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Title: Official Views Of The World's Columbian Exposition

Author: C. D. Arnold and H. D. Higinbotham

Release Date: October 2, 2007 [EBook #22847]

Language: English

Credits: Produced by Don Kostuch

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Chapter V, "The World's Columbian Exposition" from

Volume V of

"History of the United States" by E. Benjamin Andrews (1905) is included

to provide a contemporary description of the Exposition. ]

OFFICIAL VIEWS OF THE WORLD'S COLUMBIAN EXPOSITION

ISSUED BY THE

DEPARTMENT OF PHOTOGRAPHY

C. D. ARNOLD

H. D. HIGINBOTHAM

Official Photographers

1893

PRESS CHICAGO PHOTO-GRAVURE CO.

INDEX.

Scene

Plate

Administration Building

23, 25, 33

Agricultural Building

18

Arabian Village

112, 113, 114

Austrian Exhibit

9

Band Stand

26

Battle Ship "Illinois"

69

Belgian Exhibit.

10

Bell Telephone Exhibit

32

Blarney Castle

93

Brazilian Building

74

Cafe de la Marine

52

Cairo Street

103

Ceylon Building

79

Chocolate Pavilion

14

Choral Hall

42

Cliff Dwellers

90

Colonnade

20

Columbian Fountain

24, 28

Columbus' Caravels

85, 86

Court of Honor

15, 115

Dahomey Village

110

Donegal Castle.

95

Electricity Building

28, 29, 30, 31, 32

Ferris Wheel

91, 105

Fine Arts Palace

59, 60, 61

Fisheries Building

46, 53

French Exhibit

10

French Government Building

73

General Views

4, 16, 17, 19, 21. 27, 28, 33,

38, 44, 46, 48, 62, 66, 68, 97, 98

German Government Building

72

German Exhibits

8, 40, 87

German Village

99, 100

Government Buildings

54, 71, 72, 73, 74, 75, 76, 77, 78, 79

Guatemala Building

78

Hagenbeck's Arena

94

Hayti Building

75

Horticultural Building

43, 57

Illinois Building

47

Indian Pavilion

81

Indians' Wigwams, etc.

88, 89

Japanese Exhibits

49, 50, 51, 54, 55

Johore Bungalow

101

Krupp Building

87

Lapland Village

111

Manufactures and Liberal Arts Building

1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9,

10, 11, 21, 24, 56

Machinery Hall

22, 24, 25

Merchant Tailors Building

58

Midway Views

91, 92, 93, 94, 95, 96, 97, 98, 99, 100, 101,

102, 103, 104, 105, 106, 107, 108, 109,

110, 111, 112, 113, 114

Mines Building

34, 35

Movable Sidewalk

83

New South Wales Building

75

New York Building

64

Norwegian Exhibit

11

Old Vienna

106, 107, 108, 109

Pennsylvania Building

65

Peristyle

12

Peristyle and Quadriga

13

Rabida Convent

84

Russian Exhibit

7

Samoan Village

96

Spanish Building

72

State Buildings

47, 63, 64, 65

Swedish Building

75

Terminal Station

36

Tiffany and Gorham Exhibits

6

Train of 1831

37

Transportation Building .

39, 40, 41

Turkish Building

77

Turkish Village

102, 104

U. S. Government Building

54

U. S. Life Saving Station

67

Venezuela Building

76

Venetian Boat

35

Victoria House

71

Viking Ship

72

Whaleback at Pier

88

West Point Cadets Encampment

67

Woman's Building

45, 40

Wooded Island

52

World's Congress of Beauty

98

PLATE 1--MANUFACTURES AND LIBERAL ARTS BUILDING.

1200    4800

PLATE 2--NORTHERN FACADE OF LIBERAL ARTS BUILDING.

1200    4800

PLATE 3--LIBERAL ARTS BUILDING--WEST ENTRANCE.

1200    4800

PLATE 4--BIRDS EYE VIEW LOOKING

NORTHWEST FROM LIBERAL ARTS BUILDING.

1200    4800

PLATE 5--SOUTHWEST PAVILION OF

LIBERAL ARTS BUILDING.

1200    4800

PLATE 6--TIFFANY AND GORHAM EXHIBITS--

MANUFACTURES BUILDING.

1200    4800

PLATE 7--RUSSIAN EXHIBIT--MANUFACTURES BUILDING.

