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Title: Practical Pointers for Patentees Author: Franklin Allison Cresee Release date: September 20, 2007 [eBook #22683] Language: English Credits: Produced by Joe Longo and the Online Distributed Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net *** START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK PRACTICAL POINTERS FOR PATENTEES *** Produced by Joe Longo and the Online Distributed Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net [Illustration: A GOOD PATENT, PROPERLY HANDLED, IS A STEPPING STONE TO SUCCESS AND FORTUNE.] PRACTICAL POINTERS _for_ PATENTEES CONTAINING VALUABLE INFORMATION AND ADVICE ON THE SALE OF PATENTS AN ELUCIDATION OF THE BEST METHODS EMPLOYED BY THE MOST SUCCESSFUL INVENTORS IN HANDLING THEIR INVENTIONS _By_ F. A. CRESEE, M.E. Revised and Corrected, with New Forms and Tables of Population of the United States in Accordance with the 1910 Census [Illustration] MUNN & CO., INC. SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN OFFICE 361 Broadway NEW YORK 1912 _Copyright, 1901, by the_ POTOMAC PUBLISHING COMPANY _Copyright, 1902, by_ MUNN & COMPANY _Copyright, 1906, by_ MUNN & COMPANY _Copyright, 1912, by_ MUNN & CO., Inc. New York MACGOWAN & SLIPPER 30 Beekman Street PREFACE The original conception and working out of an invention is usually a labor of love on the part of the inventor: having perfected his invention in every detail, he finds able and skilled counsel waiting to prepare and prosecute his application for patent before the Patent Office Examiner. When the patent is allowed or issued, the patentee's real work begins--that of turning the patent into money. This is the business end of the inventor's work, which is generally to his interest financially to undertake himself, or to have under his immediate supervision. The object of this little work, based upon the experience and observation of the author and other successful inventors, is to give the patentee such information and advice as will enable him to proceed more intelligently, on the most successful and economical basis, to realize from his invention. The American Government issues annually over thirty-five thousand patents, a large number of which are offered for sale by their respective patentees, who in many cases have no definite lines to pursue in negotiating their patents; many realizing little or nothing from their inventions through careless or bad management, while others, through incompetency, drift into the hands of unscrupulous patent-selling agents only to be swindled. The numerous inquiries from patentees seeking practical, reliable, and up-to-date information as to the best and most successful methods of realizing from the product of their ingenuity, has led the author, after due deliberation, to prepare and present this work to the American inventor, with a view of supplying a long-felt want, with the hope that it will save them many expensive experiments in handling their patents, and advance them on the road to success. It has been the endeavor of the writer to cover briefly every subject that is usually encountered by patentees in disposing of their patents, not only in the matter of selling, but also in the equally important and perplexing questions of arriving at the value of patents, legal forms, statistics, etc., etc. Realizing that the work may be deficient in many respects, the hope that it will prove instructive, and the belief that it contains many practical pointers for patentees is still entertained by THE AUTHOR. CONTENTS CHAPTER I. DEMAND FOR INVENTIONS OF MERIT. PAGE Monopoly in Patents--Industrial Progress Based upon the Patent System 9-12 CHAPTER II. INCOME FROM INVENTIONS. Independence through Successful Invention--Unprofitable Patents--Money in Patents--Business Capacity of the Inventor--Inventions as a Poor Man's Opportunity to Advance 13-19 CHAPTER III. SECURING CAPITAL. Danger in an Undivided Interest--A Better Plan--Form of Agreement--Perfecting Inventions--Exhibit of Inventions--To Avoid Being "Squeezed"--Value of Record of Invention--Newspaper Notoriety 20-29 CHAPTER IV. HOW TO ARRIVE AT THE VALUE OF A PATENT. Pecuniary Value--Commercial Value--Basis for Estimation--General Rules for Valuation--How Rating for Royalty Is Figured--Stock in Stock Companies--Prices for Territorial Rights--Valuation Tables 30-40 CHAPTER V. HOW TO CONDUCT THE SALE OF PATENTS. Patent-selling Agencies--The Best Selling Agent--In Case the Patentee Cannot Undertake the Selling--Methods of Selling Patents--About Advertising--How to Write an Advertisement--Correspondence as a Means of Bringing Patents before Interested Parties--How to Correspond with Manufacturers--Circulars--Illustrations--About Getting up Circulars--Copies of Patents, How to Secure--Uses of Printed Copies--First Impressions All--important--Value of Models--Working Drawings 41-54 CHAPTER VI. HOW TO CONDUCT THE SALE OF PATENTS.--_Continued_. Value of Personal Influence--Personal Solicitation Advisable--Selling Outright--Assigning an Undivided Interest--Dividing a Patent into Different Classes of Rights--Granting Licenses--Placing upon Royalty--Manufacturing and Forming Companies--To Organize Stock Companies--Trading as a Last Resort 55-72 CHAPTER VII. CANADIAN PATENTS. About Canadian Patents--Selling Canadian Patents-- Population of Canadian Cities 73-78 CHAPTER VIII. DECISIONS AND NOTES. Assignments--Territorial Grants--Licenses--Patent Title--Rules of Practice--Assignments--Assignees-- Grantees--Mortgages--Licensees--Must be Recorded-- Conditional Assignments--State Laws on Selling Patents 79-91 CHAPTER IX. THE TRANSFER OF PATENT RIGHTS. Assignee, Grantee, and Licensee Defined--The Language of Law--Assignment of Entire Interest in Letters Patent--Assignment of an Undivided Interest--Grant of a Territorial Interest--License; Shop Right--License; Non-exclusive, with Royalty--License; Exclusive, with Royalty 92-105 CHAPTER X. TABLES AND STATISTICS. Map of the United States--Official Census of the United States by Counties for 1910--Population of Cities of the United States--Number, Acreage and Value of Farms, by States--Table of Occupations 106-141 INDEX 142-146 PRACTICAL POINTERS _for_ PATENTEES CHAPTER I DEMAND FOR INVENTIONS OF MERIT That there is a demand for inventions of merit which can be readily disposed of at a reasonable profit to the inventor, there can be no doubt. There perhaps never was a time in the history of our country when the demand for meritorious inventions was so great as the present. The conveniences of mankind, in all his varied vocations and callings, require continual changes and improvements in the apparatuses and implements used in order to save time, labor, and expense, and to keep pace with the never-ceasing progress of civilization. At no time in the past has there been so deep an interest manifested by the public generally in the inventions of our bright-minded men and women, and at no time has capital been more readily interested and ready to invest in any practical improvement which can offer a fair chance of monopoly under the patent laws. Business men, capitalists, and manufacturers are ever on the alert for new and desirable inventions, which will supersede in utility those which are already on the market. By purchasing such inventions, they secure novelties which will not only enable them to avoid the keen competition and to a great extent monopolize the trade in their own respective lines of business, but also to make sales more easily, and thus make their business more profitable. [Sidenote: Monopoly in Patents.] Every well-informed person knows that a monopoly is the desideratum of business men. The monopoly or protection of an industry afforded by the patent laws is, perhaps, the one monopoly that directly benefits the world. Were it not for the protection and monopoly offered inventors by governments, for a certain number of years, to disclose their inventions, inventors would simply keep them secret, or if used at all, would do so only in such a manner as would prevent the world at large from learning of or utilizing them, thus debarring the public as a whole from their benefits. This monopoly in patents has had much to do with the material progress of the world during the century just ended. Anyone having a monopoly of a good trade article is assured of a fortune. If capitalists and manufacturers can secure the control of any new invention of merit for their sole use and purposes, which can be manufactured and sold more cheaply than those now on the market, and which will perform its work in a quicker and better manner than the devices now in use, they will be only too willing to pay patentees handsomely for patents covering such inventions. There are numerous staple articles of commerce whose manufacture is open to all, and which every mercantile house in the country is handling at a profit, notwithstanding the great number engaged in their manufacture and sale in every section of the country. Now, if there can be supplied some better or cheaper article in any line of industry, the firm or person who secures the monopoly of its manufacture and sale, simply controls the market, and human endurance and energy are the only limits to the degree of profits such a firm or person can secure from the manufacture and sale of such an article, if adequately protected by a valid patent. [Sidenote: Industrial Progress Based on the Patent System.] In an official report the Commissioner of Patents clearly sets forth that from six to seven eighths of the entire manufacturing capital of the United States is either directly or indirectly based upon patents. This vast amount of money, upward of six thousand millions of dollars, continually employing great armies of people, in industries based upon patents of every class, supplies the country with improved articles of every description. It has been well said that, "Patents and trade go hand in hand." The largest and most opulent manufacturers in the country will be found to be the heaviest owners of patents, developers of inventions, and patrons of the Patent Office. While all inventions are not telegraphs, telephones, sewing-machines, or electric lights; nor can all business houses be Westinghouses, Hoes, McCormicks, Bells, or Edisons, yet all over this country, and others as well, there are springing up a great number of moderately large growing firms who, ever on the alert for success, devise or secure control of some valuable patent, by which they can successfully invade and control to a certain extent particular lines of industry. Nearly every leading factory in the world owes its commencement and success to the prestige and protection afforded by the possession of a good and valid patent. CHAPTER II INCOME FROM INVENTIONS It has been aptly said that the products of all the gold, silver, and diamond mines in the world would not equal in value the annual income of American inventors. It has been carefully estimated that there are at least fifty patents in the United States which yield over $1,000,000 annually, some 300 that yield over one-half million, from 500 to 800 which bring from $250,000 to $500,000, and between 15,000 and 20,000 that bring over $100,000 annuities. Besides these, there are thousands upon thousands of patents which yield yearly more profit to their fortunate possessors than could be accumulated in a lifetime by a wage-earner. [Sidenote: Independence through Successful Invention.] There are thousands of patents sold outright every year by the patentees of the United States for thousands of dollars; and, to the already long list of successful inventors, each year adds many more, who have become independent through the proper handling of the product of their ingenuity. Indeed there can hardly be conceived a quicker way for the average person to attain independence and wealth than by inventing something of real worth and merit that can be quickly turned into money. The inventive field is large, and each invention opens up a new field for improvements, and it is the "improver," without question, that reaps the greatest benefit from any invention. Owing to the ever forward progress of civilization, there is no limit to the possible improvements in the sciences, arts, and manufactures. [Sidenote: Unprofitable Patents.] It must, however, be borne in mind that all patents are not remunerative, neither are all gold mines productive of fortunes, and one may lose money in patents as well as in any other business. There are thousands of patents, many having merit no doubt, which have never been sufficiently brought before the public to test their merits, effect their sale, or manufacture; this in many instances is owing to incompetency, or bad management on the part of the patentee or his agents. There are thousands of other patents that do not prove remunerative because they do not supply a real want, while still others are such slight improvements upon existing inventions that they necessitate such narrow claims, which render the patent of little or no value. One has only to look over the weekly issue of patents to see many of the last class. As before stated, while there are many thousands of patents that do not pay--and many no doubt cause their owners disaster, as is the case in any other business or investment; on the other hand, the far greater proportion of patents granted are productive of handsome profits, if properly managed. [Sidenote: Money in Patents.] That the majority of patents taken out prove lucrative is evident from the fact that upward of seventy thousand applications for patents and designs are filed each year in the United States Patent Office, and approximately eight hundred are granted and issued each week. Probably about one-fifth of these patentees obtain their patents with a definite view of manufacturing their inventions, and the remainder obtain theirs with a view of realizing from the sale of the rights to manufacture. It may be said, as a general thing, there is more money in small inventions than in larger ones, from the fact that they can be easily manufactured anywhere with but little outlay of capital; they usually fill a general need, and the profit derived from their manufacture is large, besides the patent is more readily disposed of; while with larger inventions it requires more money and ability in handling the patent, and the invention must be unusually promising to justify the erection of a plant costing thousands of dollars for its manufacture. However, when large and complicated inventions do pay, they usually pay well. [Sidenote: Business Capacity of the Inventor.] It must be remembered that the actual cash value of a patent is not in the patent itself, but in the sale or use of the monopoly it affords, and the amount realized from any invention frequently depends upon the business capacity of the inventor or his agents. Owing to his business ability, one person may make a fortune out of an unpromising improvement, while another, through bad or careless management, will realize little or nothing from a brilliant invention. Speaking along this line in an official report the chief examiner of the Patent Office says: "A patent, if it is worth anything, when properly managed, is worth and can easily be sold for from $1,000 to $50,000. These remarks only apply to patents of ordinary or minor value. They do not include such as the telegraph, the planing machine, and the rubber patents, which are worth millions each. A few cases of the first kind will better illustrate my meaning: "A man obtained a patent for a slight improvement in straw cutters, took a model of his invention through the Western States, and after a tour of eight months returned with $40,000 in cash or its equivalent. "Another inventor in about fifteen months made sales that brought him $60,000, his invention being a machine to thrash and clean grain. A third obtained a patent for a printing ink, and refused $50,000, and finally sold it for about $60,000. "These are ordinary cases of minor inventions embracing no very considerable inventive powers and of which hundreds go out from the Patent Office every year. Experience shows that the most profitable patents are those which contain very little real invention, and are to a superficial observer of little value." Under the writer's personal observation has come many instances where inventors have secured patents on improvements which to a casual observer would appear insignificant, yet through shrewd management they have been made to yield princely incomes. Among these one case worthy of note is that of a young man in Pennsylvania who secured a patent on a toy game which any person could have thought of, but few would have considered worth protecting by letters patent. He was offered $1,000 for the patent by one manufacturer at the outset which he refused, and afterward he placed it on royalty with quite a number of large manufacturers throughout the country. He receives but one cent on each one manufactured, yet his income averages over $12,000 a year. Another borrowed part of the money with which to obtain a patent on a railway tie plate, which was bought by a corporation for $25,000, after having manufactured it for two years on royalty. And many others, who have realized from one to five thousand dollars on such slight improvements on which few would have thought worth applying for a patent. Patentees who would realize any considerable amount from their patents must not sit down and expect the other fellow to make money out of their inventions for them. [Sidenote: Inventions as a Poor Man's Opportunity to Advance.] Invention is sometimes called the "genius of the poor," and it is a singular fact that there are a greater number of inventions made by men and women of limited means than by those whose wealth, education, and other advantages would seem to have especially fitted them for success in a field dominated so completely by "brains." This may be explained in a measure by the fact that people of moderate means are brought into closer contact with the arts and manufactures, and are thus the first to discover and improve their defects. A self-made millionaire, recently speaking to the writer about patents, said: "I know of no business or vocation requiring so small amount of capital, and yielding such immense profits as that of invention. Certainly no person of inventive genius can employ his time and ingenuity to better or more profitable advantage than to invent something that is really needed. Many poor men, through the art of invention, have risen from poverty to reputation, fame, and honor, and taken high places among noted men of all times. Our moneyed kings may have enriched themselves by stock jobbing, but this precarious procedure requires large capital, and the few enormous fortunes accumulated are merely the monuments marking the graves of thousands of foolhardy unfortunates caught in the vortex of speculation." CHAPTER III SECURING CAPITAL It is a curious but well demonstrated fact that people who have inventive genius often lack the means to carry out their ideas. An inventor who has ample means can secure his patent and proceed to turn it into money without the necessity of being compelled to solicit financial aid from anyone. This, unfortunately, is not generally the case with inventors; indeed, many are often barely able to stand the expense incident to taking out the patent. Patentees laboring under this disadvantage are frequently tempted to part with a small interest in their patents for the sake of securing sufficient funds to carry on the promotion of their inventions and sale of the patent; and in doing this the inexperienced patentee is apt to make the fatal mistake of assigning to another an undivided interest in his invention. [Sidenote: Danger in an Undivided Interest.] Such an assignment may appear well enough on the face of it, and many patentees have been misled, supposing that under the assignment the proceeds from the patent should be divided _pro rata_, according to the several interests. This, however, is not the case in such assignments, and joint-ownership of a patent, or interest therein, does not of itself, without an express agreement to that effect, make the parties partners. They are merely tenants in common, each having the right to separately make, use, or sell the invention so assigned without liability to account to their co-owners for any part of the profits derived from the invention through their own efforts. In an assignment of an undivided interest, the assignee is afforded an opportunity of manufacturing, using, and selling to others to be used the article covered by the patent; also, to grant territorial grants, such rights being unlimited by the terms of the assignment, and it is actually of little consequence how small an interest is thus conveyed, the assignee can proceed with the patent in much the same way as if he were the sole owner; therefore, whenever it is intended that the relation of co-partnership shall exist between the patentee and the assignee of an undivided interest, and that the profits arising from the invention shall be equitable, for their joint benefit, there must be an express agreement between them to that effect, otherwise the assignee will have a decided advantage over the inventor, if he is inclined to be dishonorable, and there are numerous cases on record where patentees have virtually lost their patents by such assignments. Patentees should especially guard against strangers who offer to purchase an undivided interest in their patents. [Sidenote: A Better Plan.] A better procedure to secure means necessary for the development, introduction, and sale of an invention is to borrow the money from a friend contingent on the sale of the patent, sell a State or county right, or enter into a contract with a party willing to furnish the means for a certain proportion of the proceeds derived from the invention. Generally speaking, it will not be hard to find a party willing to advance sufficient means to promote an invention which is protected by a patent for a certain percentage of the net receipts arising from its manufacture, sale, or territorial grants, and the patentee will probably find a person among his own acquaintances who will not only be glad to furnish the means necessary, but also be of value to the patentee in realizing from his invention. In any case, whatever is agreed upon should be put in the form of a contract, or an agreement, couched in such terms as will leave no doubt as to the understanding between the parties. The following form secures both parties, and will be suggestive of others: [Sidenote: Form of Agreement.] _Whereas_ I, Richard Doe, of Philadelphia, County of Philadelphia, and State of Pennsylvania, have invented certain new and useful improvements in Telegraph Keys, for which I have obtained Letters Patent of the United States, bearing date January 1, 1901, and number 000,000, and whereas John Roe, of Camden, County of Camden, and State of New Jersey, is desirous of obtaining an interest in the net profits arising from the sale or working of the said invention covered by the said Letters Patent. Now, therefore, this indenture witnesseth, that for and in consideration of one dollar by each of the parties hereto paid to the other, the receipt of which is hereby acknowledged, it is stipulated and agreed as follows: First, That the said John Roe shall pay all moneys necessary to the construction of a suitable model to represent the said invention; that he shall pay all necessary expense in advertising and bringing said invention before interested parties (and such other clauses as may be deemed necessary and agreed upon, such as the expense of constructing a working model, or carrying out a process, etc.); that he shall make diligent effort to promote the said invention, its manufacture, and sale. Second, That the said Richard Doe, sole owner of said invention and Letters Patent, in consideration of the payment of the moneys above mentioned, agrees to pay the said John Roe twenty-five per cent. (or other amount agreed upon) of all the net receipts in any manner arising from the sale or working of the said Letters Patent, during the term for which said patent is granted. Witness our hands and seals this tenth day of January, A.D. 1901. RICHARD DOE, JOHN ROE. In the presence of: JOHN SMITH, THOS. JONES. [Sidenote: Perfecting Inventions.] Should an inventor defer the filing of his application until his invention is fully developed as regards the detail construction and arrangement of the parts? The best opinion seems to be in favor of the prompt filing of the application. The final form of the details can best be determined by the manufacturer and expert machinists and designers, who appreciate the matter of economical manufacture, which