The Project Gutenberg eBook of Dissertationem de hominibvs post mortem sangvisvgis, vvlgo sic dictis Vampyren This ebook is for the use of anyone anywhere in the United States and most other parts of the world at no cost and with almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included with this ebook or online at www.gutenberg.org. If you are not located in the United States, you will have to check the laws of the country where you are located before using this eBook. Title: Dissertationem de hominibvs post mortem sangvisvgis, vvlgo sic dictis Vampyren Author: Johann Gottlob Hertel Johann Christoph Pohl Release date: August 13, 2015 [eBook #49697] Language: Latin Credits: Produced by Carolus Raeticus *** START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK DISSERTATIONEM DE HOMINIBVS POST MORTEM SANGVISVGIS, VVLGO SIC DICTIS VAMPYREN *** Produced by Carolus Raeticus DISSERTATIONEM DE HOMINIBUS POST MORTEM SANGVISVGIS VVLGO SIC DICTIS _VAMPYREN_, AVCTORITATE INCLYTI PHILOSOPHORVM ORDINIS, PVBLICO ERVDITORVM EXAMINI _DIE XXX. AVG. AN. M. DCC XXXII._ SUBMITTENT M. IO. CHRISTOPHORVS POHLIVS, LIGNICENS. SILESIVS. ET IO. GOTTLOB HERTELIVS, PHILOS. ET MED. STUD. LIPSIAE, LITERIS IO. CHRISTIANI LANGENHEMII. VIRO MAGNIFICO, EXCELLENTISSIMO, PRAENOBILISSIMO, AMPLISSIMO, EXPERIENTISSIMO, DOCTISSIMOQVE POLYCARPO GOTTLIEB SCHACHERO, PHILOS. ET MED. DOCTORI ET PROFESSORI PRIMARIO, ORDINIS MEDICI DECANO MAXIME SPECTABILI, ACADEMIAE DECEM-VIRO ET SENIORI, MAIORIS PRINCIPVM COLLEGII COLLEGIATO, ETC. ET VIRO ILLUSTRI, MAGNIFICO, EXCELLENTISSIMO, DOCTISSIMOQVE MICHAELI ERNESTO ETTMVLLERO, PHIL. ET MED. DOCTORI ET PROFESSORI PATHOLOGIAE PVBLICO ORDINARIO, ARCHIATRO ET COMITI PALATINO CAESAREO, S. R. I. NOBILI, ACADEMIAE LEOPOLDINO-CAROLINAE DIRECTORI, VNIVERSITATIS LIPSIENSIS DECEM-VIRO, FACVLTATIS MEDICAE SENIORI ET MAIORIS PRINCIPVM COLLEGII COLLEGIATIO NEC NON VIRO MAGNIFICO, EXCELLENTISSIMO, PRAENOBILISSIMO, AMPLISSIMO, EXPERIENTISSIMO, DOCTISSIMOQVE AVGUSTO FRIDERICO WALTHERO, PHIL. ET MEDICINAE DOCTORI ET ARCHIATRO REGIO, PROFESSORI ANATOMES ET CHIRVRGIAE PVBLICO ORDINARIO, FACVLTATIS MEDICAE ASSESSORI, COLLEGII MINORIS PRINCIPVM COLLEGIATO, ET APVD LIPSIENSES PHYSICO ORDINARIO. VT ET VIRO MAGNIFICO, EXCELLENTISSIMO, PRAENOBILISSIMO, AMPLISSIMO, EXPERIENTISSIMO, DOCTISSIMOQVE IOANNI ZACHARIAE PLATNERO, PHIL. ET MED. DOCTORI ET PROFESSORI PHYSIOLOGIAE PVBLICO ORDINARIO, FACVLTATIS MEDICAE ASSESSORI, MEDICIS PER OMNEM AETATEM CELEBERRIMIS, PRAESIDIIS SALVTARIS ARTIS CERTISSIMIS, ORNAMENTIS LITTERARIAE REI SPLENDIDISSIMIS, PATRONIS ATQVE STVDIORVM SVORUM PROMOTORIBVS AD CINERES VSQVE DEVENERANDIS. HANC OPELLAM IN DEVOTAE MENTIS RELIGIONIS ET PLENISSIMAE OBSEQUII SANCTIMONIAE DILIGENTIAEQVE PERENNE MONVMENTVM D. D. D. DISPVTANTES. CONSPECTVS DISSERTATIONIS. §. I. Veritatis inquisitio difficilis. II. Inter impedimenta veritatis investigandae inprimis refertur superstitio. III. Transitio ad VAMPYROS. IV. Relatio de VAMPYRIS. V. Examinis instituendi ratio suppeditatur. VI. Inquisitio sine Medico perito facta insufficiens et illegalis fuit. VII. Singulatim instituitur, et absurda inde varia proferuntur. VIII. Contradictiones aliae producuntur. IX. Tota relatio ut dubia, obscura, et superstitionis plenissima sistitur. X. Quaestio: an dentur VAMPYRI? XI. Definitio VAMPYRORVM. XII. Quaestionis antecedentis resolutio. XIII. Mortis ratio genuina, atque inde deducta impossibilitas reviviscendi. XIV. Corruunt hinc VAMPYRIS attributa ex usu functionum tripliciter denegato. XV. Quae porro infringuntur. XVI. Nec propria in physicis confessio sufficit. XVII. Sanguis varias ob causas naturales post mortem effluere potest. XVIII. Veritati non consentaneum videtur ungues in mortuis accrescere. XIX. Absentiae putrefactionis aliaeque naturales suppeditantur causae. XX. Plures adducuntur causae putredinem impedientes. XXI. Salia animantium corpora integra diu conservare apta sunt. XXII. Ex causis naturalibus sonus, palo per pectus transfixo, explicari potest. XXIII. Superstitiosa executio in mortuis facta, ob finem, quem forte intenderunt, approbatur. XXIV. Non dantur VAMPYRI, sed mortis genuina causa potius morbo epidemico est adscribenda. XXV. Conclusio. §. I. _Veritatis inquisitio difficilis._ Quo praeclarior atque utilior censetur res, eo maiori in pretio non solum habenda, sed et omni modo promovenda est. An vero quaedam inveniri possit veritate praestantior, quae in nostrarum cogitationum convenientia cum externa sensione consistit, nullus non dubito. Generosus enim animus non fucum, non umbram, non lecythinos colores exoptat, sed corpus et omne certum amplectitur. Qua de re etiam iste lubentissime acquiescit, si instituta accuratiore veritatis inquisitione, rem sic, et non aliter, comparatam esse deprehendit. Haud tamen negandum, quod quandoque in DEMOCRITI puteo eadem latitet, adeo, ut verum videatur illud: Difficilia quae pulchra. §. II. _Inter impedimenta veritatis investigandae inprimis refertur superstitio._ Namque ut nihil dicam de auctoritatis praeiudiciis, praeconceptis opinionibus, affectibus, philautia, odio, metu, timore, et quae sunt alia obstacula; praesertim hac vice superstitionis, multum omni tempore veritati repugnantis, meminisse iuvat: haec nempe fuit olim fertilis multorum errorum mater, haec etiamnum ceu nutrix illos sustentat, eosdemque omni cura nutritos in sinu suo fovet. Quin tanta eius est potentia, ut regna, populosque in iisdem degentes imperatoris instar saepenumero gubernet potentissime. Idcirco eam tanquam nocivam, sapientes non sine summo mentis taedio ex hominum animis pellere omnibus annisi sunt viribus, superstitionis inprimis fontes, ex quibus oritur, summa cum cura detegere cupiunt, quo eo facilius remedia, quorum ope huic vitio auxilium ferendum sit, inveniri queant. Ita nunc animi dona a natura denegata, nunc subacti iudicii defectum, nunc atram bilem, nunc nimiam fiduciam saepenumero ex negligentia promanantem, incuriam, atque alias innumeras superstitionis cernere potes causas, quibus facile, mediante bona educatione, fideli informatione, familiari cum prudentioribus conversatione obviam ire poteris, si modo medelam admittere vellent homines, hoc vitio contaminati. §. III. _Transitio ad Vampyros._ Sed proh dolor! tantum abest ut sapientiam omnes uno prope suscipiant consensu, ut potius magis se oblectent barbarie. Hinc oppida, regiones, nationes fere dixerim, interdum hoc superstitionis vitio laborare, nemo negabit. Quamvis autem plerisque in locis non immedicabile malum plane iudicandum sit; attamen multum temporis requireretur ad illud ex mortalium pectore prorsus eradicandum. Et etiamsi scientiae ac artes pene vastum repleverint terrarum orbem, nihilo tamen minus, ubicunque oculos convertere placet, protinus invenies multas gentes, quae se totas dederunt superstitioni. VAMPYRI, quos exemplo ponimus, et qui tam plebi ignobili, quam prudentioribus crucem hactenus fixere, id satis superque probare nobis videntur. §. IV. _Relatio de VAMPYRIS._ Cum autem relatio de sic dictis VAMPYRIS, quorum quidem nomen antea