1200    4800

PLATE 8--ENTRANCE TO GERMAN EXHIBIT--

LIBERAL ARTS BUILDING.

1200    4800

PLATE 9--AUSTRIAN EXHIBIT--

MANUFACTURES BUILDING.

1200    4800

PLATE 10--FRENCH AND BELGIAN SECTIONS--

MANUFACTURES BUILDING.

1200    4800

PLATE 11--NORWEGIAN EXHIBIT--

MANUFACTURES BUILDING.

1200    4800

PLATE 12--THE PERISTYLE.

1200    4800

PLATE 13--PERISTYLE AND QUADRIGA.

1200    4800

PLATE 14--A CHOCOLATE PAVILION.

1200    4800

PLATE 15--THE COURT OF HONOR.

1200    4800

PLATE 16--A VIEW NEAR THE PERISTYLE.

1200    4800

PLATE 17--LOOKING WEST FROM PERISTYLE.

1200    4800

PLATE 18--AGRICULTURAL BUILDING.

1200    4800

PLATE 19--GENERAL VIEW--

LOOKING TOWARDS COLONNADE.

1200    4800

PLATE 20--THE COLONNADE.

1200    4800

PLATE 21--THE LIBERAL ARTS BUILDING

FROM COLONNADE.

1200    4800

PLATE 22--PALACE OF MECHANIC ARTS.

1200    4800

PLATE 23--ADMINISTRATION BUILDING.

1200    4800

PLATE 24--THE COLUMBIAN FOUNTAIN.

1200    4800

PLATE 25--SECTION OF PALACE OF MECHANIC ARTS

AND ADMINISTRATION BUILDING.

1200    4800

PLATE 26--BAND STAND AT ADMINISTRATION BUILDING.

1200    4800

PLATE 27--VIEW FROM ELECTRICITY BUILDING--

LOOKING SOUTHEAST.

1200    4800

PLATE 28--ELECTRICITY BUILDING AND

COLUMBIAN FOUNTAIN.

1200    4800

PLATE 29--ELECTRICITY BUILDING.

1200    4800

PLATE 30--INTERIOR OF ELECTRICITY BUILDING.

1200    4800

PLATE 31--BASE OF ELECTRIC TOWER.--

ELECTRICITY BUILDING.

1200    4800

PLATE 32--BELL TELEPHONE EXHIBIT--

ELECTRICITY BUILDING.

1200    4800

PLATE 33--ADMINISTRATION BUILDING

FROM WOODED ISLAND.

1200    4800

PLATE 34--MINES BUILDING--FROM THE NORTH.

1200    4800

PLATE 35--VENETIAN BOAT ON THE LAGOON

AT NORTH ENTRANCE OF MINES BUILDING.

1200    4800

PLATE 36--THE TERMINAL STATION.

1200    4800

PLATE 37--FIRST TRAIN IN STATE OF NEW YORK,

RUN ON THE MOHAWK & HUDSON R. R., 1831.

1200    4800

PLATE 38--LOOKING NORTH FROM TERMINAL STATION.

1200    4800

PLATE 39--TRANSPORTATION BUILDING.

1200    4800

PLATE 40--A GERMAN GATEWAY IN WROUGHT IRON--

TRANSPORTATION BUILDING.

1200    4800

PLATE 41--THE GOLDEN DOOR, TRANSPORTATION BUILDING.

1200    4800

PLATE 42--CHORAL HALL.

1200    4800

PLATE 43--HORTICULTURAL BUILDING

FROM WOODED ISLAND.

1200    4800

PLATE 44--LOOKING SOUTH FROM

LOGGIA OF WOMAN'S BUILDING.

1200    4800

PLATE 45--WOMAN'S BUILDING.

1200    4800

PLATE 46--BRAZIL--SWEDEN--CAFE DE LA MARINE--FISHERIES

LOOKING EAST FROM WOMAN'S BUILDING.

1200    4800

PLATE 47--THE ILLINOIS BUILDING.

1200    4800

PLATE 48--LOOKING WEST FROM CAFE DE LA MARINE.

1200    4800

PLATE 49--VIEW OF JAPANESE TEA GARDEN--

FROM LAGOON.

1200    4800

PLATE 50--THE JAPANESE TEA GARDEN.

1200    4800

PLATE 51--JAPANESE BOAT ON THE LAGOON.

