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Title: New Word-Analysis Author: William Swinton Release date: September 22, 2006 [eBook #19346] Language: English Credits: Produced by Keith Edkins and the Online Distributed Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net *** START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK NEW WORD-ANALYSIS *** Produced by Keith Edkins and the Online Distributed Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net NEW WORD-ANALYSIS: OR, SCHOOL ETYMOLOGY OF ENGLISH DERIVATIVE WORDS. _WITH PRACTICAL EXERCISES_ IN SPELLING, ANALYZING, DEFINING, SYNONYMS, AND THE USE OF WORDS. BY WILLIAM SWINTON, GOLD MEDALIST FOR TEXT-BOOKS, PARIS EXPOSITION, 1878; AND AUTHOR OF "SWINTON'S GEOGRAPHIES," "OUTLINES OF THE WORLD'S HISTORY," "LANGUAGE SERIES," ETC. NEW YORK ·:· CINCINNATI ·:· CHICAGO AMERICAN BOOK COMPANY _Copyright_, 1879, BY WILLIAM SWINTON PREFACE. The present text-book is a new-modeling and rewriting of Swinton's _Word-Analysis_, first published in 1871. It has grown out of a large amount of testimony to the effect that the older book, while valuable as a manual of methods, in the hands of teachers, is deficient in practice-work for pupils. This testimony dictated a double procedure: first, to retain the old _methods_; secondly, to add an adequate amount of new _matter_. Accordingly, in the present manual, the few Latin roots and derivatives, with the exercises thereon, have been retained--under "Part II.: The Latin Element"--as simply a _method of study_.[1] There have then been added, in "Division II.: Abbreviated Latin Derivatives," no fewer than two hundred and twenty Latin root-words with their most important English offshoots. In order to concentrate into the limited available space so large an amount of new matter, it was requisite to devise a novel mode of indicating the English derivatives. What this mode is, teachers will see in the section, pages 50-104. The author trusts that it will prove well suited to class-room work, and in many other ways interesting and valuable: should it not, a good deal of labor, both of the lamp and of the file, will have been misplaced. To one matter of detail in connection with the Latin and Greek derivatives, the author wishes to call special attention: the Latin and the Greek roots are, as key-words, given in this book in the form of the _present infinitive_,--the present indicative and the supine being, of course, added. For this there is one sufficient justification, to wit: that the present infinitive is the form in which a Latin or a Greek root is always given in Webster and other received lexicographic authorities. It is a curious fact, that, in all the school etymologies, the present indicative should have been given as the root, and is explicable only from the accident that it is the key-form in the Latin dictionaries. The change into conformity with our English dictionaries needs no defense, and will probably hereafter be imitated by all authors of school etymologies. In this compilation the author has followed, in the main, the last edition of Webster's Unabridged, the etymologies in which carry the authoritative sanction of Dr. Mahn; but reference has constantly been had to the works of Wedgwood, Latham, and Haldeman, as also to the "English Etymology" of Dr. James Douglass, to whom the author is specially indebted in the Greek and Anglo-Saxon sections. W.S. NEW YORK, 1879. CONTENTS. PART I. INTRODUCTION. PAGE I. ELEMENTS OF THE ENGLISH VOCABULARY 1 II. ETYMOLOGICAL CLASSES OF WORDS 5 III. PREFIXES AND SUFFIXES 5 IV. RULES OF SPELLING USED IN FORMING DERIVATIVE WORDS 6 PART II. THE LATIN ELEMENT. I. LATIN PREFIXES 9 II. LATIN SUFFIXES 12 III. DIRECTIONS IN THE STUDY OF LATIN DERIVATIVES 21 LATIN ROOTS AND ENGLISH DERIVATIVES 23 DIVISION I. METHOD OF STUDY 23 DIVISION II. ABBREVIATED LATIN DERIVATIVES 50 PART III. THE GREEK ELEMENT. I. GREEK PREFIXES 105 II. GREEK ALPHABET 106 GREEK ROOTS AND ENGLISH DERIVATIVES 107 DIVISION I. PRINCIPAL GREEK ROOTS 107 DIVISION II. ADDITIONAL GREEK ROOTS AND THEIR DERIVATIVES 120 PART IV. THE ANGLO-SAXON ELEMENT. I. ANGLO-SAXON PREFIXES 125 II. ANGLO-SAXON SUFFIXES 125 ANGLO-SAXON ROOTS AND ENGLISH DERIVATIVES 127 SPECIMENS OF ANGLO-SAXON 132 SPECIMENS OF SEMI-SAXON AND EARLY ENGLISH 135 ANGLO-SAXON ELEMENT IN MODERN ENGLISH 136 PART V. MISCELLANEOUS DERIVATIVES. I. WORDS DERIVED FROM THE NAMES OF PERSONS 142 1. NOUNS 142 2. ADJECTIVES 144 II. WORDS DERIVED FROM THE NAMES OF PLACES 146 III. ETYMOLOGY OF WORDS USED IN THE PRINCIPAL SCHOOL STUDIES 149 1. TERMS IN GEOGRAPHY 149 2. TERMS IN GRAMMAR 150 3. TERMS IN ARITHMETIC 154 WORD-ANALYSIS. PART I.--INTRODUCTION. I.--ELEMENTS OF THE ENGLISH VOCABULARY. 1. ETYMOLOGY[2] is the study which treats of the derivation of words,--that is, of their structure and history. 2. ENGLISH ETYMOLOGY, or word-analysis, treats of the derivation of English words. 3. The VOCABULARY[3] of a language is the whole body of words in that language. Hence the English vocabulary consists of all the words in the English language. I. The complete study of any language comprises two distinct inquiries,--the study of the _grammar_ of the language, and the study of its _vocabulary_. Word-analysis has to do exclusively with the vocabulary. II. The term "etymology" as used in grammar must be carefully distinguished from "etymology" in the sense of word-analysis. Grammatical etymology treats solely of the grammatical changes in words, and does not concern itself with their derivation; historical etymology treats of the structure, composition, and history of words. Thus the relation of _loves, loving, loved_ to the verb _love_ is a matter of grammatical etymology; but the relation of _lover, lovely_, or _loveliness_ to _love_ is a matter of historical etymology. III. The English vocabulary is very extensive, as is shown by the fact that in Webster's Unabridged Dictionary there are nearly 100,000 words. But it should be observed that 3,000 or 4,000 serve all the ordinary purposes of oral and written communication. The Old Testament contains 5,642 words; Milton uses about 8,000; and Shakespeare, whose vocabulary is more extensive than that of any other English writer, employs no more than 15,000 words. 4. The PRINCIPAL ELEMENTS of the English vocabulary are words of Anglo-Saxon and of Latin or _French-Latin_ origin. 5. ANGLO-SAXON is the earliest form of English. The whole of the grammar of our language, and the most largely used part of its vocabulary, are Anglo-Saxon. I. Anglo-Saxon belongs to the Low German[4] division of the Teutonic stock of languages. Its relations to the other languages of Europe--all of which are classed together as the Aryan, or Indo-European family of languages--may be seen from the following table:-- / CELTIC STOCK..........................as Welsh, Gaelic. | SLAVONIC STOCK........................as Russian. INDO- | / Greek / Italian. EUROPEAN < CLASSIC STOCK \ Latin < Spanish. FAMILY. | \ French, etc. | / Scandinavian:.......as Swedish. | TEUTONIC STOCK< / High Ger:.as Modern German. \ \ German < \ Low Ger....as Anglo-Saxon. II. The term "Anglo-Saxon" is derived from the names _Angles_ and _Saxons_, two North German tribes who, in the fifth century A.D., invaded Britain, conquered the native Britons, and possessed themselves of the land, which they called England, that is, Angle-land. The Britons spoke a Celtic language, best represented by modern Welsh. Some British words were adopted into Anglo-Saxon, and still continue in our language. 