceding together. Legs red, the tarsi a little darker, the pulvilli and the ungues, save their black tip, yellow. Wings brown in front, the brown extending to the fifth vein in the basal part of the discal cell; the space behind the spurious vein in the first posterior cell hyaline; the outer part of the same cell subhyaline. Length 16-17 millimeters. Two specimens, Chapada, H. H. Smith. 4. =Conops angustifrons, n. sp.= MALE. Front much longer than wide; black, shining at the vertex and below; an opaque band below the vertical callosity. Antennae black, the third joint somewhat reddish below towards the base; the first joint about half of the length of the third joint; third joint distinctly shorter than the second, rather broad at the base; style small, attenuate. Face, cheeks and the lower part of the occiput wholly light yellow. Thorax opaque black; a whitish pollinose spot on the inner side of each humerus; vertical pleural pollinose spot not distinctly limited above; a row of dorso-pleural, at least two prescutellar, and four scutellar, well-developed bristles. Abdomen subopaque black; second segment yellow at the base; sixth segment opaque golden yellow pollinose. Wings brownish before the third longitudinal vein, the first basal and the first posterior cells wholly hyaline; a streak before the fifth vein. Legs deep brown; the base of all the tibiae, the large pulvilli, and the claws (except their tips) yellow. Length 12 millimeters. One specimen, Chapada, H. H. Smith. This species is peculiar in its narrow front, bristles of the thorax, and hyaline first posterior cell. 5. =Conops nobilis, n. sp.= FEMALE. Head black; front, below the vertical callosity, except a crescentic space above the base of the antennae, opaque; face, on the sides and in the depression, with a conspicuous, light yellowish silvery reflection; in an oblique light from above the ground-color wholly concealed. Antennae black; the reddish first joint about two-thirds the length of the third joint; the third joint about two-thirds of the length of the slender second joint; third joint of the style with a short bristly extremity. Thorax black, lightly pollinose, opaque; on the front margin, and near the humeri, velvety; in the middle in front distinctly whitish when seen from behind. Abdomen black, subshining; second segment deep opaque black, save on the anterior part, where it is whitish pollinose; ventral process of the fifth segment small. Legs black; the tarsi and claws (save their extreme tips) light yellow; pulvilli very large, yellow; the tarsi dilated. Wings unequally brown in front, scarcely extending beyond the third vein, save in the first posterior cell; the costal cell and the outer part of the wing in front of the third vein of a lighter color. Length 12 millimeters. One specimen, Chapada, H. H. Smith. 6. =Conops inornatus, n. sp.= MALE. Front black, shining, the vertical callosity reddish. Face yellow, with golden pollen on the sides extending up on the lower part of the front. Cheeks wholly yellow. Thorax black, shining, lightly pollinose; margins of the thorax and of the scutellum with moderately large bristles. Abdomen slender, black, shining; the narrow hind margins of the third and fourth segments, the fifth on the sides and behind, and the sixth nearly wholly, light golden pollinose. Legs brown; base of tibiae yellow; basal joints of the tarsi yellowish. Wings subhyaline, without distinct picture, though the color is more intense in front; yellow in the costal cell. FEMALE. Wings distinctly brown before the third vein and in the basal cells and proximal portion of the discal cell. Abdomen diffusely whitish pollinose behind; the second segment largely reddish; ventral process of the fifth segment small. Length 10 millimeters. Two specimens, Chapada, H. H. Smith. 7. =Conops ornatus, n. sp.= MALE. Vertical callosity reddish; below it an opaque black band, connected in the middle with a V-shaped spot about the base of the antennae; the front elsewhere, and the face for the greater part, light yellow, the sides of the latter with a broad silvery sheen. Cheeks black. Antennae red; the first joint a little shorter than the third joint; second joint about twice the length of the first; style short, thick. Thorax black, opaque; near the humeri and behind, as also on the scutellum, thickly golden pollinose; pleurae diffusely pollinose. Abdomen opaque black; the hind margin of the first three segments, and the remainder of the abdomen, save spots on the sides of the fourth and fifth segments, thickly light golden pollinose. Legs reddish brown, the base of the tibiae and the basal joints of the tarsi yellowish. The brown of the wings extends to the third vein and through the middle of the first posterior cell; costal and subcostal cells lighter colored. Length 11 millimeters. Two specimens, Chapada, H. H. Smith. 