The Project Gutenberg eBook of My Experiences in a Lunatic Asylum
    
This ebook is for the use of anyone anywhere in the United States and
most other parts of the world at no cost and with almost no restrictions
whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or re-use it under the terms
of the Project Gutenberg License included with this ebook or online
at www.gutenberg.org. If you are not located in the United States,
you will have to check the laws of the country where you are located
before using this eBook.

Title: My Experiences in a Lunatic Asylum

Author: Herman Charles Merivale

Release date: November 9, 2012 [eBook #41334]

Language: English

Credits: Produced by The Online Distributed Proofreading Team at
        http://www.pgdp.net (This file was produced from images
        generously made available by The Internet Archive.)


*** START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK MY EXPERIENCES IN A LUNATIC ASYLUM ***




Produced by The Online Distributed Proofreading Team at
http://www.pgdp.net (This file was produced from images
generously made available by The Internet Archive.)









MY EXPERIENCES IN A LUNATIC ASYLUM




  LONDON: PRINTED BY
  SPOTTISWOODE AND CO., NEW-STREET SQUARE
  AND PARLIAMENT STREET




  MY EXPERIENCES IN A LUNATIC ASYLUM


  _BY A SANE PATIENT_


  'Let us rise and revolt against those people, Lankin. Let us war with
  them and smite them utterly. It is to use against these, especially,
  that scorn and satire were invented'

  'And the animal you attack,' says Lankin, 'is provided with a hide to
  defend him--it is a common ordinance of nature'--M. A. TITMARSH


  London
  CHATTO AND WINDUS, PICCADILLY
  1879

  [_The right of translation is reserved_]




MY EXPERIENCES IN A LUNATIC ASYLUM.




I.

  It's a mad world, my masters.


I suppose that the motto I have affixed to the first chapter of the brief
history of a singular personal experience is by this time an accepted
axiom. Was it in one of Mr. Sala's columns of gossip that I was reading
the other day of the man of the pen who commented upon the imprisonment in
an asylum of a brother of his craft merely by saying, 'What a fool he must
be! For years I have been as mad as he, only I took care never to say so'?
There are odd corners in the brains of most of us, filled with queer
fancies which are as well kept out of sight; eccentricities, I suppose
they may be called. The man who is so 'concentric' as to be innocent of
peculiarities is a companion of a dull sort. But Heaven help us all when
such things may be called, and treated as, madness. For, if all of us were
used according to our deserts in that way, who should escape the modern
substitutes for whipping? England would not contain the asylums that
should be constructed, and might go far to deserve the Gravedigger's
description of her for Hamlet's benefit: 'There the men are as mad as he.'
Let me go a step further. There are few of us, perhaps, who have not seen
something in our lives of the strange nervous disorders which have been
generalised as 'hypochondria,' which are, in fact, I think, the different
outcomes of a common affection--temporary exhaustion of brain. Beyond a
certain point it becomes delirium, the wandering of weakness which is so
closely connected with many forms of illness, both in the beginning and
during the course and recovery. When the victims of delirium may be added
to the eccentric members of society; when at any moment the certificates
of any two doctors who may be utter strangers to the patient--acting under
the instructions of friends who are frightened and perplexed, perhaps, and
try to believe that they are 'doing for the best' (I leave out of
consideration here the baser motives which, it is to be feared, come
sometimes into play)--may condemn him to the worst form of false
imprisonment, the death-in-life of a lunatic asylum, at a time when he is
himself practically unconscious;--who is there amongst us who can for a
moment believe himself safe? Death-in-life did I say? It is worse; for it
is a life-in-life, worse than any conceivable form of death. The sights
and sounds through which one has to live can never be forgotten by him
who has lived through them, but will haunt him ever and always. Never let
next friends persuade themselves that they are 'doing for the best' for
him for whom they so do. For themselves they may think that they are. For
him they cannot possibly do worse. Every nerve should be strained to save
a man from that fate, if it be humanly possible, ay, even if he be mad
indeed; for while there is life there is hope, till that step has been
taken. When it has, I verily believe that hope is reduced to its smallest.
For the personal experience which I have to tell has taught me this: that
the man who comes sane and safe out of the hands of mad-doctors and
warders, with all the wonderful network of complications which, by
Commissioners, certificates, and Heaven knows what, our law has woven
round the unlucky victim in the worst of all its various aberrations, is
very sane indeed. And very safe too, happily. His lines afterwards are
not altogether pleasant. The curious looks and whispers, the first
meetings with old friends, the general anxiety that he should not 'excite
himself' (which he may be better excused for doing than most people,
perhaps), magnified, no doubt, by his own natural sensitiveness, are
difficult in their way. He does not mind them much, is amused by them at
times; for, with the strong sense of right on one's side, conflict is
rather pleasant than not to the well-balanced soul. But the thread of life
and work and duty has been rudely broken by the shock, and has to be knit
again under great drawbacks. It can be done, though; and one starts again
the wiser and the better man.

'Jurant, quoiqu'un peu tard, qu'on ne l'y prendra plus.' It is no bad
thing to have part of one's work and duty so clearly pointed out as this
of mine. When this evil question is being stirred to its depths as it is
now, every contribution of personal experience is valuable. It is not for
me to suggest schemes of reform, as it is the fashion to ask critics to
do, but for those who are paid to do that work rightly and earnestly, or
who choose to undertake to legislate for us. Nor have I any advice to
offer them except the advice of Hamlet: 'O, reform it altogether.' The
system is radically wrong, all through, under which such wrong is
possible. And I believe it all the more because it seems to me without
reasonable excuse. Madness is the most terrible of all visitations; but
also, probably for that very reason, the most unmistakable. And in spite
of doctors and lawyers and the whole artillery of organised Humbug, I have
deduced another lesson from this hard experience of mine: I do not believe
that there is any mistaking a madman when you see him.

       *       *       *       *       *

The especial experience which I have to tell has nothing especially
painful, and is, perhaps, none the worse for that. I have nothing to
write of dark rooms or strait-waistcoats or whippings, or to reveal such
secrets of the prison-house as will make each particular hair to stand on
end by the telling. My lines were cast in pleasant places. The private
asylum in which I was confined for many months, which in the retrospect
seem like one dreary dream, is, I believe, highly recommended by Her
Majesty's Commissioners as a delightful sanitary resort--quite a place to
spend 'a happy life.' During those months I had the advantage of living in
a castellated mansion, in one of the prettiest parts of England, which I
shall hate to my dying day, with a constant variety of attendants, who
honoured me by sleeping in my room, sometimes as many as three at a time.
I was dying in delirium and prostration, simply, and wasted to a shadow;
consequently voted 'violent,' as the best way out of it. With carriages to
take me out for drives, closed upon wet days, open on fine; with cricket
and bowls and archery for the summer, and a pack of harriers to follow
across country in the winter; with the head of the establishment, who
lived in a sweet little cottage with his family, to give me five o'clock
tea on the Sundays; with five refections a day whereof to partake, with my
fellow-lunatics, if so disposed, in my private sitting-room when I could
not stand it; with a private chapel for morning prayers or Sunday service,
the same companions and attendants for a congregation, and some visitors
who would come to look at us; with little evening parties for whist or
music amongst 'ourselves,' and a casual conjuror or entertainer from town
to distract us sometimes for an evening; with an occasional relative to
come and see me, beg me not to get excited, and depart as soon as
possible,--what more could man desire? As I look at this last sentence of
mine it reads like an advertisement. Stay--I had forgotten the medicine.
They did not give me very much of it, I suppose, or I should not be alive.
Indeed, it seemed to me that the general principle was to give it when one
asked for it, and pretty much what one asked for. When I got unusually
weak and delirious a good strong dose on the 'violent' theory--homoeopathy,
I suppose, from a new point of view--was enough, literally, to _reduce_ me
to reason. For then I became too weak to speak, and the matter ended for a
time.

All this bears so fair an outside that it seems difficult to quarrel with
it. Yet the life that it concealed was inconceivably terrible. My head was
full of the weakest, the most varying, the most wandering fancies--the
fancies of sheer and long-continued exhaustion. These parties, games,
entertainments, meals, without a friend's face near me, without hope,
wish, or volition; with the shouts and cries of the really violent to wake
me sometimes at night; with every form of personal affliction to haunt
and mock and yet companion me by day; with poor fellows playing all sorts
of strange antics round me, herded together anyhow or nohow, with or
without private rooms of their own--more, I am afraid, in proportion as
their friends could or would pay for them or not, on the footing of
'first-class patients' than on any other intelligible principle; with
Death in the house every now and then, falling suddenly and terribly on
one of these unhappy outcasts from some unsuspected malady within, which
they could not explain, spoken of in whispers, and hushed up and forgotten
as soon as might be; with the warders--'attendants,' if you like it
better--playing their rough horse-play all over the great house, the
Philistines making sport of the poor helpless Samsons, and varying their
amusements by coarse and gross language which made the chilled blood run
colder;--the story makes me shrink in the telling, and almost regret that
I have undertaken to tell it.

But the evil wants cautery to the very core, and I believe that every
story of the kind should be told. To me personally death was very near
indeed in that house more than once, from the most complete and absolute
exhaustion of brain. I felt it at the time as I have known it since. Death
in utter solitude, save for the warders by my side, whose duty it was--or
they interpreted it as such, some of them--to hold me down and jump upon
me, or kneel on my breastbone, if I turned round or uttered any wandering
words in bed. When I was really dying, happily, I was too weak for
movement or for word. And there is no stranger comment on the strange
nature of the great and common mystery than the fact that in those supreme
moments, unconscious of all else, I felt consciously and intensely
happy--happier than I have ever felt, perhaps, in all my life. But I had
to live, and I did. And so sound was the brain in all its weakness that I
have hardly forgotten a single detail of my life in that place, scarcely
even any of the vague and wandering fancies that possessed the starved
head; so vague and wandering that, had I told one-fourth of them to the
doctor, to whom I told (on the principle of Mr. Sala's friends) far too
many, all Bedlam itself had not been held more mad than I. What I call
fancies they call 'delusions.' And as such I believe that they are written
in the Book of the Chronicles of the Commissioners of Lunacy. For we know
with what parental care these shameful things are done.

Mr. Dillwyn and others have been doing their best of late to stir the
public mind upon this matter, and some recent reports in the newspapers
may have materially helped them. But the Home Secretary, I see, has
gracefully deferred enquiry to the more convenient season which, from the
time of Felix downwards, has been found difficult to secure again. It is
easier, probably, to make a great flourish of fireworks in the way of
foreign politics,--and with much blowing of the trumpet to restore Great
Britain to her former post among the nations, which some of us never could
see how or when she had forfeited; and the very deference paid her in this
Cyprian business seems to show that she had not,--than to deal with a
home-problem like this, which falls so fatally within the province of our
old friend the Circumlocution Office, and involves so great a variety of
'British interests' of a peculiar and individual kind. Interests, did I
say? Indeed it does, for it involves the liberties and lives of every one
of us. It is all very well to plume ourselves upon our charters and our
immunities, and to bless those Northern stars of ours that we are not as
other men are. But the case of Vera Vasilovitch (if that was her name),
over which we jubilated so much at the expense of the benighted Russians,
implies no greater danger than these evil lunacy laws. Once in their grasp
it is a hard matter, indeed to get out of it. Cowards at the best, all of
us, we are all of us afraid of the very name of 'madness' more than of
anything else; and in that fear lies the security of the present system
against any attack that may be made upon it.

There was a story the other day in an American newspaper of a lady who was
spirited away by two scoundrels under the eyes of a whole party of
travellers, not one of whom raised a finger to protect her when the
fellows had whispered it about that she was 'mad.' This story may not have
been true; but it was so singularly _ben trovato_ that it very well may
have been; and the mere possibility of its truth argues the necessity of
keeping our eyes well open to the dangers in which we live. I suppose that
we most of us rather laughed at Charles Reade's attack upon private
asylums, and quietly comforted ourselves with the reflection that 'in the
nineteenth century' (an expression which is used as a sort of talisman,
apparently, like the 'Briton' of Palmerston's day) such things are
impossible. It requires a personal experience of their amenities, such as
fell to my lot, seriously to believe that the adventures of a novel may be
transferred to the pages of an 'article,' and be as strange--and true.
Villainous conspiracies, for personal motives, to set the lunacy law in
motion, are rare enough, I do not doubt. But the law favours them. What is
not rare, I doubt even less, is the imprisonment in these fearful places
of people who are perfectly sane, but suffering from some temporary
disorder of the brain, the most delicate and intricate part of all the
mechanism, and the least understood; and if asylums are a sad necessity
for the really mad,--and even that I cannot help doubting; for from what I
have seen I believe that they require a much more loving and more direct
personal supervision than they can get, poor people,--for the nervous
sufferers who are not mad they are terrible. The mad folk seemed to me
happy enough on the whole, perhaps. But the suffering of those conscious
of being sound of mind, but very sick in body, yet treated as sound of
body and sick in mind--the life of the same among the mad, baffles
description. They must be driven mad there by the score. I know what it is
for men; what must it be for women? Personally, I do not believe I could
have borne another week of it, for heart and brain were strained almost to
bursting. What would have happened to me I do not know, for I had lost all
care for anything. Nor did the kindly doctor, under whose advice I was
saved, 'in spite of fortune,' ay, and in spite of myself, pretend to know
either. But he believes that I must have broken down utterly, probably
from softening of the brain.

Sitting at my desk as I am sitting now, with the comforting pipe and jug
of beer by my side (deadly poisons to me, both of them, I have been often
assured), and with a profound and grateful sense of extreme physical
wellbeing, it is difficult for me to believe that not so long ago I was
pronounced to be suffering at different times or all at once from
epilepsy, partial paralysis, fits, delusions, suicidal and homicidal
mania, 'voices' (a very professional and dangerous piece of humbug, of
which I shall have more to say presently), 'visions' (_Anglicè_, dreams),
and the Lord knows what beside. As I was utterly prostrate from weakness,
it reads like a dangerous complication; and I feel with pride that I may
safely challenge Maria Jolly herself to the proof. It is something to have
lived through all these maladies, and to be engaged in replenishing the
welcome beer-glass, or, like the moralist of Thackeravian memory,

  Alive and merry at--year,
  Dipping my nose in the Gascon wine.

But it is not too much to say,--and I speak again the wise words of my
good friend and doctor, not my own,--that there are at this present
moment languishing in these places many men who might well have been
rescued, may be even now (and a mob attack, Bastille fashion, upon the
whole body of private asylums would, to my mind, do as much good as
harm),--men who might well have been spared and saved to do good work in
the world, but who now lie as helpless as the enchanter at the feet of
Vivien in the hollow oak--

  Lost to life and use, and name and fame.




II.


Since I finished the first chapter of this discourse of mine, some of the
few friends to whom I confided my intention of committing my experiences
to the dangerous form of the _litera scripta_ have been inclined to
remonstrate with me for my audacity. Indeed, they seemed to think that
there was something very wrong about the whole thing; that I should in
some subtle way be breaking a confidence which should be devoutly
kept--with myself, I suppose; and that the secrets of the prison-house of
lunacy should be as sacred as the mysteries of Ceres of old. Whether, when
these papers shall have been published, they will punish me in the
Horatian fashion, and forbid me to stretch my legs under the same
mahogany, or tempt the fragile bark in their company, I cannot say. But I
am at a loss to see my crime. I feel disposed to quote a saying of Shirley
Brooks in _Punch_, which always struck me as one of his funniest, when, in
answer to numerous inquiries why his famous paper was published on
Wednesday, and dated a Saturday in advance, he simply wrote in his
'Punch's Table-talk,' 'What the deuce is it to anybody?' And I repeat what
I said or implied in my first chapter, that as the strange experience
recedes into the past, and the painful sense of insecurity dies out which
at first it left behind, the blessed spirit of fun comes to my assistance,
and the 'humour of it' affects me as much as Corporal Nym.

I rejoice in agreeing with a friend of mine, who, in talking the thing
over, said to me, 'The worst of you is, you are rather brutally sane.' And
the absurdity of any connection between myself and a lunatic asylum
strikes me so forcibly that I begin to rub my eyes and ask myself whether
it all really happened. It seems some degrees less real than it did even
when I finished the last chapter. So I cannot get on the same standpoint
as my friends, or discover that I am hurting my own feelings by my own
disclosures, as they appear to think that I must. If I hurt those of
anybody else it is neither fault nor affair of mine. There are
unfortunately too many people in the world who cannot be supposed to have
any to hurt. And to expect that a scribe should refrain from making
capital of such an adventure is to ask too much of mercenary humanity.
When various angry designs upon the law, for actions for false
imprisonment, had given way to the reflection that the justice which got
me into the mess was not likely to set me right afterwards, and it had
struck me forcibly that it would be better to sit down and calmly to
narrate my 'travels in the dark land' than to pay for the chance of
redress, I grew very comfortable about the whole matter.

Men have travelled, and fought, and got besieged, and shut themselves up
among the paupers, and done many strange things before this, for the mere
purpose of writing books about their doings. But I feel sure that no man
ever submitted to be treated as a lunatic with that view; for if he had he
might never have escaped, had he been as sane as I, to tell his story. I
know that for some time I might have been under the impression (which a
friend of mine, who once paid a visit to the asylum, told me had been
decidedly his) that the house-doctor, whose business it was to cure us,
and above all to set us free, was one of the most remarkable madmen in the
place. Well do I remember how, when I sank into a state of depression and
absence of mind over the billiard-table on the tenth repetition of some
especially dull old story of his, and quite forgot to score, this doctor
reported me to my relatives, and I dare say to her Majesty's
Commissioners, as having 'fallen into a dangerous condition of torpor.'
Torpor was the word.