1200    4800

PLATE 52--CAFE DE LA MARINE.

1200    4800

PLATE 53--FISHERIES BUILDING FROM WOODED ISLAND.

1200    4800

PLATE 54--UNITED STATES GOVERNMENT

BUILDING AND JAPANESE HO-O-DEN.

1200    4800

PLATE 55--THE JAPANESE HO-O-DEN.

1200    4800

PLATE 56--LIBERAL ARTS BUILDING FROM WOODED ISLAND.

1200    4800

PLATE 57--WOODED ISLAND

NEAR HORTICULTURAL BUILDING.

1200    4800

PLATE 58--MERCHANT TAILORS BUILDING.

1200    4800

PLATE 59--PALACE OF FINE ARTS.

1200    4800

PLATE 60--PALACE OF FINE ARTS--

SECTION OF SOUTH FRONT.

1200    4800

PLATE 61--INTERIOR OF PALACE OF FINE ARTS.

1200    4800

PLATE 62--FEEDING THE DUCKS.

1200    4800

PLATE 63--AVENUE OF STATE BUILDINGS.

1200    4800

PLATE 64--NEW YORK STATE BUILDING.

1200    4800

PLATE 65--PENNSYLVANIA BUILDING.

1200    4800

PLATE 66--LOOKING WEST FROM LIFE SAVING STATION.

1200    4800

PLATE 67--UNITED STATES LIFE SAVING STATION.

1200    4800

PLATE 68--ENCAMPMENT OF

WEST POINT CADETS, GOVERNMENT PLAZA.

1200    4800

PLATE 69--BATTLE SHIP "ILLINOIS."

1200    4800

PLATE 70--THE VIKING SHIP.

1200    4800

PLATE 71--GREAT BRITAIN, VICTORIA HOUSE.

1200    4800

PLATE 72--BUILDINGS OF SPANISH AND

GERMAN GOVERNMENTS.

1200    4800

PLATE 73--GOVERNMENT BUILDING, FRANCE.

1200    4800

PLATE 74--THE BRAZILIAN BUILDING.

1200    4800

PLATE 75--GOVERNMENT BUILDINGS, SWEDEN,

HAYTI AND NEW SOUTH WALES.

1200    4800

PLATE 76--GOVERNMENT BUILDING, VENEZUELA.

1200    4800

PLATE 77--TURKISH BUILDING.

1200    4800

PLATE 78--GUATEMALA BUILDING.

1200    4800

PLATE 79--THE CEYLON BUILDING.

1200    4800

PLATE 80--ON THE BEACH--

EAST OF MANUFACTURES BUILDING.

1200    4800

PLATE 81--THE INDIAN PAVILION.

1200    4800

PLATE 82--WHALEBACK AT EXPOSITION PIER.

1200    4800

PLATE 83--THE MOVING SIDEWALK ON PIER.

1200    4800

PLATE 84--CONVENT OF LA RABIDA.

1200    4800

PLATE 85--THE SANTA MARIA.

1200    4800

PLATE 86--THE NINA AND PINTA.

1200    4800

PLATE 87--THE KRUPP BUILDING.

1200    4800

PLATE 88--BIRCHBARK WIGWAMS OF PENOBSCOT INDIANS.

1200    4800

PLATE 89--HOUSES AND TOTEM POLES OF ALASKAN INDIANS.

1200    4800

PLATE 90--THE CLIFF DWELLERS.

1200    4800

PLATE 91--THE FERRIS WHEEL.

1200    4800

PLATE 92--WORLD'S CONGRESS OF BEAUTY, ON THE MIDWAY.

1200    4800

PLATE 93--BLARNEY CASTLE, ON THE MIDWAY.

1200    4800

PLATE 94--HAGENBECK'S ARENA--ON THE MIDWAY.

1200    4800

PLATE 95--DONEGAL CASTLE, ON THE MIDWAY.

1200    4800

PLATE 96--THE SAMOAN VILLAGE--ON THE MIDWAY.

1200    4800

PLATE 97--THE MIDWAY, LOOKING WEST.

1200    4800

PLATE 98--THE MIDWAY, FROM FERRIS WHEEL, LOOKING EAST.

1200    4800

PLATE 99--ENTRANCE TO THE GERMAN VILLAGE, ON THE MIDWAY.

1200    4800

PLATE 100--GERMAN VILLAGE--MIDWAY.