8. =Conops parvus, n. sp.= FEMALE. Closely allied to _C. sylvosus_ Williston, but differs in the lighter colored antennae and their more elongated third joint, which is as long as the first two joints together; in the wings being wholly grayish hyaline, save a quadrate brown spot in front a little beyond the middle; and in the lighter colored legs and abdomen. The proboscis is as long as the antennae; the legs are brown or brownish yellow. Length 8 millimeters. Two specimens, Chapada, H. H. Smith. Explanation of Plates. PLATE I. Skull of _Pteranodon_ sp., one-fifth natural size. PLATE II. Left front paddle of _Clidastes velox_ Marsh, two-thirds natural size. _C_, coracoid; _S_, scapula; _H_, humerus; _I_, first digit; _V_, fifth digit. PLATE III. Left hind paddle of _Clidastes velox_ Marsh, two-thirds natural size. _Il_, ilium; _P_, pubis; _Is_, ischium; _F_, femur; _T_, tibia; _Fb_, fibula; _I_, first metatarsal. PLATE IV. Right front paddle of _Clidastes Westii_ Williston, one-third natural size. _S_, scapula; _C_, coracoid; _H_, humerus; _R_, radius; _U_, ulna; _I_, _IV_, first, fourth digits. PLATE V. Right hind paddle of _Clidastes Westii_ Williston, one-half natural size. PLATE VI. Eighteenth dorsal vertebra of _Clidastes Westii_ Williston, natural size. Fig. 1, centrum from behind; fig. 2, from below. PLATE VII. Fig. 1, _Microdon megalogaster_ Snow; fig. 2, _Brachyopa cynops_ Snow; fig. 3, _Syrphus ruficauda_ Snow; fig. 4, _Callicera montensis_ Snow; fig. 5, _Tropidomyia bimaculata_ Williston; fig. 6, _Rhingiopsis rostrata_ Roeder; fig. 7, _Ancanthina hieroglyphica_ Wiedemann. PLATE VIII. _Melitera dentata._ Adult, silken cocoon and outer layer of dirt-masses held together by silken threads; larva (shaded); larva in outline showing position and number of tubercled hairs; hind wing of adult showing venation. PLATE I. Skull of _Pteranodon_ sp., one-fifth natural size. [Illustration: KAN. UNIV. QUART. VOL. I. PLATE I. S. W. Williston.] PLATE II. Left front paddle of _Clidastes velox_ Marsh, two-thirds natural size. _C_, coracoid; _S_, scapula; _H_, humerus; _I_, first digit; _V_, fifth digit. [Illustration: PLATE II. S. W. Williston, ad nat. del.] PLATE III. Left hind paddle of _Clidastes velox_ Marsh, two-thirds natural size. _Il_, ilium; _P_, pubis; _Is_, ischium; _F_, femur; _T_, tibia; _Fb_, fibula; _I_, first metatarsal. [Illustration: PLATE III. S. W. Williston, ad nat. del.] PLATE IV. Right front paddle of _Clidastes Westii_ Williston, one-third natural size. _S_, scapula; _C_, coracoid; _H_, humerus; _R_, radius; _U_, ulna; _I_, _IV_, first, fourth digits. [Illustration: PLATE IV. S. W. Williston, ad nat. del.] PLATE V. Right hind paddle of _Clidastes Westii_ Williston, one-half natural size. [Illustration: PLATE V. S. W. Williston, ad nat. del.] PLATE VI. Eighteenth dorsal vertebra of _Clidastes Westii_ Williston, natural size. Fig. 1, centrum from behind; fig. 2, from below. [Illustration: PLATE VI. FIG. 1. FIG. 2. S. W. Williston, ad nat. del.] PLATE VII. Fig. 1, _Microdon megalogaster_ Snow. Fig. 2, _Brachyopa cynops_ Snow. Fig. 3, _Syrphus ruficauda_ Snow. Fig. 4, _Callicera montensis_ Snow. Fig. 5, _Tropidomyia bimaculata_ Williston. Fig. 6, _Promerisana nasuta_ Macq. Fig. 7, _Ancanthina hieroglyphica_ Wiedemann. [Illustration: PLATE VII. Mary Wellman and S. W. Williston, ad nat. del.] PLATE VIII. _Melitera dentata_ Grote; adult, silken cocoon and outer layer of dirt-masses held together by silken threads; larva (shaded); larva in outline showing position and number of tubercled hairs; hind wing of adult showing venation. [Illustration: PLATE VIII. Mary Wellman, ad nat. del.] PROSPECTUS. The KANSAS UNIVERSITY QUARTERLY is established by the University of Kansas, and will be maintained by it as a medium for the publication of the results of original research by members of the University. Papers will be published only upon recommendation by the Committee of Publication. Contributed articles should be in the hands of the Committee at least one month prior to the date of publication. A limited number of author’s _separata_ will be furnished free to contributors. The QUARTERLY will be issued regularly, as indicated by its title. Each number will contain fifty or more pages of reading matter, with necessary illustrations. The four numbers of each year will constitute a