       *       *       *       *       *

De Quincey himself, with all his power of eloquence and word-painting,
might have found even the dreams of an opium-eater less difficult to fix
and to describe than the marvellous fancies and dissolving views of
hypochondria, when it passes from the domain of fancy into that of real
illness. In that earlier and fanciful stage it may or may not be
conquerable by that effort of the will which is so easy to preach and so
hard to practise; but in the second it is, save by the action of what I
suppose I must call--in days when a higher and a nobler Name is something
out of date in the 'best circles'--the _vis medicatrix 'Naturæ,'_
practically incurable. The doctors, who know what Galen knew and no more,
but apparently believe in themselves none the less even for the teaching
of Molière, are powerless before it. Their kindness of heart abounds--as,
thank God, there is much of it everywhere--but their skill does not keep
pace with it. One of the kindest of them whom I know, and I think the most
sensible, told me that he had once under his care a lady who was suffering
from hypochondria in a severe form. She recovered; and some time
afterwards she met with an injury to the spine, of which she died in great
pain. When she was dying she told him that her sufferings were as nothing
to what she remembered of the mental pain of that first illness. And I
believe it to the full; though we know that mercifully there is nothing we
forget so soon as pain. Add to that indefinable and wearing agony the
surroundings of a large lunatic asylum--beyond conception the most cruel
place for such a malady--with medical supervision merely nominal, where
all, with scarcely an exception, are regarded as incurably mad, and
simply kept out of the way to save families trouble,--and the pen of a De
Quincey would help me as little in the description as my own. I shall,
therefore, begin quietly from the beginning.

In these coddlesome and unmanly days of ours it is becoming almost rare to
meet, in London life at all events, with a man who is not more or less of
a hypochondriac about that unlucky scapegoat of modern times, his liver.
It is represented as such an ubiquitous, elastic, and sentient being, that
personally I am beginning to disbelieve in its existence altogether, and
regard it as a sort of 'Mrs. Harris' in the human economy. Since the
spread of what I may respectfully call Andrew-Clarkism amongst us, the
humourist may find ceaseless matter for meditation at the club
dinner-table and at ladies' luncheon-parties in finding out the exact
number of glasses of wine (the quality never seems to be taken into
consideration, somehow) which each respective liver will bear, and the
relative size of the plate of cold meat (or 'egg, its equivalent') which
may be consumed with slow mastication. The wine or the one glass of cold
water, which is undoubtedly better, must be sipped, not swilled; and the
general effect, though depressing, is excellent if persevered in. That it
is seldom persevered in longer than Nature will allow, and that the
patient after a time rushes to the nearest and best-filled board under the
influence of uncontrollable thirst and hunger, and so brings a grateful
liver to willing reason, is probably the cause why this modified
Sangradism survives so long. The days of alcohol are theoretically
numbered, but I doubt if they ever will be practically. In older and
simpler times it was known as wine to strengthen the heart of man; and why
the temperance doctors, who prove beyond dispute that alcohol is not food,
in forbidding it always instruct their victims to resort to a
corresponding increase of animal sustenance, is beyond my academic logic.
It implies a syllogism as much outside of the domain of our old friend
'Barbara celarent' as Macaulay's famous argument:

  Most men wear coats,
  Most men wear waistcoats,
  Therefore some men wear both.

But the logic of medicine is not as the reason of other trades. I had been
thinking of these things the other day when I went to church and heard the
dear old story of Cana in Galilee. And no reverent mind will accuse mine
of irreverence if I say that, in spite of myself, my thoughts shaped
themselves into an epigram:--

  A miracle of Love Divine
  Changed all the water into wine:
  Save me from miracles of men,
  Who want to change it back again.

This is a digression, but very germane to the matter in hand. For a long
course of inanition on the modern principle, not sufficiently combated by
submission to Nature's clamorous invitations to eat, drink, and be merry,
and on the other hand indefinitely accelerated by the fearful shock of a
course of German waters, was the prelude to the illness into which I fell.

Never mind with what it began. It has been said over and over again that
work hurts nobody, but that worry kills. Home troubles, perhaps, beginning
with the death of a very near and dear relation under circumstances of
exceptional pain, were in my case the real foundation of the mischief,
which grows very fast by what it feeds on when worry supervenes. I had,
unfortunately, no necessity to work, became less and less disposed to do
anything, and more and more the victim of diet-tables and prescriptions,
with all their sad concomitants of dyspepsia and want of sleep, and, as a
common consequence, the abuse of that grim and baleful drug, hydrate of
chloral. The well-disposed interior will revolt at the very memory of its
hideous taste, and fly to warning and remonstrance. As day by day the
illness crept upon me, and the weary phantom of Self--and Self from its
most distorted and morbid point of view--absorbed at last every thought
and every energy, the well-known 'differentia' of the illness, the ground
was being comfortably cleared for the experience that was to follow. Bred
in the careless modern school of indifference to higher hopes and
feelings; never an unbeliever, I hope (remembering Dr. Johnson's saying:
'Sir, if he is an infidel, 'tis as a dog's an infidel; he never thought
about it'), but practically living the life of one, I was without the one
stay and rest which can carry men triumphantly over worse troubles than
mine. I had to kill Self as all of us must who would fain rise upon the
stepping-stones of the dead giant to better things, before my illness was
to bring forth its fruit. I hope and pray that it has done so now.

It strikes me that I am preluding still. But I believe that my experience,
thus far, will appeal directly to many hundreds of men; and I wish to warn
them fully and fairly--it is my object in these papers to do so--under the
present condition of our law, to what hypochondria may lead, if they carry
it so far as to bore their nearest and dearest, justly desirous to be
amused and comfortable in life.

Let me pass those fearful German waters briefly over. I arrived at
Carlsbad one summer all alone and half worn out; and that salubrious spot
wore out the other half with generous rapidity. Every morning, in the
small hours, when I ought to have been putting on flesh in bed, I drank
away at some spring or another a fraction of my few remaining pounds of
it, in company with a long train of fellow-idiots. The waters of Carlsbad
work as neatly as Shylock would have done; only they require a stone where
the Jew was content with a pound. Antonio was an arch-hypochondriac, by
the way; I wonder if Shakespeare, who is proved to have been everywhere
and done everything, had been to Carlsbad and concealed an allegory? I saw
at least three doctors at the place; for my first fell ill, and my second
could never remember what spring he had ordered me, being convinced that
only one could hit 'my case,' and changing it, therefore, every time.

  O Karlsbader Wässer,
  Wäret ihr nicht besser
  Als eure Doctoren,
  Wir wären verloren!

So ran an agonised distich I found written up on a rock somewhere. But
doctors and waters are much of a muchness, I think. Yearly will Charles's
Bath claim its hecatomb; I know not why. Harrogate is as nasty, and as
dangerous. To my mind, of all the poisons distilled out of the bowels of
the sometimes harmful earth, these same waters are the worst. Strength and
weakness are convertible terms for health and sickness; and that which
weakens by reducing maketh not strong. And at this point of my sermon take
warning again, ye hypochondriacs, and beware.

I returned from Carlsbad seriously ill, and I grew worse very rapidly. The
supposed reaction which is so ingeniously claimed as the result of these
nasty drinks--to account for the natural fact that all but the herculean
among the drinkers grow steadily worse for some time afterwards, and
better again when the effects have passed off--failed to show itself in me
for some years. It did at last, no doubt; and I may send a votive tablet
to Carlsbad yet. I became, as I said, a bore. I was passed on from doctor
to doctor, and, as one of them frankly said, each gave me another kick
down the ladder. On one of the steps only do I ask to linger for a
moment, and to thank the one among them, true friend and good man, whose
eye this may chance to meet, to whom I owe as much as one man can owe to
another in this world. Only he and I, in this world, know what I mean.

At last I reached the lowest rung of the medical ladder indeed; for what
the wine-trade is to the man who has failed generally, so I take it is the
lunacy trade (with marked and fine exceptions, of course) to the doctor
who is no good for any other 'specialty,' and knows he is not. His
province is the unknown; the law works for him; he is in charge of a
certain number of unfortunates, whom others--not he--have pronounced
'mad;' he argues, when he argues at all, backwards. He has not to say to
his patients, 'Your words and thoughts are inconsecutive, your eye is
wandering, &c.; therefore you are mad;' but, 'You are mad; therefore your
words and thoughts are inconsecutive, and your eye is wandering.' This
argument has been absolutely used in that shape with me; and I leave
honesty to judge what the effect was.

But I could not afford to be angry, for that would have been 'excitement'
and madder still. The position in which you put some of us--some of
you--with the light heart of M. Emile Ollivier--is a cruel and terrible
one, indeed, for the man conscious of sanity, but under the ban, ladies
and gentlemen. And believing, as I do, that I am one of the very few who
can ever have come through such an ordeal as this with all his wits
throughout about him, I cannot wonder for a moment that others have been
content to sit down quietly under this most intolerable wrong, and to hold
their tongues, lest 'excitement' should be again brought up against them.
But I will not, that is all. With all my heart I believe in the grand old
Sophoclean line, which used to console Mortimer Collins:

  [Greek: Ouden poth' herpei pseudos eis gêras chronon.]

For the benefit for those who have no Greek: 'No lie ever crawls to old
age.' And even in this coward world I believe truth is master when used as
the one fearless weapon, for attack or for defence.

But I have been growing 'excited,' good my readers, and I beg pardon. Some
of my friends are naturally afraid of any excitement on my part. It is not
easy to avoid sometimes. After this storm that has swept over my life,
there is a great strong current of righteous wrath that will run on deep
down beneath it to the end, but not more deep than I mean that it shall be
still. Out of the nettle danger I have plucked the rose of safety.

It was bitter winter when, as the beginning of the end, I was relegated to
the care of a good-natured young village medico, with about as much
knowledge of the buildings of the brain, I should think (and small blame
to him), as of Cambodian architecture. He was a kindly fellow, and did
all he could; but he dwelt in a tiny hamlet on the borders of one of the
dreariest tracts of our forest-country, and I reflect with sorrow to what
a stupendous extent I must have bored him. I am consoled by thinking that
I must have been of great value to him in his studies, as he was trying
his 'prentice hand in 'nervous' cases, to which he suspected himself of a
call, on me; and I wonder he failed to catch the malady.

Goethe once said that the greatest of physical blessings is a big head
with enough blood to feed it, and the greatest of physical trials the same
head without the blood, whose place has to be supplied by all sorts of
fancies, which of course take the most morbid form. In my case they
turned, as they have in such thousands of cases, to religious
hypochondria. There is nothing more difficult to explain away, on any
Darwinian or Contist hypothesis of which I am aware, than 'phenomena' of
this kind. They exist, and will have to be dealt with somewhere. The
curious story of John Bunyan has been repeated constantly since his days.
They were trying at the time. I was fully convinced that I was the
wickedest man that ever lived, and even in my illness rather triumphed in
the fact after the fashion of Topsy.

Looking back from my present vantage-ground, and conscious of never having
wittingly harmed anyone, I cannot imagine why I arrived at so desperate a
conclusion. I must have tried that poor young doctor sadly; for I never
spoke of anything but my sins and my ailments, though naturally I am
blessed with a keen interest in all sorts of things--_quicquid agunt
homines_, almost. For my sins, to deal with which he felt to be outside
his province, he sent to the clergyman of the village locality, who fled
after five minutes' discourse; and, as I have learnt since, with a good
sense for which I shall ever mentally thank him, wrote to some of my
relatives to tell them to send me 'home' at once--dear, good, blessed old
word that it is!--and save me from doctors as soon as might be. They
preferred an 'asylum.'

As to my ailments, I had evolved from my inner consciousness, after a
varied and polyglot experience of many physicians, from whom I had
suffered many things, certain astounding theories about acids and
alkalies, and organic and functional disorders, which were innocent of the
slightest foundation in fact, but, as far as I can see, quite as well
founded as those of the faculty. One of the Diafoiruses, I remember, who
had been baroneted for his performances, entirely declined to pronounce on
me at all anything but the simple sentence: 'O Lord, take him
away--beef-steaks and cod-liver oil!' Had he said 'Burgundy' instead, I
had reverenced him now fully instead of partially. For I was, in fact,
starving, and that was all.

But let me not laugh too much; for what followed was no laughing matter.
I was 'attended' at my forest-doctor's by a servant, picked up I know not
where, who considered it his duty to cheer me by suggesting cribbage, with
dirty cards, and watching me, in my room, night and day, till his constant
presence drove me nearly wild. Three of the leading 'mad-doctors' of
London, to whom I was carried in 'consultation,' had pronounced me to be
abundantly sane, though exhausted and helplessly hypochondriac, and bound
to recover. So said my young doctor too. And when, one evening, after a
foolish exhibition of desolate misery (and it _was_ misery), the moral
responsibility whereof, if any attach to it, I am now quite content to lay
at other doors than mine, a relative arrived, and, without any reference
whatever to the skilled men of whom I have spoken, ordered my instant
removal to 'another place,' the same young doctor-host told me that he
would never have sanctioned such a step; but the relative had stayed but
five minutes, left the order, and departed for foreign lands.

I was therefore 'removed,' half-dying, in a state of semi-consciousness, I
can scarcely remember how, to the castellated mansion mentioned in my
first chapter. The wrong should have been impossible, of course; but it is
possible, and it is law. My liberty, and my very existence as an
individual being, had been signed away behind my back. In my weakened
perceptions I at first thought that the mansion was an hotel. Left alone
in a big room on the first evening, I was puzzled by the entrance of a
wild-looking man, who described figures in the air with his hand, to an
accompaniment of gibber, ate a pudding with his fingers at the other end
of a long table, and retired. My nerve was shaken to its weakest,
remember; and I was alone with him! It was not an hotel. It was a lunatic
asylum.




III.


Of what followed for the next few days I cannot say much; for my head was
then so thoroughly weakened that I had almost lost all count of time. It
was a very merciful weakness, for without it I do not think that a
sensitive brain could have borne a succession of shocks such as I
described at the end of my last chapter. There was a very large number of
madmen in the place, which was avowedly regarded as an asylum chiefly for
'incurables,' whence I conclude that it was thought convenient in my case
to take the extremest view of matters at once. So little was I myself able
to realise that resort could have been had with me to such a step as this,
that, strange as it may seem, some months passed before I knew that I was
the inmate of an asylum. I thought, in the dazed state of trance in which
I contrived to exist from hour to hour, that I was in some sort of
establishment devoted to nervous patients, whence I should be removed in
due course of time; though, in the vague and dreamy speculations which
occupied my days, I was wont inwardly to wonder what possible effect for
good those broken nerves of mine could derive from constant association
with a variety of people who were 'nervous' to such a very marked degree.
Their ailments used at times to cause me much inward perplexity. One of
them used to rush wildly about the passages of the house--generally with a
file of old numbers of the 'Times' under his arm, in all sorts of
wonderful costumes, which he was very fond of changing, an Inverness cape
and a velvet cap being his garments of choice--shouting out scraps of song
in a discordant voice. Another always wished to shake hands with me, and
recite medical prescriptions at hazard; at supper, when a number of us
sate down at a long table to consume some incredible beef-sandwiches as a
wholesome prelude to quiet sleep, he would finish by crossing himself and
eating the parsley. Tobacco he was rather fond of eating, too, poor
fellow. He is dead now, thank God for it; for even in his vagaries and in
my illness he impressed upon me with singular force the idea that he was
exceptionally a 'gentleman,' and a good one. A few days before his end--he
died of Bright's disease, good reader; and he wanted something more, I
think, than asylum treatment--I remember his expressing his dislike to
sitting down at dinner in a lady's company without being properly dressed.
One of the 'matrons' was in charge of us at the time; a kind-hearted,
clear-headed woman, to whom I was to owe my first release (I was condemned
_twice_ to my fate). From her first I learned exactly where I was, and the
sort of net that had immeshed me; and, after she had talked to me once or
twice for five minutes, 'This,' she said, 'is a cruel and a shameful
thing. You have no business to be here. Your friends should remove you
instantly.'

But I am anticipating a little. I met this lady, happily for me, at a
seaside 'house of ease,' to which some few of the patients were
periodically sent from the 'Establishment,' as the asylum was
euphemistically called (we were very refined and Pickwickian altogether,
and our warders were our 'attendants'), for change of air. To obtain even
that slight relief, an order from the magistrates, who execute justice and
maintain truth--and in this case were connections or near neighbours of
the head of the establishment--is considered necessary. No loophole for
escape was left us which the law can sew up. For five fearful months I
lived at head-quarters in the asylum, the whole _morale_ of heart and mind
being more played upon and shattered every day. I have described the ways
of two of my companions. Another, with an abnormally large head of hair,
had a way of skipping about the house with startling entreaties for
'baccy,' or singing to himself a favourite little song, which ran thus:
'Hey-diddle-diddle, I want some more beer.' Yet he could be consecutive
sometimes, too, when one talked with him; and under the care of the same
matron he sensibly improved, as, when I met him again afterwards--how
shall in due course be told--he had sensibly deteriorated. He was mad, no
doubt, quite mad, but very gentle; and I ask all good and reasonable
people, on every good and reasonable principle, how such a malady as his
can be bettered by constant association with other mental maladies of
every sort and kind? For myself--I say it again--my physical weakness
saved me, with the consequent incapacity of the brain to receive immediate
impressions strongly. But the impressions were made, deep and enduring;
and they come out afterwards in the light of health and freedom, as the
photograph takes form and strength under the action of the chemicals. Now,
happy and free, the horrors that were like dreams at the time seem to
shake me as I write; and strongly balanced as I know my brain to be, I
doubt if the companions who in sickness but vaguely frightened me, in
health would not break me down. There is a very fearful responsibility
somewhere for what was done to me.