1200    4800

PLATE 101--THE JOHORE BUNGALOW--ON THE MIDWAY.

1200    4800

PLATE 102--IN THE TURKISH BAZAAR.

1200    4800

PLATE 103--A MINARET IN THE CAIRO STREET--ON THE MIDWAY.

1200    4800

PLATE 104--TURKISH LADIES IN TURKISH VILLAGE--ON THE MIDWAY.

1200    4800

PLATE 105--FERRIS WHEEL--FROM THE WEST.

1200    4800

PLATE 106--ENTRANCE TO OLD VIENNA--ON THE MIDWAY.

1200    4800

PLATE 107--SAUSAGE VENDER--OLD VIENNA.

1200    4800

PLATE 108--OLD VIENNA--ON THE MIDWAY.

1200    4800

PLATE 109--EAST COURT IN OLD VIENNA.

1200    4800

PLATE 110--DAHOMEY VILLAGE--ON THE MIDWAY.

1200    4800

PLATE 111--THE LAPLAND VILLAGE--ON THE MIDWAY.

1200    4800

PLATE 112--TYPES OF THE ARABIAN VILLAGE--ON THE MIDWAY.

1200    4800

PLATE 113--SCENE AT ARABIAN VILLAGE--ON THE MIDWAY.

1200    4800

PLATE 114--IN THE ARABIAN VILLAGE--ON THE MIDWAY.

1200    4800

PLATE 115--COURT OF HONOR FROM

ADMINISTRATION BUILDING.

1200    4800

End of OFFICIAL VIEWS OF THE WORLD'S COLUMBIAN EXPOSITION

Excerpt from "History of the United States".

CHAPTER V.

THE WORLD'S COLUMBIAN EXPOSITION

Columbian Celebration, New York, April 28, 1893.

Parade passing Fifth Avenue Hotel.

The thought of celebrating by a world's fair the third centennial of

Columbus's immortal deed anticipated the anniversary by several years.

Congress organized the exposition so early as 1890, fixing Chicago as

its seat. That city was commodious, central, typically American. A

National Commission was appointed; also an Executive Committee, a Board

of Reference and Control, a Chicago Local Board, and a Board of Lady

Managers.

The task of preparation was herculean. Jackson Park had to be changed

from a dreary lakeside swamp into a lovely city, with roads, lawns,

groves and flowers, canals, lagoons and bridges, a dozen palaces, and

ten score other edifices. An army of workmen, also fire, police,

ambulance, hospital, and miscellaneous service was organized.

Wednesday, October 21 (Old Style, October 12), 1892, was observed as

Columbus Day, marking the four hundredth anniversary of Columbus's

discovery. A reception was held in the Chicago Auditorium, followed by

dedication of the buildings and grounds at Jackson Park and an award of

medals to artists and architects. Many cities held corresponding

observances. New York chose October 12th for the anniversary.  On April

26-28, 1893, again, the eastern metropolis was enlivened by grand

parades honoring Columbus. In the naval display, April 22d, thirty-five

war ships and more than 10,000 men of divers flags, took part.

Pinta,    Santa Maria,    Nina,

lying in the North River, New York.

The caravels which crossed from Spain

to be present at the World's Fair at Chicago.

Between Columbus Day and the opening of the Exposition came the

presidential election of 1892. Ex-President Cleveland had been nominated

on the first ballot, in spite of the Hill delegation sent from his home

State to oppose. Harrison, too, had overcome Platt, Hill's Republican

counterpart in New York, and in Pennsylvania had preferred John

Wanamaker to Quay. But Harrison was not "magnetic" like Blaine. With

what politicians call the "boy" element of a party, he was especially

weak. Stalwarts complained that he was ready to profit by their

services, but abandoned them under fire. The circumstances connected

with the civil service that so told against Cleveland four years before,

now hurt Harrison equally. Though no doubt sincerely favoring reform, he

had, like his predecessor, succumbed to the machine in more than one

instance.

The campaign was conducted in good humor and without personalities.

Owing to Australian voting and to a more sensitive public opinion, the

election was much purer than that of 1888. The Republicans defended

McKinley protection, boasting of it as sure, among other things, to

transfer the tin industry from Wales to America. Free sugar was also

made prominent. Some cleavage was now manifest between East and West

upon the tariff issue. In the West "reciprocity" was the Republican

slogan; in the East, "protection." Near the Atlantic, Democrats

contented themselves with advocacy of "freer raw materials "; those by

the Mississippi denounced "Republican protection" as fraud and robbery.