ignotum fuit, in ephemeridibus, et inprimis in litteris Alba graeca Viennam et Lipsiam datis, typisque impressis, tam abunde suppeditata sit, ut omnium pene repleverit ora et aures, supervacaneum duxi eam hic prolixe inserere, summam rei, qua fieri poterit, brevitate, propositurus. Postquam nimirum MEDWEDIAE, quae pagus est REGNI SERVIAE, rumor, Vampyros sanguinem exsugendo interfecisse quosdam homines, exortus, et ad Magistratum militarem delatus est, ille in loco supra denominato inquisitionem hac de re instituendam iussit, qua facta, ex relatione cuiusdam SIGNIFERI, ALEXANDRI SIEGFR. von KOTTWITZ dicti, qui inquisitioni interfuit, sequentia haec nobis comperta fuerunt: annis scilicet ab hinc quinque miles quidam pedestris, nomine ARNOLD PAOLE, qui ex lapsu a curru foeno onerato mortuus erat, cum adhuc in vivis esset, saepenumero dixisse fertur: Se quondam in SERVIAE regione prope CASSOVAM a Vampyro strenue vexatum fuisse, eam ob causam aliquid terrae de illius Vampyri sepulchro comedisse, istiusque sanguine se illivisse, eum in finem, ut liberaretur. Spatio viginti vel triginta dierum a morte eius elapso, nonnulli se ab illo torqueri conquesti sunt, quatuorque ab ipso vere interempti traduntur. Suasu HADNACKII protracto ex sepulchro Arnoldo Paole, sanguinem sincerum ex oculis, naribus, ore et auribus effluentem, adeo, ut indusium, integumenta cum loculo commaculata fuerint, deprehenderunt, qualis quoque cruor, palo per pectus ac cor, more illorum solenni, non sine suspirio demortui notabili, transfixo, affatim erupit. Nec minus totum corpus a putredinis labe immune repertum esse, ungues manuum et pedum decidisse, locoque horum novos excrevisse, affirmant. Ex his omnibus, genuinum esse VAMPYRUM, cunctosque a VAMPYRIS interfectos eiusdem generis sanguinem sugentes rursus fieri, concludunt. Ipsum vero ARNOLDVM PAOLE non homines solum, sed et bestias aggressum, suctuque abstulisse sanguinem ita, ut, quibus caro talium animantium in usum cessit, VAMPYRI redditi fuerint, ultro commemorant. Huc partim referuntur quidam, qui absque praecedente morbo intra secundum tertiumque dies obierunt, postquam somno sepulti noctu subito non sine terrore expergefacti, se a mortuis strangulari, doloremque pectoris sentire exclamaverint. Partim, qui VAMPYRORVM sanguine se perunxerunt, tales quoque evasisse perhibentur. Facta cadaverum sectione nonnullorum, ventriculos, pectora, corda, sanguine extra vasa evagante referta fuisse; in quodam vero infante simul cerebrum in pus conversum observatum fuit. Porro VAMPYRORVM alium ex sepulchro revertentem uxorem superstitem compressisse, ac plane ex legibus thalami venerem exercuisse, (hac tantum observata differentia, quod semen emissum frigidum erat;) inde uxorem concepisse, et elapso gestationis consueto termino XL hebdomadarum in lucem edidisse infantem, pueruli quidem figuram prae se ferentem, ast sine membris distinctis conformatum, eundemque inconditam quippe molem carneam repraesentantem, triduo elapso, instar farciminis corrugatum apparuisse, sat lepide, si sat vere, enarrant. §. V. _Examinis instituendi ratio suppeditatur._ Quid ergo cum naturae legibus ex his prolatis conveniat, quidve pugnet cum iisdem, huius erit loci perspicere. Ne autem momentum aliquod notabile ex his praetermittatur, lubet secundum relationis suppeditatae ordinem nostram instituere diiudicationem. §. VI. _Inquisitio sine Medico perito facta insufficiens et illegalis fuit._ Primum igitur, quod nostram meretur attentionem, momentum, existit disquisitio in rem vere singularem ac mirabilem, a Magistratu militari iussa, et a duobus Praefectis militum subordinatis Chirurgoque castrensi instituta. Quemadmodum vero sententia et decretum de investiganda huius rei veritate a Magistratu suppeditatum, sua laude minime defraudare volumus; ita sane magis dolendum esse censemus, quod inquisitio hac de re non rite et accurate peracta fuerit. Licet enim illorum, qui inquisitioni huic praefuerunt, famae aut dignitati a nobis detrahi aliquid, non cupimus, tantum tamen abest, ut talem veritatem inquirendi modum sine Medicio ordinario et perito adhibitam approbemus, ut potius pro insufficiente et plane illegali habeamus. Non enim Chirurgis solis inspectionem huiusmodi committendam, sed Medici in arte sua satis exercitati adhibendam opem requiri, ipsi etiam ad unum omnes Iurisperiti postulant. _Medico quippe in hac re maiorem fidem esse habendam, quam decem et viginti testibus non Medicis_, CARPZOVIVS[1] cum aliis satis nervose asserit. Ecquis enim viscerum naturalem vel praeternaturalem conditionem, quis morborum, mortisque inde secutae indolem a militum Praefectis vel Chirurgis castrensibus facile exquiret? Partis enim cuiuscunque situs, connexionis, functionis, verbo anatomes, ceu legalis inspectionis, accuratiorem cognitionem, quam illi, qui arti salutari non addicti sunt, spondent Medici. Inprimis si res aut etiam morbi post mortem indagandi sunt altioris indaginis, quique qualitatibus quibusdam singularibus limites naturae primo intuitu transcendere videntur. Omnis proinde superstitio aut credulitas procul exulet, maior autem mentis acies arte exercitata, iudiciique quaedam gravitas praesto sit, necesse est, exquisitissima. Occurrunt enim non raro in praxi Medica miranda morborum phaenomena, quae priscis temporibus pro miraculis et Daemonum praestigiis habita fuerunt, et etiam nunc hodie ab incautis minusque peritis inter prodigia referuntur. Verum cordatiores, inque praxi clinica magis exercitati Medici vires naturae tam arctis non circumscribunt limitibus, quotidiana scilicet observatione edocti, quod saepius eventus et sectio post mortem rite instituta veras et physicas detexerit causas morborum, qui antea leges et modum naturae penitus excedere videbantur. Ex quibus, ut arbitramur, satis superque patescit, quam utilis, quamque necessaria in historia VAMPYRORVM rite investiganda fuisset Medici cuiusdam periti diiudicatio. Nunquam enim adeo monstrosa et superstitione plena, imo absurda provenisset relatio, qualem nunc ex reliquorum monumentorum ponderatione demonstrabimus ulterius. [1] in praxi criminali p. 1. qu. 16. n. 43. §. VII. _Singulatim instituitur, et absurda inde varia proferuntur._ Arnoldus scil. Paole, cuius traditione summa nititur huius historiae, a Vampyro quondam vexatus, quo ab hoste crudeli immunis evaderet, aliquid terrae de eius sepulchro comedisse, sanguinemque eius sibi simul illivisse dicitur. Quod si autem hoc remedio vere liberatus a Vampyri tormentis fuisset, cur denuo Vampyrus factus, aliis, quorum recensentur quatuor, nocere potuit? Si vero frustra adhibita haec medicina fuit, cur tamdiu supervixit, et cur more aliorum non intra breve temporis spatium extinctus fuit, sed potius decidens de curru morte defunctus perhibetur? Posito autem, terram ab mortui sepulchro desumtam, eiusdemque sanguinem remedii instar specifici ipsi inservivisse, nonne pessime actum cum miseris nostris sequentibus, qui neglecto pharmaco hoc praesentissimo, mortis faucibus non sine aliorum lethifera vexa traditi fuerunt, cum tamen facile eodem