volume. The price of subscription is two dollars a volume, single numbers varying in price with cost of publication. Exchanges are solicited. Communications should be addressed to V. L. KELLOGG, University of Kansas, Lawrence. *** END OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE KANSAS UNIVERSITY QUARTERLY, VOL. I, NO. 1 (1892) *** Updated editions will replace the previous one—the old editions will be renamed. Creating the works from print editions not protected by U.S. copyright law means that no one owns a United States copyright in these works, so the Foundation (and you!) can copy and distribute it in the United States without permission and without paying copyright royalties. Special rules, set forth in the General Terms of Use part of this license, apply to copying and distributing Project Gutenberg™ electronic works to protect the PROJECT GUTENBERG™ concept and trademark. Project Gutenberg is a registered trademark, and may not be used if you charge for an eBook, except by following the terms of the trademark license, including paying royalties for use of the Project Gutenberg trademark. If you do not charge anything for copies of this eBook, complying with the trademark license is very easy. You may use this eBook for nearly any purpose such as creation of derivative works, reports, performances and research. Project Gutenberg eBooks may be modified and printed and given away—you may do practically ANYTHING in the United States with eBooks not protected by U.S. copyright law. Redistribution is subject to the trademark license, especially commercial redistribution. START: FULL LICENSE THE FULL PROJECT GUTENBERG LICENSE PLEASE READ THIS BEFORE YOU DISTRIBUTE OR USE THIS WORK To protect the Project Gutenberg™ mission of promoting the free distribution of electronic works, by using or distributing this work (or any other work associated in any way with the phrase “Project Gutenberg”), you agree to comply with all the terms of the Full Project Gutenberg™ License available with this file or online at www.gutenberg.org/license. Section 1. General Terms of Use and Redistributing Project Gutenberg™ electronic works 1.A. By reading or using any part of this Project Gutenberg™ electronic work, you indicate that you have read, understand, agree to and accept all the terms of this license and intellectual property (trademark/copyright) agreement. If you do not agree to abide by all the terms of this agreement, you must cease using and return or destroy all copies of Project Gutenberg™ electronic works in your possession. If you paid a fee for obtaining a copy of or access to a Project Gutenberg™ electronic work and you do not agree to be bound by the terms of this agreement, you may obtain a refund from the person or entity to whom you paid the fee as set forth in paragraph 1.E.8. 1.B. “Project Gutenberg” is a registered trademark. It may only be used on or associated in any way with an electronic work by people who agree to be bound by the terms of this agreement. There are a few things that you can do with most Project Gutenberg™ electronic works even without complying with the full terms of this agreement. See paragraph 1.C below. There are a lot of things you can do with Project Gutenberg™ electronic works if you follow the terms of this agreement and help preserve free future access to Project Gutenberg™ electronic works. See paragraph 1.E below. 1.C. The Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation (“the Foundation” or PGLAF), owns a compilation copyright in the collection of Project Gutenberg™ electronic works. Nearly all the individual works in the collection are in the public domain in the United States. If an individual work is unprotected by copyright law in the United States and you are located in the United States, we do not claim a right to prevent you from copying, distributing, performing, displaying or creating derivative works based on the work as long as all references to Project Gutenberg are removed. Of course, we hope that you will support the Project Gutenberg™ mission of promoting free access to electronic works by freely sharing Project Gutenberg™ works in compliance with the terms of this agreement for keeping the Project Gutenberg™ name associated with the work. You can easily comply with the terms of this agreement by keeping this work in the same format with its attached full Project Gutenberg™ License when you share it without charge with others. 