6. The LATIN element in the English vocabulary consists of a large number of words of Latin origin, adopted directly into English at various periods. The principal periods, during which Latin words were brought directly into English are:-- 1. At the introduction of Christianity into England by the Latin Catholic missionaries, A.D. 596. 2. At the revival of classical learning in the sixteenth century. 3. By modern writers. 7. The FRENCH-LATIN element in the English language consists of French words, first largely introduced into English by the Norman-French who conquered England in the eleventh century, A.D. I. French, like Italian, Spanish, and Portuguese, is substantially Latin, but Latin considerably altered by loss of grammatical forms and by other changes. This language the Norman-French invaders brought with them into England, and they continued to use it for more than two centuries after the Conquest. Yet, as they were not so numerous as the native population, the old Anglo-Saxon finally prevailed, though with an immense infusion of French words. II. French-Latin words--that is, Latin words introduced through the French--can often be readily distinguished by their being more changed in form than the Latin terms directly introduced into our language. Thus-- LATIN. FRENCH. ENGLISH. inimi'cus ennemi enemy pop'ulus peuple people se'nior sire sir 8. OTHER ELEMENTS.--In addition to its primary constituents--namely, the Anglo-Saxon, Latin, and French-Latin--the English vocabulary contains a large number of Greek derivatives and a considerable number of Italian, Spanish, and Portuguese words, besides various terms derived from miscellaneous sources. The following are examples of words taken from miscellaneous sources; that is, from sources other than Anglo-Saxon, Latin, French-Latin, and Greek:-- _Hebrew_: amen, cherub, jubilee, leviathan, manna, sabbath, seraph. _Arabic_: admiral, alcohol, algebra, assassin, camphor, caravan, chemistry, cipher, coffee, elixir, gazelle, lemon, magazine, nabob, sultan. _Turkish_: bey, chibouk, chouse, janissary, kiosk, tulip. _Persian_: azure, bazaar, checkmate, chess, cimeter, demijohn, dervise, orange, paradise, pasha, turban. _Hindustani_: calico, jungle, pariah, punch, rupee, shampoo, toddy. _Malay_: a-muck, bamboo, bantam, gamboge, gong, gutta-percha, mango. _Chinese_: nankeen, tea. _Polynesian_: kangaroo, taboo, tattoo. _American Indian_: maize, moccasin, pemmican, potato, tobacco, tomahawk, tomato, wigwam. _Celtic_: bard, bran, brat, cradle, clan, druid, pony, whiskey. _Scandinavian_: by-law, clown, dregs, fellow, glade, hustings, kidnap, plough. _Dutch, or Hollandish_: block, boom, bowsprit, reef, skates, sloop, yacht. _Italian_: canto, cupola, gondola, grotto, lava, opera, piano, regatta, soprano, stucco, vista. _Spanish_: armada, cargo, cigar, desperado, flotilla, grandee, mosquito, mulatto, punctilio, sherry, sierra. _Portuguese_: caste, commodore, fetish, mandarin, palaver. 9. PROPORTIONS.--On an examination of passages selected from modern English authors, it is found that of every hundred words sixty are of Anglo-Saxon origin, thirty of Latin, five of Greek, and all the other sources combined furnish the remaining five. By actual count, there are more words of classical than of Anglo-Saxon origin in the English vocabulary,--probably two and a half times as many of the former as of the latter. But Anglo-Saxon words are so much more employed--owing to the constant repetition of conjunctions, prepositions, adverbs, auxiliaries, etc. (all of Anglo-Saxon origin)--that in any page of even the most Latinized writer they greatly preponderate. In the Bible, and in Shakespeare's vocabulary, they are in the proportion of ninety per cent. For specimens showing Anglo-Saxon words, see p. 136. II.--ETYMOLOGICAL CLASSES OF WORDS. 10. CLASSES BY ORIGIN.--With respect to their origin, words are divided into two classes,--primitive words and derivative words. 11. A PRIMITIVE word, or root, is one that cannot be reduced to a more simple form in the language to which it is native: as, _man, good, run_. 12. A DERIVATIVE word is one made up of a root and one or more _formative elements_: as, man_ly_, good_ness_, run_ner_. The formative elements are called prefixes and suffixes. (See §§ 16, 17.) 13. BY COMPOSITION.--With respect to their composition, words are divided into two classes,--simple and compound words. 14. A SIMPLE word consists of a single significant term: as, _school, master, rain, bow_. 15. A COMPOUND word is one made up of two or more simple words united: as, _school-master, rainbow_. In some compound words the constituent parts are joined by the hyphen as _school-master_; in others the parts coalesce and the compound forms a single (though not a _simple_) word, as _rainbow_. III.--PREFIXES AND SUFFIXES. 16. A prefix is a significant syllable or word placed before and joined with a word to modify its meaning: as, unsafe = _not_ safe; remove = move _back_; circumnavigate = sail _around_. 17. A suffix is a significant syllable or syllables placed after and joined with a word to modify its meaning: as, safeLY = in a safe _manner_; movABLE = that may be moved; navIGATION = _act_ of sailing. The word _affix_ signifies either a prefix or a suffix; and the verb _to affix_ means to join a prefix or a suffix to a root-word. EXERCISE. Tell whether the following words are primitive or derivative, and also whether simple or compound:-- 1 grace 2 sign 3 design 4 midshipman 5 wash 6 sea 7 workman 8 love 9 lovely 10 white 11 childhood 12 kingdom 13 rub 14 music 15 musician 16 music-teacher 17 footstep 18 glad 19 redness 20 school 21 fire 22 watch-key 23 give 24 forget 25 iron 26 hardihood 27 young 28 right 29 ploughman 30 day-star 31 large 32 truthful 33 manliness 34 milkmaid 35 gentleman 36 sailor 37 steamboat 38 wooden 39 rich 40 hilly 41 coachman 42 warm 43 sign-post 44 greenish 45 friend 46 friendly 47 reform 48 whalebone 49 quiet 50 quietude 51 gardener 52 form 53 formal 54 classmate 55 trust 56 trustworthy 57 penknife 58 brightness 59 grammarian 60 unfetter IV.--RULES OF SPELLING USED IN FORMING DERIVATIVE WORDS. Rule 1.--_Final "e" followed by a Vowel._ Final _e_ of a primitive word is dropped on taking a suffix beginning with a vowel: as, blame + able = blamable; guide + ance = guidance; come + ing = coming; force + ible = forcible; obscure + ity = obscurity. EXCEPTION 1.--Words ending in _ge_ or _ce_ usually retain the _e_ before a suffix beginning with _a_ or _o_, for the reason that _c_ and _g_ would have the hard sound if the _e_ were dropped: as, peace + able = peaceable; change + able = changeable; courage + ous = courageous. EXCEPTION 2.--Words ending in _oe_ retain the _e_ to preserve the sound of the root: as, shoe + ing = shoeing; hoe + ing = hoeing. The _e_ is retained in a few words to prevent their being confounded with similar words: as, singe + ing = singeing (to prevent its being confounded with singing). Rule II.