remedio adhibito servari potuissent. Periculum fuisse regeris, ne per sanguinis infecti applicationem plures redderentur contaminati, quemadmodum STANNA post unctionem paria VAMPYRORVM fata passa perhibetur. Ego vero potius, uxorum VAMPYRI naturam induisse compressione, de qua tamen contrariam in relatione legimus sententiam, putarem. Quibus omnibus accurate pensitatis, unusquisque facile contradictoria et absurda deprehendet. §. VIII. _Contradictiones aliae producuntur._ Porro Putrefactionis absentia, ceu signum essentiale in relatione saepius fuit allegata, ubi tamen servi sit mentio, hoc morbo (sic ipsi nominant malum VAMPYRORVM genuinum) extincti, cuius cadaver non nisi putredine consumtum repertum esse, asserunt. Idem iudicium esto de sanguine salvis visceribus in pectore reperto, quem si recentem offenderunt, VAMPYRVM communi suffragio renunciarunt mortuum, cum tamen STANCKO eum, non nisi putrefactum monstrarit, et nihilominus eorum numero adscriptus fuerit. Qua de re incertos ipsos defunctorum inspectores fuisse, inde ni fallor clare elucescit, cum corpora a corruptionis labe immunia reperta, nescio, qua superstitionis lege ducti, poena capitali affecerint, putrida tamen, quanquam pro VAMPYRIS habita, poena iudicarint eximenda. Deinde quid sibi velit filiolus, plene ac perfecte proportionatus, tamen sine membris, et rudi, indigestaeque moli carneae similis, in lucem a gravida editus, nec dum perspicio, nisi forte illis mola imposuerit. Nonne igitur historiam VAMPYRORVM contradictionum, aut forte fabularum, censere quis posset plenissimam. §. IX. _Tota relatio ut dubia, obscura, et superstitionis plenissima sistitur._ Tametsi igitur strenui satis fuerint quidam in asserenda re, et ad varias causas cum sympatheticas tum antipatheticas, occultasque qualitates, et nescio, ad quem spiritum intermedium, astralem, sidereum, Archaeum seu spiritum mundi, imo interdum ad cacodaemonem provocaverint; eam tamen rem ceu maxime dubiam et obscuritatum tenebris implicitam nullum alium in finem, quam ut incerta facta praeter necessitatem multiplicentur, frustra hoc modo tractari, arbitror. Quo enim pacto superstitionis ingentis notam detrectabunt, quicunque ex fallaci persuasione admodum mortuos semel terrae mandatos protrahendo turbare quasi suscipiunt? Multominus assertionem suam roborabunt, postquam intaminatum conspexere cadaver sanguine refertum, ut infra probabo. §. X. _Quaestio: an dentur Vampyri?_ Quamquam igitur videri potest ob fundamentum tam dubium omni deductione ulteriori supersedendum esse; lubet tamen paulo longius progredi, et quid de tota re sentiendum sit, dispicere, pauloque accuratius inquirere, ubi autem summa eo redit: AN DENTVR VAMPYRI SEV MORTVI VIVIS PER ABLATIONEM SANGVINIS DAMNVM INFERENTES, IPSAMQVE VITAM AVFERENTES? §. XI. _Definitio VAMPYRORVM._ Scilicet ex supra dictis satis clare patet, VAMPYRVM dici hominem defunctum, post mortem ex sepulchro redeuntem, ex aliis adhuc viventibus hominibus, animalibusque sanguinem exsugentem, cuius vestigia, a VAMPYRIS interfecti, premunt, aliisque iterum post fata similiter insidiantur. Unde autem nomen VAMPYR. originem suam traxerit, nondum satis constat; variae enim foventur opiniones: Quidam pro voce Illyrica accipiunt, alii a lingua Turcica derivant. TOVRNEFORT[1] in descriptione itineris sui mentionem facit insulae MYCONA dictae, cuius incolae VROVCOLACAS vocant homines defunctos, qui eodem modo, ut supra in definitione monuimus, viventibus terrorem, imo ipsam mortem inferunt. [1] Relation d'un Voyage du Levant, par M. PITTON de TOVRNEFORT. Huc etiam verba ex GEORGII FEHLAVII annotationibus ad CHRISTOPHORI ANGELI Enchirid. de statu hodiernorum Graecorum cap. 25. pag. 158 referri merentur, quae cum TOVRNEFORTII relatione conveniunt. §. XII. _Quaestionis antecedentis resolutio._ Si ARISTOTELI[1] fidem adhibeamus, _aves quaedam lac capris et nutricibus, infantibus autem sanguinem clam subtrahunt;_ secundum LIBAVIVM[2] vespertiliones humanum sugunt sanguinem; secundum VETERES POETAS _striges infantum sanguini insidiantur; sed quae haec sit avium species, nondum sufficienter constat._ Notatu digna est historia, quam TH. BARTHOL.[3] affert: _Tres infantes Pastoris_ FIONENSES LYKISHOLMI, _in cubiculo consueto dormientes, insueto ploratu et inquiete per aliquod temporis intervallum turbabantur, quod se mulgeri a quodam sentirent. Puerorum suspicionem firmarunt papillae, diligentius a parentibus tractatae, quae lactantis foeminae papillarum in figuram eminebant. Ad hoc averruncandum fascinum alexipharmacis amarisque illitae fuere papillae. Hinc umbilicus illorum tam vehemente suctione atterebatur, ut non tantum manifeste promineret, sed et oris sugentis magnitudinem impresso velut vestigio monstraret._ Cum his fere conveniunt quae IOH. SOPHRON. KOZACK[4] refert, utpote qui _spiritus naturales, elementares, ephialtas dictos, lac et sanguinem sugere_ docuit. Nonne vero haec fictio a re vera abludit, quae nonnullarum gentium erat persuasio, sanguine delectari eundemque bibere animas. _Quare antequam iusta fiebant, dum circa letheas oras adhuc vagari credebantur, nec ad campos admittebantur Elysios, sanguis ad radices tumuli fundebatur, cum vino, vel lacte mixtus,_ quod ex LVCIANO[5] patet. Quid vero animae cum sanguine? [1] Histor. animal. L. IX. c. 30. et CASP. SCHWENCKFELD (Theriotroph. Siles. p. 232.) [2] L. VI. Hexaëm. f. 30. p. 555. [3] Cent. I. histor. anat. IX. p. 20. [4] Anat. vital. microcosm. c. 17. pag. 175. [5] T. I. op. in Necyomant de quo etiam GARM. L. II. T. 7. p. 609. scribit. §. XIII. _Mortis ratio genuina, atque inde deducta impossibilitas reviviscendi._ Si vero in mortis indolem sollicitius inquiramus, vitales, naturales ac animales actiones ita abolitas, ut modo restitui queant nullo, reperiemus. Sistitur nimirum in circulo suo sanguis ex corde, vita adhuc durante per omnes corporis partes propellendus et aequaliter distribuendus. Hoc intercepto, viscera, omnes solidae partes reliquae naturali quippe humorum secretione, et exinde nutritione dependente inhibita necessario destruuntur. Imo semel subsecuta animae et corporis solutione, nihil nec naturae, nec arti superest, per quod hocce vinculum restitui possit. Qui enim sanguinis in apice arterioso stagnationem novit rectius, eiusque resolutionem admodum difficilem interdum difficillimam; tamque ingentis copiae cruoris in morte perpetuo quiescentis, reductionem spatio tam diuturno elapso, in cursum suum praevia resolutione, non nisi impossibilem censebit. Ut taceam omnem ex firmis aliis partibus praestandum motum, ob harum rerum destructionem plenissime cessare. Quae si in corpore animali contingere deprehenduntur, animam a corpore suo separatam dicunt. Quod vero eadem ob amorem, qui ei cum corpore suo intercedit, non deserat prius habitaculum suum, quam si idem sit ita labefactum, ut functiones in eo exercere amplius nequeat, extra dubium est. Locum vero repetendae vitae, dari nullum, inde elucescit manifeste, quoniam exitialis organorum labes omnem supra dictum amorem utriusque superare atque vincere valet. Si enim