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Title: History of the English People, Index Author: John Richard Green Release date: May 20, 2008 [eBook #25533] Language: English Credits: Produced by Paul Murray, Lisa Reigel, and the Online Distributed Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net *** START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK HISTORY OF THE ENGLISH PEOPLE, INDEX *** Produced by Paul Murray, Lisa Reigel, and the Online Distributed Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net HISTORY OF THE ENGLISH PEOPLE BY JOHN RICHARD GREEN, M.A. HONORARY FELLOW OF JESUS COLLEGE, OXFORD INDEX London MACMILLAN AND CO., LTD. NEW YORK: THE MACMILLAN CO. 1896 _First Edition, 1879; Reprinted 1882, 1886, 1891._ _Eversley Edition, 1896._ INDEX Abbot, George, Archbishop of Canterbury, iv. 341; his Puritanism, v. 90; protests against Lady Essex's divorce, 191; pleads for help for the Elector Palatine, 218; suspended, 255 Abelard, i. 283, 285 Abercromby, General, vii. 266 Abercromby, Sir Ralph, viii. 140, 165 Aberdeen sacked by Montrose, vi. 23 Aberffraw, princes of, ii. 46, 108 Abergavenny besieged by Owen Glyndwr, iii. 11 Abergavenny, Edward Neville, first Lord, iii. 114 Abergavenny, George Neville, tenth Lord, vii. 23 Abermenai, English fleet repulsed from, ii. 54 "Abhorrers," vi. 314 Abingdon, Abbey of, its relations with Oxford, i. 306-308 Abingdon, James Bertie, first Earl of, vii. 23 Aboukir, battle of, viii. 141 Acadia, strife of French and English in, vii. 242, 243 Accursi, Francesco, ii. 102 Aclea, battle of, i. 103 Acre, siege of, viii. 141 Acts of Parliament. _See_ Statutes Adam of Usk, ii. 178 Adamnan's _Life of St. Columba_, i. 8 Adams, John, vii. 281 Addington, Henry, viii. 156, 170. _See_ Sidmouth Addison, Joseph, vii. 158, 159, 292 Adela, daughter of William the Conqueror, i. 214 Adelard of Bath, i. 282, 293 _Admonition to the Parliament_, iv. 296 Adrian IV., Pope, i. 250 Adrian VI., Pope, iii. 249 Ælfheah, Archbishop of Canterbury, i. 142; translation of, 145 Ælfred, king of Wessex, i. 105; his struggle with the northmen, 106, 107; treaty with them, 107; character, 107-110; rule, 111, 112; literary and educational work, 113-115; organization of fleet and fyrd, 116; second struggle with northmen, _ib._, 117; death, 117; Asser's _Life of_, 5; _Sayings of_, 278, 280 Ælfred, son of Æthelred II., i. 147, 148 Ælfric, ealdorman of Central Wessex, i. 140 Ælla, king of Deira, i. 52, 53 Ælle, king of the South Saxons, i. 34 Æsc, king of Kent, i. 49 Æthelbald, king of Mercia, i. 90, 96 Æthelbald, king of Wessex, i. 103 Æthelberht, king of Kent, i. 56, 57, 59, 62, 65 Æthelberht, king of Wessex, i. 103 Æthelflæd, Lady of the Mercians, i. 117, 118 Æthelgifu, mother-in-law of King Eadwig, i. 136, 137 Æthelfrith, king of Northumbria, i. 60, 62 Ætheling, the, i. 11 Æthelred, king of Mercia, i, 89 Æthelred I., king of Wessex, i. 103-105 Æthelred II., King, i. 139-141 Æthelred, ealdorman of Mercia, i. 117 Æthelric, king of Bernicia, i. 52, 53, 60 Æthelstan, King, i. 119, 120 Æthelweard's _Chronicle_, i. 5 Æthelwine, ealdorman of East Anglia, i. 139, 140 Æthelwulf, king of Wessex, i. 103 Agénois, dispute about, ii. 197, 198, 209, 219 Agincourt, battle of, iii. 30-32 Agitators, Council of, vi. 52, 53, 57 Agriculture, changes in, under Elizabeth, iv. 278 Aidan, St., i. 69-71 Aids, feudal, ii. 104; "free," 152, 153 Aiguillon taken by the Earl of Derby, ii. 234; besieged by John of France, _ib._, 235 Aislabie, Chancellor of the Exchequer, vii. 192 Aix-la-Chapelle, peace of, vi. 250; vii. 231 Albany, Robert, first Duke of, iii. 9, 16 Albany, Alexander, third Duke of, iii. 232; Protector of Scotland, 235; struggle with Margaret, 247, 248 Albemarle, Edward, Duke of, ii. 380; iii. 7. _See_ Rutland Albemarle, George Monk, Duke of (_see_ Monk), vi. 193 Albemarle, Stephen, Count of, i. 192 Alberoni, Cardinal, vii. 186-188 Albigenses, ii. 7, 35 Albinus, friend of Bæda, i. 94 Alcwine, letters of, i. 4 Alderman of a gild, i. 299 Aldfrith, king of Northumbria, i. 91 Aldgate, Priory of Holy Trinity at, i. 223 Alençon, William the Conqueror's vengeance on, i. 179; reduced by Henry V., iii. 33 Alençon, Francis, Duke of. _See_ Anjou Alexander III., Pope, i. 235 Alexander I., Czar of Russia, viii. 164, 180, 198, 202 Alexander III., king of Scots, ii. 135 Alfred of Beverley, i. 246 Alfune founds St. Giles', Cripplegate, i. 223 Algiers bombarded by Blake, vi. 116 Allen, Dr. William, iv. 307, 310, 353, 354; his _Defense of the English Catholics_, 354 Alleyn, Joseph, vi. 223 Alliance, Grand, vii. 49; its success, 79, 80, 88; breaks up, 89; the second, 107; Triple, vi. 249; vii. 185 Almanza, battle of, vii. 134 Alva, Ferdinand Alvarez, Duke of, iv. 225, 257, 258, 298, 300, 335 Amboise, conspiracy of, iv. 175; edict of, 217 America, early settlements in, iv. 329, 330, 345; Puritan emigration to, v. 308-314, 319, 320; English colonies in, vii. 236; their progress, 237; slavery in, _ib._; education in, 238; their political condition, 239, 240; relations with England, 241, 243, 244; strife with the French, 249; Pitt's policy in, 266; relations with England after the Seven Years' War, 280-283; Bute's policy towards, 310, 311; Grenville's, 320, 321, 326; English and American theories of their relation to England, 320-325; renewed attempt at taxation of, viii. 3, 4, 14; war with England, 22-26, 32; French settlements in, vii. 232, 242, 243; ceded to England, 307; Spanish conquests in, iv. 329, 330; English trade with, vii. 216; United States of, declare their independence, viii. 24; alliance with France, 28; peace with England, 41; importance of their independence, 42-44; increase of their carrying trade through the Continental System, 177; embargo on trade with Europe, 182; pass an Act of Non-Intercourse with England and France, 183; repeal it, 184; cease intercourse with Great Britain, 192; war with England, 198, 203-205 Amherst, General, vii. 266, 267, 269 Amiens, Mise of, ii. 68; Peace of, viii. 167 Ancrum Moor, battle of, iv. 29 Anderida (Pevensey) destroyed by Saxons, i. 34 André, Bernard, his _Life of Henry VII._, iii. 83 Andredsweald, the, i. 33; attacked by northmen, 116 Andrewes, Lancelot, Bishop of Winchester, v. 267 Aneurin, ii. 49, 53 Angeln, i. 9 Anglesea conquered by Eadwine, i. 63; reduced by an English fleet, ii. 109; English routed in, 120 Angoulême taken by Henry of Derby, ii. 234; regained by John of Normandy, _ib._ Angoumois restored to Edward III., ii. 266; won by Du Guesclin, 287 Angus, Archibald Douglas, sixth (or ninth) Earl of, iii. 231; iv. 22, 29, 52 Anhalt, Christian, Duke of, v. 177 Anjou, documents for early history of, i. 7; counts of, 208-213; conquered by Philip Augustus, 269; cession of, ii. 63 Anjou, Francis, Duke of, iv. 313, 316, 336-338, 348 Anjou, Henry, Duke of, iv. 297, 298. _See_ Henry III., king of France Anjou, René, Duke of, iii. 61 Anlaf, the sea-king, i. 120 _Annales Angliæ et Scotiæ_, i. 274 _Annales Cambriæ_, i. 7 Anne, daughter of James, Duke of York, vi. 309; vii. 28; forsakes her father, 42; relations with the Churchills, 109-111; Queen, 112; her "Bounty," 123; resistance to the Whigs, 133; temper and policy, 135, 136; breaks with the Duchess of Marlborough, 138; threat to the Electress Sophia, 144; dismisses Oxford, 145; dies, 146 Anne of Bohemia, wife of Richard II., ii. 348, 367 Anne of Cleves, wife of Henry VIII., iii. 351; iv. 17 Anselm, St., i. 193-196; Archbishop of Canterbury, 196; struggle with William Rufus, _ib._, 197; recalled, 199; crowns Matilda, 200; supports Henry I., 201 Antonio, Don, claimant of Portugal, iv. 367 Antwerp, its trade with England, iv. 257; refugees from, 305, 324; sacked, 310; surrenders to Parma, 349 Appeal, Court of, i. 256 Appeals to the Pope, ii. 222; protest of Edward III. against, 274; forbidden, iii. 302; from Scotland, Edward I.'s claim to, ii. 140 Appellant, the Lords, ii. 353, 354, 371 Aquitaine, Henry Fitz-Empress's relations with, i. 226, 233; revolts against Richard I., 263; secured by Eleanor for John, 268; submits to Philip Augustus, 270; Edward III. does homage for, ii. 209; granted him in full sovereignty, 266; change in its attitude towards the English king, 280; relations with Spain, 282; rejects the hearth-tax, 285; its barons appeal to France, _ib._; regained by France, 287, 288; granted by Richard II. to John of Gaunt, 369. _See_ Guienne Archangel, discovery of, iv. 283 Archers, the English, ii. 241, 242; iii. 31 Architecture under Edward I., ii. 105, 106; domestic, its developement under Elizabeth, iv. 285-287 Arcola, battle of, viii. 123 Arcot seized by Clive, vii. 235 Argyle, Archibald Campbell, fourth Earl of, iv. 114 Argyle, Archibald Campbell, fifth Earl of, iv. 223, 230, 245, 260 Argyle, Archibald Campbell, eighth Earl and first Marquis of (_see_ Lorne), v. 341; his relations with Charles I., 363, 364; defeated at Inverlochy, vi. 38; restored to power, 63; proclaims Charles II. king, 71; death, 181; vii. 8 Argyle, Archibald Campbell, ninth Earl of, vii. 8, 9 Argyle, John Campbell, second Duke of, vii. 146, 183 Aristotle, Edmund Rich lectures on, i. 288, 293 Arkwright, Richard, viii. 60 Arles, kingdom of, i. 262 Arlington, Henry Bennet, Earl of (_see_ Bennet), Secretary of State, vi. 245; policy in Triple Alliance, 248, 250; Charles's confidant in the Treaty of Dover, 258; dismissed, 281 Arlotta, mother of William the Conqueror, i. 157 Armada, the Spanish, its gathering, iv. 344; sails, 356; off the Lizard, 357; its force, 360; reaches Calais, 361; its flight, 362; ruin, 363; its results, 364, 365; the second, v. 60 Armagnac, Bernard, Count of, iii. 16, 17 Arminians, the, v. 114, 266 Arms, Assize of, i. 257 Army, the English, its double character, ii. 240; the feudal, its composition, ii. 239; raised by the Parliament against Charles I., vi. 1; of the Associated Counties, 8, 13, 18; the New Model, 35-37; its character and policy, 50-52; seizes the king, 53; its "Humble Representation," _ib._, 54; marches on London, _ib._; negotiates with the Parliament, 54; with the king, 55; enters London, 56; resolves to bring Charles to account, 61; invades Scotland, 62; demands justice on the king, 64; struggle with the Parliament, 65, 66; mutiny in, 75; petitions for a new Parliament, 87; struggle with the Rump, 89; recalls the Rump, 149; drives it out again, 150; relations with Monk, 150, 151; its dissolution, 153; Charles II.'s, 182, 183; vii. 4; increased by James II., 11; Catholic officers in, 14, 15; Parliament's control over it established, vii. 61; reduced under William III., 97; increased again, 105, 107 Army Plot, v. 359, 360 Arnold, General, viii. 23 Arran, James Hamilton, second Earl of, iv. 26, 199 Arras, treaties of, iii. 56, 120, 170 Arteveldt, Jacques van, ii. 227, 233 Arteveldt, Philip van, ii. 349 Arthur, leader of the Britons, i. 34; legends of, 246, 247; ii. 57 Arthur of Britanny, i. 247, 260, 268 Arthur, son of Henry VII., iii. 186, 187 Articles of Religion, 1536, iii. 333, 337, 338; Five, iv. 156; Forty-two, 59, 160; Six, iii. 346; repealed, iv. 48; Thirty-nine, 59, 216; magistrates and public officers compelled to subscribe to, 273; subscription of ministers to, v. 156; Three (Whitgift's), iv. 341, 342; v. 115, 116 Articles, Lords of the, iv. 228 Artillery, first instance known of its use in field warfare, ii. 237; results of its introduction, iii. 95, 96 Arundel, Thomas, Bishop of Ely, ii. 352; Archbishop of Canterbury, 367, 370, 371, 373; persecuting tendencies, iii. 4; urges Richard II.'s death, 7; prevents confiscation of Church property, 15, 21; removed from the chancellorship, 25; convicts Lord Cobham of heresy, 27 Arundel, Richard Fitz-Alan, fourth Earl of, ii. 353, 367, 370, 371 Arundel, Henry Fitz-Alan, twelfth Earl of, iv. 173, 267, 268 Arundel, Thomas Howard, fourteenth Earl of, v. 248 Arundell of Wardour, Henry, third Lord, vi. 256, 296; vii. 20 Ascham, Roger, iv. 134, 135 Ashdown, battle of, i. 105 Ashley, Anthony Ashley Cooper, Lord (_see_ Cooper), vi. 194; opposes the Act of Uniformity, 208; character, 216, 217; policy, 218, 219; Chancellor of the Exchequer, 245; change in his attitude on the question of toleration, 252; advises a dissolution, 253; schemes of toleration, 259; attitude towards war with Holland, 260. _See_ Shaftesbury Assandun, battle of, i. 143 Assembly, the French National, viii. 86 Asser, i. 5, 113 Assize of Arms, i. 257; of Clarendon, 238; of the Forest, 267; of Northampton, 255 Astley, Sir Jacob, vi. 42 Aston, Sir Arthur, vi. 76 Athelney, Ælfred at, i. 106; abbey at, 114 Athenree, battle of, ii. 376 Athlone captured by the English, iii. 329 Atterbury, Francis, Bishop of Rochester, vii. 167 Audley, James Touchet, Lord, iii. 74 Aughrim, battle of, vii. 73 Augsburg, conference at, iv. 21; treaty of, vii. 27 Augustine, St., Archbishop of Canterbury, i. 57-59 Austerlitz, battle of, viii. 173 Australia, vii. 278 Austria, Charles, Archduke of, iv. 193, 195 Austria, Don John of, iv. 310-312 Auxerre, battle near, iii. 39 Avaux, Count of, vii. 59 Avesbury, Robert of, ii. 177 Avignon, the Popes at, ii. 216, 217, 221, 224 Avowal, the, v. 268 Avranches taken by Henry V., iii. 33 Axholme, the Disinherited at, ii. 84, 85 Aylesford, battle of, i. 33 Aylmer, John, iv. 119 Ayrshire, rising in, vi. 62 Babington, Anthony, iv. 351, 352 Bacon, Francis, v. 46-55; his political career, 222-224; last years, 225; _Life of Henry VII._, iii. 83 Bacon, Sir Nicholas, iv. 152 Bacon, Roger, i. 293; ii. 14-19; his _Opus Majus_, 19-21 Badajoz stormed, viii. 199 Badbury, battle of, i. 34 Badby, Thomas, iii. 22 Badlesmere, Lady, ii. 195 Bæda, i. 91-95; his _History_, 4, 94 Baillie's _Letters_, v. 73 Bale, Bishop of Ossory, iv. 63, 109, 119, 128, 129 Ball, John, ii. 268, 269, 318, 319, 336 Balliol, Edward, acknowledged as king of Scots at the English court, ii. 204; seizes the crown, 210; driven out, 211; restored, 212; withdraws to England, 213, 214; resigns, 253 Balliol, John, claimant of the Scottish crown, ii. 136; king, 138; resists Edward's claim to receive appeals, 140; alliance with France, 160; defies Edward, 161; surrenders, _ib._; released and goes to France, 170 Balmerino, Arthur Elphinston, sixth Lord, vii. 230 Bamborough founded by Ida, i. 52; attacked by Penda, 71 Bancroft, Archbishop of Canterbury, iv. 341; v. 156, 165 Bank of England founded, vii. 86; suspends specie payments, viii. 126 Bankers, foreign, in England, under Edward I., ii. 106, 107; expelled, 189 Bannockburn, battle of, ii. 192, 193 Bantry Bay, battle in, vii. 68 Baptists, rise of the, vi. 28 Barbour, John, ii. 177 Barbury Hill, battle of, i. 37 Bardolf, Thomas, Lord, iii. 18, 19 Bards, the Welsh, ii. 53, 56; iii. 11 Barebones, Praise-God, vi. 95 "Bargemen" of Oxford, i. 308 Barham Down, muster at, i. 333; ii. 74 Barillon, French ambassador in England, vi. 298 Barlow, Bishop of St. David's, iii. 336 Barnes, Robert, iii. 262 Barnet, battle of, iii. 142 _Barnwell, Annals of_, i. 174, 273 Barons, their struggle with William I., i. 188-190; with William Rufus, 191, 192; with Henry I., 201, 202; misdoings under Stephen, 220, 221; Henry II.'s dealings with, 233; change in their attitude towards crown and people, 325; relations with John, 332, 338, 339, 343; alliance with the Welsh against him, ii. 55; meeting at St. Edmund's, i. 344; at Brackley, 346; rise in arms, _ib._, 347; confer with John at Runnymede, 347; excommunicated by Innocent III., 354; call Lewis of France to their aid, 355; feudal party among, ii. 4, 5; refuse an aid to the Pope, 27; refuse subsidies to Henry III., 34, 35; their plan of reform, 37, 38; league against Henry III., 59, 60; expel the foreigners, 62; their rule, _ib._, 63; divisions among, 64; rise in arms, 67; submit to arbitration, 68; victory at Lewes, 70, 71; position after the war, 114; relations with Edward I., 115-117; decrease in numbers, 146, 147; struggle with Edward I., 164-166; relations with Edward II., 184, 190; under Edward III., relations with the crown, 293; with the Church, 294; their decline, iii. 94-96; effect of the French war on, 103, 104; new race of, under Henry VIII., iv. 13, 41; the northern, plot against Elizabeth, iv. 266, 267; rise, 268; defeated, 269; "greater" and "lesser," ii. 145; of the Exchequer, i. 206; of London, 319 Barrier, the Dutch, vii. 102, 182 Barrow, Isaac, vi. 167 Bartholomew's Day, St., the English, vi. 209; the French, iv. 299 Basing House, siege of, vi. 42 Basle, treaty of, viii. 111 Bassano, battle of, viii. 123 Basset, Philip, ii. 66 Basset, Thomas, i. 345 Bastille, capture of the, viii. 83 Bastwick, John, v. 329 Bates's case, v. 161 Bath, the thegns of Wessex submit to Swein at, i. 143 Bath, Henry de, ii. 33 Battle Abbey, i. 164 Baugé, battle of, iii. 36 Bautzen, battle of, viii. 201 Bavaria, Maximilian, Duke of, v. 177, 219 Bavaria, Maximilian Emmanuel, Elector of, vii. 101, 102 Bavaria, Joseph, Electoral Prince of, vii. 92, 94 Baxter, Richard, his address to Richard Cromwell, vi. 147; his eminence as controversialist and pastor, 210; his account of the expelled clergy, 222; supports a scheme of comprehension, 252; refuses the Indulgence, vii. 22; his _Autobiography_, vi. 157 Bayeux surrendered to Henry V., iii. 33; northmen of, i. 155, 156 Baylen, surrender of French troops at, viii. 186 Bayonne submits to Charles VII., iii. 69 Beachy Head, battle of, vii. 75 Beaton, Cardinal, iv. 24, 33, 34 Beauchamp, Edward Seymour Lord, v. 66, 121 Beaufort, Edmund, Earl of Dorset, iii. 59; Regent of France, 60. _See_ Somerset Beaufort, Henry, Bishop of Winchester, chancellor, iii. 25, 43; struggle with Humphrey of Gloucester, 44; Cardinal and Legate, _ib._; supports Bedford, 55; retires, 59 Beaufort, John. _See_ Somerset Beaufort, Margaret, iii. 165, 166, 172 Beaujeu, Anne of, iii. 170, 171 Beaumont, Henry I.'s palace of, at Oxford, i. 284, 307 Bec, school of, i. 159 Beckford, Alderman, vii. 256 Bedford reduced by Eadward the Elder, i. 119; castle of, besieged by Hubert de Burgh, ii. 5 Bedford, John, Duke of, iii. 38; regent of France, 39; alliance with Burgundy, _ib._; victories in France, _ib._, 40; difficulties, 44, 45; rule in Normandy, 55; death, 56 Bedford, John Russell, first Earl of, iv. 47. _See_ Russell Bedford, Francis Russell, fourth Earl of, v. 358 Bedford, William Russell, fifth Earl of, vi. 1 Bedford, John Russell, fourth Duke of, vii. 242, 315, 317; viii. 4, 16 Bedloe, William, vi. 297 Beket, Gilbert, i. 225, 303 Beket, Thomas, i. 225; agent of Archbishop Theobald, 226; chancellor, 232; Archbishop of Canterbury, 235; rejects Constitutions of Clarendon, 236; at council of Northampton, 237; flight, _ib._; struggle with Henry II., 239; returns to England, 240; murdered, 241; canonized, _ib._; Henry's penance at his shrine, 255; his shrine desecrated, iii. 344 Belesme, Robert of, i. 201, 202; ii. 47 Bellahoe, battle of, iii. 329 Bellasys, John, first Lord, vi. 256, 296; vii. 20 Bellingham, Sir Edward, iv. 110 Bellingham, John, viii. 196 Benedict XII., Pope, ii. 218, 219 Benedict Biscop, i. 79, 91, 92 "Benedict of Peterborough," i. 174, 244 "Benevolences" under Edward IV., iii. 152; declared illegal, 168; levied again, 171, 177; extension under Wolsey, 244, 251; resisted, 251, 252; again demanded, iv. 34; demanded by James I., v. 197, 198, 229; by Charles I., 253 Bengal, Clive's successes in, vii. 261 Bennet, Henry, vi. 221. _See_ Arlington Bensington, battle of, i. 98 Bentham, Jeremy, viii. 195 Beorn, nephew of Earl Godwine, i. 150, 151 Beornwulf, king of Mercia, i. 102 _Beowulf, Song of_, i. 24-26 Bergerac taken by Henry of Derby, ii. 234 Berkeley Castle, Edward II. murdered in, ii. 200 Berkley, Sir Robert, v. 331, 351 Berlin Decree, Napoleon's, viii. 176 Bernicia conquered by the English, i. 52; by Eadwine, 62; recalls the line of Æthelfrith, 66; struggle against Penda, 71, 72 Bernicians conquer Deira, i. 52, 53 Bertha of Paris, wife of Æthelberht of Kent, i. 57 Berwick stormed by Edward I., ii. 160, 161; Parliament at, 162; captured by Bruce, 194; by Edward III., ii. 211, 212; its peculiar political position, 212; recaptured by the Scots, 259, 263; Pacification at, v. 337 Berwick, James FitzJames, Duke of, vii. 119, 134 Beverley, peasant revolt at, ii. 324 Bible, Wyclif's translation of, ii. 178, 343; Tyndale's, iii. 259-261; its circulation forbidden, 290; Coverdale's, 334, 335; misuse of, 344; its popularity, v. 82; literary influence, 83, 84; social influence, 84, 85; religious influence, 85; the Geneva, iv. 128; forbidden, v. 296 "Bible-men," iii. 96 Bidassoa, battle on the, viii. 202 Bigod, Hugh, first Earl of Norfolk, i. 254 Bigod, Roger, second Earl of Norfolk, i. 343 Bigod, Roger, fourth Earl of Norfolk, ii. 45 Bigod, Roger, fifth Earl of Norfolk, ii. 164-166 Bigod, Hugh, Justiciar, ii. 60, 64, 66 Bigorre restored to Edward III., ii. 266 Billericay, villagers of, resist Richard II., ii. 332 Bilney, Thomas, iii. 262 Birinus, St., bishop in Wessex, i. 71 Birmingham, its rise, vii. 196 Bishoprics, new, erected under Henry VIII., iv. 13 Bishops excluded from State offices, ii. 302; denounce Oldcastle and the Lollards, iii. 27; mode of appointment, 307, 308; position under Henry VIII., 308; under Edward VI., _ib._, iv. 60; proposal to exclude them from the House of Lords, v. 354, 355, 371; excluded, 377; restored, vi. 204; position under the Georges, vii. 171, 172; the Seven, 30, 31; in Scotland, their position under Knox, v. 137; abolished, 140; restored, 143, 166, 167 "Bishops' War," the, v. 341-343 _Black Book_, the, of 1536, iii. 310 Black Death, the, ii. 252-254, 266, 288; its social results, 254, 255 Blackfriars, Council at, ii. 339; trial of Henry VIII.'s divorce at, iii. 276; first public theatre at, v. 22 Blacklow Hill, Gaveston beheaded on, ii. 190 Blake, Robert, his defence of Taunton, vi. 78; commands the fleet against Rupert, _ib._; fights with Tromp and Ruyter, 86, 88; bombards Algiers, 116; victory at Santa Cruz, 124; outrage on his corpse, 201 Blanchard, Alan, iii. 33, 34 Blanche of Bourbon, wife of Pedro of Castille, ii. 282 Blanche-Taque, ford of, ii. 236 Blenheim, battle of, vii. 120-122 Blois, Charles of, claimant of Britanny, ii. 233, 248 Blondel, _De Reductione Normanniæ_, ii. 179 "Bloody Circuit," the, vii. 10, 11 Bloreheath, battle of, iii. 74 Blount, Sir Thomas, ii. 200 Blücher, Marshal, viii. 207, 210 Boat, an Old English, found in Sleswick, i. 27, 28 "Boatmen" of London, i. 308 Bohemia, Protestant rising in, v. 216-219 Bohun, Henry de, first Earl of Hereford, i. 343 Bohun, Humfrey de, third Earl of Hereford, ii. 164, 166 Bohun, Henry de, ii. 192 Boleyn, Anne, iii. 267, 270, 273, 288; marries Henry VIII., 303; crowned, _ib._; beheaded, 323 Boleyn, George, iii. 267 Boleyn, Sir Thomas, iii. 267, 268. _See_ Wiltshire Bolinbroke, Roger, iii. 58 Bolingbroke, Henry St. John, Viscount (_see_ St. John), vii. 140; his scheme of a treaty of commerce, 142; rivalry with Harley, 143; his Schism Bill, _ib._; appoints Jacobites to office, 145; flies to the Pretender, 168; becomes his Secretary of State, 183; returns to England, 204; withdraws again, _ib._ Bologna, University of, i. 282 Bombay ceded to England, vi. 192; vii. 232 Boniface, St., letters of, i. 4 Boniface VIII., Pope, ii. 163, 170, 217, 224 Boniface of Savoy, Archbishop of Canterbury, ii. 32, 72 Bonner, Bishop of London, iv. 74, 89, 95, 97; sets up Bibles in St. Paul's, v. 82 Bordeaux, Parliament of Gascony at, ii. 285; Richard II. born at, 306; surrenders to Charles VII., iii. 68, 71 Born, Bertrand de, i. 263 Borodino, battle of, viii. 200 Boroughbridge, battle of, ii. 195 Boroughs, their developement after Norman Conquest, i. 177; "farm" of, ii. 152; representation in Parliament, 73, 121, 152-154; reluctance to attend, 155; restriction of franchise in, iii. 99-101; new, created under the Tudors, iv. 234, 235; change in character of their representatives, 234, 235; qualification of members for, 235; the Five, i. 117, 120. _See_ Towns Borough-moot, the, i. 296 Boscawen, Admiral, vii. 266 Boston, outrage of barons on merchants at, ii. 116 Boston (Massachusetts), its foundation, v. 310, 311; occupied by British troops, viii. 14; tea-riots at, 17, 18; siege of, 22, 23 Bosworth Field, battle of, iii. 172 Bothwell, James Hepburn, Earl of, iv. 226, 229; plots against Darnley, 242, 243; contrives his death, 244; charged with murder, _ib._; marries Mary, 245; flies, 246 Boulogne captured by Henry VIII., iv. 30; restored to France, 33, 57; Napoleon's camp at, viii. 170, 171 Bourbon, Cardinal of, iv. 348, 369, 372 Bourbon, Charles, Duke of, iii. 246, 247, 269 Bouvines, battle of, i. 342; besieged by Flemings, ii. 234 Bow, the English, ii. 241, 242 Boxley, miraculous rood at, iii. 343 Boyle, Robert, vi. 166 Boyne, battle of the, vii. 71 "Boys," the, vii. 204, 226, 249 Brabant, John III., Duke of, ii. 227, 244 Brabant, John IV., Duke of, iii. 42, 43, 45 Brackley, barons meet at, i. 346 Braddock, General, vii. 245 Bradford on Avon, battle of, i. 87 Bradford, John, iv. 132 Bradshaw, John, vi. 66, 91, 101; outrage on his corpse, 201 Bradwardine, Thomas, ii. 276 Bramber, Sir Nicholas, ii. 353 Bramham Moor, battle of, iii. 19 Brandywine, battle of, viii. 25 Braose, William de, i. 332 Breauté, Faukes de, ii. 4, 5 Brecknock stormed by Æthelflæd, i. 118; Mortimer routed at, ii. 88 Breda, Declaration of, vi. 152; Treaty of, 241, 243, 247 Breitenfeld, battle of, v. 275 Bremen, quarrel about, vii. 188, 189 Brentford captured by Prince Rupert, vi. 3 Breslau, treaty of, vii. 223 Brest held by England, ii. 316; restored to Britanny, 368 Brétigny, peace of, ii. 266 Brewer or Briwere, William, i. 345; ii. 6 Brézé, Pierre de, iii. 121 Bribery, parliamentary, its beginnings, vi. 285, 300 Brice's day, St., massacre of, i. 141 Bridgeman, Sir Orlando, vi. 184 Bridgewater, John Egerton, first Earl of, v. 305 Bridgewater, Francis Egerton, third Duke of, viii. 55 Brigham, treaty of, ii. 135 Brihtnoth, ealdorman of East-Anglia, i. 139 Brindley, James, viii. 55, 56 Bristol, its slave-trade, i. 250; surrender to Henry of Lancaster, iii. 18; Protestant martyrs at, iv. 96; trade with Ireland, 282; surrender to Rupert, vi. 12; to the Parliament, 41; prosperity under Walpole, vii. 196 Bristol, George Digby, second Earl of, vi. 221 Britain, its condition under the Romans, i. 29, 30; legions withdrawn from, 31; attacked by Picts, Scots and Saxons, _ib._; becomes England, 39, 138; English conquest of, its peculiar character, 39-44; authorities for, 3 Britain, Great, United Kingdom of, vii. 128 Britanny submits to William the Conqueror, i. 158; war of succession in, ii. 233, 248; coast harried by an English fleet, iii. 16; relations with France and England, 166, 171, 179, 180 Britanny, Anne of, iii. 179, 180 Britanny, John, Duke of, ii. 315 Britons defeated by Jutes in Kent, i. 33; their stubborn resistance, 40-42; alliance with Penda, 66; of Cumbria, defeated by Æthelfrith, 60, 61; by Ecgfrith, 87; of Strathclyde, their struggle with Æthelfrith, 60; submit to Eadward the Elder, 119 Broc, Ranulf de, i. 241 Broglie, General, vii. 264 Brooke, Robert Greville, second Lord, v. 320, 354; vi. 7 Brooklyn, battle of, viii. 24 Brothers of the Pen, iii. 154 Brown, Robert, v. 117 Brown, William, martyr under Mary, iv. 95 Browne, Archbishop of Dublin, iii. 341, 342; iv. 62, 63 Browne, William, his _Pastorals_, v. 304 Brownists, v. 117, 308 Bruce, David, ii. 206; king of Scotland, 210; driven out, 211, 212; goes to France, 213; returns, 214, 229; prisoner, 243; released, 263; dies, 286 Bruce, Edward, ii. 376 Bruce, Robert, claimant of Scotland, ii. 136 Bruce, Robert (Earl of Carrick), ii. 161, 170 Bruce, Robert, grandson of the claimant, ii. 172; kills Comyn of Badenoch, 173; crowned, _ib._; put to flight, 174; character and adventures, 183, 184; his successes, 191-194; disabled by leprosy, 204; acknowledged as king by England, 206; dies, 210 Bruges, negotiations at, ii. 303; gild of St. John at, iii. 154; Caxton at, 155 Brunanburh, battle of, i. 120 Brune, General, viii. 140 Brunswick, Charles William, Duke of, viii. 101 Brunswick, Ferdinand, Prince of, vii. 263, 264, 302 _Brut, Chronicle of the_, Caxton's edition of, iii. 157 _Brut y Tywysogion_, i. 7 Brynglas, battle of, iii. 11, 13 Buchan, Isabel, Countess of, ii. 173 Buchan, constable of, iii. 39 Buchanan, George, v. 124 Buckingham, Henry Stafford, Duke of, iii. 163, 164, 166-168 Buckingham, Edward Stafford, Duke of, iii. 242 Buckingham, George Villiers, first Duke of (_see_ Villiers), v. 208; relations with Bacon, 222, 225; goes with Charles to Madrid, 232; returns, 233; his mastery over James, 235; policy, 236-238; relations with Charles I., 244; failure of his plans, 247; impeached, 250; urges the forced loan, 255; expedition to La Rochelle, 259; slain, 265 Buckingham, George Villiers, second Duke of, vi. 163, 165; in Cabal ministry, 245, 253; negotiations with Lewis, 258; dismissed, 281; committed to the Tower, 288 Bulmer, Lady, iii. 325 Bungay, Friar, iii. 97 Bunker's Hill, battle of, viii. 22 Bunyan, John, v. 103, 104; vi. 262-265; his _Pilgrim's Progress_, 265-267; refuses the Indulgence, vii. 22 Buonaparte, Jerome, viii. 185 Buonaparte, Joseph, viii. 185, 186, 200 Buonaparte, Louis, viii. 185 Buonaparte, Napoleon, viii. 109, 113; campaign in Italy, 122, 123, 125; marches on Vienna, 125; designs on India, 131; conquers Malta and Egypt, 132; campaign in Syria, 141; victory at Aboukir, _ib._; First Consul, 142; victory at Marengo, _ib._; his policy and aims, 146, 147, 158, 168-170. _See_ Napoleon Burdett, Sir Francis, viii. 195 Burford, battle of, i. 96 Burgh, Hubert de, ii. 2-5, 29, 30 Burgh-upon-Sands, Edward I. dies at, ii. 174 "Burghers," i. 315 Burgos, siege of, viii. 200 Burgoyne, General, viii. 25, 26 Burgundy, Philip I., Duke of, ii. 265 Burgundy, Philip II., Duke of, ii. 286; iii. 5, 6, 12, 14 Burgundy, Philip III., Duke of, alliance with Henry V., iii. 35; relations with Brabant, 42, 43, 45; withdraws his troops from siege of Orleans, 46; sells Jeanne d'Arc to the English, 53; joins Charles VII., 56, 122; cedes Picardy to Lewis XI., 122; mediates between Lewis and Edward, _ib._; dies, 130 Burgundy, John, Duke of, iii. 16, 17; relations with England and France, 23, 24, 32; assassinated, 35 Burgundy, Charles the Bold, Duke of. _See_ Charles Burgundy, Mary of, iii. 146, 147, 150, 151, 170 "Burh," the old English, i. 294 Burke, Edmund, vii. 332-337; supports the Declaratory Act, 338; attacks the Chatham ministry, 341; his scheme for reform of the constituencies, viii. 10; his proposals for conciliating America rejected, 20; his bill of Economical Reform, 64, 76; refuses office under Shelburne, 65; attitude towards the French Revolution, 87, 89; share in the impeachment of Hastings, 90; _Reflections_, _ib._; quarrel with Fox, 92, 93; _Appeal from the new to the old Whigs_, 93; supports the government against France, 104; _Letters on a Regicide Peace_, 116; death, 126 Burleigh, William Cecil, Lord (_see_ Cecil), iv. 352; protests against expulsion of Puritan clergy, 342; his tract on _The Execution of Justice_, 5; his ill-will to Spenser, v. 12; death, 63 Burley, Sir Simon, ii. 353 Burnet, Gilbert, vi. 169; bishop of Salisbury, vii. 65; his _History of his own Time_, vi. 157 Burns, Robert, viii. 46 _Burton, Annals of_, i. 273 Burton, John, v. 329 Burton, Thomas, his _Diary_, v. 37 Busaco, battle of, viii. 190 Bute, John Stuart, third Earl of, vii. 302, 303; Prime Minister, 306; policy towards America, 310, 311; fall, 314 Butler, Joseph, vi. 169 Butler, Samuel, vi. 162 Butler, the king's, origin of his office, i. 132 Buttington, battle of, i. 117 Byng, Admiral, vii. 248 Byron, Commodore, vii. 277 "Cabal," the, vi. 246, 303 Cabinet, the, its origin, vi. 303 Cabot, Sebastian, iii. 189; iv. 283, 330 Cade, John, iii. 64-67 Cadiz, Drake's expedition to, iv. 355; English descents on, v. 60, 247; blockaded by an English fleet, vii. 223 Cadwallon, king of the Britons, i. 66, 67 Cædmon, i. 77, 78 Caen sacked by Edward III., ii. 235; stormed by Henry V., iii. 33; university at, 55 Caermarthen besieged by Owen Glyndwr, iii. 14 Caernarvon, castle built at, ii. 121 Cahors, bankers of, ii. 107, 130 Calabria, John, Duke of, iii. 126 Calais besieged by Edward III., ii. 243; surrenders, 244; the six burgesses, 245-247; ceded to Edward, 266; threatened by the French, iii. 69, 70; Warwick repulsed from, 135; won by Guise, iv. 108; restored to France, 158 Calamy, Edmund, v. 354; vi. 157 Calcutta, its origin, vii. 232; the Black Hole of, 261 Calvin, John, iv. 119, 123, 126 Calvinism, system of, iv. 123-126; its political tendency, 171; in Scotland, accepted by Parliament, 187; its establishment sanctioned by Mary Stuart, 245; its growth in England, v. 86-89. _See_ Presbyterianism Calvinists, German, their position after Peace of Passau, v. 176, 177; Scotch, suppress Catholicism by force, iv. 218 Cambray occupied by Philip VI. of France, ii. 219; besieged by Edward III., 220, 228; negotiations at, iv. 145; League of, iii. 206; treaty of, 234 Cambridge, University of, its charters burnt by townsfolk, ii. 324; the New Learning at, iii. 201; Erasmus at, _ib._, 212, 213; resistance to benevolences at, 251; Lutherans at, 262; forced to approve Henry VIII.'s divorce, 292; foreign Protestants at, iv. 51; James II.'s dealings with, vii. 24 Cambridge, Edmund, first Earl of, ii. 287. _See_ York Cambridge, Richard, second Earl of, iii. 30, 56, 57 