--_Final "e" followed by a Consonant._ Final _e_ of a primitive word is retained on taking a suffix beginning with a consonant: as, pale + ness = paleness; large + ly = largely. EXCEPTION 1.--When the final _e_ is preceded by a vowel, it is sometimes omitted; as, due + ly = duly; true + ly = truly; whole + ly = wholly. EXCEPTION 2.--A few words ending in _e_ drop the _e_ before a suffix beginning with a consonant: as, judge + ment = judgment; lodge + ment = lodgment; abridge + ment = abridgment. Rule III.--_Final "y" preceded by a Consonant._ Final _y_ of a primitive word, when preceded by a consonant, is generally changed into _i_ on the addition of a suffix. EXCEPTION 1.--Before _ing_ or _ish_, the final _y_ is retained to prevent the doubling of the _i_: as, pity + ing = pitying. EXCEPTION 2.--Words ending in _ie_ and dropping the _e_, by Rule I. change the _i_ into _y_ to prevent the doubling of the _i_: as, die + ing = dying; lie + ing = lying. EXCEPTION 3.--Final _y_ is sometimes changed into _e_: as, duty + ous = duteous; beauty + ous = beauteous. Rule IV.--_Final "y" preceded by a Vowel._ Final _y_ of a primitive word, when preceded by a vowel, should not be changed into an _i_ before a suffix: as, joy + less = joyless. Rule V.--_Doubling._ Monosyllables and other words accented on the last syllable, when they end with a single consonant, preceded by a single vowel, or by a vowel after _qu_, double their final letter before a suffix beginning with a vowel: as, rob + ed = robbed; fop + ish = foppish; squat + er = squatter; prefer' + ing = prefer'ring. EXCEPTIONS.--_X_ final, being equivalent to _ks_, is never doubled; and when the derivative does not retain the accent of the root, the final consonant is not always doubled: as, prefer' + ence = pref'erence. Rule VI.--_No Doubling._ A final consonant, when it is not preceded by a single vowel, or when the accent is not on the last syllable, should remain single before an additional syllable: as, toil + ing = tolling; cheat + ed = cheated; murmur + ing = murmuring. PART II.--THE LATIN ELEMENT. I.--LATIN PREFIXES. Prefix. Signification. Example. Definition. A- a-vert to turn _from_. ab- = _from_ ab-solve to release _from_. abs- abs-tain to hold _from_. AD- ad-here to stick _to_. a- a-gree to be pleasing _to_. ac- ac-cede to yield _to_. af- af-fix to fix _to_. ag- ag-grieve to give pain _to_. al- = _to_ al-ly to bind _to_. an- an-nex to tie _to_. ap- ap-pend to hang _to_. ar- ar-rive to reach _to_. as- as-sent to yield _to_. NOTE.--The forms AC-, AF-, etc., are euphonic variations of AD-, and follow generally the rule that the final consonant of the prefix assimilates to the initial letter of the root. AM- = _around_ am-putate to cut _around_. amb- amb-ient going _around_. ANTE- = _before_ ante-cedent going _before_. anti- anti-cipate to take _before_. BI- = _two_ or bi-ped a _two_-footed animal. bis- _twice_ bis-cuit _twice_ cooked. CIRCUM- = _around_ circum-navigate to sail _around_. circu- circu-it journey _around_. CON- con-vene to come _together_. co- co-equal equal _with_. co- = _with_ or co-gnate born _together_. col- _together_ col-loquy a speaking _with_ another. com- com-pose to put _together_. cor- cor-relative relative _with_. NOTE.--The forms CO-, COL-, COM-, and COR-, are euphonic variations of CON-. CONTRA- contra-dict to speak _against_ contro- = _against_ contro-vert to turn _against_ counter- counter-mand to order _against_ DE- = _down_ or de-pose; to put _down_; _off_ de-fend fend _off_. DIS- _asunder_ dis-pel to drive _asunder_. di- = _apart_ di-vert to turn _apart_. dif- _opposite of_ dif-fer to bear _apart_; disagree. NOTE.--The forms DI- and DIF- are euphonic forms of DIS-; DIF- is used before a root beginning with a vowel. EX- ex-clude to shut _out_. e- = _out_ or e-ject to cast _out_. ec- _from_ ec-centric _from_ the center. ef- ef-flux a flowing _out_. NOTE.--E-, EC-, and EF- are euphonic variations of EX-. When prefixed to the name of an office, EX- denotes that the person formerly held the office named: as, _ex_-mayor, the former mayor. EXTRA- = _beyond_ extra-ordinary _beyond_ ordinary. IN- (in nouns and in-clude to shut _in_. il- verbs) il-luminate to throw light _on_. im- = _in, into, on_ im-port to carry _in_. ir- ir-rigate to pour water _on_. en-, em- en-force to force _on_. NOTE.--The forms IL-, IM-, and IR- are euphonic variations of IN-. The forms EN- and EM- are of French origin. IN- (in adjectives in-sane _not_ sane. i(n) and nouns.) i-gnoble _not_ noble. il- = _not_ il-legal _not_ legal. im- im-mature _not_ mature. ir- ir-regular _not_ regular. INTER- = _between_ or inter-cede to go _between_. intel- _among_ intel-ligent choosing _between_. INTRA- = _inside of_ intra-mural _inside of_ the walls. INTRO- = _within, into_ intro-duce to lead _into_ JUXTA- = _near_ juxta-position a placing _near_ NON- = _not_ non-combatant _not_ fighting. NOTE.--A hyphen is generally, though not always, placed between _non-_ and the root. OB- ob-ject to throw _against_. o- _in the way_, o-mit to leave _out_. oc- = _against_, oc-cur to run _against_; or _out_ hence, to happen. of- of-fend to strike _against_. op- op-pose to put one's self _against_. PER- = _through_, per-vade; to pass _through_; pel- _thoroughly_ per-fect _thoroughly_ made. pel-lucid _thoroughly_ clear. NOTE.--Standing alone, PER- signifies _by_: as, _per annum_, _by_ the year. POST- = _after_, post-script written _after_. _behind_ PRE- = _before_ pre-cede to go _before_. PRETER- = _beyond_ preter-natural _beyond_ nature. PRO _for_, pro-noun _for_ a noun. = _forth_, or pro-pose to put _forth_. _forward_ NOTE.--In a few instances PRO- is changed into PUR-, as _pur_pose; into POR-, as _por_tray; and into POL-, as _pol_lute. RE- = _back_ or re-pel to drive _back_. red- _anew_ red-eem to buy _back_. RETRO- = _backwards_ retro-grade going _backwards_. SE- = _aside_, se-cede to go _apart_. _apart_ SINE- = _without_ sine-cure _without_ care. SUB- sub-scribe to write _under_. suc- suc-ceed to follow _after_. suf- suf-fer to _undergo_. sug- = _under_ or sug-gest to bring to mind from _after_ _under_. sum- sum-mon to hint from _under_. sup- sup-port to bear by being _under_. sus- sus-tain to _under_-hold. NOTE.--The euphonic variations SUC-, SUF-, SUG-, SUM-, SUP-, result from assimilating the _b_ of SUB- to the initial letter of the root. In "sustain" SUS- is a contraction of _subs-_ for _sub-_. SUBTER- = _under_ or subter-fuge a flying _under_. _beneath_ SUPER- = _above_ or super-natural _above_ nature. _over_ super-vise to _over_-see. NOTE.--In derivatives through the French, SUPER- takes the form SUR-, as _sur-_vey, to look over. TRANS- _through_, trans-gress to step _beyond_. tra- = _over_, tra-verse to pass _over_. or _beyond_ ULTRA- = _beyond_, or ultra-montane _beyond_ the mountain _extremely_ (the Alps). ultra-conservativ _extremely_ conservative. II.