is quite as essential as the efficiency of the device or machine. Clearly, therefore, the inventor cannot decide as to all the details; why then should he delay his application? The safest course for an inventor is to file his application for a patent as soon as his invention is complete in its principal features, so as to conform to the requirement of the Patent Law that an invention be sufficiently complete to be theoretically operative. The mechanical details are rarely of great importance as far as the patentable features of the invention are concerned. Still, it is well to give the attorney full particulars of whatever details the inventor has in mind. [Sidenote: Exhibit of the Invention.] Under the security thus afforded for the main features involved in his idea, the inventor can proceed more deliberately in perfecting and improving his invention, and can then file an additional application if necessary, to secure special protection on particular improvements or the improved invention as a whole. The early filing of an application may turn out to be important in securing to the inventor his right of priority. When the inventor comes to exhibit his invention, with the idea of bringing it to the attention of the public in general, there is no question that he should then have his invention in the best form he can, and in as attractive shape as possible. [Sidenote: To Avoid being "Squeezed."] The patentee who proposes to realize from his invention should never let it be known that he is in want; of course, in some cases he cannot help himself, but he should endeavor to obtain the necessary assistance from his acquaintances, and under no circumstances let those with whom he is trying to deal get an insight into his financial condition, as capitalists and others will very often take the advantage of an inventor when known to be in straitened circumstances, and the patentee probably would not realize as much from his patent as he otherwise could. Therefore, it is advisable in all cases for the patentee to manifest no impatience, remain silent as to his financial condition, and strive to impress those with whom he is dealing that he is in no condition to be "squeezed." [Sidenote: Value of Record of Invention.] Inventors, while working on a complicated machine, should not overlook the value and importance of keeping a record of the progress of the development, illustrating it with sketches, signing and dating them with each new addition, and, when practical, having it witnessed by one or more persons. This plan is preferred by many inventors to filing a caveat. Such a record will be found very valuable in case of an infringement, as it enables the inventor to ascertain the various steps of his invention, and is a sort of evidence that cannot be impeached. Such a record of a complicated invention, when the inventor has put much time and study upon the subject in perfecting it, will also be found valuable in effecting sales, and in fixing the price of the patent. [Sidenote: Prejudice against Patents.] It cannot be denied that at the present time there seems to be in many sections of the country a strong prejudice against patents, which sometimes makes it difficult to get people sufficiently interested to take hold of any patent; especially is this true when the patentee endeavors to sell his patent piecemeal; that is, by county, township, shop, or farm rights. No matter how important or valuable the invention may be, there seems to be a disposition on the part of the public to look upon such rights as a fraud, and to be very cautious how they invest in them. The public is not wholly to blame for this, as in recent years there has been a class of men who have canvassed the country with patent rights, not caring what representations they made so long as they were able to effect a sale; consequently, many people have been lured into purchasing patent rights for a small territory which in many instances were worthless or not as represented, causing them to be more or less skeptical of all patents, as well as to bring this manner of selling patents generally into ill repute. With manufacturers and capitalists, this prejudice does not exist to any great extent, as with them the patent rests solely upon its own merits. [Sidenote: Newspaper Notoriety.] Many inventors overlook the importance of interesting newspaper men in their inventions. This is a matter of great consequence to the inventor in exploiting his invention, and should be given some attention. Newspapers desire items of interest of every description, and readers are usually interested in brief accounts of any new invention possessing novelty or merit; so that when the inventor once gets his invention into the newspapers it is generally copied by other papers, with the result that the invention gets a large amount of free advertising and publicity. These items frequently attract the attention of capitalists, manufacturers, and others, and at once put the invention in a favorable position before the public as could be done possibly in no other way--certainly in no cheaper way. Many of the trade journals and other periodicals are also open to receive technical descriptions of inventions of merit concerning industrial improvements. Such articles should be written in good form, containing not over five hundred or a thousand words, and if admitted to this class of publications will be of the utmost value and importance in creating favorable public opinion, and in advancing the inventor's interests. With hardly an exception, if an invention strikes editors favorably and is adjudged to be of sufficient interest to form an article of news in newspapers, or of sufficient merit to warrant a description in the trade papers, it is pretty certain to prove a success and bring the inventor large returns. If the invention is of such a character as to strike newspaper men unfavorably, the inventor can resort to the advertisement columns; using the large daily papers, or such publications which in some way relate to the industry to which the patent appertains, and such as have the largest circulation among the class of people it is desired to reach. See about advertising on page 46. CHAPTER IV HOW TO ARRIVE AT THE VALUE OF A PATENT Most inventors are not concerned so much about the fame or honor their inventions will bring them, or how much their inventions will advance civilization, or build up a nation, or administer to the conveniences and pleasures of mankind generally, as they are about how much it will net them in dollars and cents; but the patentee should not lose sight of the fact that the profits are in the exact proportion to the actual usefulness of the invention, and its general adaptability. It is immaterial whether the inventor himself intends to deal with the public, or to deal with a man or set of men who are afterward to deal with the public, the conditions are the same, and the profits must ultimately come from the sale of the manufactured article. [Sidenote: Pecuniary Value.] It may seem superfluous to say that mere Letters Patent aside from an invention is of no value, though many inventors are under the erroneous impression that if an invention possesses patentability, it must also necessarily have pecuniary value. To be of any pecuniary value whatever, the invention must cover something for which there is a demand, or for which there can be a demand created, for it cannot be disputed, that if an invention will not bring in money by manufacturing it, it is, in a financial sense, worthless; and the patent thereon is therefore worth some seventy or eighty dollars less than nothing. [Sidenote: Commercial Value.] An invention, to have commercial value, as previously stated, must cover something for which there is a demand, or for which there can be a demand created. It may be an entirely new device, or it may be an improvement upon an existing invention, but in any event it must contain a certain degree of utility. In rare cases inventors are able to hit upon an invention in an entirely new field; for these a demand has to be created. For improvements, however, as a general thing, the demand already exists; then the important question arises in determining the commercial value of the patent. "Does the invention in question possess sufficient merit to successfully compete with existing devices of the same class?" In order to do this, it must be of a simpler or cheaper construction, so that it can be manufactured and put on the market at a lower figure; or, it must yield better results, work quicker and at less expense, or economize power, labor, or time. A patented improvement upon an article that can be sold more cheaply, or one which will yield better results than those now selling well on the market, has a decided commercial value and can easily be disposed of at a good price. If the inventor be fortunate enough to combine both of these features in his invention, the value is doubled and success certain. [Sidenote: Basis for Estimation.] Perhaps one of the hardest questions that confronts the patentee is how to arrive at a just valuation of his patent, and to know just exactly what he should receive for it. This is a very important question, and one which should be looked into before undertaking negotiations. Patentees should not, of course, undervalue their patents, or accept the first small offer made for fear of not receiving another; at the same time, they should not fall into the common error of asking a price that cannot be obtained, which too frequently precludes all chances of a sale. Many business men would rather lose the patent than waste their time constantly dickering about an unreasonable price. Inventors should be reasonable in their demands, and consider that the purchaser must have a fair share of the profits. He cannot expect to realize all there is in the patent himself. Indeed, patentees usually find that men willing to establish a business on the basis of their untried patents will require the greater bulk of the profits to be derived from it. [Sidenote: General Rules for Valuation.] It is evident that only the most general rules for valuation can be given, as each invention must be studied and valued strictly upon its own merits. Undoubtedly, the best and most practical method of ascertaining the value of any invention which is susceptible of being manufactured on a small scale is to have a limited quantity of the articles manufactured--say five hundred or a thousand--and try the experiment of introducing them in a small territory; that is, in a certain county, city, or town, taking great precaution in selecting a person who is capable of carrying forward the business in a business-like manner. This method demonstrates conclusively whether or not the invention will meet with success, and with these figures at hand the patentee will be prepared to prove, to the satisfaction of interested parties, just what the patent is really worth. This method of procedure not only enables the patentee to get a just valuation of his patent, but also puts it in a more favorable position to be sold; since the commercial value is known and established, it no longer remains an experiment. Interested parties can take their calculations from these figures, and the patentee can exact a price in proportion to the success of the trial experiment. In order to thus demonstrate the value of a patent, the patentee must possess and advance the necessary means to carry it forward, though, if the experiment prove at all successful, the profits derived from the articles sold will in nearly all cases more than offset the expense incurred. This is a very popular course with inventors, especially in handling small inventions, known as novelty or specialty patents. If the patentee have not the means to successfully demonstrate the value of his patent by actual trial, as above outlined, then the next best course would be to inquire among reliable manufacturers and ascertain the lowest price for which the invention can be manufactured in large quantities, and the highest price at which it will retail; and then, by carefully studying the market, the patentee should be able to estimate the amount of competition, cost of selling, probable number of sales, interest on the investment, etc., and on these figures base the price he should receive for the patent, being careful to allow the purchaser a liberally fair profit. While there are at present about ninety-five million inhabitants in the United States, it is scarcely probable that any invention has yet or ever will be made that will reach half this number of people. With an article of the most general adaptability, including both sexes, the inventor can hardly hope to reach more than a fourth of the entire population, though, of course, the invention may be subject to regular consumption, so that the people reached would naturally purchase the article again a number of times during the course of a year. The statistics in the last chapter are given with the view of assisting patentees in determining what proportion of the population will likely want their inventions, and to enable them to estimate prices. In estimating the price to ask for a patent, patentees should not conceive and hang their hopes upon fabulous prices and immediate wealth, which too often dooms ambitious inventors to bitter disappointment; they should rather endeavor to look at their inventions from the purchaser's stand-point, and try to see it in the light in which others view it. It may be well to remember that the million mark of patents issued in the United States, including re-issues and designs, was passed in 1911, and it is quite probable that any one inventor may not have the only good thing in the line of patents. [Sidenote: How Rating for Royalty Is Figured.] Many patents are more profitable by being placed upon royalty than by any other means, and quite often the patent can be placed this way when it is not possible to sell outright at a satisfactory price. In determining what royalty the patentee should receive, he should carefully estimate, in connection with the probable number of sales, what profit the manufacturer can probably make on each, or a number of the articles containing the patented improvements, and should require about twenty-five per cent. of the profits as royalty. Another method used by some inventors is to ascertain the price at which the article can be retailed, and figure the royalty at between one-twentieth and one-tenth of the retail price. Either of the above should give the approximate figure to ask for exclusive royalty contracts. For non-exclusive rights the patentee should ask about one-half of that for exclusive rights. [Sidenote: Stock in Stock Companies.] There is another class of patents that can be best realized from by organizing the proper kind of joint stock companies, and manufacturing the invention, the inventor taking a certain amount of the stock and assigning the patent to the company. The patentee should receive between one-fourth and one-half of the capital stock in consideration of his assigning his patent and rights to the company. The inventor should see that a good portion of the stock is subscribed for and the amount actually paid into the treasury of the company before making the assignment. As a rule, inventors' stock is full paid and non-assessable. [Sidenote: Prices for Territorial Rights.] In calculating the prices for territorial rights, the application of the invention to that section must be taken into consideration, as well as the advancement in manufacturing, etc. If the invention belongs to that class of inventions which may be generally adapted in all States alike, such as domestic articles and articles of wearing apparel, then the population will form a very satisfactory basis for valuation. There are other inventions, however, that apply almost wholly to a certain section of the country, while still others apply more to one section than to another; thus, for instance, mechanical contrivances of the higher order, such as writing machines, mathematical instruments, etc., the North and East are the most valuable; for mining and agricultural implements, etc., the West; while such as the cotton-gin, seeders, and presses apply almost wholly to the South. States and counties having large cities and large towns are also usually more valuable than other States and counties of same population. [Sidenote: Valuation Tables.] The following tables are given as a general estimate of the relative value of the different States and divisions in the majority of cases; however, these tables are only arbitrary at best, and cannot be applied to all classes of inventions satisfactorily, though they may serve to materially aid the patentee in determining what price to put upon each State in his own case. Having determined the value of the patent as a whole, the aggregate of the State prices should be about two-thirds more, as there are always some States that cannot be sold separately, while others may have to be sold at a discount. TABLES FOR ESTIMATING PRICES OF STATE RIGHTS -----------------+-------------------------------------------------- STATES AND | PRICE AS A WHOLE. TERRITORIES. |---------+---------+----------+----------+-------- | $1,000 | $5,000 | $10,000 | $15,000 | $20,000 -----------------+---------+---------+----------+----------+-------- Maine | 35 | 175 | 350 | 500 | 700 New Hampshire | 30 | 150 | 300 | 450 | 600 Vermont | 30 | 150 | 300 | 450 | 600 Massachusetts | 50 | 225 | 500 | 750 | 1,000 Rhode Island | 20 | 100 | 200 | 300 | 400 Connecticut | 35 | 175 | 350 | 500 | 700 New York | 65 | 300 | 650 | 950 | 1,200 Pennsylvania | 65 | 300 | 650 | 950 | 1,200 New Jersey | 40 | 200 | 400 | 600 | 800 +---------+---------+----------+----------+-------- N. ATLANTIC | $370 | $1,775 | $3,700 | $5,450 |$7,200 DIVISION | | | | | -----------------+---------+---------+----------+----------+-------- TABLES FOR ESTIMATING PRICES OF STATE RIGHTS--_Continued_ -----------------+-------------------------------------------------- STATES AND | PRICE AS A WHOLE. TERRITORIES. |---------+---------+----------+----------+-------- | $1,000 | $5,000 | $10,000 | $15,000 | $20,000 -----------------+---------+---------+----------+----------+-------- Delaware | 20 | 100 | 200 | 300 | 400 Maryland | 40 | 200 | 400 | 600 | 800 District of | 15 | 75 | 150 | 200 | 300 Columbia | | | | | Virginia | 35 | 200 | 400 | 600 | 800 West Virginia | 35 | 175 | 300 | 500 | 700 North Carolina | 35 | 150 | 300 | 450 | 600 South Carolina | 35 | 150 | 350 | 500 | 700 Georgia | 40 | 200 | 400 | 600 | 800 Florida | 15 | 75 | 150 | 200 | 300 +---------+---------+----------+----------+-------- S. ATLANTIC | $270 | $1,325 | $2,700 | $3,950 |$5,400 DIVISION | | | | | | | | | | Ohio | 60 | 300 | 600 | 900 | 1,100 Indiana | 55 | 275 | 550 | 800 | 1,000 Illinois | 65 | 300 | 650 | 950 | 1,200 Michigan | 45 | 200 | 350 | 600 | 800 Wisconsin | 40 | 150 | 275 | 400 | 500 Minnesota | 45 | 200 | 350 | 600 | 800 Iowa | 40 | 175 | 350 | 500 | 700 Missouri | 45 | 225 | 450 | 650 | 900 North Dakota | 25 | 75 | 150 | 200 | 300 South Dakota | 30 | 100 | 200 | 300 | 400 Nebraska | 30 | 150 | 300 | 450 | 600 Kansas | 40 | 175 | 300 | 500 | 700 +---------+---------+----------+----------+-------- N. CENTRAL | $485 | $2,325 | $4,525 | $6,850 |$9,000 DIVISION | | | | | -----------------+---------+---------+----------+----------+-------- TABLES FOR ESTIMATING PRICES OF STATE RIGHTS--_Continued_ -----------------+-------------------------------------------------- STATES AND | PRICE AS A WHOLE. TERRITORIES. |---------+---------+----------+----------+-------- | $1,000 | $5,000 | $10,000 | $15,000 | $20,000 -----------------+---------+---------+----------+----------+---------- Kentucky | 40 | 200 | 375 | 600 | 700 Tennessee | 30 | 175 | 350 | 500 | 700 Alabama | 30 | 150 | 300 | 450 | 600 Mississippi | 30 | 150 | 300 | 450 | 600 Louisiana | 35 | 175 | 300 | 500 | 700 Texas | 35 | 175 | 300 | 500 | 700 Oklahoma | 20 | 100 | 200 | 300 | 400 Arkansas | 20 | 75 | 150 | 200 | 300 +---------+---------+----------+----------+-------- S. CENTRAL | $230 | $1,200 | $2,275 | $3,500 |$4,700 DIVISION | | | | | | | | | | Montana | 15 | 100 | 175 | 250 | 300 Colorado | 40 | 175 | 350 | 350 | 700 New Mexico | 15 | 50 | 100 | 150 | 200 Arizona | 15 | 50 | 100 | 150 | 200 Utah | 15 | 50 | 100 | 150 | 200 Idaho | 10 | 50 | 75 | 100 | 200 Washington | 15 | 50 | 100 | 150 | 200 Oregon | 20 | 75 | 125 | 200 | 300 California | 50 | 250 | 450 | 700 | 900 +---------+---------+----------+----------+-------- WESTERN DIVISION | $235 | $975 | $1,800 | $2,750 |$3,700 +=========+=========+==========+==========+======== GRAND TOTAL | $1,600 | $7,600 | $15,000 |$22,500 |$30,000 -----------------+---------+---------+----------+----------+-------- CHAPTER V HOW TO CONDUCT THE SALE OF PATENTS While the inventor may put much hard study upon his invention and make many costly experiments, this part of his work is usually a pleasure; and in securing the patent he invariably has able counsel in his attorney with no anxiety on his part; but with the commercial proceeding of selling his patent, which involves the greatest prudence and care in managing, it is different, and here is where the inventor's real work begins if he expects to reap the benefit of his invention. [Sidenote: Patent-selling Agencies.] For the benefit of unexperienced patentees it is deemed expedient to give a word of warning here regarding the host of so-called patent-selling agencies, which under various imposing titles, coupled with an apparently honest and straightforward method of business, tempt each patentee, upon the issue of his patent, to place the same in their hands and authorize them to negotiate the sale thereof. Their propositions are very attractive and temptingly prepared; their offers appear to be "gilt edge"; their circulars are high-sounding and rose-colored; their contracts are formal looking, and drawn up in an impressive way, highly advantageous to the patentee; but it will be noted in all cases that they will require the patentee to pay down a certain sum under some pretence,--such as to cover the cost of advertising the patent, to have circulars printed, to secure copies of the patent for distribution, to have a cut made illustrating the invention, or for membership fee, and so on, it matters not what, so long as it is an advance fee. Many will also agree to sell both the United States and Canadian patents, if the patentee will file the Canadian application through them; it is evident, however, that this is only a scheme to get the patentee to take out the Canadian patent through them--they having no facilities for disposing of either of the patents. The writer is not prepared to say that there are no honestly conducted patent-selling agencies, but from long experience and observation, has never known where a patentee was ever materially benefited by placing his interests in the hands of these concerns, and has yet to learn of them ever making a sale solely through their own efforts. Very few of these concerns have any facilities whatever for selling patents; all of their time being taken up in mailing their weekly circulars to inventors immediately upon the publication of the _Official Gazette_, and working inventors up to the remitting point which usually ends the matter so far as they are concerned, unless they believe they can get another fee out of the patentee. There may be exceptions, but patentees should fully satisfy themselves as to the integrity of these firms before placing business in their hands, as the Assistant Commissioner of Patents in his report in the Webberburn case, 81 O. G., 191 K, clearly pointed out that the methods of these concerns were such as to sell the patentees rather than their patents. [Sidenote: The Patentee the Best Selling Agent.] That the patentee himself is the best selling agent there can be no doubt, for he is familiar with the construction and operation of his invention in every detail, and knows its merits and superior points far better than anyone else, besides manufacturers and others wishing to purchase patents invariably desire to deal with the patentee himself. Business men, it may be said as a rule, do not think very much of an invention which the inventor has abandoned to others to negotiate, moreover the personal push of the inventor is, in nearly all cases, essential to the successful termination of a sale. Subtract the personal energy and presence of the inventor from the successful inventions of the past and of to-day, and the chances are that they would not have succeeded as they did. It is not only a question of material interest, but also of enthusiasm and confidence, and each patentee, having but one patent or a set of patents to push, can lend thereto that