Cambridge, Richard, third Earl of. _See_ York Camden, Charles Pratt, first Lord, vii. 340; viii. 15 Camden, John Jeffreys Pratt, second Earl, viii. 120. Camden, William, v. 4; his _Life of Elizabeth_, iv. 3. Campeggio, Cardinal, iii. 272, 274, 277 Camperdown, battle of, viii. 127 Campian, Edmund, iv. 318, 320 Campo Formio, treaty of, viii. 125 Camulodunum (Colchester) reduced by East Saxons, i. 35 Canada, French settlement in, vii. 242; Montcalm in, 244; conquered by the English, 269; ceded to England, 307; attacked by America, viii. 23, 203, 204; self-government granted to, 92 Canals, introduction of, viii. 55, 56 Canning, George, viii. 71; Foreign Secretary, 180; his dealings with Denmark, _ib._; Orders in Council, 181; supports rising in Spain, 186, 187; quarrel with Castlereagh, 188, 189; resigns, 189; presses for Catholic emancipation, 195 Canons of 1604, v. 156; Scotch, of 1636, 327 Canterbury, i. 57; archbishopric founded at, 59; becomes ecclesiastical centre of England, 83; sacked by northmen, 142; Theodore's school at, 92; historians of, 243; gild of Thanes at, 299; Walloon refugees at, iv. 51; Protestant martyrs in, 96; Church of Huguenots at, 306 Cape of Good Hope ceded to England, viii. 112 Capel, Arthur, first Lord, vi. 72 Capel, Sir Henry, vi. 301 Capuchins, Order of, founded, iv. 101 Caradoc of Lancarvan, i. 7 Caraffa, Cardinal, iv. 31, 100, 101. _See_ Paul IV. Carcassonne sacked by the Black Prince, ii. 260 Cardigan, Norman conquest of, ii. 48; royal garrisons driven from, 55 Carew, Sir Peter, iv. 82 Carham, battle at, i. 146 Carisbrook Castle, Charles I. prisoner at, vi. 59 Carlisle becomes English, i. 87; granted to see of Lindisfarne, 88; ceded to David of Scotland, 217; invested by the Scots, ii. 160; Mary Stuart at, iv. 261 Carlisle, Merks, deposed Bishop of, iii. 8 Carlisle, Charles Howard, first Earl of, vi. 280 Carlos, Don, son of Philip II. of Spain, iv. 213, 221 Carlowitz, treaty of, vii. 97 Carnot, Lazare, viii. 122 Carolina, Colony of, vi. 259; vii. 236 Caroline of Anspach, wife of George II., vii. 200, 203 Carpenter, General, vii. 183 Carr, Robert. _See_ Rochester, Somerset Carteret, John, second Lord, vii. 222, 223. _See_ Granville Carthagena, Vernon's defeat at, vii. 221 Cartwright, Thomas, iv. 294-296, 342; v. 58, 117 Carucage, i. 350 Casale seized by Lewis XIV., vi. 335 Cashel, synod at, i. 253 Cassel, battles of, ii. 216; vi. 289 Cassano, battle of, viii. 139 Castille, Constance of, second wife of John of Gaunt, ii. 287, 302 Castillon, Talbot defeated at, iii. 71 Castlebar, battle of, viii. 130 Castlemaine, Barbara Palmer, Countess of, vi. 221, 272; vii. 108. _See_ Cleveland. Castlereagh, Robert Stewart, Viscount, arranges the union with Ireland, viii. 153; quarrel with Canning, 188, 189; Foreign Secretary, 197 Cateau-Cambrésis, treaty of, iv. 155, 158, 159, 171 Catesby, Robert, v. 157, 158. Catharine of Aragon marries Arthur Tudor, iii. 186, 187; betrothed to Henry, 187, 188; marries him, 207; opposes the divorce, 269, 270, 276; banished from the palace, 298; her marriage annulled by Convocation, 303; confirmed by Pope and Cardinals, 304 Catharine of Braganza, wife of Charles II., vi. 192 Catharine of France, wife of Henry V., iii. 24, 35, 165 Catharine of Medicis, queen-regent of France, iv. 188; her policy towards the Huguenots, 206-208; treaty with them, 216, 217; with England, 219; meeting with Alva, 225; negotiates with Elizabeth, 297; unites with the Guises against the Huguenots, 299; resumes her policy of toleration, 301 Catharine II., Empress of Russia viii. 84, 85, 95 Catholics, English, their position under Elizabeth, iv. 149, 195, 196; forbidden to join in Common Prayer, 214; fined for recusancy, _ib._; attitude towards Mary Stuart, 220; their scheme for the succession, _ib._, 221; plot against Elizabeth, 266, 267; rise, 268; defeated, 269; attitude towards the Bull of Deposition, 270; persecution of, 308, 309, 319-322; new plots, 350; Philip's and Allen's hopes of, 354; their loyalty, 358, 359; materials for their history, 5; James I. gives them relief, v. 150; begins to persecute them, 156, 157; their plots, 157-159; position under Charles II., vi. 185, 186, 220, 291, 293; excluded from Parliament, 297; admitted to office, etc., by James II., vii. 14, 15; included in his Declaration of Indulgence, 22; position under Walpole, 198; projects for their emancipation, viii. 179, 195, 196; Confederate, v. 366; vi. 15, 16; Irish, Charles I.'s and Wentworth's dealings with, v. 364; their condition in eighteenth century, viii. 33, 34, 117; plans for their emancipation, 119, 120, 152-155 Catinat, Marshal, vii. 75 Cavaliers, v. 372 Cavendish, William, Lord, head of the Country party, vi. 272; takes office, 300; opposes the Exclusion Bill, 308; resigns, 315. _See_ Devonshire. Cavendish's _Life of Wolsey_, iii. 83 Caxton, William, iii. 155-162 Ceadda or Chad, St., i. 73 Ceawlin, king of Wessex, i. 56 Cecil, Richard, viii. 47 Cecil, Robert, his rivalry with Essex, v. 63; treasurer, 172, 173; proposes the "great contract," 179; arranges the marriage of Princess Elizabeth, 210; dies, 185, 211 Cecil, William, iv. 139-141; his political standpoint, 141-143, 150; advises Elizabeth to announce her accession to the Pope, 155; his share in her Scottish policy, 173, 176, 259; policy in Ireland, 240; demands a Protestant alliance and the surrender of Mary, 263; dealings with Norfolk, 266, 274. _See_ Burleigh Cedd, brother of Ceadda, i. 74 Centwine, king of Wessex, i. 89 Cenwealh, king of Wessex, i. 87 Cenwulf, king of Mercia, i. 98, 101 Ceolfrid, founder of Jarrow, i. 91 Ceolred, king of Mercia, i. 90 Ceolwulf, king of Northumbria, i. 91 Ceorl, the English, i. 11 Cerdic, king of the West Saxons, i. 34, 49 Ceylon acquired by England, viii. 112 Chad, St. _See_ Ceadda Chalgrove Field, fight at, vi. 10 Châlus, Richard I. slain at, i. 267 Champeaux, William of, i. 285 Chancellor, Richard, iv. 282 Chancellor, the, i. 206; his equitable jurisdiction, 256; ii. 112, 113; right of appointing, claimed for Great Council, ii. 38; made responsible to Permanent Council, 61; his woolsack, 226; of an university, i. 291, 292 Chancery, Court of, ii. 113 Chandos, Sir John, ii. 249 Chapel, the Royal, clerks of, i. 206 Chapman, George, v. 3, 42 Charford, battle of, i. 34 Charles (I.), son of James I., schemes for his marriage, v. 211-214, 227, 230; goes to Madrid, 231, 232; returns, 233; his character, 234; marriage, 238, 241; king, 242; his policy, 243-245; quarrel with Parliament of 1625, 246, 247; with Parliament of 1626, 249, 250, 253; demands a benevolence, 253; levies a forced loan, 254; dismisses Crewe, _ib._; relations with France, 256-258; with the Parliament of 1628, 260-263; defends Buckingham, 264; rejects the Avowal, 269; dissolves Parliament again, 270, 272; his plans of personal government, 273; peace policy, 274, 275; relations with Gustavus Adolphus, 275, 276; financial measures, 276-280; grants a charter to Massachusetts, 311; position in 1635, 315, 316; consults the judges about ship-money, 323; dealings with Scotland, 325-328, 330-334; gathers an army, 337; pacification with the Scots, _ib._; summons Wentworth home, 338; relations with Richelieu, _ib._, 339; negotiates with the Scots, 342; summons Parliament again, 343; relations with Montrose, 359; assents to Strafford's attainder, 361; to perpetuation of the Parliament, 362; goes to Scotland, 363; his promises to the Irish, 364; returns to London, 367; attempt to seize the five members, 373-375; withdraws from London, 376; levies forces by commissions of array, 377; shut out from Hull, 378; goes to York, _ib._; raises his standard at Nottingham, vi. 2; goes to Shrewsbury, _ib._; defeated at Edgehill, 3; goes to Oxford, _ib._; besieges Gloucester, 13; negotiations in Ireland, 15, 16; successes in 1644, 22; marches on London, 23; defeated at Newbury, 24; returns to Oxford, _ib._; negotiates with the Parliament, 38; storms Leicester and relieves Chester, _ib._; routed at Naseby, 40, 41; treaty with the Irish, 42; goes to the Scotch camp, 46; refuses the Parliament's terms, 48; given up to it by the Scots, 49; seized by the army, 53; negotiates with the army, 55-57; escapes, 58; recaptured, 59; negotiates with parliament and the Scots, _ib._, 63; again seized by the army, 65; trial, 67; death, 68; authorities for his reign, v. 72 Charles II. recognized by Holland as king of England, vi. 70; proclaimed in Scotland, 71; invited to Ireland, _ib._; his experiences in Scotland, 82; crowned at Scone, _ib._; invades England, 83; defeated at Worcester, 84; flies to France, _ib._; issues a declaration from Breda, 152; returns to England, _ib._; his scientific tastes, 165; character, 173-177; policy, 177-180; forms an army, 182, 183; his position in England, 184; ecclesiastical aims, 185, 186; foreign relations, 187, 192; marriage, 192; first ministry, 193; dealings with the regicides, 195; relations with Clarendon, 213-215, 221; issues a Declaration of Indulgence, 219; policy in Holland, 228, 229; refuses to dissolve Parliament, 241, 254; banishes Clarendon, 243; his new ministry, 245; attitude towards toleration, 252, 259; project for establishing Catholicism, 256; treaties with Lewis, 257, 258; issues second Declaration of Indulgence, 262; withdraws it, 273; relations with Shaftesbury, 275; makes peace with the Dutch, 281; makes another treaty with Lewis, 287; negotiations with Lewis, 291; position after peace of Nimeguen, _ib._, 293; attitude during the Popish plot. 297; plan for the succession of James, 307; struggle with Shaftesbury, 311-313, 321; recalls James, 315; resists the Exclusion, 321; dissolves the Parliament, 322; turns again to France, _ib._, 323; action in 1681, 323, 324; persecutes Nonconformists, recalls James, and arrests Monmouth, 335; his triumph, vii. 1; policy in his last years, 2; dealings with the towns, 3; increases his Guards, 4; sickness, _ib._; death, 5; authorities for his reign, vi. 157, 158 Charles IV., emperor, ii. 236, 348 Charles (V.), son of Philip of Austria, iii. 208; relations with England and France, 232, 233; king of Spain, 234; treaties with Francis I., _ib._; emperor, 240; visits England, 241; betrothed to Mary, 242; war with Francis, _ib._; league with Henry VIII. and the Pope, 243; successes in Italy, 244, 248, 250; treachery to Henry and Wolsey, 248, 249; new alliance with Henry, 250; expels Luther, 254; marriage, 266; relations with Lutherans, 275; proposes alliance with France against Henry, 336; his religious policy, iv. 18, 19; proposes a general council, 20; defeated in Hungary and Algiers, 24; attacked by Francis, _ib._; alliance with Henry, 27; failure of his plans of reunion, 30-32; treaty with France, 32; attacks the League of Schmalkald, 36; victory at Muhlberg, 50; policy towards Protestants, 51; persecutes them, 58; ruin of his plans, 65; treaty with Lutherans, _ib._; relations with Mary Tudor, 79, 80; abdicates, 98 Charles III., king of Spain, vii. 126, 131; emperor (Charles VI.) 142, 199, 200, 220 Charles VII., emperor, vii. 223, 225 Charles IV., king of France, ii. 197, 198, 208 Charles (V.) of France, duke of Normandy, ii. 264, 265; king, 281, 282, 285, 288 Charles VI., king of France, iii. 5, 26, 35, 39 Charles (VII.), Dauphin, iii. 26, 39, 46, 48; crowned, 52; received in Paris, 56; Le Mans surrendered to, 62; regains Normandy, _ib._; conquers Guienne, 68, 69 Charles VIII., king of France, iii. 170; annexes Britanny, 179, 180; treaty with Henry VIII., 180; invades Italy, 186, 206 Charles IX., king of France, iv. 188, 298, 299, 301 Charles the Bad, king of Navarre, ii. 258, 259 Charles II., king of Spain, vii. 90, 98 Charles IV., king of Spain, viii. 185 Charles XII., king of Sweden, vii. 183, 188, 189 Charles the Bald, king of the West Franks, i. 209. Charles the Simple, king of the West Franks, i. 155 Charles of Blois. _See_ Blois Charles the Bold, Count of Charolais, iii. 122, 125, 127, 128; duke of Burgundy, 130; league with Edward, _ib._; marries Margaret of York, 131; negotiates with the Lancastrians, 140; helps Edward, 141; attacks Lewis again, 145; his German possessions, 146; alliance with the emperor, _ib._, 147; with England, 148; besieges Neuss, _ib._, 149; slain, 150 Charlestown, capture of, viii. 32 Charmouth, battle of, i. 103 Charter of Henry I., i. 198, 340, 341; of Stephen, 216; the Great, 348-352; provisions for its execution, 353; annulled by the Pope, 354; reissued under Henry III., ii. 1, 3; Langton's care for, 6; confirmed by Henry, _ib._, 34; Archbishop Peckham's appeal to, 118; confirmed by Edward I., 165, 166, 170; of the Forest, 165, 166, 170 Charter-house, the, in London, ii. 253; its martyrs, iii. 320; v. 77 Château-Gaillard, i. 265, 266 Châtillon, Coligni, Cardinal of, iv. 207 Chatham, William Pitt, first earl of (_see_ Pitt), vii. 340, 341; withdraws from public life, viii. 3; from the ministry, 6; proposes reform of the House of Commons, 9; strives to avert war with America, 20, 26; recalled to office, 29; death, 30 Chaucer, Geoffrey, his early life, ii. 358, 359; early poems, 359-361; offices, person, temper, 362, 363; home at Westminster, 366; _Canterbury Tales_, 361, 363-366; Caxton's edition of, iii. 157 Chauntries, suppression of, iv. 34, 54 Cheke, Sir John, iv. 134 Cherbourg, Henry of Lancaster at, ii. 259, 260; held by England, 316; surrendered to Navarre, 368; to Charles VII., iii. 62 Cheshire, royalist rising in, vi. 150 Chester, march of the West Saxons on, i. 38, 56; conquered by Æthelfrith, 60, 61; by William, 169; raid of Llewelyn ap Gruffydd on, ii. 85; blockade of, vi. 38 Chester, Ranulf, earl of, i. 345, 347; ii. 5 Chesterfield, defeat of the Disinherited at, ii. 87 Chesterfield, Philip Dormer Stanhope, fourth earl of, vii. 170, 203, 226, 249 "Chevy Chase," iii. 182 Chichester, Stephen Berksted, Bishop of, ii. 71 Chichester, Adam Moleyns, Bishop of, murdered, iii. 63 Chichester, Sir Arthur, v. 287, 288 Child, Sir Josiah, vi. 169 Chili conquered by Spain, iv. 329 Chillingworth, William, vi. 134-137 Chinon, Henry II. dies at, i. 258; Charles VII. and Jeanne d'Arc at, iii. 48 Chippenham, northmen at, i. 106 Chippewa, battle of, viii. 204 Chivalry, influence of, ii. 94 Chotusitz, battle of, vii. 223 "Christian Brethren," iii. 262 Christianity brought to England, i. 57; progress in Kent, Essex, and East Anglia, 59; reaction against, 65; its struggle with heathenism, _ib._, 66, 70-73 Christina, sister of Eadgar the Ætheling, i. 199 _Chronica Angliæ_, ii. 177 _Chronicle, the English_, i. 3-6, 115, 173, 203, 221, 278 _Chronicle of Queen Jane_, iv. 3 _Chronicon Scotorum_, i. 8 Church, English, its foundation, i. 57-59; organized by Theodore, 81-84; its parish system, 84; share in resistance to the Danes, 145; William the Conqueror's dealings with, 187, 188; the Red King's, 193; decline of its political influence, 222; revival during the anarchy, 224; Henry II.'s dealings with, 235-237, 253; relation of universities to, 292; condition in early thirteenth century, ii. 7, 8; its political teaching, 23; beginnings of resistance to the Papacy, 27; Edward I.'s policy towards, 118, 119; papal demands on its revenues, etc., 222, 223; under Edward III., relations with the Papacy, 273-275; its wealth, 294; despoiled by Pope and King, 296; threatened in Parliament, 301; proposals to confiscate its property, iii. 15, 21; condition during Wars of the Roses, 96, 97; reform of, demanded by Parliament, 290; Henry VIII.'s dealings with, 296, 297, 301, 302; Thomas Cromwell's dealings with, 295, 310-312; spoliation of, under Henry VIII., iv. 13; condition at Cromwell's fall, 14, 15; spoliation under Edward VI., 66; demands for restoration of its property, 102, 103; Hooker's influence on, v. 113; Puritan demands for its reform, 118; the Long Parliament's dealings with, 352-355; Oliver Cromwell's dealings with, vi. 111; settlement after the Restoration, 199, 208-210; James II.'s dealings with, vii. 18, 19, 24; effects of the Revolution on, 63-66; condition under the Georges, 169-172; revival in, 205-211; viii. 46; Irish, its missionary zeal, i. 68, 69; later character, i. 80; relations with the English Church, 250; English and Irish divisions, iii. 338, 339; accepts the King's Supremacy, 339, 340; rejects religious change, 341; condition under Elizabeth, iv. 314, 315; Roman, its revival under Paul IV., iv. 99; position at the accession of Pius V., 249; of Scotland, Presbyterian. _See_ Kirk Churchill, Arabella, vii. 107, 108 Churchill, John, vii. 107-109; his victory at Sedgemoor, 11, 109; deserts James II., 42. _See_ Marlborough. Cinque Ports support party of Montfort, ii. 70, 85, 86; their commerce, iv. 279; Flemish exiles in, 305, 323; mariners of, their victory off Dover, ii. 3; their fights with the French, 141, 142; iii. 7 Cissa, king of the South Saxons, i. 34 Cistercians settle in England, i. 222; their wool, 350; ii. 107 Ciudad Rodrigo stormed, viii. 199 Clair-on-Epte, treaty of, i. 155 Clare submits to the English, iii. 329 Clare, Richard, first Earl of, ii. 48 Clare, Richard, sixth Earl of, i. 343 Clare, Richard of (Strongbow), i. 252 Clarence, George, Duke of, intrigues with Warwick, iii. 133; marries his daughter, 134; revolts, _ib._, 135; relations with Edward and Warwick, 137, 138, 141, 142; impeachment and death, 163 Clarence, Lionel, Duke of, ii. 264, 293, 302 Clarence, Thomas, Duke of, iii. 24, 26, 36 Clarendon, Assize of, i. 238; Constitutions of, 235; Council of, _ib._ Clarendon, Edward Hyde, first Earl of (_see_ Hyde), vi. 193; Lord Chancellor, _ib._, 205; his political theory, 205-207; his foreign policy, 213-215; relations with Charles II., 221; advises a dissolution, 241; banished, 243; his _History of the Rebellion_, v. 72; _Life_, vi. 157 Clarendon, Edward Hyde, second Earl of, vii. 20, 76 Clark, John, iii. 262 Clarkson, Thomas, viii. 48 Clement IV., Pope, ii. 18 Clement V., Pope, ii. 172 Clement VI., Pope, ii. 229, 236 Clement VII., Pope, iii. 249; prisoner, 269; escapes, 272; dealings with Henry VIII.'s divorce, 271, 272, 274, 275, 277, 278; threatens Henry with excommunication, 302; annuls Cranmer's proceedings, 304; refuses to hold a Council, iv. 20 Clement VIII., Pope, iv. 372 Clément, Jacques, iv. 368 Clergy, their privileges, i. 234; attacked by Henry II., 235-237; papal demands on, ii. 27, 28, 42, 222; relations with Edward I., 118, 120, 163; summoned to Parliament, 157; cease to attend, 158; strife of regular and secular, 295; bondage to Pope and king, _ib._, 296; decay of their moral influence, 296, 297; excluded from state offices, 302; attacked by John of Gaunt and Wyclif, 308; decline of their influence, iii. 96, 97; Wolsey's struggle with, 246; Thomas Cromwell's policy towards, 295; charged with breach of Præmunire, 296; submission, 297; their enslavement, 301, 302, 311, 312; allowed to marry, iv. 49; their five articles of 1559, 156, 157; Elizabeth's dealings with, 161, 162; their position and character in her reign, 302-304; growth of Puritanism among, 340; v. 89, 90; required to subscribe all the Articles, 156; struggle with James II., vii. 18, 19, 24, 30; condition under the Georges, 171, 172; character in the eighteenth century, viii. 47; Puritan, expelled, iv. 342; v. 156; Laud's dealings with, 295-297; their final expulsion, vi. 209; its results, 210-213; their sufferings, 222, 223 Cleveland, Barbara Palmer, duchess of (_see_ Castlemaine), vi. 175 Cleves, quarrel about, v. 178 _Clericis Laicos_, bull, ii. 163 Clifford, Thomas, eighth Lord, iii. 74 Clifford, John, ninth Lord, iii. 78 Clifford, Sir Thomas (first Lord Clifford of Chudleigh), commissioner of the Treasury, vi. 245, 261; Lord Treasurer, 271; resigns, 274 Clinton, Sir Henry, viii. 32 Clive, Robert, vii. 233; seizes Arcot, 235; victory at Plassey, 261, 262 Clonmell stormed by Cromwell, vi. 79 Closter-Seven, Convention of, vii. 249, 262 Clydesdale, persecution of Catholics in, iv. 218 Cnihtenagild at Aldgate, i. 223, 299 Cnut, king of Denmark, i. 143; of England, 143-147 Cnut II., king of Denmark, i. 189 Coal, discovery of, viii. 56, 57 Coalition ministry, the, viii. 65-69 Cobham, Eleanor, iii. 43, 58, 97 Cobham, Edward Brooke, Lord, iii. 69 Cobham, John Oldcastle, Lord (_see_ Oldcastle), iii. 20, 23, 26, 28 Coinage, new, under Edward I., ii. 119; debasement of, under Henry VIII., iv. 35; under Edward VI., 57, 66; reform of, under William III., vii. 89 Coggeshall, Ralph of, i. 174 Coke, Sir Edward, v. 202, 248, 263 Colchester (Camulodunum) reduced by East Saxons, i. 35; Protestant martyrs of, iv. 144; siege of, vi. 61; surrender, 64 Colchester, Thomas Beche, abbot of, hanged, iii. 350 Coleman, Edward, vi. 293, 295, 298 Coleridge, Samuel Taylor, viii. 135 Colet, John, his theology, iii. 191, 192; lectures at Oxford, 192; Dean of St. Paul's, 197; founds school, 200; address to Convocation, 202, 203; charged with heresy, 203; protected by Warham and Henry, 204; protests against war, 210 Colepepper, Sir John, v. 375, 378 Colgan's _Lives of Irish Saints_, i. 8 Coligni, Admiral, iv. 209, 216, 299 Colman, bishop of Lindisfarne, i. 79, 80 Columba, St., i. 69; Adamnan's _Life of_, 8 Columban, St., i. 68 Commendation, system of, i. 133, 321 Commerce. _See_ Trade Commines, Philippe de, his comments on England, iii. 85, 107 Commission, Court of High, established, iv. 216; its new powers in 1583, 340; Laud's use of, v. 295; its civil jurisdiction abolished, 363; restored, vii. 18; dissolved, 39 Committee of Public Safety, vi. 1, 13; of the Two Kingdoms, 17 Commonalty, scheme for its representation, ii. 61, 73 Commons, the, summoned to Parliament, ii. 73, 153, 154; their right to share in all legislative action established, 196, 202; House of, fully constituted, 203; petitions against papal encroachments, 225; its advance under Edward III., 231, 232, 298; shrinks from meddling with administration, 299; increasing share in legislation, 301; resists John of Gaunt's demands, 303; its action in the Good Parliament, 305; in Parliament of 1377, 311, 312; struggle with Richard II., 370; demands confiscation of Church lands, iii. 15, 21; changes in its character during Wars of the Roses, 99; struggle with Wolsey, 245; petition to Henry, VIII., 290; first detailed account of its proceedings, iv. 5; opposes Northumberland's policy, 66; struggle with Elizabeth, 238, 239; advance under her, v. 56, 57; relations with James I., 154, 155, 160-163, 179-182; action in Parliament of 1621, 221, 222, 224, 225; in that of 1625, 245-247; in that of 1626, 250, 253; draws up the Petition of Right, 260; action in 1640, 340; resolves on the trial of Charles I., vi. 66; abolishes Monarchy, 68; sets up a Commonwealth, _ib._; passes the Exclusion Bill, 319; rejects the Securities Bill, 320; impeaches Fitzharris, 323; its sovereignty, vii. 80; position under William, III., 81; relations with Marlborough, 123; the Whigs' management of, 176; proposals for its reform, viii. 9, 10, 63, 67, 75, 76, 195; adopts Catholic emancipation, viii. 196. _See_ Parliament Commonwealth established in England, vi. 68, 69; proclaimed in London, 73 "Commune," the, in towns, i. 318; ii. 69 Companies, trading, v. 161 Compiègne, Jeanne d'Arc taken prisoner at, iii. 53 "Complaint of the Commons of Kent," iii. 65, 66 Comprehension Bill, vii. 63 Compton, Bishop of London, vii. 18, 19, 28, 35 Compurgation, i. 239, 313 Comyn, John, regent of Scotland, ii. 170, 171 Comyn, John, of Badenoch, ii. 173 Condé, Louis I., Prince of, iv. 188, 209, 264, 267 Condé, Louis II., Prince of, vi. 190 Congregation, Lords of the, their relations with Mary of Guise, iv. 168; occupy Edinburgh, 169; relations with Elizabeth, 170-174; treaty with Francis and Mary, 176; rise against Mary, 245, 246 Congress, the first American, vii. 330; at Philadelphia, viii. 19, 20, 22 Connaught conquered by the English, iii. 329; Wentworth's dealings with, v. 364, 365 Connecticut, first settlement of, v. 319, 320; refuses to join in war against England, viii. 203 Conquereux, battle of, i. 212 Conservators of the Peace, ii. 123 Consilt, battle of, ii. 54 Constable, Sir Robert, iii. 325 Constable, the king's, origin of his office, i. 132 Constance of Britanny, i. 247, 260 Constantine, king of Scots, i. 119, 120 Constantinople captured by the Turks, iii. 189; English exiles at, i. 167 "Constitutional Clubs," viii. 95, 100 Constitutions of Clarendon, i. 235 Contades, General, vii. 264 Continental System, viii. 175, 176; its results, 177 Contract, the Great, v. 179 Convention of 1660, vi. 152; declares itself a Parliament, 194; of 1689, vii. 44-47; becomes a Parliament, 60; the Constituent, vi. 94-98; the French, viii. 101; Scottish, of 1659, vi. 150; of 1689, vii. 51. _See_ Parliament Convocation, provincial, of the clergy, ii. 158; its legislative power taken away, iii. 301, 307; of 1413, iii. 20; of 1512, Colet's address to, 202, 203; of 1531, 296, 297; of 1532, 301; of 1533, 303; of 1604, its canons, v. 156; of 1689, vii. 63; of Perth, ii. 171 Conway, castle built at, ii. 121; captured by Owen Glyndwr, iii. 10; recovered by Percy, 11 Cook, Captain, vii. 278 Cooper, Anthony Ashley, vi. 95; his early life, 215, 216; attacks Cromwell's memory, 148; advises the return of excluded members of the Rump, 151; Chancellor of the Exchequer, 194. _See_ Ashley Cope, Sir John, vii. 228 Copenhagen, battle of, viii. 163; bombardment of, 180 Copper, export of, from Cornwall, iv. 279 Copy-holders, i. 323 Corfe, Eadward the Martyr slain at, i. 139 Cormac's _Glossary_, i. 8 Cornwal, John, ii. 357 Cornwall conquered by Ecgberht, i. 102; Royalist rising in, vi. 5, 6; tin-mines in, i. 30; ii. 107; export of tin from, iv. 279; of copper, _ib._; West Welsh of, become vassals of Æthelstan, i. 120 Cornwall, Henry, Earl of, i. 345 Cornwall, Richard, Earl of. _See_ Richard Cornwallis, Charles, second earl and first marquis, captures Charlestown, viii. 32; surrenders at York Town, _ib._; Lord Lieutenant of Ireland, 130, 138; victories in India, 131 Coronation-stone, the Scottish, ii. 162 Coroners, i. 264; ii. 149 Corresponding Society, viii. 106 Cortes, Hernan, iv. 329 Corunna, Drake's descent on, iv. 355; siege of, 367, 368; battle of, viii. 187 Cotentin, the, conquered by William Longsword, i. 155; ceded to Robert by Henry I., 201 Cotton, Bartholomew de, i. 274 Cotton, manufacture of, viii. 53, 59, 193 Council of Agitators, vi. 52; the Continual, ii. 114, 353; iii. 22, 23; the Great, i. 256, 351; changes in its character after Norman Conquest, ii. 144; its importance under Henry II., 144, 145; powers over taxation recognised by the Great Charter, 145; mode of summons to, 146; its composition under Henry III., _ib._; claim to appoint ministers, 38; demands for reform, 45; its assembly regulated by Provisions of Oxford, 61; becomes Parliament, 156; the King's, i. 256; its later developements, ii. 112; criminal jurisdiction, iii. 178; position under the Tudors, v. 186, 187; set aside by James I., 187; character after the Restoration, vi. 303; reorganized by Temple, _ib._, 304; of Nine, ii. 275; of the North, v. 285, 363; of Officers, vi. 49, 52, 64, 65; its plan for a new Parliament, 74; forces Richard Cromwell to dissolve Parliament, 149; Permanent, of Fifteen, ii. 61; the Privy, i. 256; of State, under the Commonwealth, vi. 72; broken up, 91; new one formed, 94; new, named by the Convention, 99; its organization, 100 Councils, Church, their political results, i. 84, 224; Occasional, called by Edward III., ii. 292, 299; Provincial, of 1282, 120 Counties, restriction of franchise in, iii. 101, 102 County court (shire-court), preserved by William I., i. 185, 186; towns represented in, ii. 73; its composition and functions, 149; principle of representation in, _ib._, 150; election of knights of the shire in, 151, 152 Country Party, the, vi. 272, 298 Courcy, John de, ii. 374 Courtenay, Bishop of London, ii. 309; Archbishop of Canterbury, 339-341, 346 Coutras, battle of, iv. 355 Covenant, the Scottish, iv. 115, 116; renewed in 1638, v. 333; taken by the English Parliament, vi. 14, 16, 17; forced on the army, 50; taken by the Convention of 1660, 152; burnt in Westminster Hall, 204 Coventry, Parliament at, iii. 75; Mary Stuart imprisoned at, iv. 269 Coventry, Sir William, vi. 245, 272 Coverdale, Miles, iii. 334 Cowell, John, v. 169 Cowley, Abraham, vi. 165 Cowling Castle, headquarters of the Lollards, iii. 20, 27 Cowper, William, Lord Keeper, vii. 125; chancellor, 175 Cowper, William, poet, viii. 46 Cox, Richard, iv. 119 Crabbe, George, viii. 46 Craft-gilds, i. 316-318 Craggs, Secretary of State, vii. 192 Cranfield, Lord Treasurer, v. 229, 236 Cranmer, Thomas, iii. 272; supports the king's divorce, 291; proposes an appeal to the universities, _ib._; Archbishop of Canterbury, 303; crowns Anne Boleyn, _ib._; tenders the oath of allegiance to More, 318, 319; attitude towards Lutheranism, 336; opposes persecution, 346; drifts into Protestantism, iv. 48, 59, 127; welcomes foreign refugees, 51; his view of Episcopacy, 60; remonstrates against Edward's "plan" for the succession, 70; sent to the Tower, 75; tried for treason, _ib._; his political position, 103, 104; share in the English Liturgy, 103; convicted of heresy, 104; death, 105; Strype's _Life of_, 3 Crécy, battle of, ii. 237-239 Cremona, battle of, vii. 118 Crépy, treaty of, iv. 32, 33 Creton's _History of Richard II._, ii. 179 Crewe, Chief Justice, v. 254 Crompton, Samuel, viii. 60 Cromwell, Henry, vi. 109 Cromwell, Oliver, his youth, v. 103; vi. 24, 25; alleged scheme of emigration, v. 320; share in Association of the Eastern Counties, vi. 8; at Marston Moor, 19, 22; quarrel with Manchester at Newbury, 24; his person, 25; regiment, 26; temper, 27; relations with Dissidents, 33, 36; his policy, 34; victory at Naseby, 40, 41; pleads for religious liberty, 44, 45; resigns his command, 53; rejoins the army, _ib._; negotiates with the king, 57; opposes the ordinance against heresy, 60; besieges the royalists in Pembroke, 61, 162; victory at Preston, 62; marches into Scotland, _ib._; charged with treason, 63; suppresses a revolt of the army, 75; campaign in Ireland, 76, 77, 79; returns, 79; Lord-General, _ib._; invades Scotland, _ib._; victory at Dunbar, 80; occupies Edinburgh, 82; victory at Worcester, 84; supports the demand for a new Parliament, 87; drives out the Rump, 90, 91; resigns his power to the Convention, 95; his political and social views, 97, 98; Protector, 100, 102; his administration, 103; quarrel with the Parliament of 1654, 102, 103, 105; his military despotism, 106-108; settlement of Scotland, 108, 109; of Ireland, 109, 110; of England, 111, 112; foreign policy, 114-117; struggle with Parliament of 1655, 119; the Crown offered to, _ib._, 120; refuses it, 121, 122; inaugurated as Protector, 122; successes abroad, 123, 124; failure at home, 125; his theory of the Christian State, 127, 128; failing health, 143; his "House of Lords," 144; dissolves the Parliament, 145; last illness, 146; death, 147; his corpse outraged, 201; authorities for his history, v. 73 Cromwell, Richard, vi. 147, 149 Cromwell, Thomas, his early life, iii. 282, 283; relations with Wolsey, 283-285; counsel to Henry about the divorce, 285; his policy, 294, 295; Lord Privy Seal, 304; Vicar-General, 306; dealings with the monasteries, 310, 311; with the clergy, 311, 312; his reign of terror, 312-315; temper, 315, 316; relations with the nobles, 321, 322; reform of religion, 333; Church policy in Ireland, 341, 342; orders removal of images, 343; dealings with Parliament, iv. 8, 9; last struggle, iii. 347-351; fall and death, 352; results of his policy, iv. 7-14 Crotoy relieved by Talbot, iii. 56 Crowland, i. 86; burnt by northmen, 104; Chronicle of, ii. 179, 180 Croys, the, iii. 122, 125 Crusades, their effect on learning, i. 282; of Richard I., 261; of Edward I., ii. 90; Henry IV.'s project of, iii. 25; Henry V.'s, 36, 38 Cuba conquered by England, vii. 307; restored to Spain, _ib._ Cudworth, Ralph, vi. 169 Culloden, battle of, vii. 230 Cumberland, William, Duke of, vii. 227, 230, 248, 251 Cumberland, Henry Clifford, first Earl of, iii. 323 Cumberland, Henry Clifford, second Earl of, iv. 162 Cumberland, George Clifford, third Earl of, iv. 353, 358 Cumbria, British kingdom of, i. 60; conquered by Ecgfrith, 87; by Eadmund, 123; granted to Malcolm, king of Scots, _ib._ Cup-thegn (butler), i. 132 "Customs" of the realm, i. 235 Customs duties, Edward I.'s, ii. 107, 164, 172, 189; granted to Edward IV. for life, 89, 152; new, imposed by James I., v. 172; granted to Charles I. for a year only, 246 Cuthbert, St., i. 74-76, 87, 88 Cuthwulf, king of the West Saxons, i. 37 Cynric, king of the West Saxons, i. 34, 49 Dacres, William, third Lord, iv. 162 Dacres, Leonard, iv. 269 Dægsastan, battle of, i. 60 Dalaber, Anthony, iii. 262 Dalrymple, John, Master of Stair, vii. 52, 53 Danby, Thomas Osborne, Earl of, Lord Treasurer, vi. 282; his policy, 282-286; duped by Charles, 287; his bill for the security of the Church, 288; foreign policy, 289, 290; impeached, 299; dismissed, 300; released from the Tower, vii. 2; warns William against James II., 28; signs the invitation to William, 35; prepares for a rising, 37; raises Yorkshire, 41; his policy in the Convention of 1689, 46; Lord President, 67 Danegeld, i. 186, 207, 216, 350; ii. 104 Danelaw, the, i. 107; its struggle with Ælfred, 116, 117; subdued by Eadmund, 120; rises against Eadred, 123; final submission, _ib._, 