--LATIN SUFFIXES. SUFFIX. SIGNIFICATION. EXAMPLE. DEFINITION. -ABLE = _that may be_; cur-able _that may be_ cured. -ible _fit to be_ possi-ble _that may be_ done. -ble solu-ble _that may be_ dissolved. -AC _relating to_ cardi-ac _relating to_ the heart. = or demoni-ac _like_ a demon. _resembling_ NOTE.--The suffix -AC is found only in Latin derivatives of Greek origin. -ACEOUS _of_; sapon-aceous _having the quality of_ = _having the_ soap. -acious _quality of_ cap-acious _having the quality of_ holding much. _condition of_ celib-acy _condition of being_ -ACY = _being_; single. _office of_ cur-acy _office of_ a curate. -AGE _act_, marri-age _act of_ marrying. = _condition_, or vassal-age _condition of_ a vassal. _collection of_ foli-age _collection of_ leaves. NOTE.--The suffix -AGE is found only in French-Latin derivatives. adj. ment-al _relating to_ the mind. -AL = _relating to_ remov-al _the act of_ removing. n. _the act of_; capit-al _that which_ forms the _that which_ head of a column. -AN adj. _relating hum-an _relating to_ mankind. -ane to_ hum-ane _befitting_ a man. = or _befitting_ artis-an _one who_ follows a trade. n. _one who_ -ANCE _state or_ vigil-ance _state of being_ watchful. -ancy = _quality_ eleg-ance _quality of being_ _of being_ elegant. -ANT = adj. _being_ vigil-ant _being_ watchful. n. _one who_ assist-ant _one who_ assists. -AR = _relating to; lun-ar _relating to_ the moon. like_ circul-ar _like_ a circle. adj. _relating epistol-ary _relating to_ a letter. -ARY to_ mission-ary _one who is_ sent out. = n. _one who_; avi-ary _a place where_ birds _place where_ are kept. n. _one who is_ deleg-ate _one who is_ sent by adj. _having_ others. -ATE = _the quality of_ accur-ate _having the quality of_ v. _to perform_ accuracy. _the act of_, navig-ate _to perform the act of_ or _cause_ sailing. -CLE = _minute_ vesi-cle a _minute_ vessel. -cule animal-cule a _minute_ animal. -EE = _one to whom_ refer-ee _one to whom_ something is referred. NOTE.--This suffix is found only in words of French-Latin origin. -EER engin-eer _one who_ has charge of = _one who_ an engine. -ier brigad-ier _one who_ has charge of a brigade. NOTE.--These suffixes are found only in words of French-Latin origin. -ENE = _having relation terr-ene _having relation to_ the to_ earth. -ENCE _state of being_ pres-ence _state of being_ present. -ency = or _quality of_ tend-ency _quality of_ tending towards. -ENT n. _one who_ stud-ent _one who_ studies. = or _which_ equival-ent _being_ equal to, adj. _being_ equal_ing_. or _-ing_ -ESCENCE = _state of conval-escence _state of becoming_ well. becoming_ -ESCENT = _becoming_ conval-escent _becoming_ well. -ESS = _female_ lion-ess a _female_ lion. NOTE.--This suffix is used only in words of French-Latin origin. -FEROUS = _producing_ coni-ferous _producing_ cones. -FIC = _making, sopori-fic _causing_ sleep. causing_ -FICE = _something done_ arti-fice _something done_ with or _made_ art. -FY = _to make_ forti-fy _to make_ strong. rust-ic _one who_ has countrified -IC n. _one who_ manners. -ical = adj. _like_, hero-ic _like_ a hero. _made of_, metall-ic _made of_ metal. _relating to_ histor-ical _relating to_ history. NOTE.--These suffixes are found only in Latin words of Greek origin, namely, adjectives in -IKOS. In words belonging to chemistry derivatives in -IC denote the acid containing most oxygen, when more than one is formed: as _nitric_ acid. -ICE _that which_ just-ice _that which_ is just. -ICS _the science of_ mathemat-ics _the science of_ quantity. -IC arithmet-ic _the science of_ number. NOTE.--These suffixes are found only in Latin words of Greek origin. -ID = _being_ or acr-id; flu-id _being_ bitter; flow_ing_. _-ing_ _-ile_ = _relating to_; puer-ile _relating to_ a boy. _apt for_ docile _apt for_ being taught. -INE = _relating to; femin-ine _relating to_ a woman. like_ alkal-ine _like_ an alkali. _the act of,_ expuls-ion _the act of_ expelling. -ION = _state of corrupt-ion _state of being_ corrupt. being_, frict-ion rubb_ing_. or _-ing_ -ISH = _to make_ publ-ish _to make_ public. -ISE = _to render_, or fertil-ize _to render_ fertile. -ize _perform the act of_ NOTE.--The suffix -ISE, -IZE, is of French origin, and is freely added to Latin roots in forming English derivatives. -ISM = _state or act hero-ism _state of_ a hero. of_; _idiom_ Gallic-ism a French _idiom_. NOTE.--This suffix, except when signifying an idiom, is found only in words of Greek origin. _one who_ art-ist _one who practices_ -IST = _practices_ or an art. _is devoted to_ botan-ist _one who is devoted to_ botany. -ITE = n. _one who is_ favor-ite _one who is_ favored. -yte adj. _being_ defin-ite _being_ well defined. prosel-yte _one who is_ brought over. NOTE.--The form -YTE is found only in words of Greek origin. -ITY = _state or security _state of being_ secure. -ty quality_ ability _quality of being_ able. _of being_ liber-ty _state of being_ free. n. _one who is_ -IVE = or _that which_ capt-ive _one who is_ taken. adj. _having_ cohes-ive _having power_ to stick. _the power_ _or quality_ -IX = _feminine_ testatr-ix a _woman_ who leaves a will. IZE (See ISE.) -MENT _state of being_ excite-ment _state of being_ excited. = or _act of_; induce-ment _that which_ induces. _that which_ -MONY _state or_ matri-mony _state of_ marriage. = _quality of_; testi-mony _that which_ is testified. _that which_ _one who_; audit-or _one who_ hears. -OR = _that which_; mot-or _that which_ moves. _quality of_ err-or _quality of_ erring. adj. _fitted_ or preparat-ory _fitted_ to prepare. -ORY = _relating to_ n. _place armor-y _place where_ arms are where_; kept. _that which_ -OSE = _abounding in_ verb-ose _abounding in_ words. -ous popul-ous _abounding in_ people. -TUDE = _condition or_ servi-tude _condition of_ a slave. _quality of_ forti-tude _quality of_ being brave. -TY (See -ITY.) -ULE = _minute_ glob-ule a _minute_ globe. -ULENT = _abounding in_ op-ulent _abounding in_ wealth. -URE = _act or state depart-ure _act of_ departing. of_; creat-ure _that which_ is created. _that which_ CLASSIFIED REVIEW OF LATIN SUFFIXES, WITH GENERIC DEFINITIONS. -an -ent -ant -ier -ary -ist = _one who_ (_agent_); _that which._ -ate -ive -eer -or -ate -ite = _one who is_ (_recipient_); _that -ee -ive which is._ -acy -ism -age -ity -ance -ment NOUN SUFFIXES -ancy -mony = _state; condition; quality; act._ -ate -tude -ence -ty -ency -ure -ion -ary = _place where._ -ory -cle -cule = _diminutives._ -ule II. -ac -ic -al -ical -an -id = _relating to; like; being_. -ar -ile -ary -ine -ent -ory -ate -ose = _abounding in; having the quality_. -ous ADJECTIVE -able -ible = _that may be_. SUFFIXES. -ble -ile -ive = _having power_. -ferous = _causing_ or _producing_. -fic -aceous = _of; having the quality_. -acious -escent = _becoming_. III. -ate VERB SUFFIXES -fy = _to make; render; perform an act_. -ise -ize EXERCISE. I. a. Write and define nouns denoting the agent (one who or that which) from the following:-- 1. Nouns. MODEL: _art + ist = artist, one who practices an art._[5] 1 art 2 cash 3 humor 4 history 5 vision 6 tribute 7 cure 8 engine 9 auction 10 cannon 11 flute 12 drug 13 tragedy 14 mutiny 15 grammar 16 credit 17 note 18 method 19 music 20 flower (_flor_-) 2. Verbs. 1 profess 2 descend 3 act 4 imitate 5 preside 6 solicit 7 visit 8 defend 9 survey 10 oppose (_oppon_-) 3. Adjectives. 