individual attention which insures good work and success. [Sidenote: In Case the Patentee Cannot Undertake the Selling.] However, if from any reason the patentee is unable to handle his own invention and must engage the services of an agent or salesman, he should select one from among his own acquaintances, in whom he has confidence. He should if possible get a person who has had experience in the line of the invention, as such a person would likely understand it and the trade better than others. It is not really necessary that he should have had experience in selling patents; if he is a good talker, knows how to approach business men, and thoroughly understands the invention, he will probably make money for the inventor and himself. The patentee should have him submit all offers of value for his consideration, and should not give the agent power to sign or collect. The patentee should name a reasonable price for the patent, allowing the agent a liberal commission upon the price, and encouraging the agent by allowing him a certain percentage of all he may be able to get over and above the price named. This will encourage the agent to work for the highest price obtainable. The inventor should make every effort to be able to personally attend to the details of selling, and keep the business under his personal supervision. [Sidenote: Methods of Selling Patents.] There are a number of plausible methods to which the patentee may resort in disposing of his patent without the aid of questionable selling agents, and it is the purpose of the following pages and succeeding chapter to set forth such methods as have in the past proved beneficial to patentees; those along which success have been achieved, and such as are employed by the most successful inventors of the present time in handling their patents. It is true that no definite method or system can be given that will apply to all patents alike, as the method in each case will depend more or less upon the character of the invention, and to the particular art to which it belongs; however, from the following pages the patentee should be able to judge what particular methods will best apply to his individual case, and proceed along these lines. There are many patents issued which the patentees thereof can as successfully dispose of from the smallest hamlet in the United States as from New York, Chicago, or any of our larger cities, while, of course, there are others which only those directly connected with the largest and wealthiest corporations can hope to dispose of successfully. The main thing is not to become discouraged or give up until one succeeds in making a sale. [Sidenote: About Advertising.] To make the merits and importance of an invention publicly known is, in many cases, one of the best ways of bringing about the introduction and sale of a patent. If the inventor has a patent on an invention that manufacturers or others want, and can make its merits and superior qualities known to them, negotiations will soon follow. There is no way for patentees to place themselves in communication with prospective investors quite equal to an advertisement in the proper medium. Here it may be well to state that patentees who decide to advertise their patents for sale or otherwise should place their advertisements in publications of known standing, such as the leading daily newspapers. A brief, well-worded advertisement in the "Business Opportunities" column of these papers bring quick and good results, though, perhaps a better class of inquiries may be obtained by advertising in the trade journals of the class to which the invention relates, and while the trade journals may not bring about as many inquiries as the dailies, those that answer will be more apt to be interested and talk business. Either of the above are good mediums, but in advertising patents for sale patentees should carefully avoid those publications that are published at uncertain intervals, and usually for the express purpose of circulating among inventors for various purposes. They do not reach the class of people that invest in patents. Inventors should know the class of people that would be likely to become interested in their inventions, and advertise in such mediums as have the largest circulation among that class. [Sidenote: How to Write an Advertisement.] In the construction of an advertisement there is often too much waste by using too much verbiage, too many unnecessary words or sentences, sometimes too much display. Prudence in the arrangement, and care in editing an advertisement, will save much expense. The size of an advertisement of this class has really little to do with its pulling qualities. The statements should be assuming, and at the same time truthful, as any deception in an advertisement is sure to work an injury. There should not be more claimed in the advertisement than sounds reasonable, even though it be stating facts; if an advertisement sounds unreasonable it will not have the desired result. Inventors sometimes become so enthusiastic over their inventions that they exaggerate unintentionally. A good rule is for the inventor to read over the advertisement, and ask himself, "If this statement was read by me, would I believe it; would it convince me?" etc. Putting one's self in the purchaser's place is always one of the best factors in writing good advertisements. The inventor should put himself in the place of the purchaser of the patent, and reason what would induce him to investigate its merits; what would likely cause him to take it up, and so on; he should think and write fully along these general lines, incorporate these reasons into an advertisement; then boil it down by cutting out the unnecessary words and sentences; prune, remodel, and rewrite until he has a brief advertisement, clear, concise, and to the point. [Sidenote: Correspondence as a Means of Bringing Patents before Interested Parties.] While to advertise, as suggested in the foregoing pages, would require a very moderate outlay, and be, perhaps, the better course to pursue: however, in connection with it, or if the patentee does not feel that he can afford the expense of advertising, a very good plan is for him to secure copies of a number of the trade journals of the class to which his invention relates, and carefully look over the advertisements therein, and select a list of such manufacturers as would seem likely to be induced to purchase the patent in question, or manufacture the article on royalty. In this manner the patentee will probably get the best up-to-date list obtainable, and it may be set down as a fact, with very few exceptions, that if manufacturers and dealers who make and handle just such articles as the patent calls for cannot be interested, it is very hard to interest others not engaged in such line, except when the invention is large, and requires a great deal of capital to work the same. [Sidenote: How to Correspond with Manufacturers.] To each of the parties of the list thus selected, or to a number of them, the inventor should write a well-composed and convincing letter setting forth the invention in its best light, and stating just why it would be to the interest of the parties solicited to investigate the same. Some time should be spent on this letter before attempting to write it, and the writer should weigh well in his own mind what would be best to say, and the proper way of expressing it. He should be as brief as possible, consistent with legibility. The statements should be assuming, yet in every respect true. He should state in brief terms just what the invention is, what it will do, the points and advantages it has, and at the same time endeavoring to get the parties interested so that they will inquire into the invention, rather than attempt to come to terms in the first letter. The letter should be brief and pointed, and plainly written upon business-size paper; and if the inventor has a typewriter, or access to one, he should use it. If he has printed circulars he should send one with his first letter, which will enable him to make the letter briefer and more business-like. In correspondence it is well not to name a price until the parties are interested, and first endeavor to get them to make an offer. The patentee should be patient and should not expect to jump right into a bargain at once. If the invention is a meritorious one there will be more than one of the manufacturers to whom the patentee may write, who will become interested, and when such a state exists, the patentee can begin to be more exacting as to his demands since competition has been created between the manufacturers. [Sidenote: Circulars.] A few dollars invested in circulars will frequently be found of great value to the patentee if he intends to negotiate the sale of his patent mainly by advertising and correspondence, as they will save a great deal of writing and explaining as well as appear more business-like and attractive, and may be the means of more readily effecting a sale. [Sidenote: Illustrations.] If the patentee can afford the additional expense of an illustration, it will greatly increase the appearance of the circular, and make it more readily understood and interesting. The cut should be neat and set forth the invention in its best light. It would be better to entrust the procuring of the cut to the printer, for he will know just what is wanted and can secure the same at a better price. A sufficient number of well printed circulars, with illustration, can be obtained of any printer for a few dollars. [Sidenote: About Getting up Circulars.] The circulars should be attractive, convincing, and logical; nicely arranged, and neatly printed upon good paper. A mistake is often made in sending out trashy-looking circulars, poorly printed upon cheap paper; they repel rather than attract, and do not have the desired effect. The circular should have good head-lines so as to attract the attention of its recipient at a glance, and his interest should be held by having the uses and advantages of the invention well written. Many of the pointers suggested in advertising and letter-writing will equally apply to the writing and getting up of the circulars, and need not be treated further here, except that the patentee should dwell especially upon the merits of the invention, its uses, and advantages over like articles. This should be done in the most interesting manner possible, describing it so that its value will be fully understood. [Sidenote: Uses of Printed Copies.] It will be well for the patentee to order some printed copies of his patent, as manufacturers and others usually ask for them if interested, in order that they may examine the patent, or have an expert to examine it, to ascertain its validity, novelty, and what protection is really afforded by the patent. It cannot be denied that in either case the invention will suffer a cold-blooded rigid examination, and must stand or fall solely upon its merits. If, however, the invention is adjudged to have real merit and properly protected by the Letters Patent, business negotiations will likely begin, and the patentee will perhaps speedily make a satisfactory deal. [Sidenote: First Impressions All-Important.] Some inventors use printed copies of their patents instead of circulars, but, while they fully set forth the invention in a technical way, it cannot be said that in all cases it is advisable to send copies of the patent until called for. Many parties who become interested in patents are not familiar with mechanical drawings and technical specifications, and very often do not get a very favorable impression from a copy of the patent; and it is very important that the first impressions should be favorably created, for upon this much will depend. If parties become sufficiently interested to fully investigate an invention, they are very apt to form a favorable opinion of it. [Sidenote: Value of Models.] There is no way of so easily creating a favorable impression and gaining the interest in an invention as by a neat and perfect working model of the invention. Man never loses the child-love for toys, and a perfect miniature machine of any description will attract more attention than one of full size. With a model the inventor has the full and immediate attention of his prospective purchasers at once. If the patentee, or his agent, intends visiting manufacturers, or to sell the patent by territorial rights, he will find a model of his invention almost indispensable. Inventors should be very careful about sending models to unknown parties, and should mark the number of the patent and their name and address upon the model. It should invariably be understood in advance who is to pay the transportation charges, before sending a model with any charges to collect. While models are very helpful in setting forth an invention and making sales, high prices exclude many inventors from their use. Model-makers usually charge fifty cents per hour for each man working upon the model, and market price for the material used; from these figures the inventor may make a rough estimate of what a model of his invention will cost. [Sidenote: Working Drawings.] Working drawings are different from those forming a part of the patent in that they are more detailed, giving the size of each piece and the material of which it is constructed. While working drawings are not quite as expensive as models, they do not show the invention to the advantage that models do, and are of little value to those who do not understand them. On the other hand, working drawings have the advantage of being easily sent through the mails, and can be duplicated at small cost. Manufacturers prefer working drawings to models in quoting prices on manufacturing the invention in quantities. CHAPTER VI HOW TO CONDUCT THE SALE OF PATENTS--_Continued_ In conducting the sale of patents, the greatest difficulty is most frequently experienced in getting manufacturers or others sufficiently interested to look into the merits and possibilities of the invention. If the inventor can get the parties to actually consent in their own minds to the proposition of taking up the invention, the question of terms and conditions can soon be arranged. Until the parties solicited can see beyond a doubt that there is large profits in it for them, the price of the patent is out of the question; therefore, the first step is to demonstrate its merits and commercial value, and get the parties thoroughly interested. Patentees should not labor under the impression that because a patent is offered at a very low price that it will be quickly snapped up as a bargain; as before stated, if a patent will not bring in money by manufacturing and selling the article, it is worthless; and its real value is in exact proportion to the amount of profits that can be made from its manufacture. Should the patentee find that his patent has no commercial value, it is almost useless to spend more time and money in trying to realize anything from it; he had better start again, and endeavor to invent something that has value and can be sold. [Sidenote: Value of Personal Influence.] Inventors should use the full extent of their personal influence to spread particulars of their inventions as far as possible, for this indirect work is often a leading factor in creating a favorable impression that frequently results in the adaption of an invention. However unacquainted he may be in a business way, every patentee can, more or less, in his immediate neighborhood, consult with merchants, friends, and others in the line of his invention, who can post him upon the right parties to submit the patent to, and the best way to see them about it, and perhaps go with him to visit such as might be interested in the invention. [Sidenote: Personal Solicitation Advisable.] In nearly every case it is more satisfactory for the patentee to call on the manufacturers or interested parties personally whenever it is possible for him to do so. This brings about a more satisfactory understanding between them. Many inventors, however, prefer opening up communication by correspondence, and after the parties manifest a willingness or desire to look into the invention more closely, then arrange to visit them personally. Having determined upon a visit, the patentee should endeavor to get a friend known by the parties to go with him to make their acquaintance. If the friend cannot go with the patentee, he will probably give him a note of introduction. It may happen that his friend does not know the parties whom the patentee wishes to see, in that event he may know of someone who does, to whom he can introduce the patentee and who in turn may either go with him or arrange to make him known to the parties solicited. An introduction, of course, is not absolutely necessary, but it invariably has a good effect and is generally worth the effort. The patentee should be prepared to make a straightforward, business-like presentation of his invention by means of a suitable model or drawings; carefully explaining its merits and advantages, showing as clearly as possible just what the value of the invention is and what can be made out of it, and giving tangible reasons why it would be to the interest of the parties solicited to invest in the patent. If the patentee is dealing with a manufacturer it is well to point out not only the possible advantage he may have by securing the control of the patent, but also the possible loss that his business may suffer by allowing one of his competitors to obtain its control. Many businesses have been hopelessly crippled by an enterprising firm securing control of a good patent and introducing a like article that can be sold cheaper, or one that will do its work in a better and more satisfactory manner. [Sidenote: Selling Outright.] Many inventors prefer to sell their patents outright; that is, in consideration of a specified sum of money the patentee assigns his entire interest in the patent, in the same manner that a person would sell a piece of real estate. This is a very good method and one of the quickest ways for the patentee to turn his invention into money, though it must be remembered that to sell a patent outright is usually for a very much smaller sum than could be realized if handled by other methods. The day for obtaining enormous sums or fortunes from the sale of a patent outright is past; at present to realize any considerable amount, the patentee generally has to share in the risks as well as the profits, unless the invention is very highly developed, and even then he cannot expect to get as much out of an outright assignment as he could by sharing in the success of the invention commercially. If, however, the patentee is content to take the utmost cash his patent will bring him outright, he is assured of a principal or lump sum, free from any chances of the article not selling well when placed upon the market. Before signing and delivering the assignment, the patentee will, of course, see that he has the consideration, or its equivalent, for which the assignment is made. If the transaction is made through correspondence he should send the assignment duly executed to the purchaser through the bank or express C. O. D. for the amount. [Sidenote: Assigning an Undivided Interest.] In a preceding chapter, the dangers and disadvantages of an undivided interest are set forth, and it cannot be considered a wise course under any consideration to part with any undivided interest in the proprietorship of the patent, unless unusually well paid, or there exists an agreement of copartnership between the patentee and the assignee. By such an assignment, no matter how small, the patentee loses control of his patent. [Sidenote: Dividing a Patent into Different Classes of Rights.] Many patents, from the nature of the invention, can be subdivided into different classes of rights, and each class sold or granted separately as the patentee may choose. Thus, the patentee of a tire, or other appliances for a bicycle, could license one party to make the same for bicycles and another for automobiles. In like manner a car-coupler could be divided between those who build railway equipments and those who build street-cars, and so on. Goodyear, the inventor of the process of vulcanizing rubber, divided his patent up into many different rights, licensing one company for manufacturing rubber combs, licensing another for hose pipes, another for shoes, another for clothing, and a number of other different rights, for which each company or partner paid a tariff. Lyall, inventor of the continuous loom, also divided his patent into many different rights; one company weaving carpets, another corsets, another bags, another sheeting, etc. In every case where the invention covers articles not in the same line of manufacture, the patentee should not fail to divide the rights into different classes, granting each party only such rights as they may be interested in. In this way the patentee can quite often double or treble the receipts from his invention. The patentee may, if he desires, have his machines built and require the purchasers to pay him a regular annual rental on each machine, or a tariff upon the goods produced, in addition to the price of the machine. Companies are sometimes organized to manufacture an invention, and employ travelling men to place the article on annual rental instead of selling. [Sidenote: Selling by Territorial Rights.] Another method is to sell State and county rights. This consists of a license whereby the patentee, in consideration of a certain sum of money paid him, grants unto another person or persons the exclusive right to make and sell the invention, and to authorize others to make and sell the same, within a specified territory, during the life of the patent. This plan of disposing of a patent has often been highly profitable, but it must be said that these territorial sales have been conducted in such a manner in the past, as to bring the whole system of selling patent rights into disrepute, and in recent years patentees have found some difficulty in making sales in this way, unless the device is of unusual great novelty and attraction to householders or the general public. Occasionally, however, there are patents issued for meritorious inventions that are susceptible of this mode of procedure, and which can be disposed of to the greatest advantage by territorial grants. Such inventions as household novelties possessing great merit and utility have been most successfully placed upon this plan, but it must be remembered that the value of the system rests upon its capabilities of effecting sales of the manufactured article to a vast proportion of the people. In selling territorial rights it is a mistake to begin with the small places with the idea of working the business up and effecting larger sales on the basis of the smaller ones; it is better to shove the sales, as much as possible in the start, and after the more valuable portion of the territory is disposed of, proceed with the balance until it ceases to be profitable. Experience teaches that it is usually advisable to accept any reasonable offer made for a small right, even if it does not come up to the patentee's estimate of its value, as he has plenty of other territory left, and may lose much time and money in finding another in the same territory willing to pay more; besides, the purchaser of such a right may, by his energy and good judgment, advertise the invention in such a way as to greatly benefit the patentee in making further sales. Some patentees employ good and reliable special agents to travel and dispose of the patent rights; others advertise for and appoint State agents to sell their respective county rights. In either case these agents expect to make money by the operation, and require a liberal proportion of the proceeds for their remuneration; generally speaking, they will require about one-third the selling price, unless the patentee can show that the rights will sell readily, in which case the rating can be made lower. [Sidenote: Granting Licenses.] The patentee may also sell licenses under his patent; that is, in consideration of a certain sum, the patentee licenses a manufacturer to make the invention at his own place of business; it being a personal privilege and is not transferable unless its terms so state. Unless there are a great many manufacturers in the line of industry to which the patent relates, and unless the invention has real merit so that it will be readily adapted by the manufacturers, the patentee cannot hope to realize any considerable amount from selling shop-rights alone. As a general thing, patents for mechanical inventions can be disposed of to better advantage by other means, or by selling shop-rights in connection with other methods; for example, if the patentee was