Patients there were of other and of many kinds. There was one black
gentleman from India who never spoke; but who used ever and anon to glare
at me, and make one or two steps towards me as if meditating a rush. Then
he would lick his lips with a very red tongue, sit down opposite me,
calmly pull off his boot and stocking, and nurse his foot. I think that he
had for me the greatest fascination of any of them; and I remember being
at times under the impression that he was a wild animal in disguise. One
poor creature there was whom I dimly but firmly believed to be an ape;
truly, for my desire in writing these papers is neither to extenuate nor
set down aught in malice. He was in truth, I have been assured, a
gentleman of large private fortune; but never have I seen humanity so
fearfully lowered. He was very ape-like, small and muscular. His chief
employment was to sit over old volumes of the 'Illustrated London News,'
which periodical was weekly sent to his address and taken in for him; to
lick his fingers, and turn the pages rapidly over, crooning the while some
horrible gibberish to himself in a voice quite inhuman, without two
consecutive syllables or one ray of reason; to tear out little bits or
whole pages of the volume, and throw them away with a triumphant yell,
which curdled all my blood and improved the nature of my dreams, watched
over as they were by two or three keepers, who would report me the next
morning as having had 'a bad turn' if I awoke in the night, utterly
nerve-shaken, under the influence of this living nightmare. This hapless
youth was known by the name of 'Jemmy,' and was a standing jest with the
warders, who delighted in playing in every possible way upon his ghastly
idiotcies. For he was lower than a madman, far; he was a raving idiot. He
would jump at times from his seat, mount on a chair, and play hideous
symphonies upon the window-pane to the accompaniment of his own voice;
once or twice, I am thankful to say, nature had its way, and he would
strike a warder violently between the eyes. When he dealt out this
measure, as once he did in my presence, to the servant whom I have
described as with me in the forest, who conveyed me to the asylum, and
there took service as a keeper--no doubt of personal affection to me--I
was, I confess, inwardly but intensely gratified.

This was the worst of my companions, certainly; but there were others
scarcely less uncanny. There was one poor old man, hopeless and harmless,
who wandered constantly from room to room, or up and down the long
dining-room, where it was the custom to herd some of us together,
murmuring to himself odds-and-ends which I presume to have been original,
snapping his fingers and making dreadful faces. His favourite burden was
this--which, in spite of all I can do to drive it away, has taken a firm
hold on my memory:

  Gibbs is a beauty, and Gibbs is a louse;
  Gibbs is a pig, and the pride of the house.

The second verse of the ditty running thus:

  Gibbs is a beauty, and Gibbs is a bear;
  Gibbs has no cap on the top of her hair.

This he would follow up by a delighted laugh over 'the Dowager Gibbs, the
Dowager Gibbs!' and add, in a tone of pointed regret, 'A woman without a
cap--it's indecent!' 'Miss Lloyd was a fine woman, a very fine woman,' was
another of his favourite meditations as he tramped ceaselessly up and
down. He had a younger friend in the house--he must himself have been well
over sixty--to whom I contracted an intense aversion; a poor fellow who
had a certain liberty about the place, and invested himself with imaginary
dignities, acting as postman and bringing our newspapers to our rooms in
the morning; superintending the work of the gardeners with an air of
personal responsibility, and always reeking of very bad tobacco, and
thrusting his confidences under one's nose accordingly. Among other duties
he was allowed to score at our daily cricket-matches in the summer; and
well do I remember how when I, weak of head and body, and with no business
out of bed, but having yet some cunning at the game, joined in it at this
evil place for the first time, I grew puzzled and angry at the astounding
arithmetical results of my innings--I could scarcely stand, and the
'attendants' bowled a fast round hand at my legs--and failed altogether to
appreciate the humour of the thing. I confess that, in the retrospect, I
fail to appreciate the especial form of humour now. The postman and marker
is dead too,--thank God for him again, and may the peace be with him that
man denied him here! He and the poor old man I spoke of were, as I said,
sworn friends; and their friendship showed itself in a series of hearty
slaps and kicks cheerfully administered by the younger performer, the two
apparently fancying themselves schoolboys, with the loud and sympathetic
applause of the warders. The elder had been a University man and a
scholar, and was still, at his better moments, full of odd scraps of talk
and knowledge, and, in his Shakespeare especially, rather deeply read. And
next friends and Commissioners and the law nursed his old age like this.
There are more things on earth, ye people of England who live at home at
ease, than are dreamed of in your philosophy. The less said, in this
connection, of the other place mentioned in that famous quotation, I think
the better. But nothing brings home the conviction of its reality so
strongly to those who have suffered, as the absolute necessity for some
other world; for some unerring court of appeal, before which the wrongs of
'the courts below' shall be signally and strangely righted.

The pudding-eater of my first evening, whom I introduced at the end of my
first chapter, proved one of the pleasant features of the place. I find
that I have written down the adjective seriously; let it stand. He was a
great sturdy North countryman, without a vestige of sense or connection in
his ideas, who was always occupied in imaginary architecture, discovering
at the corners of passages or in the middle of a field, or anywhere, the
most attractive sites for elaborate buildings, whose height and
proportions he would proceed to indicate. He was always laughing in the
heartiest and most infectious way; had a conscience and digestion
apparently alike without fault, and might be set down by an observer as
enjoying life without reserve under conditions which, I venture to think,
would have soured Mark Tapley. Everybody liked him and was pleasant with
him, as he was with everybody; and it is a matter for strange thought,
what could have brought so hard a visitation on so simple a soul. Is it
hard in such cases? Who can say? When I wrote in my first chapter that the
mad seemed happy enough, I suppose I was thinking of this man; for the
faces of most appear to me as I look back like a picture-gallery full of
varied expressions of human sorrow, and sorrow debarred from expressing
itself. I spoke once to a lawyer who was 'one of us,' who talked much to
himself in an undertone, and would sometimes answer a question with a
monosyllable, and asked him if he had been imprisoned long. 'Forty years,'
he said, and turned away. Forty years! The answer came upon me with a
shock no words can tell. I was feeling unusually well that day, or I
should not have mustered courage to speak to him. I was working out my
second sentence then, and knew where I was. And I did not believe in my
heart, for I knew something of the law's ways by that time, that earthly
power could free me. Nor did it, I think. I believed that I had forty
years of life in me. Was I, too, to live them out there, and so? How much
and how earnestly, if half unknowing, I prayed from my heart for death,
with that unconscious cry of the creature to the Creator which flies up in
spite of us in such straits as these, I do not know. I read the other day
of a poor fellow in a public asylum (which I believe to be better than
the 'private,' for the doctors have more the check of fear) who prayed
aloud for death under the warder's hands. How many tortured souls have so
prayed is written elsewhere, not here. From me the death that had been so
near was then receding, and I seemed to grasp vainly after it to woo it
back again. One day, led about the country roads weak and wretched, at a
warder's heels, for the morning's constitutional, to look right and left
of me for a deliverance that came not from the east or the west, to be
idly and curiously scanned by the passers-by, but looking restfully upon
every sane face that was not a keeper's,--I liked the mad faces better far
than theirs,--I threw myself once upon my knees in the middle of the
public road, with one silent heartfelt prayer--for what? For annihilation;
for every form of possible existence seemed then to me a curse. Mad
indeed, was it not? Nor need I say how mad I was then writ down. Yet it
was within a few weeks of that time that my prayer was answered, in spite
of myself almost, as I said before, and answered with life and freedom. Is
there any one, I wonder, amongst our men in power who will be shaken by
these words in the complacent selfishness of humanity, and be no longer
content to pass those who have so fallen among thieves by on the other
side?

The lawyer was not the patriarch of the place; for there were some aged
men who had lived their lives there. One old gentleman, known as 'Daddy,'
and a favourite butt with some of the younger warders--good-naturedly
enough, perhaps; but I often felt that I should like to knock them
down--was there, I believe, in the last century, and is not quite sure
what George is on the throne. I was told that he never spoke at all for
many years, until one day--he had never smoked in his life--he was by some
means persuaded into a pipe. From that time tobacco became his solace and
delight; for that he would ask anybody, and for that alone. His little
'screw' became an institution. The silent members of our corporation were
very numerous; whether they were silent always, or whether by degrees the
habit crept upon them in that fearful mockery of companionship, will not
be known here. I have said that for the first few days of my first
imprisonment--to take up again the thread of my personal story--I was too
ill and weak to observe or to care for anything. I think that I must have
been in bed for a few days, dying alone; but that I do not remember. After
that immediate danger had passed, I must have been one of the silent for
some time; for I well remember the expression of astonishment which came
over the faces of some of the warders in attendance when a letter was one
day brought to me in the common room which had forced the passage somehow,
and I answered to my name. The correspondence of the prisoners is
conducted under difficulties. All letters, written or received, pass
through the doctor's hands, whether opened or not I do not know; and those
that they write go through him, not to those to whom they are addressed,
but to the persons responsible for their imprisonment. There lies another
royal road to the discovery of truth. A fellow-prisoner, who became a
friend of mine in prison (it is the shortest and truest word to use), who
was as sane as I, but, happily for him, stronger in health, conquered this
difficulty by writing letters to every quarter whence he thought help
might come, and posting them by various contrivances in the country
villages when he took his walks and drives abroad. He won his freedom; and
the first use he made of it was to bestir himself to win me mine. Does
this read like 'England in the nineteenth century,' I wonder? Or need we
go to the Alfred Hardys and Mrs. Archbolds of Charles Reade to tell us
again that fiction is not so strange as truth? He imagined; I describe.
Which is the stronger?

When I first broke silence on this communication from the outer world--it
was from a club friend, I remember, giving me some account of old literary
and dramatic mates, who seemed to have passed into another sphere for
me--I was stupidly observing my surroundings from the depths of an old
armchair. The 'Dowager Gibbs' was shuffling and chanting up and down the
room; the patriarch was puffing at his screw; the man-monkey was howling
and gesticulating, and tearing up the 'Illustrated;' the postman was
grinding out indecencies, which haunt me, in a harsh strident voice; the
good fellow, who is safe in harbour now, was muttering a series of
prescriptions of potassium, bromides, and iodides, and other kindred
horrors (he had been an eminent man in his time, I heard, and had suddenly
broken down--how I hated the warders for their patronage of him!); the
lawyer was making notes in a red pocket-book, or stealing from a plate
surreptitious gingerbreads, of which he was very fond; and the whole
Witches' Sabbath was in full play. The keepers told off to watch us were
holding more consecutive, but not more edifying, conversation about horses
and bets and races, which appear to absorb their faculties much as they do
those of many higher minds, varying it with local gossip and bad language,
and much rough horse-play at our crazy expense. I wonder sometimes what
effect it might have had upon them, if it had dawned upon them that among
their unconscious charges there was a 'chiel amang them takin' notes,'
quite involuntary, but photographic in truth at least.

I should have had no place in that common room, I believe, except when I
wished it; for I was on the footing of a 'first-class patient,' and had a
private room of my own. Those who had not had no choice but to grow worse
year by year from the enforced companionship that I have written down. But
I was too ill to have wish or power of my own. I was absorbed for the time
in the servant I have more than once mentioned, who was my master, and
knew and rejoiced in it. He was soon tired of his duty, which was to keep
me 'company' (Heaven save the mark!) in my room, and preferred to transfer
me to the larger, where he might consort with his mates, and I with mine.
The chief doctor, when I was at my worst, came to see me once a day. And I
well remember the threats with which my 'attendant' would deter me, ill
and broken as I was, from complaining of the life I had to lead. If he had
known my illness and powerlessness to the full, he would have had no need
to do it, for I did not know what I had to tell. But well do I remember
how some words seemed to be struggling within me for utterance during the
five minutes allotted me, to which I vaguely looked forward with a sort of
daily hope of something; something which came not--justice, I fancy. I was
tongue-tied by misery and illness, and my 'servant' stood behind the door
while the doctor was with me. And so the days went by. Here I must ask my
readers to remember that my brain was very weak, and that, as far as these
warders are concerned, I am trying to disentangle the literal facts from
my memory as exactly as I may. They are supposed to be the qualified
nurses of the sick; they are men of the most ignorant class, without one
single qualification for that duty--discharged soldiers, sailors, footmen.
And they are the absolute masters of these asylums (of which I, remember,
inhabited what has been called the best), and of the lives and liberties
imprisoned there.




IV.


My first acquaintance with the warder whom I regarded--I do not very well
know why--as a sort of master-gaoler among his fellows, was made upon my
road to the asylum. I was escorted to London from the forest by my
adhesive body-servant, and by the young doctor whose charge I was leaving,
who had formally certified my insanity. As I have said, he told me when we
parted that he held the step taken to be wrong, and wished it to be
avoided. I was ill, he thought, and needed care. I fail to see, under
these circumstances, how he was justified in signing the certificate. He
was young, unskilled, a stranger to me but a week or two before, and I had
lived with his wife and family. Whether any pressure was put upon him I
do not know, and had rather not enquire. It is enough for my purpose
quietly to state that I am to this hour in the dark as to the details of
the business, and that I was consigned to a madhouse, against his will, on
the order of a doctor who did not believe me mad. Three authorities on
lunacy had stated but a short time before that I was in no danger of being
so. Nor was I--till the madhouse made the danger. Such is the law.

He escorted me to London, and we parted there. At the terminus the
confidential warder met us from the asylum, and took his place. The last I
saw of him was that, as he ran fast along the platform, he 'washed his
hands with invisible soap,' expressively, as of me and my concerns. He
guessed something of what he had done, I suppose, though I hope not all;
and thought that I was going forth into the outer darkness for evermore.
My companions were well fitted to conduct me there. The forbidding
personality of my special servant is still at times a presence in my
thoughts; and the other afterwards was to haunt me still more. He was a
rough, red-bearded, well-looking fellow enough--an old colonial
squatter--and, as I remember him, very sufficiently good-natured and
good-hearted. He was very fond of beer, and great at collecting shilling
novels from all quarters. When in the latter days of my imprisonment he
was told off to keep a special watch over me, I grew to shrink from and to
dread him, in my very weakness, like a whipped child. He was kindly, but
too big, and I was afraid of him. How many fears of the same sort must
harass and perplex all those darkened lives is another of the sealed
mysteries of the English Bastilles. I associated him so closely with my
first coming; I remembered with a vision at once so dim and clear how he
had curiously examined me from the opposite seat of the carriage as the
train sped on in the darkening winter evening, through what country I knew
not, to what destination I had no care to ask. When the doctor whom I had
left had hinted where I was to go, I had failed to understand him. Had he
told me in more direct words, I could not have believed in such a thing
being done; I could not have believed in its possibility, as on looking
back it baffles my understanding now. I have read many tales and many
histories which turn upon the abuse of _lettres de cachet_ in the famous
ante-Revolutionary days. Will anybody tell me the difference? It seems to
me that all that could be done by their means can be done 'under
certificates' here and now, and legally justified afterwards over and over
again. The Bastille itself could scarcely hold its prisoners more closely
than the 'establishment' wherein I lived; and scarcely harder could it
have been for any echo of complaint or suffering to reach the outer
world. Buried and forgotten we lay there, like dead men out of mind. Of
the farcical visits of inspection made by her Majesty's Commissioners I
shall have something presently to say. Their manner of discharging their
solemn duty is, to my mind, in the whole round of wrong the worst feature
of all.

Whilst I was being thus spirited away through the heart of London, with
scores of warm-hearted friends within unconscious hail who would have
raised a riot to save me if they had known anything of the truth, I knew
as little of the fate before me as the inconvenient kinsman on his road to
the old Bastille. Had I known, weak as I was, I should have resisted; and
with what result? What is the result to those who do righteously resist?
For there must be some who do. On my second apprehension, which I shall
describe in its place, I should have known. But I was drugged by
authority, as effectually and deliberately as ever was heroine of a
novel, and brought back to my prison from the North of England under the
influence of opium. More of this in time. Let me return to my first
journey. There were my warders winking and blinking; my private domestic
pouring into the ears of the other, who listened with the indifference of
a man accustomed to the ways of nameless beings like me, his own version
of my private history, and making grabs at me in the dark when we came to
a tunnel, to create a prejudice in my favour. I remember dimly wondering
what it was about, expecting the men to handcuff me, vaguely dreaming of
the charms of bed and of a 'home,' speculating somewhat why I had none. Of
that journey I remember little more, except eating savoury jelly at
Waterloo Station--so oddly do trifles impress one in the most critical
moments of life. The next turn of the kaleidoscope pictures me seated in
an armchair, just before the episode of the pudding-eater, I suppose,
interviewed by the ancient head of the asylum, who, having me there under
certificate from my family, had no opinion to pronounce on my mental
condition, but simply to accept me as a madman, worth a round sum a year
to him, and be thankful. But for a certain episode which I shall in due
course relate, I might not have found the man out. He was quite stupid,
and had so muddled his venerable brain with the contemplation--I will not
say the study--of insanity, that, after five minutes' conversation, any
two apothecaries from anywhere would have 'certificated' him at once. He
knew nothing on earth about me; saw me for the first time under conditions
not perhaps exactly favourable to an impartial judgment; and afterwards,
as I have before told, paid me occasional flying visits, which he spent
chiefly in nodding and winking at me in a knowing manner, and treating the
few words which fell from me as so many excellent jokes. He had heard
that I was theatrically given, and humoured my shattered intelligence by
taking every opportunity of telling me that he had once taken his
daughters to the Adelphi to see 'Martin Chuzzlewit' or 'Nicholas
Nickleby'--I forget which--followed invariably by a little anecdote of one
Grossmith, an old 'entertainer,' who was wont to imitate Charles Mathews
(whose loss we are regretting now) so well that when Mathews once met him
in the train and heard him talk he said, 'If you are not Mathews, you must
be Grossmith.' I think that was the story; but I grew rather addled over
it at last, and am not quite sure. Grossmith the younger, who has since
that time made for himself some name upon the stage, came twice from
London to 'entertain' us. An old stage-lander, I seldom remember feeling
so severely critical. 'Hyperæsthesia,' I think, is the medical alias for
the quickening of the nervous perceptions which so curiously accompanies,
and yet contrasts with, the odd sense of unreality with which
bloodlessness of brain invests everything. I listened to the performer's
humours like a man in a dream, with a bitter sense of unconscious revolt
as I recalled many happy evenings at the play, and went drearily to bed,
wondering more than usual how it was all to end. By an odd flicker of the
old flame, I remember feeling as if it were incumbent upon me to go
'behind the scenes' and present myself, but could not make up my mind to
it. What would the actor have thought had he come behind the scenes with
me that night, I wonder! Some months afterwards I was watching him from a
stage-box through the oddities of the 'Sorcerer,' and it brought back to
me with a shock the fearful place where I had seen him last, and made me
throw an involuntary look round me to see if any warder was on the watch.
The feelings of fear and shame--for it has in one's own despite a sort of
shame about it--that the experience left behind, died slow and hard. And a
chance association like this would curiously awake them.