124; Dunstan's policy towards, 137 Danes. _See_ Northmen Daniel, poet and historian, v. 4, 35 Darcy, Thomas, Lord (of Aston), iii. 323-325 Darien, colony of, vii. 89 Darnley, Henry Stuart, Lord, iv. 220, 221; marries Mary Stuart, 224; quarrels with her, 227; share in Rizzio's murder, 228; dissolves Parliament, 229; reconciled to Mary, _ib._; plots against him, 242, 243; death, 244 Dartford, peasant revolt at, ii. 319 Dartmouth, Breton descent on, iii. 16; Warwick and Clarence land at, 138 Dartmouth, George Legge, first Lord, vii. 77 Daun, General, vii. 263, 302 Davenant, Sir William, v. 303 David I., king of Scots, i. 217; ii. 133; his Laws, ii. 171 David II., king of Scots. _See_ Bruce David of Scotland, Earl of Huntingdon, ii. 134, 136 David, brother of Llewelyn ap Gruffydd, ii. 119, 121 Davies, Sir John, v. 303 Davison, Secretary of State, iv. 352 Dean, Forest of, iron-mines in, i. 30 Deane, General, vi. 108 Debt, the National, vii. 87 "Defenders," viii. 119 Deira, kingdom of, i. 36; conquered by Bernicians, 52, 53; submits to Oswald, 67; to Penda, 71. _See_ Northumbria Dekker, Thomas, v. 42 Delaware, colony of, vii. 236 Denham, Sir John, vi. 325 Denmark, its monarchy founded, i. 128; relations with Sweden and Hanover, vii. 188, 189; joins leagues against England, viii. 162, 180; its fleet captured, 180, 181 Deorham, battle of, i. 38, 61 Derby, one of the Five Boroughs, i. 117; conquered by Æthelflæd, 118; Charles Edward at, vii. 228 Derby, Henry Plantagenet I., Earl of, ii. 234, 235, 243 Derby, Henry Plantagenet III., Earl of, ii. 353 Derby, Henry III. of Lancaster, Earl of. _See_ Henry IV. (king). Derby, Edward Stanley, third Earl of, iv. 267, 269 Derby, William Stanley, ninth Earl of, vii. 23 Derby, Earls of. _See_ Ferrars. Derbyshire, lead mines in, ii. 107 D'Erlon, General, viii. 208, 209 Dermod, king of Leinster, i. 251, 252 Derry, colonisation of, v. 289 Derwentwater, James Radcliffe, third Earl of, vii. 184 Desmond, Gerald Fitzmaurice (or Fitzgerald), fifteenth Earl of, iv. 315, 316 Desmond, James Fitzgerald, seventeenth Earl of, v. 62 Despenser, Hugh, justiciar, ii. 64, 66, 87 Despenser, Hugh, the elder, ii. 194, 198. Despenser, Hugh, the younger, ii. 194, 195, 199 Dettingen, battle of, vii. 224 Devon rises against William. I., i. 168; against Somerset, iv. 55; secured by Prince Maurice for Charles I., vi. 13; rising in, under Monmouth, vii. 9 Devonshire, William Cavendish, fourth Earl of (_see_ Cavendish), vii. 28; signs the invitation to William III., 35; prepares for a rising, 37; heads the rising in the Midlands, 41 Devonshire, Thomas Courtenay, fifth Earl of, iii. 69 Devonshire, Thomas Courtenay, sixth Earl of, ii. 80 Devon, Edward Courtenay, Earl of, iv. 78 D'Ewes, Sir Symonds, iv. 5; v. 72 D'Eyvill, John, ii. 84 Dieppe burnt by the English fleet, i. 333 Digby, Sir Everard, v. 159 Digby, Sir Kenelm, vi. 168 Digges, Sir Dudley, v. 251, 253 Dioceses, English, origin of their limits, i. 82, 83; organized by Theodore, 83 Directory, the French, viii. 113 "Disinherited," the, ii. 84, 86-89 "Dissidence," growth of, vi. 30-32 D'Oillis, the, i. 284 Domesday Book, i. 186 Domfront taken by Henry V., iii. 33 Dominic, St., ii. 9 Dominicans (Black Friars) come to England, ii. 11 Domrémy, home of Jeanne d'Arc, iii. 46 Donne, John, v. 303 Dorset, risings in, i. 168; vii. 9 Dorset, John Beaufort, Marquis of (Earl of Somerset), iii. 7 Dorset, Thomas Grey, second Marquis of, iii. 209 Dorset, Thomas Sackville, first Earl of, v. 22 Dorset, Charles Sackville, sixth Earl of, vii. 23 Douay, English college at, iv. 307; Oxford refugees at, 317 Douglas, Archibald, fourth Earl of, iii. 13, 14, 39 Douglas, Sir Archibald, Regent of Scotland, ii. 211 Douglas, James, ii. 184, 204, 205, 210 Douglas, house of, their struggle with the Scot kings, iii. 184 Dover, tumult at, in 1051, i. 152; resists Lewis of France, 355; ii. 2; surrenders to Henry III., 83; treaty of, vi. 257 Dowdall, Archbishop of Armagh, iv. 62 D'Oysel, French ambassador in Scotland, iv. 173 Drake, Francis, his voyage round the world, iv. 333, 334; expedition to the Spanish Main, 349; to Cadiz and Corunna, 355; in the fleet against the Armada, 361, 362; expedition to Lisbon, 367 Drama, English, its beginnings, v. 20-22; developement under Elizabeth, 22-24; after the Restoration, vi. 163, 164 Drayton's _Polyolbion_, v. 35 Dreux captured by Henry V., iii. 36; battle of, iv. 210 Drogheda, massacre at, vi. 76, 77 Dryden, Sir Erasmus, vi. 325 Dryden, John, vi. 165, 324, 325; founder of the school of critical poets, 326; his tragedies, 327; comedies, 328, 329; _Annus Mirabilis_, 330; attitude in politics and religion, 331; _Absalom and Ahitophel_, 332-334; influence on literature, vii. 154-157 Dublin, sieges of, i. 252; vi. 76 Dublin, John Allen, Archbishop of, murdered, iii. 328 Dubois, the Abbé, vii. 187 Dudley, Lord Guildford, iv. 69, 75, 84 Dudley, Lord Robert, iv. 193. _See_ Leicester Dudley, Edmund, iii. 199 Dudo of St. Quentin, i. 6 Dumouriez, General, viii. 101, 107 Duncan, Admiral, viii. 127 Dundas, Henry, viii. 171 Dundee, John Graham of Claverhouse, Viscount, vii. 51, 52 Dunes, battle of the, vi. 124 Dunkirk ceded to Cromwell, vi. 124; sold to France, 214; dismantled, vii. 142 Dunluce, ships of the Armada wrecked off, iv. 363 Dunning, John, Solicitor-General, viii. 15 Dunois, Count of, iii. 49, 50, 62 Dupleix, General, vii. 233-235 Duquesne, Fort, vii. 243, 245, 266 Duns Scotus, ii. 276 _Dunstable, Annals of_, i. 273 Dunstan, St., i. 120-123; his struggle with Eadwig, 136; Archbishop of Canterbury, 137; policy and rule, _ib._, 138; fall, 139; _Lives of_, 6 Durham, historians of, i. 243; King John at, 340 Durie, John, v. 138 Eadberht, king of Northumbria, i. 96, 97 Eadgar, King, i. 137, 138; his Law, 144 Eadgar, king of Scots, i. 197 Eadgar, the Ætheling, i. 154, 165, 168, 170, 197 Eadgyth, wife of Eadward the Confessor, i. 150, 165 Eadmer, i. 173, 243 Eadmund, St., king of East Anglia, i. 104 Eadmund (the Magnificent), King, i. 120, 122, 123 Eadmund Ironside, King, i. 143; his children, 144, 153 Eadred, King, i. 123, 136 Eadric, ealdorman of Mercia, i. 142-144 Eadward the Elder, King, i. 117-119, 305 Eadward the Martyr, King, i. 139 Eadward the Confessor, King, i, 149-153, 158, 160; his Laws, 150, 199, 340; _Life of_, 6 Eadwig, King, i. 136, 137 Eadwig, son of Æthelred II., i. 144 Eadwine, king of Northumbria, i. 62-64, 66 Eadwine, earl of Mercia, i. 160, 165, 167, 170 Eadwulf, earl of Northumbria, i. 146 Ealdorman, the, his office, i. 48, 49; becomes a delegate of the king, 131; rises again to independence, 134; replaced by the earl, 146 Ealdred, Archbishop of York, i. 166 Earl, the, i. 11, 50; superseded by the thegn, 51 Earldoms, the four great, i. 146; abolished, 185 Earls supersede ealdormen, i. 146 East Anglia, its conquest, i. 36; Christianity in, 59; subject to Mercia, 91; revolts, 102; conquered by the northmen, 104; bridled by Eadward the Elder, 117, 118; earldom of, 146; Protestant martyrs in, iv. 96 "Easterlings," i. 303 Eastern Counties, Association of the, vi. 8, 13 East India Company, iv. 284; vii. 63, 232 East-Saxons, their settlement, i. 35; conversion, 59 Ebbsfleet, i. 31, 32, 58 Ecclesiastical Courts separated from civil Courts, i. 188 Ecgberht, king of Wessex, i. 101-103 Ecgfrith, king of Northumbria, i. 86-89 Ecgwine, Bishop of Worcester, i. 86 Eddi's _Life of Wilfrid_, i. 4 Edgecote, battle of, iii. 134 Edgehill, battle of, vi. 3 Edinburgh founded, i. 63; seat of the Scot kings, 147; won by Bruce, ii. 191; burnt by the English, iv. 28; castle of, besieged by Henry IV., iii. 9; treaty of, iv. 176; riot at, against the new Liturgy, v. 328; the Covenant signed at, 333; rises against James VII., vii. 50; "James the Eighth" proclaimed at, 228 _Edinburgh Review_, the, viii. 195 Edington, battle of, i. 107 Edith. _See_ Matilda Edmund Rich, St., i. 287-289; Archbishop of Canterbury, ii. 33; obtains dismissal of Peter des Roches, _ib._; dealings with Llewelyn ap Jorwerth, 58; retires to Pontigny, 42 Edmund Crouchback, Earl of Lancaster, son of Henry III., ii. 59, 82, 87, 187, 188 Edmund, Earl of Woodstock, ii. 293 Edward (I.), son of Henry III., defeated by the Welsh, ii. 59; joins Earl Simon, 64, 65; rejoins Henry, 65; marches against Llewelyn, 67; surrenders Windsor, _ib._; attempts to surprise London, 70; share in battle of Lewes, _ib._; prisoner, 71; escapes, 75; seizes Gloucester, 76; defeats the younger Simon, _ib._; meets Simon at Evesham, 77; attitude after the battle, 81; marches against Axholme, 85; negotiations for peace, _ib._; captures Adam Gurdon, 87; effects off his influence, 89; goes on Crusade, 90; King, _ib._; his motto, 41; his temper, 91-93; influence of chivalry on, 94, 95; spirit of legality, 96; moral temper, 97; military skill, _ib._, 98; political genius, 98, 99; constitutional aspect of his reign, 100, 101; first measures, 102, 103; progress of art and trade in his reign, 105-107; brings Llewelyn to submission, 108, 109; judicial reforms, 109-113; policy towards the barons, 116, 117; towards the Church, 118, 119; conquest of Wales, 119-121; legislation, 122-124; visit to Aquitaine, 123; expels the Jews, 131; relations with Scotland, 135-140; quarrel with France, 141, 142; summons Scotch barons to war in Guienne, 143; admits burgesses to Parliament, 154; his scheme for representation of clergy in Parliament, 157; storms Berwick, 160, 161; Scotland submits to, 161, 162; struggle with the clergy, 163; exactions from merchants, 164; quarrel with barons, 164, 165; goes to Flanders, 165; confirms the Charters, _ib._, 166, 170; truce with France, 168; victory at Falkirk, 169; treaty with France, 170; second conquest of Scotland, 171; his "New Custom," 172; absolved by the Pope from his oath to observe the Charters, _ib._; his vow on the swan, 173, 174; death, 174 Edward (II.), son of Edward I., ii. 173, 174; character and policy, 184-186; marriage, 186; relations with Gaveston and the barons, 186-188; struggle with the Ordainers, 188-191; marches on Scotland, 191; defeated at Bannockburn, 192, 193; accepts the Ordinances, 194; campaign of 1319, _ib._; relations with the Despensers, 194, 195; truce with Scotland, 196; relations with France, 197, 198; flies to Lundy Island, 198; deposed, 199, 200; murdered, 200; authorities for his reign, 177 Edward (III.) of Windsor, son of Edward II., ii. 198; proclaimed king, 199; arrests Mortimer, 207; relations with France, 208, 209; acknowledged as suzerain by Edward Balliol, 211; takes Berwick, _ib._; receives Balliol's homage, 212; declares war on France, 213; number of his forces, 216; continental alliances, 216-219; Vicar-General of the Empire, 219; negotiations with France, _ib._; besieges Cambray, 220; complains of papal exactions, 225; alliance with Flemish towns, 226, 227; besieges Tournay, 228; losses in Scotland, 229, 230; relations with Parliament, 230-233, 292, 299; supports John of Montfort in Britanny, 233; invades Normandy, 235; marches on Paris, _ib._; victory at Crécy, 237-239; causes of his military success, 242, 243; besieges Calais, 243; his treatment of the six burgesses, 245-247; the imperial crown offered to, 248; his character, 249-251; founds the Order of the Garter, 252; rebuilds Windsor Castle, _ib._ alliance with Charles of Navarre, 258; with David Bruce, 263, 264; ravages France, 265; treaty with Burgundy, _ib._; with the Regent of France, 266; forbids entry of Papal bulls, 273; policy in Spain, 287; truce with Charles V., 288; his evil rule, 290, 291; compromise with the Pope, 296; death, 311 Edward (IV.), Earl of March, iii. 75; victory at Mortimer's Cross, 78; King, 80; his finance, 89, 152; protection of trade, 106; his temper, 112, 116-118; relations with Lewis XI., 120, 121, 123, 124; marriage, 124; double-dealing with Lewis and Charles the Bold, 129, 130; league with Charles, 130; relations with Warwick, 131-135; driven out, 139; returns, 141; victory at Barnet, 142; marches against Margaret, 143; defeats her at Tewkesbury, 144, 145; new alliance with Charles against Lewis, 148; invades France, 149; makes peace with Lewis, 150; his rule, 151-153; death, 163 Edward V., King, iii. 163, 167; More's _Life of_, 83, 218 Edward (VI.), son of Henry VIII., born, iii. 326; scheme for his marriage, iv. 26; his temper, 67; "plan" for the succession, 69, 70; death, 70; _Journal_, 3; Hayward's _Life of_, _ib._; his Grammar Schools, 62 Edward (the Black Prince) proposed as Count of Flanders, ii. 233; exploits at Crécy, 237, 238; ravages Guienne, 259, 260; campaign on the Loire, 260; victory at Poitiers, 261-263; invested with Aquitaine, 281; supports Pedro the Cruel, 283; victory at Navarete, 284; imposes hearth-tax on Aquitaine, _ib._; summoned by France to answer the Gascon appeal, 285; storms Limoges, 286; marriage, 293; sickness, 286, 302; action in the Good Parliament, 305; death, 306 Edward, son of Henry VI., iii. 71, 137, 140, 145 Egypt conquered by Buonaparte, viii. 132; the French driven from, 165, 166 _Eikon Basilike_, vi. 72 Elba, Napoleon at, viii. 205 Eleanor of Castille, wife of Edward I., ii. 93 Eleanor of Poitou, wife of Henry II., i. 226; her claims on Toulouse, 233; turns against Henry, 254; imprisoned, 255; joins Richard in Sicily, 260; secures Aquitaine for John, 268; besieged at Mirebeau, _ib._; dies, 270 Eleanor of Provence, wife of Henry III., ii. 32, 69, 72, 74 Eleanor, daughter of King John, ii. 36 Eliot, John, v. 195, 248, 249; attacks Buckingham, 249-252; sent to the Tower, 253; released, _ib._; proposes a Remonstrance, 262; share in the Avowal, 268; death, 273 Elizabeth, daughter of Henry VIII., iv. 46; her classical scholarship, iii. 212; Thomas Seymour's attempt to marry her, iv. 56; sent to the Tower, 85, 136; Parliament refuses to oust her from the succession, 89; her person, 134; scholarship, _ib._, 135; relations with Mary, 136; Philip's policy towards, 137, 138; set free, 138; accession, 146; religious policy, 148-150, 152, 153; coronation, 153; refuses to marry Philip, 154; relations with Paul IV., 155, 156; her title acknowledged by Parliament, 156; restores the Prayer-Book, 158, 159; drops the title "Head of the Church," 160; dealings with the clergy, 161, 162; relations with Parker, 165, 166; with the Scotch Lords of the Congregation, 170, 172-175; treaty with Mary and Francis, 176; character, 177-181; statesmanship, 182-186; supports the Huguenots, 189; temporises with Pius IV., 192; refuses to send envoys to Trent, 193, 194; schemes for her marriage, 193, 195, 199; refuses a safe-conduct to Mary Stuart, 200; difficulties with Mary, 202-204; treaty with the Huguenots, 209, 210; with France, 219; her changes in the system of the monarchy, 232; policy in Ireland, 240; drift of her religious policy, 247, 248; difficulties with Mary and Alva, 257, 258; demands Mary's release, 259; refuses to recognize Murray's government, _ib._; renews marriage negotiations with Austria, 260; negotiates for Mary's restoration, 262; her temporizing policy, 264; bull of deposition against her, 265, 270; her relations with England, 274, 275, 287-289; checks the "liberty of prophesying," 290; relations with Parliament, 292, 293; v. 56-58; resists Puritan pressure, iv. 293, 294; scheme for her marriage with Henry of Anjou, 297; expels the "water-beggars," 298; attitude towards the Netherlands, 300; persecutes the Catholics, 308, 309; alliance with the Netherlands, 311; scheme for her marriage with Francis of Anjou, 313, 316, 337, 338; dealings with the Catholics, 319, 320; relations with Drake, 334; confers new powers on the Ecclesiastical Commission, 340; refuses Protectorate of the Netherlands, 349; sends them aid, _ib._; alliance with James VI., 350; plots against her, _ib._; signs the death-warrant of Mary Stuart, 352; her victory over party disunion, 364, 365; sends an expedition to Portugal, 367; help to Henry IV., 371; league with France and the Netherlands, v. 60; her loneliness, 63; waning popularity, 64, 65; last days, 65, 66; death, 67; materials for her history, iv. 3-5 Elizabeth, Czarina of Russia, vii. 246, 306 Elizabeth, daughter of Edward IV., iii. 133, 167, 168, 170, 171; marries Henry VII., 175 Elizabeth, daughter of James I., v. 210 Elizabeth Woodville. _See_ Woodville Elizabeth of France, wife of Philip II. of Spain, iv. 372 Ellandun, battle of, i. 102 Elliott, General, viii. 31, 41 Elmet conquered by Eadwine, i. 63 Elmham's _Life of Henry V._, ii. 179 Ely burnt by northmen, i. 104; Cnut at, 145; the Ætheling Ælfred blinded at, 148; surrenders to William, 170; seized by the Disinherited, ii. 88 Emma of Normandy, wife of Æthelred II., i. 141, 156 "Emperor's men," the, i. 303 Empson, Sir Richard, iii. 199 Engla-land, i. 138 England, Old, i. 9 England, character of its settlement, i. 44-48; work of the northmen in, 129; first use of the name, 138; its peace under Cnut, 146; prosperity under Eadward and Harold, 153; effects of foreign rule on, 176-178, 278; fusion of Normans and English in, 200, 281; invaded by Robert of Normandy, 200, 201; civil war in, 219, 220; anarchy in, 220, 221; revival of national feeling in, 280, 281; Norman immigration to, 302; effects of loss of Normandy on, 325, 326; under Interdict, 330, 331; Friars arrive in, ii. 11; Provençals and Poitevins in, under Henry III. 32, 33; early finance, 103; relations with the Papacy, 26-28, 218, 219, 221-223, 225, 273-275, 303; social changes after the Black Death, 254, 255; social strife in, 266-268, 289, 316, 317; sufferings under Edward III., 290, 291; constitutional, its beginnings, 100; its freedom established, iii. 85; moral and intellectual decay during Wars of the Roses, 97, 98, 115; social condition in fifteenth century, 104-107; agricultural changes in, 107, 108; evictions and enclosures in, 109, 110; definition of its foreign policy, 128; intellectual progress under Edward IV., 153, 154; the New Learning in, 191-196, 201; relations with the Papacy under Henry VIII., 288, 289, 299, 300, 302; rejects Papal jurisdiction, 305; foreign Protestants in, iv. 51, 58, 59, 305; condition under Somerset, 54, 55; religious disorder in, 61; condition under Northumberland, 66; religious changes in, under Mary, 75; submits to Rome, 88, 89; effects of the Reformation on, 121, 122; attitude in Mary's later years, 134, 138, 139; condition at her death, 146, 147; religious chaos under Elizabeth, 162-165; becomes Protestant, 166, 167, 247, 248; its importance to the Papacy, 253, 254; parties in, 263; social condition under Elizabeth, 274-277, 283-287; religious condition, 289-291, 302-305; volunteers from, in the Netherlands, 324; unites against the Armada, 358; effect on, of the fight with Spain, 364; its maritime warfare with Spain, 370, 371; intellectual developement under Elizabeth, v. 1-11; condition at her death, 75, 76; growth of wealth and social advance, 77; rise of the squires, 78; growth of national spirit in, _ib._, 79; growth of the religious spirit in, 81; foreign rule of the Stuarts in, 148, 149; James I.'s proposal for its union with Scotland, 154; change in its attitude towards the crown, 171, 172, 183, 184; condition under Charles I., 280-282, 315, 316; declared a Commonwealth, vi. 68, 69; scheme of union with Holland, 81; with Scotland, 85; with Ireland, 86; war with Holland, _ib._, 88; condition under Cromwell and the major-generals, 106-108; progress of the Puritan ideal in, 125-128; scientific movement in, 131-133; Latitudinarians in, 133-137; modern, its beginnings, 160-161; intellectual progress after the Restoration, 163-171; union with Scotland and Ireland dissolved, 180; Restoration settlement of, 196-198; quarrel with the Dutch, 223, 224; war with Holland, 225-226, 238, 239, 261; attitude towards Lewis XIV., 228; its diplomacy under Charles II., 247, 248; declares war against Lewis XIV., vii. 49; alliance with Holland, 102, 104, 105; Union with Scotland, 127, 128; its European position after the Revolution, 147, 148; its European policy, 149-151; its intellectual influence, 151-153; character of political controversy in, 161; strength and weakness of public opinion in, 162-164; social condition under the Georges, 170, 171; alliance with France and Holland, 187; condition under Walpole, 195-198; alliance with France and Prussia, 199; quarrel with Spain for trade in America, 216, 217; declares war, 218; intercourse with India, 232; relations with America, 240, 241, 243, 244; treaty with Frederick II., 247, 248; war with France, 248, 249, 264; becomes a world-power, 274-277; annexations in the Pacific, 278, 279; its empire, 279; relations with America after the Seven Years' War, 280-283; results of the Revolution in, 286, 287; intellectual advance in the eighteenth century, 292, 293; war with Spain, 306; conquests in the West Indies, 307; its gains by the treaty of Paris, _ib._; English and American theories of its relation to America, 321-325; growing influence of public opinion in, viii. 1, 2, 10, 11; war with America, 22-26, 32, 41; relations with Ireland, 33; position after the American war, 45; religious movement in, 46, 47; industrial progress, 53-60; growing influence of the trading class in, 61; its condition as compared to the rest of Europe, 80; alliance with Prussia and Holland, 85; attitude towards the French Revolution, 87, 88, 93-95; panic in, 103-106; war with France, 108, 109; its colonial acquisitions in 1795, 112; condition during the French war, 114; its dogged temper, 115, 116; effects of the war on its industry and trade, 157, 158; League of Neutrals against her, 159, 160; declares war against Buonaparte, 170; effects of the Continental System on its industry and trade, 177; condition during the French war, 192-195; war with America, 198, 203-205; last strife with Napoleon, 207-211. _See_ English People Engle, the, their early home, i. 9, 10; settle in East Anglia and the north, 36; conquer Bernicia, 52. _See_ English, Mercians, South-Engle English people, their life in Old England, i. 10-22; religion, 22-24; temper, 24-26; love of the sea, 27; character of their conquests, 39-44; of their settlement, 44-48; changes in organization after the conquest, 48-52; tendencies towards unity, 53-55, 61, 83, 130; union under Ecgberht, 103; fusion of northmen with, 126, 127; effects of struggle with the northmen on, 129, 130; tendencies towards disintegration, 133, 134; effects of foreign rule on, 176-178; fusion of Normans with, 200, 281; support William Rufus, 191, 192; support Henry I., 201, 202; revival of national feeling, 280, 281; attitude under George III., vii. 312-314; new life in America, viii. 43, 44. _See_ England Episcopacy abolished in Scotland, v. 140; restored, 143, 166, 167; again abolished, 335; proposal to abolish it in England, 354 Erasmus, Desiderius, iii. 193, 194; his relations with Warham, 196, 212; teaches Greek at Cambridge, 201; protests against war, 211; his _Praise of Folly_, 199, 219; edition of St. Jerome, 212, 213; of the New Testament, 213, 215; his theology, 214; defends the New Learning against Luther, 256 Eric, king of Sweden, i. 128 Essayists, the English, vii. 158-160 Essex settled by the East Saxons, i. 35; submits to Wulfhere, 85; peasant revolt in, ii. 321; Protestantism in, under Mary, iv. 144; royalist rising in, vi. 59 Essex, Arthur Capel, first earl of, commissioner of the Treasury, vi. 301; supports Shaftesbury and the Exclusion, 315, 319; plots with Monmouth, etc., 336; death, 337 Essex, Robert Devereux, second earl of, v. 43, 62, 63 Essex, Robert Devereux, third earl of, marries Frances Howard, v. 190; divorced, 191; resists a forced loan, 255; captain-general of the Parliamentary army, vi. 1; movements in 1642, 2, 3; captures Reading, 5; his inactivity, 6, 8-10; retires to Uxbridge, 12; relieves Gloucester, 13, 14; movements in 1644, 19, 22, 23; retires, 35 Essex, Earls of. _See_ Fitz-Peter, Mandeville Essex, Frances, Countess of. _See_ Howard Estates of the realm, various groupings of, in Parliament, ii. 202, 203 Etherege, Sir George, vi. 157 Eugene of Savoy, Prince, vii. 118, 120, 121, 131, 134 Euphuism, v. 5 Eustace, Count of Boulogne, i. 152, 167 Eustace, son of King Stephen, i. 226, 227 Eustace the Monk, ii. 2 Eva, daughter of Dermod of Leinster, i. 252 Evelyn's _Diary_, vi. 157 Evesham founded, i. 86; battle of, ii. 77, 78 Evreux, Charles of, ii. 315 Exchange, the Royal, founded, iv. 280 Exchequer, Court of, i. 206; ii. 109; Richard Fitz-Neal's _Dialogue_ on, i. 174, 244; closed, vi. 261 Excise, Walpole's scheme of, vii. 195, 201, 202; revived by Pitt, viii. 77 Exeter, northmen at, i. 106; Welsh driven from, 120; subdued by William I., 167, 168; tailors' gild at, 318; William of Orange received at, vii. 40 Exeter, Henry Holland, duke of, iii. 140, 142 Exeter, John Holland, duke of (Earl of Huntingdon), iii. 7, 8 Exeter, Edward Courtenay, marquis of, iii. 322, 348, 350 Exton, Sir Piers, iii. 8 Exclusion Bill, the, vi. 307, 308, 319, 320 Eylau, battle of, viii. 175 Fabyan's _Chronicle_, ii. 179 Fairfax, Edward, his version of Tasso, v. 2 Fairfax, Ferdinando, second Lord, vi. 4 Fairfax, Sir Thomas, his victory at Nantwich, vi. 18; commander-in-chief of the New Model army, 35, 36; victory at Naseby, 40, 41; in the west, 41; marches on Oxford, 46; suppresses royalist rising in Kent, 61; Colchester surrenders to, 64; marches on London, 65; suppresses mutiny, 75; superseded by Cromwell, 79; joins Monk, 151 Falaise, birthplace of William the Conqueror, i. 157; treaty of, ii. 140; reduced by Henry V., iii. 33 Falconberg, William Neville, Lord, iii. 113 Falkirk, battles of, ii. 168, 169; vii. 229 Falkland, Lucius Cary, second viscount, his plans of Church reform, v. 354; abandons Strafford's impeachment, 356; his political position, 368; becomes Charles's minister, 375; joins Charles at York, 378; death, vi. 14; influence on religious thought, 133 Family Compact, the, vii. 215 "Farm" of a borough, ii. 152 Farmer, Anthony, vii. 25 Farmers, rise of, ii. 240 Farne, islet of, i. 71 Fastolfe, Sir John, iii. 46, 162 Fawkes, Guido, v. 158, 159 Feckenham, Abbot of Westminster, iv. 106 Felton, John, v. 264, 265 Ferdinand (I.), Archduke of Austria, iii. 208, 243; iv. 19; Emperor, 98; v. 174, 175 Ferdinand (II.), Archduke of Austria, v. 213; king of Bohemia, 216; Emperor, 217 Ferdinand V., king of Aragon, iii. 186, 187, 207; forms the Holy League, 209; seizes Navarre, _ib._; dies, 234 Ferdinand VII., king of Spain, viii. 185 Ferrar, Bishop of St. David's, iv. 91 Ferrars, Robert, fourth earl of Derby, i. 254 Ferrars, Robert, eighth earl of Derby, ii. 87 Feudalism, tendency to, in England after Danish wars, i. 133, 135, 136; the Conqueror's dealings with, 181-185; antagonism of the universities to, 289-291; revives under Henry III., ii. 4, 5; its military basis, 239; ruin, iii. 92-94 Fielding, Henry, vii. 297 Fifth-monarchy men, vi. 182 Filmer, Sir Robert, vi. 171 Finance, early English, ii. 103; William I.'s system of, i. 186 Finch, Sir John, Chief-Justice, v. 331; Lord Keeper, 351 First of June, battle of the, viii. 111 Fisher, John, Bishop of Rochester, iii. 201; his reply to Luther, 257: quarrel with the Commons, 290; sent to the Tower, 319; beheaded, 321 Fitzgerald, Lord Edward, viii. 121, 128 Fitzgerald, Lord Thomas, iii. 328 Fitz-Hamo, Robert, ii. 48 Fitzharris, Edward, vi. 323 Fitz-Maurices, the, Earls of Desmond, ii. 377 Fitz-Maurice, James, iv. 315 Fitz-Neal, Richard, bishop of London and treasurer, i. 174, 223; his _Dialogue on the Exchequer_, 174, 244 Fitz-Osbern, Roger, i. 189 Fitz-Osbern, William, i. 167, 168, 183 Fitz-Peter, Geoffry, Earl of Essex and justiciar, i. 267, 338, 339, 341 Fitz-Ralf, Richard, Chancellor of Oxford, ii. 295 Fitz-Stephen, Robert, i. 252 Fitz-Urse, Reginald, i. 241 Fitz-Walter, Robert, captain of the Londoners, i. 305; conspires against John, 335; leader of the barons, 343; "Marshal of the Army of God and Holy Church," 346; counsels alliance with France, 355; besieges Lincoln, ii. 2 Fitz-Warenne or Fitz-Warin, Fulk (the third), i. 343; ii. 42 Fitz-Warenne, Fulk (the fifth), ii. 116 Fitzwilliam, William, fourth Earl, viii. 104, 120 Five Boroughs, the, i. 117, 120 "Five members," the, v. 373-376 Flambard, Ranulf, i. 192, 199. Flamsteed, John, vi. 166 Flanders, its wool trade with England, ii. 107, 226; interdict in, 219, 224; alliance with Edward III., 226, 227; civil strife in, 233; joins Edward again, 244; struggle with France, 349; English gild of Merchant Adventurers in, iii. 155; decay of its trade, iv. 281; refugees from, in England, 305, 323; attacked by France, vi. 124 Flanders, Lewis le Mâle, Count of, ii. 244, 286 Flanders, Margaret of, ii. 286 Fleet, English, created by Ælfred, i. 116; successes under John, 333, 337; under Hubert de Burgh, ii. 2, 3; repulsed from Abermenai, 54; reduces Anglesea, 109; victory at Sluys, 228; defeated by Spaniards, 313; harries the coast of Britanny, iii. 16; Henry VIII.'s, iv. 28, 29; Elizabeth's, 360; its fight with the Armada, 361, 362; declares for Charles I., vi. 59; re-created by Vane, 78; increased under William III., vii. 105, 107; blockades Cadiz and threatens Naples, 223; its share in the war with France, viii. 111, 127, 133; blockades Malta, 162, 165; attacks Copenhagen, 163, 180 Fleetwood, General, vi. 121, 145, 150 Flemings in Pembrokeshire, ii. 48, 55; settle in England under Edward III., 226; besiege Bouvines, 234; attack France, 244 Fletcher, Giles, v. 304 Fletcher, Phineas, v. 304 Fleurus, battles of, vii. 75; viii. 109 Flint, Richard II. taken prisoner at, ii. 381; castle captured by Owen Glyndwr, iii. 11 Flodden, battle of, iii. 210 Flood, Henry, viii. 37 Florence, revival of letters at, iii. 189; commercial treaty with, iv. 282 Florence of Worcester, i. 6, 173, 280 Florida, Huguenot colony in, iv. 330; ceded to England, vii. 307; to Spain, viii. 41 Flushing pledged to Elizabeth, iv. 349 Foliot, Gilbert, his letters, i. 173 Folk, the, i. 19 "Folk-land," i. 47 Folk-moot, the, i. 19, 20. Fontenoy, battle of, vii. 227 Ford, John, v. 303 Forests, Assize of the, i. 267; Charter of the, ii. 165, 166, 170; Law of the, 34; commission of, under Charles I., v. 277; New, disafforested by Great Charter, i. 352 Forster, Thomas, vii. 184 Fort St. George (Madras), vii. 232 Fort William (Calcutta), vii. 232 Fort William (Inverness-shire), vii. 52 Fortescue, Sir Faithful, vi. 3 Fortescue, Sir John, iii. 86 Fotheringay, Mary Stuart beheaded at, iv. 352 Fougères sacked by the English, iii. 62 Fourmigny, battle of, iii. 62 _Four Masters, Annals of the_, i. 7 Fox, Edward, Bishop of Hereford, iii. 336 Fox, Richard, Bishop of Winchester, iii. 202, 216, 230, 285 Fox, Charles James, leader of the Whigs, viii. 63, 64; his jealousy of Shelburne, 65; his India Bill, 67, 68; his joy at the capture of the Bastille, 84; supports the Prince's claim to the Regency, _ib._; his Libel Act, 92; supports Pitt in giving self-government to Canada, 92; Burke's quarrel with him, _ib._; returns to office, 174; death, 178 Foxe's _Book of Martyrs_, iv. 3 France, war of William the Conqueror with, i. 190; invaded by Otto of Germany, 338; regency offered to Simon of Montfort, ii. 40; relations with Scotland, 141, 170, 171, 197, 213; treaty with Edward I., 170; claim of Edward III. to the throne, 208; Edward III. declares war with, 213; greatness at opening of Hundred Years' War, 215, 216; relations with the papacy, 217, 224; condition after battle of Poitiers, 264; ravaged by Edward III., 265; Edward III. renounces his claims on, 266; renewal of war with, 285; invaded by John of Gaunt, 287; relations with Scotland and Flanders, 349; truces with Richard II., 354, 368; relations with Henry IV., iii. 6; with the Percies, 12, 14; with Owen Glyndwr, 15, 18; civil war in, 16; relations with the Council of Henry IV., 23, 24; truce with, 26; Henry V.'s claims on, 28, 29; treaty with him, 35, 36; political position at close of Hundred Years' War, 119; relations with Maximilian and England, 170, 171; growth of its power, 205, 206; attacked by English, Germans, and Spaniards, 247; Mary Tudor's war with, iv. 108; relations with Scotland under Mary of Guise, 169-173; growth of the Huguenots in, 174, 206-208; Huguenot rising in, 209; massacre of Protestants in, 299; parties in, on death of Henry III., 369; re-united under Henry IV., 373; league with England and the Netherlands, v. 60; alliance with Holland, 316; growth of its power, vi. 113, 114; treaty with Cromwell, 117; its growing prosperity, 187-189; alliance with England and Holland, vii. 187; alliance with England and Prussia, 199; position after Treaty of Utrecht, 212; union with Spain, 213, 214; supports her against England, 219; alliance with Prussia, 221; claims on America and India, 232; war with England, 248, 249, 264, 265; withdraws from India and America, 307; policy in American war, viii. 28; league with America and Spain, 30; Pitt's treaty of commerce with, 79; condition in the eighteenth century, 81, 82; volunteers from, in Washington's army, 83; revolution in, _ib._, 86, 95, 96, 101; attitude towards England, 97-100; attacked by the Coalition, 101; royalty abolished in, _ib._; attacks Holland, 102; declares war on England, 103; reverses in 1793, 107; successes, 109, 110; Directory in, 113; dealings with Ireland, 121, 123-125; attacks Austria and Italy, 122; conquers Switzerland, 134, 135; takes Rome, 136; relations with Russia, _ib._, 137; conquers Italy, 139; forced