mors vinculum, quod animae cum corpore intercedit, disrumpit, in cadavere non permanebit anima. Vitam enim et mortem simul in eodem cadavere hospitari posse, quis credat? Vix enim ac ne vix quidem nobis persuadere possumus, animam ad corpus quasi postliminio redire, perque hoc actiones varias perpetrare posse. Sibi enim semper summus rerum, vitae mortisque arbiter, hanc, animam e corpore egressam revocandi potentiam servavit. §. XIV. _Corruunt hinc Vampyris attributa ex usu functionum tripliciter denegato._ Quando igitur nobiscum perpendimus, quod de Vampyris litteris consignatum habetur, tantum abest, ut a mortuis ille, qui vivis et sanis tantum competit, impetrari possit status omnibus numeris absolutus. Affectus enim in mortuis voluntatem ita determinare posse, ut partes actitentur, non est quod asseramus. Siquidem nec suctio absque pulmonum respirationisque officio, nec deglutitio absque linguae musculorum variorum, ac maxillae motione fieri potest. Quis, quaeso, mortuis, quae vivis sunt in usu, adscribere velit? Multominus cruoris concoctio, rei admodum difficilis digestio, sine ventriculi virtutis, intestinorum, calorisque a sanguinis circuitu provenientis concursu continget. Cadit hinc omnis succi nutritii inde praeparati deductio ad massam sanguineam, eiusdemque a venis cordeque receptio, vigente motu tantum possibilis. Ut nihil de edendi ac bibendi desiderio atque appetitu dicam, quippe qui, nonnisi perabsurde, mortuis attribuitur. Quaeso igitur, in quem finem haec cruoris assumtio, cum nutritio nulla, nullumque dispendium, quod vivis tantummodo secundum naturam familiare est, locum ulterius inveniat? Quin imo si vel optime valentes, terrae demandati, nec per momentaneum temporis tractum, aëre nempe omni privati, superesse possint, quis, mortuos reviviscere posse, hariolabitur? Nil dicam de impossibilitate sanguinis educendi, quae sine oris applicatione, cuius mentio fit nulla, fieri haud potuit. Multo minus attentionem ullam merebitur compressio uxoris a VAMPYRO marito facta, cum, quanta ad hunc actum exercendum requiratur vis, eam rectius declarent Medici. §. XV. _Quae porro infringuntur._ Undenam porro, quaeso, prorumpendi ex sepulchris vis, ambulandi, motumque exercendi voluntarium, sperma in testiculis secernendi, secretumque, sanguine interim in motu suo quiescente, excernendi facultas, et quae aliae functiones hic allegantur, non a spiritu tantum, sed cum corpore materiali unito expectandae. Crediderim potius uxorem ob mariti apparitionem non solum, sed propter infame hoc VAMPYRI facinus, terrore perculsam, exanimem redditam, ineptamque plane fuisse ad recipiendum semen. Si rem invertere, atque Virum vivum complexum esse foeminam mortuam, assere velimus, dubio opus esset nullo, cum eo proterviae insatiabilis salacitas atque malitia hominum processerit non semel, ut mortuis non pepercerit, sed cum vitio detestabili ac turpi coire maluerit. Quod vero ulla unquam inde observata fuerit impraegnatio, etiam atque etiam pernegamus, quia in cadavere nullae actiones vel vitales vel animales peragi possunt, uti superius demonstratum fuit. Proinde magis pro fabula habenda est historia, quam superstitionis plenus KORNMANNVS,[1] _de puella DEYSA mortua a milite impraegnata,_ proferre sustinuit. [1] de miraculis mortuorum P. IV. cap. I. p. 98. §. XVI. _Nec propria in physicis confessio sufficit._ Quanquam itaque uxor allegata, tum reliqui morbo hoc affecti, se a Vampyris vexari cum querimoniis variis fatebantur, nihil tamen secius illorum confessioni parum aut nihil esse credendum, arbitror, quoniam isti aut vero morbo, aut ad minimum perversa imaginatione et superstitione laborant. Quot et quales autem obveniunt aegrotantibus imaginationes rerum, quae tamen minime saepe existunt, optime clinici norunt Medici. Cum enim ingens morborum copia febrilibus suis stipetur motibus, iisque cum suo impetu praesentibus, cerebrum sollicitetur, sanguineque copiosius ac velocius transfluente oneretur, ecquis tunc temporis phantasiae rationisque exercitium pronunciet integrum? Sensus incolumitate sua gaudentes, non decipere, verum est, si vero cerebrum ac sensio organica obruuntur humoribus, aut quovis alio modo irritantur, fallunt et falluntur admodum. Praeterea propriam in physicis rebus confessionem, hoc seculo, mancam esse ac mutilam, sagarum ac veneficorum historiae pridem nos docuerunt. Inde ni fallor, non ea propter Vampyros fuisse, qui id professi sunt. §. XVII. _Sanguis ob causas naturales post mortem effluere potest._ Si autem quaeris, unde sanguis sincerus ex oculis, naribus, ore, et auribus cum absentia putrefactionis tanta copia, ut et linteam cum loculo eodem infecta fuerint, sciendum est, non paucos obvenire morbos, corporisque affectiones, ubi post mortem ex certis cadaverum cavitatibus tale cruoris profluvium animadvertitur. Apoplecticorum nempe cadavera Vampyris similes non raro excretiones monstrare, compertum est. Ut nil de fluxitate sanguinis dicam, quam in apoplexia mortuis, si forte cerebri cerebellique excipias cruorem, per frequentiores cadaverum incisiones demonstravit WEPFERVS.[1] Id quod etiam PLATERVS[2] testimonio suo corroborat, referens _se in plethoricis apoplecticis ob ruptam venam saepenumero observasse, et cum in viventibus adhuc, tum et post mortem, magnam sanguinis copiam per os, atque nares erumpentem._ LIBAVIVS[3] quorundam mentionem iniicit, _qui morbo epidemico quodam et sideratione aut epilepsia interemti a morte demum per os, nares, aures et alias vias sat copiosum profuderunt sanguinem._ IO. SOPHRON. KOZACH:[4] _mortuis strangulatis et suffocatis solet quoque e naribus vel faucibus meare sanguis interdum aliis humoribus mistus. In febre maligna et pestilentiali mortuis nares gossypio lanuginosoque, quod fert Bombax, semine vel alia quadam re occludendas esse, ne per easdem cruor effundatur, annotat et suadet_ ZACCHIAS.[5] In peste CHEMNICENSI:[6] _Virgo praeclara stirpe nata, post mortem tantum sanguinis e naribus profudit, ut vestes ferales pollueret, fluxusque ille usque ad sepulturam profluens nullo conatu inhiberi posset._ Huc faciunt quae RIOLANVS[7] monuit: _inter dissecandum non te terreat, et ab incepto opere revocet stillicidium sanguinis, e naribus vel ore, quod saepius contigisse vidi, primo vel altero, tertio et quarto sectionis die, quandoquidem meticulosi id phaenomenon in sinistrum omen interpretantur, quasi nefas esset corpus illud attrectare, cuius anima nondum a sanguine separata sui adhuc corporis curam haberet, qua de re apud Poetam_ POLYDORVS AENEAM[8] hortatur: _Parce pias scelerare manus!