selling his patent by territorial grants, he might grant shop-rights in such territory as he has not sold; or if he is placing the patent upon non-exclusive royalty contracts, he could grant shop-rights in such portions of the territory as he does not contemplate using otherwise. Some inventions, such as methods or processes, as a general rule, have to ultimately be sold by licenses. Such patents can be employed most profitably by selling licenses, county and State rights; thus, in the case of a method of constructing fences, the patentee could sell State and county rights to parties, who in turn could grant farm rights, etc. [Sidenote: Placing upon Royalty.] The license and royalty plan is perhaps the best and most popular method with inventors for realizing from their inventions. This, in effect, involves a contract between the patentee and the manufacturer, by which the latter in consideration of a license to manufacture the article covered by the patent, agrees to pay the patentee a certain specified sum as royalty for each article manufactured or sold bearing the patented improvement. Placing a patent on royalty is ordinarily taking chances, but if the patentee has full confidence in his article selling well, he should by all means take royalty in preference to selling the patent in its entirety. Many valuable patents are sold by their owners for from $1,000 to $10,000, which yield the purchasers, when the article is on the market and selling well, as much as $25,000 annually in profits. This calls to the author's mind a patent for which at the outset was doubtfully offered $3,000, but before the negotiations terminated, the patentee succeeded in placing it upon an exclusive royalty basis. The royalties paid to the patentee during the first four years amounted to over $50,000, and the manufacturers subsequently made an offer of $100,000, for the patent. In making royalty contracts with parties, the patentee should investigate the standing, rating, and capabilities of the manufacturer, and, above all, should be certain that the parties have the right motive in view, and that the contract is so drawn that it will fully protect his own interests. Many patentees have been caught by manufacturers offering large royalties for the sole purpose of gaining possession of the patent, that they might pigeon-hole it, in order to keep the article out of the market, so that the sale of some similar article in which they are interested would not be interfered with by the introduction of a similar or better article, such as the patent anticipates. There are others who propose and make royalty contracts with patentees with no other object than that of making the special tools, patterns, dies, etc., for which they charge the patentee an extortionate price. The best and safest way for the patentee to guard against having his patent tied up is to bind the parties to do certain things in the way of pushing the sales, making the necessary tools at their own expense, and commencing its manufacture within a reasonable time, paying an advance royalty, or annexing some such condition to the agreement by which they will be the loser should they fail to push the inventor's interests. Unless it cannot be otherwise arranged, the patentee should not transfer his rights merely in consideration of receiving a certain sum on each article sold, as however sterling the character of the manufacturer, there would be no certainty of the sales being pushed. The patentee should endeavor to get the manufacturer to guarantee that the royalties shall amount to at least a certain pre-stipulated sum each year, or within a period of time, and that such sum shall absolutely be paid to him by the manufacturer, irrespective of sales. This insures that the manufacturer will be obliged to push the sales of the article, and do it justice, since if he neglects his duty purposely, or from lack of energy, he is out of pocket, and the patentee is sure of a certain income, with the addition of a possible fortune that unprecedented sales may yield him. However, manufacturers are not always willing to agree to this condition, unless the guaranteed amount is exceedingly reasonable; they will usually simply agree to do their best, and if the sales do not reach a certain figure each year, the patentee shall have the option of cancelling the agreement, and receiving back the patent free and clear. Royalty licenses can either be exclusive or non-exclusive; that is, with an exclusive contract the manufacturer has the exclusive right to manufacture the article, excluding all others; non-exclusive is simply a shop-right, in consideration of which the manufacturer agrees to pay the patentee or owner of the patent a stipulated price or percentage upon each article made or sold. The license can also be exclusive in a certain section, county, State, or a number of States, as may be agreed upon. Any number of conditions that may be agreed upon may be annexed to and form a part of the contract, and such an agreement should be drawn up in compliance with the terms and conditions agreed upon by a competent attorney, or one skilled in matters of this kind. [Sidenote: Manufacturing and Forming Companies.] If the patentee has a really good invention, often he cannot do better than to retain the patent and work it himself, in case he has the ability to do so. If he cannot conduct the manufacturing alone, he may be able to secure a partner with just sufficient funds, and equal common sense and business acumen, to add the necessary elements to the firm to achieve success. In some cases, if the patentee does not wish to retain the whole patent for his own use, an excellent plan is to commence the manufacture of the invention in a suitable locality, and after the business is so far under way as to show progress and profit, then sell out the business with license under the patent. To illustrate: a gentleman in Illinois, having obtained a patent on a farming implement, succeeded in interesting a party in his own neighborhood to join with him in its manufacture, which soon proved successful and remunerative, and in a short time he was able to sell out his interest in the business to his partner, with license under the patent, after which the patentee started its manufacture in a number of places elsewhere, and, at the same time, granting licenses and selling territory in still other sections, where he was unable to work the invention. In this way he made a fair fortune from his invention, realizing about as much from each business established as he could have probably obtained for the entire patent if sold outright at first. In this manner the patentee, with a valuable patent on an article of general usefulness, could go on and establish its manufacture in any number of places, and sell out with license under the patent. If the first experiment is successful, it is an easy matter to carry the method out in other places, and the business can be readily disposed of anywhere, if it can be shown to be on a paying basis. [Sidenote: To Organize Stock Companies] In recent years many inventors have been quite successful in organizing stock companies on the basis of their patents. This is considered one of the best ways for handling patents for large and promising inventions, and it is a method that any patentee, with ordinary business ability, should be able to carry out successfully, providing his invention is of sufficient merit and importance to form a suitable basis for a successful stock company. Many stock companies are incorporated under the laws of New Jersey, but it is believed the State of West Virginia is also very favorable to corporations. The entire expense for incorporating a company under the laws of the latter State should not exceed $150. The company can be incorporated for any amount; large or small, one hundred dollars or five millions, cost and fees being the same. The incorporators need not be residents of the State. No annual statements required. The meetings of the directors can be held at any place, and need not be held in the State where the charter is granted. Before applying for a charter for a corporation or stock company, the patentee should mention his plan to some of his friends and get five persons who will promise to subscribe for one or more shares of the stock and act as incorporators of the company. Next he should secure the services of a reliable attorney, familiar with corporation laws, to prepare the necessary articles of incorporation and legal papers. The attorney will advise the patentee how to proceed properly in organizing his company, and as to the securing of the stock certificates, subscription blanks, seal, etc. These, including the attorney's fee, should not cost the patentee more than $50. It is well to have some stationery printed with the proposed name of the company and business displayed thereon; and also a prospectus published, setting forth the invention and the plans of the company for introducing it, etc. Quite often the patentee can find enough idle capital in his immediate neighborhood to float a good portion of the stock. Capital is more easily secured by the formation of a stock company than by any other means, as people can subscribe for small or large amounts, and they often prove good investments. In soliciting subscriptions for stock, it is desirable to get as many prominent and influential men to buy one or more shares at first to head the list--their names will be a great aid in making further sales. Ordinarily the promoter only collects ten per cent, of the amount subscribed, the balance being subject to the call of the board of directors. After it is ascertained that the shares or stock are being rapidly subscribed for and selling fully up to expectation, the patentee can have the incorporators sign the charter application and have the attorney file it with the proper State authorities. This will cost the patentee about $100 more, for State tax, attorney fees, etc. When sufficient stock has been subscribed for, a meeting of the stockholders should be called to elect directors, and to transact such other business as may be deemed necessary in regard to locating and building the plant and getting the company in shape. The patentee should receive about one-half the capital stock in consideration of his transferring his rights and franchises to the corporation, the remainder of the stock is sold for the benefit of the company to create a working capital. The patentee may sell a portion of his stock, if he desires, but should also retain a good portion of it to show his own confidence in the business. After the meeting of the stockholders, the direction of the business will probably be taken out of the hands of the inventor, and the control will lie in the board of directors of the company. As a rule it is better that the inventor does not take an active part in the management of the company's affairs, unless he is specially fitted for the position. If the company is provided with ample capital, and if the business manager is a competent man, there is little chance of failure if the invention has real merit. [Sidenote: Trading as a Last Resort.] Patentees are sometimes offered securities or other property in trade for a patent. It is not deemed a wise course by most inventors to consider any proposition for a trade, especially in the early life of a patent. Only as a last resort, after failing to realize from a patent by any other means, is it advisable to trade a patent; and, before finally agreeing upon a trade, the patentee should have a reputable attorney to look fully into the value and title of the property offered. He should also insist upon receiving an abstract of title, or a title guarantee from a reliable title insurance company. Unless known to himself, the patentee should never engage the services of an attorney or broker recommended by the parties offering the trade to look into the value and title of the property. Inventors should be on the lookout for a set of sharpers who make a business of offering worthless securities and property in exchange for patents. CHAPTER VII ABOUT CANADIAN PATENTS The geographical nearness of Canada to the United States, and the intimate commercial relations existing between the two countries, render Canada, in one sense, a part of the industrial market of America; and owing to its liberal patent laws, which are based closely upon our own, inventors generally find it advantageous to protect their interests in this country, which can be done from time to time by a very small outlay, and thus giving the inventor the advantage of disposing of his patent or dropping it if not found remunerative, before expending the total cost of the patent. The commercial and manufacturing interests of Canada are extensive, increasing yearly, and are closely knit with our own. If the invention is not protected in Canada, it is sometimes manufactured there and sent here without paying royalty to the inventor. Copies of the "Rules and Forms of the Canadian Patent Office" and "The Patent Act" can be obtained upon application to the Hon. Commissioner of Patents, Ottawa, Canada. Section 8 of the Patent Act, revised May, 1898, provides: "Any inventor who elects to obtain a patent for his invention in a foreign country before obtaining a patent for the same invention in Canada, may obtain a patent in Canada, if the same be applied for within one year from the date of the issue of the first foreign patent for such invention; and, "If within three months after the date of the issue of a foreign patent, the inventor give notice to the Commissioner of his intention to apply for a patent in Canada for such invention, then no other person having commenced to manufacture the same device in Canada during such period of one year, shall be entitled to continue the manufacture of the same after the inventor has obtained a patent therefor in Canada, without the consent or allowance of the inventor." The Patent Act as amended does not now require a Canadian patent to expire at the earliest date at which a foreign patent for the same invention expires. Under the section just cited the patentee has three months, after the issue of his patent, within which to protect his interests in Canada. If within these three months he has not sufficiently demonstrated the commercial value of his home patent, and the advisability of taking out a Canadian patent, he is advised to give notice to the Commissioner of Patents, Ottawa, of his intention of doing so, which will fully protect his interests for one year, as under the above provision; and if the patentee fail to give this formal notice, he cannot obtain redress from any person who has commenced to manufacture his invention in Canada during the year. There is also an advantage sometimes in giving this formal notice within three months and delaying the grant of the patent for one year, as the patentee is allowed to import the patented article into Canada during one year only, after the grant of the Canadian patent. The construction or manufacturing of the invention in Canada must be commenced within two years from the date of the patent, and continuously carried on from that time, though the extension of this time may be secured upon timely application to the Commissioner, giving any good and proper reason. The time for importation is also sometimes extended upon proper application. Canadian patents are granted originally for a term of eighteen years, the Government fee being $60 for the eighteen years, but at the election of the patentee this fee may be divided into three payments of $20 each, as follows: $20 at the time of the grant, $20 at the expiration of the sixth year, if the owner desires to keep the patent alive, if not he can allow the patent to become forfeited; and at the end of the twelfth year, if it is still desired to maintain the patent, the remaining fee of $20 may be paid. If the patentee in the meantime assigns his patent, the assignee will pay the required government fees at the end of the sixth and twelfth years, if it is desired to maintain its validity. The Canadian patent covers and affords full protection in the following provinces: ------------------------+----------+------------- PROVINCES. | Area | Population |Sq. Miles.| 1911 ------------------------+----------+------------- Alberta | 253,000 | 372,919 British Columbia | 390,000 | 362,768 Manitoba | 72,870 | 454,691 New Brunswick | 28,000 | 351,815 Nova Scotia | 20,600 | 461,847 Ontario | 222,000 | 2,519,902 Prince Edward Island | 2,000 | 93,722 Quebec | 347,000 | 2,000,697 Saskatchewan | 250,000 | 453,508 Northwest Territories |1,922,750 | 10,000 Yukon | 200,000 | ---- |----------+------------ TOTAL |3,708,220 | 7,081,869 ------------------------+----------+------------ [Sidenote: Selling Canadian Patents.] In selling Canadian patents, the patentee will proceed in much the same way as in the United States, though he cannot expect, nor should he ask, more than about one-third as much for the Canadian patent as he receives, or expects, from the United States patent. Patents are not as readily sold in Canada as here, but if the inventor has a useful invention of merit, which is being manufactured profitably in the United States, he will have no trouble in disposing of his Canadian patent at a satisfactory price. It is in nearly all cases advisable for the inventor to first put his invention upon the market in the United States before trying to realize from his Canadian interests, as it will be found difficult to interest Canadian capital in a patent that has not been first put into practice here; and if the patentee be able to dispose of his Canadian patent at all, it is usually for a very insignificant sum; whereas, on the other hand, if the patentee fully protects his interests there, and proceeds to put the invention upon the home market, he will not only be able to present his Canadian patent in a more favorable and forcible way by proving its commercial value, but he will undoubtedly get better offers, and realize full value for his Canadian interests, in exact proportion to the success of his invention in the United States. POPULATION OF CANADIAN CITIES (_Compiled from the Census of 1911_) Montreal 406,197 | New Westminster 13,394 Toronto 376,240 | Stratford 12,929 Winnipeg 135,440 | Owen Sound 12,555 Vancouver 100,333 | St. Catharines 12,460 Ottawa 86,340 | Saskatoon 12,002 Hamilton 81,897 | Verdun 11,622 Quebec 78,067 | Moncton 11,319 London 46,177 | Port Arthur 11,216 Halifax 46,081 | Lachine 10,778 Calgary 43,736 | Chatham 10,760 St. John 42,363 | Galt 10,299 Victoria 31,620 | Sault Ste. Marie 10,179 Regina 30,210 | Sarnia 9,936 Edmonton 24,882 | Belleville 9,850 Brantford 23,046 | St. Hyacinthe 9,797 Kingston 18,815 | Valleyfield 9,447 Maissonneuve 18,674 | Brockville 9,372 Peterboro 18,312 | Woodstock 9,321 Windsor 17,819 | Niagara Falls 9,245 Sydney Town 17,617 | Sorel 8,419 Hull 17,585 | Nanaimo 8,305 Glace Bay 16,561 | Lethbridge 8,048 Fort William 16,498 | Vancouver, North 7,781 Sherbrooke 16,495 | North Bay 7,718 Vancouver, South 16,021 | St. Boniface 7,717 Berlin 15,192 | Sydney Mines 7,464 Guelph 15,148 | Levis 7,448 St. Thomas 14,050 | Oshawa 7,433 Brandon 13,837 | Collingwood 7,077 Moose Jaw 13,824 | Fredericton 7,028 CHAPTER VIII DECISIONS AND NOTES The following digest will be found to contain much useful information for the patentee, it being a carefully selected list of decisions affecting assignments, territorial grants, licenses, State laws, etc.; including those rendered by the Supreme Court of the United States, the Circuit Court of Appeals, State Courts, and of various Commissioners of Patents, all of which decisions enunciate well-settled and controlling principles of Patent Law. [Sidenote: Assignments.] Assignments of patents are not required to be under seal. The statutes simply provide that "every patent, or any interest therein shall be assignable in law by an instrument in writing." (_Gottfried_ vs. _Miller, U. S. S. C. Decided Jan. 23, 1882._) A contract assigning a patent and all future improvements thereon is enforceable against assignees of such improvements who take notice of the contract. (_Westinghouse Air Brake Co._ vs. _Chicago Brake and Mfg. Co., 85 F. R., 786._) Each co-owner of a patent may use his right without the concurrence of the others and license at will. (_Washburn & Moen Co._ vs. _Chicago Wire Fence Co., 109 Ill., 71._) Owners of a patent are tenants in common, and each, as an incident of his ownership, has the right to use the patent or manufacture under it. But neither can be compelled by his co-owner to join in such use or work, or be liable for the losses which may occur, or to account for the profits which may arise from such use. (_De Witt_ vs. _Elmira Nobles Mfg. Co., 12 N. Y. Spur., 301._) Joint owners of a patent, right are not copartners, and in the absence of any express contract each is at liberty to use his moiety as he may think fit, without any liability to or accounting to the other for profits or losses. (_Vose_ vs. _Singer, 4 Allen (Mass.), 226; vide Pitt vs. Hall, 3 Blatch., 201._) Although an assignment of patent is not recorded within three months, it is binding on the assignor, and he cannot sell the patent again. (_Ex parte Waters, Com. Dec., 1899, p. 42._) A verbal license or interest in an invention has no effect as against a subsequent assignee without notice of such verbal license or interest. (_U. S. S. C., Gates Iron Works_ vs. _Fraser et al., 1894, C. D., 304._) An assignment to assign future patents, in consideration of the assignee's paying the expense of taking them out, is broken by his refusal to pay for and take out a particular patent when requested, and a subsequent assignment to another conveys a perfect title. (_Buck_ vs. _Timony, 78 Fed. Rep., 487._) Any assignment which does not convey to the assignee the entire and unqualified monopoly which the patentee holds in the territory specified, or an undivided interest in the entire _monopoly,_ is a mere license. (_Sanford_ vs. _Messer, 2 O. G., 470._) When a party does license, grant, and convey any invention which he may hereafter make, this gives only an equitable right to have an assignment made, and this right may be defeated by assignment of the patent to a purchaser for value without notice of this equity. (_Regan Vapor Engine Co._ vs. _Pacific Gas Engine Co. (Nineth Cir.), 7 U. S., App., 73._) [Sidenote: Territorial Grants.] A territorial grantee cannot be restrained from advertising and selling within his territory, even though the purchasers may take the patented article outside the vendor's territory. (_Hatch_ vs. _Hall, 22 Fed. Rep., 483._) One who buys patented articles of manufacture from an assignee for a specified territory becomes possessed of an absolute property in such articles, unrestricted in time or place. (_U. S. S. C., Keller et al._ vs. _Standard Folding Bed Co., 71 O. G., 451._) The sale of a patented machine by one authorized to sell, conveys the whole ownership to the purchaser, who may sell it again to another. (_Morgan Envelope Co._ vs. _Albany Perforated Wrapping Paper Co., 152 U. S. 425._) [Sidenote: Licenses.] Every person who pays the patentee for a license to use his process becomes the owner of the product, and may sell it to whom he pleases, or apply it to any purpose, unless he binds himself by covenants to restrict his rights of making and vending certain articles that may interfere with the special business of some other licensee. (_Met. Washing Machine Co._ vs. _Earl, 2 Fish., 203; 2 Wall., Jr., 230._) A license is not forfeitable for non-payment of royalties in the absence of express provisions to that effect. (_Wagner Typewriter Co._ vs. _Watkins, 84 Fed. Rep., 57; 1898._) A shop right is a personal license and is not assignable. (_Gibbs_ vs. _Hoefner, 19 Fed. Rep., 323; 22 Blatch., 36._) A license to a person to use an invention only "at his own establishment" does not authorize a use at an establishment owned by him and others. (_Rubber Co._ vs. _Goodyear, 9 Wallace, 788._) A license is not transferable unless its terms so state. (_Olmer_ vs. _Rumford Chemical Co., 109 U. S., 75._) A license merely to make and not to sell does not impair the patent owner's right to sue for infringement outside of the license; and the purchaser of the licensee's tools and materials would not carry the right to sell the product made thereon. (_American Graphophone Co._ vs. _Walcut, 87 Fed. Rep., 556; 1898._) A license to use a machine carries with it the right to repair the machine, and replace worn parts until the essential original parts of the machine have disappeared. (_Robinson on Patents, Sec. 827._) A lawful sale of a patented article by a patentee or grantee, within his own territory, carries with it the right to use such article throughout the whole United States. (_Adams_ vs. _Burke, 5 O.G., 118_; _Hobbie_ vs. _Smith. 