to evacuate it, 140; Consulate in, 142; position after the Peace of Lunéville, 144, 145; driven from Egypt, 165, 166; invaded by the Allies, 202; the Bourbons return to, 203; Napoleon's last struggle in, 206; literature of, its influence on Chaucer, ii. 359, 360 Franchise, restriction of, iii. 99-102 Francis of Assisi, St., ii. 9, 12, 13 Francis II., Emperor, viii. 96 Francis I., king of France, iii. 232; campaign in Italy, 233; treaties with Maximilian and Charles, 234; with Henry VIII., 235; meeting with Henry, 241; struggle with Henry and Charles, 247; defeats in Italy, 248, 250; prisoner, 250; treaties with Henry, 266, 270; released, 267; intrigues with Lutherans and Papacy, iv. 22; attacks Charles, 24; negotiations with Scotland, _ib._; treaty with Charles, 32; with Henry, 33; sends explorers to America, 330 Francis (II.), of France, marries Mary Stuart, iv. 53, 169; king, 174; treaties with Elizabeth and the Scots, 176; death, 188 Franciscans (Grey Friars) in England, ii. 11 Frankfort, English Protestants at, iv. 118, 119; their "troubles," 127, 128 Franklin, Benjamin, his plan for the defence of the American colonies, vii. 243; sent as their agent to England, 326; counsels submission to the Stamp Acts, 330; relations with Chatham, viii. 20; mission to France, 28 Frank-pledge, i. 238, 322 Frederick II., Emperor, i. 293; ii. 7, 27 Frederick III., Emperor, iii. 146, 147 Frederick, Elector Palatine, marries Elizabeth of England, v. 210; king of Bohemia, 217; driven out, 220, 226 Frederick II., king of Prussia, vii. 220; alliance with France, 221; victory at Chotusitz, 223; Silesia ceded to, _ib._; seizes Prague, 225; driven from Bohemia, _ib._; victory at Hohenfriedburg, 227; treaty with England, 247, 248; seizes Dresden, 248; victory at Prague, _ib._; defeated at Kolin, _ib._; victories at Rossbach, Leuthen and Zorndorf, 263; defeated at Hochkirch and Kunersdorf, _ib._; at Plauen, 264; campaign of 1760, 302; share in partition of Poland, viii. 85; death, _ib._ Frederick, Prince of Wales, vii. 218 Free Companies, the, ii. 281, 282 Freeholders succeed the villeins, ii. 333 Freeman, the English, i. 11, 12; sinks into the villein, 133, 321 Fréteval, Henry II. and Thomas reconciled at, i. 240; Richard I. surprises Philip's treasure at, 263 Friars, the, ii. 10-14; Lord Bacon's comment on, 21; their political influence, 22, 23; character and effect of their preaching, 24; attempt conversion of Jews, 127; oppose Wyclif, 335 Friedland, battle of, viii. 175 Frisians in Ælfred's fleet, i. 116 "Frith" of Wedmore, i. 107 Frobisher, Martin, iv. 331, 361 Froissart, Jean, ii. 178 Fuentes d'Onore, battle of, viii. 191 Fyrd, the, i. 116, 161, 257; ii. 103, 122, 240 Gage, General, viii. 19 Gaimar, Geoffrey, i. 174, 247 Gainsborough, Swein dies at, i. 143 Gall, St., i. 68 Gardiner, Stephen, iii. 272, 279; Bishop of Winchester, 298; expelled from the Council, 348; supersedes Norfolk in the king's counsels, iv. 24; excluded from the regency, 46; imprisoned, 54; Chancellor, 74; proposes Mary's marriage with Courtenay, 78; his aversion to the Spanish match, 80; attitude towards Rome, 87; tract _On True Obedience_, _ib._; change in his attitude, 88; threat to the Protestant refugees, 119; desires "to go roundly to work" with Elizabeth, 137; death, 98 Garnet, Henry, Provincial of the Jesuits, v. 159 Garter, Order of the, founded, ii. 252 Gascony, Simon of Montfort's rule in, ii. 38-40; seized by Charles IV., 197; restored to Edward III., 266; resists the hearth-tax, 285; barons appeal to France against the Black Prince, _ib._; its final loss, iii. 70, 71 Gates, General, viii. 26 Gauden, Dr., vi. 72 Gaunt, Elizabeth, vii. 11 Gaunt, John of. _See_ John Gavel-kind, i. 324 Gaveston, Piers, ii. 186-188, 190 Gay, John, vii. 161 Gemblours, battle of, iv. 312 Geneva, Calvin at, iv. 126 Genoa annexed by Napoleon, viii. 172 Genoese at battle of Crécy, ii. 236, 238 Geoffry, Archbishop of York, i. 330 Geoffry of Britanny, son of Henry II., i. 247, 254, 257 Geoffry of Monmouth, i. 246; ii. 57 George I., King, vii. 146; his temper, 173; foreign policy, 187-189; death, 200 George, Duke of Cambridge (George II.), vii. 144; his character, 173; King, 200; his foreign policy, 221, 223, 226, 247; victory at Dettingen, 224; death, 283 George III., King, vii. 283; his character and aims, 284, 285; importance of his action, 285, 286; his power, 300; relations with Pitt, 305, 316, 328, 331, 339; with the Whigs, 305, 316, 328, 339; with Parliament, 309; urges the expulsion of Wilkes, viii. 6; renews the quarrel with America, 13; his personal government, 16, 17; his rejoicing at the quarrel with America, 19; madness, 84, 196; refuses emancipation to Catholics, 154, 155, 179 George, Prince of Wales (George IV.), Regent, viii. 84, 196 Georgia, colony of, vii. 236, 237 Gerald of Wales, i. 174, 245, 246, 275, 285 Germany, its relations with the Papacy, ii. 218; growth of Protestantism in, iv. 31; v. 175; Catholic reaction in, 176; attacked by Lewis XIV., vii. 38, 48, 118 Gervase of Canterbury, i. 174 _Gesta Stephani_, i. 173 Gesith, the, i. 50 Gewissas, i. 34 Ghent, Charters confirmed at, ii. 166; revolt at, 233; John of Gaunt born at, 293; reduced by the French, 349; Pacification of, iv. 310, 311 Gibbon, Edward, viii. 46 Gibraltar ceded to England, vii. 142; besieged by the Spaniards, 199; Elliott's defence of, viii. 31, 41 Gifford, Bonaventure, vii. 26 Gilbert, Sir Humphry, iv. 345 Gilbert, William, discovers terrestrial magnetism, vi. 131 Gilbert, William, papal emissary in Ireland, iv. 317 Gildas, i. 3 Gilds, i. 298-300, 304; of English Merchant Adventurers in Flanders, iii. 155; of St. John at Bruges, 154; of the Staple, ii. 304; of tailors, i. 318; of weavers, 317; Ordinances of, 274; suppression of, iv. 54. _See_ Craft-gilds, Merchant-gild Ginkell, General, vii. 73 Giraldus Cambrensis. _See_ Gerald Girondists, viii. 96 Glamis, Patrick Lyon, Master of, v. 124 Glamorgan conquered by Robert Fitz-Hamo, ii. 48; by Llewelyn ap Gruffydd, 58 Glamorgan, Edward Somerset, Earl of, vi. 16 Glanvill, Ranulf de, i. 255, 259; his treatise on law, 174, 244 Glastonbury, St. Dunstan at, i. 121, 123; Arthur's tomb at, 247; ii. 57 Glastonbury, Richard Whiting, abbot of, hanged, iii. 350 Glencoe, massacre of, vii. 53, 54 Glendower. _See_ Glyndwr Gloucester, northmen at, i. 106; Henry III. crowned at, ii. 1; seized by Edward, 76; besieged by Charles I., vi. 13; relieved, 14; Parliament at, ii. 289, 315 Gloucester, Humphrey, Duke of, iii. 33; his marriage with Jacqueline, 38, 42; Regent of England, 40; set aside, 41; Protector, _ib._; his love of literature, 40, 41; character, 41; recovers Hainault, 42; struggle with Beaufort, 44; represses Lollard risings, 96; retires, 58, 59; arrest and death, 61; his library, 161 Gloucester, Richard, Duke of. _See_ Richard Gloucester, Thomas of Woodstock, Duke of, ii. 351, 352; head of Continual Council, 353; struggle with Richard II., _ib._, 354; withdraws from Court, 370; arrested, _ib._; dies, 371 Gloucester, Richard de Clare, Earl of, ii. 64-66 Gloucester, Gilbert de Clare, Earl of, supports Simon de Montfort, ii. 67, 70, 71; quarrels with him, 75; his policy after Evesham, 81, 85, 86, 88; occupies London, 89; marries Johanna of Acre, 123 Gloucester, Robert, Earl of. _See_ Robert Gloucester, Thomas Spenser, Earl of, iii. 7 Godolphin, Sidney, vi. 315; takes office, vii. 98; Lord Treasurer, 112, 113; supports Occasional Conformity, 123; dismissed, 139 Glyndwr, Owen, iii. 9-12, 14, 15, 18, 19, 22 Godfrey, Sir Edmondsbury, vi. 294, 295 Godwine, Earl of Wessex, i. 146-153 "Goliath, Bishop," i. 248 Gondomar, Count of, v. 226, 229 Goodman, Godfrey, Bishop of Gloucester, v. 298 Goodman, Christopher, iv. 130, 131 Goodrich, Bishop of Ely, iii. 336 Gorm, king of Denmark, i. 128 Government, Act of, vi. 122; Instrument of, 99, 102, 105 Gower, Caxton's edition of, iii. 157 Gowrie, William Ruthven, first Earl of, v. 128, 138 Grafton, Augustus Henry Fitzroy, third Duke of, vii. 170, 340; viii. 4, 15 Grafton's _Chronicle_, iii. 83 Grammont, Count, _Memoirs_ of, vi. 157 Granby, John Manners, Marquis of, viii. 15 Grantmesnil, Ivo of, i. 201 Granville, John Carteret, second Earl (_see_ Carteret), vii. 225, 226 Grasse, Admiral de, viii. 40 Grattan, Henry, demands repeal of Poynings' Act, viii. 37; leads the Protestants in the Irish Parliament, 79; strives for its reform, 117, 118, 120 Gravelines, battle of, iv. 108 "Greater and lesser folk," i. 318 Greek, study of, at Canterbury, i. 92; revival of, in fifteenth century, iii. 189, 190, 194, 195, 200 Greene, General, viii. 32 Greene, Robert, v. 8, 25, 26, 30, 31 Greenvil, Sir Bevil, vi. 5, 6 Greenway, Oswald, v. 159 Greenwich, Ælfheah martyred at, i. 142 Gregory the Great (Pope), his interview with English slaves, i. 53; sends Augustine to England, 57; his _Pastoral Book_ translated by Ælfred, 114 Gregory VII., Pope, i. 187 Gregory IX., Pope, ii. 27 Gregory XIII., Pope, iv. 299; urges Philip to attack Elizabeth, 301; heads the Catholic movement, 306; plans a descent on Ireland, 315; sends Jesuits to England, 317 Grenada conquered by England, vii. 307 Grenville, William Wyndham, Lord, viii. 155; leader of the Old Whigs, 156; refuses office, 171; accepts it, 174; his Orders in Council, 178; fall of his ministry, 179 Grenville, George, adherent of Pitt, vii. 247, 250; deserts him, 303, 328; head of the Admiralty, 311; prime minister, 314; character and policy, 316, 317, 320; death, viii. 16 Grenville, Sir Richard, iv. 370, 371 Gresham, Sir Thomas, iv. 280 Gresham College, meetings of the Royal Society at, vi. 165 Grew, Nehemiah, vi. 167 Grey, John de, Bishop of Norwich, i. 329 Grey of Ruthin, Reginald, third Lord, iii. 10 Grey of Wilton, William, thirteenth Lord, iv. 175 Grey of Wilton, Arthur, fourteenth Lord, v. 12 Grey, Lady Catharine, iv. 70, 238; v. 121 Grey, Lady Jane, iv. 69; proclaimed queen, 70; imprisoned, 71; trial, 75; beheaded, 84; _Chronicle of_, 3 Grey, Lord Leonard, iii. 330 Grey, Sir John, iii. 124 Grey, Sir Thomas, iii. 30 Grimbald, Abbot of Winchester, i. 113 Grimston, Sir Harbottle, v. 324 Grindal, Edmund, Protestant exile, iv. 119, 132; tutor of Elizabeth, 134; Archbishop of Canterbury, 290; v. 17; Strype's _Life of_, iv. 4 Grindecobbe, William, ii. 330, 332 Grocyn, William, iii. 190, 197, 256 Grosseteste, Robert, bishop of Lincoln, his letters, i. 274; his Constitutions, ii. 8; lectures at Oxford, 14; friendship with Bacon, 18; remonstrates against policy of Henry III., 34; friendship with Simon de Montfort, 41 Grouchy, Marshal, viii. 208, 210 Gruffydd ap Llewelyn, prince of Wales, ii. 47 Gruffydd ap Conan, prince of North Wales, ii. 54 Guader, Ralf de, i. 189 Gualchmai, ii. 52, 54 Gualo, legate, ii. 1 Guesclin, Bertrand du, ii. 281, 283-287 Guienne seized by Philip the Fair, ii. 142; restored to Edward III., 266; the Black Prince's ravages in, 259; attacked by Du Guesclin, 285; attacked by Armagnac, iii. 16; conquered by Charles VII., 68, 69. _See_ Aquitaine Guineas, the first, vi. 223 Guise, Francis, Duke of, iv. 108, 174, 208, 210, 216 Guise, Henry, Duke of, iv. 355, 356, 367 Guise, Mary of. _See_ Mary Guisnes ceded to Edward III., ii. 266; meeting of Henry VIII. and Francis I. at, iii. 241; surrendered to France, iv. 108 Gunpowder, effects of its introduction, iii. 95 Gunpowder Plot, the, v. 158, 159 Gurdon, Sir Adam, ii. 86, 87, 94 Gustavus Adolphus, king of Sweden, v. 275, 276 Guthlac, St., i. 86 Guthrum, king of East Anglia, i. 104, 106 Guy, Bishop of Amiens, i. 6 Gwent, the, i. 34 Gwent (in Wales) rises against Eadward the Elder, i. 118 Gwynn, Nell, vi. 176; vii. 5 Gyrth, son of Godwine, i. 164 Gyrwas, i. 117 Gytha of Hordaland, i. 128 Hainault, Jacqueline, Countess of, iii. 38, 42, 43 Hainault, William I., Count of, ii. 198, 217 Hainault, William II., Count of, ii. 220 Hakluyt's _Voyages_, v. 10 Hale, Sir Matthew, vi. 85, 96, 200 Hales, Sir Edward, vii. 15 Hales, John, theologian, vi. 134, 136, 137 Hales, John, leader of Peasant Revolt, ii. 319 Halidon Hill, battle of, ii. 211 Halifax (Nova Scotia), its foundation, vii. 242 Halifax, George Savile, first Viscount, Earl, and Marquis of, vi. 280; correspondence with Barillon, 298; takes office, 301; against the exclusion of James, 307; plans for the succession, 308; throws out the Exclusion Bill, 320; his Bill of Securities, _ib._; his Limitation Bill, 323; advises calling a new Parliament, 334; dismissed from the Privy Council, vii. 14; joins William III., 43; prays him to accept the Crown, 47; Lord Privy Seal, 67; opposes the war and the Bank, 88; death, 182 Halifax, George Montague, second Earl of, vii. 242-244 Hall, Joseph, Bishop of Norwich and satirist, v. 303 Halle's _Chronicle_, iii. 83 Halley, Edmund, vi. 166 Hamilton, James, third Marquis and first Duke of, v. 275, 334-336, 364; supports Charles I., vi. 58, 59; defeated at Preston, 62; executed, 72 Hamilton, William, second Duke of, vi. 82, 84 Hamilton, James, of Bothwellhaugh, iv. 271; v. 122 Hamilton, General Gustavus, vii. 58 Hamilton, Colonel, vii. 53 Hammond, Colonel, vi. 59 Hampden, Griffith, v. 320 Hampden, John, his youth, v. 320; in Parliament of 1621, 321; resists forced loan, _ib._, 255; in Parliament of 1628, 321; his home, 321, 322; character, 322; friends and kindred, _ib._; refuses to pay ship-money, 323; trial of his case, 324, 330, 331; judgement against him annulled, 352; one of the "five members," 373; urges the abolition of Episcopacy, vi. 14; member of Committee of Public Safety, 1; his "Greencoats," 6, 7; his services in the war, 6-8; fight at Chalgrove, 10; death, 11; burial, 12 Hampden, John, the younger, vi. 336 Hampton Court, Wolsey's palace at, iii. 236, 253; treaty of, iv. 209; conference on religion at, v. 152 Hanover, convention of, vii. 231 Harald Fairhair, king of Norway, i. 128, 129 Harald Hardrada, king of Denmark, i. 161, 162 Harald Harefoot, king of England, i. 147 Hardwicke, Philip Yorke, first Earl of, vii. 203, 245 Hardyng's _Chronicle_, ii. 179 Harfleur taken by Henry V., iii. 30 Hargreaves, John, viii. 59 Harley, Robert, vii. 102; Secretary of State, 124; intrigues against Marlborough, 132; dismissed, 138; returns to office, 139; rivalry with Bolingbroke, 143; countenances the South Sea bubble, 192. _See_ Oxford Harold, son of Godwine, Earl of East Anglia, i. 150; governor of the realm under Eadward, 153; campaign in Wales, _ib._, ii. 47; his oath to William, i. 159; king, 160; struggle with Tostig and Harald Hardrada, 161, 162; slain at Senlac, 165 Harrington's version of Ariosto, v. 2 Harrison, General, vi. 90, 91, 195 Harry, Blind, i. 275 Harthacnut, king, i. 147, 148 Harvey, Gabriel, v. 11, 12 Harvey, William, v. 52, 55; vi. 131 Haselrig, Arthur, one of the Five Members, v. 373; charges against him, vi. 85; opposes the dissolution of the Rump, 89; in Parliament of 1654, 101; denies the legality of the government, 102; demands the dismissal of Fleetwood and Lambert, 150 Hasting, i. 116, 117 Hastings, battle of, i. 162-165 Hastings, John, second Lord, claimant of Scotland, ii. 136 Hastings (of Ashby), William, first Lord, iii. 163, 164 Hastings, Henry, Lord, iv. 70. _See_ Huntingdon Hastings, Warren, viii. 31, 50, 51 Havana conquered by England, vii. 307 Havre surrendered to Elizabeth, iv. 210; capitulates to France, 217 Hawarden Castle captured by Owen Glyndwr, iii. 11 Hawke, Admiral, vii. 265 Hawkesbury, Robert Banks Jenkinson, Lord, viii. 157. _See_ Liverpool Hawkins, John, iv. 283, 361 Hawley, General, vii. 229 Haxey, Sir Thomas, ii. 370 Hayward's _Life of Edward VI._, iv. 3; his _Annals_, _ib._, 4 Heathenism, its struggle with Christianity in England, i. 65, 66, 70-73 Heathfield, battle of the, i. 66 Heaven's Field, battle of, i. 67 Hebrides, Northmen in the, i. 129 Hemingford or Heminburh, Walter of, ii. 177 Hengest, i. 31, 49 Henrietta Maria of France, wife of Charles I., v. 241, 376; vi. 4 Henrietta, Duchess of Orleans, vi. 192, 257 Henry I., King, i. 198; charter and marriage, _ib._, 199; relations with the English people, 198, 200-202; with the barons, 202; conquers Normandy, _ib._; dealings with Wales, ii. 48; his rule, i. 203-205; administration, 205, 206; death, 214; literature at his court, 246; his charter produced by Langton, 340; his charter to London, 304; to Oxford, 309; "Laws" of, 339 Henry (II.) Fitz-Empress, i. 226; comes to England, 227; treaty with Stephen, _ib._; king, 228; person and character, 229-231; results of his rule, 231; first measures, 232; Welsh war, _ib._; ii. 53, 54; extent of his continental dominions, i. 232, 233; war of Toulouse, 233; relations with the barons, _ib._; with the Church, 235-237, 253; struggle with Thomas, 236, 237, 239, 240; penance at his shrine, 255; legal reforms, 235-239, 255, 256; reforms of the King's Court, ii. 110, 111; visits Arthur's tomb at Glastonbury, i. 247; ii. 57, 58; dealings with Ireland, i. 250, 251, 253; rebellions against him, 254, 255; receives homage of Scotland, i. 255; ii. 134; reorganizes the fyrd, 257; revolt of his sons, _ib._; introduces taxation of personal property, _ib._; death, 258; charter to Oxford, 309 Henry III., King, crowned, ii. 1; crowned again, 5; character and policy, 25, 26; relations with Rome, 26, 27, 59; campaigns in Britanny and Poitou, 29; quarrel with Hubert de Burgh, _ib._; personal government, 31; marriage, 32; foreign favourites, _ib._, 33; misrule, 34; confirms Charter, _ib._; second campaign in Poitou, 35; quarrels with Simon of Montfort, 39, 40; contributes to Matthew Paris's _Chronicle_, 44; goes to France, 64; forbids summoning of Parliament, _ib._; gets the Provisions of Oxford annulled by the Pope, 65; tries to surprise Simon at Southwark, 69; prisoner, 71; vengeance after Evesham, 79, 83; dies, 90 Henry (IV.), Earl of Derby, son of John of Gaunt, ii. 351; one of the Lords Appellant, 353; position and policy, 369; supports Richard II., 370; Duke of Hereford, 372; quarrel with Norfolk, _ib._; exiled, _ib._; returns, 373, 379; captures Richard II. at Flint, 381; king, iii. 2; relations with Parliament, 3, 4; with the Church, 4; with France, 6; with the lords, 7; plot against him, 8; marches against Scotland, 9; against Owen Glyndwr, 10, 11; imprisons James of Scotland, 15, 16; epilepsy, 22; struggle with council and Parliament, 23-25; vow of crusade, 25; death, _ib._ Henry (V.), son of Henry of Lancaster, ii. 378; his campaigns in Wales, iii. 10, 17, 18, 22; person and character, 17, 18; friendship with Oldcastle, 20, 27; policy, 22; struggle with the council, 24, 25; king, 25; coronation, 26; first measures, _ib._; action against Lollards, 27; claims French crown, 28; plot against him, 30; takes Harfleur, _ib._; victory at Agincourt, 30-32; alliance with Burgundy, 32; conquers Normandy, 33, 34; marriage and treaty with France, 35; enters Paris, 36; captures Dreux, _ib._; repulsed from Orleans, _ib._; besieges Meaux, _ib._; his plans, 37, 38; death, 36; _Life of_, by Titus Livius, iii. 41; authorities for his reign, ii. 179 Henry VI., king, iii. 39; crowned at Paris, 55; his court at Rouen, _ib._; struggle with York, 68-70; idiotcy, 71; recovers, 72; prisoner, 74, 75; escapes to Scotland, 80; recaptured, 123, 127; sent to the Tower, 127; restored, 139; imprisoned again, 142; death, 145; library, 161; authorities for his reign, ii. 179, 180 Henry (VII.) Tudor, iii. 145; early life, 165, 166; expedition to England, 167; goes to France, 171; lands at Milford Haven, _ib._; victory at Bosworth, 172; person and character, 173; title to the crown, 174, 175; marriage, 175; his government, 176-178; expedition to France, 179, 180; dealings with Ireland, 181, 182; with Scotland, 184, 185; with Spain, 186-188; patronage of Caxton, 161; chapel at Westminster, 174; death, 198; _Lives of_, 83 Henry (VIII.), son of Henry VII., betrothed to Catharine of Aragon, iii. 187; king, 198; person and tastes, _ib._, 199; protects the New Learning, 202, 204; temper, 204; policy towards France, 205, 207; marries Catharine, 207; relations with Ferdinand, _ib._; attempt on France, 209, 210; treaty with Lewis XII., 232; with Charles, 233; relations with Charles, 235; treaty with Francis, _ib._; seeks the Empire, 240; designs on France, _ib._; interview with Charles, 241; with Francis, _ib._; league with Charles and the Pope, 243; financial difficulties, _ib._, 244, 251, 252; new alliance with Charles, 250; supports the Papacy, 255; his _Assertion of the Seven Sacraments_, _ib._; named "Defender of the Faith," _ib._; protects Latimer, 263, 265; treaties with France, 266, 270; joins the Holy League, 266; seeks a divorce, 268, 272; relations with Anne Boleyn, 267, 270, 273, 274, 276; with Parliament, 288; forbids the circulation of Tyndale's Bible, 290; appeals to the Universities about his divorce, 292; claims to be "Head of the Church," 296; banishes Catharine from his house, 298; league with France, 302; threatened with excommunication, _ib._; marries Anne Boleyn, 303; takes title of "Supreme Head of the Church," 306; Cromwell's hold over him, 313, 314; marries Jane Seymour, 326; dealings with Ireland, 327, 328, 330-333; turns to the Lutherans, 335, 336; his Articles of Religion, 337, 338; attitude towards Protestantism, 345; excommunicated, 350; marries Anne of Cleves, 351; divorces Anne and marries Catharine Howard, iv. 17; marries Catharine Parr, 24; dealings with Scotland, 25-29; alliance with Charles, 27; campaign in France, 30; treaty with Francis, 33; financial difficulties, 34; offers aid to the League of Schmalkald, 36; drift of his religious policy, 37; address to Parliament in 1545, 38; his scheme for union of England and Scotland, 52; death, 45; will, 46, 69 Henry V., Emperor, i. 208 Henry VI., Emperor, i. 262 Henry II., king of France, iv. 53, 65, 174 Henry III., king of France (_see_ Anjou), iv. 301, 348, 356, 367, 368 Henry, king of Navarre, iv. 348, 355, 367; king of France (Henry IV.), 368; victory at Ivry, 369; besieges Paris, _ib._; besieges Rouen, 371; conversion, 372; assassinated, v. 178 Henry, son of Henry II., betrothed to Margaret of France, i. 233; crowned, 240; rebels, 254, 257; dies, 257 Henry of Almaine, ii. 87 Henry, Bishop of Winchester, i. 224, 225 Henry the Lion, Duke of Saxony, i. 264 Henry, son of David I. of Scotland, ii. 134 Henry of Essex, ii. 54 Henry of Trastamara, ii. 282-284, 287 Herbert, Arthur, carries the invitation to William III., vii. 35; Earl of Torrington, 68, 75 Herbert, George, v. 113, 303 Herbert, Philip, Lord, vi. 101 Herbert, Sir Thomas, v. 72 Hereford, Humfrey de Bohun, Earl of. _See_ Bohun Hereford, Henry, Duke of. _See_ Henry IV. Hereward, i. 170 Herford, Nicholas, ii. 336, 339, 341, 343 Herrick, Robert, v. 303 Herrings, battle of the, iii. 46 Hertford, Edward Seymour, Earl of, iv. 41; expedition to Scotland, _ib._, 29; head of the "new men," 45, 46; sends aid to the German Protestants, 50. _See_ Somerset Hertford, Edward Seymour, first Earl of, v. 121 Hertfordshire, royalist rising in, vi. 59 Hexham, battle of, iii. 123; chroniclers of, i. 173, 243 Heywood, Thomas, v. 42 Heyworth Moor, meeting of Yorkshire freeholders at, v. 378 Higden, Ralph, ii. 356; Caxton's edition of, iii. 157 Highlands, rising in, under Montrose, vi. 23; under Dundee, vii. 52; under Mar, 183; under Charles Edward, 228; conquest of, 230, 231 Hild, abbess of Streoneshealh, i. 77 Hilsey, Bishop of Rochester, iii. 336 History, English, its beginning, i. 31; compilation of, under Ælfred, 115; new school of, under Henry II., 173, 174, 244; revival under Elizabeth, v. 3, 4; municipal, materials for, i. 274 Hoard, the, at Winchester, i. 180, 188 Hobbes, Thomas, vi. 138-141, 170 Hoby, Sir Edward, v. 57 Hoche, General, viii. 121, 123, 124 Hochkirch, battle of, vii. 263 Hohenfriedburg, battle of, vii. 227 Hohenlinden, battle of, viii. 143 Holinshed's _History_, iii. 83 Holland, its alliance with France, v. 316; recognizes Charles II., vi. 70; relations with the Commonwealth, 81; war with England, 86, 88; alliance with Cromwell, 116; relations with Charles II., 186, 187; quarrel with England, 223, 224; war, 225, 226, 238, 239, 242; policy of Lewis XIV. towards, 251; war with England, 261, 268; attacked by Lewis, 268; declares war against him, vii. 49; acknowledges Philip V. as king of Spain, 101; alliance with England, 102, 105; with England and France, 187; with England and Prussia, viii. 85; attacked by France, 102; conquered, 110; made a kingdom for Louis Buonaparte, 185; annexed by Napoleon, 199 Holland, Henry Rich, first Earl of, vi. 62, 72 Hollis, Denzil, v. 373; member of Committee of Public Safety, vi. 1; his policy in 1646, 48, 49; ecclesiastical policy, 50; his expulsion demanded, 54; takes office under Charles II., 301; his _Memoirs_, v. 72 Holmby House, Charles I. seized at, vi. 53 Holy Island (Lindisfarne), i. 69 Homildon Hill, battle of, iii. 12 _Homilies, Book of_, iv. 59 Honorius III., Pope, ii. 1 Hood, Samuel, first Baron and Viscount, viii. 109 Hooke, Robert, vi. 166 Hooker, Richard, v. 110-112 Hooper, Bishop of Gloucester, iv. 61, 91, 120 Hopton, Sir Ralph, vi. 5, 6 Horder (treasurer), the, i. 132 Horne, Robert, iv. 119 Horsa, i. 31 Horse-thegn (constable), i. 132 Hospitals, suppression of, iv. 34 Hotham, Sir John, v. 378 Hough, John, President of Magdalen College, Oxford, vii. 25, 26 Hounslow, camp at, vii. 16 Howard of Effingham, Charles, second Lord, iv. 358, 360, 361 Howard of Escrick, Edward, first Lord, v. 343 Howard of Escrick, William, third Lord, vi. 336 Howard, John, viii. 48-50 Howard, Catharine, iv. 17, 24 Howard, Frances, Countess of Essex, v. 190-193; of Somerset, 193, 205-207 Howard, Sir Robert, iii. 286 Howards, the, iii. 286 Howe, Richard, first Earl, viii. 111 Howe, John, vi. 210; refuses the Indulgence, vii. 22 Howe, General Sir William, viii. 23, 25 Howel Dda, Laws of, ii. 46 Howden, Roger of, i. 174, 244 Hrolf the Ganger, i. 154, 155 Hubert Walter, Bishop of Salisbury, i. 262; Archbishop of Canterbury and justiciar, _ib._; his administration, 264; puts down tumult in London, 320; resigns justiciarship, 267; opposes John, 328; dies, 329 Hubertsberg, treaty of, vii. 306 Huddleston, Father John, vii. 4 Hugh, St., Bishop of Lincoln, i. 174, 267 Hugh, St. (martyr), of Lincoln, ii. 127 Hugh the Wolf, Earl of Chester, ii. 47 Huguenots, iv. 174-176; supported by Elizabeth, 189; growth of their power, 206-208; rising of, 209; treaty with Elizabeth, _ib._, 210; with Catharine, 217; defeated at Jarnac, 267; at Montcontour, 268; massacre of, 299; refugees at Canterbury, 306; settle in Florida, iv. 330; persecuted by Lewis XIV., vi. 317, 335; vii. 13; fly to England, 14 Hull, Charles I. refused admittance to, v. 378 Humbert, General, viii. 130 Hundred, the, i. 19, 47 Hundred-court, the, i. 20; preserved by William I., 185, 186; grand jury elected in, 264 Hundred-Rolls, ii. 117 Hundred Years' War, its beginning, ii. 213; change in its character, iii. 29; its effects, ii. 214, 215; iii. 103, 104 Huntingdon reduced by Eadward, i. 119; granted to David of Scotland, ii. 134 Huntingdon, Henry Hastings, third Earl of (_see_ Hastings), iv. 268 Huntingdon, John Holland, Earl of (Duke of Exeter), iii. 7, 8 Huntingdon, Henry of, i. 4, 173, 243 Huntly, Alexander Gordon, fourth Earl of, iv. 199, 205 Huntly, George Gordon, fifth Earl of, iv. 226 Huntly, George Gordon, sixth Earl of, v. 139, 140 Huntly, George Gordon, second Marquis of, v. 336, 337 Hus-carls, Cnut's, i. 144, 146; Harthacnut's, 148; Harold's, 163, 164 Huss, John, ii. 349 Hussey, John, Lord, iii. 322, 325 Hutchinson, Colonel, v. 81, 97; _Memoirs of_, 72 Hutten, Ulrich von, iii. 256 Hwiccas, i. 66 Hyde, Anne, vi. 221 Hyde, Edward, v. 362; organizes the Royalist party in Parliament, 367; joins Charles I. at York, 378; Chancellor of the Exchequer, vi. 205. _See_ Clarendon Hyde, Lawrence, vi. 315, 334 Hyder Ali, viii. 131 Iceland colonized by Northmen, i. 129 Ida the Flame-bearer, i. 52 Impositions of James I., v. 160 Income-tax, viii. 137 Independents, v. 308; emigrate to America, _ib._, 310; return, vi. 28; their petition to Charles II., 200 India, Ælfred's intercourse with, i. 109, 113; English settlements in, vii. 232; French attack on, 233; Portuguese settlements in, 232; French withdraw from, 307; Warren Hastings' rule in, viii. 31, 32, 50; Fox's scheme for its government, 67, 68; Buonaparte's designs on, 131, 132 Indulgence, first Declaration of, vi. 219, 220; second, 262, 273; third, vii. 22; fourth, 29, 30 Ine, king of Wessex, i. 89, 90 Ingelger of Anjou, i. 209 Innocent III., Pope, quashes elections to Canterbury, i. 329; appoints Stephen Langton, 330; lays England under interdict, _ib._; sentences John to deposition, 333; annuls the Charter, excommunicates the barons, and suspends Langton, 354 Interdict in England, i. 330, 331; in Flanders, ii. 219, 224 "Interim," the, iv. 51 Inquisition, the, iv. 31, 101 Inverlochy, battle of, vi. 38 Iona, i. 69 Ireland, materials for early history of, i. 7, 8; its condition after the Danish invasions, 249, 250; slave-trade with Bristol, 250; bull for conquest of, 251; Anglo-Norman invasion of, 252; Henry II. in, 253; Gerald de Barri's treatises on, 245, 285; students from, at Oxford, 291; condition after the Norman invasion, ii. 373-375; barons of, rise against John, i. 332, 333; John in, ii. 375, 376; Gaveston in, 187; Edward Bruce's expedition to, 376; condition under Edward III., 377; Richard II. in, 367, 378; Henry VII.'s dealings with, iii. 181, 182; condition under Henry VIII., 326, 327; conquest of, 328-330; Henry's government of, 330-333; effects of Cromwell's ecclesiastical policy in, 339-342; attempts to force the Reformation on, iv. 62, 63; condition under Mary, 109-111; trade with Bristol, iv. 282; condition under Elizabeth, 314, 315; rising in, 315, 316; condition after the fall of Smerwick, v. 61; rising in, under Hugh O'Neill, 62; condition under James I., 287, 288; Wentworth's rule in, 290-292, 364; rising in, 365; Charles I.'s dealings with, vi. 16; success of Ormond's diplomacy in, 71; Royalist successes in, 75; Cromwell's campaign in, 76, 77, 79; proposal for its union with England, 84, 86; its first representation in the English Parliament, 99; Cromwell's conquest and settlement of, 109, 110; first union with England, 110; union dissolved, 180; condition under Charles II., 181, 182; under James II., vii. 17, 55-59; war in, between James and William, 70-72; William's conquest of, 73, 74; relations with England, viii. 33; condition in eighteenth century, 34-36; demand for independence, 37, 38; made independent, 39; Pitt's dealings with, 78, 117, 118; peasant risings in, 119; Hoche's descent on, 124; panic in, _ib._, 125; revolt in, 129; second union with England, 139 Ireton, Henry, supports the Independents, vi. 45; his influence with the army, 51; policy, 54, 56, 57, 81; Irish campaign and death, 109; his corpse outraged, 201 Irishmen, United, viii. 118-120, 127, 128 Iron, manufactures of, iv. 279; mines, i. 30; ii. 107; trade in eighteenth century, viii. 54, 57 Isabel I., queen of Castille, iii. 186, 187 Isabella of Angoulême, wife of King John, ii. 33 Isabella of France, wife of Edward II., ii. 186, 197, 198, 207, 208 Isabella of France, wife of Richard II., ii. 368 Isabella, daughter of Philip II. of Spain, iv. 372; v. 121 Islip, Archbishop of Canterbury, ii. 290 Italy, the Renascence in, iii. 189, 190; northern, conquered by Charles VIII. of France, 206; by Francis I., 233; by Buonaparte, viii. 122, 123, 125 _Itinerarium Cambriæ_, i. 274 _Itinerarium Regis Ricardi_, i. 174 Ivar the Boneless, i. 104 Ivry, battle of, iv. 369 "Jack the Carter," ii. 318 "Jack the Miller," ii. 318 "Jack Trewman," ii. 318 Jackson, General, viii. 205 Jacobins, viii. 96 Jacobites, vii. 68; their plots, 102, 103, 105; relations with the Tories, 166-168; rise in 1715, 183, 184; in 1745, 228-230 Jacquerie, the, ii. 265 Jamaica conquered by the English, vi. 117 James (I.), son of Robert III. of Scotland, iii. 15; prisoner in England, 16; king, _ib._, 183; murdered, 184 James IV., king of Scots, iii. 184, 185, 210 James V., king of Scots, iii. 248; iv. 23, 25, 26 James (VI.) of Scotland, born, iv. 231; crowned, 259; relations with Lennox and the Guises, 346; alliance with Elizabeth, 350; relations with Essex and Robert Cecil, v. 63; king of England, 122; his early life, 122-124; character and purpose, 124, 125; struggle with the nobles, 128; with the Kirk, 133, 134, 139-143; his _Basilikon Dôron_, 143; enters London, 146; person and character, 146-148; policy, 144, 149, 150; gives relief to the Catholics, 150; refuses Puritan demands, 152, 153; proposes union with Scotland, 154; takes title of King of Great Britain, 155; his impositions, 160, 161; struggle with the Assembly and the Kirk, 164-166; with English law, 168; his _True Law of Free Monarchy_, 169; his theory of monarchy, _ib._, 170; financial straits, 172; struggle with Parliament, 179-182; his own minister, 185, 186; sets aside the council, 187; his favourites, 188, 189; backs the divorce of Lady Essex, 190, 191, 193; immorality of his court, 193, 194; summons Parliament, 195; dissolves it, 196; revives benevolences, 197, 198, 229; checks the growth of London, 198, 199; increases the peerage, 200; relations with the judges, 201, 202; dismisses Coke, 202; policy towards Spain, 211, 212; towards Germany and Bohemia, 218, 219; revives monopolies, 222; quarrel with Parliament, 228, 229; tears its Protestation, 229; overborne