1.D. The copyright laws of the place where you are located also govern what you can do with this work. Copyright laws in most countries are in a constant state of change. If you are outside the United States, check the laws of your country in addition to the terms of this agreement before downloading, copying, displaying, performing, distributing or creating derivative works based on this work or any other Project Gutenberg™ work. The Foundation makes no representations concerning the copyright status of any work in any country other than the United States. 1.E. Unless you have removed all references to Project Gutenberg: 1.E.1. The following sentence, with active links to, or other immediate access to, the full Project Gutenberg™ License must appear prominently whenever any copy of a Project Gutenberg™ work (any work on which the phrase “Project Gutenberg” appears, or with which the phrase “Project Gutenberg” is associated) is accessed, displayed, performed, viewed, copied or distributed: This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere in the United States and most other parts of the world at no cost and with almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org. If you are not located in the United States, you will have to check the laws of the country where you are located before using this eBook. 1.E.2. If an individual Project Gutenberg™ electronic work is derived from texts not protected by U.S. copyright law (does not contain a notice indicating that it is posted with permission of the copyright holder), the work can be copied and distributed to anyone in the United States without paying any fees or charges. If you are redistributing or providing access to a work with the phrase “Project Gutenberg” associated with or appearing on the work, you must comply either with the requirements of paragraphs 1.E.1 through 1.E.7 or obtain permission for the use of the work and the Project Gutenberg™ trademark as set forth in paragraphs 1.E.8 or 1.E.9. 1.E.3. If an individual Project Gutenberg™ electronic work is posted with the permission of the copyright holder, your use and distribution must comply with both paragraphs 1.E.1 through 1.E.7 and any additional terms imposed by the copyright holder. Additional terms will be linked to the Project Gutenberg™ License for all works posted with the permission of the copyright holder found at the beginning of this work. 1.E.4. Do not unlink or detach or remove the full Project Gutenberg™ License terms from this work, or any files containing a part of this work or any other work associated with Project Gutenberg™. 1.E.5. Do not copy, display, perform, distribute or redistribute this electronic work, or any part of this electronic work, without prominently displaying the sentence set forth in paragraph 1.E.1 with active links or immediate access to the full terms of the Project Gutenberg™ License. 1.E.6. You may convert to and distribute this work in any binary, compressed, marked up, nonproprietary or proprietary form, including any word processing or hypertext form. However, if you provide access to or distribute copies of a Project Gutenberg™ work in a format other than “Plain Vanilla ASCII” or other format used in the official version posted on the official Project Gutenberg™ website (www.gutenberg.org), you must, at no additional cost, fee or expense to the user, provide a copy, a means of exporting a copy, or a means of obtaining a copy upon request, of the work in its original “Plain Vanilla ASCII” or other form. Any alternate format must include the full Project Gutenberg™ License as specified in paragraph 1.E.1. 1.E.7. Do not charge a fee for access to, viewing, displaying, performing, copying or distributing any Project Gutenberg™ works unless you comply with paragraph 1.E.8 or 1.E.9. 1.E.8. You may charge a reasonable fee for copies of or providing access to or distributing Project Gutenberg™ electronic works provided that: • You pay a royalty fee of 20% of the gross profits you derive from the use of Project Gutenberg™ works calculated using the method you already use to calculate your applicable taxes. The fee is owed to the owner of the Project Gutenberg™ trademark, but he has agreed to donate royalties under this paragraph to the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation. Royalty payments must be paid within 60 days following each date on which you prepare (or are legally required to prepare) your periodic tax returns. Royalty payments should be clearly marked as such and sent to the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation at the address specified in Section 4, “Information about donations to the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation.” • You provide a full refund of any money paid by a user who notifies you in writing (or by e-mail) within 30 days of receipt that s/he does not agree to the terms of the full Project Gutenberg™ License. You must require such a user to return or destroy all copies of the works possessed in a physical medium and discontinue all use of and all access to other copies of Project Gutenberg™ works. • You provide, in accordance with paragraph 1.F.3, a full refund of any money paid for a work or a replacement copy, if a defect in the electronic work is discovered and reported to you within 90 days of receipt of the work. • You comply with all other terms of this agreement for free distribution of Project Gutenberg™ works. 