27 Fed. Rep., 636._) When an applicant in certain instruments assigned his right, title, and interest in an invention, retaining for himself the exclusive right to employ the invention in the manufacture of a certain class of machines, Held, that such instruments do not convey the entire interest in the invention or any undivided part thereof, and they are construed to be nothing more than licenses. (_Ex parte Rosback, 89 O. G., 705. Decided Oct. 5, 1899._) An implied license to use a patented improvement without payment of any royalties during the continuance of employment of the inventor, and thereafter, on the same terms and royalties fixed for other parties, is shown where the inventor applies the patent to his employer's work without any agreement for compensation for its use further than a notice that he would require pay after his employment terminated. (_Keys_ vs. _Eureka Consol. Min. Co., U. S. S. C., 158 U. S., 150._) A breach of a covenant in a license does not work a forfeiture of the license unless it is so expressly agreed. (_Consol. Middlings Purifier Co._ vs. _Wolf, 37 O. G., 567._) [Sidenote: Patent Title.] A patent right, like any other personal property, is understood by Congress to vest in the executors and administrators of the patentee, if he dies without having assigned it. (_Shaw Relief Valve Co._ vs. _City of New Bedford, 19th Fed. Rep., 758._) A patent to a dead man at the time of its grant is not void for the want of a grantee, but vests in his heirs or assigns. (_U. S. S. C, De La Vergne Ref. Machine Co._ vs. _Featherstone, 1893, C. D., 181._) A court of equity may direct a sale of an inventor's interest in his patent to satisfy a judgment against him, and will require the patentee to assign as provided in Rev. Stat., Sec. 4898, and if he refuses, will appoint a trustee to make the assignment. (_Murray_ vs. _Ager, 20 O. G., 1311._) A patent right cannot be seized and sold on execution. (_Carver_ vs. _Peck, 131 Mass., 291._) A receiver cannot, under his general powers, convey the legal title to a patent (_Adams_ vs. _Howard, 23 Blatch., 27_), but a court may compel an insolvent to assign his patent to a trustee or receiver. (_Pacific Bank_ vs. _Robinson, 20 O. G., 1314_; _Murray_ vs. _Ager, 20 O. G., 1311._) A patentee who assigns his patent cannot, when sued for infringement, contest the validity thereof. (_Griffith_ vs. _Shaw, 89 Fed. Rep., 313._) RULES OF PRACTICE The following from the "Rules of Practice in the United States Patent Office" may be perused with interest to the patentee; a copy of which, together with a copy of the "Patent Laws," will be mailed free to any person upon addressing the Hon. Commissioner of Patents, Washington, D. C., requesting the same; these being the only books or pamphlets published by the Office for gratuitous distribution. [Sidenote: Assignments.] Every patent or any interest therein shall be assignable in law by an instrument in writing; and the patentee or his assigns or legal representatives may, in like manner, grant and convey an exclusive right under the patent to the whole or any specified part of the United States. Interests in patents may be vested in assignees, in grantees of exclusive sectional rights, in mortgagees, and in licensees. [Sidenote: Assignees.] An assignee is a transferee of the whole interest of the original patent or of an undivided part of such whole interest, extending to every portion of the United States. The assignment must be written or printed and duly signed. [Sidenote: Grantees.] A grantee acquires by the grant the exclusive right under the patent to make and use and to grant to others the right to make and use, the thing patented within and throughout some specified part of the United States, excluding the patentee therefrom. The grant must be written or printed and be duly signed. [Sidenote: Mortgages.] A mortgage must be written or printed and duly signed. [Sidenote: Licensees.] A licensee takes an interest less than or different from either of the others. A license may be oral, written, or printed, and if written or printed, must be duly signed. [Sidenote: Must be Recorded.] An assignment, grant, or conveyance of a patent will be void as against any subsequent purchaser or mortgagee for a valuable consideration without notice unless recorded in the Patent Office within three months from the date thereof. If any such assignment, grant, or conveyance of any patent shall be acknowledged before any notary public of the several States or territories, or the District of Columbia, or any commissioner of the United States Circuit Court, or before any secretary of legation, or consular officer authorized to administer oaths or perform notarial acts under Section 1750 of the Revised Statutes, the certificate of such acknowledgment, under the hand and official seal of such notary or other officer, shall be _prima facie_ evidence of the execution of such assignment, grant, or conveyance. No instrument will be recorded which does not, in the judgment of the Commissioner, amount to an assignment, grant, mortgage, lien, encumbrance, or license, or which does not affect the title of the patent or invention to which it relates. Such instruments should identify the patent by date and number; or, if the invention is unpatented, the name of the inventor, the serial number, and date of the application should be stated. [Sidenote: Conditional Assignments.] Assignments which are made conditional on the performance of certain stipulations, as the conditional payment of money, if recorded in the office are regarded as absolute assignments until cancelled with the written consent of both parties, or by the decree of a competent court. The office has no means for determining whether such conditions have been filled. (_Rev. Stat., Sec. 4898._) STATE LAWS ON SELLING PATENTS In some States, laws have been passed by which attempts have been made to regulate or prevent the sale of patent rights within their borders, by imposing upon patentees or their agents certain State restrictions, such as requiring the filing of copies of patents, making and filing proofs, taking out licenses, procuring certificates, complying with forms, or prescribing the terms of a note to be given for a patent. While it has never been squarely brought before the United States Supreme Court, with the result that much conflicting legislation has been enacted by the different States, it may be said, as a general proposition, that a State or municipality, through the medium of its Legislature or officials, has no constitutional right to make or enforce laws which in any way affect or control the transfer, sale, or other disposition of United States Letters Patent; or to interfere in any manner with the patentee going into the open market anywhere to sell his rights conferred by the patent. It is a well-established principle of law that Congress has exclusive right and power to legislate on the subjects specially assigned to it by the Constitution, while power is delegated to the several States to legislate on those subjects not thus expressly placed within the control of Congress. It would seem clear that there can be no State interference with the rights which are incident to the grant of Letters Patent and expressly conferred thereby. Ohio was the first State attempting to place restrictions upon the handling of patent rights, which, in 1868, passed an act requiring any person, before offering for sale a patent right in any county, to submit the patent to the Probate Judge of the county, and make affidavit before said judge that the patent was in force, and that the applicant had the right to sell, and also requiring that any written obligation taken on the sale of such right should bear on its face the words, "Given for a Patent Right." The portion of the Ohio statute relating to the making and filing proofs was subsequently made the law in Illinois, Minnesota, Indiana, Nebraska, and Kansas, while the requirement that written obligations given for a patent right should bear such statement written upon its face was made the law in Vermont, Michigan, Pennsylvania, Wisconsin, New York, Connecticut, and Arkansas. In view of the decisions rendered by the Supreme Court of the United States in the cases of _ex parte_ Robinson, 2 Bissel, 309, and Webber _vs._ Virginia, 103 U. S., 347; 20 O. G., 136, some of the States repealed their statutes relating to the filing of proofs, while others did not--notably Indiana and Kansas, where the statute still remains in force. While the Supreme Court in the above cases did not decide the constitutionality of the State statutes, it was clearly indicated that property in inventions existed by virtue of the laws of Congress, and that no State had any right to interfere with its enjoyment, or to annex conditions to the grant, and that the patentee had a right to go into the open market anywhere in the United States and sell his property. It also established the proposition that a State may require the taking out of a license for the sale of the manufactured article covered by the patent; and the patentee should keep in mind the distinction between selling patents, or patent privileges, and the selling of goods or manufactured articles, as all who sell goods, whether patented or not, must conform with the local and State laws relating to same. The statute requiring the insertion in written obligations of the words, "Given for a Patent Right," has been declared unconstitutional by the higher State Courts in Illinois, Michigan, Minnesota, and Nebraska, and by the Circuit Courts in the southern district of Ohio, and in the district of Indiana; while its validity has been sustained by the courts of last resort in New York, Pennsylvania, Ohio, Indiana, and Kansas. Therefore, the validity of the State statutes on the point referred to may be regarded as finally established in the last-named States until brought before the Supreme Court of the United States. CHAPTER IX THE TRANSFER OF PATENT RIGHTS It frequently occurs to the patentee that a knowledge of the legal requirements of the transfer of patent rights would save him much time and trouble. Patentees should carefully scrutinize all papers offered by the parties in whose favor they are drawn, and, if possible, he should have his attorney to examine them. There are three classes of persons in whom the patentee can vest an interest of some kind. They are an assignee, a grantee of an exclusive sectional right, and a licensee. [Sidenote: Assignee, Grantee, and Licensee Defined.] "An _assignee_ is one who has transferred to him in writing the whole interest in the original patent, or any undivided part of such whole interest in every portion of the United States. And no one, unless he has such an interest transferred to him, is an assignee. "A _grantee_ is one who has transferred in writing the exclusive right under the patent, to make and use, and to grant to others to make and use, the thing patented, within and throughout some specified part or portion of the United States. Such right must be an exclusive sectional right, excluding the patentee therefrom. "A _licensee_ is one who has transferred to him in writing, or orally, a less or different interest than either the interest in the whole patent, or an undivided part of such whole interest, or an exclusive sectional interest." (_Potter_ vs. _Holland, 1 Fish, 327._) [Sidenote: The Language of Law.] If a man were to give another an orange he would simply say, "I give you this orange"; but if the transaction be intrusted to a lawyer to draw up according to the requirements of law, says the _Observer_, he would most probably put it in the following language: "I hereby give, grant, and convey to you all my interest, right, title, and advantage of and in said orange, together with its rind, skin, juice, pulp, and pits, and all right and advantage therein with full power to bite, suck, cut, or otherwise eat the same or to give the same away, as fully and effectually as I, the said A. B., am now entitled to cut, bite, or otherwise eat the same, or give away the same with or without the rind, skin, juice, pulp, or pits; anything hereinbefore or hereafter or in any other deed or deeds, instruments of nature or kind whatsoever to the contrary in anywise notwithstanding." It is always better and more satisfactory to have assignments, royalty contracts, agreements, etc., drawn up specially to accord with the facts, details, and covenants of each particular case; and there is no one probably better able to do this than the attorney who secured the patent. However, if in the case the parties to the transaction cannot well delay proceedings to have the papers prepared by an attorney, by adhering to the following forms in any such transactions, both the purchaser and seller may rest assured that their rights are protected. ASSIGNMENT OF ENTIRE INTEREST IN LETTERS PATENT _Whereas_, I, Richard Doe, of Columbus, County of Franklin, State of Ohio, did obtain Letters Patent of the United States for an improvement in Typewriting Machines, which Letters Patent are numbered 000,000, and bear date January 1, 1901; and whereas I am now sole owner of said patent, and of all rights under the same; and whereas the Ohio Typewriter Company, a corporation, of Cincinnati, County of Hamilton, and State of Ohio, is desirous of acquiring an interest in the same: _Now, therefore_, to all whom it may concern, be it known, that for and in consideration of the sum of five thousand dollars to me in hand paid by the aforesaid corporation, the receipt of which is hereby acknowledged, I, the said Richard Doe have sold, assigned, and transferred, and by these presents do sell, assign, and transfer unto the said Ohio Typewriter Company, its successors and assigns, the entire right, title and interest in and to said Letters Patent and the invention therein patented; the same to be held and enjoyed by the said corporation for its own use and behoof, and for the use and behoof of its successors and assigns, to the full end of the term for which said Letters Patent are or may be granted, as fully and entirely as the same would have been held and enjoyed by me had this assignment and sale not been made. _In testimony whereof_, I have hereto set my hand and affixed my seal, at Columbus, County and State aforesaid, this tenth day of January, A.D. 1901. RICHARD DOE. (_Seal._) In presence of JOHN SMITH, THOS. JONES. STATE OF OHIO, }_ss._: COUNTY OF FRANKLIN, } Subscribed and acknowledged before me this tenth day of January, A.D. 1901. _Seal._ JOHN RICE, _Notary Public_. If it is the intention of the assignor to convey to the assignee the right to recover for past infringement of the patent, a clause like the following should be added: And for the same consideration, I do hereby sell, assign and transfer unto the aforesaid corporation, all claims and demands, both at law and in equity, which may have accrued to me by reason of the infringement of the aforesaid Letters Patent with the right to sue and recover therefor in its own name and for its own use and behoof. ASSIGNMENT OF AN UNDIVIDED INTEREST _Whereas_, I, Richard Doe, of Philadelphia, County of Philadelphia, State of Pennsylvania, did obtain Letters Patent of the United States for improvements in Locomotive Headlights, which Letters Patent are numbered 000,000, and bear the date of June 26, 1900; and whereas, John Roe, of Philadelphia, County of Philadelphia and State of Pennsylvania, is desirous of acquiring an interest in the same: _Now, therefore_, this indenture witnesseth, that for and in consideration of the sum of one thousand dollars to me in hand paid by said John Roe, the receipt of which is hereby acknowledged, I do hereby sell, assign, and transfer unto the said John Roe, his heirs and assigns, one undivided one-half interest in and to the aforesaid Letters Patent and the invention therein patented; the same to be held and enjoyed by the said John Roe, his heirs and assigns to the full end of the term for which said Letters Patent are or may be granted as fully and entirely as the same would have been held and enjoyed by me if this assignment and sale had not been made. And I do hereby declare that I have not conveyed to any other party the rights and interest herein transferred to the said John Roe. Witness my hand and seal this tenth day of January, A.D. 1901, RICHARD DOE. In presence of JOHN SMITH, THOS. JONES. STATE OF PENNA., } _ss._: COUNTY OF PHILADELPHIA,} Subscribed and sworn before me this tenth day of January, A.D. 1901. _Seal._ JOHN RICE, _Notary Public._ GRANT OF A TERRITORIAL INTEREST _Whereas_, I, Richard Doe, of Dayton, County of Montgomery, State of Ohio, did obtain Letters Patent of the United States for improvements in Corn-Cultivators, which Letters Patent are numbered 000,000, and bear date the first day of January, 1901, and whereas, I am now the sole owner of said patent, and of all rights under the same in the below-recited territory; and whereas, John Roe, of Indianapolis, County of Marion, State of Indiana, is desirous of acquiring an interest in the same; _Now, therefore_, to all whom it may concern, be it known, that for and in consideration of the sum of one thousand dollars to me in hand paid, by the said John Roe, the receipt of which is hereby acknowledge, I, the said Richard Doe, have sold, assigned, and transferred, and by these presents do sell, assign and transfer unto the said John Roe, his heirs and assigns, the entire right, title and interest in and to said Letters Patent, and in and to the invention therein patented for the States of Indiana and Illinois, and in no other place or places; the same to be held and enjoyed by the said John Roe, his heirs and assigns, within and throughout the above specified territory, but not elsewhere, to the full end of the term for which said Letters Patent are or may be granted, as fully and entirely as the same would have been held and enjoyed by me had this assignment and sale not been made. _In testimony whereof_, I have hereunto set my hand and affixed my seal this tenth day of January, A.D. 1901, in the presence of the subscribing witnesses. RICHARD DOE. In presence of JOHN SMITH, THOS. JONES. STATE OF INDIANA, }_ss._: COUNTY OF MARION, } On this tenth day of January, A.D. 1901, personally appeared before me Richard Doe, to me known and known to me to be the individual who executed the foregoing instrument, and who acknowledged to me that he executed the same for the purpose therein expressed. _Seal._ JOHN RICE, _Notary Public._ LICENSE:--SHOP-RIGHT _In consideration_ of the sum of two hundred dollars to me paid by The John Roe Company, a corporation of Pennsylvania, located in the city of Pittsburg, I do hereby license and empower said company to make and use at its foundry and machine shop in said Pittsburg, and in no other place or places, in connection with its own business only, or that of its successors and assigns, the improvements in Lathes, for which Letters Patent of the United States No. 000,000, were granted to me January 1, 1901, to the full end of the term for which said Letters Patent are granted. Signed and delivered at Pittsburg, in the County of Allegheny, State of Pennsylvania, this tenth day of January, A. D. 1901. RICHARD DOE. TO JOHN ROE COMPANY, Pittsburg, Pa. LICENSE:--NON-EXCLUSIVE--WITH ROYALTY _This agreement_, made this tenth day of January, 1901, between Richard Doe, of Wilmington, County of New Castle, State of Delaware, party of the first part, and the Metallic Railway Tie Company, of Chicago, in the County of Cook, and State of Illinois, party of the second part, _Witnesseth_, that whereas Letters Patent of the United States, No. 000,000, for an improvement in Metallic Railroad-Ties, were granted to the party of the first part January 1, 1901; and whereas the party of the second part is desirous of manufacturing Metallic Railroad-Ties containing the said patented improvements: _Now, therefore_, the parties hereto have agreed as follows: I. The party of the first part hereby licenses and empowers the party of the second part to manufacture, subject to the conditions herein named, at their plant in Chicago, and in no other place or places, to the end of the term for which said Letters Patent were granted, Metallic Railroad-Ties containing the patented improvements, and to sell the same within the United States. II. The party of the second part agrees to make full and true returns to the party of the first part, under oath, upon the first days of January and July in each year, of all Metallic Railroad-Ties containing said patented improvements manufactured by them. III. The party of the second part agrees to pay the party of the first part five dollars as a license fee upon each and every thousand Metallic Railroad-Ties manufactured by the party of the second part containing the patented improvements: provided, that if the said fee be paid upon the days provided herein for semi-annual returns, or within ten days thereafter, a discount of fifty per cent, shall be made from said fee for prompt payment. IV. The party of the second part agrees to put forth their best efforts and use due diligence in the manufacture and sale of the Metallic Railroad-Ties containing the said patented improvements, and if the royalties do not amount to five hundred dollars semi-annually, the party of the first part may terminate this license by serving a written notice upon the party of the second part. V. Upon the failure of the party of the second part to make returns or to make payment of license fees, as herein provided, for thirty days after the days herein named, the party of the first part may terminate this license by serving a written notice upon the party of the second part; but the party of the second part shall not thereby be discharged from any liability to the party of the first part for any license fees due at the time of the service of such notice. _In witness whereof_, the parties above named have hereto set their hands the day and year first above written, at Chicago, County of Cook, and State of Illinois. RICHARD DOE, _Metallic Railway Tie Company_, Per John Roe, President. LICENSE:--EXCLUSIVE--WITH ROYALTY _This agreement_, made this tenth day of January, 1901, between Richard Doe, of Boston, State of Massachusetts, party of the first part, and the Roe Vending Machine Company, a corporate body under the laws of the State of New Jersey, located and doing business at the city of New York, in the State of New York, party of the second part, _Witnesseth_, that whereas, Letters Patent of the United States, No. 000,000, were, on the first day of January, 1901, granted to the said party of the first part, for improvements in Coin-Controlled Machines, and whereas said party of the second part is desirous of manufacturing and selling said patented article: Now, therefore, the parties hereto have agreed as follows: I. The party of the first part gives to the party of the second part the exclusive right to manufacture and sell the said patented improvements, to the end of the term of said patent, subject to the conditions hereinafter named. II. The party of the second part agrees to make full and true returns, on the first days of January and July in each year, of all machines manufactured and sold by them containing the said patented improvements in the six calendar months next preceding the date of any such notice; and if the party of the first part shall not be satisfied in any respect with any such return, then shall the party of the first part have the right, either by himself or by his attorney, to examine any and all books of account of said party of the second part concerning any items, charges, memoranda, or information relating to the manufacture or sale of said patented Coin-Controlled Machines; and upon request made, said party of the second part shall produce all such books for said examination. III. The party of the second part agrees to pay the party of the first part five dollars as a license fee upon every one of the said patented Coin-Controlled Machines manufactured by them, the whole of said license fee for each term of six months to be due and payable on the days hereinabove provided for semi-annual returns; provided, that if said fee be paid upon the days herein provided, or within fifteen days thereafter, a discount of fifty per cent, shall be made from said fee for prompt payment. IV. The party of the second part agrees to pay the party of the first part at least two thousand dollars, less discount, as said license fee upon each of the semi-annual terms, even though they should not make enough of said patented machines to amount to that sum at the regular royalty of five dollars each. V. The party of the second part shall cast, or otherwise permanently place, upon every such machine made under this license the word "Doe," and in close relation thereto the word "Patented," and the number and date of said patent. VI. The party of the second part shall not, during the life of this license, make or sell any article which can compete in the market with said Coin-Controlled Machines. VII. Upon the failure of the party of the second part to keep each and all of the conditions of this license and agreement, the party of the first part may, at his option, terminate this license, and such termination shall not release said party of the second part from any liability due at such time to the party of the first part. _In witness whereof_, the above-named parties (the said Roe Vending Machine Company, by its president) have hereto set their hands the day and year first above written, RICHARD DOE, _Roe Vending Machine Company_, By John Roe, President. No general legal forms should be relied upon too implicitly as suiting particular cases, and an inventor, in order to fully protect his interests, should consult a reliable patent attorney, and have the forms properly prepared to suit his individual case. [Illustration: Map of Continental USA] CHAPTER X TABLES AND STATISTICS OFFICIAL CENSUS OF THE UNITED STATES, BY COUNTIES, FOR 1910 (_From the Bulletin of the Director of the Census_) ALABAMA.