1 adverse 2 secret 3 potent 4 private b. Write and define nouns denoting the recipient (one who is or that which) from the following:-- 1 assign 2 bedlam 3 _captum_ (taken) 4 devote 5 favor 6 lease 7 _natus_ (born) 8 patent 9 refer 10 relate c. Write and define nouns denoting state, condition, quality, or act, from the following:-- 1. Nouns. 1 _magistr_ate 2 parent 3 cure 4 _priv_ate 5 pilgrim 6 hero 7 despot 8 judge 9 vassal 10 vandal 2. Verbs. 1 conspire 2 marry 3 forbear 4 repent 5 ply 6 abase 7 excel 8 prosper 9 enjoy 10 accompany 11 depart 12 abound 13 abhor 14 compose 15 deride (_deris_-) 3. Adjectives. 1 _accur_ate 2 _delic_ate 3 _dist_ant 4 _excell_ent 5 _curr_ent 6 parallel 7 prompt (_i_-) 8 similar 9 docile 10 moist d. Write and define nouns denoting place WHERE from the following words:-- 1 grain 2 deposit 3 penitent 4 arm 5 observe e. Write and define nouns expressing diminutives of the following nouns:-- 1 part 2 globe 3 animal 4 verse 5 _corpus_ (body) II. a. Write and define adjectives denoting relating to, like, or being, from the following nouns:-- 1 parent 2 nation 3 fate 4 elegy 5 demon 6 republic 7 Rome 8 Europe 9 Persia 10 presbytery 11 globule 12 _luna_ (the moon) 13 _oculus_ (the eye) 14 consul 15 _sol_ (the sun) 16 planet 17 moment 18 element 19 second 20 parliament 21 honor 22 poet 23 despot 24 majesty 25 ocean 26 metal 27 nonsense 28 astronomy 29 botany 30 period 31 tragedy 32 _ferv_or 33 _splend_or 34 infant 35 _puer_ (a boy) 36 _canis_ (a dog) 37 _felis_ (a cat) 38 promise 39 access 40 transit b. Write and define adjectives denoting abounding in, having the quality of, from the following nouns:-- 1 passion 2 temper 3 _oper_- (work) 4 fortune 5 _popul_- (people) 6 affection 7 _aqua_- (water) 8 verb (a word) 9 beauty 10 courage 11 plenty 12 envy 13 victory 14 joy 15 globe c. Write and define adjectives denoting that may be, or having the power, from the following verbs:-- 1 blame 2 allow 3 move 4 admit (_miss_-) 5 collect 6 abuse 7 _aud_- (hear) 8 divide (_vis_-) 9 vary 10 _ara_- (plough) Write and define the following adjectives denoting-- (_causing_ or _producing_) 1 terror, 2 _sopor_- (sleep), 3 _flor_ (a flower), 4 _pestis_ (a plague); (_having the quality of_) 5 _farina_ (meal), 6 crust, 7 _argilla_ (clay), (_becoming_), 8 effervesce. III. Write and define verbs denoting to make, render, or perform the act of, from the following words:-- 1 authentic 2 person 3 captive 4 _anima_ (life) 5 _melior_ (better) 6 ample 7 just 8 _sanctus_ (holy) 9 pan 10 false 11 _facilis_ (easy) 12 _magnus_(great) 13 equal 14 fertile 15 legal III.--DIRECTIONS IN THE STUDY OF LATIN DERIVATIVES. 1. A LATIN PRIMITIVE, or root, is a Latin word from which a certain number of English derivative words is formed. Thus the Latin verb _du'cere_, to draw or lead, is a Latin primitive or root, and from it are formed _educe_, _education_, _deduction_, _ductile_, _reproductive_, and several hundred other English words. 2. LATIN ROOTS consist chiefly of verbs, nouns, and adjectives. 3. ENGLISH DERIVATIVES from Latin words are generally formed not from the root itself but from a part of the root called the _radical_. Thus, in the word "education," the _root-word_ is _ducere_, but the _radical_ is DUC- (education = e + DUC + ate + ion). 4. A RADICAL is a word or a part of a word used in forming English derivatives. 5. Sometimes several radicals from the same root-word are used, the different radicals being taken from different grammatical forms of the root-word. 6. VERB-RADICALS are formed principally from two parts of the verb,--the first person singular of the present indicative, and a part called the _supine_, which is a verbal noun corresponding to the English infinitive in -ing. Thus:-- _1st pers. sing. pres. ind._ duco (I draw) _Root_ DUC- _Derivative_ _educe_ _Supine_ ductum (drawing, or to draw) _Root_ DUCT- _Derivative_ _ductile_ I. In giving a Latin verb-primitive in this book three "principal parts" of the verb will be given, namely: (1) The present infinitive, (2) the first person singular of the present indicative, and (3) the supine--the second and the third parts because from them radicals are obtained, and the infinitive because this is the part used in naming a verb in a general way. Thus as we say that _loved_, _loving_, etc., are parts of the verb "to love," so we say that _a'mo_ (present ind.) and _ama'tum_ (supine) are parts of the verb _ama're_. II. It should be noted that it is incorrect to translate _amo_, _amatum_, by "to love," since neither of these words is in the infinitive mood, which is _amare_. The indication of the Latin infinitive will be found of great utility, as it is the part by which a Latin verb is referred to in the Dictionary. 7. NOUN-RADICALS and ADJECTIVE RADICALS are formed from the nominative and from the genitive (or possessive) case of words belonging to these parts of speech. Thus:-- NOM. CASE. ROOT. DERIVATIVE. iter (a journey) ITER-. re_iter_ate GEN. CASE. ROOT DERIVATIVE. itineris (of a journey) ITINER- _itiner_ant felicis (nom. _felix_, happy) FELIC- _felic_ity NOTE.--These explanations of the mode of forming radicals are given by way of general information; but this book presupposes and requires no knowledge of Latin, since in every group of English derivatives from Latin, not only the root-words in their several parts, but the _radicals actually used_ in word-formation, are given. Pronunciation of Latin Words. 1. Every word in Latin must have as many syllables as it has vowels or diphthongs: as _miles_ (= _mi'les_). 2. _C_ is pronounced like _k_ before _a_, _o_, _u_; and like _s_ before _e_, _i_, _y_, and the diphthongs _æ_ and _oe_: as _cado_, pronounced _ka'do_; _cedo_, pronounced _se'do_. 3. _G_ is pronounced hard before _a_, _o_, _u_, and soft like _j_ before _e_, _i_, _y_, _æ_, _oe_: as _gusto_, in which _g_ is pronounced as in _August_; _gero_, pronounced _je'ro_. 4. A consonant between two vowels must be joined to the latter: as _bene_, pronounced _be'ne_. 5. Two consonants in the middle of a word must be divided: as _mille_, pronounced _mil'le_. 6. The diphthongs _æ_ and _oe_ are sounded like _e_: as _cædo_, pronounced _ce'do_. 7. Words of two syllables are accented on the first: as _ager_, pronounced _a'jer_. 8. When a word of more than one syllable ends in _a_, the _a_ should be sounded like _ah_: as _musa_, pronounced _mu'sah_. 9. _T_, _s_, and _c_, before _ia_, _ie_, _ii_, _io_, _iu_, and _eu_, preceded immediately by the accent, in Latin words as in English, change into _sh_ and _zh_: as _fa'cio_, pronounced _fa'sheo_; _san'cio_, pronounced _san'sheo_; _spa'tium_, pronounced _spa'sheum_. NOTE.--According to the Roman method of pronouncing Latin, the vowels _a_, _e_, _i_, _o_, _u_ are pronounced as in _baa_, _bait_, _beet_, _boat_, _boot_; _ae_, _au_, _ei_, _oe_ as in _aisle_, _our_, _eight_, _oil_; _c_ always like _k_; _g_ as in _get_; _j_ as _y_ in _yes_; _t_ as in _until_; _v_ as _w_. See any Latin grammar. LATIN ROOTS AND ENGLISH DERIVATIVES. DIVISION I.--METHOD OF STUDY. 1. AG'ERE: a'go, ac'tum, _to do_, _to drive_. Radicals: AG- and ACT-. 