1.E.9. If you wish to charge a fee or distribute a Project Gutenberg™ electronic work or group of works on different terms than are set forth in this agreement, you must obtain permission in writing from the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation, the manager of the Project Gutenberg™ trademark. Contact the Foundation as set forth in Section 3 below. 1.F. 1.F.1. Project Gutenberg volunteers and employees expend considerable effort to identify, do copyright research on, transcribe and proofread works not protected by U.S. copyright law in creating the Project Gutenberg™ collection. Despite these efforts, Project Gutenberg™ electronic works, and the medium on which they may be stored, may contain “Defects,” such as, but not limited to, incomplete, inaccurate or corrupt data, transcription errors, a copyright or other intellectual property infringement, a defective or damaged disk or other medium, a computer virus, or computer codes that damage or cannot be read by your equipment. 1.F.2. LIMITED WARRANTY, DISCLAIMER OF DAMAGES - Except for the “Right of Replacement or Refund” described in paragraph 1.F.3, the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation, the owner of the Project Gutenberg™ trademark, and any other party distributing a Project Gutenberg™ electronic work under this agreement, disclaim all liability to you for damages, costs and expenses, including legal fees. YOU AGREE THAT YOU HAVE NO REMEDIES FOR NEGLIGENCE, STRICT LIABILITY, BREACH OF WARRANTY OR BREACH OF CONTRACT EXCEPT THOSE PROVIDED IN PARAGRAPH 1.F.3. YOU AGREE THAT THE FOUNDATION, THE TRADEMARK OWNER, AND ANY DISTRIBUTOR UNDER THIS AGREEMENT WILL NOT BE LIABLE TO YOU FOR ACTUAL, DIRECT, INDIRECT, CONSEQUENTIAL, PUNITIVE OR INCIDENTAL DAMAGES EVEN IF YOU GIVE NOTICE OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGE. 1.F.3. LIMITED RIGHT OF REPLACEMENT OR REFUND - If you discover a defect in this electronic work within 90 days of receiving it, you can receive a refund of the money (if any) you paid for it by sending a written explanation to the person you received the work from. If you received the work on a physical medium, you must return the medium with your written explanation. The person or entity that provided you with the defective work may elect to provide a replacement copy in lieu of a refund. If you received the work electronically, the person or entity providing it to you may choose to give you a second opportunity to receive the work electronically in lieu of a refund. If the second copy is also defective, you may demand a refund in writing without further opportunities to fix the problem. 1.F.4. Except for the limited right of replacement or refund set forth in paragraph 1.F.3, this work is provided to you ‘AS-IS’, WITH NO OTHER WARRANTIES OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY OR FITNESS FOR ANY PURPOSE. 1.F.5. Some states do not allow disclaimers of certain implied warranties or the exclusion or limitation of certain types of damages. If any disclaimer or limitation set forth in this agreement violates the law of the state applicable to this agreement, the agreement shall be interpreted to make the maximum disclaimer or limitation permitted by the applicable state law. The invalidity or unenforceability of any provision of this agreement shall not void the remaining provisions. 