--Area, 51,998 square miles. Autauga 20,038 | Dallas 53,401 | Marengo 39,923 Baldwin 18,178 | Dekalb 28,261 | Marion 17,495 Barbour 32,728 | | Marshall 28,553 Bibb 22,791 | Elmore 28,245 | Mobile 80,854 Blount 21,456 | Escambia 18,889 | Monroe 27,155 | Etowah 39,109 | Bullock 30,196 | Fayette 16,248 | Montgomery 82,178 Butler 29,030 | Franklin 19,369 | Morgan 33,781 Calhoun 39,115 | | Perry 31,222 Chambers 36,056 | Geneva 26,230 | Pickens 25,055 Cherokee 20,226 | Greene 22,717 | Pike 30,815 | Hale 27,883 | Chilton 23,187 | Henry 20,943 | Randolph 24,659 Choctaw 18,483 | Houston 32,414 | Russell 25,937 Clarke 30,987 | | St. Clair 20,715 Clay 21,006 | Jackson 32,918 | Shelby 26,949 Cleburne 13,385 | Jefferson 226,476 | Sumter 28,699 | Lamar 17,487 | Coffee 26,119 | Lauderdale 30,936 | Talladega 37,921 Colbert 24,802 | Lawrence 21,984 | Tallapoosa 31,034 Conecuh 21,433 | | Tuscaloosa 47,559 Coosa 16,634 | Lee 32,867 | Walker 37,013 Covington 32,124 | Limestone 26,880 | Washington 14,454 | Lowndes 31,894 | Crenshaw 23,313 | Macon 26,049 | Wilcox 33,810 Cullman 28,321 | Madison 47,041 | Winston 12,855 Dale 21,873 | | TOTAL 2,138,093 ARIZONA.--Area, 113,956 square miles. Apache 9,196 | Maricopa 34,488 | Santa Cruz 6,766 Cochise 34,591 | Mohave 3,773 | Yavapai 15,996 Coconino 8,130 | Navajo 11,491 | Yuma 7,733 Gila 16,780 | Pima 22,818 | Graham 23,547 | Pinal 9,045 | TOTAL 204,354 ARKANSAS.--Area, 53,335 square miles. Arkansas 16,103 | Garland 27,271 | Newton 10,612 Ashley 25,268 | Grant 9,425 | Ouachita 21,774 Baxter 10,389 | Greene 23,852 | Perry 9,402 Benton 33,389 | Hempstead 28,285 | Phillips 33,535 Boone 14,318 | Hot Spring 15,022 | Pike 12,565 | | Bradley 14,518 | Howard 16,898 | Poinsett 12,791 Calhoun 9,894 | Independence 24,776 | Polk 17,216 Carroll 16,829 | Izard 14,561 | Pope 24,527 Chicot 21,987 | Jackson 23,501 | Prairie 13,853 Clark 23,686 | Jefferson 52,734 | Pulaski 86,751 | | Clay 23,690 | Johnson 19,698 | Randolph 18,987 Cleburne 11,903 | Lafayette 13,741 | St. Francis 22,548 Cleveland 13,481 | Lawrence 20,001 | Saline 16,057 Columbia 23,820 | Lee 24,252 | Scott 14,302 Conway 22,729 | Lincoln 15,118 | Searcy 14,825 | | Craighead 27,627 | Little River 13,597 | Sebastian 52,278 Crawford 23,942 | Logan 26,350 | Sevier 16,616 Crittenden 22,447 | Lonoke 27,983 | Sharp 11,688 Cross 14,042 | Madison 16,056 | Stone 8,946 Dallas 12,621 | Marion 10,203 | Union 30,723 | | Desha 15,274 | Miller 19,555 | Van Buren 13,509 Drew 21,960 | Mississippi 30,468 | Washington 33,889 Faulkner 23,708 | Monroe 19,907 | White 28,574 Franklin 20,638 | Montgomery 12,455 | Woodruff 20,049 Fulton 12,193 | Nevada 19,344 | Yell 26,323 TOTAL 1,574,449 CALIFORNIA.--Area, 158,297 square miles. Alameda 246,131 | Glenn 7,172 | Marin 25,114 Alpine 309 | Humboldt 33,857 | Mariposa 3,956 Amador 9,086 | Imperial 13,591 | Mendocino 23,929 Butte 27,301 | Inyo 6,974 | Merced 15,148 Calaveras 9,171 | Kern 37,715 | Modoc 6,191 | | Colusa 7,732 | Kings 16,230 | Mono 2,042 Contra Costa 31,674 | Lake 5,526 | Monterey 24,146 Del Norte 2,417 | Lassen 4,802 | Napa 19,800 Eldorado 7,492 | Los Angeles 504,131 | Nevada 14,955 Fresno 75,657 | Madera 8,368 | Orange 34,436 | | Placer 18,237 | San Mateo 26,585 | Sutter 6,328 Plumas 5,259 | Santa Barbara 27,738 | Tehama 11,401 Riverside 34,696 | Santa Clara 83,539 | Trinity 3,301 Sacramento 67,806 | Santa Cruz 26,140 | Tulare 35,440 San Benito 8,041 | Shasta 18,920 | Tuolumne 9,979 | | San Bernadino 56,706 | Sierra 4,098 | Ventura 18,347 San Diego 61,665 | Siskiyou 18,801 | Yolo 13,926 San Francisco 416,912 | Solano 27,539 | Yuba 10,042 San Joaquin 50,731 | Sonoma 48,394 | San Luis Obispo 19,383 | Stanislaus 22,522 | TOTAL 2,377,549 COLORADO.--Area, 103,948 square miles. Adams 8,892 | Garfield 10,144 | Morgan 9,577 Arapahoe 10,263 | Gilpin 4,131 | Otero 20,201 Archuleta 3,302 | Grand 1,862 | Ouray 3,514 Baca 2,516 | Gunnison 5,897 | Park 2,492 Bent 5,043 | Hinsdale 646 | Phillips 3,179 | | Boulder 30,330 | Huerfano 13,320 | Pitkin 4,566 Chaffee 7,622 | Jackson 1,013 | Prowers 9,520 Cheyenne 3,687 | Jefferson 14,231 | Pueblo 52,223 Clear Creek 5,001 | Kiowa 2,899 | Rio Blanco 2,332 Conejos 11,285 | Kit Carson 7,483 | Rio Grande 6,563 | | Costilla 5,498 | La Plate 10,812 | Routt 7,561 Custer 1,947 | Lake 10,600 | Saguache 4,160 Delta 13,688 | Larimer 25,270 | San Juan 3,063 Denver 213,381 | Las Animas 33,643 | San Miguel 4,700 Dolores 642 | Lincoln 5,917 | Sedgwick 3,061 | | Douglas 3,192 | Logan 9,549 | Summit 2,003 Eagle 2,985 | Mesa 22,197 | Teller 14,351 El Paso 43,321 | Mineral 1,239 | Washington 6,002 Elbert 5,331 | Montezuma 5,029 | Weld 39,177 Fremont 18,181 | Montrose 10,291 | Yuma 8,499 TOTAL 799,024 CONNECTICUT.--Area, 4,965 square miles. Fairfield 245,322 | Middlesex 45,637 | New London 91,253 Hartford 250,182 | | Tolland 26,459 Litchfield 70,260 | New Haven 337,282 | Windham 48,361 TOTAL 1,114,756 DELAWARE.--Area, 2,370 square miles. Kent 32,721 | Newcastle 123,188 | Sussex 46,413 TOTAL 202,322 DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA.--Area, 70 square miles. The District 331,069 FLORIDA.--Area, 58,666 square miles. Alachua 34,305 | Hillsboro 78,374 | Osceola 5,507 Baker 4,805 | Holmes 11,557 | Palm Beach 5,577 Bradford 14,090 | Jackson 29,821 | Pasco 7,502 Brevard 4,717 | Jefferson 17,210 | Calhoun 7,465 | | Polk 24,148 | Lafayette 6,710 | Putnam 13,096 Citrus 6,731 | Lake 9,509 | St. John 13,208 Clay 6,116 | Lee 6,294 | St. Lucie 4,075 Columbia 17,689 | Leon 19,427 | Santa Rosa 14,897 Dade 11,933 | Levy 10,361 | De Soto 14,200 | | Sumter 6,696 | Liberty 4,700 | Suwanee 18,603 Duval 75,163 | Madison 16,919 | Taylor 7,103 Escambia 36,549 | Manatee 9,550 | Volusia 16,510 Franklin 5,201 | Marion 26,941 | Wakulla 4,802 Gadsden 22,198 | Monroe 21,563 | Hamilton 11,825 | | Walton 16,460 | Nassau 10,525 | Washington 16,403 Hernando 4,997 | Orange 19,107 | TOTAL 752,619 GEORGIA.--Area, 59,265 square miles. Appling 12,318 | Clayton 10,453 | Forsyth 11,940 Baker 7,973 | Clinch 8,424 | Franklin 17,894 Baldwin 18,354 | Cobb 28,397 | Fulton 177,733 Banks 11,244 | Coffee 21,953 | Gilmer 9,237 Bartow 25,388 | Colquitt 19,789 | Glascock 4,669 | | Ben Hill 11,863 | Columbia 12,328 | Glynn 15,720 Berrien 22,772 | Coweta 28,800 | Gordon 15,861 Bibb 56,646 | Crawford 8,310 | Grady 18,457 Brooks 23,832 | Crisp 16,423 | Greene 18,512 Bryan 6,702 | Dade 4,139 | Gwinnett 28,824 | | Bulloch 26,464 | Dawson 4,686 | Habersham 10,134 Burke 27,268 | Decatur 29,045 | Hall 25,730 Butts 13,624 | Dekalb 27,881 | Hancock 19,189 Calhoun 11,334 | Dodge 20,127 | Haralson 13,514 Camden 7,690 | Dooly 20,554 | Harris 17,886 | | Campbell 10,874 | Dougherty 16,035 | Hart 16,216 Carroll 30,855 | Douglas 8,953 | Heard 11,189 Catoosa 7,184 | Early 18,122 | Henry 19,927 Charlton 4,722 | Echols 3,309 | Houston 23,609 Chatham 79,690 | Effingham 9,971 | Irwin 10,461 | | Chattahoochee 5,586 | Elbert 24,125 | Jackson 30,169 Chattooga 13,608 | Emanuel 25,140 | Jasper 16,552 Cherokee 16,661 | Fannin 12,574 | Jeff Davis 6,050 Clarke 23,273 | Fayette 10,966 | Jefferson 21,379 Clay 8,960 | Floyd 36,736 | Jenkins 11,520 | | Johnson 12,897 | Paulding 14,124 | Tift 11,487 Jones 13,103 | Pickens 9,041 | Toombs 11,206 Laurens 35,501 | Pierce 10,749 | Towns 3,932 Lee 11,679 | Pike 19,495 | Troup 26,228 Liberty 12,924 | Polk 20,203 | Turner 10,075 | | Lincoln 8,714 | Pulaski 22,835 | Twiggs 10,736 Lowndes 24,436 | Putnam 13,876 | Union 6,918 Lumpkin 5,444 | Quitman 4,594 | Upson 12,757 McDuffie 10,325 | Rabun 5,562 | Walker 18,692 McIntosh 6,442 | Randolph 18,841 | Walton 25,393 | | Macon 15,016 | Richmond 58,886 | Ware 22,957 Madison 16,851 | Rockdale 8,916 | Warren 11,860 Marion 9,147 | Schley 5,213 | Washington 28,174 Meriwether 25,180 | Screven 20,202 | Wayne 13,069 Miller 7,986 | Spalding 19,741 | Webster 6,151 | | Milton 7,239 | Stephens 9,728 | White 5,110 Mitchell 22,114 | Stewart 13,437 | Whitfield 15,934 Monroe 20,450 | Sumter 29,092 | Wilcox 13,486 Montgomery 19,638 | Talbot 11,696 | Wilkes 23,441 Morgan 19,717 | Taliaferro 8,766 | Wilkinson 10,078 | | Murray 9,763 | Tattnall 18,569 | Worth 19,147 Muscogee 36,227 | Taylor 10,839 | Newton 18,449 | Telfair 13,288 | Oconee 11,104 | Terrell 22,003 | Oglethorpe 18,680 | Thomas 29,071 | TOTAL 2,609,121 IDAHO.--Area, 84,313 square miles. Ada 29,088 | Cassia 7,197 | Lemhi 4,786 Bannock 19,242 | Custer 3,001 | Lincoln 12,676 Bear Lake 7,729 | | Nez Perce 24,860 Bingham 23,306 | Elmore 4,785 | Oneida 15,170 Blaine 8,387 | Fremont 24,606 | Owyhee 4,044 | Idaho 12,384 | Boise 5,250 | Kootenai 22,747 | Shoshone 13,963 Bonner 13,588 | Latah 18,818 | Twin Falls 13,543 Canyon 25,323 | | Washington 11,101 TOTAL 325,594 ILLINOIS.--Area, 56,665 square miles. Adams 64,588 | Christian 34,594 | Douglas 19,591 Alexander 22,741 | Clark 23,517 | Dupage 33,432 Bond 17,075 | Clay 18,661 | Edgar 27,336 Boone 15,481 | Clinton 22,832 | Edwards 10,049 Brown 10,397 | Coles 34,517 | Effingham 20,055 | | Bureau 43,975 | Cook 2,405,233 | Fayette 28,075 Calhoun 8,610 | Crawford 26,281 | Ford 17,096 Carroll 18,035 | Cumberland 14,281 | Franklin 25,943 Cass 17,372 | Dekalb 33,457 | Fulton 49,549 Champaign 51,829 | Dewitt 18,906 | Gallatin 14,628 | | Greene 22,363 | McHenry 32,509 | Rock Island 70,404 Grundy 24,162 | McLean 68,008 | St. Clair 119,870 Hamilton 18,227 | Macon 54,186 | Saline 30,204 Hancock 30,638 | Macoupin 50,685 | Sangamon 91,024 Hardin 7,015 | Madison[*] 89,847 | Schuyler 14,852 | | Henderson 9,724 | Marion 35,094 | Scott 10,067 Henry 41,736 | Marshall 15,679 | Shelby 31,693 Iroquois 35,543 | Mason 17,377 | Stark 10,098 Jackson 35,143 | Massac 14,200 | Stephenson 36,821 Jasper 18,157 | Menard 12,796 | Tazewell 34,027 | | Jefferson 29,111 | Mercer 19,723 | Union 21,856 Jersey 13,954 | Monroe 13,508 | Vermilion 77,996 Jo Daviess 22,657 | Montgomery 35,311 | Wabash 14,913 Johnson 14,331 | Morgan 34,420 | Warren 23,313 Kane 91,862 | Moultrie 14,630 | Washington 18,759 | | Kankakee 40,752 | Ogle 27,864 | Wayne 25,697 Kendall 10,777 | Peoria 100,255 | White 23,052 Knox 46,159 | Perry 22,088 | Whiteside 34,507 Lake 55,058 | Platt 16,376 | Will 84,371 Lasalle 90,132 | Pike 28,622 | Williamson 45,098 | | Lawrence 22,661 | Pope 11,215 | Winnebago 63,153 Lee 27,750 | Pulaski 15,650 | Woodford 20,506 Livingston 40,465 | Putnam 7,561 | Logan 30,216 | Randolph 29,120 | McDonough 26,887 | Richland 15,970 | TOTAL 5,638,591 INDIANA.--Area, 36,354 square miles. Adams 21,840 | Fayette 14,415 | Johnson 20,394 Allen 93,386 | Floyd 30,293 | Knox 39,183 Bartholomew 24,813 | Fountain 20,439 | Kosciusko 27,936 Benton 12,688 | Franklin 15,335 | Lagrange 15,148 Blackford 15,820 | Fulton 16,879 | Lake 82,864 | | Boone 24,673 | Gibson 30,137 | Laporte 45,797 Brown 7,975 | Grant 51,426 | Lawrence 30,625 Carroll 17,970 | Greene 36,873 | Madison 65,224 Cass 36,368 | Hamilton 27,026 | Marion 263,661 Clark 30,260 | Hancock 19,030 | Marshall 24,175 | | Clay 32,535 | Harrison 20,232 | Martin 12,950 Clinton 26,674 | Hendricks 20,840 | Miami 29,350 Crawford 12,057 | Henry 29,758 | Monroe 23,426 Daviess 27,747 | Howard 33,177 | Montgomery 29,296 Dearborn 21,396 | Huntington 28,982 | Morgan 21,182 | | Decatur 18,793 | Jackson 24,727 | Newton 10,504 Dekalb 25,054 | Jasper 13,044 | Noble 24,009 Delaware 51,414 | Jay 24,961 | Ohio 4,329 Dubois 19,843 | Jefferson 20,483 | Orange 17,192 Elkhart 49,008 | Jennings 14,203 | Owen 14,053 | | Parke 22,214 | Scott 8,323 | Vermilion 18,865 Perry 18,078 | Shelby 26,802 | Vigo 87,930 Pike 19,684 | Spencer 20,676 | Wabash 26,926 Porter 20,540 | Starke 10,567 | Posey 21,670 | | Warren 10,899 | Steuben 14,274 | Warrick 21,911 Pulaski 13,312 | Sullivan 32,439 | Washington 17,445 Putnam 20,520 | Switzerland 9,914 | Wayne 43,757 Randolph 29,013 | Tippecanoe 40,063 | Wells 22,418 Ripley 19,452 | Tipton 17,459 | Rush 19,349 | | White 17,602 | Union 6,260 | Whitley 16,892 St. Joseph 84,312 | Vanderburg 77,438 | TOTAL 2,700,876 IOWA.--Area, 56,147 square miles. Adair 14,420 | Franklin 14,780 | Monroe 25,429 Adams 10,998 | | Montgomery 16,604 Allamakee 17,328 | Fremont 15,623 | Muscatine 29,505 Appanoose 28,701 | Greene 16,023 | Audubon 12,671 | Grundy 13,574 | O'Brien 17,262 | Guthrie 17,374 | Osceola 8,956 Benton 23,156 | Hamilton 19,242 | Page 24,002 Blackhawk 44,865 | | Palo Alto 13,845 Boone 27,626 | Hancock 12,731 | Plymouth 23,129 Bremer 15,843 | Hardin 20,921 | Buchanan 19,748 | Harrison 23,162 | Pocahontas 14,808 | Henry 18,640 | Polk 110,438 Buena Vista 15,981 | Howard 12,920 | Pottawattamie 55,832 Butler 17,119 | | Poweshiek 19,589 Calhoun 17,090 | Humboldt 12,182 | Ringgold 12,904 Carroll 20,117 | Ida 11,296 | Cass 19,047 | Iowa 18,409 | Sac 16,555 | Jackson 21,258 | Scott 60,000 Cedar 17,765 | Jasper 27,034 | Shelby 16,552 Cerro Gordo 25,011 | | Sioux 25,248 Cherokee 16,741 | Jefferson 15,951 | Story 24,083 Chickasaw 15,375 | Johnson 25,914 | Clarke 10,736 | Jones 19,050 | Tama 22,156 | Keokuk 21,160 | Taylor 16,312 Clay 12,766 | Kossuth 21,971 | Union 16,616 Clayton 25,576 | | Van Buren 15,020 Clinton 45,394 | Lee 36,702 | Wapello 37,743 Crawford 20,041 | Linn 60,720 | Dallas 23,628 | Louisa 12,855 | Warren 18,194 | Lucas 13,462 | Washington 19,925 Davis 13,315 | Lyon 14,624 | Wayne 16,184 Decatur 16,347 | | Webster 34,629 Delaware 17,688 | Madison 15,621 | Winnebago 11,914 Des Moines 36,145 | Mahaska 29,860 | Dickinson 8,137 | Marion 22,995 | Winneshiek 21,729 | Marshall 30,279 | Woodbury 67,616 Dubuque 57,450 | Mills 15,811 | Worth 9,950 Emmet 9,816 | | Wright 17,951 Fayette 27,919 | Mitchell 13,435 | Floyd 17,119 | Monona 16,633 | TOTAL 2,224,771 KANSAS.--Area, 82,158 square miles. Allen 27,640 | Greeley 1,335 | Osborne 12,827 Anderson 13,829 | Greenwood 16,060 | Ottawa 11,811 Atchison 28,107 | Hamilton 3,360 | Pawnee 8,859 Barber 9,916 | Harper 14,748 | Phillips 14,150 Barton 17,876 | Harvey 19,200 | Pottawatomie 17,522 | | Bourbon 24,007 | Haskell 993 | Pratt 11,156 Brown 21,314 | Hodgeman 2,930 | Rawlins 6,380 Butler 23,059 | Jackson 16,861 | Reno 37,853 Chase 7,527 | Jefferson 15,826 | Republic 17,447 Chautauqua 11,429 | Jewell 18,148 | Rice 15,106 | | Cherokee 38,162 | Johnson 18,288 | Riley 15,783 Cheyenne 4,248 | Kearny 3,206 | Rooks 11,282 Clark 4,093 | Kingman 13,386 | Rush 7,826 Clay 15,251 | Kiowa 6,174 | Russell 10,800 Cloud 18,388 | Labette 31,423 | Saline 20,338 | | Coffey 15,205 | Lane 2,603 | Scott 3,047 Comanche 3,281 | Leavenworth 41,207 | Sedgwick 73,095 Cowley 31,790 | Lincoln 10,142 | Seward 4,091 Crawford 51,178 | Linn 14,735 | Shawnee 61,874 Decatur 8,976 | Logan 4,240 | Sheridan 5,651 | | Dickinson 24,361 | Lyon 24,927 | Sherman 4,549 Doniphan 14,422 | McPherson 21,521 | Smith 15,365 Douglas 24,724 | Marion 22,415 | Stafford 12,510 Edwards 7,033 | Marshall 23,880 | Stanton 1,034 Elk 10,128 | Meade 5,055 | Stevens 2,453 | | Ellis 12,170 | Miami 20,030 | Sumner 30,654 Ellsworth 10,444 | Mitchell 14,089 | Thomas 5,455 Finney 6,908 | Montgomery 49,474 | Trego 5,398 Ford 11,393 | Morris 12,397 | Wabaunsee 12,721 Franklin 20,884 | Morton 1,333 | Wallace 2,759 | | Geary 12,681 | Nemaha 19,072 | Washington 20,229 Gove 6,044 | Neosho 23,754 | Wichita 2,006 Graham 8,700 | Ness 5,883 | Wilson 19,810 Grant 1,087 | Norton 11,614 | Woodson 9,450 Gray 3,121 | Osage 19,905 | Wyandotte 100,068 TOTAL 1,690,949 KENTUCKY.--Area, 49,598 square miles. Adair 16,503 | Boyle 14,668 | Carroll 8,110 Allen 14,882 | Bracken 10,308 | Carter 21,966 Anderson 10,146 | Breathitt 17,540 | Casey 15,479 Ballard 12,690 | Breckinridge 21,034 | Christian 38,845 Barren 25,293 | Bullitt 9,487 | Clark 17,987 | | Bath 13,988 | Butler 15,805 | Clay 17,789 Bell 28,447 | Caldwell 14,063 | Clinton 8,153 Boone 9,420 | Calloway 19,867 | Crittenden 13,296 Bourbon 17,462 | Campbell 59,369 | Cumberland 9,846 Boyd 23,444 | Carlisle 9,048 | Daviess 41,020 | | Edmonson 10,469 | Knox 22,116 | Ohio 27,642 Elliott 9,814 | Larue 10,701 | Oldham 7,248 Estill 12,273 | Laurel 19,872 | Owen 14,248 Fayette 47,715 | Lawrence 20,067 | Owsley 7,979 Fleming 16,066 | Lee 9,531 | Pendleton 11,985 | | Floyd 18,623 | Leslie 8,976 | Perry 11,255 Franklin 21,135 | Letcher 10,623 | Pike 31,679 Fulton 14,114 | Lewis 16,887 | Powell 6,268 Gallatin 4,697 | Lincoln 17,897 | Pulaski 35,986 Garrard 11,894 | Livingston 10,627 | Robertson 4,121 | | Grant 10,581 | Logan 24,977 | Rockcastle 14,473 Graves 33,539 | Lyon 9,423 | Rowan 9,438 Grayson 19,958 | McCracken 35,064 | Russell 10,861 Green 11,871 | McLean 13,241 | Scott 16,956 Greenup 18,475 | Madison 26,951 | Shelby 18,041 | | Hancock 8,512 | Magoffin 13,654 | Simpson 11,460 Hardin 22,696 | Marion 16,330 | Spencer 7,567 Harlan 10,566 | Marshall 15,771 | Taylor 11,961 Harrison 16,873 | Martin 7,291 | Todd 16,488 Hart 18,173 | Mason 18,611 | Trigg 14,539 | | Henderson 29,352 | Meade 9,783 | Trimble 6,512 Henry 13,716 | Menifee 6,153 | Union 19,886 Hickman 11,750 | Mercer 14,063 | Warren 30,579 Hopkins 34,291 | Metcalfe 10,453 | Washington 13,940 Jackson 10,734 | Monroe 13,663 | Wayne 17,518 | | Jefferson 262,920 | Montgomery 12,868 | Webster 20,974 Jessamine 12,613 | Morgan 16,259 | Whitley 31,982 Johnson 17,482 | Muhlenberg 28,589 | Wolfe 9,864 Kenton 70,355 | Nelson 16,830 | Woodford 12,571 Knott 10,791 | Nicholas 10,601 | TOTAL 2,289,905 LOUISIANA.--Area, 48,506 square miles. Acadia 31,847 | East Carroll 11,637 | Natchitoches 36,455 Ascension 23,887 | East Feliciana 20,055 | Orleans 339,075 Assumption 24,128 | Franklin 11,989 | Ouachita 25,830 Avoyelles 34,102 | Grant 15,958 | Plaquemines 12,524 Bienville 21,776 | Iberia 31,262 | Pointe Coupee 25,289 | | Bossier 21,738 | Iberville 30,954 | Rapides 44,545 Caddo 58,200 | Jackson 13,818 | Red River 11,402 Calcasieu 62,767 | Jefferson 18,247 | Richland 15,769 Caldwell 8,593 | La Salle 9,402 | Sabine 19,874 Cameron 4,288 | Lafayette 28,733 | St. Bernard 5,277 | | Catahoula 10,415 | Lafourche 33,111 | St. Charles 11,207 Claiborne 25,050 | Lincoln 18,485 | St. Helena 9,172 Concordia 14,278 | Livingston 10,627 | St. James 23,009 De Soto 27,689 | Madison 10,676 | St. John the East Baton Rouge 34,580 | Morehouse 18,786 | Baptist 14,338 | | St. Landry 66,661 | | St. Martin 23,070 | Terrebonne 28,320 | Webster 19,186 St. Mary 39,368 | Union 20,451 | West Baton Rouge 12,636 St. Tammany 18,917 | Vermilion 26,390 | West Carroll 6,249 Tangipahoa 29,160 | Vernon 17,384 | West Feliciana 13,449 Tensas 17,060 | Washington 18,886 | Winn 18,357 TOTAL 1,656,388 MAINE.--Area, 33,040 square miles. Androscoggin 59,822 | Kennebec 62,863 | Piscataquis 19,887 Aroostook 74,664 | Knox 28,981 | Sagadahoc 18,574 Cumberland 112,014 | Lincoln 18,216 | Somerset 36,301 Franklin 19,119 | Oxford 36,256 | Waldo 23,383 Hancock 35,575 | Penobscot 85,285 | Washington 42,905 | | York 68,526 TOTAL 742,371 MARYLAND.--Area, 12,327 square miles. Allegany 62,411 | Charles 16,386 | Prince Georges 36,147 Anne Arundel 39,553 | Dorchester 28,669 | Queen Annes 16,839 Baltimore 122,399 | | St. Marys 17,030 Baltimore City 558,485 | Frederick 52,673 | Somerset 26,455 Calvert 10,325 | Garrett 20,105 | | Hartford 27,965 | Talbot 19,620 Caroline 19,216 | Howard 16,106 | Washington 48,671 Carroll 33,934 | Kent 16,957 | Wicomico 26,815 Cecil 23,759 | | Worcester 21,841 TOTAL 1,294,450 MASSACHUSETTS.--Area, 8,266 square miles. Barnstable 27,542 | Franklin 43,600 | Norfolk 187,506 Berkshire 105,259 | Hampden 231,369 | Plymouth 144,337 Bristol 318,573 | Hampshire 63,327 | Suffolk 731,388 Dukes 4,504 | Middlesex 669,915 | Worcester 399,657 Essex 436,477 | Nantucket 2,962 | TOTAL 3,366,416 MICHIGAN.--Area, 57,980 square miles. Alcona 5,703 | Berrien 53,622 | Delta 30,108 Alger 7,675 | Branch 25,605 | Dickinson 20,524 Allegan 39,819 | Calhoun 56,638 | Eaton 30,499 Alpena 19,965 | Cass 20,624 | Emmet 18,561 Antrim 15,692 | Charlevoix 19,157 | Genesee 64,555 | | Arenac 9,640 | Cheboygan 17,872 | Gladwin 8,413 Baraga 6,127 | Chippewa 24,472 | Gogebic 23,333 Barry 22,633 | Clare 9,240 | Grand Traverse 23,784 Bay 68,238 | Clinton 23,129 | Gratiot 28,820 Benzie 10,638 | Crawford 3,934 | Hillsdale 29,673 | | Houghton 88,098 | Mackinac 9,249 | Ontonagon 8,650 Huron 34,758 | Macomb 32,606 | Osceola 17,889 Ingham 53,310 | | Oscoda 2,027 Ionia 33,550 | Manistee 26,688 | Otsego 6,552 Iosco 9,753 | Marquette 46,739 | Ottawa 45,301 | Mason 21,832 | Iron 15,164 | Mecosta 19,466 | Presque Isle 11,249 Isabella 23,029 | Menominee 25,648 | Roscommon 2,274 Jackson 53,426 | | Saginaw 89,290 Kalamazoo 60,427 | Midland 14,005 | St. Clair 52,341 Kalkaska 8,097 | Missaukee 10,606 | St. Joseph 25,499 | Monroe 32,917 | Kent 159,145 | Montcalm 32,069 | Sanilac 33,930 Keweenaw 7,156 | Montmorency 3,755 | Schoolcraft 8,681 Lake 4,939 | | Shiawassee 33,246 Lapeer 26,033 | Muskegon 40,577 | Tuscola 34,913 Leelanau 10,608 | Newaygo 19,220 | Van Buren 33,185 | Oakland 49,576 | Lenawee 47,907 | Oceana 18,379 | Washtenaw 44,714 Livingston 17,736 | Ogemaw 8,907 | Wayne 531,590 Luce 4,004 | | Wexford 20,769 TOTAL 2,810,173 MINNESOTA.--Area, 84,628 square miles. Aitkin 10,371 | Isanti 12,615 | Polk 36,001 Anoka 12,493 | | Pope 12,746 Becker 18,840 | Itasca 17,208 | Ramsey 223,675 Beltrami 19,337 | Jackson 14,491 | Benton 11,615 | Kanabec 6,461 | Red Lake 15,940 | Kandiyohi 18,969 | Redwood 18,425 Bigstone 9,367 | Kittson 9,669 | Renville 23,123 Blue Earth 29,337 | | Rice 25,911 Brown 20,134 | Koochiching 6,431 | Rock 10,222 Carlton 17,559 | Lac qui Parle 15,435 | Carver 17,455 | Lake 8,011 | Roseau 11,338 | Le Sueur 18,609 | St. Louis 163,274 Cass 11,620 | Lincoln 9,874 | Scott 14,888 Chippewa 13,458 | | Sheburne 8,136 Chisago 13,537 | Lyon 15,722 | Sibley 15,540 Clay 19,640 | McLeod 18,691 | Clearwater 6,870 | Mahnomen 3,249 | Stearns 47,733 | Marshall 16,338 | Steele 16,146 Cook 1,336 | Martin 17,518 | Stevens 8,293 Cottonwood 12,651 | | Swift 12,949 Crow Wing 16,861 | Meeker 17,022 | Todd 23,407 Dakota 25,171 | Mille Lacs 10,705 | Dodge 12,094 | Morrison 24,053 | Traverse 8,049 | Mower 22,640 | Wabasha 18,554 Douglas 17,669 | Murray 11,755 | Wadena 8,652 Faribault 19,949 | | Waseca 13,466 Fillmore 25,680 | Nicollet 14,125 | Washington 26,013 Freeborn 22,282 | Nobles 15,210 | Goodhue 31,637 | Norman 13,446 | Watonwan 11,382 | Olmsted 22,497 | Wilkin 9,063 Grant 9,114 | Otter Tail 46,036 | Winona 33,398 Hennepin 333,480 | | Wright 28,082 Houston 14,297 | Pine 15,878 | Yellow Medicine 15,406 Hubbard 9,831 | Pipestone 9,553 | TOTAL 2,075,708 MISSISSIPPI.--Area, 46,865 square miles. Adams 25,265 | Itawamba 14,526 | Pearl River 10,593 Alcorn 18,159 | Jackson 15,451 | Perry 7,685 Amite 22,954 | Jasper 18,498 | Attala 28,851 | | Pike 37,272 Benton 10,245 | Jefferson 18,221 | Pontotoc 19,688 | Jefferson Davis 12,860 | Prentiss 16,931 Bolivar 48,905 | Jones 29,885 | Quitman 11,593 Calhoun 17,726 | Kemper 20,348 | Rankin 23,944 Carroll 23,139 | Lafayette 21,883 | Chickasaw 22,846 | | Scott 16,723 Choctaw 14,357 | Lamar 11,741 | Sharkey 15,694 | Lauderdale 46,919 | Simpson 17,201 Claiborne 17,403 | Lawrence 13,080 | Smith 16,603 Clarke 21,630 | Leake 18,298 | Sunflower 28,787 Clay 20,203 | Lee 28,894 | Coahoma 34,217 | | Tallahatchie 29,078 Copiah 35,914 | Leflore 36,290 | Tate 19,714 | Lincoln 28,597 | Tippah 14,631 Covington 16,909 | Lowndes 30,703 | Tishomingo 13,067 De Soto 23,130 | Madison 33,505 | Tunica 18,646 Forrest 20,722 | Marion 15,599 | Franklin 15,193 | | Union 18,997 George 6,599 | Marshall 26,796 | Warren 37,488 | Monroe 35,178 | Washington 48,933 Greene 6,050 | Montgomery 17,706 | Wayne 14,709 Grenada 15,727 | Neshoba 17,980 | Webster 14,853 Hancock 11,207 | Newton 23,085 | Harrison 34,658 | | Wilkinson 18,075 Hinds 63,726 | Noxubee 28,503 | Winston 17,139 | Oktibbeha 19,676 | Yalobusha 21,519 Holmes 39,088 | Panola 31,274 | Yazoo 46,672 Issaquena 10,560 | | TOTAL 1,797,114 MISSOURI.