But I am keeping my old doctor waiting. He looked and moved, and I dare
say tried to believe himself, the absolute incarnation of respectable
Benevolence. The frock-coat, dark suit, and white cravat in the initial
stage of strangulation, which are to so many people a sort of badge of a
doctor's degree in divinity, law, or medicine, and the hall-mark of a good
heart, carried out the illusion. He began to do good-natured things at
intervals; I suppose from a spasmodic sense that he might as well try to
cure a patient sometimes, instead of leaving them all entirely to the
salutary effects of association. He once proposed to go through a course
of Greek Testament readings with me, and we accomplished an entire
chapter, but dropped the cure at that point. My power of reading Greek at
sight appeared to impress him much, as by force of contrast with his
insane patients it well might. But it failed to incite him to further
efforts for my recovery and release. The Grossmith anecdote, to be taken
at intervals, was an easier prescription. Though he had taken very kindly,
however, to the work which he had accepted in life, he yet never gave me
the impression of being altogether 'undisturbed by conscientious qualms,'
and of having been able to silence the monitor which must have pleaded at
times so loudly within him. He was one of those men who never look one
straight in the face. And though he had constructed a little chapel in the
establishment, where services were held on Sunday evenings, he did not
attend those services himself. Perhaps he may have feared that prayers for
'prisoners and captives,' and the solemn appeals to Him 'who helpeth them
to right that suffer wrong,' might stick in his throat like Macbeth's
'Amen.' He was happier in his own little house, at some distance from the
asylum, where he lived, with none of the unfortunates under his immediate
eye. He pottered about among a large variety of baby greenhouses, which he
had constructed on patterns of his own, or made geological investigations
under his fields, where he had hit upon a vein of quartz--or pintz, or
something--of which great things were to come. Little quarries were
scattered all over the place, and much lunacy must have been necessary to
support them. He was a great inventor, the doctor, and was much distressed
by the evident want of mental power that I once showed by wandering
helplessly from the point when he was expounding to me a plan for some
stove which was to give heat without light, or light without heat, or both
or neither. I betrayed after a time an utter unconsciousness of what he
was saying, which I fear must have outweighed in the balance my mastery of
the Greek Testament. Human nature is a parlous thing. In moments even
more confidential he explained to me how he had been an inventor from his
youth, and how one of the greatest discoveries of Simpson of Edinburgh had
in fact been made by him, and by him confided to his ungrateful colleague.
I confess that, even in my sad condition of mental darkness, I ranked this
story with the class which at school we briefly summarised as 'little
anecdotes which ain't true.'

This acquaintance with my doctor and his ways was of a late date, when
kindly nature had given me enough of returning strength to be able to hold
my own in ordinary talk, with only occasional relapses into the
light-headedness which survived the first long delirium, when habit had
begun to dull the edge of my helpless fear, and robbed the hourly
associations of my life of something of their unspeakable horror. I was
then hopeless of escape, and had grown, I think, indifferent to it, as to
all who were supposed to care for me I had apparently become an object of
indifference. In the _morne désespoir_ which had utterly taken possession
of me, I knew of no one to whom to appeal. Only those who had consigned me
to the life could save me from it, and what was I to say to them? I was
ill when they did it; I was ill still. Why should they be anxious to
convict themselves of wrong, and of such wrong? And so in my misery I let
the days go by without wearing myself out still more by idle effort,
stupidly resigned

  To drift on my path, like a wind-wafted leaf,
      O'er the gulfs of the desolate sea.

The few visitors who fell to my lot had of course accepted their own
foregone conclusions about my condition, and every external appearance of
the place was comfortable to the view. Under the paternal care of such a
dear good old man, with such pretty scenes to look at, and such nice
gardens to walk about in, and an hotel-like sitting-room of my own, I was
obviously wicked if I was not very happy. Other visitors to that place
there were, who might have taken another view of things. Two friends of
mine, who had known me well in old days, came whilst I was there to see,
as it happened, other inmates of the asylum. Both knew that I was confined
there, and both desired to see me. One especially, who had his suspicions
in the matter, made, as I now know from himself, every effort to make his
way to me. But it was not permitted in either case, and I was given out as
'too ill' to see anybody. In the malady from which I was supposed to be
suffering, the sight of an old friend's face might well be thought one of
the best of possible prescriptions. I was not too ill. It was a lie. In
all the facts of this piece of autobiography, I know of none more damning.
The reports of my condition, and the changes of it, were to depend upon
the doctors who lived on us, and the ignorant warders who took their
first cue from them, and the three relatives who had taken upon
themselves the responsibility for my imprisonment.

My first impressions about the 'principal' were funny. As I have said, I
did not realise where I was. I did not know that I was in an asylum; I did
not understand what the curious people about me were; the only living soul
I knew in the place was the servant of whom I have spoken, whose presence
there was perhaps partially the reason for my failing to grasp the
situation. I had of course no ground for supposing that he was out of his
mind, or means for understanding why he should quarter himself in an
asylum. He assured me, I think, that where I went he would go, out of
personal devotion. But as he took the opportunity of enrolling himself
among the asylum-warders, and treated me with a curious brutality, happily
limited by inadequate physical means to carry out his views--I was myself
so wasted that a child might have maltreated me, and only a brute
would--I must have my doubts upon the matter. It was with a strange sense
of relief that one morn I missed him from the accustomed haunts, and
learned that he had departed for India in charge of the black gentleman,
who was translated _ad eundem_ elsewhere, I suppose, as some of us
occasionally were. It is a comfort to reflect that the black gentleman was
of a vigorous build, and capable of resenting impertinence. I hope that he
availed himself of his opportunity, as the man-monkey did, and employed
personal arguments. The fancies of my bewildered brain chased each other
like shadows. Sometimes I thought that this odious being was Judas
Iscariot (his surname remotely resembled the word 'Judas');
sometimes--when he had told me how fond he was of me, and I was trying to
dwell upon the pleasant fact--that he was a brother of mine who had died
in infancy, and come back to love me in the absence of anybody else.
Chance likenesses were enough to invest any of the weird faces round me
with a name and identity of my own making; and when at night thick-coming
dreams of the most vivid kind--through all of which, I am told, my sleep
seemed as placid as a child's--invested phantoms with such reality that I
was unable to separate mentally the visions of the night from those of the
day, the confusion of brain through which I lived may be imagined. I have
attempted to describe how, in their shocking lack of human
characteristics, some of my companions assumed for me the semblance of
animals. About my own identity I felt puzzled, and was a good deal
occupied in arguing out with myself who I might be, from various
insufficient data. The state is of course very common in delirium, and was
in my case very natural. A short time before, I had been the possessor of
home, family, name, and friends; and at the time when I needed all these
most, I suddenly found myself an unregarded cipher, a worn-out garment
cast aside, as unowned as 'Jo' at his crossing, and robbed of man's right
of freedom without the mockery of a trial, when imprisonment was a form of
cruelty which needs a new name. So completely was I forgotten, that when
at last I came to life again, it was to find a three years' arrear of
unopened letters piled up in my old chambers, for which no one during my
illness had even taken the trouble to inquire. They read to me then like
messages from another world. Some favourite pictures and my writer's
chair--the unambitious 'Law library' which I had once owned, and a set of
handsome and valued Harrow prizes, had vanished altogether, and 'nobody'
was to blame. It was the doing of a company, I suppose; but I had clearly
no business to reappear upon the scene. I did not like it, though.

Knowing myself in keep and hold, and not knowing why, it was natural that
I should invest the asylum with the attributes of a gaol. I have said that
I expected to be handcuffed in the train; and when on the first evening a
fierce-looking man rushed at me with a dark-blue ribbon, asked me what I
meant by not wearing one, and declared, with a sense of personal offence,
that I was 'not the least like my uncle,' I took him for the
master-gaoler, and mentally christened him, 'Rocco,' in the odd dramatic
vein which would run through my thoughts. This blue ribbon, worn in honour
of the University boat-race, and the fact that one of my first memories is
that I found a hot-cross bun placed by my bedside for breakfast, in
sympathetic honour of One who died to teach us love and mercy, are the two
things which enable me to fix with accuracy the date of my imprisonment as
about the Easter-tide, now nearly four years ago. The terrible probation
that followed seems to me now to have cut my life into two parts, as
completely as I am conscious to myself of its having changed my whole
character, and stamped and remoulded it in a new and other cast. Such
furnace-fires as these must do so. They make the common trials of our race
seem ludicrously small, and I find myself looking with a certain quaint
wonder at people who talk to me of their hard experiences of life. With
what a sense of gratitude I find myself unembittered--however justly and
strongly resentful, where other feelings would be out of place--regarding
my fellow-creatures from the pleasantest point of view, and the world
generally in the light of the laughing philosopher, I cannot say. Trials
are like pills. The taste depends upon how you take them.

I have been very frank with my readers about the strange fancies which
took possession of my brain. No one of them who has known what it is to
lie sick of a fever, or has ever seen others lying so, will be surprised
to read of them. But in a lunatic asylum these common signs of a common
illness are called 'delusions.' I was talking once, during my interval of
freedom, over the position in which I was placed, with one of the three
doctors who had vouched for my soundness of mind, who has justly won for
himself a great name among those who have in worthy earnest studied the
diseases of the brain, as far as it is given to man to study them. He
spoke to me of private asylums with shrinking and with dread; and in my
hypochondriac days had warned me as a friend of the dangers that might
await me. 'Travel,' he said; 'do anything rather than give way. If once
you find yourself in an asylum, Heaven help you!' And when I spoke to him
later of the things that had been said of me, 'I know that word
"delusions" too well,' said he, 'and the use that is made of it.' I did
not, then. But when, after my final deliverance, I found myself accused by
those who should have helped and shielded me in every way of being 'under
delusions' as to their conduct towards me, I learned to know. I discovered
this indirectly through others, and would not at first believe it. But it
is true, like the rest of the story, and like the rest of the story is so
set down. They say it everywhere, and they may be saying so still, and I
have long known that they did not scruple to say it. There let that part
of my subject end; for I sincerely trust that it lies outside of human
experience. But it is a possible consequence, remember, of this abuse of
law.

In the general state of confusion which, launched as I was into this very
novel state of existence, took possession of my faculties, and seemed
almost to supply a meaning and coherence to the old rhyme,

  Supposing I was you,
    And supposing you was me,
  And supposing we all were somebody else,
    I wonder who we'd be!

the _raison d'être_ of the old physician puzzled me exceedingly. Sometimes
I took him for a superior being in charge of the prison, sometimes for a
divine, sometimes for the Evil One, and sometimes for a butler. When
labouring under the last impression, I resented some question he thought
it his duty to ask me, and his attempt to bar my peaceful passage from one
room to another. I am afraid that I took him by the collar and put him
against the wall--perhaps, under the circumstances, a pardonable excess.
The assault was not dangerous. There was nobody living at that moment, I
think, who could not have knocked me down with his little finger. But from
that time I was regarded, and entered in the books, as 'homicidal.'




V.


A letter has reached my hands about these experiences of mine, written in
a courteous spirit, but supplying so singular a comment on my story that I
shall answer it here. It is from a specialist, who has obtained, I
conclude, some eminence in the treatment of insanity; for it encloses for
my study, in the form of a pamphlet, a presidential address on the subject
delivered by him two or three years ago. With a few points in his letter I
must deal, for they are as curious an instance of what schoolmen call the
_ignoratio elenchi_ as I am likely to meet. 'The writer in the 'World,' he
says, 'confesses himself in various passages to have been insane.' He
suggests that I may possibly be 'merely a clever romance-writer;' but,
deprecating my 'able onslaught on those medical men who have the dire
misfortune to be engaged in lunacy practice,' adds that if my story is
genuine I am 'bound to offer some suggestion as to the proper mode of
treatment of the unfortunate victims of brain-disease;' and that as I have
entered on a 'destructive course, I am in duty bound to finish by a
constructive attempt.' Now for my answer. In the heading of this
narrative, and throughout it, I deny distinctly, deliberately,
categorically, that I have ever been insane; and I say that the fancies of
delirium or hypochondria are as clearly to be distinguished from those of
madness as midday from midnight, on a very little close observation, by
every honest and unselfish mind. To send them to an asylum for treatment
is the best way to turn them to insanity. I have been perfectly frank
about my 'delusions,' for I remember them all, as had I been mad I should
not. A man may doubt if he is in his mind or no; he cannot doubt whether
or not he has been. The writer of the letter takes advantage of my having
been in an asylum, as some of the friends who placed me there have done,
to argue that I was mad. It is the favourite fallacy of the cart before
the horse. It proves me to have been 'legally insane,' of course, and I
give the phrase for what it is worth, with a contempt no words can
measure. The doctors who made themselves the instruments of this wrong
were two young village practitioners who never made any study of the
matter, and one of them never saw me but five minutes in his life, when I
was too ill in body to mark his face. Is this a state of law that should
last? Is this a thing that should be let alone? Read some of Ruskin's
'Fors Clavigera,' gentlemen, and get rid of some of the selfishness which
is the dry-rot of mankind, for which a placid acceptance of the wrongs of
others is only another name. Scourge the money-changers from the temples,
in the warrior-spirit of Him whose name we still bear. The very pamphlet
before me speaks of nothing so much as of the special knowledge required
in dealing with insanity; yet any two apothecaries may make a man mad in
law. Let the very possibility of it be abolished. There is the first part
of the reform which the writer wants me to suggest, for which in my first
chapter I warned him and all others that they have no right to ask me. I
am neither Home Secretary, Commissioner, next friend, nor medical man; and
it is no answer for the author of a book to say to his critic, 'Come up
and write a better.' '_Ne sutor ultra crepidam_,' quotes the writer in his
pamphlet; and it is true of me as of him. It is only my clear duty to set
down, in words that shall burn, if God will send them to me, the breathing
thoughts that spring, too deep for tears, out of my terrible personal
experience. For this is no romance, but a commonplace reality. I have said
with whom the responsibility for the reform lies: with the Home Secretary
and Commissioners, and with the leading men in law and medicine who allow
these things to be. When Sydney Smith said that nothing could be done with
a corporate body of men, because they have neither a 'soul to be damned
nor a body to be kicked,' he may not have been as right in the first
clause as in the last. Souls may one day prove as divisible as the
electric light; and before the Court beyond, to which I, and others who
have suffered like me, from our very heart of hearts appeal, it will be of
no use to plead a limited liability.

I will go on with my suggestions of reform, though I am not bound to do
so, for I believe the key to be simple. The lunacy laws are made in the
supposed interests of relatives, not the sufferers themselves; and all is
done to 'hush up,' not to expose. Why? There is nothing to be ashamed of
in insanity; but in their utter selfishness friends shrink from the
supposed consequences to themselves if the thing is 'talked about.' As if
it could ever be anything else! The birds of the air will carry the
matter; and all that these people gain by it is to have the increasing
sect of the 'Head-shakers,' as a friend of mine has pleasantly christened
them, tongue-wagging more and more behind their backs, and saying, 'Ah,
poor people! madness in the family, you know.' And it serves them very
justly right. I know these same Head-shakers well, and know well enough
that they will never allow me to escape from the consequences of the past,
such as they are. 'There was something in it, you know; he was very queer.
_Pas de fumée sans feu_.' Proverbs are either the greatest lies or the
greatest truths; and in 'society' certainly this is one of the first sort.
I was caught in the act of laughing at a play of my own only the other
day, and I hear that a head-shaker spoke of it at the Mutton-chops Club
afterwards as a melancholy sign of my mental condition. They congregate
much at some latter-day clubs, the members of this sect; and, in the
absence of natural material in that way, they tell each other what to
think, and then go home and think it. Applied to literary work, the result
sometimes comes forth as 'criticism.'