by Buckingham, 235; death, 239; letters of, iv. 4; authorities for his reign, v. 71 James, duke of York (King James II.), vi. 182; Lord Admiral, 193; marries Anne Hyde, 221; fight with Opdam off Lowestoft, 225; conversion, 255; fight with De Ruyter, 268; owns himself a Catholic and resigns his office, 274; second marriage, 278; exempted from the act excluding Catholics from Parliament, 297; sent to Brussels, 300; plans for excluding him from the succession, 306; recalled, 310; goes to Scotland, _ib._; again recalled, 315, 335; king, vii. 5; his character, _ib._, 6; first measures, 6, 7; increases the army, 11; relations with France, 12; refuses to let William visit England, _ib._; dealings with the Catholics and the Parliament, 14, 15; with the judges, 15; establishes a camp at Hounslow, 16; restores the High Commission, 18; struggle with the Tory nobles, 19-21; issues Declarations of Indulgence, 22, 29; attempts to pack Parliament, 23, 29; dealings with the Universities, 24-26; relations with William of Orange, 26-28; struggle with the seven bishops, 30, 31; reinforces his army with Irish troops, 33; sides with Lewis against the Empire and Holland, 36; reverses his policy, 39; flight, 42-44; received as king by Lewis, 49; policy in Ireland, 55; lands at Kinsale, 56; his rule at Dublin, 58, 59; returns to France, 71; his plans, 77; death, 106; his _Autobiography_, vi. 157, 158 James, William, ii. 340 Jamestown, foundation of, v. 308 Jarnac, battle of, iv. 267 Jarrow, i. 91, 92; plundered by northmen, 101 Jeanne d'Arc, iii. 46-55; _Procès de_, ii. 179 Jeffreys, George, Chief-Justice, vii. 10, 19; Lord Chancellor, 31 Jehan le Bel, ii. 178 Jemappes, battle of, viii. 101 Jena, battle of, viii. 174 Jenkins's ear, vii. 217 Jenkinson, Charles (first earl of Liverpool), vii. 311 Jenkinson's Travels, v. 9 Jersey, Charles II. in, vi. 78 Jerusalem, Ælfred's intercourse with, i. 113; taken by Saladin, 257 Jervis, Admiral, viii. 127 Jesuits, Order of, founded, iv. 31, 101; missionaries in England, 317-320, 353; banished, v. 156; return, vii. 16; in England, materials for their history, iv. 5 Jewel, John, iv. 119, v. 106 Jews in England, i. 187, ii. 125, 130, 284, 307; expelled, ii. 131; return, vi. 112 Joan of Arc. _See_ Jeanne Joan, daughter of Edward II., ii. 206 Joan of Kent, wife of the Black Prince, ii. 293, 306 Jocelin of Brakelond, i. 174 Johanna, daughter of King John, ii. 54 Johanna, daughter of Edward I., ii. 123 John of Beverley, St., i. 77 John, son of Henry II., i. 258; Lord of Ireland, ii. 374; struggle with Longchamp, i. 260, 261; with Hubert Walter, _ib._; king, 268; victory at Mirebeau, _ib._; loses his French dominions, 269; his character, 326-328; prepares for war with France, 328; Welsh rise against him, 333; his continental alliances, _ib._, 334; campaigns in Wales, ii. 54, 55; struggle with the Church, i. 329-331; relations with the baronage, 332, 338; sentenced by the Pope to deposition, 333; becomes the Pope's vassal, 337; absolved, 338; struggle with Langton, 340, 341; goes to France, 342; defeat and return, 343; struggle with the barons, 344-347; assents to Great Charter, 348, 353; gets it annulled by the Pope, 354; takes Rochester and marches on the north, _ib._; struggle with Lewis of France, 355; divides the Pale into counties, ii. 376; charter to Oxford, i. 309; death, 356; his submission to the Pope repudiated by Parliament, ii. 275 John, king of Bohemia, ii. 236, 239 John, duke of Normandy, ii. 234, 235; king of France, 258; Normandy rises against, 259; campaign against the Black Prince, 260, 261; prisoner, 262, 263; death, 281 John of Austria, Don, iv. 310-312 John of Cambridge, prior of St. Edmund's, ii. 329 John of Gaunt, duke of Lancaster, ii. 287, 293, 294; position and policy, 302, 303; corrupt administration, 303; opposed by the Good Parliament, 305-307; action after its dismissal, 307; attacks Wykeham, 308; supports Wyclif, 309; withdraws from court, 311; expedition to St. Malo, 315; turns against Wyclif, 337, 341; goes to Spain, 350; intercedes for the Lords Appellant, 354; patron of Chaucer, 359; Aquitaine granted to, 369; death, 373 John the Litster, ii. 325, 331 John of London, pupil of Roger Bacon, ii. 16 John of Northampton, mayor of London, ii. 345, 350 John the Old Saxon, i. 113 John of Salisbury, i. 173, 174, 250, 282, 283, 285 Johnson, Samuel, vii. 204, 217; viii. 11 Jonson, Ben, v. 42 Joseph II., emperor, viii. 81, 85, 86 Journalism, developement of, in the eighteenth century, vii. 298 Juana of Castille, wife of Philip of Austria, iii. 186, 208 Judges, limitations of their powers, ii. 110, 111; circuits of, i. 207; organized by Henry II., 256; regulated by the Great Charter, 350 Julius II., Pope, iii. 187, 188, 209, 274 Julius III., Pope, iv. 86 Junius, viii. 9 Junto, the, vii. 85 Jurors, two classes of, i. 238; their functions in the Shire Court, ii. 149 Jury, trial by, its origin, i. 238; the Grand, _ib._; mode of its election, 264; petty, 239 Justice in Old England, i. 12, 13, 49; Henry II.'s organization of, 256; administration of, in towns, 297; provisions for, in Great Charter, 350, 352 Justices of the Peace, ii. 123 Justiciar, the, i. 206; barons claim right of electing, ii. 38, 60; made responsible to Permanent Council, 61 Jutes, the, their early home, i. 10; land in Thanet, 31, 32; their victories in Kent, 33; settlements in Wight and along Southampton Water, 85 Juxon, bishop of London and treasurer, v. 298 Ken, Thomas, bishop of Bath and Wells, vii. 4 Kenilworth, the younger Simon de Montfort defeated at, ii. 76; Richard of Cornwall prisoner at, 80: its garrison refuse to surrender, 86; surrender, 89; Edward II. in ward at, 199; Henry VI. at, iii. 66; Ban of, ii. 87-89; "Round Table" of, 95 Kent, conquest of, i. 33; its rise under Æthelberht, 56; conversion, 59; relations with Eadwine, 64; conquered by Ine, 90; submits to Mercia, 91, 98; revolts against Offa, 98; against William I., 167; risings in, ii. 319; iii. 64; Complaint of the Commons of, iii. 65, 66; resists benevolences, 251; Protestant martyrs in, iv. 96; iron manufactures in, 279; royalist rising in, vi. 59, 61 Kent, West, kingdom of, i. 83 Kent, Edmund, earl of, son of Edward I., ii. 206, 207 Kent, Joan of, ii. 293, 306 Kent, Thomas Holland, earl of (duke of Surrey), iii. 7, 8 Kent, the Nun of, iii. 319 Kerry, rising in, iv. 315 Ketel of St. Edmund's, i. 313 Kildare, Gerald Fitzgerald, eighth Earl of, iii. 175, 181, 182 Kildare, Gerald Fitzgerald, ninth Earl of, iii. 328 Killiecrankie, battle of, vii. 52 Killigrew, Tom, vi. 175 Kilmarnock, William Boyd, fourth Earl of, vii. 230 Kilsyth, battle of, vi. 41 King, the, i. 48; nature and limits of his power, 49, 132; his "comrades," 50-52; increase of his importance through struggle with northmen, 131; his household officers become officers of state, 132; relations with England after loss of Normandy, 326; his revenue, ii. 103; relations with Parliament, 181-183; position at opening of Wars of the Roses, iii. 85, 86; the Convention's settlement of his position, vi. 197; in Council, i. 256; ii. 110, 111. _See_ Monarchy King's Bench, court of, ii. 109 King's County, English settlement of, iv. 111 King's Court, the, i. 186; its organization under Henry I., 206; under Henry II., 255; ii. 110, 111; regulated by Great Charter, i. 350; divided into three tribunals, ii. 109 Kirk, the Scottish, its organization, v. 131, 132; relations with the people and the king, 132-136; its triumph, 140; new struggle with James, 164-166; dealings of Charles I. and Laud with, 326, 328, 330, 331; re-established, 335; vii. 54 Kirk o' Field, iv. 244 Knighthood, compulsory, under Edward I., ii. 118, 164; under Charles I., v. 277 Knights, their complaint against the barons, ii. 62; right of attendance at the Great Council, 145; growth of their importance after the Barons' War, 147; relations with the Crown, _ib._, 148; of the shire, summoned to Parliament, 66, 71, 73, 150, 151; result of their election in county court, 151, 152; relations with the Lords, 202; grouped together with the burgesses as "the Commons," 203; petition for due election of, 300 Knolles's _History of the Turks_, v. 4 Knollys, Sir Francis, iv. 119, 215 Knox, John, iv. 113-115, 119, 128; denounces Mary Tudor, 130; resists Mary Stuart, 201, 212, 218; breaks with Murray, 218; defies Mary, 220; calls for her death, 259; his character and influence, v. 130, 131; his Liturgy, 327; his _History of the Reformation_, iv. 4 Knyghton, Henry, ii. 177, 179 Kolin, battle of, vii. 248 Kunersdorf, battle of, vii. 263 Labour-rents, i. 322, 323; commutation of, 324; attempts to revive, ii. 257, 266, 267 Labourdonnais besieges Madras, vii. 233 Labourers, their position after the Black Death, ii. 255; condition under Richard II., 314; in fifteenth and sixteenth centuries, iii. 109-111; under Elizabeth, iv. 275, 276 Lacy, Henry de, ii. 188 Lacy, Robert de, i. 201 Læt, the, i. 14, 15 Lafayette, Marquis de, viii. 83 Lagos, battle off, vii. 273 La Hire, iii. 49 La Hogue, battle of, vii. 78 Lake, Gerard, first viscount, viii. 130 Lambert, General, his campaign against Hamilton, vi. 62; pursuit of Charles II., 83; resigns his command, 121; relations with Monk, 150, 151; escape and defeat, 152; exempted from pardon, 195 Lambeth, Harthacnut dies at, i. 148; treaty of, ii. 3; the archbishop's chapel at, its transformations, v. 90; Laud's restoration of, 299, 300 Lancashire, reluctance of its boroughs to send members to Parliament, ii. 155 Lancaster, Blanche of, ii. 287 Lancaster, Edmund, Earl of. _See_ Edmund Lancaster, Henry, Earl of, ii. 199, 203, 206 Lancaster, Henry, first Duke of (_see_ Derby), ii. 258-260, 266 Lancaster, Henry of (King Henry IV.) _See_ Henry Lancaster, Thomas, Earl of, ii. 188, 191, 193-195 Lancelot, legend of, i. 247 Land-tenure in Old England, i. 14; after Norman Conquest, 322-324; Edward I.'s legislation concerning, ii. 124, 125 Land-tax, i. 186, 207, 350; ii. 103 "Landless man," the, i. 322, 323 _Lanercost, Chronicle of_, i. 273 Lanfranc, abbot of Bec, i. 159; Archbishop of Canterbury, 187; crowns William II., 191 Langdale, Sir Marmaduke, vi. 40 Langland, William, ii. 178, 179, 269-272 Langport, battle of, vi. 41 Langside, battle of, iv. 261 Langton, Simon, i. 355 Langton, Stephen, Archbishop of Canterbury, i. 330; comes to England, 338; relations with John and the Charter, 340, 341; suspended, 354; goes to Rome, _ib._; returns, ii. 3; supports Hubert de Burgh, 5; his care for the Charter, 6; death, 26 Langton, Thomas, Bishop of Winchester, iii. 196 Language, English, its literary revival in thirteenth century, i. 174; effects of Norman Conquest on, 278; Henry III.'s proclamation in, ii. 62; first used in opening Parliament, 300, 356; ordered to be used in law courts, 356; vii. 201; supersedes French, ii. 356, 357; changes in, in Caxton's time, iii. 159, 160; replaces Latin in church service, iv. 49; Welsh, ii. 50 Lansdowne, William Fitzmaurice, first marquis of (_see_ Shelburne) viii. 115 Lansdowne Hill, battle of, vi. 6 Lathom House, siege of, vi. 19 Latimer, William Latimer, fourth Lord, ii. 304, 306 Latimer, George Neville, first Lord, iii. 114 Latimer, John Neville, third Lord, iii. 323 Latimer, Hugh, iii. 262-265; Bishop of Worcester, 336; imprisoned, 347; forced to resign, _ib._; denounces Warwick's government, iv. 57; sent to the Tower, 74; burnt, 92 Latimer, William, iii. 201 Latitudinarians, the, vi. 133-137, 168 Laud, William, Bishop of St. David's, v. 293; his views and character, 245, 292-294; Bishop of London, 266; Archbishop of Canterbury, 295; dealings with the Puritans, 295-297; revives the Bishops' Courts, 298; restores Lambeth Chapel, 299, 300; revives ritual, 300; dealings with Prynne, 306, 329; relations with Wentworth, 318; dealings with Scotland, 325-327; arrested, 351 Lauderdale, John Maitland, second Earl and first Duke of, vi. 181, 245, 259 Lauffeld, battle of, vii. 231 Lauzun, Count of, vii. 71, 72 Law, common, ii. 110, 113; ecclesiastical, new code of, iv. 60; English, Glanvill's treatise on, i. 174, 244; of the Forest, ii. 34; Roman, revived study of, i. 282; in England, 283; influence of its imperial theories, ii. 95, 96 "Lawmen" of the Five Boroughs, i. 118 Laws, Old English, two classes of, i. 5; first put in writing, 59; of Æthelred, i. 138; of David of Scotland, ii. 171; of Eadgar, i. 144; of Eadward the Confessor, 150, 199, 340; of Henry I., 339; of Howel Dda, ii. 46 Layamon, i. 174, 279 League of Cambray, iii. 206; the Catholic, in Germany, v. 177, 232; the Holy, iii. 209, 210, 266; in France, iv. 348, 355, 356; of Neutrals, viii. 162-164; of Schmalkald, iii. 336; iv. 36, 50; of the Public Weal, iii. 122, 125, 126 Learning, the New, iii. 194-198, 201, 202; its protest against war, 210; attitude after Wolsey's fall, 289, 291 Leicester, one of the Five Boroughs, i. 117; surrenders to Æthelflæd, 118; condition under its earls, 297; regains right of compurgation, 313-315; stormed by Charles I., vi. 38 Leicester, Robert de Beaumont, Earl of, i. 254 Leicester, Robert Dudley, Earl of (_see_ Dudley), iv. 205, 349, 357; v. 58, 63 Leighton, John, v. 305 Leinster, kingdom of, i. 251, 252 Leipzig, battle of, viii. 202 Leith sacked by the English, iv. 29; siege of, 175, 176 Leland, John, v. 4 Lennox, Esmé Stuart, Duke of, iv. 346; v. 123 Lennox, Matthew Stuart, Earl of, iv. 227, 244; v. 123 Lennox, Margaret, Countess of, iv. 220, 221 Leo X., Pope, iii. 249, 253, 254 Leofa, slayer of Eadmund the Magnificent, i. 123 Leofric, Earl of Mercia, i. 150, 152 Leopold II., Emperor, viii. 95, 96 Leopold V., Duke of Austria, i. 261 Lepanto, battle of, iv. 297 Leslie, Alexander, v. 335, 337. _See_ Leven Leslie, David, vi. 79, 80, 83, 84 "Lesser barons." _See_ Knights Levant Company, v. 161 Leven, Alexander Leslie, first Earl of (_see_ Leslie), vi. 18 Lever, Thomas, iv. 119, 128, 132 Lewes, battle of, ii. 70, 71; Mise of, 71; Protestant martyrs at, iv. 96 Lewis of Bavaria, Emperor, ii. 217-219, 221, 229, 235, 248 Lewis d'Outremer, king of France, i. 210 Lewis VII., king of France, i. 233, 254 Lewis (VIII.) of France, the English crown offered to, i. 355; successes in England, _ib._; defeated, ii. 2; withdraws, 3 Lewis IX., king of France, ii. 35, 40, 68, 90 Lewis XI., king of France, iii. 119; relations with Edward IV., 120, 121; with Burgundy, _ib._; with Margaret of Anjou, 121; negotiations with Warwick, 122, 123; struggle with League of the Public Weal, 126, 127; again seeks treaty with Edward, 128; Edward's negotiations with, 129; league against, 130; attacks Britanny, 132; captured and released by Charles, _ib._; stirs Warwick against Edward, 136; reconciles Warwick and Margaret, 137; alliance with Henry VI., 139; treaty with Edward, 150; seized Picardy, Artois, etc., _ib._; war with Maximilian, 151; treaty with him, 170; refuses to recognize Richard III., 169; death, _ib._ Lewis XII., king of France (_see_ Orleans), iii. 206, 232 Lewis XIII., king of France, v. 256 Lewis XIV., king of France, vi. 188-189; his policy, 190, 191; alliance with Charles II., 192; relations with England and Holland, 227; sends his fleet to join the Dutch, 239; attacks Flanders, 247; his offers to Spain, 249; treaty with her, 250; policy towards Holland, 251; treaties with Charles, 257, 258; attacks Holland, 268; position after Peace of Nimeguen, 291, 316; persecutes the Huguenots, 317, 335; new agreement with Charles, 323; seizes Strassburg, Casale, and Luxemburg, 335; relations with James II., vii. 12; revokes the Edict of Nantes, 13; relations with James and Holland, 36, 38; attacks Germany, 38, 48; receives James II. at St. Germain, 49; war declared against, by England and Holland, _ib._; his fleet, 68; sends troops to Ireland, 71; his successes, 75, 76; turn of his fortune, 79, 80; treaty with William, 90, 91; seizes the Dutch Barrier, 102; acknowledges James's son as king of England, 106; attacks Germany again, 118, 119; his losses, 131, 134; offers terms, 134, 135; death, 183, 185 Lewis XV., king of France, vii. 185, 225 Lewis XVI., king of France, viii. 28; summons the States-General, 83; a Constitution forced on, 86; attempts flight, 95; imprisoned, 101; executed, 103 Lewis XVIII., king of France, viii. 206, 211 Lexington, skirmish at, viii. 22 Leyva, Alonzo da, iv. 363 _Liber Albus_ of London, i. 274 _Liber de Antiquis Legibus_, i. 274 _Liber Custumarum_ of London, i. 274 Lichfield, diocese of, i. 83 Liége taken by Marlborough, vii. 117 Liegnitz, battle of, vii. 302 Ligny, battle of, viii. 207 Lilburne, John, vi. 28, 75, 78 Lille reduced by Marlborough, vii. 134 _Lillibullero_, vii. 33 Lilly, William, iii. 200 Limerick, siege of, vii. 72, 73 Limitation Bill, vi. 323 Limoges welcomes Du Guesclin, ii. 285; stormed by the Black Prince, 286 Limousin restored to Edward III., ii. 266 Linacre, Thomas, iii. 190, 197, 256 Lincoln, one of the Five Boroughs, i. 117; battles of, 219; ii. 2; relieved by John, i. 356; Jews at, ii. 126, 127 Lincolnshire surrendered to Ecgfrith by Wulfhere, i. 86; rising in, iii. 323 Lindesay of the Byres, Patrick, sixth Lord, iv. 225, 228, 230 Lindisfarne, i. 69, 79, 87, 97 Lindiswaras, i. 73, 117 Linen manufacture, Irish, its foundation, v. 291 Lisbon, Drake's and Norris's expedition to, iv. 367, 368 Lisle, Alice, vii. 11, 66 Lisle, John Dudley, Lord, iv. 41, 46. _See_ Warwick Litany, the English, iv. 40 Literature, English, its beginnings, i. 77, 93, 96; decay during struggle with Danes, 113; Ælfred's influence on, 114, 115; after Norman Conquest, 242, 243, 246, 278; under Henry II., 174, 244-249; under John, 278, 279; popular, during Peasant Revolt, ii. 318, 319; Wyclif's influence on, 338; revival in fourteenth century, 357, 358; effects of the Renascence on, v. 1-3; developement under Elizabeth, 3-11; after the Revolution, 154; in poetry, 156, 157; in prose, 157-161, 292, 293; beginning of a new developement with Dryden, 333; Welsh, ii. 49-54. _See_ Drama Lithsmen of London, i. 300 Liturgy, the English, iv. 49; Knox's, v. 327; the Scottish (Laud's), of 1636, _ib._; rejected, 328. _See_ Prayer-Book Liverpool, its rise, vii. 196 Liverpool, Robert Banks Jenkinson, second Earl of, viii. 196. _See_ Hawkesbury "Livery," ii. 311, 355; iii. 105 Llewelyn ap Gruffydd, prince of North Wales, ii. 58; alliance with Montfort, 67, 76; raid upon Chester, 85; defeats Mortimer at Brecknock, 88; submits, 89; refuses homage to Edward I., 108; submission and marriage, 109; last revolt and death, 119, 120 Llewelyn ap Jorwerth, prince of North Wales, ii. 5, 54-58, 108 Llywarch Hen, ii. 49, 53 Loans, forced, under Richard II., ii. 372; demanded by Wolsey, iii. 244; by Charles I., 254, 255 _Loch Cé, Annals of_, i. 7 Lochleven, Mary Stuart imprisoned at, iv. 257, 258 Locke, John, vi. 170, 171, 259 Logic, study of, at Oxford, i. 288 Lollardry, ii. 339; suppressed at Oxford, 341; its later phases, 344-348; influence in Bohemia, 349; attitude under Henry IV., iii. 19, 21; sympathy of the Commons with, 21; rising under Oldcastle, 27; suppression of, 27, 28; its lingering existence, 96, 258; legal prohibitions of, rescinded, iv. 48; its influence in Scotland, 111 Lodi, battle of, viii. 122 London, Middle-Saxons settle round, i. 54; subject to the East-Saxons, 59; to Mercia, 85; beginnings of its commercial greatness, 138; resists Swein, 142; submits to him, 143; to the Conqueror, 165; its election of Stephen, 215; expels Matilda, 219; its share in religious revival, 222, 223; Normans in, 303; Henry I.'s charter to, 304; relations with Oxford, 308, 309; strife of classes in, 318-320; meeting of barons at, 340; joins the barons against John, 346; its liberties secured by Great Charter, 352; barons blockaded by John in, 355; defies the Pope, _ib._; ii. 8; Franciscans settle in, 12; Archbishop Boniface driven from, 32; supports Earl Simon, 67, 69, 70; its charter annulled, 82; its mayor imprisoned, 83; occupied by Gilbert of Gloucester, 89; supports Wyclif, 309, 310; threatened by revolted peasants, 321, 322; its Lollardry, 345; welcomes Henry of Lancaster, 379; Richard II. brought captive to, 381; betrayed to Edward IV. by Archbishop Neville, iii. 142; its petition to Richard III., 168; evades Wolsey's demand for a benevolence, 251; Protestants in, 347; Walloons in, iv. 51; unfavourable to Jane Grey's succession, 71; its Protestant sympathies, _ib._, 75; attitude in Wyatt's rising, 83-85; Protestant martyrs in, 96, 144; supplies sent from, to refugees abroad, 119; its commerce under Elizabeth, 280; Flemish settlers in, 281; traders of, send help to the Prince of Orange, 324; its contribution for defence against the Armada, 358; its advance under Elizabeth, v. 77; its increase checked, 198, 199, 277; its welcome to Prince Charles, 233; colonizes Derry, 289; sides with the Parliament against Charles I., 372, 375, 376; fortified by the Parliament, vi. 4; train-bands of, at battle of Newbury, 14; Independents and Baptists in, 28; petitions against toleration, 37; rises against the Parliament, 56; Plague at, 226; Fire at, 239; supports the Exclusion Bill, 308; riots in, 322, 323; supports Shaftesbury, 334; turns against him, 335, 336; Huguenot refugees in, vii. 14; Methodists in, 208; supports Pitt, 256, 305; supports Wilkes, 319; viii. 6, 8, 12; petitions to George III., 16, 20; supports the younger Pitt, 69; riot in, 113; "barons" of, i. 319; "boatmen" of, 308; St. Paul's Cathedral in, 223; Dooms of, 300; Gilds of, 299; "lithsmen" of, 300; merchants of, _ib._; Merchant Adventurers of, iv. 283, 284; materials for its municipal history, i. 274; portreeves of, i. 303; first theatres in, v. 22, 23; Tower of, i. 166; weavers of, 317, 318; Witenagemots at, i. 152, 153 Londonderry colonized, v. 289; siege of, vii. 57, 58 Longchamp, William, Bishop of Ely and justiciar, i. 260, 261, 264 "Lord" and "man," their mutual relations, i. 133; and villeins, i. 323-325 Lords, House of, origin of its judicial character, i. 256; its composition under the Houses of Lancaster and York, iii. 94, 99; under Henry VIII., iv. 13, 14; rejects proposals of the Commons to confiscate Church property, iii. 15, 22; its dealings with the Duke of York's claim to the Crown, 77; assents to bills for Church reform, 291; its address to the Pope, 297; increase in its numbers under the Stuarts, v. 199, 200; relations with Crown and Commons in 1641, 360; charges Cromwell with treason, vi. 63; rejects the ordinance for the trial of Charles I., 66, 67; abolished, 67, 69; Cromwell's substitute for, 144; the Bishops restored to, 204; rejects the Exclusion Bill, 320; proposal to limit its numbers, vii. 190, 191; its dealings with Wilkes, 318; rejects Chatham's bill for repeal of the Stamp Acts, viii. 19, 20; refuses Catholic emancipation, 196 Lorne, Archibald Campbell, Lord, v. 326. _See_ Argyle Lorraine annexed by France, vii. 215 Lorraine, the Cardinal of, iv. 267 Lothian ceded to Malcolm I., i. 147 Loughborough, Alexander Wedderburn, first Lord, viii. 154 Louisburg, capture of, vii. 266 Louisiana, French settlement in, vii. 242; ceded to England, 307 Louviers captured by Henry V., iii. 33 Lovat, Simon Fraser, thirteenth Lord, vii. 230 Lovelace, John, third Lord, vii. 42 Lowestoft, battle of, vi. 225 Lowlands, alleged grant of, by Cnut to the Scots, ii. 132 Lucy, Geoffrey de, i. 345 Lucy, Richard de, i. 343, 344 Luddite riots, viii. 194 Ludlow, General, vi. 109; his _Memoirs_, v. 72 Lumley, John, Lord, iv. 267, 268 Lumley, Richard, second Viscount, vii. 35, 37 Lunéville, Peace of, viii. 143 Luther, Martin, iii. 253-257 Lutherans in England, iii. 262; their progress on the Continent, 275; importation of their books forbidden, 304; Henry VIII.'s alliance with, 336; growth in Germany, iv. 31; refuse to send representatives to Trent, 35, 36; reject Henry VIII.'s advances, 36; defeated at Muhlberg, 50; take refuge in England, 51; again invited to Trent, 193; position after Peace of Passau, v. 176 Lutterworth, Wyclif at, ii. 343, 344 Luttrell, Colonel, viii. 8 Luttrell's _Diary_, vi. 158 Lutzen, battle of, viii. 201 Luxemburg seized by Lewis XIV., vi. 335; restored to Spain, vii. 91 Luxemburg, Francis Henry de Montmorency, Duke of, vii. 75, 79, 80 Luxemburg, Jacquetta of, iii. 124 Lydgate, John, iii. 17, 40; Caxton's edition of, 157 Lyly, John, v. 5 Lymne, its fall, i. 33 Lynn, King John at, i. 356; its charter annulled, ii. 79 Lyons, Richard, ii. 304, 306, 323 Lyttelton, Lord Keeper, v. 378 Lyttelton, George, first Lord, vii. 249 _Mabinogion_, i. 7; ii. 50, 51 Macclesfield, Fitton Gerard, third Earl of, vii. 37 Machyn's _Diary_, iv. 3 Mackay, General, vii. 52 Madison, James, President of the United States, viii. 198 Madras, its origin, vii. 232; razed by Labourdonnais, 233 Magdalen of Valois, queen of Scots, iv. 23 Magdeburg, siege of, iv. 64 Magesætas, i. 66 Magna Carta. _See_ Charter, the Great Mahrattas, vii. 234, 235; viii. 31 Maidstone, Protestant martyrs at, iv. 96 Maine conquered by counts of Anjou, i. 212; by William of Normandy, 158, 213; by Philip Augustus, 269; ceded to France, ii. 63 "Maintenance," ii. 311; iii. 105 Mainwaring, Dr. Roger, v. 254, 267 Major-Generals, Cromwell's, vi. 107, 118, 119 Malcolm I., king of Scots, i. 123 Malcolm II., king of Scots, i. 146 Malcolm III., king of Scots, i. 170, 197 Maldon, battle of, i. 139 Malet, Robert, i. 201 Malet, William, i. 343 "Malignants," vi. 47, 83, 99, 194, 201 Malmesbury, James Harris, first Lord, viii. 121, 123 Malmesbury, William of, i. 4, 6, 173, 243, 244 Malplaquet, battle of, vii. 136 Malta conquered by Buonaparte, viii. 132; blockaded by a British fleet, viii. 162; surrenders, 165 "Maltôte," ii. 166 Man, Isle of, conquered by Eadwine, i. 63 Manchester seized by Eadward the Elder, i. 119; its rise, vii. 196 Manchester, Edward Montagu, second Earl of (_see_ Mandeville), head of the Association of the Eastern Counties, vi. 8, 13, 18; quarrels with Cromwell, 24, 34; retires, 35 Mandeville, Geoffrey de, Earl of Essex, i. 343 Mandeville, Edward Montagu, Viscount, v. 354, 358. _See_ Manchester Manor, the, i. 322-323 Mans, Le, seized by Geoffrey Martel, i. 212; rebels against William Rufus, 197; Henry II. besieged in, 258; surrendered to Charles VII., iii. 62 Mansel, John, ii. 8 Mansfield, Count, v. 239 Mansfield, William Murray, first Earl of, vii. 259 Mansion, Colard, iii. 155 Mantes, William the Conqueror wounded at, i. 190 Manton, Thomas, vi. 252 Mantua, siege of, viii. 123; surrenders to Buonaparte, 125 Manufactures, growth of, under Elizabeth, iv. 278-280; in Yorkshire, their rise, v. 281; English, in eighteenth century, viii. 53, 54, 59, 60; altered conditions of, 193, 194; of linen, in Ireland, v. 291; of silk, at Spitalfields, vii. 14 Manumissions, sale of, to the king's serfs, i. 325 Map, Walter, i. 174, 247-249 Mar, John Erskine, sixth Earl of, vii. 145, 183 March, Edward, Earl of. _See_ Edward IV. March, Roger Mortimer, first Earl of. _See_ Mortimer March, Roger Mortimer, fourth Earl of, ii. 378 March, Edmund Mortimer, fifth Earl of, iii. 2, 13, 14, 28, 30 Marchers, the Lords, ii. 67, 75, 80-82, 85 Mardyke, capture of, by the French, vi. 124 Mare, Sir Peter de la, ii. 306, 307, 311 Marengo, battle of, viii. 142 Maria Theresa of Austria, vii. 199; queen of Hungary, 220; her struggle with Frederick the Great, 221, 223, 225, 246 Margaret of Anjou, wife of Henry VI., iii. 61; her policy, 72, 74; flies to Scotland, 75; victory at St. Albans, 79; defeated at Towton, 80; appeals to Lewis XI., 121; defeated at Hexham, 123; reconciled with Warwick, 137; lands at Weymouth, 143; captured at Tewkesbury, 145 Margaret, wife of Malcolm III., king of Scots, i. 170 Margaret, daughter of Henry VII., wife of James IV. of Scotland, iii. 185; her second marriage, 231; strife with Albany, 232, 235, 247, 248; with her husband, iv. 22 Margaret, the "Maid of Norway," ii. 135 Margaret of York, schemes for her marriage, iii. 128-130; marries Charles the Bold, 131; patroness of Caxton, 155; supports Lambert Simnel, 176; supports Perkin Warbeck, 180 Margaret Beaufort. _See_ Beaufort Marignano, battle of, iii. 233 Marisco. _See_ Marsh Marlborough, Parliament at, ii. 89 Marlborough, John Churchill, Earl of (_see_ Churchill), vii. 50, 110; campaign in Ireland, 72, 73; plans of treason, 77; relations with William III. and Anne, 111, 112; Captain-General, 112; relations with the allies, 113, 114; his temper, 115, 116; his military genius, 117; campaign in 1702, _ib._; difficulties with the Dutch, 118; Duke, _ib._; campaign of 1704, 119-122; supports Occasional Conformity, 123; relations with the Tories, _ib._, 124; with the Whigs, 125; troubles with the Allies, 125; campaign of 1706, 126, 127; difficulties at home, 131-133; campaign of 1708, 134; of 1709, 136; attacked by the Tories, 138, 140; his fall, 141; imbecility, 182 Marlborough, Sarah Jennings, Duchess of, vii. 110, 111, 133, 136, 138 Marlowe, Christopher, v. 26, 27, 29, 31, 35 Marmont, General, viii. 199 "Marprelate, Martin," iv. 5, 342, 343 Marseilles besieged by Charles V., iii. 248, 249 Marsh, Adam, i. 274; ii. 14, 40, 41 Marshal, William, first Earl of Pembroke, opposes John, i. 328, 329; character and position, 345; counsels John to accept the Charter, 347; his fidelity to John, ii. 1; "governor of king and kingdom," 2; death, 3 Marshal, William, second Earl of Pembroke, i. 343; ii. 36 Marshal, Richard, third Earl of Pembroke, ii. 33, 34 Marshall, Stephen, v. 354 Marston, John, v. 42 Marston Moor, battle of, vi. 19 Martinengo, Papal nuncio, iv. 193 Martinico conquered by England, vii. 307; restored to France, _ib._ Marvell, Andrew, vi. 329 Mary, daughter of Henry VIII., betrothed to the Dauphin, iii. 235; to Charles V., 242, 250; refuses to conform to Protestantism, iv. 58; proclaimed queen, 71; enters London, 74; person and character, _ib._; her aim, 75, 76; schemes for her marriage, 78-80; relations with Parliament, 81, 85; revolt against her, 82-84; marriage, 86; persecutions, 91, 95, 96, 144; disappointment, 98; relations with Paul IV., 102, 103, 106; refounds abbeys, 106; war with Franco, 108; dealings with Ireland, 109, 111; effect of her persecutions, 118; Protestant denunciations of, 130, 131; death, 145 Mary, daughter of James, Duke of York, vi. 282; plan for her marriage, 283; married, 290; refuses to reign alone, vii. 46; declared queen, 47; death, 88 Mary Stuart born, iv. 25; proposal for her marriage with Edward VI., 26, 28; crowned, 28; marries the Dauphin, 53, 169; her claims to the English crown, 79, 153; treaties with Elizabeth and the Lords, 176; returns to Scotland, 196, 201; person and character, 196-198; policy, 199-201, 208, 211, 212; relations with Elizabeth, 205; scheme of marriage with Leicester, _ib._; with Don Carlos, 206, 213, 221; relations with Knox and the Calvinists, 218; turns to the Lennoxes, 222; proposes to marry Darnley, 223; expels Murray, 225; demands to be recognized as Elizabeth's successor, 226; her plans for Scotland and England, _ib._; quarrel with Darnley, 227; captured, 229; escapes to Dunbar, _ib._; returns, 230; birth of her son, 231; relations with Darnley and Bothwell, 242, 243; sanctions the establishment of Protestantism, 245; marries Bothwell, _ib._; captured by the Lords, 246; prisoner at Lochleven, 257, 258; forced to resign, 259; escapes, 260; defeated at Langside, 261; flies to Carlisle, _ib._; refuses to clear herself, 262; plans for her marriage with Arran, 263; for her marriage with Norfolk, _ib._, 265; plots with Norfolk, 265, 271, 272; given in charge to Lord Huntingdon, 268; imprisoned at Coventry, 269; scheme of marriage with Don John, 310; joins Babington's plot, 351; trial and death, 352; bequeaths her claims to Philip, 353; materials for her history, 4 Mary of Guise, queen of Scotland, iv. 23, 25, 28; Regent, 112; relations with the Protestants, 118, 168; with France, 170; death, 176 Mary of Modena, wife of James II., vi. 278; vii. 29, 34 Mary, daughter of Henry VII., iii. 232; iv. 46 Maserfeld, battle of the, i. 71 Masham, Mrs., vii. 132 Massachusetts, first settlement in, v. 310; first charter granted to, 311; protests against English taxation, vii. 326; proposes a congress, 330; its assembly dissolved, viii. 14; resists the tea-duty, 15; its charter altered, 18; takes up arms against England, 19; repudiates English government, 23; refuses to join in war against England, 203, 204 Massena, General, viii. 140, 189-191 Massey, Dean of Christ Church, Oxford, vii. 25 Massinger, Philip, v. 303 Matilda of Flanders, wife of William the Conqueror, i. 159 Matilda or Maud (Edith), wife of Henry I., i. 198-200, 246 Matilda or Maud, daughter of Henry I., i. 208, 213, 219, 220 Matthias, Emperor, v. 177, 213, 217 Maud. _See_ Matilda Maunay, Sir Walter, ii. 234, 246, 253 Maurice, Bishop of London, i. 223 Maurice, Prince, vi. 13, 19, 22 Maximilian I. of Austria, iii. 147; marries Mary of Burgundy, 151; war with Lewis XI., _ib._; treaty with him, 170; supports Perkin Warbeck, 180; relations with France, 232-234; death, 239; policy towards Luther, iv. 18 May's _History of the Long Parliament_, v. 72 Mayenne, Charles of Lorraine, Duke of, iv. 367, 372 _Mayflower_, the, v. 309 Mayne, Cuthbert, iv. 309 Maynooth stormed, iii. 328, 329 Mayor of a town, successor of portreeve, i. 303; right of electing, 315; of Oxford, 310 Mazarin, Cardinal, vi. 114, 117, 190 Measures, uniformity of, enacted by Great Charter, i. 352 Meaux taken by Henry V., iii. 36 Medina Sidonia, Duke of, iv. 360, 362 