1.F.6. INDEMNITY - You agree to indemnify and hold the Foundation, the trademark owner, any agent or employee of the Foundation, anyone providing copies of Project Gutenberg™ electronic works in accordance with this agreement, and any volunteers associated with the production, promotion and distribution of Project Gutenberg™ electronic works, harmless from all liability, costs and expenses, including legal fees, that arise directly or indirectly from any of the following which you do or cause to occur: (a) distribution of this or any Project Gutenberg™ work, (b) alteration, modification, or additions or deletions to any Project Gutenberg™ work, and (c) any Defect you cause. Section 2. Information about the Mission of Project Gutenberg™ Project Gutenberg™ is synonymous with the free distribution of electronic works in formats readable by the widest variety of computers including obsolete, old, middle-aged and new computers. It exists because of the efforts of hundreds of volunteers and donations from people in all walks of life. Volunteers and financial support to provide volunteers with the assistance they need are critical to reaching Project Gutenberg™’s goals and ensuring that the Project Gutenberg™ collection will remain freely available for generations to come. In 2001, the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation was created to provide a secure and permanent future for Project Gutenberg™ and future generations. To learn more about the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation and how your efforts and donations can help, see Sections 3 and 4 and the Foundation information page at www.gutenberg.org. Section 3. Information about the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation The Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation is a non-profit 501(c)(3) educational corporation organized under the laws of the state of Mississippi and granted tax exempt status by the Internal Revenue Service. The Foundation’s EIN or federal tax identification number is 64-6221541. Contributions to the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation are tax deductible to the full extent permitted by U.S. federal laws and your state’s laws. The Foundation’s business office is located at 809 North 1500 West, Salt Lake City, UT 84116, (801) 596-1887. Email contact links and up to date contact information can be found at the Foundation’s website and official page at www.gutenberg.org/contact Section 4. Information about Donations to the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation Project Gutenberg™ depends upon and cannot survive without widespread public support and donations to carry out its mission of increasing the number of public domain and licensed works that can be freely distributed in machine-readable form accessible by the widest array of equipment including outdated equipment. Many small donations ($1 to $5,000) are particularly important to maintaining tax exempt status with the IRS. The Foundation is committed to complying with the laws regulating charities and charitable donations in all 50 states of the United States. Compliance requirements are not uniform and it takes a considerable effort, much paperwork and many fees to meet and keep up with these requirements. We do not solicit donations in locations where we have not received written confirmation of compliance. To SEND DONATIONS or determine the status of compliance for any particular state visit www.gutenberg.org/donate. While we cannot and do not solicit contributions from states where we have not met the solicitation requirements, we know of no prohibition against accepting unsolicited donations from donors in such states who approach us with offers to donate. International donations are gratefully accepted, but we cannot make any statements concerning tax treatment of donations received from outside the United States. U.S. laws alone swamp our small staff. Please check the Project Gutenberg web pages for current donation methods and addresses. Donations are accepted in a number of other ways including checks, online payments and credit card donations. To donate, please visit: www.gutenberg.org/donate. Section 5. General Information About Project Gutenberg™ electronic works Professor Michael S. Hart was the originator of the Project Gutenberg™ concept of a library of electronic works that could be freely shared with anyone. For forty years, he produced and distributed Project Gutenberg™ eBooks with only a loose network of volunteer support. Project Gutenberg™ eBooks are often created from several printed editions, all of which are confirmed as not protected by copyright in the U.S. unless a copyright notice is included. Thus, we do not necessarily keep eBooks in compliance with any particular paper edition. Most people start at our website which has the main PG search facility: www.gutenberg.org. This website includes information about Project Gutenberg™, including how to make donations to the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation, how to help produce our new eBooks, and how to subscribe to our email newsletter to hear about new eBooks.