Let no man, then, be imprisoned for insanity till his state has been fully
and carefully observed for a certain time; nor then, unless the
certificate has been signed by two, or _more_, well-qualified and
practised men, one of whom at least should have known the patient well and
long. Let private asylums, where it is in the interest of the proprietors
to keep the patients as long as they can, be swept away. I have known the
enrolment of new patients on their books--may the poor people be helped,
and those who place them there forgiven!--cited with as much pride as that
of new boys at a schoolmaster's. Let public asylums be substituted, where
it is in all interests to have as few patients as possible, instead of as
many, and to dismiss them as soon as may be. Let the harmless, of whom
there is a large proportion, be kept out of asylums altogether. Who knows
what cruel pain the associations of their life may hourly give them? Let
publicity take the place of hushing up--which never did any good in the
world whatever--to the fullest extent. Let the warders (whom I have
postponed for the present in deference to their social betters) be
carefully selected for character and kindness, and be what they should
be--nurses of the sick. Let the Commissioners, if they are to go on
existing, read their duty in a different way. Further, let severe criminal
penalties attach to every abuse of the reformed Lunacy Law, and let every
facility be given to the sufferer as against doctors, relations,
Commissioners, anybody, be he great as he may. At present the law, with
all its intricate machinery for good or ill, fights dead against us: with
my correspondent's plea for the sensibilities of those engaged in this
line of practice, I am not much concerned. They need not adopt it if they
do not like, I suppose. They follow their profession for profit like the
rest of us, and have no need to pose as philanthropists, or ask for
sympathy. 'Il faut vivre' would be their best explanation of their work;
and I know of no case in which the great Frenchman's answer would come
with more crushing force, 'Monsieur, je n'en vois pas la nécessité.'

If these suggestions of mine, which I did not propose to offer, savour
rather of the destructive, to use my correspondent's phrase, it is because
destruction is the only reform possible; and to patch up the old system is
like mending worn-out garments with older cloth. When reform, utter and
complete, has been devised and carried out, insanity may be
'eliminated'--I quote the same writer again--more than he thinks; for a
blessing may fall on men's efforts which seems very justly denied to them
now. As long as this form of false imprisonment is possible, as long as
scores of sane men and women are being maddened in private asylums, and
hundreds of mad people being driven madder, insanity in England will not
decrease. As for its proper medical treatment, I have nothing to do with
it and nothing to say to it. I take up my correspondent's address at his
desire, in the hope of learning something, and this sentence is among the
first to catch my eye: 'Voisin says that in simple insanity he finds
certain alterations in the gray matter of the cerebrum, consisting of
minute apoplexies, effusions of hæmatin and hæmatosin into the lymphatic
sheaths, infarctions, atheroma, capillary dilatations, and necrosis of
vessels, and certain changes of cerebral cells.' Quite so. It may be all
very true; but I can offer no suggestions as to medical treatment based
upon these remarkable assumptions. When, shortly before my final removal,
I was allowed to see a relation of mine at a town at some distance off,
the principal objected to the permission being too often given, because
conversation carried off too much white matter from the brain. I
distinctly assert that he said 'white,' because, by connotation of the
statement with Voisin's valuable remarks, it will appear that the 'gray'
remained in my case unaffected. That neither hæmatin nor hæmatosin has
been effused into my sheaths, that my capillaries remain undilated, and
that I am proudly conscious of having escaped both atheroma and
infarctions, I must ask my readers to accept my word. What abominable
nonsense is all this! And how soon may such nonsense degenerate into evil.
In another part of the same pamphlet I find the writer presently citing
this Voisin's recommendation of the 'strait waistcoat' on the ground that
the patients like it! There, I think, it is as well to lay the treatise
down.

To take up again the thread of my personal story, I have described how I
was called 'homicidal.' Where my 'voices' came from, to which I alluded in
my first chapter, I never understood; for indeed I have not the faintest
notion what they mean. They are used as a yoke-horse with 'delusions;' and
being simply nonsensical, they admit of no possible answer. As far as I
can remember, after old Diafoirus had asked me a variety of questions to
find out the especial form of madness for which my friends had committed
me to his tender mercies, and became naturally more puzzled as he went on,
he suggested 'voices' as a last desperate resource; and I, being rather
tired of the business, and having thus far been unable to admit a single
'symptom' propounded, jumped at the solution as being purely idiotic. I
presume that I must have admitted that at times, when I am alone and
doing nothing, I am able to fancy to myself the speech and address of
absent friends. Heaven knows I needed the fancy there. It struck me as a
harmless admission; and when I was once afterwards gravely informed that
'voices' are about the most dangerous and incurable sign of mental
alienation, even in my extremity I could not help being tickled by the
profound absurdity of the whole thing. 'Voices,' said my friend of the
Inverness to me one day in a moment of confidence,--he too was able to
discourse pleasantly enough of old college-times, poetry, and other
matters when he chose,--'they are always bothering me about "voices," and
I don't know what the devil they mean.' This man has been a hopeless
prisoner for some time; but he was so far wiser than I that he only
admitted to hearing voices indoors; I rashly allowed that I heard them
quite as often out of doors as in. I hear them often when I am hungry,
summoning me with much emphasis to my meals.

This idea of 'voices' was in my case a suggestion of the doctor's, thrown
out innocently enough, perhaps, in the first instance; but it did me in my
illness fearful harm. It may be felt by all who know how much, at the best
of times, some old tune or scrap of odd verse will haunt and worry us,
with what tenacity this fancy, once implanted, would take root and bud in
a brain always active and imaginative, and then wearied and overworn by
long weakness, and incapable of the brave effort by which alone such
contemptible nonsense could be shaken off, amid its grotesque and terrible
surroundings. Harried and bothered about fits, voices, delusions, white
matters and gray; ill beyond belief, and longing for nothing but good food
and rest, but 'watched' night and day; speculating what and who all these
people might be; irritated by the doctors and insulted by the
attendants--vigorously kicked by one of them one morning, I remember, when
my hands were too weak to do their office, and I did not dress myself
quick enough to please him--that I should be here now, sound and strong, I
may well attribute to some Power above the selfishness of men, which will
not suffer these infamies to go too far. After the usual fashion in such
cases, the doctor of that place may now claim credit for my 'cure.' I will
show, before I have done, how he cut himself off, by his own deliberate
statement, from the possibility of claiming it. Over these 'voices' of his
I brooded and brooded till they assumed some thing very like reality. I
thought in my wretchedness of some dead and gone who would have shielded
me from this with their lives, till their unforgotten 'voices' became at
last a very part and parcel of my individual being, if a certified madman
may presume to claim it. They comforted and yet they haunted me, till at
last I can almost believe that they became to me guardian angels, like the
'voices' of Joan of Arc. Small chance would she have stood in the hands
of British specialists. England might have punished her worse than by
fagots if she had handed her over to them. For me, had I to choose again
between the most painful death and another term of imprisonment in the
asylum best beloved of the Commissioners, I should scarcely hesitate a
moment in my selection of the first. These 'voices' of the doctor's
creation were to be cast in my teeth again and again. One of the three
questions vouchsafed me by a Commissioner, during the whole period,
related to them; and when I say again what I said in my first chapter,
that they are the worst piece of humbug of all, I believe that I speak the
truth, which is difficult where all is humbug. I have his leave to quote
here the words of a friend's letter written about this history of mine. He
spent one night at this same asylum, upon a visit there to a 'patient':
'Well may you say there is but one thing that can enable a man to bear
such a trial. I often wonder how I got through that night, and how it was
I did not find myself between two keepers next morning. I am sure I heard
voices enough, but they were holy ones.'

This friend, who was not allowed to see me, was on a visit to a brother of
his, whom I have described as having interested himself in my release. He
had first been spirited away to another asylum (from which he was
afterwards transferred), when his brother was but a few yards distant,
knowing nothing of what was being done. He knew his brother to be sane,
maintained it throughout, and at last succeeded in releasing him. A few
facts in the story are a good pendant to mine. The victim in this instance
had been engaged in all the worries of an election, when some friend took
him to consult an eminent mad-doctor, who owned a private asylum in
London. The doctor said that he thought him out of his mind. My friend
went and demanded his reasons. The answer was that throughout a long
conversation he had shown himself perfectly reasonable and consecutive,
but on going away he had taken up the doctor's hat instead of his own.
Forcible as this argument was, it was not enough, even in the opinion of
relatives, to shut the man up for. But on a later occasion he became
excited about something, and the same authority was again privately
consulted. No information was given to my friend; but early in the morning
this doctor sent two keepers from his own asylum, ready to wait for the
result of an interview between the patient and two doctors, suddenly
sprung upon him (one an utter stranger), under whose certificates he was
then and there removed. When my friend heard of it, he took steps at once,
but found that he could do nothing. The law provides that the two
certifying doctors shall not be partners. One of these was in the habit of
taking the business of the other in his absence. 'This _was_ his
partner,' said my friend, when looking about for redress. 'Not a
_registered_ partner, I am afraid,' was the legal answer. The Common Law
Procedure Act, I fear, has failed to abolish special pleading, or to
efface from the lesser legal mind the delusion--may I use the word?--that
the object of Law is to defeat justice.[1] For some time the prisoner
remained in this asylum; and he so far justifies the Commissioners in
their preference, that he describes that where I was confined, to which he
was transferred, as good in comparison. In that other place he had no room
of his own, and was herded, always, with all the mad indiscriminately. The
only exercise they were allowed was within the walls of the grounds, the
asylum being in London. He was denied pen and ink; but he saw the warders
do such things that he contrived to pencil down some notes of what he saw,
and succeeded at last in obtaining the materials, and writing to the
Commissioners of what he had seen. 'We' were allowed to write to the
Commissioners, if we found out our right. How many such letters we
contrive to write, how many are sent if written, how many read if sent,
how many acted upon if read, I do not know. In this instance these ordeals
were all passed; for the Commissioners came, made an enquiry, and
did--nothing. But the objectionable patient was removed to another place,
where I met him during my second term. Sane patients must be in some
respects a trial. I understand that my old doctor frankly complains that I
was the greatest bore whom he ever had in his care, and I believe it;
though at the close of our relations he did not seem too anxious to get
rid of me. We saw very little of each other then, my fellow-prisoner and
I, for it might have been awkward, but enough to recognise each other's
sanity. His brother was working hard for him, and at last two impartial
doctors were sent down from town to enquire into his case. 'We' have a
right to demand that also, I have understood since; though how but by a
miracle we can use that right, I do not know. When it is gained, of what
service is it likely to be in such a place, prejudiced as the new doctors
must naturally be,--over-anxious as the victim must be, who dares not be
excited, and therefore natural,--painful as the cross-examination is?
Nevertheless, in this case the two doctors, one of them famous in
'nervous' cases, certified this man to be sane, and left the certificate
on record. It was kept back one month. I state the facts of this story
upon my friend's authority, and by his permission.

    [1] This episode is slightly corrected from the account as published
    in the newspaper in which it first appeared. I had understood that the
    partnership was between the asylum-proprietor and one of the doctors,
    in which I was wrong. The correction reads to me like Midshipman
    Easy's famous apology.

My friend worked hard without, as his brother did within; and the
hard-earned freedom was won at last, it matters not to tell how. When I
was myself freed, I travelled for some time with my old fellow-prisoner,
and never saw in him one sign or trace of insanity. An eminent medical
baronet, with a curiously suggestive name, who is rather a patron of the
establishment, and occasionally 'diagnoses' a lunatic at an odd hour, had,
a little time before, solemnly pronounced from the tremor of his tongue--a
member which, from my own experience, is apt to tremesce when one is
nervous--that he was bound to have something dreadful--it matters not
what--within a month. However, it is now very many months, and he has not
had it. Slang is expressive sometimes. 'Bosh!' The baronet is said to be
infallible at 'diagnosing' from the tongue this especial malady, which
failed to appear. My friend had no illness. But those people had shaken
his nerves, as for a long space they shook mine. The wickedness was done.
How many are there who, in the face of such truths as these, can dare to
disbelieve in Him who says still as He said of old, 'Shall not my soul be
avenged on such a generation as this?' It is all very well to go to church
and 'say' prayers, to quarrel about the form of your faith, the colour of
your clothes, the number of your bows. Religion is an active, not a
passive, word; and, like revolutions, is not made with rose-water. Do
something, somebody!

Let me close this chapter with my first escape, as my readers may be well
tiring of my story. After some months of stupid unconsciousness, I was
sent for change to the seaside _annexe_ of which I spoke. What the matron
said, after the short time of quiet observation which was all I needed,
has been told. What I felt when I learned from her where I was, I need not
say. Very good for me was the association with her, who would rescue me
from my companions and my warders, to take me out with her for a drive or
a walk, in spite of the 'homicidal' tendencies of which she had been
warned. By her a relation was summoned to see me apart from the
associations of the asylum, who had never seen me at all since the wrong
was done; and seeing, had no choice but to remove me, though every
obstacle was thrown in the way, by the Commissioners even, who, shirking
their own responsibility, accepted for a salary, are glad enough to throw
it upon anybody. Very good for me also was the association with the young
doctor, a son of the principal, and his wife, who lived in the next house
in charge of the 'branch.' They had me in to sup or play whist with them
in the evenings, and said as the matron said. The young doctor took it
upon himself, in spite of orders, to let me sleep in my room unwatched and
alone, for the first time for many months; and the relief was beyond
words. 'I wish,' he said, in answer to one of my questions, 'that you
would simply stuff all the food and drink you can get.' When I was again,
after some months of liberty, remitted to the asylum, I heard that he had
given up all connection with it, with the regret with which one misses a
personal friend. But I think that I was glad to hear it, even then. He had
a comfortable berth enough had he cared to keep it; but he preferred to
buy himself a general practice and to go. I do not wonder. Shakespeare was
not as right as usual, when he said that 'conscience doth make cowards of
us all;' for there are some of whom it makes brave men. It is the worst of
enemies; but it is the best of friends and the most easily conciliated, if
we try in the right way. But I will moralise no more.




VI.


The Head-shakers have a formal vocabulary of their own, which, after a
certain experience, one begins to know by heart. It is constructed on the
simple principle of giving a bad name to everything. This story has been
called 'sensational,' when it is simply true. When a direct description of
things as they are is sensational, things as they are are not things as
they should be. I am told, too, that the story shows much disregard for
people's feelings. It certainly does for mine, which are sensitive enough,
and have been outraged beyond belief. When men condescend to think a
little less of their own feelings, and a little more of theirs whom they
shut up alive, we shall be on the road to amendment. Meanwhile, if
anything I have written has at all hurt the natural sensitiveness of any
who has suffered as I have, I am very sorry for it. To other feelings in
the matter I am less than indifferent. 'Let the galled jade wince, our
withers are unwrung.'

These chapters are not intended to be read as what my friend of the
pamphlet calls them--an onslaught on the medical men engaged in lunacy
practice. They are an onslaught on a crying national sin, and all who
favour it. Among the men in lunacy practice are men who abhor the system
on which any man may be writ down mad. Among them I have myself found one
of the best friends I have had. He was one of old standing. He saw me when
I was nearly at my worst; but he did not shut me up. He took me to his own
house, and poured in oil and wine, like the good Samaritan he is. After a
few days' entertainment with his own family, and at his own table--and he
would never have of me one penny for his infinite pains--he assured me,
and my friends too, that I was only a hypochondriac bound to get well. He
would have made me so, if I would have consented to stay with him, in
spite of a certain faith in hydrate of chloral, which I wish he would
abandon. 'Hell in crystals,' my defining friend has called it. (Perhaps I
may add here that the relation who should know me best testified to my
sanity with as little variation.) I well remember how this warm-hearted
doctor carried me off under his own protest to see an eminent dietist whom
I would consult, so completely had the occult qualities of eggs and cold
mutton been worried into me, and almost shouted as he left the room, in
answer to the stereotyped, 'I hope you are very particular about his
diet,' 'Diet be strong-worded; why, the man is dying of inanition!' So I
was. But I was restlessly bent on my own ruin, it would seem; and 'Tu l'as
voulu, Georges Dandin!' was the burden of my earliest asylum-dreams. The
rolling stone would only stop in the breakers at the bottom of the cliff;
and I found no Sisyphus to roll it up again till I played both stone and
Sisyphus myself. Why, however, I was thus hastily shut up without any
reference to so skilled a friend, and without my seeing him, I do not
know. It was of him that I was thinking when I suggested what I believe to
be one of the most important and easiest of necessary reforms--that no man
should be 'certificated' without the assent of at least one valuable
authority who knows him well, after careful personal examination.