--Area, 69,420 square miles. Adair 22,700 | Cape Girardeau 27,621 | Daviess 17,605 Andrew 15,282 | Carroll 23,098 | Dekalb 12,531 Atchison 13,604 | Carter 5,504 | Dent 13,245 Audrain 21,687 | Cass 22,973 | Douglas 16,664 Barry 23,869 | Cedar 16,080 | Dunklin 30,328 | | Barton 16,747 | Chariton 23,503 | Franklin 29,830 Bates 25,869 | Christian 15,832 | Gasconade 12,847 Benton 14,881 | Clark 12,811 | Gentry 16,820 Bollinger 14,576 | Clay 20,302 | Greene 63,831 Boone 30,533 | Clinton 15,297 | Grundy 16,744 | | Buchanan 93,020 | Cole 21,957 | Harrison 20,466 Butler 20,624 | Cooper 20,311 | Henry 27,242 Caldwell 14,605 | Crawford 13,576 | Hickory 8,741 Callaway 24,400 | Dade 15,613 | Holt 14,539 Camden 11,582 | Dallas 13,181 | Howard 15,653 | | Howell 21,065 | Montgomery 15,604 | St. Clair 16,412 Iron 8,563 | | St. Francois 35,738 Jackson 263,522 | Morgan 12,863 | St. Louis 82,417 Jasper 89,673 | New Madrid 19,488 | Jefferson 27,878 | Newton 27,136 | St. Louis City 587,029 | Nodaway 28,833 | Ste. Genevieve 10,607 Johnson 26,297 | Oregon 14,681 | Saline 29,448 Knox 12,403 | | Schuyler 9,062 Laclede 17,363 | Osage 14,283 | Scotland 11,869 Lafayette 30,154 | Ozark 11,926 | Lawrence 26,583 | Pemiscot 19,559 | Scott 22,372 | Perry 14,898 | Shannon 11,443 Lewis 15,514 | Pettis 33,913 | Shelby 14,864 Lincoln 17,033 | | Stoddard 27,807 Linn 25,253 | Phelps 15,796 | Stone 11,559 Livingston 19,453 | Pike 22,556 | McDonald 13,539 | Platte 14,429 | Sullivan 18,598 | Polk 21,561 | Taney 9,134 Macon 30,358 | Pulaski 11,436 | Texas 21,458 Madison 11,273 | | Vernon 28,827 Maries 10,088 | Putnam 14,308 | Warren 9,123 Marion 30,572 | Ralls 12,913 | Mercer 13,355 | Randolph 26,182 | Washington 13,378 | Ray 21,451 | Wayne 15,181 Miller 16,717 | Reynolds 9,592 | Webster 17,377 Mississippi 14,557 | | Worth 8,007 Moniteau 14,375 | Ripley 13,099 | Wright 18,315 Monroe 18,304 | St. Charles 24,695 | TOTAL 3,293,338 MONTANA.--Area, 146,572 square miles. Beaverhead 6,446 | Gallatin 14,079 | Powell 5,904 Broadwater 3,491 | Granite 2,942 | Ravalli 11,666 Carbon 13,962 | Jefferson 5,601 | Rosebud 7,985 Cascade 28,833 | Lewis and Clark 21,853 | Sanders 3,713 Chouteau 17,191 | Lincoln 3,638 | Silver Bow 56,848 | | Sweet Grass 4,029 Custer 14,123 | Madison 7,229 | Dawson 12,725 | Meagher 4,190 | Teton 9,546 Deer Lodge 12,988 | Missoula 23,596 | Valley 13,630 Fergus 17,385 | Park 10,731 | Yellowstone 22,944 Flathead 18,785 | | TOTAL 376,053 NEBRASKA.--Area, 77,520 square miles. Adams 20,900 | Butler 15,403 | Dakota 6,564 Antelope 14,003 | Cass 19,786 | Dawes 8,254 Banner 1,444 | Cedar 15,191 | Dawson 15,961 Blaine 1,672 | Chase 3,613 | Deuel 1,786 Boone 13,145 | Cherry 10,414 | Dixon 11,477 | | Boxbutte 6,131 | Cheyenne 4,551 | Dodge 22,145 Boyd 8,826 | Clay 15,729 | Douglas 168,546 Brown 6,083 | Colfax 11,610 | Dundy 4,098 Buffalo 21,907 | Cuming 13,782 | Fillmore 14,674 Burt 12,726 | Custer 25,668 | Franklin 10,303 | | Frontier 8,572 | Kimball 1,942 | Richardson 17,448 Furnas 12,083 | Knox 18,358 | Rock 3,627 Gage 30,325 | Lancaster 73,793 | Saline 17,866 Garden 3,538 | Lincoln 15,684 | Garfield 3,417 | | Sarpy 9,274 | Logan 1,521 | Saunders 21,179 Gosper 4,933 | Loup 2,188 | Scotts Bluff 8,355 Grant 1,097 | McPherson 2,470 | Seward 15,895 Greeley 8,047 | Madison 19,101 | Sheridan 7,328 Hall 20,361 | Merrick 10,379 | Hamilton 13,459 | | Sherman 8,278 | Morrill 4,584 | Sioux 5,599 Harlan 9,578 | Nance 8,926 | Stanton 7,542 Hayes 3,011 | Nemaha 13,095 | Thayer 14,775 Hitchcock 5,415 | Nuckolls 13,019 | Thomas 1,191 Holt 15,545 | Otoe 19,323 | Hooker 981 | | Thurston 8,704 | Pawnee 10,582 | Valley 9,480 Howard 10,783 | Perkins 2,570 | Washington 12,738 Jefferson 16,852 | Phelps 10,451 | Wayne 10,397 Johnson 10,187 | Pierce 10,122 | Webster 12,008 Kearney 9,106 | Platte 19,006 | Keith 3,692 | | Wheeler 2,292 | Polk 10,521 | York 18,721 Keyapaha 3,452 | Redwillow 11,056 | TOTAL 1,192,214 NEVADA.--Area, 110,690 square miles. Churchill 2,811 | Eureka 1,830 | Nye 7,513 Clark 3,321 | Humboldt 6,825 | Ormsby 3,089 Douglas 1,895 | Lander 1,786 | Storey 3,045 Elko 8,133 | Lincoln 3,489 | Washoe 17,434 Esmeralda 9,695 | Lyon 3,568 | White Pine 7,441 TOTAL 81,875 NEW HAMPSHIRE.--Area, 9,341 square miles. Belknap 21,309 | Grafton 41,652 | Rockingham 52,188 Carroll 16,316 | | Strafford 38,951 Cheshire 30,659 | Hillsboro 126,072 | Sullivan 19,337 Coos 30,753 | Merrimack 53,335 | TOTAL 430,572 NEW JERSEY.--Area, 8,224 square miles. Atlantic 71,894 | Hudson 537,231 | Passaic 215,902 Bergen 138,002 | Hunterdon 33,569 | Salem 26,999 Burlington 66,565 | | Somerset 38,820 Camden 142,029 | Mercer 125,657 | Sussex 26,781 Cape May 19,745 | Middlesex 114,426 | Union 140,197 | Monmouth 94,734 | Cumberland 55,153 | Morris 74,704 | Warren 43,187 Essex 512,886 | Ocean 21,318 | Gloucester 37,368 | | TOTAL 2,537,167 NEW MEXICO.--Area, 122,634 square miles. Bernalillo 23,606 | Luna 3,913 | Sandoval 8,579 Chaves 16,850 | | Santa Fe 14,770 Colfax 16,460 | McKinley 12,963 | Curry 11,443 | Mora 12,611 | Sierra 3,536 Dona Ana 12,893 | Otero 7,069 | Socorro 14,761 | Quay 14,912 | Taos 12,008 Eddy 12,400 | Rio Arriba 16,719 | Torrance 10,119 Grant 14,813 | | Union 11,404 Guadalupe 10,927 | Roosevelt 12,064 | Lincoln 7,822 | San Juan 8,504 | Valencia 13,320 | San Miguel 22,930 | TOTAL 327,396 NEW YORK.--Area, 49,204 square miles. Albany 173,666 | Herkimer 56,356 | Rensselaer 122,276 Allegany 41,412 | Jefferson 80,382 | Richmond 85,969 Broome 78,809 | Kings 1,634,351 | Rockland 46,873 Cattaraugus 65,919 | Lewis 24,849 | St. Lawrence 89,005 Cayuga 67,106 | Livingston 38,037 | Saratoga 61,917 | | Chautauqua 105,126 | Madison 39,289 | Schenectady 88,235 Chemung 54,662 | Monroe 283,212 | Schoharie 23,355 Chenango 35,575 | Montgomery 57,567 | Schuyler 14,004 Clinton 48,230 | Nassau 83,930 | Seneca 26,972 Columbia 43,658 | New York 2,762,522 | Steuben 83,362 | | Cortland 29,249 | Niagara 92,036 | Suffolk 96,138 Delaware 45,575 | Oneida 154,157 | Sullivan 33,808 Dutchess 87,661 | Onondaga 200,298 | Tioga 25,624 Erie 528,985 | Ontario 52,286 | Tompkins 33,647 Essex 33,458 | Orange 116,001 | Ulster 91,769 | | Franklin 45,717 | Orleans 32,000 | Warren 32,223 Fulton 44,534 | Oswego 71,664 | Washington 47,778 Genesee 37,615 | Otsego 47,216 | Wayne 50,179 Greene 30,214 | Putnam 14,665 | Westchester 283,055 Hamilton 4,373 | Queens 284,041 | Wyoming 31,880 | | | | Yates 18,642 TOTAL 9,113,614 NORTH CAROLINA.--Area, 52,426 square miles. Alamance 28,712 | Burke 21,408 | Clay 3,909 Alexander 11,592 | Cabarrus 26,240 | Cleveland 29,494 Alleghany 7,745 | Caldwell 20,579 | Columbus 28,020 Anson 25,465 | Camden 5,640 | Craven 25,594 Ashe 19,074 | Carteret 13,776 | Cumberland 35,284 | | Beaufort 30,877 | Caswell 14,858 | Currituck 7,693 Bertie 23,039 | Catawba 27,918 | Dare 4,841 Bladen 18,006 | Chatham 22,635 | Davidson 29,404 Brunswick 14,432 | Cherokee 14,136 | Davie 13,394 Buncombe 49,798 | Chowan 11,303 | Duplin 25,442 | | Durham 35,276 | Lincoln 17,132 | Robeson 51,945 Edgecombe 32,010 | McDowell 13,538 | Rockingham 36,442 Forsyth 47,311 | Macon 12,191 | Rowan 37,521 Franklin 24,692 | | Rutherford 28,385 Gaston 37,063 | Madison 20,132 | Sampson 29,982 | Martin 17,797 | Gates 10,455 | Mecklenburg 67,031 | Scotland 15,363 Graham 4,749 | Mitchell 17,245 | Stanly 19,909 Granville 25,102 | Montgomery 14,967 | Stokes 20,151 Greene 13,083 | | Surry 29,705 Guilford 60,497 | Moore 17,010 | Swain 10,403 | Nash 33,727 | Halifax 37,646 | New Hanover 32,037 | Transylvania 7,191 Harnett 22,174 | Northampton 22,323 | Tyrrell 5,219 Haywood 21,020 | Onslow 14,125 | Union 33,277 Henderson 16,262 | | Vance 19,425 Hertford 15,436 | Orange 15,064 | Wake 63,229 | Pamlico 9,966 | Hyde 8,840 | Pasquotank 16,693 | Warren 20,266 Iredell 34,315 | Pender 15,471 | Washington 11,062 Jackson 12,998 | Perquimans 11,054 | Watauga 13,556 Johnston 41,401 | | Wayne 35,698 Jones 8,721 | Person 17,356 | Wilkes 30,282 | Pitt 36,340 | Lee 11,376 | Polk 7,640 | Wilson 28,269 Lenoir 22,769 | Randolph 29,491 | Yadkin 15,428 | Richmond 19,673 | Yancey 12,072 TOTAL 2,206,287 NORTH DAKOTA.--Area, 70,837 square miles. Adams 5,407 | Griggs 6,274 | Pierce 9,740 Barnes 18,066 | Hettinger 6,557 | Ramsey 15,199 Benson 12,681 | Kidder 5,962 | Ransom 10,345 Billings 10,186 | Lamoure 10,724 | Richland 19,659 Bottineau 17,295 | Logan 6,168 | Rolette 9,558 | | Bowman 4,668 | McHenry 17,627 | Sargent 9,202 Burleigh 13,087 | McIntosh 7,251 | Sheridan 8,103 Cass 33,935 | McKenzie 5,720 | Stark 12,504 Cavalier 15,659 | McLean 14,578 | Steele 7,616 Dickey 9,839 | Mercer 4,665 | Stutsman 18,189 | | Dunn 5,302 | Mountrail 8,491 | Towner 8,963 Eddy 4,800 | Morton 25,289 | Traill 12,545 Emmons 9,796 | Nelson 10,140 | Walsh 19,491 Foster 5,313 | Oliver 3,577 | Ward 42,185 Grand Forks 27,888 | Pembina 14,749 | Wells 11,814 | | | | Williams 20,249 TOTAL 577,056 OHIO.--Area, 41,040 square miles. Adams 24,755 | Auglaize 31,246 | Champaign 26,351 Allen 56,580 | Belmont 76,856 | Clark 66,435 Ashland 22,975 | Brown 24,832 | Clermont 29,551 Ashtabula 59,547 | Butler 70,271 | Clinton 23,680 Athens 47,798 | Carroll 15,761 | Columbiana 76,619 | | Coshocton 30,121 | Jefferson 65,423 | Pike 15,723 Crawford 34,036 | Knox 30,181 | Portage 30,307 Cuyahoga 637,425 | Lake 22,927 | Preble 23,834 Darke 42,933 | Lawrence 39,488 | Putnam 29,972 Defiance 24,498 | Licking 55,590 | Richland 47,667 | | Delaware 27,182 | Logan 30,084 | Ross 40,069 Erie 38,327 | Lorain 76,037 | Sandusky 35,171 Fairfield 39,201 | Lucas 192,728 | Scioto 48,463 Fayette 21,744 | Madison 19,902 | Seneca 42,421 Franklin 221,567 | Mahoning 116,151 | Shelby 24,663 | | Fulton 23,914 | Marion 33,971 | Stark 122,987 Gallia 25,745 | Medina 23,598 | Summit 108,253 Geauga 14,670 | Meigs 25,594 | Trumbull 52,766 Greene 29,733 | Mercer 27,536 | Tuscarawas 57,035 Guernsey 42,716 | Miami 45,047 | Union 21,871 | | Hamilton 460,732 | Monroe 24,244 | Van Wert 29,119 Hancock 37,860 | Montgomery 163,763 | Vinton 13,096 Hardin 30,407 | Morgan 16,097 | Warren 24,497 Harrison 19,076 | Morrow 16,815 | Washington 45,422 Henry 25,119 | Muskingum 57,488 | Wayne 38,058 | | Highland 28,711 | Noble 18,601 | Williams 25,198 Hocking 23,650 | Ottawa 22,360 | Wood 46,330 Holmes 17,909 | Paulding 22,730 | Wyandot 20,760 Huron 34,206 | Perry 35,396 | Jackson 30,791 | Pickaway 26,158 | TOTAL 4,767,121 OKLAHOMA.--Area, 70,057 square miles. Adair 10,535 | Dewey 14,132 | Logan 31,740 Alfalfa 18,138 | Ellis 15,375 | Love 10,236 Atoka 13,808 | Garfield 33,050 | McClain 15,659 Beaver 13,631 | Garvin 26,545 | McCurtain 20,681 Beckham 19,699 | Grady 30,309 | McIntosh 20,961 | | Blaine 17,960 | Grant 18,760 | Major 15,248 Bryan 29,854 | Greer 16,449 | Marshall 11,619 Caddo 35,685 | Harmon 11,328 | Mayes 13,596 Canadian 23,501 | Harper 8,189 | Murray 12,744 Carter 25,358 | Haskell 18,875 | Muskogee 52,743 | | Cherokee 16,778 | Hughes 24,040 | Noble 14,945 Choctaw 21,862 | Jackson 23,737 | Nowata 14,223 Cimarron 4,553 | Jefferson 17,430 | Okfuskee 19,995 Cleveland 18,843 | Johnston 16,734 | Oklahoma 85,232 Coal 15,817 | Kay 26,999 | Okmulgee 21,115 | | Comanche 41,489 | Kingfisher 18,825 | Osage 20,101 Craig 17,404 | Kiowa 27,526 | Ottawa 15,713 Creek 26,223 | Latimer 11,321 | Pawnee 17,332 Custer 23,231 | Le Flore 29,127 | Payne 23,735 Delaware 11,469 | Lincoln 34,779 | Pittsburg 47,650 | | Pontotoc 24,331 | Seminole 19,964 | Tulsa 34,995 Pottawatomie 43,595 | Sequoyah 25,005 | Wagoner 22,086 Pushmataha 10,118 | Stephens 22,252 | Washington 17,484 Roger Mills 12,861 | Texas 14,249 | Washita 25,034 Rogers 17,736 | Tillman 18,650 | Woods 17,567 | | | | Woodward 16,592 TOTAL 1,657,155 OREGON.--Area, 96,699 square miles. Baker 18,076 | Hood River 8,016 | Multnomah 226,261 Benton 10,663 | Jackson 25,756 | Polk 13,469 Clackamas 29,931 | Josephine 9,567 | Clatsop 16,106 | | Sherman 4,242 Columbia 10,580 | Klamath 8,554 | Tillamook 6,266 | Lake 4,658 | Umatilla 20,309 Coos 17,959 | Lane 33,783 | Union 16,191 Crook 9,315 | Lincoln 5,587 | Wallowa 8,364 Curry 2,044 | Linn 22,662 | Douglas 19,674 | | Wasco 16,336 Gilliam 3,701 | Malheur 8,601 | Washington 21,522 | Marion 39,780 | Wheeler 2,484 Grant 5,607 | Morrow 4,357 | Yamhill 18,285 Harney 4,059 | | TOTAL 672,765 PENNSYLVANIA.--Area, 45,126 square miles. Adams 34,319 | Erie 115,517 | Northampton 127,667 Allegheny 1,018,463 | | Northumberland 111,420 Armstrong 67,880 | Fayette 167,449 | Perry 24,136 Beaver 78,353 | Forest 9,435 | Bedford 38,879 | Franklin 59,775 | Philadelphia 1,549,008 | Fulton 9,703 | Pike 8,033 Berks 183,222 | Greene 28,882 | Potter 29,729 Blair 108,858 | | Schuylkill 207,894 Bradford 54,526 | Huntingdon 38,304 | Snyder 16,800 Bucks 76,530 | Indiana 66,210 | Butler 72,689 | Jefferson 63,090 | Somerset 67,717 | Juniata 15,013 | Sullivan 11,293 Cambria 166,131 | Lackawanna 259,570 | Susquehanna 37,746 Cameron 7,644 | | Tioga 42,829 Carbon 52,846 | Lancaster 167,029 | Union 16,249 Center 43,424 | Lawrence 70,032 | Chester 109,213 | Lebanon 59,565 | Venango 56,359 | Lehigh 118,832 | Warren 39,573 Clarion 36,638 | Luzerne 343,186 | Washington 143,680 Clearfield 93,768 | | Wayne 29,236 Clinton 31,545 | Lycoming 80,813 | Westmoreland 231,304 Columbia 48,467 | McKean 47,868 | Crawford 61,565 | Mercer 77,699 | Wyoming 15,509 | Mifflin 27,785 | York 136,405 Cumberland 54,479 | Monroe 22,941 | Dauphin 136,152 | | Delaware 117,906 | Montgomery 169,590 | Elk 35,871 | Montour 14,868 | TOTAL 7,665,111 RHODE ISLAND.--Area, 1,248 square miles. Bristol 17,602 | Newport 39,335 | Washington 24,942 Kent 36,378 | Providence 424,417 | TOTAL 542,674 SOUTH CAROLINA.--Area, 30,989 square miles. Abbeville 34,804 | Dillon 22,615 | Marion 20,596 Aiken 41,849 | Dorchester 17,891 | Marlboro 31,189 Anderson 69,568 | Edgefield 28,281 | Newberry 34,586 Bamberg 18,544 | Fairfield 29,442 | Oconee 27,337 Barnwell 34,209 | Florence 35,671 | Orangeburg 55,893 | | Beaufort 30,355 | Georgetown 22,270 | Pickens 25,422 Berkeley 23,487 | Greenville 68,377 | Richland 55,143 Calhoun 16,634 | Greenwood 34,225 | Saluda 20,943 Charleston 88,594 | Hampton 25,126 | Spartanburg 83,465 Cherokee 26,179 | Horry 26,995 | Sumter 38,472 | | Chester 29,425 | Kershaw 27,094 | Union 29,911 Chesterfield 26,301 | Lancaster 26,650 | Williamsburg 37,626 Clarendon 32,188 | Laurens 41,550 | York 47,718 Colleton 35,390 | Lee 25,318 | Darlington 36,027 | Lexington 32,040 | TOTAL 1,515,400 SOUTH DAKOTA.--Area, 77,615 square miles. Armstrong 647 | Fall River 7,763 | Minnehaha 29,631 Aurora 6,143 | Faulk 6,716 | Beadle 15,776 | Grant 10,303 | Moody 8,695 Bonhomme 11,061 | | Pennington 12,453 Brookings 14,178 | Gregory 13,061 | Perkins 11,348 | Hamlin 7,475 | Potter 4,466 Brown 25,867 | Hand 7,870 | Roberts 14,897 Brule 6,451 | Hanson 6,237 | Buffalo 1,589 | Harding 4,228 | Sanborn 6,607 Butte 4,993 | | Schnasse 292 Campbell 5,244 | Hughes 6,271 | Spink 15,981 | Hutchinson 12,319 | Stanley 14,975 Charles Mix 14,899 | Hyde 3,307 | Sterling 252 Clark 10,901 | Jerauld 5,120 | Clay 8,711 | Kingsbury 12,560 | Sully 2,462 Codington 14,092 | | Tripp 8,323 Corson 2,929 | Lake 10,711 | Turner 13,840 | Lawrence 19,694 | Union 10,676 Custer 4,458 | Lincoln 12,712 | Walworth 6,488 Davison 11,625 | Lyman 10,848 | Day 14,372 | McCook 9,589 | Yankton 13,135 Deuel 7,768 | | Pine Ridge Indian Dewey 1,145 | McPherson 6,791 | Reservation 6,607 | Marshall 8,021 | Rosebud Indian Douglas 6,400 | Meade 12,640 | Reservation 3,960 Edmunds 7,654 | Miner 7,661 | TOTAL 583,888 TENNESSEE.--Area, 42,022 square miles. Anderson 17,717 | Hancock 10,778 | Morgan 11,458 Bedford 22,667 | Hardeman 23,011 | Obion 29,946 Benton 12,452 | | Overton 15,854 Bledsoe 6,329 | Hardin 17,521 | Perry 8,815 Blount 20,809 | Hawkins 23,587 | Pickett 5,087 | Haywood 25,910 | Bradley 16,336 | Henderson 17,030 | Polk 14,116 Campbell 27,387 | Henry 25,434 | Putnam 20,023 Cannon 10,825 | | Rhea 15,410 Carroll 23,971 | Hickman 16,527 | Roane 22,860 Carter 19,838 | Houston 6,224 | Robertson 25,466 | Humphreys 13,908 | Cheatham 10,540 | Jackson 15,036 | Rutherford 33,199 Chester 9,090 | James 5,210 | Scott 12,947 Claiborne 23,504 | | Sequatchie 4,202 Clay 9,009 | Jefferson 17,755 | Sevier 22,296 Cocke 19,399 | Johnson 13,191 | Shelby 191,439 | Knox 94,187 | Coffee 15,625 | Lake 8,704 | Smith 18,548 Crockett 16,076 | Lauderdale 21,105 | Stewart 14,860 Cumberland 9,327 | | Sullivan 28,120 Davidson 149,478 | Lawrence 17,569 | Sumner 25,621 Decatur 10,093 | Lewis 6,033 | Tipton 29,459 | Lincoln 25,908 | Dekalb 15,434 | Loudon 13,612 | Trousdale 5,874 Dickson 19,955 | McMinn 21,046 | Unicoi 7,201 Dyer 27,721 | | Union 11,414 Fayette 30,257 | McNairy 16,356 | Van Buren 2,784 Fentress 7,446 | Macon 14,559 | Warren 16,534 | Madison 39,357 | Franklin 20,491 | Marion 18,820 | Washington 28,968 Gibson 41,630 | Marshall 16,872 | Wayne 12,062 Giles 32,629 | | Weakley 31,929 Grainger 13,888 | Maury 40,456 | White 5,420 Greene 31,083 | Meigs 6,131 | Williamson 24,213 | Monroe 20,716 | Grundy 8,322 | Montgomery 33,672 | Wilson 25,394 Hamblen 13,650 | Moore 4,800 | Hamilton 89,267 | | TOTAL 2,184,739 TEXAS.--Area, 265,896 square miles. Anderson 29,650 | Bastrop 25,344 | Brazos 18,919 Andrews 975 | Baylor 8,411 | Brewster 5,220 Angelina 17,705 | Bee 12,090 | Briscoe 2,162 Aransas 2,106 | Bell 49,186 | Brown 22,935 Archer 6,525 | Bexar 119,676 | Burleson 18,687 | | Armstrong 2,682 | Blanco 4,311 | Burnet 10,755 Atascosa 10,004 | Borden 1,386 | Caldwell 24,237 Austin 17,699 | Bosque 19,013 | Calhoun 3,635 Bailey 312 | Bowie 4,827 | Callahan 12,973 Bandera 4,921 | Brazoria 13,299 | Cameron 27,158 | | Camp 9,551 | Gaines 1,255 | Knox 9,625 Carson 2,127 | Galveston 44,479 | La Salle 4,747 Cass 27,587 | Garza 1,995 | Lamar 46,544 Castro 1,850 | Gillespie 9,447 | Lamb 540 Chambers 4,234 | Glasscock 1,143 | Lampasas 9,532 | | Cherokee 29,038 | Goliad 9,909 | Lavaca 26,418 Childress 9,538 | Gonzales 28,055 | Lee 13,132 Clay 17,043 | Gray 3,405 | Leon 16,583 Cochran 65 | Grayson 65,996 | Liberty 10,686 Coke 6,412 | Gregg 14,140 | Limestone 34,621 | | Coleman 22,618 | Grimes 21,205 | Lipscomb 2,634 Collin 49,021 | Guadalupe 24,913 | Live Oak 3,442 Collingsworth 5,224 | Hale 7,566 | Llano 6,520 Colorado 18,897 | Hall 8,279 | Loving 249 Comal 8,434 | Hamilton 15,315 | Lubbock 3,624 | | Comanche 27,186 | Hansford 935 | Lynn 1,713 Concho 6,654 | Hardeman 11,213 | McCulloch 13,405 Cooke 26,603 | Hardin 12,947 | McLennan 73,250 Coryell 21,703 | Harris 115,693 | McMullen 1,091 Cottle 4,396 | Harrison 37,243 | Madison 10,318 | | Crane 331 | Hartley 1,298 | Marion 10,472 Crockett 1,296 | Haskell 16,249 | Martin 1,549 Crosby 1,765 | Hays 15,518 | Mason 5,683 Dallam 4,001 | Hemphill 3,170 | Matagorda 13,594 Dallas 135,748 | Henderson 20,131 | Maverick 5,151 | | Dawson 2,320 | Hidalgo 13,728 | Medina 13,415 De Witt 23,501 | Hill 46,760 | Menard 2,707 Deaf Smith 3,942 | Hockley 137 | Midland 3,464 Delta 14,566 | Hood 10,008 | Milam 36,780 Denton 31,258 | Hopkins 31,038 | Mills 9,694 | | Dickens 3,092 | Houston 29,564 | Mitchell 8,956 Dimmit 3,460 | Howard 8,881 | Montague 25,123 Donley 5,284 | Hunt 48,116 | Montgomery 15,679 Duval 8,964 | Hutchinson 892 | Moore 561 Eastland 23,421 | Irion 1,283 | Morris 10,439 | | Ector 1,178 | Jack 11,817 | Motley 2,396 Edwards 3,768 | Jackson 6,471 | Nacogdoches 27,406 El Paso 52,599 | Jasper 14,000 | Navarro 47,070 Ellis 53,629 | Jeff Davis 1,678 | Newton 10,850 Erath 32,095 | Jefferson 38,182 | Nolan 11,999 | | Falls 35,649 | Johnson 34,460 | Nueces 21,955 Fannin 44,801 | Jones 24,299 | Ochiltree 1,602 Fayette 29,796 | Karnes 14,942 | Oldham 812 Fisher 12,596 | Kaufman 35,323 | Orange 9,528 Floyd 4,638 | Kendall 4,517 | Palo Pinto 19,506 | | Foard 5,726 | Kent 2,655 | Panola 20,424 Fort Bend 18,168 | Kerr 5,505 | Parker 26,331 Franklin 9,331 | Kimble 3,261 | Parmer 1,555 Freestone 20,557 | King 810 | Pecos 2,071 Frio 8,895 | Kinney 3,401 | Polk 17,459 | | Potter 12,424 | Sherman 1,376 | Val Verde 8,613 Presidio 5,218 | Smith 41,746 | Rains 6,787 | Somervell 3,931 | Van Zandt 25,651 Randall 3,312 | | Victoria 14,990 Reagan 392 | Starr 13,151 | Walker 16,061 | Stephens 7,980 | Waller 12,138 Red River 28,564 | Sterling 1,493 | Ward 2,389 Reeves 4,392 | Stonewall 5,320 | Refugio 2,814 | Sutton 1,569 | Washington 25,561 Roberts 950 | | Webb 22,503 Robertson 27,454 | Swisher 4,012 | Wharton 21,123 | Tarrant 108,572 | Wheeler 5,258 Rockwall 8,072 | Taylor 26,293 | Wichita 16,094 Runnels 20,858 | Terrell 1,430 | Rusk 26,946 | Terry 1,474 | Wilbarger 12,000 Sabine 8,582 | | Williamson 42,228 San Augustine 11,264 | Throckmorton 4,563 | Wilson 17,066 | Titus 16,422 | Winkler 442 San Jacinto 9,542 | Tom Green 17,882 | Wise 26,450 San Patricio 7,307 | Travis 55,620 | San Saba 11,245 | Trinity 12,768 | Wood 23,417 Schleicher 1,893 | | Yoakum 602 Scurry 10,924 | Tyler 10,250 | Young 13,657 | Upshur 19,960 | Zapata 3,809 Shackelford 4,201 | Upton 501 | Zavalla 1,889 Shelby 26,423 | Uvalde 11,233 | TOTAL 3,896,542 UTAH.--Area, 84,990 square miles. Beaver 4,717 | Kane 1,652 | Tooele 7,924 Boxelder 13,894 | Millard 6,118 | Uinta 7,050 Cache 23,062 | Morgan 2,467 | Utah 37,942 Carbon 8,624 | Piute 1,734 | Wasatch 8,920 Davis 10,191 | Rich 1,883 | Washington 5,123 | | Emery 6,750 | Salt Lake 131,426 | Wayne 1,749 Garfield 3,660 | San Juan 2,377 | Weber 35,179 Grand 1,595 | Sanpete 16,704 | Iron 3,933 | Sevier 9,775 | Juab 10,702 | Summit 8,200 | TOTAL 373,351 VERMONT.--Area, 9,564 square miles. Addison 20,010 | Franklin 29,866 | Rutland 48,139 Bennington 21,378 | Grand Isle 3,761 | Washington 41,702 Caledonia 26,031 | Lamoille 12,585 | Windham 26,932 Chittenden 42,447 | Orange 18,703 | Windsor 33,681 Essex 7,384 | Orleans 23,337 | TOTAL 355,956 VIRGINIA.--Area, 42,627 square miles. Accomac 36,650 | Amherst 18,932 | Bland 5,154 Albemarle 29,871 | Appomattox 8,904 | Botetourt 17,727 Alexandria 10,231 | Augusta 32,445 | Brunswick 19,244 Alleghany 14,173 | Bath 6,538 | Buchanan 12,334 Amelia 8,720 | Bedford 29,549 | Buckingham 15,204 | | Campbell 23,043 | Highland 5,317 | Prince Edward 14,266 Caroline 16,596 | Isle of Wight 14,929 | Prince George 7,848 Carroll 21,116 | James City 3,624 | Charles City 5,253 | King and Queen 9,576 | Prince William 12,026 Charlotte 15,785 | King George 6,378 | Princess Anne 11,526 | | Pulaski 17,246 Chesterfield 21,299 | King William 8,547 | Rappahannock 8,044 Clarke 7,468 | Lancaster 9,752 | Richmond 7,415 Craig 4,711 | Lee 23,840 | Culpeper 13,472 | Loudoun 21,167 | Roanoke 19,623 Cumberland 9,195 | Louisa 16,578 | Rockbridge 21,171 | | Rockingham 34,903 Dickenson 9,199 | Lunenburg 12,780 | Russell 23,474 Dinwiddie 15,442 | Madison 10,055 | Scott 23,814 Elizabeth City 21,225 | Mathews 8,922 | Essex 9,105 | Mecklenburg 28,956 | Shenandoah 20,942 Fairfax 20,536 | Middlesex 8,852 | Smyth 20,326 | | Southampton 26,302 Fauquier 22,526 | Montgomery 17,268 | Spotsylvania 9,935 Floyd 14,092 | Nansemond 26,886 | Stafford 8,070 Fluvanna 8,323 | Nelson 16,821 | Franklin 26,480 | New Kent 4,682 | Surry 9,715 Frederick 12,787 | Norfolk 52,744 | Sussex 13,664 | | Tazewell 24,946 Giles 11,623 | Northampton 16,672 | Warren 8,589 Gloucester 12,477 | Northumberland 10,777 | Warwick 6,041 Goochland 9,237 | Nottoway 13,462 | Grayson 19,856 | Orange 13,486 | Washington 32,830 Greene 6,937 | Page 14,147 | Westmoreland 9,313 | | Wise 34,162 Greenesville 11,890 | Patrick 17,195 | Wythe 20,372 Halifax 40,044 | Pittsylvania 50,709 | York 7,757 Hanover 17,200 | Powhatan 6,099 | Henrico 23,437 | | Henry 18,459 | | TOTAL 2,061,612 WASHINGTON.--Area, 69,127 square miles. Adams 10,920 | Grant 8,698 | Pierce 120,812 Asotin 5,831 | Island 4,704 | San Juan 3,603 Benton 7,937 | | Skagit 29,241 Chehalis 35,590 | Jefferson 8,337 | Skamania 2,887 Chelan 15,104 | King 284,638 | Snohomish 59,209 | Kitsap 17,647 | Clallam 6,755 | Kittitas 18,561 | Spokane 139,404 Clarke 26,115 | Klickitat 10,180 | Stevens 25,297 Columbia 7,042 | | Thurston 17,581 Cowlitz 12,561 | Lewis 32,127 | Wahkiakum 3,285 Douglas 9,227 | Lincoln 17,539 | Walla Walla 31,931 | Mason 5,156 | Ferry 4,800 | Okanogan 12,887 | Whatcom 49,511 Franklin 5,153 | Pacific 12,532 | Whitman 33,280 Garfield 4,199 | | Yakima 41,709 TOTAL 1,141,990 WEST VIRGINIA.--Area, 24,170 square miles. Barbour 15,858 | Kanawha 81,457 | Pocahontas 14,740 Berkeley 21,999 | | Preston 26,341 Boone 10,331 | Lewis 18,281 | Putnam 18,587 Braxton 23,023 | Lincoln 20,491 | Brooke 11,098 | Logan 14,476 | Raleigh 25,633 | McDowell 47,856 | Randolph 26,028 Cabell 46,685 | Marion 42,794 | Ritchie 17,875 Calhoun 11,258 | | Roane 21,543 Clay 10,233 | Marshall 32,388 | Summers 18,420 Doddridge 12,672 | Mason 23,019 | Fayette 51,903 | Mercer 38,371 | Taylor 16,554 | Mineral 16,674 | Tucker 18,675 Gilmer 11,379 | Mingo 19,431 | Tyler 16,211 Grant 7,838 | | Upshur 16,629 Greenbrier 24,833 | Monongalia 24,334 | Wayne 24,081 Hampshire 11,694 | Monroe 13,055 | Hancock 10,465 | Morgan 7,848 | Webster 9,680 | Nicholas 17,699 | Wetzel 23,855 Hardy 9,163 | Ohio 57,572 | Wirt 9,047 Harrison 48,381 | | Wood 38,001 Jackson 20,956 | Pendleton 9,349 | Wyoming 10,392 Jefferson 15,889 | Pleasants 8,074 | TOTAL 1,221,119 WISCONSIN.