Medway, the Dutch in the, vi. 242 Melfort, John Drummond, first Earl of, vii. 17 Melrose, Cuthbert at, i. 75; _Chronicle_ of, 273; English raid on, iv. 29 Melville, Andrew, v. 133, 136, 138, 164, 165 Menou, General, viii. 164, 166 Meonwaras, i. 85 Merchadé, i. 265 Merchant Adventurers, English, in Flanders, iii. 155; of London, iv. 283, 284 Merchant Associations, iv. 233, 283 Merchant-gild, the, i. 297, 300; struggle with craft-gilds, 316-318; of London, 319 Mercia under Penda, i. 66, 70-73; submits to Oswiu, 73; becomes Christian, _ib._; its revival under Wulfhere, 78, 85; struggle with Wessex, 90-91; greatness under Offa, 97, 98; struggle with Wales, ii. 46; civil strife in, i. 101; conquered by Ecgberht, 102; attacked by northmen, 104; conquered by them, 105; English, under ealdorman Æthelred, 117; annexed to Wessex, 118; revolts against Eadwig, 137; submits to Cnut, 143; earldom of, 146 Mercians, their settlement, i. 37 Meres, Francis, v. 32, 41, 42 Merlin, legend of, i. 247; prophecies of, ii. 57, 119 Merton, school of, i. 225 Methodists, vii. 204-207, 210, 211; their influence, viii. 46 Meulan captured by John of Bedford, iii. 39 Meulan, Robert, count of, i. 201 Mexico conquered by Cortes, iv. 329 Michiel, Giovanni, iv. 3 Middle English settle round Leicester, i. 37; become Christian, 72 Middle Saxons, i. 54 Middlesex elects Wilkes, viii. 5, 7 Middleton, Thomas, v. 42 Milan Decree, Napoleon's, viii. 181 Mile-end, meeting of Richard II. and the Kentishmen at, ii. 322 Milford Haven, Richard II. lands at, ii. 380 Millenary Petition, v. 151 Milton, John, his early life, v. 98-101; life at Horton, 302, 303; early poems, 304; _Comus_, 305, 306; _Lycidas_, 332; views on Church reform, 355; change in his ecclesiastical views, vi. 32; his sonnet on the Vaudois, 123; his _Defence of the English People_, 231; his later life, 232, 233; _Paradise Lost_, 234-237; _Areopagitica_, 305 Minden, battle of, vii. 264 Mines in England, i. 30; ii. 107; viii. 57 Minorca ceded to England, vii. 142; lost, 248; restored, 307; ceded to Spain, viii. 41 Mirebeau, Arthur of Britanny captured at, i. 268 Mise of Amiens, ii. 68; of Lewes, 71 Model, New. _See_ Army _Modus Tenendi Parliamentum_, i. 275 Mogul Empire, the, vii. 234 Monaco, soldiers of, at Crécy, ii. 236 Monarchy, growth of its strength, iii. 88, 89; new policy, 89; causes of its power, 111; its position at Thomas Cromwell's death, iv. 7; changes in its system under Elizabeth, 232; James I.'s theory of, v. 169-171; change in its relations to the country, 183, 184; abolished, vi. 68; proposal to restore it, 119-121; restored, 152; character after the Restoration, 172, 173, 183, 184; character since the Revolution, vii. 60; its insignificance under the House of Hanover, vii. 172-175. _See_ King Monasteries, suppression of, iii. 310, 311, 346; iv. 13 Monasticism, revival of, under Henry I. and Stephen, i. 222; its condition in the sixteenth century, iii. 309-310 Monk, George, subdues the Highlands, vi. 108; commander in Scotland, 150; gathers a Convention at Edinburgh, _ib._; leads his army to London, 151; restores Charles II., 152; Duke of Albemarle, 193; fight with De Ruyter, 238 Monmouth, James, Duke of, vi. 176, 309; schemes for his succession, 309, 310; comes to court, 312; ordered to leave London, _ib._; returns, 314; his progresses, 316, 322; arrested, 335; flight, 337; finds refuge at the Hague, vii. 8; his attempt on England, 9; defeat and death, 10 Monmouth, Humfrey, iii. 258 Monopolies, sale of, by Edward III., ii. 291; abolished by Elizabeth, v. 58; revived by James I., 222; by Charles I., 279 Mons surprised by Lewis of Nassau, iv. 298; captured by Lewis XIV., vii. 76 Montacute, Henry Pole, Lord, iii. 349, 350 Montagu, John Neville, first Lord, iii. 113; victory at Hexham, 123; relations with Edward IV., 137, 138; joins Warwick and Clarence, 139; joins Warwick again, 142; slain, _ib._ Montagu, Ralph, vi. 299 Montague, Anthony Browne, first Viscount, iv. 267 Montague, Charles, vii. 85; founds the Bank of England, 86; Chancellor of the Exchequer, 88; reforms the currency, 89; dismissed, 98; impeached, 105 Montague, Dr. Richard, v. 245, 246; bishop of Chichester, 267, 298 Montcalm, Marquis of, vii. 244, 268, 269 Montcontour, battle of, iv. 268, 298 Monteagle, William Parker, fourth Lord, v. 159 Montereau, Duke John of Burgundy assassinated at, iii. 35 Montfort, Amaury of (brother of Earl Simon), ii. 35 Montfort, Amaury of (son of Earl Simon), ii. 83 Montfort, Eleanor of, ii. 109 Montfort, Henry of, ii. 81 Montfort, John of, Duke of Britanny, ii. 233 Montfort, Richard of, ii. 83 Montfort, Simon IV. of, earl of Leicester, ii. 35 Montfort, Simon V. of, ii. 35; marriage, 36; earl of Leicester, _ib._, 37; relations with the barons, _ib._; heads reforming party, 37, 38; protests against papal exactions, 38; Seneschal of Gascony, 38-40; quarrel with Henry III., 40; regency of France offered to, _ib._; character, 40-42; returns to England, 59; swears to Provisions of Oxford, 63; negotiations with France, _ib._; breach with Gloucester, 64; goes to France, 66; returns, 67; alliance with Llewelyn, _ib._; heads the barons in arms, _ib._; rejects the Mise of Amiens, 68, 69; victory at Lewes, 70, 71; his rule, 71; summons the commons to Parliament, 73, 153; quarrel with Gloucester, 75; last campaign, 76, 77; death, 78; his corpse mutilated, 80; his adherents disinherited, 82, 83; miracles at his tomb, 83 Montfort, Simon, the younger, taken prisoner, ii. 70; defeated by Edward, 76; advances to Alcester, 77; falls back to Kenilworth, 80; releases his prisoners, _ib._; goes to Axholme, 84; surrenders to Edward, 85; flies over sea, 86 Montgomery, Roger of, ii. 47 Montreal taken by Amherst, vii. 269 Montreuil besieged by the English, iv. 30 Montrose, James Grahame, fifth earl and first marquis of, v. 337, 342; relations with Charles I., 359, 364; raises the Highlands for the king, vi. 23; his victories, _ib._, 38, 41; defeat at Philiphaugh, _ib._; executed, 78 Moore, Sir John, viii. 186, 187 Moot, the, i. 17, 18 Morat, battle of, iii. 150 Moray, Thomas Randolph, Earl of, ii. 213. _See_ Randolph More, Hannah, vii. 170; viii. 47 More, Thomas, his person and character, iii. 216, 217; first appearance in Parliament, 218; his home-life, _ib._, 219; returns to court, 219; his lectures on "The City of God," 197; _Life of Edward the Fifth_, 83, 218; _Utopia_, 189, 220-228; Speaker of the Commons, 245; his reply to Luther, 257; Chancellor, 286, 289; resigns, 299; summoned to take the oath of succession, 317; refuses, 318; sent to the Tower, 319; beheaded, 321; his reverence for Parliament, iv. 9; Roper's _Life of_, iii. 83 More, Thomas de la, ii. 177 Moreau, General, viii. 122, 142, 143 _Moriæ Encomium_, iii. 219 Morice, Sir William, Secretary of State, vi. 194 Morkere, Earl of Northumbria, i. 160, 165, 167, 170 Mornington, Richard Wellesley, second Earl of, viii. 132. _See_ Wellesley Morrison, Robert, vi. 167 Mortemer, battle of, i. 158 Mortimer, Anne, iii. 56 Mortimer, Edmund, Earl of March. _See_ March Mortimer, Sir Edmund, iii. 13 Mortimer, Roger, supporter of Henry III., ii. 64, 72, 85; defeated by Llewelyn, 88; head of regency, 102 Mortimer, Roger, conspires against Edward II., ii. 198; Earl of March, 206; fall, 207 Mortimer's Cross, battle of, iii. 78 Morton, John, Bishop of Ely and Archbishop of Canterbury, iii. 167, 285; his "fork," 177 Morton, James Douglas, fourth Earl of, iv. 114; Chancellor of Scotland, 224; aids Darnley against Mary, 228; flies, 230; recalled, 243; joins Argyle against Mary, 245; beheaded, 346 Morton, Dr. Nicholas, iv. 265, 268 Moscow, Napoleon's expedition to, viii. 200 Mount Badon, battle of, i. 34 Mountjoy, Charles Blount, eighth Lord, v. 62 Mountnorris, Francis Annesley, Lord, v. 290 Moveables, taxation of, under Henry II., i. 257; under Richard I., 350 Mowbray, Robert, Earl of Northumberland, i. 192 Mowbray, Roger, i. 254 Muhlberg, battle of, iv. 50 Munster, the Fitz-Maurices in, ii. 377; English conquest of, iii. 329; revolt in, v. 62 Münster, Bernard van Galen, Bishop of, vi. 227 Murimuth, Adam of, i. 274; ii. 177 Murray, James Stuart, first earl of (_see_ Stuart), iv. 199; his policy, _ib._, 200, 201, 205; opposes the Darnley marriage, 223; plots with Elizabeth, 224; rises against Mary, _ib._; defeated, 225; returns, 229; pleads for Morton's recall, 243; goes to France, 244; Regent of Scotland, 259; defeats Mary at Langside, 260, 261; his charges against Mary, 262; murdered, 271; v. 122 Murray, Sir Robert, vi. 166 Mysore, sultans of, viii. 131 Nalson's historical collections, v. 72 Namur surrendered to Lewis XIV., vii. 79; taken by the Allies, 88 Nanci, battle of, iii. 150 Nantes, Edict of, revoked, vii. 13 Nantwich, battle at, vi. 18 Naples threatened by an English fleet, vii. 223; attacked by Austria, 224 Napoleon, Emperor of the French (_see_ Buonaparte), his scheme for invading England, viii. 170, 171; victories at Ulm and Austerlitz, 173; at Jena, 174; at Eylau and Friedland, 175; his Berlin Decree, 176; Milan Decree, 181; masters Spain, 185; military successes there, 187; victory at Wagram, 188; seeks the alliance of America, 192; marches on Russia, 198, 200; retreats, 200, 201; last victories, 201; fall, 203; at Elba, 205; re-enters France, 206; raises an army, 207; victory at Ligny, _ib._; defeat at Waterloo, 208-210; exile to St. Helena, 211 Narbonne sacked by the Black Prince, ii. 260 Naseby, battle of, vi. 40 Nash, Thomas, v. 8 Nassau, Lewis, Count of, iv. 298 Navarete, battle of, ii. 284 Navarre, Anthony of Bourbon, king of, iv. 206 Navy. _See_ Fleet Nectansmere, battle of, i. 89 Neerwinden, battles of, vii. 80; viii. 107 Nelson, Horatio, viii. 133, 172, 173 Nennius, i. 3 Netherlands, their importance to Philip II., iv. 255; rise against him, 256, 297, 298; alliance with Elizabeth, 311; English sympathy with, 323, 324; choose the Duke of Anjou for their sovereign, 336-338; Parma's successes in, 347; prevent Parma joining the Armada, 359; league with France and England, v. 60; submit to Philip V. of Spain, vii. 101; Marlborough's campaigns in, 117, 126, 127; invaded by Lewis XV., vii. 225; war in, 227, 231; conquered by France, viii. 109 Neufmarché, Bernard of, ii. 47 Neuss besieged by Charles the Bold, iii. 147-149 Neville, Alexander, Archbishop of York, ii. 353 Neville, Anne, iii. 137, 140 Neville, Cecily, Duchess of York, iii. 73 Neville, George, Chancellor, iii. 113, 123; Archbishop of York, 113; deprived of the seals, 130; betrays London to Edward, 142 Neville, Ralph, Earl of Westmoreland, ii. 379 Neville, house of, iii. 73, 112, 113 Neville's Cross, battle of, ii. 243 New Amsterdam, vi. 243 Newark, king John dies at, i. 356; siege of, vi. 19 Newburgh, William of, i. 174 Newbury, battles of, vi. 14, 23, 24 Newcastle-on-Tyne founded, i. 189; occupied by the Scots, v. 342; besieged by the Scots, vi. 23; Charles I. and the Scots at, 48; Parliament at, ii. 160 Newcastle, William Cavendish, first Earl, Marquis and Duke of, vi. 4, 18, 19 Newcastle, John Holies, Duke of, vii. 134 Newcastle, Thomas Pelham-Holles, Duke of, vii. 218; head of the ministry, 246; refuses subsidy to Russia, 247; jealous of Pitt, 250; resigns, _ib._; joins Pitt in forming a ministry, 251; opposes Pitt, 304; retires, 305 New England, its settlement, v. 310-314; return of Independents from, vi. 28; its progress, vii. 237, 238 New Forest, William the Red slain in the, i. 198 Newgate, Friars at, ii. 12 New Holland, vii. 277 New Jersey, vii. 236 "New men," the, i. 325 New Orleans, English attempt on, viii. 205 New River, the, v. 77 New South Wales, vii. 278 Newton, Isaac, vi. 167 Newton, John, viii. 47 Newtown Butler, battle of, vii. 58 New York, vi. 243, vii. 236; its Assembly suspended, viii. 4, 14 New Zealand, vii. 278 Ney, Marshal, viii. 208, 210 Niagara, Fort, vii. 243, 244, 267 Nicholas, Sir Edward, vi. 194, 244 Nigel, Bishop of Ely and treasurer, i. 218, 219 Nile, battle of the, viii. 133 Nimeguen, Peace of, vi. 291 "Nithing," i. 151, 192 Noailles, Duc de, vii. 224 Nonconformity, rise of, vi. 27 Nonconformists, their position after 1662, vi. 212, 213; attitude in 1665, 229; persecution of, _ib._, 230; the Cabal's dealings with, 251, 252; renewed persecution of, 335; position under James II., vii. 22; under William III., 64; under Anne, 123; under Walpole, 198 Nonjurors, vii. 65 Nootka Sound, dispute about, viii. 88 Norfolk, rising of John the Litster in, ii. 325, 331 Norfolk, John Howard, first Duke of, iii. 286 Norfolk, Thomas Howard, second Duke of (_see_ Surrey), iii. 287 Norfolk, Thomas Howard, third Duke of (_see_ Surrey), iii. 270, 287; his policy, 291, 294; puts down Pilgrimage of Grace, 324; arrests Cromwell, 352; returns to power, iv. 17; hostility to Protestants, _ib._; marches against Scotland, 23, 24; sent to the Tower, 45; leads the royal guard against Wyatt, 83 Norfolk, Thomas Howard, fourth Duke of, iv. 173; plots with Mary Stuart, 265, 266; sent to the Tower, 268; released, 271; again plots with Mary, _ib._, 272; arrest and death, 274 Norfolk, Henry Howard, seventh Duke of, vii. 21, 42 Norfolk, Thomas Mowbray, first Duke of (_see_ Nottingham), ii. 372, 378 Norfolk, John Mowbray, third Duke of, iii. 80 Norfolk, Thomas, Earl of, son of Edward I., ii. 206, 207 Norfolk, Earls of. _See_ Bigod Norham, Parliament at, ii. 136 Norman, prior of Holy Trinity, Aldgate, i. 223 Normandy, its relation to English history, i. 154; settlement of northmen in, 127, 141, 155; relations with France, 155, 156; with English kings, 156; Æthelred II. in, 143, 156; condition under William the Conqueror, 158, 159; pledged by Robert to William Rufus, 197; conquered by Henry I., 202; invaded by Lewis VII., 254; by Philip Augustus, 263; laid under interdict, 263; conquered by Philip, 269; ceded by Henry III., ii. 63; invaded by Edward III., 235; conquered by Henry V., iii. 33, 34; Bedford's rule in, 55; regained by Charles VII., 62; historians of, i. 6 Normans, their settlement, i. 155; temper, _ib._, 158; in England under Eadward the Confessor, 151; their flight, 153; fusion with the English, 200, 281; settlers in London, 303; in Wales, ii. 48 Norris, Sir John, iv. 367, 368 North, Francis, Lord Keeper, vii. 10 North, Frederick, Lord, viii. 16, 28, 33 Northallerton, battle of, i. 217 Northampton reduced by Eadward the Elder, i. 119; John's deposition proclaimed at, 333; John and Langton at, 340; Essex musters the Parliamentary army at, vi. 2; Assize of, i. 255; battle of, iii. 75; councils at, i. 237; ii. 120; treaty of, ii. 205 Northampton, William Bohun, Earl of, ii. 237 Northampton, George Compton, fourth Earl of, vii. 23 Northampton, Henry Howard, Earl of, v. 191 Northampton, William Parr, first Marquis of, iv. 47 North folk, i. 42 North Foreland, battles off the, vi. 238, 239 Northmen, their temper, i. 100; attack Britain, 101; settle in Ireland, 103; victorious at Charmouth, _ib._; defeated at Aclea, _ib._; conquer Northumbria and East Anglia, 104; attack Wessex, 105; defeated at Ashdown, _ib._; invade Mercia, _ib._; Alfred's struggle with, 106, 107, 116, 117; attack Wessex, 118; character of their attack, i. 125, 126; fusion with English, 126, 127; their work in England, 129; settle in Iceland, the Orkneys and Hebrides, _ib._; again threaten England, 139; victory at Maldon, _ib._; bought off by Æthelred, 140; mercenaries in England, massacred, 141; settlement in Gaul. _See_ Normandy, Normans Northumberland granted to Henry of Scotland, ii. 134; lead-mines in, i. 30 Northumberland, John Dudley, Duke of (_see_ Warwick), iv. 65, 67-69, 71 Northumberland, Henry Percy, first Earl of, ii. 378, 380; iii. 12-14, 18, 19 Northumberland, Henry Percy, second Earl of, iii. 28, 73, 74 Northumberland, Henry Percy, third Earl of, iii. 80 Northumberland, Henry Percy, fourth Earl of, iii. 138, 172 Northumberland, Thomas Percy, seventh Earl of, iv. 268, 269, 274 Northumberland, Henry Percy, ninth Earl of, iv. 353, 358 Northumbria, kingdom of (Bernicia and Deira), i. 53, 60; greatness under Eadwine, 62-63; accepts Christianity, 64-65; greatness under Oswald, 67; Irish missionaries in, 69; struggle with Penda, 70-73; Cuthbert's mission-work in, 75, 76; monasteries in, 76, 77; religious strife in, 78-80; its power under Ecgfrith, 86, 87; struggle with the Picts, 88, 89; with Mercia, 89; schools and learning in, 91; repulses Æthelbald, 96; anarchy in, 97; submits to Ecgberht, 102; conquered by northmen, 104; submits to Eadward the Elder, 119; incorporated with Wessex and Mercia by Æthelstan, _ib._; rises against him, 120; against Eadmund, _ib._; against Eadwig, 137; earldom of, 146; revolts against Tostig, 160; against William I., 168; northern, conquered by the Scots, 146 Norway, its monarchy founded, i. 128, 129 Norwich, French settlers in, i. 303; clothiers of, resist benevolences, iii. 251; rising at, against Somerset, iv. 55; centre of the worsted trade, 279 Nothelm, friend of Bæda, i. 94 Nottingham, Æthelred I.'s treaty with the northmen at, i. 104; one of the Five Boroughs, 117; submits to Eadward the Elder, 119; Edward III. arrests Mortimer at, ii. 207; Charles I. raises his standard at, vi. 2 Nottingham, Daniel Finch, second Earl of, vii. 28, 88, 124 Nottingham, Thomas Mowbray, second Earl of, ii. 353, 370. _See_ Norfolk Nottingham, John Mowbray, fourth Earl of, iii. 18 Nova Scotia, French settlers driven from, vii. 242; ceded to England, 307 Novi, battle of, viii. 140 Nowell, Alexander, Dean of St. Paul's, iv. 165 Noy, William, v. 317 Noyon, treaty of, iii. 234 Oates, Titus, vi. 294-297; vii. 66 Ockham, William, ii. 276 Odo, Archbishop of Canterbury, i. 137 Odo, Bishop of Bayeux, i. 167, 183, 189, 191 Offa, king of Mercia, i. 96-98; ii. 46 Oglethorpe, General, vii. 236 O'Hara, General, viii. 109 Ohio Company, vii. 242 Olaf, king of Norway, i. 140 Oldcastle, Sir John, ii. 345; iii. 19. _See_ Cobham Olivares, Count of, v. 233 Olney, treaty of, i. 143 O'Neal, Sir Phelim, v. 365 O'Neill, Hugh, vi. 79 O'Neill, Hugh, second Earl of Tyrone, v. 61, 62 O'Neill, Owen Roe, vi. 71 O'Neill, Shane, iv. 240, 241 Opdam, Admiral, vi. 225 Orange, William I., Prince of, iv. 264, 297, 300, 312, 338, 347 Orange, William II., Prince of, vi. 70 Orange, William III., Prince of. _See_ William "Orangemen," viii. 119, 120 "Ordainers," the Lords, ii. 188 Ordeal, trial by, i. 239 Orderic, i. 6, 173 Orders in Council, Lord Grenville's, viii. 178; Canning's, 181; repealed, 197 Ordinance, Self-Denying, vi. 35; for suppression of blasphemies and heresies, vi. 60 Ordinances changed into statutes, ii. 298; of 1311, 189, 191, 194, 195 Orkneys, Northmen in the, i. 129 Orleans, Henry V. repulsed from, iii. 36; siege of, 45, 46; relieved, 50, 51 Orleans, Charles, Duke of, iii. 24, 26, 28 Orleans, Lewis I., Duke of, iii. 5, 6, 12, 16, 17 Orleans, Lewis II., Duke of, iii. 170. _See_ Lewis XII. Orleans, Philip II., Duke of, Regent of France, vii. 185, 213 Ormond, James Butler, twelfth Earl of, vi. 16; invites Charles II. to Ireland, 71; besieges Dublin, 76; Duke, 182, 193; Lord Steward, 193; retires, 244; returns to the Council, 278; supports Parliamentary government, vii. 1 Ormond, James Butler, second Duke of, Warden of the Cinque Ports, vii. 145; joins the Pretender, 168; tries to stir up a rising, 184; commands a Spanish fleet, 187 Orosius, Ælfred's translation of, i. 114 Orthez, battle of, viii. 202 Orvieto, Edward I. visits the Pope at, ii. 102 Osbern's _Lives of English Saints_, i. 243 Osgod Clapa, i. 148 Osney, abbey of, i. 284; annals of, 273 Oswald, king of Bernicia, i. 67, 69-71 Oswiu, king of Northumbria, i. 72, 73, 78-81, 86 Otterbourne's _Chronicle_, ii. 179 Otto of Saxony, king of the Germans, i. 264; his alliance with John, 334, 337; invades France, 338, 342 Oudenarde, battle of, vii. 134 Overbury, Sir Thomas, v. 192 Oxford, first mention of, i. 305; submits to Swein, 143; siege of, 220; condition after Norman conquest, 306, 307; in the twelfth century, 283-285; relations with Abbey of Abingdon, 306, 308; with London, 308, 309; mayor substituted for reeve, 310; town-life, _ib._, 311; barons swear fealty to Henry Fitz-Empress at, 227; Richard I. born at, 259; Friars settle in, ii. 12; Charles I. at, vi. 3, 4; blockade of, 19; "bargemen" of, i. 308; charters, 309; church of St. Martin, 283, 306, 310; of St. Mary, 287, 288; Jews at, 307; ii. 127-129; merchant-gild, i. 308; Parliament at, ii. 60; v. 246; vi. 226, 322, 323; Portmannimote of, i. 306, 309; Port-meadow, 296, 306; Provisions of, ii. 61; University of, i. 285-287; Gerald of Wales at, 285; a papal legate mobbed at, 287; ii. 42; study of Aristotle at, i. 288, 293, 294; foreign students at, 291; revival of theology at, ii. 14; Roger Bacon at, 16, 17; attitude towards English liberty in thirteenth century, 22; Wyclif at, 276; ordered to condemn and arrest him, 310; condemns him, 337; displaces his opponents, _ib._; Wykeham's College at, 308; Lollardry at, 339-341; Duke Humphrey bequeaths his library to, iii. 40, 161; decay of scholarship at, 98; revival of Greek at, 190, 194, 202; Cardinal College at, 202, 262, 265; Lutheranism at, 262, 263; forced to approve Henry VIII.'s divorce, 292; opposes the royal supremacy, iv. 162; religious changes in, 304; Catholic refugees from, at Douay, 317; protests against the Millenary Petition, v. 152; declares for passive obedience, 170; vii. 1; James II.'s dealings with, 25, 26; Jacobitism in, 184; Methodists at, 205; supports the younger Pitt, viii. 69 Oxford, Robert de Vere, third Earl of. _See_ Vere Oxford, Robert de Vere, ninth Earl of. _See_ Vere Oxford, John de Vere, twelfth Earl of, iii. 142, 177 Oxford, Edward de Vere, seventeenth Earl of, iv. 318, 353, 358 Oxford, Aubrey de Vere, twentieth Earl of, vii. 23 Oxford, Robert Harley, Earl of (_see_ Harley), vii. 145 Packenham, General, viii. 205 Palatinate, war in the, v. 220; the Elector driven from, 226; reconquered by Gustavus of Sweden, 276 Pale, the English, in Ireland, ii. 374; divided into counties, 376 Pampeluna, siege of, viii. 202 Pandulf, Cardinal, i. 333, 337, 344; ii. 3, 6 Papacy, the, its relations with England under Henry III., ii. 1, 26-28, 59; English protests against its exactions, 38, 42; its relations with the Empire, 217, 218; with France, _ib._, 224; with England under Edward III., 218, 219, 221-223, 273-275, 303; complaints of King and Parliament against, 225; private arrangements with Edward III., 296; beginning of its struggle with Luther, iii. 253; England's relations with, under Henry VIII., 288, 289, 297, 299, 300; appeals to, forbidden, 302; judicial and financial connexion with, broken, _ib._; its jurisdiction transferred to the Crown, 305, 306; submission to, under Mary, iv. 88, 89; its revival under Paul IV., 99, 100; relations with Elizabeth, 155; position and policy under Pius V., 250-253; under Gregory XIII., 306, 313 Paris rises against the Regent Charles, ii. 264; threatened by Edward III., 265; Henry VI. crowned at, iii. 55; welcomes Charles VII., 56; besieged by Henry IV. (of France), iv. 369; relieved by Parma, 370; rising in, viii. 83; surrenders to the Allies, 203; Peace of, vii. 307; University of, i. 225, 282, 285, 290 Paris, Matthew, i. 273; ii. 43, 44 Parish system, its introduction, i. 84 Parker, Matthew, Archbishop of Canterbury, iv. 165; his historical collections, v. 4; Strype's _Life of_, iv. 4 Parker, Bishop of Oxford, vii. 25, 26 Parkhurst, John, iv. 119 Parliament, its origin, ii. 156; first scheme for representation of Commonalty in, 61; its summons forbidden by Henry III., 64; knights summoned to, 66, 150, 151; Commons summoned to, 73; representation of boroughs in, _ib._, 120, 121, 152-154; finally constituted in 1295, 156; attempt to include the clergy in, 157; fixed at Westminster, 158; Edward I.'s plan for representation of Scotland in, 171; relations with the Crown, 181-183; protests against papal exactions, 38, 222, 223, 225; demands the dismissal of Gaveston, 187; deposes Edward II., 199; growth of its power, 201; internal developement, _ib._, 202; grouping of Estates in, 202, 203; confirms recognition of Scotch independence, 205; progress under Edward III., 230-232; two Houses, 231; repudiates John's submission to Rome, 275; Edward III.'s relations with, 292; its assent made necessary for subsidies on wool, 298; English language first used in opening, 300, 356; petition for due election of knights to serve in, 300; acknowledges Richard II.'s claim to the succession, 307; refuses to enfranchise serfs, 335; struggle with Richard II., 352; deposes him, iii. 1; recognizes Henry IV., 2; its relations with him, 3, 4, 22, 23; importance at opening of Wars of the Roses, 86; relations with York and Lancaster, 91, 92; suspension under Edward IV., 91, 152; recognizes Henry VII., 174; Henry VIII.'s relations with, 288; asks for Church reform, 290; forbids appeals to Rome, 302; Cromwell's dealings with, iv. 8, 9; More's reverence for, 9; developement under Henry VIII., 9-11; temper under Edward VI., 66; packing of, 67, 234; relations with Mary, 77, 81, 85; advance under Elizabeth, 233-239; v. 56-58; "Admonition to," iv. 296; suspension under Charles I., 272; Pym's theory of, 346, 347; schemes of the Convention for its reform, vi. 99; first representation of Scotland and Ireland in, _ib._, 101; new constitution of, in 1657, 122; its strength and its weakness, 301, 302; secures control over taxation and the army, vii. 61; annual assembly, 62; control over trade, 63; the Whigs' management of, 176; its duration fixed at seven years, 185; relations with the people after the Revolution, 286-288; need for its reform, 289-292; George III.'s dealings with, 308, 309; its dealings with Wilkes, 318; publication of its debates, viii. 11; composition after Union with Ireland, 139; at Berwick, ii. 162; at Coventry, iii. 75; at Gloucester, ii. 289, 315; at Marlborough, 89; at Newcastle, 160; at Norham, 136; at Oxford, 60; v. 246; vi. 226, 323; at St. Albans, ii. 66; at Shrewsbury, 121, 371; at Winchester, 66, 80, 82; at York, 195; the Addled, v. 196; the Barebones, vi. 95; the Cavalier, 201-204, 207; moves to Oxford, 226; its attitude towards France, 228; relations with Charles, 240, 241; rejects a scheme of Protestant comprehension, 252; its distrust of the Cabal, 253; grants a subsidy for the fleet, 260; action in 1673, 271-274; in 1674, 280, 281; Danby's dealings with, 284-286; action in 1678, 290; dissolved, 299; the Convention, vi. 194; its dealings with the regicides, 195, 196; settlement of the nation, 196-198; of the Church, 199, 200; dissolved, 200, 201; the Club, iii. 91; the Good, ii. 177, 304-307; Long, its assembly, v. 349; proceedings in 1640, 350, 351; in 1641, 352-357, 362, 363, 369-371, 373-379; raises an army, 377; vi. 1; alliance with Scotland, 14, 15; takes the Covenant, 16; its ecclesiastical policy, 29, 30; negotiates with Charles, 38; attitude towards religious liberty, 45, 46; proposes terms to the king, 47; sets up Presbyterianism, 50; negotiates with the Army, 54; dealings with heresy, 60; negotiates again with Charles, 63; struggle with the Army, 65, 66; its ruin, 67; the Merciless, ii. 354; the Rump, vi. 66; its unwillingness to dissolve, 74, 77, 81, 84, 87; struggle with the army, 89; driven out, 90, 91; recalled, 149; driven out again, 150; second return and dissolution, 151; the Short, v. 340, 341; the Wonderful, ii. 354; of 1246, 38; of 1248, _ib._; of 1254, 73; of 1257, 59; of 1258, 60; of 1259, 64; of 1260, _ib._; of 1261, 66; of 1264, 71; of 1265, 72, 73, 75, 80, 82, 153; of 1266, 87; of 1267, 89; of 1275, 103, 107; of 1283, 121; of 1289, 123; of 1295, 143, 154, 156, 157, 160; of 1296, 160; of 1309, 187; of 1311, 189; of 1313, 191; of 1322, 195, 196; of 1327, 199; of 1328, 205; of 1340, 231; of 1341, 232; of 1351, 256, 273; of 1354, 299; of 1365, 274; of 1371, 301; of 1376, 289; of 1377, 310, 311; of 1378, 289, 312, 315; of 1379, 289, 316; of 1380, 316; of 1381, 334; of 1385, 352; of 1386, _ib._; of 1388, 353; of 1397, 370; of 1398, 371; of 1399, iii. 1; of 1404, 15; of 1413, 25; of 1426, 91; of 1447, 61; of 1450, 68; of 1451, _ib._; of 1454, 72; of 1455, 74; of 1461, 118; of 1484, 168; of 1485, 174; of 1515, 221; of 1523, 244; of 1529, 284, 288; its action in 1531, 297; in 1534, 305; of 1539, 345; of October 1553, iv. 75; of November 1554, 88; of 1559, 156, 157; of 1563, 214, 215; of 1570, 272; of 1571, 292; of 1581, 319; of 1604, v. 153-155, 157, 160-163; of 1610, 179-182; of 1614, 195, 196; of 1621, 220, 221, 225, 227-229; of 1624, 235; of 1625, 245-247; of 1626, 249, 253; of 1628, 259-264, 268-271; of 1640, _see_ Parliament, Long and Short; of 1654, vi. 101-106; of 1655, 117, 123; reassembles in 1658, 143; its strife with Cromwell, 144; dissolved, 145; of 1659, 148, 149; of 1660, _see_ Parliament, the Convention; of 1661, _see_ Parliament, the Cavalier; of 1679, vi. 299, 300, 304-306, 308; of 1680, 312, 319, 320; of 1681, 322-324; of 1685, vii. 7, 9, 14, 15, 23; of 1687, 23; of 1689, 60-67, 69; of 1690, 69, 88; of 1695, 88, 89; of 1699, 97, 98; of 1701, 101-105, 107; of 1702, 107; of 1705, 125; of 1714, 168; of 1768, viii. 4, 7, 8, 11, 12; of 1784, 69; Irish, of 1634, v. 291, 292; its condition in eighteenth century, viii. 35; rejects free trade with England, 79, 118; action in question of the Regency, 138; Scottish, accepts Calvinism, iv. 187; the Drunken, vi. 180; of 1543, iv. 26, 28; of 1563, 218; of 1566, 228, 229; of 1568, 260; of 1703, vii. 127. _See_ Commons, Lords, Statutes Parma, Alexander Farnese, prince of, iv. 312, 337, 347, 348; prepares to invade England, 356; his difficulties, 357, 359; raises the siege of Paris, 370; of Rouen, 371; dies, 373 Parpaglia, Papal Legate, iv. 191, 192 Parr, Catharine, iv. 24, 56 Parry, William, iv. 350 Parsons, Robert, iv. 318, 320, 345 Partition Treaty, the first, vii. 93; second, 96 Passau, treaty of, iv. 65; v. 175 _Paston Letters_, ii. 180; iii. 104, 154 Paterson, William, vii. 86 Patrick, St., i. 68 "Patriots," the, vii. 203, 204, 218 Paul III., Pope, iii. 350; iv. 21, 35, 51, 64 Paul IV., Pope (_see_ Caraffa), iv. 99, 101; his demands on England, 102, 145; on Elizabeth, 155, 156; death, 160 Paul, emperor of Russia, viii. 137, 160-163 Paulinus, St., i. 64, 67 Pavia, battle of, iii. 250 Peasant Revolt, the, ii. 319-332; its results, 333-335 Peckham, Archbishop of Canterbury, ii. 118 Pecock, Bishop of Chichester, iii. 96 Pedro the Cruel, king of Castille, ii. 282-284 Peerage, increase of, under James I., v. 200; under Charles I., _ib._; under Charles II., 201. _See_ Lords Peerage Bill, vii. 190, 191 "Peep o' Day Boys," viii. 119 Pelham, Henry, vii. 218, 226, 246, 250 Pembroke surprised by the Royalists, vi. 59; besieged by Cromwell, 61; surrenders, 62 Pembroke, William Herbert, first Earl of, iv. 65, 66, 70, 108, 268 Pembroke, William Herbert, third Earl of, v. 43 Pembroke, Thomas Herbert, eighth Earl of, vii. 23 Pembroke, Earls of. _See_ Clare, Marshal, Tudor, Valence Pembrokeshire, Flemish and English settlement in, ii. 48 Pencrych, Richard, ii. 357 Penda, king of Mercia, i. 66, 70-73 Pengwern becomes Shrewsbury, i. 98 Peninsular War, viii. 186-188, 190, 191, 199, 200, 202 Penn, William, vi. 335 Pennsylvania, settlement of, vi. 335; vii. 236 Penry, John, iv. 343 Pepys, Roger, vi. 203 Pepys, Samuel, vi. 174; his _Diary_, 157 Perceval, Spencer, viii. 189, 195, 196 Perche, Thomas, count of, ii. 2 Percies, the, ii. 378, 379; iii. 12 Percy, Henry (Hotspur), ii. 378; constable of North Wales, iii. 10; recovers Conway, 11; defeats the Scots at Homildon Hill, 12; plots against Henry IV., 13; slain, 14 Percy, Thomas, v. 158 Périgord restored to Edward III., ii. 266 Perrers, Alice, ii. 304, 306, 307 Perth, Convocation at, ii. 171; Protestant riot at, iv. 169 Perth, James Drummond, fourth Earl of, vii. 17 Peru conquered by Pizarro, iv. 329 Peter the Great, Czar of Russia, vii. 189 Peter of Savoy, ii. 32 Peterborough founded, i. 86; burnt by northmen, 104 Peterborough, John Mordaunt, first Earl of, vii. 37 Peterborough, Charles Mordaunt, second Earl of, vii. 126, 131, 133 Peters, Hugh, vi. 28, 66 Petition of the Commons to Henry VIII., iii. 290; the Millenary, v. 151; of Right, 260, 261; accepted by Charles I., 263 Petitions to the king in Parliament, ii. 159; changed into Statutes, iii. 90; Triers of, ii. 159 "Petitioners" and "Abhorrers," vi. 314 Petrarch, his influence on Chaucer, ii. 360 Petre, Father Edward, vii. 20 Petty, Sir William, vi. 132, 169 Pevensey, William the Conqueror lands at, i. 162 Phelips, Sir Robert, v. 247, 248 Philadelphia, Congress at, viii. 19 Philip I., king of France, i. 190 Philip Augustus, king of France, leagues with Richard against Henry II., i. 258; quarrels with Richard, 259, 260; plots with John, 261; struggle with Richard, 263, 264; conquers Normandy, 268, 269; conquers Aquitaine, 270; charged by the Pope to depose John, 333 Philip III., king of France, ii. 102 Philip IV., the Fair, king of France, his relations with Scotland, ii. 141, 160; seizes Guienne, 142; truce with Edward, 168; treaty, 170; relations with the papacy, _ib._, 217, 224; his _Royal Book_, iii. 161 Philip VI., of Valois, king of France, ii. 209; relations with Pope and Emperor, 218; attacks the Agénois and occupies Cambray, 219; withdraws, 220; supports Charles of Blois in Britanny, 233; offers to restore Aquitaine, 235; defeated at Crécy, 237-239; fails against Edward and the Flemings, 244 Philip, son of Charles V. (Philip