I have gone back again in my story, and a breath of sea-air will do it
good. Imagine me with the matron again. The change from the asylum and its
associations to the little house by the seaside was very good in its
effects. It was so for others than me; for the madmen there, poor fellows,
seemed to me gentler and better in every way than they were when I saw
them in the larger place. The warders were there to watch them, but had
to be quiet and suppressed in a private house, and simply lived
down-stairs as servants live. The breakfasts and dinners at the neat
table, pleasantly presided over by a womanly hostess, were a relief indeed
after my previous experience. That they should have proved so, when only
she and I held consecutive conversation, and the other guests either kept
silence or distracted us by strange words and antics enough to unnerve
anybody, shows partially, I think, what the life which they 'relieved'
must have been. The poor singer of the 'Hey-diddle-diddle' beer-song was
in the house, and his way of carving his bread with his knife and fork
'intrigued' me much till the matron told me where I was. There, too, was
the good parsley-eater, who died of Bright's disease; and it was there,
just after I left the house, that he died. Only two or three days before
he had to sit down to dine with us; and I remember the kindness with
which the matron made him lie down upon the sofa, seeing the suffering of
which he knew not how to speak, and sent him to his bed. A short time
before he had calmly looked me in the face across the table, and pledged
me in the vinegar-cruet, which he emptied. His brother, a clergyman, dined
with us on a visit, and looked at me, I thought, with some curiosity. What
was I doing _dans cette galère_ struck more than one. Seen among the
associations and scenes of the asylum, I believe that any one might
perhaps have thought me unfit to be removed, so completely ignorant was I,
in common phrase, whether I was on my head or my heels. Twice a day, in
the regular course of things, were the seven or eight lunatics who
composed the seaside colony marched out for a constitutional walk, with a
pack of warders at their heels, in the direction opposite to the town and
streets. Those walks were trying enough; at the asylum, among the country
roads and lanes, they had been fearful. The matron saved me from them as
much as possible, as I have said, with the most thoughtful and considerate
kindness. She took me with her to hear the band upon the pier, and to
stroll about with her, a prisoner on parole, among the holiday-makers of
the popular watering-place; and those diversions, which seem dull enough
in ordinary life, appeared to me quite exceptionally delightful. It was
better when we talked of books and things and people; and what she said
and wrote of me I have already told. In the evening she would rescue me
from the rest to let me sup quietly with herself, when I did not go next
door to supper or whist with the young doctor and his pleasant wife, who
were in command of a detachment of female patients there. They, too, gave
their opinion; and in the face of many remonstrances from quarters where I
might least have expected them--in the face of the principal's opinion
that I was a very dangerous person; in the face of her Majesty's admirable
Commissioners, not one of whom I had to my knowledge so far seen, but who
were well armed with the 'notes' of the warders--I was taken for the time
away, and made a free man again. O spirit of Mr. Justice Stareleigh!
'Nathaniel, sir? How could I have got Daniel on my notes, unless you told
me so, sir?' If the soldiers, sailors, tinkers, tailors, of the
establishment had it down in their notes that I was mad, having been told
so, to begin with, by their employers (who dilate on the delicacy of brain
cases, yet trust the reports of ignorant men), how the deuce could I be
anything else? Yet there was more than one of them, for all that, who did
not believe it, and had the courage to say so. I will give no clue to
their identities; for they might be dismissed retrospectively, if they are
still in harness, for such a breach of duty. It would be the best thing
that could happen to them, perhaps. The hardest part of the whole snare
to me was, that I, who would not hurt a dog if I could help it, was
represented as 'violent' when I was weaker than any dog. It was enough to
deter any but the bravest and kindliest from trying to help me; and I have
no choice but to suppose that that was the object.

But the 'violence,' and the rest of it, was too palpable a lie. The
deliverance came. Over the months which followed before I came to be
imprisoned again, matron and young doctor gone--good plants flourish ill
in such a soil as that--I wish to pass as lightly as possible. They would
have chiefly to do with home matters which have no place in such a story
as this, and only concern consciences to which I would have nothing to
say. I have done with them--let them alone. The period of my freedom
lasted ten months. I spent the time in aimless wandering from place to
place--among the bathers of Trouville and the playgoers of Paris, in the
hotels and streets of London--in a fashion which would make a story by
itself, were this the place to set it down. The shock with which I had
learned what had been done to me had shaken to the centre what nerve the
'treatment' had left me. Night after night I did nothing but dream, dream,
dream of the asylum and its terrors. The warders, whose faces I knew so
well, were always behind me; the antics of the madmen were re-acted with
merciless fidelity. The sense of utter helplessness in the hands of
mad-doctors, which the experience had left upon my mind, would leave me
neither night nor day. A traveller's chance allusion in my hearing to
'Bedlam let loose,' or a whimsical song about 'Charenton' in a French
vaudeville, would drive me out of the station or the theatre in helpless
fear of I knew not what. If a gendarme accosted me at night in the
streets, I shook all over in the expectation of being removed to a French
asylum. If I saw an advertisement relating to an asylum in a casual
newspaper, it was to lay it down in terror. There seemed to me but one
power in the world--the power of the lunacy 'law.' Such is the confidence
which our vaunted system, which professes to know no wrong without a
remedy, could inspire in one who needed its protection so sorely as I. In
one respect its might was certainly vindicated, for, abroad and at home, I
thought that it could reach me anywhere. I kept these fears of mine as
much as I could to myself; for to talk of them might be, under the
circumstances of my life, to be shut up at once again. But it was a
fearful trial. I was utterly cowed and frightened, and I was afraid to
face anyone; for I thought I read in every face a knowledge of my story.
Except by an occasional desperate effort, I could force myself to meet no
one. But ill as I was then, and full of fancies, not one of the old
friends who saw me imagined in me a trace of insanity. That I know. In
Paris especially I found one old literary friend, to whose rooms--from
that odd thing called sympathy, I suppose--I was able to go more often
than anywhere else, though seldom enough, Heaven knows! I have often
wondered since what are his real thoughts in the matter. In theatres and
hotels, in streets and in cafés, seldom allowing myself to sleep more than
one or two consecutive nights in the same place, from the fear of being
'taken,' and, when I did stay, afraid of going to my room and then of
leaving it--I dreed this dreary weird chiefly alone. And by the odd irony
of the whole thing, this was the time when I was indeed nearest to
madness, and really required careful watching; not that of warders or of
repression, be it understood, but of the affection which is unhappily not
made to order. I had been called suicidal and homicidal when I was no
danger to anybody. Now thoughts of suicide did indeed take shape and form
in my mind. In that there was no madness, for the impulse which madness
supplies to carry these wretched thoughts into effect failed me always,
and so saved my life. Yet there was not a day at last when I did not leave
the house with the intention--if I could only find the needed courage--of
bringing this impossible existence to an end. I knew that I was not going
to die; but I believed that, after the line of treatment so shamefully
adopted once, to save trouble, there was little chance of escaping a
second condemnation if I did not die. And the event proved me miserably
right. Have I not cause to say that I have no special call to spare the
susceptibilities of others? I have no respect left for Pickwickian
feelings--none.

London was but a repetition of the story of Paris. I struggled to the
theatre once or twice. One night I hid myself at the back of the pit to
listen to a play of my own which had just been brought out with some
success--written, of course, some time before. I thought publicity
dangerous, and wondered stupidly if I had ever written such things myself.
After some months in the country, where I tried to make a home-life in
vain, and wore myself out more and more in long solitary walks, haunted by
every kind of nervous fear, I went back again to London in despair,
wondering if, as I had no courage to die, this would not in some way end
itself by sheer force of exhaustion. It would not, for I was very full of
life still. I let nobody know where I was, for I had no strength or care
to write, and no one with whom I cared to communicate. Besides, I was
afraid; and wandered from one hotel to another with a sort of hope of
having become nobody. I had forfeited my individuality in the asylum; why
want it back again? But I had to be accounted for, and one day at the
Crystal Palace I found myself watched again by a 'gloomy man'--not with a
yataghan, but a newspaper. Of course I thought he was a keeper, as I had
been expecting that for some time; but he was only a detective. He was not
very unlike some whom I have seen in plays, for he allowed me to detect
his mission in a moment; and it gave me a certain grim amusement to lead
him all over the gardens on a very unpleasant day, taking the most obvious
notes of me that I ever saw, in an obtrusive red pocket-book. I strolled
to the verge of the salt flood at the bottom of the gardens (not deep),
where the antediluvians dwell, lingered about, and looked as if I meant to
jump in. He showed no intention of interfering, but watched with interest
from the opposite shore, and nearly filled his pocket-book. Then I
disappointed him, turned away from the precipice like Box the printer,
went to the refreshment-room and ate an ice. This bothered him a good
deal, but he noted it down. In the train he got into a carriage
conspicuously remote from mine; met a mate in London to whom he
communicated his ideas; and, after watching me partake of a melancholy
dinner in Lucas's comfortable coffee-room, while he dallied with buns and
beer in the front shop, the two followed me to Mr. Hare's pleasant little
theatre--I had never dared, after the lowering effect of the associations
of the 'establishment,' which seemed to sink me in my own esteem, to raise
my eyes above the pit--sat behind me, and watched my conduct in respect of
Gilbert's 'Broken Hearts' with a regretful desire evident in their own
minds for 'something spicy;' then saw me safe to my hotel for the nonce,
and departed with a conscientious feeling of having done their duty
detectively, and having entirely escaped my observation. Were they primary
scholars in the work, I wonder? And which kept the more accurate notes,
the watcher in his book or the watched in his head? Nothing surprises me
more, as I think over all that dreary time, than the singular acuteness
of observation in me, which no date or detail seems to have escaped.
'Hyperæsthesia,' I suppose, or derangement of the white matter. Perhaps it
was an infarction.

Well, by the superhuman exertions of Inspector Bucket I had been tracked
to my lair, and a doctor descended upon me the next morning, and asked me
a few more questions. But he was the one of whom I have spoken as having
given a worthy brain to earnest work, and having so signally condemned
asylums and delusions. No man could have been more kind and wise. He might
well have been deceived into thinking me mad, I think; for by this time,
with voices, delusions, visions, and all the nonsense drummed into me, I
had well-nigh begun to think myself so. I had hardly any clothes with me,
as I wandered with the impression that there must be a full-stop somewhere
near. I had not brushed my hair; I looked utterly dazed, and had taken
refuge in the smallest room on the topmost story of one of our largest
hostelries. If I had been charged as an escaped convict, answer had been
difficult. He was not deceived, though, and ordered the rest of mind and
body which is sometimes as vain a prescription as port wine and sea-air to
the wasted pauper. Failing better roads to it, I was sent off to a
hydropathic establishment in the north, once more in the charge of a
body-servant, who was not to lose sight of me upon the road. _Ay de mi!_
all the hopeless old story was coming on again.

I knew that palace of the water-cure well. I had known pleasant days there
in happier times, when I thought I would go thither and bathe for no
special reason, and had amused myself much with the whims and oddities of
the place; all the people 'going to Gravesend by water,' as Sir George
Rose used to say. It had been the property of a kindly Scotchman since
gone, who has left me pleasant memories of his home-circle and his private
stock of 'whusky,' which he administered to me freely at night, when the
water-washers were gone to bed, after instructing me in the theoretic
virtues of abstinence in his council-chamber in the morning. Now, like
other places of the kind, it had lost its home-shape, and passed into the
impersonal hands of a company. The presiding medical authority was now a
different man. I wonder if he dreams of me sometimes? The first night
after my reaching the place a crash came. I could bear this espial no
longer; and the dreams of dead dear ones had become so vividly mixed with
the nightmare horrors inherited from (what shall I call the asylum?)
Pecksniff Hall, that I never knew half I was doing. The professional name
for dreams, as I said before, is 'visions.' Dreaming that a warder was
upon me, and that a ghost was telling me to run, I jumped up in my sleep
and rolled over the nearest banisters. The fall was not severe, and the
'desperate attempt' failed; for I only broke a rib and stove in my
breastbone, which proved afterwards handy for the warders to work upon. I
was put to bed for a time and taken some care of; and before long was able
to drive and stroll about again, and join in lawn-tennis. But the
dream-fears and the daily terrors haunted me still; and I still shrank
from everybody. At last came the realisation of my constant fear; and I
fell into a fit of light-headed wandering, and began calling out at
intervals various silly things. What should have been done was to nurse me
and pour wine down my throat, and apply the common means of homely
restoration. What was done was this: the stout bathmen and servants of the
place were sent to hold me down; and I was gagged, and left gagged, till
the blood ran down from my mouth. Then came two strange doctors as before,
of whose names and faces I am ignorant, and were instructed by my
'friends,' I suppose, to sign a certificate. I was then given a strong
dose of opium, and a summons was sent to the Master of Pecksniff Hall, who
despatched two stout warders northward by the train, for the impounding of
my Herculean frame. One was the good-natured colonial; the other a man
whom I held in especial aversion, a fat ex-footman, who afterwards
reported his work as 'very good fun,' and had a particular aptitude, when
I was lying helpless in bed, for jumping on my breastbone and half
throttling me. A fancied resemblance in his moony countenance to an
historical face made me, when I was one day dreamily contemplating him
from bed, connect him vaguely with the Orton family; and among the
_dramatis personæ_ of my imagination I knew him as young Orton, and whiled
away some of my hours by constructing romances about him and the
Tichborne inheritance. There was another man, affectionately known to a
circle of admiring friends as 'Birdie,' who was so like him that it made
me rather angry not to be able to make up my mind which was the truer
claimant. It was, at any rate, something to do. But 'Birdie' was
good-natured also in his way, though fond of practical joking. I disliked
his way of dipping my hairbrush in the basin in the morning, when I was
too weak to remonstrate, and using it on his own bullet-head under my
eyes; but I bear him no grudge. One of his amusements did me some harm;
for he had a way of whipping up things in the room and running off with
them--to puzzle me, I suppose, laughing all the time. He performed this
feat once with a new antimacassar; and from that moment, coupled with the
indescribable disorder and entire absence of all visible supervision over
the attendants, which reigned in the big madhouse, it created in my mind a
notion that there was more dishonesty in the place than might be. It was
a 'delusion,' of course, and the 'notes' must have had much to say to it;
the more as, when it became known, some of the men would play on it as on
an instrument, as I fear they are but too apt to play in ignorance, having
but too much opportunity so to do, on the weaknesses and fancies of the
poor people in their charge. The thing is not worth many words, but it is
a very fair instance of the way in which this abominable system tends to
create the very things which it is supposed to cure. My reflections upon
the Orton family--quite as much of a delusion as the other--are written in
no notes but my own.

The warders' faces met mine in the morning; and in a wild opium-trance,
acting on the brain at its weakest, I was removed to my prison again. Once
during the journey, I learn, I spoke, and once only, when the sight of my
colonial indulging in a pot of beer woke the healthy British nature to
solicit a drink I do not remember it; for I remember nothing but a
confused succession of trains and platforms, till I woke to
semi-consciousness in the asylum--to find myself lying on the ground on my
back, with a doctor on one side and my old servant--returned from India in
the interval--upon the other, contemplating me. This was described as a
'fit'--vaguely. I must have been, like the Yankee of the story, 'a whale
at fits,' for I had them of all kinds--epileptic; epileptoid--'toid'
meaning nothing, but being substituted when the first 'diagnosis' revealed
itself in its native silliness; paralytic (in the left arm, when I had
lain on it in bed for some days and rather numbed it); and any others that
came handy. I wish I could see those 'notes;' they must be wonderful. But
as in the multitude of counsellors is wisdom, in the multitude of maladies
is safety. So began my second term--of eight months' imprisonment. Was
ever such a story told? There shall be but very little more of it.




VII.


As I look back at the first chapter of this story of mine, and see that I
wrote down that my experience had nothing in it especially painful, I
wonder at the aptitude of human nature to forget and forgive, where it is
only permitted. Now that I have brought my mind to bear upon the details,
they seem to me fraught with a quite exceptional pain. It needed time and
thought for me to measure, in anything like its depth and height, the
wrong that was done to me. Oblivion alone shall remain when this my
closing chapter is finished; for forgiveness has in my case been made
impossible, since.

  Si l'effort est trop grand pour la faiblesse humaine
  De pardonner les maux qui nous viennent d'autrui,
  Épargne-toi du moins le tourment de la haine:
  À défaut du pardon, laisse venir l'oubli!

When I was first imprisoned among madmen, after the piece of childish
folly which had in it no object, if it had any at all, but to make those
come and nurse me whose clear duty it was to do so, I was so ill and
broken that, had he been in my case,

                             Mine enemy's dog,
  Though he had bit me, should have stood that night
  Against my fire.

The second time it was perhaps more cruel still. And the thing was done
under cover of the lunacy-laws. If they protect mere heartlessness so,
what must they do in cases where purposes directly evil are to be served?

The sadness of this story is affecting me in spite of myself, and makes me
anxious to bring it to an end. The second sentence was the same thing over
again, except that I knew that I was in an asylum, and resigned myself to
feel that I had no chance of escaping. Nobody cared. Why should I escape?
I had a few visitors the first time. When they came, a well-set
luncheon-table and a good bottle of wine replaced the garbage which we
were too often expected to consume, and the unwalled grounds and pretty
gardens of Pecksniff Hall were suggestive of a country house in the olden
time. My lawyer came to see me and eat mutton--a good fellow, of whom it
is pleasant to think, in the bitterness which will mix with my ink as I go
on. He happened to bring with him the first copy of the 'World' that I had
seen, and left it with me as an odd link with its forgotten godmother. I,
with a warder, saw him off by the train, and wondered rather why I should
not go too. I had not realised the asylum, and talked to him only of
money-matters which had been troubling me. The second time I was too far
gone; I wanted no visits, and cared for none, though day after day I woke
from my troubled dreams--not all bad now, but some singularly
beautiful--with a feeling that surely somebody would rescue me before
night. How ill I was after that opium-journey, and whether dying or not, I
do not know. The master said that I was, and after the gagging and
drugging it is very probable. It was on a hot night in June that I lay
down in that evil place again, in the farthest room in a remote wing of
the building, between two keepers, who threw themselves one on each side
of me, and held me close between them the hot night through, snoring out
their own heavy sleep, or waking to hold me closer if I tried to stir. I
happened to light afterwards upon the 'notes' of one of them upon this
night, in which he reported me as having had some 'bad turns'--of
violence, I suppose--in pain as I still was from my fall, and from the
gag; opium-dazed and desolate, weaker than a child. For days and nights
this went on with a constant change of warders more or less rough and
hard. They were told off to watch me three or four at a time, because of
my dangerous qualities, and my stupid efforts to get free from them. Among
themselves they laughed at it, knowing my weakness; and the smallest boy
among them--for there was a stock of small and ugly boys on the
staff--would lead me about with his little finger. But sometimes a
detachment of them would carry me to my bedroom or keep me down in bed,
tearing my clothes in the process. To account for deficiences in my
wardrobe (of which each of us had a list, like a schoolboy's) it was said
in the 'notes' that I tore them up myself--a 'well-known sign of
insanity!' How I dreaded that 'north room'! It was in the oldest corner of
the house, cold and hot, and rat-haunted; and much as Mrs. Gamp and her
friend must have seemed to their dying-charge, the keepers seemed to me,
as they crooned in the corners through my semi-delirium.