--Area, 56,066 square miles. Adams 8,604 | Iowa 22,497 | Polk 21,367 Ashland 21,965 | | Portage 30,945 Barron 29,114 | Iron 8,306 | Price 13,795 Bayfield 15,987 | Jackson 17,075 | Brown 54,098 | Jefferson 34,306 | Racine 57,424 | Juneau 19,569 | Richland 18,809 Buffalo 16,006 | Kenosha 32,929 | Rock 55,538 Burnett 9,026 | | Rusk 11,160 Calumet 16,701 | Kewaunee 16,784 | St. Croix 25,910 Chippewa 32,103 | La Crosse 43,996 | Clark 30,074 | Lafayette 20,075 | Sauk 32,869 | Langlade 17,062 | Sawyer 6,227 Columbia 31,129 | Lincoln 19,064 | Shawano 31,884 Crawford 16,288 | | Sheboygan 54,888 Dane 77,435 | Manitowoc 44,978 | Taylor 13,641 Dodge 47,436 | Marathon 55,054 | Door 18,711 | Marinette 33,812 | Trempealeau 22,928 | Marquette 10,741 | Vernon 28,116 Douglas 47,422 | Milwaukee 433,187 | Vilas 6,019 Dunn 25,260 | | Walworth 29,614 Eau Claire 32,721 | Monroe 28,881 | Washburn 8,196 Florence 3,381 | Oconto 25,657 | Fond du Lac 51,610 | Oneida 11,433 | Washington 23,784 | Outagamie 49,102 | Waukesha 37,100 Forest 6,782 | Ozaukee 17,123 | Waupaca 32,782 Grant 39,007 | | Waushara 18,886 Green 21,641 | Pepin 7,577 | Winnebago 62,116 Green Lake 15,491 | Pierce 22,079 | | | Wood 30,583 TOTAL 2,333,860 WYOMING.--Area, 97,914 square miles. Albany 11,574 | Fremont 11,822 | Sheridan 16,324 Bighorn 8,886 | Johnson 3,453 | Sweetwater 11,575 Carbon 11,282 | Laramie 26,127 | Uinta 16,982 Converse 6,294 | Natrona 4,766 | Weston 4,960 Crook 6,492 | Park 4,909 | National Park | | Reservation 519 TOTAL 145,935 POPULATION OF CITIES OF THE UNITED STATES _Census of 1910_ Cities of over 100,000 population Albany, N. Y. 100,253 | Minneapolis, Minn. 301,408 Atlanta, Ga. 154,839 | Nashville, Tenn. 110,364 Baltimore, Md. 558,485 | Newark, N. J. 347,469 Birmingham, Ala. 132,685 | New Haven, Conn. 133,605 Boston, Mass. 670,585 | New Orleans, La. 339,075 | Bridgeport, Conn. 102,054 | New York, N. Y. 4,766,883 Buffalo, N. Y. 423,715 | Oakland, Cal. 150,174 Cambridge, Mass. 104,839 | Omaha, Neb. 124,096 Chicago, Ill. 2,185,283 | Paterson, N. J. 125,600 Cincinnati, Ohio 364,463 | Philadelphia, Pa. 1,549,008 | Cleveland, Ohio 560,663 | Pittsburgh, Pa. 533,905 Columbus, Ohio 181,548 | Portland, Ore. 207,214 Dayton, Ohio 116,577 | Providence, R. I. 224,326 Denver, Colo. 213,381 | Richmond, Va. 127,628 Detroit, Mich. 465,766 | Rochester, N. Y. 218,149 | Fall River, Mass. 119,295 | St. Louis, Mo. 687,029 Grand Rapids, Mich. 112,571 | St. Paul, Minn. 214,744 Indianapolis, Ind. 233,650 | San Francisco, Cal. 416,912 Jersey City, N. J. 267,779 | Scranton, Pa. 129,867 Kansas City, Mo. 248,381 | Seattle, Wash. 237,194 | Los Angeles, Cal. 319,198 | Spokane, Wash. 104,402 Louisville, Ky. 223,928 | Syracuse, N. Y. 137,249 Lowell, Mass. 106,294 | Toledo, Ohio 168,497 Memphis, Tenn. 131,105 | Washington, D. C. 331,069 Milwaukee, Wis. 373,857 | Worcester, Mass. 145,986 Cities of from 25,000 to 100,000 population Akron, Ohio 69,067 | Auburn, N. Y. 34,668 Allentown, Pa. 51,913 | Augusta, Ga. 41,040 Altoona, Pa. 52,127 | Aurora, Ill. 29,807 Amsterdam, N. Y. 31,267 | Austin, Tex. 29,860 Atlantic City, N. J. 46,150 | Battle Creek, Mich. 25,267 Bay City, Mich. 45,166 | Hoboken, N. J. 70,324 Bayonne, N. J. 55,545 | Holyoke, Mass. 57,730 Berkeley, Cal. 40,434 | Houston, Tex. 78,800 Binghamton, N. Y. 48,443 | Huntington, W. Va. 31,161 Bloomington, Ill. 25,768 | Jackson, Mich. 31,433 | Brockton, Mass. 56,878 | Jacksonville, Fla. 57,699 Brookline, Mass. 27,792 | Jamestown, N. Y. 31,297 Butte, Mont. 39,165 | Johnstown, Pa. 55,482 Camden, N. J. 94,538 | Joliet, Ill. 34,670 Canton, Ohio 50,217 | Joplin, Mo. 32,073 | Cedar Rapids, Iowa 32,811 | Kalamazoo, Mich. 39,437 Charleston, S. C. 58,833 | Kansas City, Kans. 82,331 Charlotte, N. C. 34,014 | Kingston, N. Y. 25,908 Chattanooga, Tenn. 44,604 | Knoxville, Tenn. 36,346 Chelsea, Mass. 32,452 | La Crosse, Wis. 30,417 | Chester, Pa. 38,537 | Lancaster, Pa. 47,227 Chicopee, Mass. 25,401 | Lansing, Mich. 31,229 Clinton, Iowa 25,577 | Lawrence, Mass. 85,892 Colorado Springs, Colo. 29,078 | Lewiston, Me. 26,247 Columbia, S. C. 26,319 | Lexington, Ky. 35,099 | Council Bluffs, Iowa 29,292 | Lima, Ohio 30,508 Covington, Ky. 53,270 | Lincoln, Nebr. 43,973 Dallas, Tex. 92,104 | Little Rock, Ark. 45,941 Danville, Ill. 27,871 | Lorain, Ohio 28,883 Davenport, Iowa 43,028 | Lynchburg, Va. 29,494 | Decatur, Ill. 31,140 | Lynn, Mass. 89,336 Des Moines, Iowa 86,368 | Macon, Ga. 40,665 Dubuque, Iowa 38,494 | McKeesport, Pa. 42,694 Duluth, Minn. 78,466 | Madison, Wis. 25,531 Easton, Pa. 28,523 | Malden, Mass. 44,404 | East Orange, N. J. 34,371 | Manchester, N. H. 70,063 East St. Louis, Ill. 58,547 | Meriden, Conn. 27,265 El Paso, Tex. 39,279 | Mobile, Ala. 51,521 Elgin, Ill. 25,976 | Montgomery, Ala. 38,136 Elizabeth, N. J. 73,409 | Mount Vernon, N. Y. 30,919 | Elmira, N. Y. 37,176 | Muskogee, Okla. 25,278 Erie, Pa. 66,525 | Nashua, N. H. 26,005 Evansville, Ind. 69,647 | Newark, Ohio 25,404 Everett, Mass. 33,484 | New Bedford, Mass. 96,652 Fitchburg, Mass. 37,826 | New Britain, Conn. 43,916 | Flint, Mich. 38,550 | Newburgh, N. Y. 27,805 Fort Wayne, Ind. 63,933 | Newcastle, Pa. 36,280 Fort Worth, Tex. 73,312 | Newport, Ky. 30,309 Galveston, Tex. 36,981 | Newport, R. I. 27,149 Green Bay, Wis. 25,236 | New Rochelle, N. Y. 28,867 | Hamilton, Ohio 35,279 | Newton, Mass. 39,806 Harrisburg, Pa. 64,186 | Niagara Falls, N. Y. 30,445 Hartford, Conn. 98,915 | Norfolk, Va. 67,452 Haverhill, Mass. 44,115 | Norristown, Pa. 27,875 Hazleton, Pa. 25,452 | Ogden, Utah 25,580 Oklahoma City, Okla. 64,205 | South Omaha, Nebr. 26,259 Orange, N. J. 29,630 | Springfield, Ill. 51,678 Oshkosh, Wis. 33,062 | Springfield, Mass. 88,926 Pasadena, Cal. 30,291 | Springfield, Mo. 35,201 Passaic, N. J. 54,773 | Springfield, Ohio. 46,921 | Pawtucket, R. I. 51,622 | Stamford, Conn. 25,138 Peoria, Ill. 66,950 | Superior, Wis. 40,384 Perth Amboy, N. J. 32,121 | Tacoma, Wash. 83,743 Pittsfield, Mass. 32,121 | Tampa, Fla. 37,782 Portland, Me. 58,571 | Taunton, Mass. 34,259 | Portsmouth, Va. 33,190 | Terre Haute, Ind. 58,157 Poughkeepsie, N. Y. 27,936 | Topeka, Kans. 43,684 Pueblo Colo. 44,395 | Trenton, N. J. 96,815 Quincy, Ill. 36,587 | Troy, N. Y. 76,813 Quincy, Mass. 32,642 | Utica N. Y. 74,419 | Racine, Wis. 38,002 | Waco, Tex. 26,425 Heading, Pa. 96,071 | Waltham, Mass. 27,834 Roanoke, Va. 34,874 | Warwick, R. I. 26,629 Rockford, Ill. 45,401 | Waterbury, Conn. 73,141 Sacramento, Cal. 44,696 | Waterloo, Iowa 26,693 | Saginaw, Mich. 50,510 | Watertown, N. Y. 26,730 St. Joseph, Mo. 77,403 | West Hoboken, N. J. 35,403 Salem, Mass. 43,697 | Wheeling, W. Va. 41,641 Salt Lake City, Utah 92,777 | Wichita, Kans. 52,450 San Antonio, Tex. 96,614 | Wilkes-Barre, Pa. 67,105 | San Diego, Cal. 39,578 | Williamsport, Pa. 31,860 San Jose, Cal. 28,946 | Wilmington, Del. 87,411 Savannah, Ga. 65,064 | Wilmington, N. C. 25,748 Schenectady, N. Y. 72,826 | Woonsocket, R. I. 38,125 Sheboygan, Wis. 26,398 | Yonkers, N. Y. 79,803 | Shenandoah, Pa. 25,774 | York, Pa. 44,750 Shreveport, La. 28,015 | Youngstown, Ohio 79,066 Sioux City, Iowa 47,828 | Zanesville, Ohio 28,026 Somerville, Mass. 77,236 | South Bend, Ind. 53,684 | NUMBER, ACREAGE, AND VALUE OF FARMS, BY STATES: 1910. -------+---------+-----------+---------------+--------------+-------------- | NUMBER | LAND | VALUE OF | VALUE OF | IMPLEMENTS | OF | IN | FARMS. | FARMS. | AND STATE.| FARMS. | FARMS. | (LAND.) | (BUILDINGS.) | MACHINERY. | | (ACRES.) | | | -------+---------+-----------+---------------+--------------+-------------- The United | | | | States |6,398,491| 75,788,000|$28,457,789,000|$6,302,777,000|$1,270,528,000 Alabama 262,720| 20,713,000| 216,510,000| 71,163,000| 16,279,000 Arizona 8,078| 1,242,000| 42,116,000| 4,918,000| 1,779,000 Arkansas 214,275| 17,377,000| 245,137,000| 62,992,000| 16,806,000 California 87,670| 27,883,000| 1,315,718,000| 132,842,000| 36,393,000 Colorado 45,839| 13,448,000| 361,680,000| 45,335,000| 12,761,000 Connecticut | | | | | 26,431| 2,176,000| 71,527,000| 65,094,000| 6,865,000 Delaware 10,800| 1,037,000| 34,810,000| 18,117,000| 3,202,000 District of | | | | Columbia 214| 6,000| 5,466,000| 835,000| 62,000 Florida 49,834| 5,231,000| 93,288,000| 24,335,000| 4,429,000 Georgia 290,499| 26,866,000| 369,120,000| 108,483,000| 20,883,000 Idaho | 30,741| 5,269,000| 219,346,000| 25,074,000| 10,459,000 Illinois 250,853| 32,471,000| 3,081,564,000| 429,630,000| 73,533,000 Indiana 214,741| 21,264,000| 1,325,475,000| 264,750,000| 40,880,000 Iowa | 216,807| 33,905,000| 2,799,025,000| 454,694,000| 95,273,000 Kansas | 177,299| 43,261,000| 1,534,552,000| 199,101,000| 48,244,000 Kentucky 258,742| 22,159,000| 483,127,000| 150,655,000| 20,793,000 Louisiana 120,270| 10,519,000| 189,071,000| 49,611,000| 18,951,000 Maine | 59,773| 6,291,000| 85,923,000| 72,753,000| 14,476,000 Maryland 48,769| 5,051,000| 163,023,000| 77,751,000| 11,845,000 Massachusetts | | | | | 36,512| 2,870,000| 104,273,000| 87,025,000| 11,512,000 Michigan 206,376| 18,913,000| 612,143,000| 284,914,000| 49,771,000 Minnesota 155,759| 27,623,000| 1,016,889,000| 242,621,000| 52,243,000 Mississippi | | | | | 273,820| 18,419,000| 250,715,000| 79,580,000| 16,726,000 Missouri 276,081| 34,516,000| 1,441,529,000| 268,976,000| 50,769,000 Montana 25,946| 13,499,000| 225,819,000| 24,666,000| 10,522,000 Nebraska 129,419| 38,553,000| 1,613,077,000| 198,480,000| 44,215,000 Nevada | 2,660| 2,585,000| 34,876,000| 4,277,000| 1,558,000 -------+---------+-----------+---------------+--------------+-------------- NUMBER, ACREAGE, AND VALUE OF FARMS, BY STATES: 1910.--Continued -------------+--------+-----------+--------------+-------------+----------- | NUMBER | LAND | VALUE OF | VALUE OF | IMPLEMENTS | OF | IN | FARMS. | FARMS. | AND STATE. | FARMS. | FARMS. | (LAND.) |(BUILDINGS.) | MACHINERY. | | (ACRES.) | | | -------------+--------+-----------+--------------+-------------+----------- New Hampshire| 26,913| 3,242,000| $44,327,000| $41,215,000| $5,870,000 New Jersey | 33,161| 2,562,000| 122,357,000| 90,784,000| 12,955,000 New Mexico | 35,032| 11,225,000| 98,496,000| 12,934,000| 4,101,000 New York | 214,650| 21,998,000| 703,214,000| 473,008,000| 83,330,000 North | | | | | Carolina | 253,425| 22,400,000| 342,545,000| 113,170,000| 18,415,000 North Dakota | 74,165| 28,392,000| 729,896,000| 92,139,000| 43,887,000 Ohio | 271,383| 24,074,000| 1,283,827,000| 366,919,000| 51,115,000 Oklahoma | 189,438| 28,717,000| 647,178,000| 89,295,000| 27,002,000 Oregon | 45,128| 11,628,000| 409,949,000| 43,622,000| 13,135,000 Pennsylvania | 218,394| 18,556,000| 627,185,000| 408,115,000| 70,547,000 Porto Rico | 58,371| 2,085,000| 73,968,000| 8,752,000| 8,711,000 Rhode Island | 5,191| 442,000| 14,837,000| 12,619,000| 1,753,000 South | | | | | Carolina | 176,180| 13,469,000| 267,931,000| 63,902,000| 14,067,000 South Dakota | 77,314| 25,952,000| 901,134,000| 102,317,000| 33,762,000 Tennessee | 245,509| 20,011,000| 370,783,000| 108,823,000| 21,260,000 Texas | 416,377|109,226,000| 1,613,513,000| 209,200,000| 56,533,000 Utah | 21,426| 33,540,000| 98,891,000| 17,987,000| 4,451,000 Vermont | 32,598| 4,653,000| 58,255,000| 54,072,000| 10,162,000 Virginia | 183,762| 19,476,000| 393,837,000| 137,081,000| 18,079,000 Washington | 55,744| 11,663,000| 515,918,000| 54,224,000| 16,653,000 West Virginia| 95,876| 9,961,000| 205,610,000| 56,848,000| 6,962,000 Wisconsin | 176,546| 21,012,000| 909,462,000| 288,096,000| 52,783,000 Wyoming | 10,980| 8,543,000| 88,877,000| 8,983,000| 3,765,000 -------------+--------+-----------+--------------+-------------+----------- TABLE OF OCCUPATIONS _Census of 1890_ ALL OCCUPATIONS (persons engaged in) 22,735,861 AGRICULTURE, FISHERIES, AND MINING, total, 9,013,336 Agricultural labore 3,004,061 Apiarists 1,778 Dairymen and dairywomen 17,895 Farmers, planters, and overseers 5,281,557 Fishermen and oystermen 60,162 Gardeners, florists, nurserymen, and vine growers 72,601 Lumbermen and raftsmen 65,866 Miners (coal) 208,545 Miners (not otherwise specified) 141,047 Quarrymen 37,656 Stock raisers, herders, and drovers 70,729 Wood choppers 33,697 Other agricultural pursuits 17,747 PROFESSIONAL SERVICE, 944,333 Actors 9,728 Architects 8,070 Artists and teachers of art 22,496 Authors and literary and scientific persons 6,714 Chemists, assayers, and metallurgists 4,503 Clergymen 88,203 Dentists 17,498 Designers, draughtsmen, and inventors 9,391 Engineers (civil, mechanical, electrical, and mining and surveyors) 43,239 Journalists 21,849 Lawyers 89,630 Musicians and teachers of music 62,155 Officers of the United States army and navy 2,926 Officials (Government) 79,664 Physicians and surgeons 104,805 Professors in colleges and universities 5,393 Teachers 341,952 Theatrical managers, showmen, etc. 18,055 Veterinary surgeons 6,494 Other professional service 1,569 DOMESTIC AND PERSONAL SERVICE, 4,360,577 Barbers and hairdressers 84,982 Bartenders 55,806 Boarding and lodging house keepers 44,349 Engineers and firemen (not locomotive) 139,765 Hotel keepers 44,076 Housekeepers and stewards 92,036 Hunters, trappers, guides, and scouts 2,534 Janitors 21,556 Laborers (not specified) 1,913,373 Launderers and laundresses 248,463 Nurses and midwives 47,586 Restaurant keepers 19,283 Saloon keepers 71,385 Servants 1,454,791 Sextons 4,982 Soldiers, sailors, and marines (United States) 27,819 Watchmen, policemen, and detectives 74,629 Other domestic and personal service 13,063 TRADE AND TRANSPORTATION, 3,326,122 Agents (claim, commission, real estate, insurance, etc.) and collectors 174,582 Auctioneers 3,205 Bankers and brokers (money and stocks) 30,008 Boatmen and canalmen 16,716 Bookkeepers and accountants 159,374 Brokers (commercial) 5,960 Clerks and copyists 557,358 Commercial travellers 58,691 Draymen, hackmen, teamsters, etc 368,499 Foremen and overseers 36,084 Hostlers 54,036 Hucksters and pedlers 59,083 Livery stable keepers 26,757 Locomotive engineers and firemen 79,463 Merchants and dealers in drugs and chemicals (retail) 46,375 Merchants and dealers in drygoods (retail) 42,527 Merchants and dealers in groceries (retail) 114,997 Merchants and dealers in wines and liquors (retail) 10,078 Merchants and dealers in wines and liquors (wholesale) 3,643 Merchants and dealers not specified (retail) 446,262 Merchants and dealers (wholesale), importers and shipping merchants 27,443 Messengers, and errand and office boys 51,355 Newspaper carriers and newsboys 5,288 Officials of banks and insurance, trade, transportation, trust and other companies 39,900 Packers and shippers 24,946 Pilots 4,259 Porters and helpers (in stores and warehouses) 24,356 Sailors 55,899 Salesmen and saleswomen 264,394 Steam railroad employés (not otherwise specified) 382,750 Stenographers and typewriters 33,418 TRADE AND TRANSPORTATION.--_Continued_. Street railway employés 37,434 Telephone and telegraph operators 52,314 Telephone and telegraph linemen and electric light and power company employés 11,134 Undertakers 9,891 Weighers, gaugers, and measurers 3,860 Other persons in trade and transportation 3,883 MANUFACTURING AND MECHANICAL INDUSTRIES. 5,091,393 Agricultural implement makers (not otherwise classified) 3,755 Apprentices (blacksmiths') 4,244 Apprentices (boot and shoe makers') 1,031 Apprentices (carpenters and joiners') 6,760 Apprentices (carriage and wagon makers') 852 Apprentices (dressmakers') 4,340 Apprentices (leather curriers', etc.) 421 Apprentices (machinists') 9,738 Apprentices (masons') 1,927 Apprentices (milliners') 1,204 Apprentices (painters') 2,321 Apprentices (plumbers') 4,624 Apprentices (printers') 4,635 Apprentices (tailors') 2,625 Apprentices (tinsmiths') 2,037 Apprentices (not otherwise specified ) 35,698 Artificial flower makers 3,046 Bakers 60,197 Basket makers 5,225 Blacksmiths 205,337 Bleachers, dyers, and scourers 14,210 Bone and ivory workers 1,691 Bookbinders 23,858 Boot and shoe makers and repairers 213,544 Bottlers and mineral and soda-water makers 7,230 Box makers (paper) 17,757 Box makers (wood) 10,883 Brass workers (not otherwise specified) 17,265 Brewers and maltsters 20,362 Brick and tile makers and terra cotta workers 60,214 Britannia workers 904 Broom and brush makers 10,115 Builders and contractors 45,988 Butchers 105,456 Butter and cheese makers 11,211 Button makers 2,601 Cabinetmakers 35,915 Candle, soap, and tallow makers 3,450 Carpenters and joiners 611,482 Carpet makers 22,302 Carriage and wagon makers (not otherwise classified) 34,538 Charcoal, coke, and lime burners 8,704 Chemical works employés 3,628 Clock and watch makers and repairers 25,252 Compositors 30,060 Confectioners 23,251 MANUFACTURING AND MECHANICAL INDUSTRIES.--_Continued_. Coopers 47,486 Cooper workers 3,384 Corset makers 6,533 Cotton mill operatives 173,142 Distillers and rectifiers 3,314 Door, sash, and blind makers 5,041 Dressmakers 289,164 Electroplaters 2,756 Electrotypers and stereotypers 1,471 Engravers 8,320 Fertilizer makers 732 Fish curers and packers 1,279 Gas works employés 5,224 Glass workers 34,382 Glove makers 6,416 Gold and silver workers 20,263 Gunsmiths, locksmiths, and bell hangers 9,158 Hair workers 1,254 Harness and saddle makers and repairers 43,480 Hat and cap makers 24,013 Hosiery and knitting mill operatives 29,555 Iron and steel workers 144,921 Lace and embroidery makers 5,256 Lead and zinc workers 4,616 Leather curriers, dressers, finishers, and tanners 39,332 Machinists 177,090 Manufacturers and officials of manufacturing companies 101,610 Marble and stone cutters 61,070 Masons (brick and stone) 158,918 Meat and fruit packers, canners, and preservers 5,830 Mechanics (not otherwise specified) 15,485 Metal workers (not otherwise specified) 16,694 Mill and factory operatives (not specified) 93,596 Millers (flour and grist) 52,841 Milliners 60,842 Model and pattern makers 10,300 Moulders 66,289 Musical instrument makers (not otherwise specified) 652 Nail and tack makers 4,583 Oil well employés 9,147 Oil works employés 5,624 Painters, glaziers, and varnishers 219,912 Paper hangers 12,369 Paper mill operatives 27,817 Photographers 20,840 Piano and organ makers and tuners 14,683 Plasterers 39,002 Plumbers and gas and steam fitters 56,607 Potters 14,928 Powder and cartridge makers 1,385 Printers, lithographers, and pressmen 86,893 Print works operatives 6,701 Publishers of books, maps, and newspapers 6,284 Roofers and slaters 7,043 Rope and cordage makers 8,001 Rubber factory operatives 16,162 Sail, awning, and tent makers 3,257 Salt works employés 1,765 Saw and planing mill employés 133,637 MANUFACTURING AND MECHANICAL INDUSTRIES.--_Continued_. Seamstresses 150,044 Sewing machine makers (not otherwise classified) 880 Sewing machine operators 7,126 Ship and boat builders 22,951 Shirt, collar, and cuff makers 21,097 Silk mill operatives 34,855 Starch makers 746 Steam boiler makers 21,339 Stove, furnace, and grate makers 8,932 Straw workers 3,666 Sugar makers and refiners 2,616 Tailors and tailoresses 185,400 Tinners and tinware makers 55,488 Tobacco and cigar operatives 111,385 Tools and cutlery (not otherwise specified) 17,985 Trunk, valise, leather case, and pocket-book makers 6,297 Umbrella and parasol makers 3,403 Upholsterers 25,666 Well borers 4,854 Wheelwrights 12,856 Whitewashers 3,996 Wire workers 12,319 Wood workers (not otherwise specified) 67,360 Woolen mill operatives 84,109 Other persons in manufacturing and mechanical industries 76,714 INDEX. A Better Plan, 22 About Advertising, 46 " Canadian Patents, 73 " Getting Up Circulars, 51 Acreage of Farms by States, 135 Advertisements, How to Write, 47 Agreement, Form of, 22 Assignee, Grantee, and Licensee Defined, 92 Assigning an Undivided Interest, 58 Assignments, 79 " Conditional, 87 Basis for Estimation, 32 Business Capacity of the Inventor, 16 Canadian Cities, Population of, 78 " Patents, About, 73 " " Selling, 76 Capital, Securing, 20 Circulars, 50 " About Getting Up, 51 Cities in the United States, Population of, 132 Classes of Rights, Dividing a Patent into, 59 Commercial Value, 31 Companies, Forming, and Manufacturing, 67 " Stock in Stock, 36 " To Organize Stock, 68 Conditional Assignments, 87 Correspondence as a Means of Bringing Patents Before Interested Parties, 48 Danger in an Undivided Interest, 26 Decisions and Notes, 79 " Assignments, 79 " Licenses, 82 " Patent Title, 84 " Territorial Grants, 76 Demand for Inventions of Merit, 9 Dividing Patents into Classes of Rights, 59 Drawings, Working, 53 Estimating Prices for State Rights, 38 Estimation, Basis for, 32 Exhibit of Inventions, 25 Farms in Each State, Number, Acreage and Value of, 135 First Impressions All-important, 52 Form, Assignment of an Undivided Interest, 96 " " of Entire Interest, 94 " Grant of a Territorial Interest, 97 " License, Exclusive With Royalty, 102 " " Non-exclusive With Royalty, 100 " " Shop-right, 99 " of Agreement (Securing Capital), 22 Forming Companies, and Manufacturing, 67 Forms, Legal, of Value to Patentees, 92 General Rules for Valuation, 33 Grantee, 86 Granting Licenses, 62 Grants, Territorial, 81 How Rating for Royalty Is Figured, 33 " to Arrive at the Value of a Patent, 30 " " Conduct the Sale of Patents, 41, 55 " " Correspond with Manufacturers, 49 " " Write an Advertisement, 47 Illustrations for Circulars, 50 In Case the Patentee Cannot Undertake Selling, 44 Income from Inventions, 13 Independence Through Successful Invention, 13 Industrial Progress Based upon Patent System, 11 Inventions as a Poor Man's Opportunity, 18 " Exhibit of, 25 " Income from, 13 " of Merit, Demand for, 9 " Perfecting, 24 " Value of Record of, 26 Inventor, Business Capacity of the, 16 Law, the Language of, 93 Laws, State, on Selling Patents, 88 Legal Forms of Value to Patentees, 92 Licensee, 86 Licenses, Decisions, 82 " Granting, 62 Manufacturers, How to Correspond with, 49 Manufacturing, and Forming Companies, 67 Map of the United States, 106 Methods of Selling Patents, 45 Models, Value of, 52 Money in Patents, 15 Monopoly in Patents, 10 Mortgages, 86 Must Be Recorded (Transfer of Patents), 86 Newspaper Notoriety, 27 Number of Farms in Each State, 135 Occupations, Table of, 137 Official Census of the United States for 1910, 107 Organizing Stock Companies, 68 Outright Assignments, 58 Patent, How to arrive at the Value of a, 30 " Selling Agencies, 41 " System, Industrial Progress Based upon, 11 " Title, 79 Patents, Canadian, 73 " Copies, How to Secure, 51 " How to Conduct the Sale of, 41, 55 " Money in, 15 " Monopoly in, 10 " Prejudice against, 26 " State Laws on, 88 " Unprofitable, 14 Pecuniary value, 30 Perfecting Inventions, 24 Personal Influence, Value of, 56 " Solicitation Advisable, 56 Pigeon-holing Patents, 65 Placing upon Royalty, 64 Population of Canadian Cities, 78 " " Cities of the United States, 1910, 132 " " Counties of Each State, 1910, 107 Prejudice against Patents, 26 Prices of Territorial Rights, 37 Printed Copies of Patents, Uses of, 51 Recorded, Must Be (Transfer of Patents), 86 Royalty, How Rating for, Is Figured, 35 " Placing upon, 64 Rules for Valuation, General, 33 " of Practice, 85 " " " Assignees, 86 " " " Assignments, 85 " " " Conditional Assignments, 87 " " " Licensees, 86 " " " Grantees, 86 " " " Mortgages, 86 " " " Must Be Recorded, 86 Sale of Patents, How to Conduct, 41, 55 Securing Capital, 20 Selling Agencies, Patent, 41 " Agent, The Patentee the Best, 43 " by Territorial Rights, 61 " Canadian Patents, 76 " In Case Patentee Cannot Undertake the, 44 " Outright, 58 " Patents, Methods of, 45 Solicitation, Personal, Advisable, 56 State Laws on Selling Patents, 88 " Rights, Table for Estimating Prices of, 38 Statistics and Tables, 107 Stock Companies, To Organize, 68 " in Stock Companies, 36 "Squeezed," To Avoid Being, 25 Table of Occupations, 137 Tables, Statistics and, 107 " Valuation, 37 Territorial Grants, 81 " Rights, Prices for, 37 " " Selling by, 61 The Language of Law, 92 " Patentee the Best Selling Agent, 43 Title, Patent, 84 To Avoid Being "Squeezed", 25 To Organize Stock Companies, 68 Trading as a Last Resort, 71 Uses of Printed Copies (Patents), 51 Undivided Interest, Assigning an, 59 " " Dangers in an, 20 United States, Map of the, 106 " " Population of Cities of the, 132 " " " " by Counties, 1910, 107 Unprofitable Patents, 14 Valuation, General Rules for, 33 " Tables, 37 Value, Commercial, 31 " of Farms, by States, 1910, 135 " " Models, 52 " " Patent, How to Arrive at the, 30 " " Personal Influence, 56 " " Record of Invention, 26 " " Pecuniary, 30 Working Drawings, 54 PATENTS FOR OVER SIXTY-SIX YEARS the firm of MUNN & CO. has conducted the largest patent practice in the country. 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