II. of Spain), iv. 79, 80; king of Naples, 86; marries Mary, _ib._; person and manners, _ib._; policy in England, 89, 90; lord of Burgundy and king of Spain, 98; leaves England, _ib._; returns, 107; war with France, 108; policy towards Elizabeth, 137, 138, 154, 159, 175; hopes for her conversion, 190; compels Pius IV. to recall Parpaglia, 192; urges Elizabeth to send envoys to Trent, 194; sends help to the Guises, 209; delays the Bull for deposition of Elizabeth, 214; turns towards Mary Stuart, 222; relations with Mary and the Pope, 254, 255; difficulties in the Netherlands, 255, 256; refuses to join the French against England, 268; his rule, 326-328; character, 328; policy, _ib._, 329; king of Portugal, 335; assembles the Armada, 344; despatches it, 356; designs on France, 369; sends troops to the Leaguers, 371; sends a second Armada, v. 60; supports Irish rising, 62 Philip IV., king of Spain, vi. 190 Philip, Duke of Anjou, vii. 99, 100; king of Spain (Philip V.), 101, 141, 142, 186 Philip, Archduke of Austria, iii. 170, 186, 208 Philiphaugh, battle of, vi. 41 Philippa of Hainault, wife of Edward III., ii. 198, 245-247 Philippines, the, conquered by England, vii. 307; restored to Spain, _ib._ Philpot, John, ii. 312 Picardy ceded to Burgundy, iii. 120; restored to France, 122 Pichegru, General, viii. 110 Pickering, Sir Gilbert, vi. 325 Picts, the, i. 30; defeated by Hengest and Horsa, 32; own Ecgfrith's supremacy, 88; defeat him at Nectansmere, 89 _Piers the Ploughman_, ii. 178, 269-272 Pilgrim Fathers, the, v. 308-310 Pilgrimage of Grace, iii. 323 Pillnitz, conference at, viii. 96 Pinkie Cleugh, battle of, iv. 53 Pitt, William, vii. 204, 220; opposes treaty with Russia, 247; his relations with Walpole and the Pelhams, 249-251; his lofty spirit, 251-255; patriotism, 255-257; eloquence, 257-259; statesmanship, 259, 260; supports Frederick II., 262, 263; his place among English statesmen, 275, 276; rejects peace with France and supports Frederick, 302; plans of war in 1761, 303; resigns, 304; relations with George III. and the Whigs, 316; denounces the Stamp Act, 327; recalled to office, 328; again withdraws, 329; supports American resistance, 331; demands repeal of the Stamp Act, 331; his policy towards America, 337; attacks the Declaratory Act, 338; forms a ministry, 339, 340. _See_ Chatham Pitt, William, the younger, viii. 52, 62; his Reform Bill, 63, 64; Chancellor of the Exchequer, 65; new scheme for parliamentary reform, 67; First Lord of the Treasury, 69; his temper, 70-72; statesmanship, 72-74; his plans of parliamentary reform, 75, 76; finance, 77; treaty of commerce with France, 79; advocates abolition of slave-trade, _ib._; resists the prince's claim to the regency, 84; attitude towards the French Revolution, 84, 86, 88, 89, 91, 95; supports Fox's Libel Act, 92; gives a constitution to Canada, _ib._; endeavours to maintain peace, 102, 103; position after the declaration of war, 104, 105; his financial difficulties, 113, 114; negotiations with France, 121, 126; introduces the Income-Tax, 137; effects union with Ireland, 138, 139; his position during the war, 148-151; revives plans for Catholic emancipation in Ireland, 152-155; retires, 148, 155; opposes Russia, 161; returns to office, 170; subsidizes a league against Napoleon, 172; death, 173, 174 Pittsburg, vii. 266 Pius II., Pope, iii. 162 Pius IV., Pope, his policy, iv. 190, 191; recalls the council to Trent, 192, 193; forbids attendance of Catholics at English Church service, 214 Pius V., Pope, iv. 226, 250; relations with Philip II., 254, 256; sends envoys to the English Catholics, 264; issues a Bull for deposition of Elizabeth, 265; sanctions the plans of Mary and Norfolk, 272 Pius VI., Pope, viii. 136 Pizarro, Francisco, iv. 329 Place Bill, vii. 62, 82 Plassey, battle of, vii. 261, 262 Plattsburg, English attempt on, viii. 205 Plauen, battle of, vii. 264 Pleas, Common, Court of, ii. 109; of the Crown, i. 264; ii. 109 Plymouth (Massachusetts), its foundation, v. 310 Poinet, Bishop of Winchester, iv. 119, 129, 131 Poitiers captured by Henry of Derby, ii. 235; battle of, 261-263 Poitou, Henry III.'s campaign in, ii. 35; ceded to France, 63; recovered by Henry of Derby, 243; restored to Edward III., 266; won by Du Guesclin, 287 Poland, contested election to the throne of, vii. 214; partitions of, viii. 85, 108 Pole, Sir Geoffrey, iii. 349 Pole, John de la, Earl of Lincoln, iii. 176 Pole, Michael de la, Earl of Suffolk, ii. 350-353 Pole, Reginald, iii. 333, 349; iv. 20; his attainder reversed, 88; received as Legate, _ib._; chief minister, 98, 99; suspected by the Pope, 102; deprived of the legation, 145; dies, 165 Pole, Sir Richard, iii. 349 Pole, William de la. _See_ Suffolk "Politicals," the, iv. 139, 141-143 Poll-tax, ii. 311; renewed under Richard II., 316; resistance to, 319, 321; in 1641, v. 363 Pont-de-l'Arche seized by Henry V., iii. 33 Pontefract, Thomas of Lancaster executed at, ii. 195; Richard II. imprisoned at, iii. 7; Pilgrimage of Grace at, 323, 324 Ponthieu, Harold wrecked on coast of, i. 159; Charles IV. demands homage of Edward II. for, ii. 197; granted in full sovereignty to Edward III., 266; seized by Charles V., 285 Pontigny, St. Edmund of Canterbury at, ii. 42 Pontlevoi, battle of, i. 212 Pontoise, negotiations between France and England at, iii. 35; relieved by Talbot, 56 Poor Laws, Elizabeth's, iv. 276, 277 Pope, Alexander, vii. 204, 217, 294-297 Popish Plot, the, vi. 294-298, 311, 313 Porter, John, v. 82 Portland, Breton descent on, iii. 16 Portland, William Henry Cavendish Bentinck, third Duke of, viii. 104, 180, 189 Portland, Richard Weston, Earl of. _See_ Weston Port Mahon taken by the French, vii. 248 Portmannimote, the, i. 296; of Oxford, 306, 309 Porto Bello, capture of, vii. 219 Portreeve, the, i. 315; of London, 303 Portsmouth, Robert of Normandy lands at, i. 200; Bishop Moleyns of Chichester slain at, iii. 63 Portsmouth, Louise de Quérouaille, Duchess of, vi. 176, 315, 321; vii. 5 Portugal annexed to Spain, v. 335; its colonies, 330, 336; revolts, vi. 190, 192; joins the Grand Alliance, vii. 119; conquered by Napoleon, viii. 185; Wellesley's campaigns in, 186-188, 190, 191 Portugal, Don Antonio of, iv. 367 "Post-nati," v. 162, 163 Powell, Vavasour, vi. 223 Powys conquered by Offa, i. 97; annexed by Llewelyn ap Jorwerth, ii. 55 Poynings, Sir Edward, iii. 181 Pragmatic Sanction, the, vii. 199, 200 Prague seized by Frederick II., vii. 225; battles of, v. 220; vii. 248 Prayer, Book of Common, iv. 49, 59; set aside, 76; adopted in Scotland, 118; retained in Essex, 144; restored, 158; declared schismatic by the Pope, 214; bill for its reform, 292; restored again, vi. 208; Scottish, of 1636, v. 327, 328 Preachers, "poor," ii. 317, 335; unlicensed, forbidden by Convocation, iii. 20, 21 Presbyterianism in England under Elizabeth, iv. 294, 296; attempts to establish it, v. 58; its relations with Puritanism, 59, 60; established in Scotland, 137, 138, 140, 335; the Long Parliament's relations with, 354, 355; vi. 14, 50; re-established in Scotland, vii. 54 Presbyterians, their hostility to the sectaries, vi. 45; dominant position after the Restoration, 193; Clarendon's policy towards, 207; Charles II.'s, 209 Press, censorship of, iv. 343; liberty of, established, vi. 305; growth of its power, viii. 11-13 Preston, battle of, vi. 62; surrender of Jacobites at, vii. 184 Prestonpans, battle of, vii. 228 "Pride's Purge," vi. 65 "Priests, Simple," ii. 317, 339 Primers, English, iv. 40 Printing, introduction of, iii. 155 Prior, Matthew, vii. 138 Privy Seals, Elizabeth's, iv. 233 Proclamations, James I.'s use of, v. 168, 172 "Protector," office of, offered to Oliver Cromwell, vi. 100 Protestantism, its area at accession of Pius V., iv. 249, 250; in England, its advance under Edward VI., 59; effects of its spread among the people, 121, 122; growth under Elizabeth, 292, 302-305; position at her death, v. 107-109; in Germany, growth after Peace of Passau, 175; progress in Scotland, iv. 168, 169 Protestants, English, More's dealings with, iii. 289; their outrages, 343-345; their position after Cromwell's fall, iv. 15, 16; their outrages, 91, 97; martyrdoms, 91-96, 144; growth of extreme views among, 119, 120; attitude towards the royal supremacy, 122; position under Elizabeth, 149; refugees, their leaning to Calvinism, 127; strife among, _ib._, 128; their writings, 128, 129, 133; foreign, in England, 51, 74, 305; German, Union of, v. 177 Protestation of the Parliament to James I., v. 228, 229 Provisions of Oxford, ii. 61; of Westminster, 62; annulled by the Pope, 65; by Mise of Amiens, 68 Prussia, its alliance with England and France, vii. 199; attacked by Napoleon, viii. 174; rises against him, 201 Prynne, John, v. 305, 306, 329, 352 Pucklechurch, Eadmund the Magnificent slain at, i. 123 Puiset, Hugh, Bishop of Durham, i. 260 Pulteney, William, vii. 204 Puritanism, its beginnings, iv. 132, 133, 339; its relations with Presbyterianism, v. 59, 60; with Calvinism, 86-88; growth among the people, 88, 89; among the clergy, 89, 90; relation to politics, 91-93; influence on society, 94-95; on conduct, 95-97; its relation to culture, 97, 98; its narrowness, 101, 102; its extravagance, 102-104; its persecution of witches, 106, 107; its doctrinal bigotry, 115; hatred of sectaries, 116-118; wish for reforms, 118, 119; its ideal of the State, vi. 127, 128; its political failure, 129; reaction from, _ib._, 130, 142, 143, 162-165; its fall, 153; its after-results, 154; its epic, 235-237 Puritans, Elizabeth's relations with, iv. 339, 340; their temper at her death, v. 109, 110; appeal to James I., 151; Laud's dealings with, 295-297; their panic, 301, 302; migration to America, 310-314, 319, 320; Charles II.'s dealings with, vi. 208, 209 "Purveyance," ii. 290, 298 Pym, John, v. 262, 344, 345; his political theory, 346, 347; genius, 347, 348; carries Strafford's impeachment, 350; proposals for Church reform, 354; one of the "five members," 373; member of Committee of Public Safety, vi. 1; resists the abolition of Episcopacy, 14; agrees to the adoption of the Covenant, 14, 15; dies, 17; outrage on his corpse, 201 Quakers, persecution of, vi. 230, 231; their settlement in Pennsylvania, 335 Quarles, Francis, v. 303 Quebec, capture of, vii. 267, 268 Queen's County, English settlement of, iv. 111 Queensberry, William Douglas, first Duke of, vii. 19 Quiberon, battle of, vii. 265 Quinci, Saher de, Earl of Winchester, i. 343 "Quo warranto," ii. 117 Rachentege, i. 221 Radnor captured by Owen Glyndwr, iii. 10 Rædwald, king of East Anglia, i. 59, 62 Rahere founds St. Bartholomew's Priory, i. 223 Raikes, Robert, viii. 47 Raleigh, Sir Walter, discovers Virginia, iv. 345; v. 307; sent to the Tower, 215; last expedition, _ib._, 216; death, 216; his _History of the World_, 4; _Lives of_, iv. 5 Ralph Niger, i. 174 Ramillies, battle of, vii. 126 Randolph, Sir Thomas, ii. 204, 210. _See_ Moray Rastadt, treaty of, vii. 141 Ratæ (Leicester), i. 37 Ratisbon, conference at, iv. 101 Ravenspur, Henry of Lancaster lands at, ii. 379; Edward IV. lands at, iii. 141 Ray, John, vi. 167 Reading, John Cook, abbot of, hanged, iii. 350 Redman, Robert, his _Life of Henry V._, ii. 179 Reeves of towns, i. 296; of royal demesnes, summoned to council at St. Albans, 339 Reformation in England, iv. 58-60; in Ireland, 62, 63. _See_ Calvinism, Calvinists, Huguenots, Lutherans, Protestantism, Protestants Reginald, sub-prior of Canterbury, chosen archbishop, i. 329 Religion of the old English people, i. 22-24; Christian, _see_ Christianity, Church; revival in twelfth century, 222 Remonstrance, the Grand, v. 369, 370; of the Council of officers, vi. 64; on the State of the Realm, v. 262, 264 Renascence, the, iii. 188-190, 195; its influence on English literature, v. 1-3 Réole, La, captured by Henry of Derby, ii. 234 Representation, principle of, in old England, i. 20; parliamentary, its origin, ii. 149, 150 Representation, Humble, of the army, vi. 53 Repyngdon, follower of Wyclif, ii. 340, 341 Requesens, governor of the Netherlands, iv. 300, 301, 310 Reresby's _Memoirs_, vi. 157 "Reserves," Papal, ii. 28 Revolution, the English, its effect on the monarchy, vii. 60; on Parliament, 62; on the Church, 63, 64; the French, _see_ France Reynolds, Edward, Bishop of Norwich, vi. 200 Rhode Island, settlement of, v. 313 Rhys ap Tewdor, Prince of South Wales, i. 246; ii. 48 Rich, Edmund. _See_ Edmund Richard (I.), born at Oxford, i. 259; rebels against Henry II., 254, 258; crowned, 259; releases the Scot-king from homage, ii. 134; crusade, i. 259, 261; prisoner, 261; homage to the emperor, 262; return, _ib._; exactions for his ransom, 350; character, 263; struggle with Philip Augustus, _ib._, 264; builds Château-Gaillard, 265-267; death, 267, 268 Richard (II.), son of the Black Prince, ii. 303; his claim to the succession questioned, 306; acknowledged by Parliament, 307; king, 311; dealings with the Peasant Revolt, 322-324, 331, 332; his person, character, and policy, 350, 351; opposition to the Parliament, 352; struggle with Gloucester, 353, 354; his rule, 354, 355; campaign in Ireland, 367, 378; change in his temper, 368; marries Isabella of France, _ib._; quarrel with the Commons, 370, 371; tyranny, 372; seizes Lancastrian estates, 373; second expedition to Ireland, 379; return, 380; betrayed to Henry of Lancaster, 381; deposed, iii. 1; prisoner at Pomfret, 7; death, 8; burial, 28; authorities for his reign, ii. 178, 179 Richard (III.), Duke of Gloucester, patron of Caxton, iii. 161, 163; expedition to Scotland, 163; Protector, 164; King, _ib._; rising against him, 167; his policy, 168, 169, 171; death, 172 Richard, Earl of Cornwall, ii. 36; heads reforming party among the barons, 37; king of the Romans, 71; taken prisoner, _ib._; spared, by the younger Simon, 80; intercedes for him, 85 Richard the Fearless, Duke of Normandy, i. 155, 156 Richard Fitz-Neal. _See_ Fitz-Neal Richard of Devizes, i. 174 Richardson, Chief-Justice, v. 297 Richardson, Samuel, vii. 297 Richelieu, Cardinal, v. 274, 338, 339 Richelieu, Duke of, vii. 248 Richmond, Edmund Tudor, Earl of, iii. 165 Richmond, Margaret, Countess of. _See_ Beaufort Ridley, Bishop of London, iv. 91 Ridolfi, Robert, iv. 265, 272, 273 Right, Claim of, vii. 51; Petition of, v. 260, 261, 263 _Rights, Book of_, i. 8 Rights, Declaration of, vii. 46, 47, 60 Rishanger, chronicler, i. 273, 274 Rising, Castle, Queen Isabella imprisoned at, ii. 207 Rivers, Sir Richard Woodville, first earl (_see_ Woodville), iii. 127, 134 Rivers, Anthony Woodville, second earl (_see_ Scales), iii. 161-163 Rivoli, battle of, viii. 125 Rizzio, David, iv. 222, 226, 228 Robartes, Richard, first Lord, v. 200 Robartes, John, second Lord, vi. 220, 301 Robert I., king of Scots. _See_ Bruce Robert (II.), Steward of Scotland, ii. 213; king, 286 Robert III., king of Scots, iii. 7, 15, 16 Robert (the Magnificent), Duke of Normandy, i. 157 Robert, son of William the Conqueror, i. 190; Duke of Normandy, 191; pledges Normandy to Rufus, 197; goes on crusade, _ib._; returns, 198; invades England, 200, 201; defeated at Tenchebray, 202 Robert, Earl of Gloucester, i. 216, 217, 219, 220 Robespierre, Maximilien, viii. 96 Robinson, John, v. 308 Rochelle, La, protests against severance from France, ii. 280; surrendered to France, 287; attempt to relieve it, 291; revolts, v. 256; siege of, _ib._; English expeditions to, 259, 263; surrenders, 266, 274 Roches, Peter des, Bishop of Winchester and justiciar, i. 341, 347; ii. 32, 34 Rochester surrenders to William the Red, i. 192; to John, 354; diocese of, i. 83 Rochester, Robert Carr, Viscount, v. 190-193. _See_ Somerset Rochester, Laurence Hyde, Earl of (_see_ Hyde), vii. 2, 20, 98 Rochester, John Wilmot, second Earl of, vi. 162 Rockingham, Charles Watson Wentworth, second Marquis of, prime minister, vii. 329, 331; relations with Burke, 332; resigns, 339; draws away from Chatham, viii. 16; returns to office, 38; opposes reform, 64; death, 65 Rocroi, battle of, vi. 190 Rodney, Admiral, viii. 40 Roger, Bishop of Salisbury and justiciar, i. 215, 218, 219 Roger (the Poor), chancellor, i. 218 Rogers, John, iv. 91, 95 _Roland, Song of_, i. 163 Romance, growth of, i. 246, 247 Romances, the French, ii. 357; their influence on Chaucer, 360 Rome, disappearance of its influence in England, i. 41, 44, 45; returns with Augustine, 58, 59; Ælfred's intercourse with, 113; stormed by the Duke of Bourbon, iii. 269 Romorantin taken by the Black Prince, ii. 261 Romsey, Abbey of, i. 199 Rookwood of Euston Hall, iv. 308 Roper's _Life of More_, iii. 83 Rosbecque, battle of, ii. 349 Roses, Wars of the, their beginning, iii. 77; their results, 86, 87 Ross, General, viii. 204 Rossbach, battle of, vii. 263 Rostopchin, Count, viii. 162 Roucoux, battle of, vii. 231 Rouen, William I. dies at, i. 190; besieged by Lewis VII., 254, 255; Arthur murdered at, 268; siege of, by Henry V., iii. 33, 34; Jeanne d'Arc burnt at, 54; Henry VI.'s court at, 55; besieged by Henry IV. of France, iv. 371; relieved by Parma, _ib._ Rouergue restored to Edward III., ii. 266 "Roundheads," v. 372 Roundway Down, battle of, vi. 6 Royal Society, its beginnings, vi. 132, 165, 166 Rudolf II., Emperor, v. 177 Runnymede, i. 347 Rupert, Prince, captures Brentford, vi. 3; his raid on Buckinghamshire, 9, 10; Bristol surrenders to, 12; defeated at Marston Moor, 19, 22; commands royalist ships, 71, 78; struggle with Blake, 78; sea-fights with the Dutch, 238, 277; returns to the Council, 278; his "drops," 166 Rushworth's collection of State papers, v. 72 Russell, John, Lord, iv. 47, 56. _See_ Bedford Russell, William, Lord, head of the Country party, vi. 272; correspondence with Barillon, 298; takes office, 300; supports the Exclusion, 306; resigns, 315; beheaded, 337; his attainder reversed, vii. 66 Russell, Edward, signs the invitation to William III., vii. 35; goes to the Hague, 37; commands the fleet, 77; victory at La Hogue, 78; member of the Junto, 85, 88; resigns, 98; impeached, 105 Russia, its alliance with Maria Theresa, vii. 246; treaty with George II., 247; invaded by Napoleon, 198, 200 Russia Company, iv. 284 Ruthin burnt by Owen Glyndwr, iii. 10 Ruthven, Patrick, third Lord, iv. 225, 228, 230 Rutland, Edward, Earl of (Duke of Albemarle), iii. 7, 8. _See_ Albemarle Rutland, Edmund, Earl of, iii. 78 Rutland, John Manners, ninth Earl of, vii. 23 Ruyter, Admiral De, his fights with Blake, vi. 88, 115; with Monk and Rupert, 238; with the Duke of York, 268 Rye-House plot, vi. 337 Rygge, Robert, chancellor of Oxford, ii. 340 Ryswick, Peace of, vii. 90, 91 Sacheverell, Dr., vii. 137 Sackville, Lord John, vii. 265 Sæberht, king of the East Saxons, i. 59 St. Albans, risings of townsfolk at, ii. 84, 322, 325, 330-332; battles at, iii. 73, 74, 78; chroniclers of, i. 174, 273; ii. 43, 177; council at, i. 339; Parliament at, ii. 66 St. Andrews, Cardinal Beaton murdered at, iv. 33 St. Asaph's, John Trevor, bishop of, iii. 10 St. Cloud, battle of, iii. 23 St. Domingo discovered, iv. 329; English descent on, vi. 117 St. Edmundsbury, abbey of, i. 104; town of, 311-313; battle near, 254; meeting of barons at, 344; strife of town and abbey, ii. 325-330 St. John, Henry, vii. 124; his political writings, 138; returns to office, 139; intrigues against Marlborough, 140. _See_ Bolingbroke St. John, Oliver, v. 341, vi. 81 St. Leger, Sir Anthony, iv. 62 St. Lucia conquered by England, vii. 307 St. Malo, John of Gaunt defeated at, ii. 315 Saintonge restored to Edward III., ii. 266; won by Du Guesclin, 287 St. Pierre, Eustache de, ii. 245 St. Pol, Waleran, count of, iii. 6 St. Quentin, battle of, iv. 108 St. Ruth, General, vii. 73 St. Vincent, Cape, battles of, viii. 40, 127 St. Vincent, island of, conquered by England, vii. 307 Saladin tithe, i. 257 Salamanca, battle of, viii. 199, 200 Salisbury, cathedral at, ii. 106; Protestant martyrs at, iv. 96 Salisbury, Margaret, countess of, iii. 349 Salisbury, Robert Cecil, first earl of. _See_ Cecil Salisbury, James Cecil, third earl of, vi. 288 Salisbury, William Longsword, earl of, i. 337, 342, 343, 345 Salisbury, William de Montacute, second earl of, ii. 306, 345, 352 Salisbury, John de Montacute, third earl of, ii. 380; iii. 8, 9 Salisbury, Thomas de Montacute, fourth earl of, iii. 45 Salisbury, Richard Neville, earl of, iii. 73, 74, 75, 78, 112 Salt-springs in Worcestershire, ii. 107 Sancroft, Archbishop of Canterbury, vii. 30, 45, 65 Sanders, Nicholas, iv. 316 Sandwich, Edward Montagu, first earl of, vi. 193, 214 _San Graal_, poem of the, i. 174, 247 San Sebastian, siege of, viii. 202 Santa Cruz, Blake's victory at, vi. 124 Saratoga, Burgoyne's surrender at, viii. 26 Sardinia conquered by Spain, vii. 187; the duke of Savoy made king of, 188 Sarsfield, Patrick, vii. 72, 73 Sarum, Old, captured by the West Saxons, i. 37 Saunders, Lawrence, iv. 91 Sautre, William, iii. 5 Savile, Sir Henry, v. 229 Savile, Sir John, v. 284 Savoy joins the Grand Alliance, vii. 119; joins the Triple Alliance, 187, 188 "Savoy," the, ii. 32, 263, 321; conference at, vi. 204 Saxe, Marshal, vii. 226, 231 Saxons, their early home, i. 10; attack Britain, 28, 29, 31, 33, 34. _See_ East Saxons, Middle Saxons, South Saxons, West Saxons Saxony, Frederic III., elector of, iii. 254 Saxony, Maurice, Duke of, iv. 50, 51, 64 Say and Sele, James Fiennes, first Lord, iii. 66 Saye and Sele, William Fiennes, first Viscount, v. 320, 354, 358; vi. 194 Scales, Anthony Woodville, Lord, iii. 130, 131. _See_ Rivers Scarborough, Piers Gaveston besieged in, ii. 190; peasant revolt at, 324 Schmalkald, League of, iii. 336; iv. 36, 50 Scholasticism, ii. 21, 22; its political influence, 22, 23 Schomberg, duke of, vii. 70, 71 Schools, English language supersedes French in, ii. 356, 357; founded by Ælfred, i. 114; under Henry VIII., iii. 200, 201; under Edward VI., 201; iv. 62; under Elizabeth, iii. 201; at Bec, i. 159; at Canterbury, 92; at Jarrow, 91; at York, _ib._; of the Friars, ii. 14; Sunday, viii. 47 Science, physical, Roger Bacon's plea for, ii. 20; its beginnings in England, iii. 190; vi. 131, 132, 166, 167 Scone, crowning-place of the Scottish kings, ii. 162; Robert Bruce crowned at, 173; Edward Balliol crowned at, 210; Charles II. crowned at, vi. 82. Scotland, its relations with William the Conqueror, i. 189; with William Rufus, 197; three divisions of the kingdom, ii. 131; relations with England in eleventh and twelfth centuries, 132-134; English claims to its homage, 134, 135; claimants of the crown, 136; Edward I. acknowledged as its overlord, 137; question of appeals from, 140; relations with France during Hundred Years' War, 141, 197, 213; submits to Edward I., 161; rises against him, 167-170; its overlordship claimed by the Pope, 170; Edward's first conquest and settlement of, 171, 172; his plan for its representation in English Parliament, 171; rises again, 173; Bruce's successes in, 191-193; truce with England, 196; renewed strife, 204; its independence recognized, 205; struggle with Edward III., 210-214; David Bruce's plans for the succession, 264; relations with Henry IV., iii. 7, 9; with Owen Glyndwr, 11; condition after Neville's Cross, 182, 183; relations with France and England, 184; with Henry VII., 185; condition after 1524, iv. 22, 23; league with France, 23; relations with Henry VIII., 26-28; Hertford's invasion of, 29; Somerset's relations with, 52, 53; Protestantism in, 111, 112, 115, 117; condition under Mary of Guise and the Lords of the Congregation, 168, 169; strife of religions in, 218; unites against Mary, 245; condition during minority of James VI., v. 122, 124; work of the Stuarts in, 125, 126; political effect of the Reformation in, 127; character and rise of the people, 129, 130, 135; proposal for its union with England, 154; relations with Charles I., 325-328, 330, 333, 334; revolution in, 334, 335; rising in, 337; seeks help of France, 338, 339; struggle with Charles, 341, 342; pacification, 363; Charles I. in, _ib._, 364; treaty with the English Parliament, vi. 14, 16; first union with England, 85, 108; its first representation in the English Parliament, 99, 101; condition under Cromwell, 108, 109; its union with England dissolved, 180; Covenant abolished and Episcopacy restored in, 181; policy of Lauderdale in, 259; condition under James II., vii. 16, 17; William III. recognized as king in, 51; Jacobite risings in, 52, 183, 228-230; Presbyterianism restored in, 54; union with England, 127-129 Scots, i. 31; submit to Eadward the Elder, 119; league with Cumbrians and Welsh against Æthelstan, 119, 120; alliance with Eadmund, 123; conquer northern Northumbria, 146; cession of Lothian to, its results, 147; invade England, 217, 254; their mode of warfare, ii. 204, 205; recapture Berwick, 259, 263; defeated at Homildon Hill, iii. 12; besiege York, vi. 18; besiege Newcastle, 23; give up Charles I. to the Parliament, 49; invade England again, 62; defeated at Preston, _ib._ Scrope, Henry, Lord, iii. 30 Scrope, Richard, Archbishop of York, iii. 18 Scutage, i. 233, 257, 344, 350, 351; ii. 104 "Sea-dogs," the, iv. 331-333 Sectaries, their rise, v. 117; in London, vi. 28 Sedgemoor, battle of, vii. 10 Sedley, Sir Charles, vi. 163 Selden, John, v. 306, 322 Seminary priests, the, iv. 307-309, 354; banished, v. 156 Senlac, i. 162, 163 Serfs, manumission of, i. 325. _See_ Villeins Seven Years' War, its beginning, vii. 248; its importance, 273-275; its end, 307 Seville, Treaty of, vii. 200 Seymour, Sir Edward, vi. 253 Seymour, Jane, iii. 326, 351 Seymour, Thomas, Lord, iv. 47, 56 Shaftesbury, Anthony Ashley, Cooper, first earl of (_see_ Ashley Cooper), Lord Chancellor, vi. 271; speech on the war, 272; relations with the king, 275; change of policy, 276, 277; dismissed, 278; his plans, 279, 280; committed to the Tower, 288; released, 295; attitude towards the Popish plot, 295-297; correspondence with Barillon, 298; President of the Council, 300; supports the Exclusion, 306, 307; project for Monmouth's succession, 309, 310; dismissed again, 311; revives the plot, 312, 313; struggle with Charles, 313-315, 321, 324; arrested, 324; bill of his indictment thrown out, 334; popularity in London, _ib._; flight and death, 336 Shakspere, William, his early life, v. 27-31; first plays, 31-35; historical plays, 35-36, 38-40; attitude towards religion, 37, 38; political sympathies, 39, 40; prosperity, 41, 42; gloom, 42-44; last plays, 45, 46; demand for his works in the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries, vii. 292 Sharp, Rev. Dr., vii. 18 Shaxton, bishop of Salisbury, iii. 336, 347 Shelburne, William Fitzmaurice, second earl of, President of the Board of Trade, vii. 315-319; protests against the prosecution of Wilkes, 318; resigns, 319; advocates repeal of the Stamp Act, 331, 338; takes office under Chatham, 340; resigns office, viii. 6; heads a ministry, 65; makes peace with America, _ib._; resigns, 66. _See_ Lansdowne Sheldon, Archbishop of Canterbury, vi. 162 Sheriffmuir, battle of, vii. 183 Sheriffs, their position under William I., i. 185; appointment regulated by Provisions of Oxford, ii. 61; functions in the shire-court, 149; disqualified from serving in Parliament, 300 Ship-money, v. 317; Laud's developement of, 318; Hampden's resistance to, 323; its legality asserted by the judges, _ib._; trial of Hampden's case, 324, 330; judgement on, 331; declared illegal, 352 Shires, i. 185; restriction of franchise in, iii. 101, 102; the six, of York, i. 295 Shire-court. _See_ County Court Shire-reeves, i. 131 Shirley, James, v. 303 Shore, Jane, iii. 117 Shrewsbury (Pengwern), i. 98; castle at, 168; reduced by Llewelyn ap Jorwerth, ii. 55; Parliament at, 121, 371; battle of, iii. 14; Charles I. at, vi. 2 Shrewsbury, John Talbot, first Earl of (_see_ Talbot), iii. 70, 71 Shrewsbury, Charles Talbot, twelfth Earl and first Duke of, vii. 23, 28; signs the invitation to William, 35; sends him funds, 37; Secretary of State, 67; negotiates with James, 77; member of the Junto, 88; President of the Council, 146 Shropshire ravaged by the Welsh, iii. 19 Sicily, crown of, offered to Edmund of England, ii. 59; ceded to Savoy, vii. 142, 186; conquered by Spain, 187 Sidmouth, Henry Addington, first Viscount (_see_ Addington), viii. 174, 179, 183 Sidney, Algernon, supports the Independents, vi. 45; relations with Lewis XIV., 229, 298; holds meetings with Monmouth, etc., 336; beheaded, 337; his attainder reversed, vii. 66 Sidney, Sir Henry, iv. 241 Sidney, Sir Philip, v. 6, 7, 11, 12 Sikhs, the, vii. 234 Simeon of Durham, i. 6, 173, 243 Simnel, Lambert, iii. 176 Siward, Earl of Northumbria, i. 150, 152, 153 Sixtus V., Pope, iv. 353 Skeffington, Lord Deputy in Ireland, iii. 328 Skelton, John, iii. 273; iv. 43 Slanning, Sir Nicholas, vi. 6 Slave-trade at Bristol, i. 250; negro, its beginning, iv. 283; in the eighteenth century, viii. 52; proposals for its abolition, _ib._, 79; abolished, 178, 179 Slavery in Old England, i. 16, 17; dies out, 321, 322 Sluys, sea-fight off, ii. 228 Smerwick, slaughter of its garrison, iv. 316 Smith, Adam, viii. 73 Smith, John, settler of Virginia, v. 307 Smith, Sir Sidney, viii. 141 Smithfield, Priory of St. Bartholomew at, i. 223; Archbishop Boniface's visitation of, ii. 32 Smollett, Tobias, vii. 297 Snowdon, Lords of, ii. 53 Solway Moss, battle of, iv. 25 Somers, John, vii. 46; member of the Junto, 85; Lord Keeper, 88; retires, 98; impeached, 105; arranges the Union with Scotland, 128; President of the Council, 133; of the Royal Society, vi. 166; death, vii. 182 Somerset conquered by West Saxons, i. 90; rises against William I., 168; lead-mines in, 30 Somerset, John Beaufort, Earl of, (Marquis of Dorset), iii. 7 Somerset, John Beaufort, first Duke of, iii. 59 Somerset, Edmund Beaufort, second Duke of (_see_ Beaufort), Regent of France, iii. 62; recalled, 67; arrested, 68; released, _ib._; captain of Calais, 69; committed to the Tower, 71, 72; released, 72; slain, 74 Somerset, Henry Beaufort, third Duke of, iii. 78, 80, 126 Somerset, Edmund Beaufort, fourth Duke of, iii. 140, 143-145 Somerset, Robert Carr, Earl of (_see_ Rochester), v. 193, 204-207 Somerset, Edward Seymour, Duke of (_see_ Hertford), iv. 46; Protector, 47; his policy, 48, 53, 54; relations with Scotland, 52; victory at Pinkie Cleugh, 513; revolts against, 55; his misrule, 56; fall, 57; beheaded, 65 Somerset, Charles Seymour, sixth Duke of, vii. 21, 146 Somerset, Frances, Countess of. _See_ Howard Somerset, Margaret, Duchess of, iii. 161 Somerton captured by Æthelbald, i. 91 Somerville, plotter, iv. 350 Soranzo's _Despatches_, iv. 3 Sophia, Electress of Hanover, vii. 103, 144 Soult, Marshal, viii. 188, 200, 202 Southampton, Thomas Wriothesley, first Earl of (_see_ Wriothesley), iv. 47 Southampton, Henry Wriothesley, third Earl of, v. 41, 43 Southampton, Thomas Wriothesley, fourth Earl of, vi. 193, 244 South-Engle, i. 37, 119 Southey, Robert, viii. 135 South-folk, i. 42 South-Saxons, kingdom of, i. 34 South Sea Bubble, vii. 192 Southwark burnt by William the Conqueror, i. 165; Bishop Beaufort's palace at, attacked, iii. 44 Spain, its relations with Aquitaine and France, ii. 281, 282; Edward III.'s policy in, 282, 283, 287; its growth under Ferdinand and Isabel, iii. 186; its greatness under Philip II., iv. 325-327; possessions in the New World, 329; ruin of its power, 366; its relations with James I., v. 212-214, 226, 227, 230-233; decline, vi. 113, 190; Cromwell's war with, 117; relations with Charles II., 187; with Lewis XIV., 249, 250; joins the Grand Alliance, vii. 49; dispute for the succession in, 90, 92-94, 98, 99; English descent on, 118; Peterborough's campaign in, 126; attempts to regain its lost possessions, 186-188; end of the succession quarrel, 188; relations with Austria, 199, 200; with France, 213-216; efforts to regain monopoly of trade in America, 216, 217; war with England, 219, 306; cedes Florida, 307; league with France and America, viii. 30; mastered by Napoleon, 185; rises against him, 186; Wellesley's campaigns in, 187, 188, 199, 200; the French driven from, 202 Speed's _Chronicle_, v. 4 Spencer, George John, second Earl, viii. 104, 156 Spenser, Edmund, v. 11-19 Spice Islands conquered by England, viii. 112 Spinola, Ambrogio, v. 219, 220 Spires, Diet of, iv. 19 _Sports, Book of_, v. 296 Spottiswood, Archbishop of St. Andrews, v. 326 Sprigge's _Anglia Rediviva_, v. 73 Spurs, battle of the, iii. 210 Stafford fortified by Æthelflæd, i. 118 Stafford, William Howard, Viscount, vi. 321 Stafford, Henry, iii. 166 Stafford, Sir Humphrey, iii. 66 Stafford, Thomas, iv. 107 Stair, John Dalrymple, second Earl of, vii. 229 Stamford, one of the Five Boroughs, i. 117; submits to Eadward the Elder, 119 Stamford Bridge, battle of, i. 162 Stamford, Henry Grey, first Earl of, vi. 5 Standard, battle of the, i. 217; Harold's, at Senlac, 163, 164; of Wessex, the Golden Dragon, 96, 163 Stanhope, James, first Earl, vii. 182, 190, 192 Stanley, Thomas, Lord, iii. 171, 172 Stanley, Sir William, iii. 172 Staple, Gild of the, ii. 304; reform of, under Richard II., 355 Star-Chamber, Court of, i. 256; ii. 112; iii. 178; regulates the Press, iv. 343; developement under Charles I., v. 278; Laud's use of, 329; its civil jurisdiction abolished by Long Parliament, 363 States-General, the French, viii. 83; become a National Assembly, 86 Statutes substituted for Ordinances, ii. 298, 299; Petitions changed into, iii. 90; of Apparel, 65; of Appeals, 302; of Occasional Conformity, vii. 123; repealed, 184: Conventicle, vi. 220; Corporation, 207; Declaratory, vii. 338; of Economical Reform, viii. 64. 