It seemed to me that the doctors had wondrous little to say to it. They
came to see me now and then, for a minute or two, in my bed. The house
doctor, who so impressed my friend, had lived for years in the place, and
seemed to have no ideas beyond it. He kept dreadful little things in
bottles, and noted conscientiously, by a machine under my window--which
looked like the desk of an orchestral conductor--the amount of daily and
nightly rainfall. We must all of us do something, I suppose. In the summer
he was a great archer, and strutted about with a bow and quiver. A few of
the patients joined in the sport--a melancholy lord, who never spoke, but
was 'my lorded' by everybody much after the fashion of saner circles, and
one or two others. I tried it once, and was rather gratified to find that,
though I had never used bow and arrow before, I scored better than the
house doctor. But the man-monkey was allowed to try his hand too, and
played hideous tricks with his arrows, and grimaced so that I could not
face the amusement more. Of the cricket I had enough on my first visit,
and would not run the gauntlet again. To some sort of distraction I was
occasionally driven by despair; for the constitutionals round the
mile-circuit of the grounds, or among the lanes and roads, were maddening.
The Sunday walks were the worst; when the British villager was out on
holiday, and gaped and wondered at us. In the winter months I made
occasional attempts to follow the pack of harriers which was kept up for
our benefit--which at all events amused the warders and country-siders a
good deal. I was never fond of harriers, and this was not, perhaps, the
place or time to acquire the taste. Half-an-hour of the muddy fields tired
out the weak body and head, and aggravated my weary dreams. But it gave a
brief space of comparative freedom; and I was able to associate more with
a good young fellow who came to the place as companion to the man-monkey,
and showed a decided preference for my society. His berth cannot have been
pleasant; and he found in my room his only refuge from the general
disorder of the house and attendants, though even there we could not
escape from the one tune which one of them was always beating to death on
an ancient piano in one of the public rooms, to the behoof of the broken
nerves collected there. I had been removed from the north room then; I
suppose in favour of some more violent newcomer. I found, too, another
pleasant companion in an officer who had seen much foreign service, and
liked talk. He wondered why he was there. He had been ill, he told me. We
met first at the billiard-table, and he came up to me at once, and said
that he knew my face, and must have met me at Carlsbad, as he had. He was
well enough to shrug his shoulders over the matter, and even to find
amusement in studying the delusions of the madmen, and talking them over.
He had been knocked so much about the world, he said, that he cared
little how it all ended; and he had no special desire to meet again the
friends who had imprisoned him. I do not wonder. He may have been mad; but
I saw him often, and his was the best imitation of sanity I ever saw. At
all events it did him small good to be there. We followed the harriers and
ate sandwiches together, and speculated why we had been singled out to be
crushed by this tower of Siloam. Once, feeling a thought stronger, I wrote
a letter to an old literary friend. It was very harmless, for I did not
care to complain; but the friend was a member of a well-known legal
family, and his name on the envelope caused a sensation. It was believed
to be in my officer's handwriting; and he was asked why he had been
writing to a lawyer, and what about. Why the heads of an asylum should be
afraid of their best friends the lawyers, I do not know. But it seems
they are. However, I do not exaggerate. My letter was sent.

The lunatic harriers would make a chapter by themselves; but I have done
with them. I began to believe at last that, in the confusion of the whole
business, dogs, doctors, keepers, patients, and huntsmen were all going
Hamlet's road together. I would give a good deal--prejudice apart--to give
some next friends and Head-shakers (the Marcelluses and Bernardos of
society--'We could, an if we would--') a few turns with those unearthly
hounds. How I passed my evenings, as how I passed my days, save in an
occasional study of old novels, an occasional hour at lunatic billiards,
an occasional game at draughts or chess with anyone with brains enough to
know the moves, I do not know. I was too weak of head and too ill to
study, as I have said, or to shake the burrs from off me. On the Sundays I
had five o'clock tea with the Master--the only patient so privileged, I
think; but he usually talked of one Dr. Blanc and the inferiority of
French asylums, failing the elder Grossmith, and I was none the better.
Twice did a younger doctor--one of the family and of the firm, for
Pecksniff Hall was quite a fact in county society, and had been so for
some generations--ask me to dine with him at his house, apart also from
the asylum. I found him a good fellow enough, and his wife very kindly;
and I despair in conveying to my readers how pleasant it was to dine like
a gentleman at a pleasant table. No other patient came; and, as he phrased
it, we 'sank the shop.' Did it never occur to him that the 'shop' and I
were rather incongruous? He was fond of burlesques, and he was a good hand
at billiards; and he looked like a straightforward heavy-cavalry officer.
The principal informed me that he received me for the second time against
the wishes of his family. I was ill and sentimental, and thought how kind
the old man was, and how hard his family must have been to grudge me the
only home which I seemed likely to get. I have hoped sometimes since that
the family took a view of their own upon the case, and had no wish to make
part with mine; but I do not know.

An entertainer, collaborating with a lady-novelist, brought a little play
called 'Cups and Saucers' to be enacted in the dining-room. A merry little
play, I thought, and the warders and servants liked it well enough. But
when I had watched it for a time I retreated to my solitude, for it was
more than I could bear. The lunatic next me dilated in a loud voice upon
the price of potatoes, which was wide of the plot. He was a wealthy
lunatic, and had taken me out for a drive a few days before, had bared his
'biceps' for my admiration--it was even less bicipitous than mine--and
waxed very wroth because I asked for his 'Daily Telegraph,' when he said
he had not done with it. Rumours of war were then in the air; and though
it was before the days when Jingo had become a power, he was more
intensely and demonstratively Jingo than the flower of the music-halls. If
the Home Secretary has profited at all by the vials of scorn poured upon
his head by Mr. Forbes, in his spirited 'Fiasco of Cyprus,' he must have
enough to do just now in learning the geography of Persia and the
Euphrates Valley; but he might yet find the time to do that imprisoned
Jingo a good turn. Where is the Conservative watchfulness that leaves such
a vote as this to be lost to humanity? There came a conjuror with a Greek
name, whom I avoided; there came a child-harpist, with a concert, called
little Ada Somebody, whom I would not go and hear; and there were various
parties on the 'ladies' side,' which I could not bring myself to face.

That ladies' side had for me all the odd fascination of the unknown. It
occupied half the large house; and there was a little colony of ladies
besides in a pretty little house with a soft poetic name, in the grounds
hard by. The native gallantry of the doctors appeared to keep them
constantly on the ladies' side. If ever I asked for one of them, he was
always there, and would see me when he came back. My friend the officer
penetrated the mysteries, and described the little card-parties and
musical evenings as something very strange. I could not be induced to go,
and the record is lost. But I met the poor women in my daily walks, and
about the grounds, and learned to know many of their lack-lustre faces.
One of them, in a Bath-chair, accosted me once suddenly in the public road
as we crossed, with one of the worst words in the English language, and
sent me dazed and dreaming 'home.' The female warders accompanied them;
smart young women with a setting of earrings, many of them, who might have
been contracted for in the gross by Spiers and Pond; who would exchange
many a friendly wink and sign with their counterparts of the male side as
they passed. From what ranks they are recruited I do not know, and have no
special wish to ask. The sadness of the thing was very deep; for, knowing
what we men bore, I speculated much what these caged women might have to
bear. The law for us is the law for them. The nervous maladies which
attack us, attack tenfold their more delicate organisation; and they are
no safer from wrong or selfishness than we. How many times over, to name
one danger alone, may the fancies of puerperal fever be miscalled madness,
and treated--in these places and among these companions--so? Our wives and
our sisters are not very safe from the Bastille, as things now are.

My time went on. During the bitter winter months the asylum was in the
hands of workmen, under repair. The great echoing corridors were being
papered and painted, the rooms renewed, the chapel decorated in the
approved fashion. The workmen were at work by night as well as by day; and
the patients slunk about the passages in greatcoats, and warmed themselves
at casual fires. I thought that a better time might have been chosen,
perhaps; and the confusion seemed to me worse confounded; but that is no
affair of mine. 'Would God it were night!' I thought in the morning; and
'Would God it were morning!' at night--when the warders returned with a
rush from their hour out, filled the passages with talk and noise and
oaths, and with much ceremony brought bed-candles at ten. The plate was
beautiful; and some of the candlesticks so big that I used sometimes to
wonder whether my keeper for the nonce--they were told off to different
rooms every night, to prevent us from growing too dependent upon anybody,
I suppose--was going to precede me backwards to my bedroom. The common
breakfast began at eight, and the common dinner was at one. There were
two or three different mess tables for those who lived in common; and the
rest ate apart, each in his own room. For a long time I used the last
privilege; but I gathered at length a sort of desperate courage, and
thought it better to face my kind as much as I could. Besides, at the
common table there was, on the whole, enough to eat; while the private
meals I found singularly Barmecidal and scraggy. I suppose that, like
Oliver Twist, I might have asked for more. But I was afraid of everything
and everybody, and, fearing a similar result, refrained. The faces at the
board changed little; for ours was practically a place for incurables.
Kindly Death changed them sometimes, as I have said. Some of those whom I
remembered during my first period had changed visibly for the worse, like
the poor singer of the beer-song, who seemed to me always struggling with
a sense of wrong, which he could not speak. In the public asylums, I am
told, cures are many. They were not so with us. There were times when
patients were removed to some other asylum--for the worse, it may be; for
I have said that Pecksniff Hall has the best of testimonials from the
Commissioners; but, with the exception of the friend of whom I wrote, I
remember no case of liberation but one. There was a clergyman confined
among us, whose wife took lodgings in the village by. She was with him
every day, watched him every day, walked with him every day, and never
seemed to me to leave him till she took him away. Brave little woman, how
I honoured her! for her nerve must have been tried enough. If these papers
of mine make one relation think, as much as I can hope to do will have
been done. The Master claimed much credit with me for this cure. May he
deserve it! for he must need something to write upon the credit side.

The Commissioners I saw once during my second confinement. They came
down, like a wolf on the fold, unexpected. Their approach is, I believe,
always concealed from the patients, for fear of upsetting their minds.
They came with return-tickets from town, good for one day. They made a
sudden incursion into my room--two or three, I forget which, but one was a
short lame gentleman who asked questions: Was I comfortable? Had I
headaches?--(well, I had that day, from the paint)--and did I hear voices?
My chair-covers were being removed at the time, and I had no space to
think, much less speak. Twice in the day afterwards I begged of the
warders to be allowed to see them again, but neither them nor doctor of
course did I see. I say that I was never mad; and there is not an honest
reader of this story who will not believe me. And that is all I saw of her
Majesty's Commissioners in Lunacy. Was I wrong in calling this a farce? I
have nothing to suggest to them. Where work is ill done, criticism may do
good. Where it is not done at all, criticism is silent. '_Où il n'y a
rien, le roi perd ses droits._' I wrote afterwards, when I was free, to
one of them, who had been once a friend of my own, as I thought it my duty
to write. He was then _functus officio_ certainly, and well out of it. But
he never answered my letter; which I have no doubt he put complacently by,
as a madman's nonsense. It must be a comfortable berth enough where
officers and doctors and lawyers and relatives are all in a tale, and, in
the world below here, there are few to find you out.

As the man to whom I was now to owe my freedom said, this must soon have
led to softening of the brain. The strain had become terrible. The belief
in the existence of a system of organised pillage among this undisciplined
crew, which might well have possessed a stronger head than mine was then,
was wearing me out, though I tried to argue myself out of it. Some of the
men played on it, as I said. And I was becoming too thoroughly ill and
nerveless under this trial to be much more than a sort of automaton. I
even began to have a sort of feeling that this was my home, and that I
might be turned out to wander again when they grew tired of me. When the
relation of whom I have spoken came to stay in a neighbouring town--not at
the asylum, happily for me--I was allowed to spend the day like a boy with
an _exeat_, and even in my illness resented the house-doctor's objections
to giving me too much leave from school. Conscious of fair powers of heart
and brain, the paltry unworthiness of the whole thing jarred me even more
than greater sins; and it does so still. How ill I was may be judged from
the fact that I did not press, scarcely even wish, for my removal. But the
skilful doctor who came to see me--I have reached nearly the last in my
story now--who had rescued others besides me, practically insisted upon
it; and one morning I received at the asylum the news that I was to go. I
could not believe it--could not take it in; thought myself permanently 'on
the establishment.' The doctors grinned sardonic disgust; intimated that a
serious danger was threatening society, and hinted an _au revoir_. So did
the warders, smiling generally, and holding out expectant hands. I had
been allowed a little pocket-money when I was good, but had not much to
give. I have not been inclined, upon reflection, to be lavish of donations
since. The last report of the 'attendants' was--whether in connexion with
this tightness of my purse-strings or not I cannot say--that they had
never seen me worse. So the 'treatment' had done me no good, at all
events. My new guardian took me to his house by the sea, and, with his
wife and daughter, gave me for a time a real home, and was something more
than kind. He had not much assistance. From one near relative abroad he
received an abusive letter; from the Master of Pecksniff Hall an angry
warning that he was taking into his house 'a suicidal and homicidal
patient, the most dangerous in his establishment.' But a few days before
the man had made me his guest at his own tea-table, alone with his wife
and young daughters. How does he reconcile the two things? The charge was
cruel, and nearly robbed me of the hard-won home. My rescuer believed no
word of it; but his wife was naturally frightened, and for a night or two
a new watcher slept at my door, and I had to submit to a new
cross-examination from two more doctors for the edification of the
Commission. They said that my eye wandered, and drew up such a certificate
that I, who saw it, succeeded in having it sent back to them. Without
seeing me again, they mildly drew up another in quite different terms,
which must be the last document recorded and docketed in my case. But my
sanity now vindicated itself, and I was free, in spite of the protest
which, by the side of the valuable opinion of the warders, robs Pecksniff
Hall of all title to my 'cure.'

I had still much to bear. For a long time, as I have said, I was
represented as under 'delusions' about my relatives. The fact that they
put me in an asylum, I presume, is scarcely one. Circumstances were as
much against me as ever, and light-headedness would still threaten to
recur, while asylum-dreams, of course, haunted me still more. They have
left me at last; but I had to fight them down, and did this time--in Whose
strength I have ventured, as I am bound, to say. I travelled again, and
grew better, forcing myself to new interest in the scenes and people about
me. At last, and in a happy hour for me, I married; though I had almost
made up my mind that I never could. One relative wrote me an impertinent
letter about this 'extraordinary step;' which is, as the young lady says
in the comedy, 'a thing of frequent occurrence in the metropolis.' Another
wrote to me within a week of my marriage to threaten me with the
possibility of being shut up again. It frightened my young wife for some
time, she has told me since; but she is a brave woman, and held her
tongue. I next found myself charged with 'intemperate habits'--about as
near the mark as forgery; and the silliness took away the sting. But it
was not nice. It is better to atone for wrong than to excuse it by worse,
I think; but it is a matter of taste.

'_Liberavi animam meam._' My tale is told, as it was my clear duty to tell
it, at the cost of some pain. Let those whose duty it is to mend this
wickedness do theirs, or at their peril leave it undone. 'Mr. Hardress
Cregan,' says Miles, in the 'Colleen Bawn,' 'I make you the present of the
contempt of a rogue.' And, with infinite disgust and scorn, and small
hope of better things, I dedicate this true story of the Bastilles of
merrie England to all whom it may concern.




'L'ENVOI.'


If the readers of this true history will imagine for themselves a number
of hospitals for typhus fever, where any one of them, man or woman, may be
shut up among the worst cases upon the first symptoms of a cold in the
head--with moral, social, and physical consequences beyond man's power of
description--they will know something of the meaning of private lunatic
asylums, and our 'lunacy-law.' If they will further reflect upon the
chances which they would then have of escaping the infection, they will
not wonder that private lunatic asylums are not famous for cures. The
matter concerns them more than it does me; for forewarned is forearmed,
and I am not afraid of falling into the trap again. But I am not going to
shrink, on any comfortable theory of 'letting things alone,' of 'bygones
being bygones,' &c., from setting down what I think and what I know. I
will be of some help to others if I can. If everybody thumb-twiddled under
injuries we should not advance much. I need not to apologise for the
directly personal character of the account which I have written; for it is
only as a directly personal account that it can be of any value. The
imputation of insanity will not trouble me much longer. To those who know
me, it is absurd; with those who do not, or who, knowing me, care to
repeat it, I am in nowise concerned. If I write this short postscript at
all, it is because I have heard, to my great amusement, that since the
publication of this history some of my critics have done me the honour to
speak of it as in itself a proof of insanity! I can only say with Theodore
Hook, if it was he who said it--'Sir, if you can believe that, you'll
believe anything.' But they do not believe it. It is the old question of
honesty and dishonesty, and concerns me not. I suppose that I am either
mad not to hold my tongue, or mad to think they can believe me--anything
for a sneer, from time immemorial the safety-valve of dulness or of
ill-nature. It is difficult for anyone to believe in such wanton wrong.
That is the defence of those who, without the shadow of excuse, have
branded me with the most cruel brand that can be stamped on any man. The
thing was done. _Magna est veritas_, in the end: though I think it is
growing much more uncommon.