If the platform gave color to the charge that Democrats wished "British

free trade," Mr. Cleveland's letter of acceptance was certainly

conservative.

Populism, emphasizing State aid to industry, particularly in behalf of

the agricultural class, made great gains in the election. General Weaver

was its presidential nominee. In Colorado, Idaho, Kansas, and Wyoming

most Democrats voted for him. Partial fusion of the sort prevailed also

in North Dakota, Nevada, Minnesota, and Oregon. Weaver carried all these

States save the two last named. In Louisiana and Alabama Republicans

fused with Populists. The Tillman movement in South Carolina, nominally

Democratic, was akin to Populism, but was complicated with the color

question, and later with novel liquor legislation. It was a revolt of

the ordinary whites from the traditional dominance of the aristocracy.

In Alabama a similar movement, led by Reuben F. Kolb, was defeated, as

he thought, by vicious manipulation of votes in the Black Belt.

The Manufactures and liberal Arts Building, seen from the southwest.

Of the total four hundred and forty-four electoral votes Cleveland

received two hundred and seventy-seven, a plurality of one hundred and

thirty-two. The Senate now held forty-four Democrats, thirty-seven

Republicans, and four Populists; the House two hundred and sixteen

Democrats, one hundred and twenty-five Republicans, and eleven

Populists.

Early on the opening day of the Exposition, May 1, 1893, the Chief

Magistrate of the nation sat beside Columbus's descendant, the Duke of

Veragua. Patient multitudes were waiting for the gates of Jackson Park

to swing. "It only remains for you, Mr. President," said the

Director-General, concluding his address, "if in your opinion the

Exposition here presented is commensurate in dignity with what the world

should expect of our great country, to direct that it shall be opened to

the public. When you touch this magic key the ponderous machinery will

start in its revolutions and the activity of the Exposition will begin."

After a brief response Mr. Cleveland laid his finger on the key. A

tumult of applause mingled with the jubilant melody of Handel's

"Hallelujah Chorus." Myriad wheels revolved, waters gushed and sparkled,

bells pealed and artillery thundered, while flags and gonfalons

fluttered forth.

The Exposition formed a huge quadrilateral upon the westerly shore of

Lake Michigan, from whose waters one passed by the North Inlet into the

North Pond, or by the South Inlet into the South Pond. These united with

the central Grand Basin in the peerless Court of Honor. The grounds and

buildings were of surpassing magnitude and splendor. Interesting but

simple features were the village of States, the Nations' tabernacles,

lying almost under the guns of the facsimile battleship Illinois, and

the pigmy caravels, Nina, Pinta, and Santa Maria, named and modelled

after those that bore Columbus to the New World. These, like their

originals, had fared from Spain across the Atlantic, and then had come

by the St, Lawrence and the Lakes, without portage, to their moorings at

Chicago.

Horticultural Building, with Illinois Building in the background.

Near the centre of the ground stood the Government Building, with a

ready-made look out of keeping with the other architecture. Critics

declared it the only discordant note in the symphony, Looking from the

Illinois Building across the North pond, one saw the Art Palace, of pure

Ionic style, perfectly proportioned, restful to view, contesting with

the Administration Building for the architectural laurels of the Fair.

South of the Illinois Building rose the Woman's Building, and next

Horticultural Hall, with dome high enough to shelter the tallest palms.

The Manufactures and Liberal Arts Building, of magnificent proportions,

did not tyrannize over its neighbors, though thrice the size of St.

Peter's at Rome, and able easily to have sheltered the Vendome Column.

It was severely classical, with a long perspective of arches, broken

only at the corners and in the centre by portals fit to immortalize

Alexander's triumphs.

The artistic jewel of the Exposition was the "Court of Honor." Down the

Grand Basin you saw the noble statue of the Republic, in dazzling gold,

with the peristyle beyond, a forest of columns surmounted by the

Columbus quadriga. On the right hand stood the Agricultural Building,

upon whose summit the "Diana" of Augustus St. Gaudens had alighted. To

the left To the left stood the enormous Hall of Manufactures. Looking

from the peristyle the eye met the Administration Building, a rare

exemplification of the French school, the dome resembling that of the

Hotel des lnvalides in Paris.