_ Alios praeterea haemoptyicos sistere possem, quorum rupta in pulmonibus vasa, sanguinem non raro fluidum in bronchia admissum, indeque in fauces deductum post obitum fundunt. Alios in affectibus inflammatoriis, tum in ardentissima sanguinis exaestuatione constitutos proferre nolo. Sanguinem caeterum ad notabile post mortem tempus in venis et arteriis non concretum, sed fluidum satis reperiri, dissectiones corporum anatomicae testantur. Multum autem interesse reor, probeque dispiciendum duco, utrum corpus praevio morbo, inprimis diuturno emaciatum ac humoribus necessariis privatum, an potius veloci extinctum fuerit nece, quoniam intra brevissimum temporis tractum consumi nequit, quod ipsum est, quod accidisse legimus mortuis nostris, qui intra biduum vel triduum enecati dicuntur. [1] in Hist. de apopl. mort. 1. p. 4. et 5. [2] Tr. I. prax. L.I. c. 2. p. 27. [3] de cruent. cad. pag. 149. [4] Lib. de haemorrh. c. 9. p. 266. et Tr. de Sale c. 5. s. 10. p. 214 [5] in Tr. I. quaest. legal. consil. 19. n. 5. p. 34. [6] vid. GARMANN. Lib. II. Tit. VII. de cruentat. cadav. p. 558. § 30. [7] in Lib. anthropol. c. 18. p. 61. [8] conf. L.III. Aeneid. v. 42. §. XVIII. _Veritati non consentaneum videtur ungues in mortuis accrescere._ Ungues vero non saltim accrevisse, sed et pristinis reiectis, ac resectis, novos repullulasse, res est, quae fidem pene excedit, quam tamen PARAEO id affirmanti adhibendam statuunt Misc. N. Cur.[1] Interim quod prius attinet, marcescentia et corrugatio tam corporis totius, quam digitorum in defunctis contingens, ungues constrictionis expertes sistit in cadaveribus longiores visui, cum tamen nil quicquam post mortem incrementi eis impendatur. Quod vero posterius concernit, omnes, antequam aliquid statuitur, rectius examinari debuissent circumstantiae; Qui enim semel, nedum pluries, ut demonstratum supra fuit in relatione, errat, semper praesumitur talis. Quid si laminam ultimam infra unguem ita positam, ut, elevato hoc, appareat, pro novo ungue venditasse dicam? [1] Dec. II. Anno 2. observ. 155. pag. 354. §. XIX. _Absentiae putrefactionis aliaeque naturales suppeditantur causae._ Putredinis labe non inquinata VAMPYRORVM corpora, peculiarem horum mortuorum statum miraculosumque denotare forte poterat, nisi variae aliae circumstantiae, eaeque naturales, hunc arcere putrorem quandoque solerent. Sunt quorundam brutorum, ut de Gallis gallinaceis, anseribus aliisque aetate grandiore conspicuis abunde constat, tales membranarum, ligamentorum, musculorum, aliarumque partium constitutiones, ut nec ulla in plures dies continuata coctione macerari et in usum humanum praeparari possint, sique vel plane non deplumata animantia, emaciato summe corpore praedita, inprimis autumnali aut hiberno tempore asserventur, sine ulla balsamationis artificialis ope conservari in plures commode poterunt annos. Ita etiam iudicandum est de siccioribus strictiorisque habitus corporis hominibus, aut sanguine per praecedentes haemorrhagias, aut vulnerationes graviores privatis. Qualem succorum pene omnium absentiam in marasmo senili, phthisi aut hectica consummata defunctis observare est, quippe quorum corpora non nisi ossa, cartilagines, ligamenta, cutem, praetereaque nihil continent. §. XX. _Plures adducuntur causae putredinem impedientes._ Ab astris incorruptibilitatem talem derivare annisus est REIES[1] DE FONTECHA: _mortis tempore talem aliquando influxum dari contendens, qui corpori influens putrefactioni ineptum reddat, unde post multorum annorum decursum absque ullo miraculo integrum reperiatur;_ et BEDA[2] in anno tres esse dies ac noctes statuit, in quibus qui nati fuerunt, corpora illorum absque dubio integra et incorrupta manebunt usque in diem iudicii. Refertur vero _dies XXVII. et XXX. Ian. et XIII. Febr. quos suum mysterium mirabile valde_ dicere non erubuit. Et ANTON. PALVANVS inquit:[3] _Die primo et secundo Februarii natos non putrescere._ Facile me isti auctores consentientem haberent, si sermo iisdem non de Die natali, sed emortuali esset, praesertim si hoc assertum, habita scil. variae tempestatis ratione, non promiscue ad omnes extenderetur annos. Est enim plerumque in multis EVROPAE regionibus hoc anni tempore gelidi frigoris intensissimique potentia, ut rigida cadavera terrae mandata frigidae, diu admodum illaesa a corruptionis labe sistat. Hoc etiam in carne mactatorum animantium, inque cadaveribus hoc tempore cultro anatomico subiectis non obscure apparere credo. Nec ultra dubito, quin pene omnes VAMPYRORVM circumstantiae cum his non difficulter comparari possint. Fuit enim mortis eorundem non aliud tempus, quam ubi gelidum regnat frigus, eoque magis, quo magis regio ipsa ei favet. BARTHOLINVS[4] ita disserit: _qui Spitzbergae Groenlandiae parte ad nos redeunt mercatores Hafnienses testantur, nihil ibi ob frigus intensum putrescere aut corrumpi, ut etiam sepulta cadavera per XXX. annos inviolata et integra sine putredine conserventur. Corpora Stockholmiis tota hyeme in patibulo suspensa sine putredine deprehendisse affirmat_ IOH. IOACH. BECHERVS.[5] [1] de privil. praegn. c. l. p. 411. [2] de Nat. infl. [3] Vid. eiusdem caten. temp. annul. 16. p. 53. et de quo etiam GARMANN. de miracul. mort. p. 965. legi meretur. [4] de nivis usu med. c. l. p. 80. [5] c. l. n. 125. p. 312. §. XXI. _Salia animantium corpora integra diu conservare apta sunt._ Praeterea satis notum est, nonnullis terrarum oris quasdam peculiares esse conditiones, quae corpora animantium integra diu servare aptae sunt. Quod de regionibus sale gemmae aut alumine refertis non obscure intelligitur. Salia enim huius generis sat valide putredini resistunt, id quod perbene oeconomi norunt, utpote qui ad carnes variorum animalium eo melius conservandas iisdem utuntur. Quamvis autem nobis de terrae indole, qua REGNVM SERVIAE praeditum est, nihil certi constet, haec tamen coniectura occasionem forte eandem accuratius inquirendi subministrari poterit. Ex his modo allegatis, ni fallor, aliisque pluribus addendis, si opus esset, causis, clare elucescit, nil quicquam miraculosi inde sequi, quando et VAMPYRI corpus incorruptum monstrarint, tempore post mortem notabili. Cum vero non omnia tali putrefactionis labe exempta reperta fuerint cadavera, in memoriam iterum revocamus, quod monitum fuit: incertam relationem esse ipsam, cum quidam mortuorum incorrupti, quidam e contrario putredine depravati fuerint, prout nempe tempestatis, aetatis, temperamentorum, subiectorumve constitutiones tulerint. §. XXII. _Ex causis naturalibus sonus, palo per pectus transfixo, explicari potest._ Si quis porro ad sonitum suspiriumque illud, quod adstantes ab ARNOLDO PAOLE perceperunt, cum palus per pectus ac cor more ipsis consueto transfigeretur, provocare velit, difficultatem minorem me in huius phaenomeni explicatione spero inventurum. Nimirum talis est pulmonum post exspirationem constitutio, ut tametsi notabiliter collabantur, aëris tamen multum in cellulis suis vesiculisque retineant, qui compresso tam violenter pectore, non poterat non cum impetu et strepitu quodam manifesto erumpere, qualis etiam stridula et suspiriosa veluti aëris ex pectore expulsio, vehementi abdominis percussione facta, in cadaveribus non raro percipitur. §. XXIII. _Superstitiosa executio in mortuis facta, ob finem, quem forte intenderunt, approbatur._ Quisquis tandem felicem mali extinctionem clamitas, postquam Vampyrorum corpora, metu imaginario incolarum ita exigente, detruncata fuerunt, vide quaeso, ne etiam haec res, veluti omnes reliquae allegatae circumstantiae, superstitionis sit plenissima; qui enim