1. ACT, _v._ ANALYSIS: from _actum_ by dropping the termination _um_. DEFINITION: to do, to perform. The _noun_ "act" is formed in the same way. DEFINITION: a thing done, a deed or performance. 2. AC'TION: act + ion = the act of doing: hence, a thing done. 3. ACT'IVE: act + ive = having the quality of acting: hence, busy, constantly engaged in action. 4. ACT'OR: act + or = one who acts: hence, (1) one who takes part in anything done; (2) a stage player. 5. A'GENT: ag + ent = one who acts: hence, one who acts or transacts business for another. 6. AG'ILE: ag + ile = apt to act: hence, nimble, brisk. 7. CO'GENT: from Latin _cogens_, _cogentis_, pres. part, of _cog'ere_ (= _co + agere_, to impel), having the quality of impelling: hence, urgent, forcible. 8. ENACT': en + act = to put in act: hence, to decree. 9. TRANSACT': trans + act = to drive through: hence, to perform. EXERCISE. (1.) What two parts of speech is "act"?--Write a sentence containing this word as a verb; another as a noun.--Give a synonym of "act." _Ans. Deed._--From what is "deed" derived? _Ans._ From the word _do_--hence, literally, something _done_.--Give the distinction between "act" and "deed." _Ans_. "Act" is a _single_ action; "deed" is a _voluntary_ action: thus--"The _action_ which was praised as a good _deed_ was but an _act_ of necessity." (2.) Define "action" in oratory; "action" in law.--Combine and define in + action. (3.) Combine and define in + active; active + ity; in + active + ity.--What is the _negative_ of "active"? _Ans. Inactive_.--What is the _contrary_ of "active"? _Ans. Passive_. (4.) Write a sentence containing "actor" in each of its two senses. MODEL: "Washington and Greene were prominent _actors_ in the war of the Revolution." "David Garrick, the famous English _actor_, was born in 1716."--What is the feminine of "actor" in the sense of stage player? (6.) Combine and define agile + ity.--What is the distinction between "active" and "agile"? _Ans_. "Active" implies readiness to act in general; "agile" denotes a readiness to move the _limbs_.--Give two synonyms of "agile." _Ans. Brisk_, _nimble_.--Give the opposite of "agile." _Ans. Sluggish_, _inert_. (7.) Explain what is meant by a "_cogent_ argument."--What would be the contrary of a _cogent_ argument? (8.) Combine and define enact + ment.--What is meant by the "_enacting_ clause" of a legislative bill?--Write a sentence containing the word "enact." MODEL: "The British Parliament _enacted_ the stamp-law in 1765." (9.) Combine and define transact + ion.--What derivative from "perform" is a synonym of "transaction"? 2. ALIE'NUS, _another_, _foreign_. Radical: ALIEN-. 1. AL'IEN: from _alienus_ by dropping the termination _us_. DEFINITION: a foreigner, one owing allegiance to another country than that in which he is living. 2. AL'IENATE: alien + ate = to cause something to be transferred to another: hence, (1) to transfer title or property to another; (2) to estrange, to withdraw. 3. INAL'IENABLE: in + alien + able = that may not be given to another. EXERCISE. (1.) Combine and define alien + age.--Can an alien be elected President of the United States? [See the Constitution, Article II. Sec. I. Clause 5.]--What is the word which expresses the process by which a person is changed from an _alien_ to a _citizen_? (2.) Combine and define alienate + ion.--Give a synonym of "alienate" in its _second_ sense. _Ans._ To _estrange_.--What is meant by saying that "the oppressive measures of the British government gradually _alienated_ the American colonies from the mother country"? (3.) Quote a passage from the Declaration of Independence containing the word "inalienable." 3. AMA'RE, _to love_, AMI'CUS, _a friend_. Radicals: AM- and AMIC-. 1. A'MIABLE: am(i) + able = fit to be loved. OBS.--The Latin adjective is _amabilis_, from which the English derivative adjective would be _amable_; but it has taken the form am_i_able. 2. AM'ITY: am + ity = the state of being a friend: hence, friendship; good-will. 3. AM'ICABLE: amic + able = disposed to be a friend: hence, friendly; peaceable. 4. INIM'ICAL: through Lat. adj. _inimi'cus_, enemy: hence, inimic(us) + al = inimical, relating to an enemy. 5. AMATEUR': adopted through French _amateur_, from Latin _amator_, a lover: hence, one who cultivates an art from taste or attachment, without pursuing it professionally. EXERCISE. (1). What word is a synonym of "amiable"? _Ans. Lovable_.--Show how they are exact synonyms.--Write a sentence containing the word "amiable." MODEL: "The _amiable_ qualities of Joseph Warren caused his death to be deeply regretted by all Americans."--What noun can you form from "amiable," meaning the quality of being amiable?--What is the negative of "amiable"? _Ans. Unamiable_.--The contrary? _Ans. Hateful_. (2.) Give a word that is nearly a synonym of "amity." _Ans. Friendship._--State the distinction between these words. _Ans._ "Friendship" applies more particularly to individuals; "amity" to societies or nations.--Write a sentence containing the word "amity." MODEL: "The Plymouth colonists in 1621 made a treaty of _amity_ with the Indians."--What is the opposite of "amity"? (3.) Give a synonym of "amicable." _Ans. Friendly_.--Which is the stronger? _Ans. Friendly_.--Why? _Ans._ "Friendly" implies a positive feeling of regard; "amicable" denotes merely the absence of discord.--Write a sentence containing the word "amicable." MODEL: "In 1871 commissioners appointed by the United States and Great Britain made an _amicable_ settlement of the Alabama difficulties." (4.) What is the noun corresponding to the adjective "inimical"? _Ans. Enemy_.--Give its origin. _Ans._ It comes from the Latin _inimicus_, an enemy, through the French _ennemi_.--What preposition does "inimical" take after it? _Ans._ The preposition _to_--thus, "_inimical_ to health," "to welfare," etc. (5.) What is meant by an _amateur_ painter? an _amateur_ musician? 4. AN'IMUS, _mind_, _passion_; AN'IMA, _life_. Radical: ANIM-. 1. AN'IMAL: from Lat. n. _anima_ through the Latin _animal_: literally, something having life. 2. ANIMAL'CULE: animal + cule = a minute animal: hence, an animal that can be seen only by the microscope. 3. AN'IMATE, _v._: anim + ate = to make alive: hence, to stimulate, or infuse courage. 4. ANIMOS'ITY: anim + ose + ity = the quality of being (ity) full of (ose) passion: hence, violent hatred. 5. UNANIM'ITY: un (from _unus_, one) + anim + ity = the state of being of one mind: hence, agreement. 6. REAN'IMATE: re + anim + ate = to make alive again: hence, to infuse fresh vigor. EXERCISE. (1.) Write a sentence containing the word "animal." MODEL: "Modern science has not yet been able to determine satisfactorily the distinction between an _animal_ and a vegetable." (2.) What is the plural of "animalcule"? _Ans. Animalcules_ or _animalculæ_.--Write a sentence containing this word. (3.) What other part of speech than a verb is "animate"?--What is the negative of the adjective "animate?" _Ans. Inanimate._--Define it.--Combine and define animate + ion.--Explain what is meant by an "_animated_ discussion." (4.) Give two synonyms of "animosity." (5.) What is the literal meaning of "unanimity"? If people are of _one mind_, is not this "unanimity"?