The remedy for having been shut up in an asylum, as a nuisance, is an
action for false imprisonment. Thank you. Going to law in England is
neither more or less than an amusement for a rich man, who may like to
have all his corns hurt, or for a 'company,' who are cornless. You must be
prepared to submit to many varieties of insult, with contempt of court if
you resent them. I have been a lawyer myself, and of the value of the
Law's methods, cross-examination included, as a guide to truth and as a
means to justice, I hold my own opinion. I did consult a solicitor, with a
view to an action; but from him learned that the first step required of me
would be to prove exactly how the thing was done, and exactly who did it,
when the whole essence of the wrong was that I was too weak from a common
illness to know of what was being done. (If I had been well and strong, I
should at least have tried to knock everybody down.) If I made a mistake,
I should be 'nonsuited,' or otherwise time-honouredly swindled of my
rights: so being sane and having been a lawyer, I let it alone; and was
fain to console myself as best I might with Bumble's forcible
apothegm--never so forcible as in this case--'The law's a hass.'

The whole confusion worse confounded, which surrounds everything
concerning the most palpable, if the most terrible, form of human
sickness, had its origin, probably, in the anxiety of kind-hearted people
to evade the law of capital punishment on any pretext whatsoever. They
called people 'mad' to save them from being hung, when they knew them to
be nothing of the kind. Many a sound conscience has been driven into
evasion or falsehood as a lesser sin, or a nobler right, than 'abiding'
evil laws. This particular form of evasion having been established for
good, the Law was prompt enough to take advantage of it for ill, to
introduce fresh wrong. For the rest, let my story speak for itself. I have
not concealed in any way the extent of the nervous illness into which I
fell, aggravated tenfold by this unutterable cruelty. I repeat that it is
the most cruel thing that can be done to a nervous sufferer: and it is, or
may be, done every day by the Law, which scarcely knows, I think, a wrong
it does not favour. This is like finding a man on the brink of a
precipice, and, instead of holding him back, giving him a friendly push,
with a 'Go over and be damned to you!' The Law will not move in the
matter; but for her own honour Medicine may; and I am glad to see that the
'Lancet' has taken the cancer well in hand. I believe that the knell of
private asylums will soon be knolled. As soon as we find a Home Secretary
honest and brave enough to take the question unflinchingly up, the whole
tissue of humbug and deceit will melt like wax in the fire. Amen. For it
is time.


    _He brought me also out of the horrible pit, out of the mire and clay:
    and set my feet upon the rock, and ordered my goings._--Ps. xl. 2.


  LONDON: PRINTED BY
  SPOTTISWOOD AND CO., NEW-STREET SQUARE
  AND PARLIAMENT STREET




Transcriber's Notes:

Passages in italics are indicated by _italics_.

The original text includes Greek characters that have been replaced with
transliterations in this text version.








*** END OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK MY EXPERIENCES IN A LUNATIC ASYLUM ***


    

Updated editions will replace the previous one—the old editions will
be renamed.

Creating the works from print editions not protected by U.S. copyright
law means that no one owns a United States copyright in these works,
so the Foundation (and you!) can copy and distribute it in the United
States without permission and without paying copyright
royalties. Special rules, set forth in the General Terms of Use part
of this license, apply to copying and distributing Project
Gutenberg™ electronic works to protect the PROJECT GUTENBERG™
concept and trademark. Project Gutenberg is a registered trademark,
and may not be used if you charge for an eBook, except by following
the terms of the trademark license, including paying royalties for use
of the Project Gutenberg trademark. If you do not charge anything for
copies of this eBook, complying with the trademark license is very
easy. You may use this eBook for nearly any purpose such as creation
of derivative works, reports, performances and research. Project
Gutenberg eBooks may be modified and printed and given away—you may
do practically ANYTHING in the United States with eBooks not protected
by U.S. copyright law. Redistribution is subject to the trademark
license, especially commercial redistribution.


START: FULL LICENSE

THE FULL PROJECT GUTENBERG LICENSE

PLEASE READ THIS BEFORE YOU DISTRIBUTE OR USE THIS WORK

To protect the Project Gutenberg™ mission of promoting the free
distribution of electronic works, by using or distributing this work
(or any other work associated in any way with the phrase “Project
Gutenberg”), you agree to comply with all the terms of the Full
Project Gutenberg™ License available with this file or online at
www.gutenberg.org/license.

Section 1. General Terms of Use and Redistributing Project Gutenberg™
electronic works

1.A. By reading or using any part of this Project Gutenberg™
electronic work, you indicate that you have read, understand, agree to
and accept all the terms of this license and intellectual property
(trademark/copyright) agreement. If you do not agree to abide by all
the terms of this agreement, you must cease using and return or
destroy all copies of Project Gutenberg™ electronic works in your
possession. If you paid a fee for obtaining a copy of or access to a
Project Gutenberg™ electronic work and you do not agree to be bound
by the terms of this agreement, you may obtain a refund from the person
or entity to whom you paid the fee as set forth in paragraph 1.E.8.

1.B. “Project Gutenberg” is a registered trademark. It may only be
used on or associated in any way with an electronic work by people who
agree to be bound by the terms of this agreement. There are a few
things that you can do with most Project Gutenberg™ electronic works
even without complying with the full terms of this agreement. See
paragraph 1.C below. There are a lot of things you can do with Project
Gutenberg™ electronic works if you follow the terms of this
agreement and help preserve free future access to Project Gutenberg™
electronic works. See paragraph 1.E below.

1.C. The Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation (“the
Foundation” or PGLAF), owns a compilation copyright in the collection
of Project Gutenberg™ electronic works. Nearly all the individual
works in the collection are in the public domain in the United
States. If an individual work is unprotected by copyright law in the
United States and you are located in the United States, we do not
claim a right to prevent you from copying, distributing, performing,
displaying or creating derivative works based on the work as long as
all references to Project Gutenberg are removed. Of course, we hope
that you will support the Project Gutenberg™ mission of promoting
free access to electronic works by freely sharing Project Gutenberg™
works in compliance with the terms of this agreement for keeping the
Project Gutenberg™ name associated with the work. You can easily
comply with the terms of this agreement by keeping this work in the
same format with its attached full Project Gutenberg™ License when
you share it without charge with others.

1.D. The copyright laws of the place where you are located also govern
what you can do with this work. Copyright laws in most countries are
in a constant state of change. If you are outside the United States,
check the laws of your country in addition to the terms of this
agreement before downloading, copying, displaying, performing,
distributing or creating derivative works based on this work or any
other Project Gutenberg™ work. The Foundation makes no
representations concerning the copyright status of any work in any
country other than the United States.

1.E. Unless you have removed all references to Project Gutenberg:

1.E.1. The following sentence, with active links to, or other
immediate access to, the full Project Gutenberg™ License must appear
prominently whenever any copy of a Project Gutenberg™ work (any work
on which the phrase “Project Gutenberg” appears, or with which the
phrase “Project Gutenberg” is associated) is accessed, displayed,
performed, viewed, copied or distributed:

    This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere in the United States and most
    other parts of the world at no cost and with almost no restrictions
    whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or re-use it under the terms
    of the Project Gutenberg License included with this eBook or online
    at www.gutenberg.org. If you
    are not located in the United States, you will have to check the laws
    of the country where you are located before using this eBook.
  
1.E.2. If an individual Project Gutenberg™ electronic work is
derived from texts not protected by U.S. copyright law (does not
contain a notice indicating that it is posted with permission of the
copyright holder), the work can be copied and distributed to anyone in
the United States without paying any fees or charges. If you are
redistributing or providing access to a work with the phrase “Project
Gutenberg” associated with or appearing on the work, you must comply
either with the requirements of paragraphs 1.E.1 through 1.E.7 or
obtain permission for the use of the work and the Project Gutenberg™
trademark as set forth in paragraphs 1.E.8 or 1.E.9.

1.E.3. If an individual Project Gutenberg™ electronic work is posted
with the permission of the copyright holder, your use and distribution
must comply with both paragraphs 1.E.1 through 1.E.7 and any
additional terms imposed by the copyright holder. Additional terms
will be linked to the Project Gutenberg™ License for all works
posted with the permission of the copyright holder found at the
beginning of this work.

1.E.4. Do not unlink or detach or remove the full Project Gutenberg™
License terms from this work, or any files containing a part of this
work or any other work associated with Project Gutenberg™.

1.E.5. Do not copy, display, perform, distribute or redistribute this
electronic work, or any part of this electronic work, without
prominently displaying the sentence set forth in paragraph 1.E.1 with
active links or immediate access to the full terms of the Project
Gutenberg™ License.

1.E.6. You may convert to and distribute this work in any binary,
compressed, marked up, nonproprietary or proprietary form, including
any word processing or hypertext form. However, if you provide access
to or distribute copies of a Project Gutenberg™ work in a format
other than “Plain Vanilla ASCII” or other format used in the official
version posted on the official Project Gutenberg™ website
(www.gutenberg.org), you must, at no additional cost, fee or expense
to the user, provide a copy, a means of exporting a copy, or a means
of obtaining a copy upon request, of the work in its original “Plain
Vanilla ASCII” or other form. Any alternate format must include the
full Project Gutenberg™ License as specified in paragraph 1.E.1.

1.E.7. Do not charge a fee for access to, viewing, displaying,
performing, copying or distributing any Project Gutenberg™ works
unless you comply with paragraph 1.E.8 or 1.E.9.

1.E.8. You may charge a reasonable fee for copies of or providing
access to or distributing Project Gutenberg™ electronic works
provided that:

    • You pay a royalty fee of 20% of the gross profits you derive from
        the use of Project Gutenberg™ works calculated using the method
        you already use to calculate your applicable taxes. The fee is owed
        to the owner of the Project Gutenberg™ trademark, but he has
        agreed to donate royalties under this paragraph to the Project
        Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation. Royalty payments must be paid
        within 60 days following each date on which you prepare (or are
        legally required to prepare) your periodic tax returns. Royalty
        payments should be clearly marked as such and sent to the Project
        Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation at the address specified in
        Section 4, “Information about donations to the Project Gutenberg
        Literary Archive Foundation.”
    
    • You provide a full refund of any money paid by a user who notifies
        you in writing (or by e-mail) within 30 days of receipt that s/he
        does not agree to the terms of the full Project Gutenberg™
        License. You must require such a user to return or destroy all
        copies of the works possessed in a physical medium and discontinue
        all use of and all access to other copies of Project Gutenberg™
        works.
    
    • You provide, in accordance with paragraph 1.F.3, a full refund of
        any money paid for a work or a replacement copy, if a defect in the
        electronic work is discovered and reported to you within 90 days of
        receipt of the work.
    
    • You comply with all other terms of this agreement for free
        distribution of Project Gutenberg™ works.
    

1.E.9. If you wish to charge a fee or distribute a Project
Gutenberg™ electronic work or group of works on different terms than
are set forth in this agreement, you must obtain permission in writing
from the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation, the manager of
the Project Gutenberg™ trademark. Contact the Foundation as set
forth in Section 3 below.

1.F.

1.F.1. Project Gutenberg volunteers and employees expend considerable
effort to identify, do copyright research on, transcribe and proofread
works not protected by U.S. copyright law in creating the Project
Gutenberg™ collection. Despite these efforts, Project Gutenberg™
electronic works, and the medium on which they may be stored, may
contain “Defects,” such as, but not limited to, incomplete, inaccurate
or corrupt data, transcription errors, a copyright or other
intellectual property infringement, a defective or damaged disk or
other medium, a computer virus, or computer codes that damage or
cannot be read by your equipment.

1.F.2. LIMITED WARRANTY, DISCLAIMER OF DAMAGES - Except for the “Right
of Replacement or Refund” described in paragraph 1.F.3, the Project
Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation, the owner of the Project
Gutenberg™ trademark, and any other party distributing a Project
Gutenberg™ electronic work under this agreement, disclaim all
liability to you for damages, costs and expenses, including legal
fees. YOU AGREE THAT YOU HAVE NO REMEDIES FOR NEGLIGENCE, STRICT
LIABILITY, BREACH OF WARRANTY OR BREACH OF CONTRACT EXCEPT THOSE
PROVIDED IN PARAGRAPH 1.F.3. YOU AGREE THAT THE FOUNDATION, THE
TRADEMARK OWNER, AND ANY DISTRIBUTOR UNDER THIS AGREEMENT WILL NOT BE
LIABLE TO YOU FOR ACTUAL, DIRECT, INDIRECT, CONSEQUENTIAL, PUNITIVE OR
INCIDENTAL DAMAGES EVEN IF YOU GIVE NOTICE OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH
DAMAGE.

1.F.3. LIMITED RIGHT OF REPLACEMENT OR REFUND - If you discover a
defect in this electronic work within 90 days of receiving it, you can
receive a refund of the money (if any) you paid for it by sending a
written explanation to the person you received the work from. If you
received the work on a physical medium, you must return the medium
with your written explanation. The person or entity that provided you
with the defective work may elect to provide a replacement copy in
lieu of a refund. If you received the work electronically, the person
or entity providing it to you may choose to give you a second
opportunity to receive the work electronically in lieu of a refund. If
the second copy is also defective, you may demand a refund in writing
without further opportunities to fix the problem.

1.F.4. Except for the limited right of replacement or refund set forth
in paragraph 1.F.3, this work is provided to you ‘AS-IS’, WITH NO
OTHER WARRANTIES OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT
LIMITED TO WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY OR FITNESS FOR ANY PURPOSE.

1.F.5. Some states do not allow disclaimers of certain implied
warranties or the exclusion or limitation of certain types of
damages. If any disclaimer or limitation set forth in this agreement
violates the law of the state applicable to this agreement, the
agreement shall be interpreted to make the maximum disclaimer or
limitation permitted by the applicable state law. The invalidity or
unenforceability of any provision of this agreement shall not void the
remaining provisions.

1.F.6. INDEMNITY - You agree to indemnify and hold the Foundation, the
trademark owner, any agent or employee of the Foundation, anyone
providing copies of Project Gutenberg™ electronic works in
accordance with this agreement, and any volunteers associated with the
production, promotion and distribution of Project Gutenberg™
electronic works, harmless from all liability, costs and expenses,
including legal fees, that arise directly or indirectly from any of
the following which you do or cause to occur: (a) distribution of this
or any Project Gutenberg™ work, (b) alteration, modification, or
additions or deletions to any Project Gutenberg™ work, and (c) any
Defect you cause.

Section 2. Information about the Mission of Project Gutenberg™

Project Gutenberg™ is synonymous with the free distribution of
electronic works in formats readable by the widest variety of
computers including obsolete, old, middle-aged and new computers. It
exists because of the efforts of hundreds of volunteers and donations
from people in all walks of life.

Volunteers and financial support to provide volunteers with the
assistance they need are critical to reaching Project Gutenberg™’s
goals and ensuring that the Project Gutenberg™ collection will
remain freely available for generations to come. In 2001, the Project
Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation was created to provide a secure
and permanent future for Project Gutenberg™ and future
generations. To learn more about the Project Gutenberg Literary
Archive Foundation and how your efforts and donations can help, see
Sections 3 and 4 and the Foundation information page at www.gutenberg.org.

Section 3. Information about the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation

The Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation is a non-profit
501(c)(3) educational corporation organized under the laws of the
state of Mississippi and granted tax exempt status by the Internal
Revenue Service. The Foundation’s EIN or federal tax identification
number is 64-6221541. Contributions to the Project Gutenberg Literary
Archive Foundation are tax deductible to the full extent permitted by
U.S. federal laws and your state’s laws.

The Foundation’s business office is located at 809 North 1500 West,
Salt Lake City, UT 84116, (801) 596-1887. Email contact links and up
to date contact information can be found at the Foundation’s website
and official page at www.gutenberg.org/contact

Section 4. Information about Donations to the Project Gutenberg
Literary Archive Foundation

Project Gutenberg™ depends upon and cannot survive without widespread
public support and donations to carry out its mission of
increasing the number of public domain and licensed works that can be
freely distributed in machine-readable form accessible by the widest
array of equipment including outdated equipment. Many small donations
($1 to $5,000) are particularly important to maintaining tax exempt
status with the IRS.

The Foundation is committed to complying with the laws regulating
charities and charitable donations in all 50 states of the United
States. Compliance requirements are not uniform and it takes a
considerable effort, much paperwork and many fees to meet and keep up
with these requirements. We do not solicit donations in locations
where we have not received written confirmation of compliance. To SEND
DONATIONS or determine the status of compliance for any particular state
visit www.gutenberg.org/donate.

While we cannot and do not solicit contributions from states where we
have not met the solicitation requirements, we know of no prohibition
against accepting unsolicited donations from donors in such states who
approach us with offers to donate.

International donations are gratefully accepted, but we cannot make
any statements concerning tax treatment of donations received from
outside the United States. U.S. laws alone swamp our small staff.

Please check the Project Gutenberg web pages for current donation
methods and addresses. Donations are accepted in a number of other
ways including checks, online payments and credit card donations. To
donate, please visit: www.gutenberg.org/donate.

Section 5. General Information About Project Gutenberg™ electronic works

Professor Michael S. Hart was the originator of the Project
Gutenberg™ concept of a library of electronic works that could be
freely shared with anyone. For forty years, he produced and
distributed Project Gutenberg™ eBooks with only a loose network of
volunteer support.

Project Gutenberg™ eBooks are often created from several printed
editions, all of which are confirmed as not protected by copyright in
the U.S. unless a copyright notice is included. Thus, we do not
necessarily keep eBooks in compliance with any particular paper
edition.

Most people start at our website which has the main PG search
facility: www.gutenberg.org.

This website includes information about Project Gutenberg™,
including how to make donations to the Project Gutenberg Literary
Archive Foundation, how to help produce our new eBooks, and how to
subscribe to our email newsletter to hear about new eBooks.