sanus et vivus nemini detrimentum attulerat, nec ulli forte afferre, cum vires adhuc aderant, in animum susceperat, mortuus eheu! sententiam suam mutasse putatur, et capite proinde plectitur! Interim non possum non vestram hac in re conniventiam approbare Iudices! cum forte credulis et superstitiosis incolis omnem hoc pacto terrorem adimere atque eradicare funditus annisi fueritis, quo poena atque vindicta hac utcunque caeteroquin ridicula, exercita in mortuis, mentem illorum erigeretis felicius, remedioque uteremini ad statum aegrotantium apprime accomodato. Metum enim in epidemicis eiusmodi malis, terroremque non infimum inter causas reportare locum, dudum experientissimi agnoverunt Medici, utpote qui etiam eundem in finem varia amuleta et periammata suis aegrotantibus non solum concesserunt verum etiam non raro commendarunt. §. XXIV. _Non dantur Vampyri, sed mortis genuina causa potius morbo epidemico est adscribenda._ Rebus igitur sic stantibus, VAMPYROS tales, quales iuxta definitionem descripsimus, non dari existimamus; tanta enim nec vivis relicta libertas, ut alios pro lubitu suo e medio tollere queant, multo minus competet mortuis talis potentia. Morbo autem potius epidemico eos fuisse interfectos vero videtur simile. Multi namque inveniuntur morbi, ubi aegri mente adeo sunt capti, ut sibi nescio quas imaginentur phantasias. Et, quaeso, quid est, quod imaginatio praesertim in plebe efficere non possit? Sic enim in aegrotantibus sive existente temperie atrabilaria, sive ab hypochondriaco morbo viscerumque infimi ventris obstructionibus, sive ab sic dicto incubo, seu ephialte, et ab aliis innumeris fontibus, variae in corpore sese exerunt morbosae affectiones, quae cum metu, tremore, tristitia, suspicione, variaque imaginatione falsa coniunctae esse solent. Quapropter incolas loci cuius supra mentionem fecimus, febre maligna et contagiosa fuisse correptos, lubenter cum MEDICO[1] consentimus VINARIENSI. [1] _Eines Weimarischen Medici muthmaßliche Gedancken von den Vampyren_ §. XXV. _Conclusio._ Quae pauca de sic dictis Vampyris in medium protulisse sufficiant. Ac quemadmodum minime existimationi illorum, qui vel hanc ipsam historiam litteris consignare, vel meditationes, diiudicationesque suas orbi litterario communicare voluerunt, aliquid detractum cupimus; Ita etiam nulli has nostras cogitationes, pro ea, qua gaudemus libertate sentiendi, ceu indubias ac omnibus suis numeris absolutas obtrudendas statuimus, utpote, qui tantummodo, quid in arduis valeant humeri tentavimus. Interim summum Numen precibus ardentissimis imploramus, ut omnes nostros in sui gloriam, proximique salutem vergere conatus iubeat. FINIS. Transcriber's Notes: The following typos in the text have been corrected: CONSPECTVS DISSERTATIONIS: - "XVI. Corruunt hinc..." -> "XIV. Corruunt hinc..." §. XVII. - "in affectibus inflammotariis" -> "in affectibus inflammatoriis" *** END OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK DISSERTATIONEM DE HOMINIBVS POST MORTEM SANGVISVGIS, VVLGO SIC DICTIS VAMPYREN *** Updated editions will replace the previous one—the old editions will be renamed. Creating the works from print editions not protected by U.S. copyright law means that no one owns a United States copyright in these works, so the Foundation (and you!) can copy and distribute it in the United States without permission and without paying copyright royalties. Special rules, set forth in the General Terms of Use part of this license, apply to copying and distributing Project Gutenberg™ electronic works to protect the PROJECT GUTENBERG™ concept and trademark. Project Gutenberg is a registered trademark, and may not be used if you charge for an eBook, except by following the terms of the trademark license, including paying royalties for use of the Project Gutenberg trademark. If you do not charge anything for copies of this eBook, complying with the trademark license is very easy. You may use this eBook for nearly any purpose such as creation of derivative works, reports, performances and research. Project Gutenberg eBooks may be modified and printed and given away—you may do practically ANYTHING in the United States with eBooks not protected by U.S. copyright law. Redistribution is subject to the trademark license, especially commercial redistribution. START: FULL LICENSE THE FULL PROJECT GUTENBERG LICENSE PLEASE READ THIS BEFORE YOU DISTRIBUTE OR USE THIS WORK To protect the Project Gutenberg™ mission of promoting the free distribution of electronic works, by using or distributing this work (or any other work associated in any way with the phrase “Project Gutenberg”), you agree to comply with all the terms of the Full Project Gutenberg™ License available with this file or online at www.gutenberg.org/license. Section 1. General Terms of Use and Redistributing Project Gutenberg™ electronic works 1.A. By reading or using any part of this Project Gutenberg™ electronic work, you indicate that you have read, understand, agree to and accept all the terms of this license and intellectual property (trademark/copyright) agreement. If you do not agree to abide by all the terms of this agreement, you must cease using and return or destroy all copies of Project Gutenberg™ electronic works in your possession. If you paid a fee for obtaining a copy of or access to a Project Gutenberg™ electronic work and you do not agree to be bound by the terms of this agreement, you may obtain a refund from the person or entity to whom you paid the fee as set forth in paragraph 1.E.8. 1.B. “Project Gutenberg” is a registered trademark. It may only be used on or associated in any way with an electronic work by people who agree to be bound by the terms of this agreement. There are a few things that you can do with most Project Gutenberg™ electronic works even without complying with the full terms of this agreement. See paragraph 1.C below. There are a lot of things you can do with Project Gutenberg™ electronic works if you follow the terms of this agreement and help preserve free future access to Project Gutenberg™ electronic works. See paragraph 1.E below. 1.C. The Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation (“the Foundation” or PGLAF), owns a compilation copyright in the collection of Project Gutenberg™ electronic works. Nearly all the individual works in the collection are in the public domain in the United States. If an individual work is unprotected by copyright law in the United States and you are located in the United States, we do not claim a right to prevent you from copying, distributing, performing, displaying or creating derivative works based on the work as long as all references to Project Gutenberg are removed. Of course, we hope that you will support the Project Gutenberg™ mission of promoting free access to electronic works by freely sharing Project Gutenberg™ works in compliance with the terms of this agreement for keeping the Project Gutenberg™ name associated with the work. You can easily comply with the terms of this agreement by keeping this work in the same format with its attached full Project Gutenberg™ License when you share it without charge with others. 