--What is the adjective corresponding to the noun "unanimity"?--What is the _opposite_ of "unanimity"?--Write a sentence containing the word "unanimity." (6.) Compare the verbs "animate" and "reanimate," and state the signification of each.--Has "reanimate" any other than its literal meaning?--Write a sentence containing this word in its figurative sense. MODEL: "The inspiring words of Lawrence, 'Don't give up the ship!' _reanimated_ the courage of the American sailors."--What does "_animated_ conversation" mean? 5. AN'NUS, _a year_. Radical: ANN-. 1. AN'NALS: from _annus_, through Lat. adj. _annalis_, pertaining to the year: hence, a record of things done from year to year. 2. AN'NUAL: through _annuus_ (annu + al), relating to a year: hence, yearly or performed in a year. 3. ANNU'ITY: through Fr. n. _annuité_ = a sum of money payable yearly. 4. MILLEN'NIUM: Lat. n. _millennium_ (from _annus_ and _mille_, a thousand), a thousand years. 5. PEREN'NIAL: through Lat. adj. _perennis_ (compounded of _per_ and _annus_), throughout the year: hence, lasting; perpetual. EXERCISE. (1.) Give a synonym of "annals." _Ans. History._--What is the distinction between "annals" and "history"? _Ans._ "Annals" denotes a mere chronological account of events from year to year; "history," in addition to a narrative of events, inquires into the causes of events.--Write a sentence containing the word "annals," or explain the following sentence: "The _annals_ of the Egyptians and Hindoos contain many incredible statements." (2.) Write a sentence containing the word "annual." (4.) Write a sentence containing the word "millennium." (5.) What is the meaning of a "_perennial_ plant" in botany? _Ans._ A plant continuing more than two years.--Give the contrary of "perennial." _Ans. Fleeting, short-lived._ 6. ARS, ar'tis, _art, skill._ Radical: ART-. 1. ART: from _artis_ by dropping the termination _is_. DEFINITION: 1. cunning--thus, an animal practices _art_ in escaping from his pursuers; 2. skill or dexterity--thus, a man may be said to have the _art_ of managing his business; 3. a system of rules or a profession--as the _art_ of building; 4. creative genius as seen in painting, sculpture, etc., which are called the "fine arts." 2. ART'IST: art + ist = one who practices an art: hence, a person who occupies himself with one of the fine arts. OBS.--A painter is called an artist; but a blacksmith could not properly be so called. The French word _artiste_ is sometimes used to denote one who has great skill in some profession, even if it is not one of the fine arts: thus a great genius in cookery might be called an _artiste_. 3. AR'TISAN: through Fr. n. _artisan_, one who practices an art: hence, one who practices one of the mechanic arts; a workman, or operative. 4. ART'FUL: art + ful = full of art: hence, crafty, cunning. 5. ART'LESS: art + less = without art: hence, free from cunning, simple, ingenuous. 6. AR'TIFICE: through Lat. n. _artificium_, something made (_fa'cere_, to make) by art: hence, an artful contrivance or stratagem. EXERCISE. (1.) What is the particular meaning of "art" in the sentence from Shakespeare, "There is no _art_ to read the mind's construction in the face"? (2.) Write a sentence containing the word "artist."--Would it be proper to call a famous hair-dresser an _artist_?--What might he be called?--Combine and define artist + ic + al + ly.--What is the negative of "artistic"? (3.) What is the distinction between an "artist" and an "artisan"? (5.) Give a synonym of "artless." _Ans. Ingenuous, natural._--Give the opposite of "artless." _Ans. Wily._--Combine and define artless + ly; artless + ness. (6.) Give a synonym of "artifice."--Combine artifice + er.--Does "artificer" mean one who practices artifice?--Write a sentence containing this word.--Combine and define artifice + ial; artifice + al + ity. Give the opposite of "artificial." 7. AUDI'RE: au'dio, audi'tum, _to hear_. Radicals: AUDI-, and AUDIT-. 1. AU'DIBLE: audi + ble = that may be heard. 2. AU'DIENCE: audi + ence = literally, the condition of hearing: hence, an assemblage of hearers, an _auditory_. 3. AU'DIT: from _audit(um)_ = to hear a statement: hence, to examine accounts. 4. AU'DITOR: audit + or = one who hears, a hearer. OBS.--This word has a secondary meaning, namely: an officer who examines accounts. 5. OBE'DIENT: through _obediens, obedient(is)_, the present participle of _obedire_ (compounded of _ob_, towards, and _audire_): literally, giving ear to: hence, complying with the wishes of another. EXERCISE. (1.) "Audible" means that can be heard: what prefix would you affix to it to form a word denoting what can _not_ be heard?--What is the adverb from the adjective "audible"?--Write a sentence containing this word. (2.) What is meant when you read in history of a king's giving _audience_? (3.) Write a sentence containing the word "audit." MODEL--"The committee which had to _audit_ the accounts of Arnold discovered great frauds."--How do you spell the past tense of "audit"?--Why is the _t_ not doubled? (5.) What is the _noun_ corresponding to the adjective "obedient"?--What is the _verb_ corresponding to these words?--Combine and define dis + obedient. 8. CA'PUT, cap'itis, _the head_. Radical: CAPIT-. 1. CAP'ITAL, _a._ and _n._: capit + al = relating to the _head_: hence, chief, principal, first in importance. DEFINITION: as an adjective it means, (1) principal; (2) great, important; (3) punishable with death;--as a noun it means, (1) the metropolis or seat of government; (2) stock in trade. 2. CAPITA'TION: capit + ate + ion = the act of causing heads to be counted: hence, (1) a numbering of persons; (2) a tax upon each head or person. 3. DECAP'ITATE: de + capit + ate = to cause the head to be taken off; to behead. 4. PREC'IPICE: through Lat. n. _præcipitium_: literally, a headlong descent. 5. PRECIP'ITATE: from Lat. adj. _præcipit(is)_, head foremost. DEFINITION: (1) (_as a verb_) to throw headlong, to press with eagerness, to hasten; (2) (_as an adjective_) headlong, hasty. EXERCISE. (1). Write a sentence containing "capital" as an adjective.--Write a sentence containing this word as a noun, in the sense of _city_.--Write a sentence containing "capital" in the sense of _stock_.--Is the _capital_ of a state or country necessarily the metropolis or chief city of that state or country?--What is the _capital_ of New York state?--What is the _metropolis_ of New York State? (3) Combine and define decapitate + ion.--Can you name an English king who was _decapitated_?--Can you name a French king who was _decapitated_? (4) What as the meaning of "precipice" in the line, "Swift down the _precipice_ of time it goes"? (5) Combine and define precipitate + ly.--Write a sentence containing the adjective "precipitate". MODEL: "Fabius, the Roman general, is noted for never having made any _precipitate_ movements."--Explain the meaning of the verb "precipitate" in the following sentences. "At the battle of Waterloo Wellington _precipitated_ the conflict, because he knew Napoleon's army was divided", "The Romans were wont to _precipitate_ criminals from the Tarpeian rock." 9. CI'VIS, _a citizen_. Radical: CIV-. 