A view toward the Peristyle from Machinery Hall.

A most unique conception was the Cold Storage Building, where a hundred

tons at ice were made daily. Save for the entrance, flanked by windows,

and the fifth floor, designed for an ice skating rink, its walls were

blank. Four corner towers set off the fifth, which rose from the centre

sheer to a height of 225 feet.

The cheering coolness of this building was destined not to last. Early

in the afternoon of July 10th flames burst out from the top of the

central tower. Delaying his departure until he had provided against

explosion, the brave engineer barely saved his life. Firemen were soon

on hand. Sixteen of them forthwith made their way to the balcony near

the blazing summit. Suddenly their retreat was cut off by a burst of

fire from the base of the tower. The rope and hose parted and

precipitated a number who were sliding back to the roof. Others leaped

from the colossal torch. In an instant, it seemed, the whole pyre was

swathed in flames. As it toppled, the last wretched form was seen to

poise and plunge with it into the glowing abyss.

The Fisheries Building received much attention. Its pillars were twined

with processions of aquatic creatures and surmounted by capitals

quaintly resembling lobster-pots. Its balustrades were supported by

small fishy caryatids.

If wonder fatigued the visitor, he reached sequestered shade and quiet

upon the Wooded Island, where nearly every variety of American tree and

shrub might be seen.

The Government's displays were of extreme interest. The War Department

exhibits showed our superiority in heavy ordnance, likewise that of

Europe in small arms. A first-class post-office was operated on the

grounds. A combination postal car, manned by the most expert sorters and

operators, interested vast crowds. Close by was an ancient mail coach

once actually captured by the Indians, with effigies of the pony express

formerly so familiar on the Western plains, of a mail sledge drawn by

dogs, and of a mail carrier mounted on a bicycle. Models of a quaint

little Mississippi mail steamer and of the ocean steamer Paris stood

side by side.

The Administration Building, seen from the Agricultural Building.

Swarms visited the Midway Plaisance, a long avenue out from the fair

grounds proper, lined with shows. Here were villages transported from

the ends of the earth, animal shows, theatres, and bazaars. Cairo Street

boasted 2,250,000 visitors, and the Hagenbeck Circus over 2,000,000. The

chief feature was the Ferris Wheel, described in engineering terms as a

cantilever bridge wrought around two enormous bicycle wheels. The axle,

supported upon steel pyramids, alone weighed more than a locomotive. In

cars strung upon its periphery passengers were swung from the ground far

above the highest buildings.

Midway Plaisance, World's Fair, Chicago.

Facilitating passenger transportation to and from the Fair remarkable

railway achievements were made. One train from New York to Chicago

covered over 48 miles an hour, including stops. In preparation for the

event the Illinois Central raised its tracks for two and a half miles

over thirteen city streets, built 300 special cars, and erected many new

stations. These improvements cost over $2,000,000. The Fair increased

Illinois Central traffic over 200 per cent.

Save the Art Building, the structures at the Fair were designed to be

temporary, and they were superfluous when the occasion which called them

into being had passed. The question of disposing of them was summarily

solved. One day some boys playing near the Terminal Station saw a

sinister leer of flame inside. A high wind soon blew a conflagration,

which enveloped the structures, leaving next day naught but ashes,

tortured iron work, and here and there an arch, to tell of the regal

White City that had been.

Electricity Building.    Mines and Mining Building.

The Burning of the White City.

The financial backers of the Fair showed no mercenary temper. The

architects, too, worked with public spirit and zeal which money never

could have elicited. Notwithstanding the World's Fair was not

financially a "success," this was rather to the credit of its unstinted

magnificence than to the want of public appreciation. The paid

admissions were over 21,000,000, a daily average of 120,000. The gross

attendance exceeded by nearly a million the number at the Paris

Exposition of 1889 for the corresponding period, though rather more than

half a million below the total at the French capital. The monthly

average at Chicago increased from 1,000,000 at first to 7,000,000 in

October.

The crowd was typical of the best side of American life; orderly,

good-natured, intelligent, sober. The grounds were clean, and there was

no ruffianism. Of the $32,988 worth of property reported stolen, $31,875

was recovered and restored.

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The Project Gutenberg eBook of Official Views Of The World's Columbian Exposition, by C. D. Arnold and H. D. Higinbotham

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