1.D. The copyright laws of the place where you are located also govern what you can do with this work. Copyright laws in most countries are in a constant state of change. If you are outside the United States, check the laws of your country in addition to the terms of this agreement before downloading, copying, displaying, performing, distributing or creating derivative works based on this work or any other Project Gutenberg™ work. The Foundation makes no representations concerning the copyright status of any work in any country other than the United States. 1.E. Unless you have removed all references to Project Gutenberg: 1.E.1. The following sentence, with active links to, or other immediate access to, the full Project Gutenberg™ License must appear prominently whenever any copy of a Project Gutenberg™ work (any work on which the phrase “Project Gutenberg” appears, or with which the phrase “Project Gutenberg” is associated) is accessed, displayed, performed, viewed, copied or distributed: This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere in the United States and most other parts of the world at no cost and with almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org. If you are not located in the United States, you will have to check the laws of the country where you are located before using this eBook. 1.E.2. If an individual Project Gutenberg™ electronic work is derived from texts not protected by U.S. copyright law (does not contain a notice indicating that it is posted with permission of the copyright holder), the work can be copied and distributed to anyone in the United States without paying any fees or charges. If you are redistributing or providing access to a work with the phrase “Project Gutenberg” associated with or appearing on the work, you must comply either with the requirements of paragraphs 1.E.1 through 1.E.7 or obtain permission for the use of the work and the Project Gutenberg™ trademark as set forth in paragraphs 1.E.8 or 1.E.9. 1.E.3. If an individual Project Gutenberg™ electronic work is posted with the permission of the copyright holder, your use and distribution must comply with both paragraphs 1.E.1 through 1.E.7 and any additional terms imposed by the copyright holder. Additional terms will be linked to the Project Gutenberg™ License for all works posted with the permission of the copyright holder found at the beginning of this work. 1.E.4. Do not unlink or detach or remove the full Project Gutenberg™ License terms from this work, or any files containing a part of this work or any other work associated with Project Gutenberg™. 1.E.5. Do not copy, display, perform, distribute or redistribute this electronic work, or any part of this electronic work, without prominently displaying the sentence set forth in paragraph 1.E.1 with active links or immediate access to the full terms of the Project Gutenberg™ License. 1.E.6. You may convert to and distribute this work in any binary, compressed, marked up, nonproprietary or proprietary form, including any word processing or hypertext form. However, if you provide access to or distribute copies of a Project Gutenberg™ work in a format other than “Plain Vanilla ASCII” or other format used in the official version posted on the official Project Gutenberg™ website (www.gutenberg.org), you must, at no additional cost, fee or expense to the user, provide a copy, a means of exporting a copy, or a means of obtaining a copy upon request, of the work in its original “Plain Vanilla ASCII” or other form. Any alternate format must include the full Project Gutenberg™ License as specified in paragraph 1.E.1. 1.E.7. Do not charge a fee for access to, viewing, displaying, performing, copying or distributing any Project Gutenberg™ works unless you comply with paragraph 1.E.8 or 1.E.9. 1.E.8. You may charge a reasonable fee for copies of or providing access to or distributing Project Gutenberg™ electronic works provided that: • You pay a royalty fee of 20% of the gross profits you derive from the use of Project Gutenberg™ works calculated using the method you already use to calculate your applicable taxes. The fee is owed to the owner of the Project Gutenberg™ trademark, but he has agreed to donate royalties under this paragraph to the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation. Royalty payments must be paid within 60 days following each date on which you prepare (or are legally required to prepare) your periodic tax returns. Royalty payments should be clearly marked as such and sent to the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation at the address specified in Section 4, “Information about donations to the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation.” • You provide a full refund of any money paid by a user who notifies you in writing (or by e-mail) within 30 days of receipt that s/he does not agree to the terms of the full Project Gutenberg™ License. You must require such a user to return or destroy all copies of the works possessed in a physical medium and discontinue all use of and all access to other copies of Project Gutenberg™ works. • You provide, in accordance with paragraph 1.F.3, a full refund of any money paid for a work or a replacement copy, if a defect in the electronic work is discovered and reported to you within 90 days of receipt of the work. • You comply with all other terms of this agreement for free distribution of Project Gutenberg™ works. 1.E.9. If you wish to charge a fee or distribute a Project Gutenberg™ electronic work or group of works on different terms than are set forth in this agreement, you must obtain permission in writing from the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation, the manager of the Project Gutenberg™ trademark. Contact the Foundation as set forth in Section 3 below. 1.F. 1.F.1. Project Gutenberg volunteers and employees expend considerable effort to identify, do copyright research on, transcribe and proofread works not protected by U.S. copyright law in creating the Project Gutenberg™ collection. Despite these efforts, Project Gutenberg™ electronic works, and the medium on which they may be stored, may contain “Defects,” such as, but not limited to, incomplete, inaccurate or corrupt data, transcription errors, a copyright or other intellectual property infringement, a defective or damaged disk or other medium, a computer virus, or computer codes that damage or cannot be read by your equipment. 