76; of First-fruits, iii. 302, 304; Five Mile, vi. 229; of Grace, vii. 69; Habeas Corpus, vi. 305, 306; suspended, vii. 184; viii. 105, 113; of Heresy, iii. 4, 5; repealed, iv. 61; re-enacted, 89; of Indemnity and Oblivion, vi. 194, 196, 204; of Kilkenny, ii. 377; of Labourers, 255; attempts to enforce, 289, 313; demand for their repeal, iii. 65; of Libel, viii. 92; of Liveries, iii. 118, 177; of Maintenance, ii. 355; iii. 105; of Merchants, ii. 122; Mutiny, vii. 61, 62; of Mortmain, ii. 118, 119; Navigation, vi. 86; vii. 310; Poor Laws, iv. 276, 277; Poynings', iii. 181; repealed, viii. 37, 39; of Præmunire, ii. 274, 355; of Provisors, 273, 275, 355; "Quia Emptores," 124, 151; "de Religiosis," 118; of Rights, vii. 60; Schism, 143; repealed, 184; of Security, 129; Septennial, 185; of Settlement, 103, 127; Stamp, 326, 327; American resistance to, 330; Pitt and Shelburne demand its repeal, 331; repealed, 338; of Succession, iii. 317; iv. 45, 67; of Supremacy, iii. 305; iv. 157; Test, iv. 215, 273, 308; vi. 273; James II.'s endeavours to procure its repeal, vii. 22, 23; Toleration, 64; of Treason, ii. 292; iii. 314, 319; Triennial, v. 352; vii. 88; of Union with Scotland, 128; of Union with Ireland, viii. 139; of Uniformity, iv. 159; vi. 208; of Uses, ii. 355; of Wales, 121; of Westminster, the first, 103; second, 122; third, 124; of Winchester, 122; against Witchcraft, v. 105, 106 Steam-engine, invention of the, viii. 57-59 Steel Yard, the, iv. 282 Steele, Richard, vii. 158 Steinkirk, battle of, vii. 79 Stephen of Blois, i. 214; chosen king, 215; crowned, 216; his charter, _ib._; revolts against him, 216, 217; quarrel with the Church, 218, 219; struggle with Matilda, 219, 220; proposes to crown his son, 226; treaty with Henry, 227; death, 228 Stigand, Archbishop of Canterbury, i. 161, 187 Stillingfleet, Edmund, vi. 252; vii. 19 Stirling, battle of, ii. 168; surrenders to Edward, 171; invested by Bruce, 191; Lords of the Congregation muster at, iv. 245 Stoke, battle of, iii. 176 Stokes, Peter, ii. 340 Stow, battle of, vi. 42 Stowe's _Chronicle_, v. 4 Strafford, Thomas Wentworth, Earl of (_see_ Wentworth), his war policy, v. 340-342; impeached, 350; trial, 356; attainder, 357; death, 361 Stralsund, siege of, v. 274 Strassburg seized by Lewis XIV., vi. 335 Stratford-on-Avon, Shakspere's home at, v. 28, 41, 46 Stratford-le-Bow, Protestant martyrs at, iv. 144 Stratford, Archbishop of Canterbury, ii. 232 Strathclyde, its struggle with Æthelfrith, i. 60; submits to Eadward the Elder, 119 Streoneshealh. _See_ Whitby Strickland, member of Parliament in 1571, iv. 292 Strode, one of the "five members," v. 373 Strongbow. _See_ Clare, Richard of Strype's historical collections, iii. 84; iv. 3, 4 Stuart, Arabella, v. 121 Stuart, Charles Edward, vii. 227-230 Stuart, Esmé. _See_ Lennox Stuart, James Francis, son of James II., vii. 34, 35; known as the "Old Pretender," 103; acknowledged as king by Lewis XIV., 106; attainted, 107; withdraws to Lorraine, 143; plans a rising in Scotland, 183; proclaimed as "James VIII." at Edinburgh, 228 Stuart, Lord James, Prior of St. Andrews, iv. 114, 199. _See_ Murray Stuarts, the, their work in Scotland, v. 125, 126; their lack of sympathy with England, 148, 149 Stubbs, John, iv. 337, 338 Stukely, Sir Thomas, iv. 315 Suchet, General, viii. 191 Sudbury, Archbishop of Canterbury, ii. 320, 323 Suffolk, Charles Brandon, Duke of, his campaign in France, iii. 247; policy at home, 270, 277; President of the Council, 286; marriage, iv. 46, 69 Suffolk, Frances Grey, Duchess of, iv. 69 Suffolk, Henry Grey, Duke of, iv. 65, 69, 82, 84 Suffolk, Thomas Howard, first Earl of, v. 191, 204 Suffolk, Michael de la Pole, Earl of. _See_ Pole Suffolk, William de la Pole, Earl of, iii. 59, 61-63 Sunderland, Robert Spencer, second Earl of, vi. 301; opposes the Exclusion, 307, 310; urges Charles II. to yield to it, 319, 321; relations with Charles, vii. 2; with James II., 12; betrays James to William, 37; urges the calling of a Parliament, 39; dismissed, 40; character, 82; his ministerial system, 83, 84, 98 Sunderland, Charles Spencer, third Earl of, ambassador at Vienna, vii. 125; Secretary of State, 131; his policy, 132; dismissed, 139; in the Stanhope ministry, 190 Surajah Dowlah, vii. 261, 262 Surrey, rising in, iii. 64 Surrey, Thomas Holland, Duke of (Earl of Kent), iii. 7, 8 Surrey, Henry Howard, Earl of, iv. 42-45 Surrey, Thomas Howard, second Earl of, iii. 210. _See_ Norfolk Surrey, Thomas Howard, third Earl of, iii. 244, 248. _See_ Norfolk Surrey, Earls of. _See_ Warenne Sussex accepts Wulfhere's overlordship, i. 85; conquered by Ine, 90; rising in, iii. 64; Protestant martyrs in, iv. 96; ironworks in, iv. 279. _See_ South Saxons Sussex, Thomas Ratcliffe, third Earl of, iv. 111, 240, 241, 269 Swan, Edward I.'s vow on the, ii. 95, 173, 174 Sweden united under King Eric, i. 128 Swein I., king of Denmark, i. 140-143 Swein II., Estrithson, king of Denmark, i. 167 Swein, son of Earl Godwine, i. 150, 151, 152 Swereford, Alexander de, ii. 43 Swift, Jonathan, vi. 158; vii. 138 Swineshead, abbey of, i. 356 Swinford, Catherine, ii. 369; iii. 59 Sydenham, Thomas, vi. 166 Table, the Round, legends of, i. 247; of Edward I., ii. 95; of Edward III., 249, 290 "Tables," the, v. 331, 333 Taillebourg, battle of, ii. 35 Taillefer, i. 163 Tailors' gild at Exeter, i. 318 Talavera, battle of, viii. 188 Talbot, John, Lord, iii. 56, 63. _See_ Shrewsbury Taliesin, ii. 53, 57 Tallard, Marshal, vii. 120 Talleyrand, Maurice de, viii. 206 Tamworth fortified by Æthelflæd, i. 118 Tancred, king of Sicily, i. 260 Tangier ceded to England, vi. 192; English garrison withdrawn from, vii. 4 Taunton founded by Ine, i. 89; Blake's defence of, vi. 78; Monmouth at, vii. 9 Taxation under the Norman kings, ii. 104; under Richard I., i. 264, 350; under John, 330, 322, 351; regulated by Great Charter, 351; ii. 105, 145; under Edward III., 291; Wolsey's plans of, iii. 245, 246; character under Elizabeth, iv. 233; Parliament regains control over, vii. 60, 61; during the French war, viii. 114, 137; arbitrary, abolished, v. 352; indirect, its introduction and growth, ii. 105; of personal property, i. 257; ii. 105; of boroughs, 152, 153; of wool, 107; of America, schemes for, vii. 311, 326; viii. 3, 4, 14; papal, of the clergy, ii. 42 Taylor, Jeremy, vi. 134-137, 326 Taylor, Rowland, iv. 92-94 Teignmouth burnt by the French, vii. 76 Temple, Richard Grenville, second Earl, vii. 250, 304, 328, 339 Temple, Sir Peter, v. 323 Temple, Sir William, ambassador at Brussels, vi. 227; at the Hague, 249; Secretary of State, 301; reorganizes the council, 302-304; opposes the Exclusion, 307, 311; retires from politics, 315; assents to the Exclusion, 319; his _Memoirs_, 157 Tenchebray, battle of, i. 202 Testament, the New, Erasmus's edition of, iii. 213, 215 Tewkesbury, battle of, iii. 144, 145 Thames entered by northmen, i. 116 Thanes, gild of, at Canterbury, i. 299 Thanet, Jutes land in, i. 31, 32; Augustine lands in, 57, 58 Thanet, Thomas Tufton, sixth Earl of, vii. 23 Theatre, first public, in London, v. 22 Thegns, i. 50-52; of the royal household, 132 Theobald, Archbishop of Canterbury, i. 223; legate, 225; his policy, 226, 227; study of law in his court, 283; retires from politics, 232; dies, 234 Theodore, Archbishop of Canterbury, i. 81, 83, 84; his school at Canterbury, 92 Theology, revived study of, in thirteenth century, ii. 13, 14 "Theow," the, i. 322 Thirty Years' War, its beginning, v. 217, 219; its end, vi. 113 Thomas of Canterbury, St. _See_ Beket "Thorough," Stafford's, v. 292 Throckmorton, Sir Nicholas, iv. 175 Thurlow's _State Papers_, v. 73 Thurstan, Archbishop of York, i. 217 Ticonderoga, Fort, vii. 244, 266, 267 Tilbury, muster at, iv. 357, 359 Tillotson, John, vi. 169, 252; vii. 19; Archbishop of Canterbury, 65 Tilly, Count, v. 232 Tilsit, peace of, viii. 175 Tin, export of, from Cornwall, iv. 279; mines, i. 30; ii. 107 Tippermuir, battle of, vi. 23 Tippoo, Sultan of Mysore, viii. 131, 140 Tithes, introduction of, i. 84 Tithing, i. 322 Titus Livius, his _Gesta Henrici V._, ii. 179; iii. 41 Tone, Wolfe, viii. 120 Torbay, William of Orange lands at, vii. 40 Torgau, battle of, vii. 302 "Tories," origin of the name, vi. 315; their policy in 1689, vii. 45, 46; attack Marlborough, 138; their helplessness, 166, 167; withdraw from politics, 167, 168; return, 299; oppose the abolition of the slave-trade, viii. 179; govern during the war with Napoleon, _ib._, 180 Torres Vedras, Wellington's defence of, viii. 190 Torrington, Arthur Herbert, Earl of. _See_ Herbert Tortulf the Forester, i. 209 Tostig, Earl of Northumbria, 153, 160-162 Toulon, revolt of, viii. 109 Toulouse, battle of, viii. 202; war of, i. 233, 234 Touraine conquered by the Angevins, i. 212; by Philip Augustus, 269; ceded to France, ii. 63 Tournaments under Edward III., ii. 251 Tournay besieged by Edward III., ii. 228 Tours won by Geoffry Martel, i. 212; by Philip Augustus, 258; council of, 235 Tourville, Admiral, vii. 75, 78 Towns, English, their origin, i. 294, 295; early constitution, 296; common lands, _ib._; relation to their lords, _ib._, 297; administration of justice in, 297, 313; emancipation, 300-302; struggle of classes in, 315-318; their liberties secured by Great Charter, 352; settlement of Friars in, ii. 10, 11; support Simon de Montfort, 68, 69; represented in county court, 73; representatives of, summoned to Parliament, _ib._; taxation of, 152, 153; forced labour in, 257; strikes and combinations in, 267; support the House of York, iii. 76; restriction of franchise in, 99-101; Charles II.'s dealings with, vii. 3. _See_ Boroughs Townshend, Charles, second Viscount, Secretary of State and Prime Minister, vii. 182, 189; resigns, 190; returns to office, 191; Secretary again under Walpole, 193; turned out, 203 Townshend, Charles, vii. 247; takes office under Pitt, 250; deserts him, 303; President of Board of Trade, 310; refuses office under Grenville, 315; accepts it again under Chatham, 341; Chancellor of the Exchequer, viii. 3; death, 4 Townshend's _Journal of Parliamentary Proceedings_, iv. 5 Township, the Old English, i. 11 Towton, battle of, iii. 79, 80 Trade, English, under Eadgar, i. 138; growth after Norman Conquest, 177; regulated by Great Charter, 352; under Edward I., ii. 106, 107, 122; Richard's II.'s care for, 355; increase in fifteenth century, iii. 106; Edward's IV.'s laws for protection of, _ib._; growth under Richard III., iv. 282; under Henry VII., _ib._; under Elizabeth, 279-283; v. 77; struggle of the Commons for its freedom, 57, 58; Parliament gains control over, vii. 63; foreign, regulated by Statute of Staples, ii. 292; extension under Charles I., v. 281; effects of the Continental System on, viii. 177; effect of the American embargo on, 183; growth during the French war, 194; with English colonies in America, monopoly of, vii. 195, 241; with India, vii. 232; with Spanish America, 192, 216; Board of, established, 89. _See_ Iron, Tin, Wool, Slave Trade and Plantations, Board for, vii. 240 Trade-gilds, i. 316-318 Trafalgar, battle of, viii. 173 "Trail-bastons," ii. 116 Treasurer, the, origin of his office, i. 132; right of appointing, claimed for Great Council, ii. 38 Treaties, commercial, with Florence, iv. 282; with France, viii. 79 Trent, Council of, iv. 32, 35, 36; dispersed, 51; reassembles, 64; breaks up again, 65; reassembled again, 192 Tresham, Francis, v. 159 Tresilian, Chief-Justice, ii. 353 Trevanion, Sir John, vi. 6 Trevisa, John of, ii. 357 Trichinopoly, Clive's relief of, vii. 235 Triploe Heath, meeting of the army at, vi. 52 Tristram, story of, i. 247; rimes of, ii. 360 Trivet's _Annals_, i. 274 Trokelowe's _Annals_, ii. 177 Tromp, Martin, vi. 86, 88, 115 Tromp, Cornelius, vi. 277 Troyes, treaty of, iii. 35 Trussel, Sir William, ii. 199 Tudor, Edmund. _See_ Richmond Tudor, Henry. _See_ Henry VII. Tudor, Jasper, Earl of Pembroke, iii. 132, 143, 165 Tudor, Owen, iii. 165 "Tulchan-bishops," v. 137 "Tun," the, i. 11, 295 Tunstall, Cuthbert, iii. 256 Turenne, Marshal, vi. 124 Turgot, annalist of Durham, i. 243 Turin, siege of, vii. 131 Turkey, schemes for its partition, viii. 161, 162 Turks capture Constantinople, iii. 189 Turner, Sir James, v. 73 Tyburn, Roger Mortimer beheaded at, ii. 207 Tyler, Walter, ii. 319, 321, 323 Tyndale, William, iii. 258, 259 Tyrconnell, Richard Talbot, first Earl and Duke of, vii. 17, 55-57 Tyrone, rising in, v. 62 Tyrone, Con O'Neill, first Earl of, iv. 110, 240 Udall, John, iv. 343 Ulm, capitulation of, viii. 173 Ulster, John de Courcy in, ii. 374; rising in, under Hugh O'Neill, v. 61, 62; colonization of, 288, 289 Universities, rise of, i. 282; their cosmopolitan spirit, 290; democratic constitution, 291; relations with the Church, 292, 293; Friars at, ii. 13; revival of theology at, _ib._, 14; English, their decline during Wars of the Roses, iii. 98; the New Learning at, 201, 202; Henry VIII.'s appeal to, 291, 292; decline under Edward VI., iv. 62; James II.'s dealings with, vii. 24-26 Urban V., Pope, ii. 275 Uriconium burnt by the West Saxons, i. 38 Usher, Archbishop of Armagh, v. 290, 353; vi. 199 Utrecht, treaty of, vii. 141; Union of, iv. 312 Uxbridge, negotiations at, vi. 38 Vacarius, i. 283, 285 Valence, Aymer de, Bishop of Winchester, ii. 33 Valence, Aymer de, Earl of Pembroke, ii. 174, 183 Valence, William de, Earl of Pembroke, ii. 33 Val-ès-Dunes, battle of, i. 158 Valois, Charles of, ii. 208 Vane, Sir Harry, the elder, vi. 102 Vane, Sir Harry (the younger), leader of the Independents, v. 354; vi. 45; negotiates with Scotland, 14, 108; opposes ordinance against heresy, 60; re-creates a navy, 78; his policy, 86, 89; attacks the Protectorate, 148; exempted from pardon, 195; executed, 204 Vannes, Henry of Lancaster sails from, ii. 373 Varangians, i. 167 Varaville, battle of, i. 158 Vassy, massacre of Protestants at, iv. 208 Vaudois, massacre of, vi. 123 Vendôme, Louis Joseph, Duke of, vii. 134 Venner, leader of Fifth-Monarchy men, vi. 182 Verden, quarrel about, vii. 188, 189 Vere, Robert de (third Earl of Oxford), i. 343 Vere, Robert de (ninth Earl of Oxford), ii. 350, 351, 353; Duke of Ireland, 377 Vere, Sir Horace, v. 219 Vergil, Polydore, ii. 180 Verneuil, battle of, iii. 39 Verney, Sir Edmund, v. 369 Verney, Sir Ralph, v. 72 Vernon, Admiral, vii. 219, 221 Vervins, treaty of, v. 60, 62 Vesci, Eustace de, i, 335, 347 Vienne, John de, ii. 349 Village, the English, i. 10, 11; its organization after the Norman Conquest, 322 Villars, Marshal, vii. 134 Villenage unknown in Kent, ii. 320; demand for its abolition in the eastern counties, 321; dies out, 333; iii. 65 Villeneuve, Admiral, viii. 172 Villeins, i. 133, 321-323; their relations with the lord, 323-325; rise into yeomen, ii. 240, 241; attempts to check their enfranchisement, 256, 257, 266, 267, 335; revolt of, _see_ Peasant Revolt Villeroy, Duke of, vii. 125, 126 Villiers, George, v. 207-210. _See_ Buckingham Vimiera, battle of, viii. 187 Vinegar Hill, battle of, viii. 130 Virginia discovered, iv. 345; settled, v. 307, 308; heads resistance to the Stamp Act, vii. 330; remonstrates against taxation, viii. 14; adheres to England, 20 Vitoria, battle of, viii. 202 Voltaire, his visit to England, vii. 152 Volunteers, the Irish, viii. 37 Wace, i. 174, 247 Wake, Baldwin, ii. 84, 86 Wakefield, battle of, iii. 78 Walcourt, skirmish at, vii. 50 Walcheren, English expedition to, viii. 188 Walden, Roger, Archbishop of Canterbury, ii. 371 Wales, sources of its early history, i. 7; its struggle with Mercia, ii. 46; subject to the West Saxon kings, _ib._; Harold's campaign in, i. 153, ii. 47; William I.'s, i. 189, ii. 47; William II.'s, i. 198, ii. 48; Henry I.'s dealings with, 48; Henry II.'s campaigns in, i. 232; ii. 53, 54; Gerald de Barri's account of, i. 245, 274; John's campaigns in, ii. 54, 55; national revival in, 49-58; Edward's first campaign in, 59; outbreaks in, 65, 66; Edward I.'s annexations in, 109; conquest of, 119-121; incorporated with England, 121; revolts, 142, 143; iii. 9-12; students from, at Oxford, i. 291; Council of, v. 168. _See_ Welsh Walker, Obadiah, vii. 25 Wall, the Roman, i. 30 Wallace, William, ii. 167-169, 171 Wallenstein, v. 274 Waller, Edmund, vi. 325 Waller, Sir William, defeated at Lansdowne Hill and Roundway Down, vi. 6; his reception by the Parliament, 13; joins Essex, 18, 19; defeated at Cropredy bridge, 22; retires, 35 Wallingford, treaty of, i. 227 Wallington, Nehemiah, v. 72, 73, 94 Wallis, Dr. John, vi. 132 Wallis, Captain, vii. 277 Walloons, fugitive Protestant, in England, iv. 51, 58 Walpole, Robert, vii. 134; his temper, 178; policy, 179-181; in the Townshend ministry, 182; resigns, 190; defeats the Peerage Bill, 191; returns to office, _ib._; head of the Government, 192, 193; his peace policy, 193, 194; finance, 195, 196; his policy of inaction, 197; towards Catholics and Nonconformists, 198; relations with George II., 200; Excise Bill, 195, 201-203; his jealousy of his colleagues, 203; strives to avoid war, 215, 217; loss of his power, 218; consents to war with Spain, _ib._; plans of alliance with Russia and Prussia, 220; fall, 222; rejects the project for an American Excise, 241 Walsingham, Sir Francis, iv. 119; v. 63 Walsingham's _History_, i. 274; ii. 177, 179; iii. 98 Walter of Coutances, Archbishop of Rouen, i. 260, 261, 266 Walter of Coventry, i. 273 Walters, Lucy, vi. 176 Walworth, William, ii. 312, 323 Wanborough, battle of, i. 90 Warbeck, Perkin, iii. 180, 181, 184, 185, 187 Ward, Dr. Seth, vi. 132 Wareham, northmen encamp at, i. 106 Warenne, William, sixth Earl of, i. 345 Warenne and Surrey, John, seventh Earl of, ii. 117 Warenne and Surrey, John, eighth Earl of, ii. 162, 168 Warham, William, Archbishop of Canterbury, his patronage of the New Learning, iii. 196-198; protects Colet, 204; helps Erasmus, 212, 215; the seals offered to, 289; death, 303 Warner's _Albion's England_, v. 35 Warwick, Guy Beauchamp, second Earl of, ii. 187, 190 Warwick, Thomas Beauchamp, fourth Earl of, ii. 353, 370, 371 Warwick, John Dudley, Earl of (_see_ Lisle), iv. 47; puts down revolt in Norfolk, 56; Protector, 57. _See_ Northumberland Warwick, Richard Neville, Earl of, iii. 73, 75; defeated at St. Albans, 79; victor at Towton, _ib._, 80; his greatness, 112, 113, 118; character, 114, 115; policy, 119, 122; negotiations with Lewis XI., 123, 124; rivalry with the Woodvilles, 127; mission to France, 129; estranged from Edward, 131; submits to him, 132; intrigues with Clarence, 133; revolts, 134, 135; repulsed from Calais, 135; difficulties with Burgundy, 136; alliance with the Lancastrians, 137; lands at Dartmouth, 138; restores Henry VI., 139; slain, 142 Warwick, Edward Plantagenet, Earl of, iii. 175, 187 Warwick, Robert Rich, second Earl of, resists a forced loan, v. 255; plans to emigrate, 319; put in command of the fleet, 378 Warwick, Sir Philip, v. 72 Washington, George, his attack on Duquesne, vii. 243; takes it, 266; his influence in Virginia, viii. 15; his character, 21, 22; his defence of Boston, 23; evacuates New York, etc., 24; his campaign of 1777, 25; forces Cornwallis to surrender, 32 Washington city burnt by the English, viii. 204 "Water-beggars," the, iv. 298 Waterford besieged by Cromwell, vi. 77 Waterloo, battle of, viii. 208-211 Watling Street, i. 120 Watt, James, viii. 58 _Waverley, Annals of_, i. 273 Waynflete, Bishop of Winchester, iii. 66 Weald, iron-mines in the, ii. 107 Wearmouth, Benedict Biscop's abbey at, i. 91, 92; plundered by northmen, 101 Weavers, gild of, i. 317; Flemish, in England under Edward III., ii. 226 Wedmore, Peace of, i. 107 Weights, uniformity of, enacted by Great Charter, i. 352 Welles, Sir Robert, iii. 135 Wellesley, Sir Arthur, his campaigns in Spain and Portugal, viii. 186, 188. _See_ Wellington Wellesley, Richard, Marquis (_see_ Mornington), viii. 140; his devotion to Pitt, 71; words on Pitt's death, 174; Foreign Secretary, 189 Wellington, Arthur Wellesley, first Viscount and Duke of (_see_ Wellesley), his campaigns in Spain and Portugal, viii. 190, 191, 199, 200, 202; enters France, 202; campaign in Belgium, 207-211 Welsh, the, defeated by Cenwealh, i. 87; by Offa, 97; league with Scots and Cumbrians against Æthelstan, 119; rise against Æthelred II., 139; subdued by Harold, 153; ii. 47; rise against William I., i. 167; against John, 333, 334; ii. 55; national revival, 49-58; ravage Shropshire, iii. 19; Oxford students join Owen Glyndwr, 11; North, tributary to Æthelstan, i. 119, 120; West, become vassals of Æthelstan, i. 120; driven from Exeter, _ib._ _See_ Britons, Wales Welwood's _Memoirs_, vi. 158 Wendover, Roger of, i. 273; ii. 43 Wentworth, Paul, iv. 238 Wentworth, Peter, v. 56 Wentworth, Thomas, member for Yorkshire, v. 195, 260, 282-284; policy and character, 285-287; Deputy in Ireland, 290; his rule there, 290-292, 364, 365; returns, 338. _See_ Strafford Wenzel of Bohemia, king of the Romans, ii. 348 Wesley, Charles, vii. 207 Wesley, John, vii. 207-210 Wessex, its power under Ceawlin and Cuthwulf, i. 56; fall, _ib._; attacked by Eadwine, 63; subdued, 64; greatness under Ine, 89, 90; civil strife in, 90; subject to Mercia, _ib._, 91; rises against Æthelbald, 96; anarchy in, 97; greatness under Ecgberht, 102; attacked by northmen, 103, 105, 106; revival under Ælfred, 107, 112, 113; submits to Swein, 143; to Cnut, _ib._; its Golden Dragon standard, 96, 163; earldom of, 146. _See_ West Saxons Westfold, Harald of, i. 128 West Indian Company, vi. 223 West Indies, English conquests in, vii. 307 Westminster, Eadward the Confessor's abbey at, i. 149; rebuilt by Henry III. ii. 25; completed under Edward I., 106; William I. crowned at, i. 166; the Scotch coronation stone removed to, ii. 162; refounded by Mary, iv. 106; Henry VII.'s chapel in, iii. 174; Assembly of Divines at, vi. 30; Caxton's press at, iii. 156; chapel of St. Stephen at, ii. 290; Chaucer's home at, 366; the Jerusalem Chamber at, iii. 25; Parliament fixed at, ii. 158; Provisions of, 62; Statutes of, 103, 122, 124 "Westminster, Matthew of," ii. 43 Westmoreland, Ralph Neville, first Earl of, iii. 14, 18 Westmoreland, Ralph Neville, fourth Earl of, iii. 323 Westmoreland, Henry Neville, fifth Earl of, iv. 162 Westmoreland, Charles Neville, sixth Earl of, iv. 268, 269 Weston, Lord Treasurer, v. 265; Earl of Portland, 276; revives monopolies, 279; success of his financial measures, 280; death, 315 Westphalia, kingdom of, viii. 185; treaty of, vi. 113, 187 West Saxons, foundation of their kingdom, i. 34; defeated by Arthur, _ib._; defeated in a raid upon Chester, 38; take Old Sarum, 37; conquer Oxfordshire and Buckinghamshire, _ib._; victory at Deorham, 38, 61; burn Uriconium, 38; driven back across Thames, 85; advance to south-west, 87; defeated at Bensington, 98. _See_ Wessex Wexford, massacre at, vi. 77; revolt at, viii. 129 Wharton, Philip, fourth Lord, v. 343; vi. 288; member of the Junto, viii. 85; Lord Lieutenant of Ireland, 133; death, 181 Whethamstede, Abbot of St. Albans, iii. 40 "Whiggamore Raid," vi. 62 "Whigs," origin of the name, vi. 62, 315; their policy in 1689, vii. 45; struggle with Marlborough and Anne, 132, 133; refuse peace, 136; dismissed from office, 139; invite Marlborough's aid, 145; their relations with the Church, 169; with the Crown, 172, 174; with Parliament, 175, 176; fidelity to the principles of the Revolution, 177; relations with public opinion, 289; with Pitt, 301; the "Old," viii. 104; in Scotland, their outrages, vii. 16 White, Sir Thomas, iv. 157 Whitefield, George, vii. 205, 209 Whitehall built, iii. 236 Whitelock, Bulstrode, v. 306, 322, 323; his _Memoirs_, 72 _White Ship_, wreck of the, i. 207, 208 Whitby (Streoneshealh), Hild's abbey at, i. 77; synod of, 79, 80; its effect on England, 80, 81 Whitgift, Archbishop of Canterbury, iv. 341, 343; v. 58; his Articles, iv. 341, 342; v. 115, 116; Strype's _Life of_, iv. 4 Whittingham, Dean of Durham, iv. 127 Wight, Isle of, annexed to Sussex, i. 85 Wilberforce, William, viii. 48, 52 Wilfrid, St., i. 79, 92; Eddi's _Life of_, 4 Wilkes, John, vii. 249; his services to the Constitution, 313; attacks the Government in the _North Briton_, 314, 317, 318; arrested, 318; prosecuted for libel, _ib._; flies to France, _ib._; returned for Middlesex, viii. 5; imprisoned, 6; struggle with the Government, 7; with the House of Commons, _ib._, 8; his proposal for Parliamentary reform, 75 Wilkins, Dr. John, vi. 132, 166 William the Conqueror, duke of Normandy, i. 157; visits England, 158; subdues Maine and Britanny, _ib._; his claim on England, 160; lands at Pevensey, 162; exploits at Senlac, 163, 164; chosen king, 165; crowned, 166; returns to Normandy, 167; risings against him, _ib._, 168; his vengeance on the north, 168, 169; march on Chester, 169, 179; master of England, 170; receives the Scot king's fealty, _ib._; his character, 178, 179; rule, 179-181; dealings with feudalism, 181-185; with Old English judicial and administrative organization, 185; finance, 186; dealings with the Church, 187, 188; with Wales, 189; ii. 47; suppresses slave-trade at Bristol, i. 250; last war and death, 190 William the Red, king, i. 191; revolts against him, _ib._, 192; his rule, 192; dealings with the barons, 193; with the Church, _ib._; with Anselm, 196; with Normandy and Scotland, 197; with Wales, 198; ii. 48; death, i. 198 William III., Prince of Orange, vi. 225; his youth, 269; repels the French invasion of Holland, 270, 277; his diplomatic success, 277; plans for his marriage, 283; defeated at Cassel, 289; marriage, 290; plans the Grand Alliance, 317; policy in England, _ib._, 318; visits England, 334; shelters Monmouth, vii. 8; forbidden to visit England, 12; relations with James II., 26-28; invited to England, 35; his preparations, 37; lands at Torbay, 40; his advance, 42; enters London, 44; calls a Convention, _ib._; declines to be Regent, 46; the Crown offered to, 47; he accepts it, 48; his foreign aims, _ib._; dealings with Scotland, 51; signs the warrant for the massacre of Glencoe, 53; relations with Parliament, 62, 63, 66, 69; campaign in Ireland, 71; goes to Flanders, 76; defeated at Steinkirk, 79; struggle with the Commons, 81, 82; treaty with Lewis, 90, 91; policy as to the Spanish succession, 92, 93; his unpopularity, 95; forced to send home his Dutch guards, 97; forms a new Grand Alliance, 107; his relations with Marlborough and Anne, 110; death, 112 William the Ætheling, i. 207 William the Lion, king of Scots, i. 255, 259; ii. 134 William Longsword, duke of Normandy, i. 155 William, son of Robert of Normandy, i. 203, 208, 213, 214 William of Jumièges, i. 6 William of the Long Beard, i. 319, 320 Williams, Bishop of Lincoln, v. 255, 353, 371 Williams, Roger, v. 312, 313 Willis, Thomas, vi. 166 Willoughby, Hugh, iv. 282; v. 9 Wiltshire, rising in, iii. 67 Wiltshire, Thomas Boleyn, Earl of, iii. 291. _See_ Boleyn Wiltshire, William Scrope, Earl of, iii. 18 Winceby, skirmish at, vi. 33 Winchelsey, Archbishop of Canterbury, opposes Edward I., ii. 163, 165, 170; head of the "Ordainers," 188 Winchester surrendered to William the Conqueror, i. 165; welcomes Stephen, 215; battle at, 220; pillaged by the younger Simon de Montfort, ii. 82; marriage of Philip and Mary at, iv. 86; Ælfred's abbey at, i. 113; Wykeham's college at, ii. 307; the royal hoard at, 180, 188; Parliament at, ii. 66, 80, 82 Winchester, William Paulet, first marquis of, iv. 65 Winchester, John Paulet, fifth marquis of, vi. 42 Winchester, Charles Paulet, sixth marquis of, vii. 37 Windebank, Secretary of State, v. 351 Windham, William, viii. 104, 156, 171 Windsor Castle seized by John, i. 261; surrendered by Edward to the barons, ii. 67; rebuilt by Edward III., 252 Winter, Admiral De, viii. 127 Winthrop, John, v. 311, 313 Winwæd, battle of, i. 72, 73 Wippedsfleet, battle of, i. 33 Wishart, George, iv. 112 Witchcraft, belief in, v. 105; statute against, 105, 106; Puritan action against, 106, 107 Witenagemot, the, i. 19, 132, 134, 135 Wither, George, v. 303 Witt, John de, vi. 242, 249, 268, 269 Wolsey, Thomas, his rise, iii. 230; policy, 231; greatness, 236; his industry, 237; legate, 238; negotiations with Francis and Charles, 240, 243; hopes of the Papacy, 240, 241, 249; revives benevolences, 244, 251; demands a forced loan, 244; struggle with the Commons, 245; with the clergy, 246; his power shaken, 253; attitude towards Lutheranism, 261, 263; founds Cardinal College, 202, 263; action in the king's divorce, 269, 270; embassy to France, 271; negotiations with the Pope, _ib._, 272; his unpopularity, 273; commissioner for the divorce, 272; his fall, 279, 280; suppresses monasteries, 311; arrested, 292; death, 293; Cavendish's _Life of_, 83 Woodstock, Edmund, earl of, ii. 293 Woodstock, Thomas of, ii. 293. _See_ Gloucester Woodville, Elizabeth, wife of Edward IV., iii. 124, 167, 168, 171, 176 Woodville, Sir Richard, iii. 124. _See_ Rivers Woodward, John, vi. 167 Wool, grants of, by Parliament to the king, ii. 230; taxation of, 107, 164, 298; trade in, under Edward I., 107; under Edward III., 226; monopolized by him, 229; in the eighteenth century, viii. 53 Woolsack, the Lord Chancellor's, ii. 226 Worcester, rising at, under Harthacnut, i. 148; threatened by Owen Glyndwr, iii. 18 Worcester, Thomas Percy, earl of, iii. 13, 14 Worcester, John Tiptoft, earl of, iii. 162 Worcester, William of, ii. 179; iii. 40 Worcestershire, salt springs in, ii. 107 Wordsworth, William, viii. 135 Worms, diet at, iii. 254; Tyndale at, 260 Worsted trade, iv. 279 Wriothesley, Lord Chancellor, iv. 46. _See_ Southampton Wulfhere, king of Mercia, i. 78, 85-87 Wulfstan, St., bishop of Worcester, i. 192, 250 Wulfstan explores the coast of Esthonia, i. 113 Wurmser, General, viii. 123 Wyatt, Sir Thomas, the elder, iv. 42 Wyatt, Sir Thomas, the younger, iv. 82, 84, 85 Wycherly, William, vi. 157, 163 Wyclif, John, ii. 275-277; his treatise _De Dominio Divino_, 278, 279; commissioner for negotiations with the Pope, 303; his denunciation of Church property, 308, 309; summoned to trial for heresy, 309, 310; his "Simple Priests," 317; denies Transubstantiation, 337; condemned at Oxford, _ib._; at Blackfriars, 339; his English tracts, 338, 356; petition to king and Parliament, 342; his _Fasciculi Zizamorum_, 178; _Trias_, _ib._; his Bible, 178, 343; cited to Rome, 343; death, 344 Wykeham, William of, bishop of Winchester, ii. 302, 305, 307-309 Wykes's _Chronicle_, i. 274 Wyndham, Sir William, vii. 168, 184 Wolfe, General, vii. 267, 268 Yeoman, the English, ii. 240, 241 Yonge's (Walter) _Diary_, v. 71 York, capital of Roman Britain, i. 36; occupied by William I., 167; stormed by rebels, 168; massacre of Jews at, ii. 129; provincial council at, 120; Parliament at, 195; held for Elizabeth by Lord Sussex, iv. 269; Charles I. at, v. 337, 378; besieged by Manchester, Fairfax, and Leven, vi. 18; surrenders, 22; its common pastures, i. 296; school at, 91; six shires of, 295; four wards, 296 York, Edmund of Langley, Duke of (_see_ Cambridge), supports Richard II., ii. 370; regent, 379 York, Edward, duke of (_see_ Albemarle, Rutland), iii. 15 York, Frederick, duke of, viii. 108, 110, 140 York, Richard, duke of (_see_ Cambridge), iii. 30; Regent of France, 56, 57; recalled, 60; sent to Ireland, 62, 63; returns, 67; struggle with Henry VI., 68-70; Protector of the Realm, 72; marriage, 73; rises in arms, _ib._; Protector again, 74; raises his standard at Ludlow, _ib._; flies to Ireland, 75; victory at Northampton, _ib._; his claims to the crown, 75-77; slain, 78 York House (Whitehall) built, iii. 236 Yorkshire, Pilgrimage of Grace in, iii. 322; rise of manufactures in, v. 281 York Town, Cornwallis's surrender at, viii. 32 Young, member for Bristol in 1450, iii. 68 Zaragoza, siege of, viii. 187 Zorndorf, battle of, vii. 263 _Zürich Letters_, the, iv. 4 Zutphen, battle of, iv. 349 _Printed by_ R. & R. CLARK, LIMITED, _Edinburgh_. Transcriber's Notes: This is the index for the 8 volume set of History of the English People. It was included at the end of Volume VIII in the original. For ease in accessibility, it has been removed and produced as a separate volume. Words in italics in the original are surrounded by _underscores_. The following corrections have been made to the text: Page 213: Æthelflæd{original has Ætheflæd}, Lady of the Mercians Page 222: under the entry, Burgundy, Philip III., withdraws his troops from siege of Orleans{original has Orléans} Page 237: under the entry, Elizabeth, daughter of Henry VIII., Parliament refuses to oust her from the succession{original has sucession} Page 244: Gilbert, William, discovers terrestrial{original has terrestial} magnetism Page 282: Southampton, Thomas Wriothesley{original has Wroithesley}, fourth Earl of *** END OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK HISTORY OF THE ENGLISH PEOPLE, INDEX *** Updated editions will replace the previous one—the old editions will be renamed. Creating the works from print editions not protected by U.S. copyright law means that no one owns a United States copyright in these works, so the Foundation (and you!) can copy and distribute it in the United States without permission and without paying copyright royalties. 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