1.F.2. LIMITED WARRANTY, DISCLAIMER OF DAMAGES - Except for the “Right of Replacement or Refund” described in paragraph 1.F.3, the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation, the owner of the Project Gutenberg™ trademark, and any other party distributing a Project Gutenberg™ electronic work under this agreement, disclaim all liability to you for damages, costs and expenses, including legal fees. YOU AGREE THAT YOU HAVE NO REMEDIES FOR NEGLIGENCE, STRICT LIABILITY, BREACH OF WARRANTY OR BREACH OF CONTRACT EXCEPT THOSE PROVIDED IN PARAGRAPH 1.F.3. YOU AGREE THAT THE FOUNDATION, THE TRADEMARK OWNER, AND ANY DISTRIBUTOR UNDER THIS AGREEMENT WILL NOT BE LIABLE TO YOU FOR ACTUAL, DIRECT, INDIRECT, CONSEQUENTIAL, PUNITIVE OR INCIDENTAL DAMAGES EVEN IF YOU GIVE NOTICE OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGE. 1.F.3. LIMITED RIGHT OF REPLACEMENT OR REFUND - If you discover a defect in this electronic work within 90 days of receiving it, you can receive a refund of the money (if any) you paid for it by sending a written explanation to the person you received the work from. If you received the work on a physical medium, you must return the medium with your written explanation. The person or entity that provided you with the defective work may elect to provide a replacement copy in lieu of a refund. If you received the work electronically, the person or entity providing it to you may choose to give you a second opportunity to receive the work electronically in lieu of a refund. If the second copy is also defective, you may demand a refund in writing without further opportunities to fix the problem. 1.F.4. Except for the limited right of replacement or refund set forth in paragraph 1.F.3, this work is provided to you ‘AS-IS’, WITH NO OTHER WARRANTIES OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY OR FITNESS FOR ANY PURPOSE. 1.F.5. Some states do not allow disclaimers of certain implied warranties or the exclusion or limitation of certain types of damages. If any disclaimer or limitation set forth in this agreement violates the law of the state applicable to this agreement, the agreement shall be interpreted to make the maximum disclaimer or limitation permitted by the applicable state law. The invalidity or unenforceability of any provision of this agreement shall not void the remaining provisions. 1.F.6. INDEMNITY - You agree to indemnify and hold the Foundation, the trademark owner, any agent or employee of the Foundation, anyone providing copies of Project Gutenberg™ electronic works in accordance with this agreement, and any volunteers associated with the production, promotion and distribution of Project Gutenberg™ electronic works, harmless from all liability, costs and expenses, including legal fees, that arise directly or indirectly from any of the following which you do or cause to occur: (a) distribution of this or any Project Gutenberg™ work, (b) alteration, modification, or additions or deletions to any Project Gutenberg™ work, and (c) any Defect you cause. Section 2. Information about the Mission of Project Gutenberg™ Project Gutenberg™ is synonymous with the free distribution of electronic works in formats readable by the widest variety of computers including obsolete, old, middle-aged and new computers. It exists because of the efforts of hundreds of volunteers and donations from people in all walks of life. Volunteers and financial support to provide volunteers with the assistance they need are critical to reaching Project Gutenberg™’s goals and ensuring that the Project Gutenberg™ collection will remain freely available for generations to come. In 2001, the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation was created to provide a secure and permanent future for Project Gutenberg™ and future generations. To learn more about the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation and how your efforts and donations can help, see Sections 3 and 4 and the Foundation information page at www.gutenberg.org. Section 3. Information about the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation The Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation is a non-profit 501(c)(3) educational corporation organized under the laws of the state of Mississippi and granted tax exempt status by the Internal Revenue Service. The Foundation’s EIN or federal tax identification number is 64-6221541. Contributions to the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation are tax deductible to the full extent permitted by U.S. federal laws and your state’s laws. The Foundation’s business office is located at 809 North 1500 West, Salt Lake City, UT 84116, (801) 596-1887. Email contact links and up to date contact information can be found at the Foundation’s website and official page at www.gutenberg.org/contact Section 4. Information about Donations to the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation Project Gutenberg™ depends upon and cannot survive without widespread public support and donations to carry out its mission of increasing the number of public domain and licensed works that can be freely distributed in machine-readable form accessible by the widest array of equipment including outdated equipment. Many small donations ($1 to $5,000) are particularly important to maintaining tax exempt status with the IRS. The Foundation is committed to complying with the laws regulating charities and charitable donations in all 50 states of the United States. Compliance requirements are not uniform and it takes a considerable effort, much paperwork and many fees to meet and keep up with these requirements. We do not solicit donations in locations where we have not received written confirmation of compliance. To SEND DONATIONS or determine the status of compliance for any particular state visit www.gutenberg.org/donate. While we cannot and do not solicit contributions from states where we have not met the solicitation requirements, we know of no prohibition against accepting unsolicited donations from donors in such states who approach us with offers to donate. International donations are gratefully accepted, but we cannot make any statements concerning tax treatment of donations received from outside the United States. U.S. laws alone swamp our small staff. Please check the Project Gutenberg web pages for current donation methods and addresses. Donations are accepted in a number of other ways including checks, online payments and credit card donations. To donate, please visit: www.gutenberg.org/donate. Section 5. General Information About Project Gutenberg™ electronic works Professor Michael S. Hart was the originator of the Project Gutenberg™ concept of a library of electronic works that could be freely shared with anyone. For forty years, he produced and distributed Project Gutenberg™ eBooks with only a loose network of volunteer support. Project Gutenberg™ eBooks are often created from several printed editions, all of which are confirmed as not protected by copyright in the U.S. unless a copyright notice is included. Thus, we do not necessarily keep eBooks in compliance with any particular paper edition. Most people start at our website which has the main PG search facility: www.gutenberg.org. This website includes information about Project Gutenberg™, including how to make donations to the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation, how to help produce our new eBooks, and how to subscribe to our email newsletter to hear about new eBooks.