1. CIV'IC: civ + ic = relating to a citizen or to the affairs or honors of a city. OBS.--The "_civic_ crown" in Roman times was a garland of oak-leaves and acorns bestowed on a soldier who had saved the life of a citizen in battle. 2. CIV'IL: Lat adj. _civilis_, meaning (1) belonging to a citizen, (2) of the state, political, (3) polite. 3. CIV'ILIZE: civil + ize = to make a savage people into a community having a government, or political organization; hence, to reclaim from a barbarous state. 4. CIVILIZA'TION: civil + ize + ate + ion = the state of being civilized. 5. CIVIL'IAN: civil + (i)an = one whose pursuits are those of civil life--not a soldier. EXERCISE. (2.) "What is the ordinary signification of "civil"?--Give a synonym of this word.--Is there any difference between "civil" and "polite"? _Ans._ "Polite" expresses more than "civil," for it is possible to be "civil" without being "polite."--What word would denote the opposite of "civil" in the sense of "polite"?--Combine and define civil + ity.--Do you say _un_civility or _in_civility, to denote the negative of "civility"?--Give a synonym of "uncivil." _Ans. Boorish._--Give another synonym. (3.) Write a sentence containing the word "civilize."--Give a participial adjective from this word.--What compound word expresses _half_ civilized?--What word denotes a state of society between savage and civilized? (4.) Give two synonyms of "civilization." _Ans. Culture, refinement._--What is the meaning of the word "civilization" in the sentence: "The ancient Hindoos and Egyptians had attained a considerable degree of _civilization_"?--Compose a sentence of your own, using this word. 10. COR, cor'dis, _the heart_. Radical: CORD-. 1. CORE: from _cor_ = the heart: hence, the inner part of a thing. 2. COR'DIAL, _a._: cord + (i)al = having the quality of the heart: hence, hearty, sincere. The _noun_ "cordial" means literally something having the quality of acting on the heart: hence, a stimulating medicine, and in a figurative sense, something cheering. 3. CON'CORD: con + cord = heart _with (con)_ heart: hence, unity of sentiment, harmony. OBS.--_Concord_ in music is harmony of sound. 4. DIS'CORD: dis + cord = heart _apart from (dis)_ heart: hence, disagreement, want of harmony. 5. RECORD': through Lat. v. _recordari_, to remember (literally, to get by _heart_): hence, to register. 6. COUR'AGE: through Fr. n. _courage_: literally, _heartiness_: hence, bravery, intrepidity. OBS.--The heart is accounted the seat of bravery: hence, the derivative sense of courage. EXERCISE. (1.) "The quince was rotten at the _core_"; "The preacher touched the _core_ of the subject": in which of these sentences is "core" used in its _literal_, in which in its _figurative_, sense? (2.) What is the Anglo-Saxon synonym of the adjective "cordial"?--Would you say a "_cordial_ laugh" or a "_hearty_ laugh"?--What is the opposite of "cordial"?--Combine and define cordial + ly: cordial + ity.--Write a sentence containing the _noun_ "cordial" in its figurative sense. MODEL: "Washington's victory at Trenton was like a _cordial_ to the flagging spirits of the American army." (3.) Give a synonym of "concord." _Ans. Accord._--Supply the proper word: "In your view of this matter, I am in (_accord?_ or _concord?_) with you." "There should be ---- among friends." "The man who is not moved by ---- of sweet sounds." (4.) What is the connection in meaning between "discord" in music and among brethren?--Give a synonym of this word. _Ans. Strife._--State the distinction. _Ans._ "Strife" is the stronger: where there is "strife" there must be "discord," but there may be "discord" without "strife"; "discord" consists most in the feeling, "strife" in the outward action. (5.) What part of speech is "record'"?--When the accent is placed on the first syllable (rec'ord) what part of speech does it become?--Combine and define record + er; un + record + ed. (6.) "Courage" is the same as having a stout--what?--Give a synonym. _Ans. Fortitude._--State the distinction. _Ans._ "Courage" enables us to meet danger; "fortitude" gives us strength to endure pain.--Would you say "the Indian shows _courage_ when he endures torment without flinching"?--Would you say "The three hundred under Leonidas displayed _fortitude_ in opposing the entire Persian army"?--What is the contrary of "courage"?--Combine and define courage + ous; courage + ous + ly. 11. COR'PUS, cor'poris, _the body_. Radical: CORPOR-. 1. COR'PORAL: corpor + al = relating to the _body_. OBS.--The noun "corporal," meaning a petty officer, is not derived from _corpus_: it comes from the French _caporal_, of which it is a corruption. 2. COR'PORATE: corpor + ate = made into a body: hence, united into a body or corporation. 3. INCOR'PORATE: in + corpor + ate = to make into a body: hence, (1) to form into a legal body; (2) to unite one substance with another. 4. CORPORA'TION: corpor + ate + ion = that which is made into a body: hence, a body politic, authorized by law to act as one person. 5. COR'PULENT: through Lat. adj. _corpulentus_, fleshy: hence, stout in body, fleshy. 6. COR'PUSCLE: corpus + cle = a diminutive body; hence, a minute particle of matter. 7. CORPS: [pronounced _core_] through Fr. n. _corps_, a body. DEFINITION: (1) a body of troops; (2) a body of individuals engaged in some one profession. 8. CORPSE: through Fr. n. _corps_, the body; that is, _only_ the body--the spirit being departed: hence, the dead body of a human being. EXERCISE. (1.) Give two synonyms of "corporal." _Ans. Corporeal_ and _bodily_.--What is the distinction between "corporal" and "corporeal"? _Ans._ "Corporal" means pertaining to the body; "corporeal" signifies material, as opposed to spiritual.--Would you say a _corporal_ or a _corporeal_ substance? _corporal_ or _corporeal_ punishment? Would you say _corporal_ strength or _bodily_ strength? (3.) Write a sentence containing the verb "incorporate" in its _first_ sense. MODEL: "The London company which settled Virginia was _incorporated_ in 1606, and received a charter from King James I." (4.) Write a sentence containing the word "corporation." [Find out by what corporation Massachusetts Bay Colony was settled, and write a sentence about that.] (5.) What noun is there corresponding to the adjective "corpulent" and synonymous with "stoutness"?--Give two synonyms of "corpulent." _Ans._ _Stout_, _lusty_.--What is the distinction? _Ans._ "Corpulent" means fat; "stout" and "lusty" denote a strong frame. (6.) What is meant by an "army _corps_"? _Ans_. A body of from twenty to forty thousand soldiers, forming several brigades and divisions. (7.) How is the plural of corps spelled? _Ans. Corps._ How pronounced? _Ans. Cores._--What is meant by the "diplomatic _corps_"? (8.) What other form of the word "corpse" is used? _Ans_. The form _corse_ is sometimes used in poetry; as in the poem on the Burial of Sir John Moore: "Not a drum was heard, not a funeral note, As his _corse_ to the ramparts we hurried." 12. CRED'ERE: cre'do, cred'itum, _to believe_. Radicals: CRED- and CREDIT-. 1. CREED: from the word _credo_, "I believe," at the beginning of the Apostles' Creed: hence, a summary of Christian belief. 2. CRED'IBLE: cred + ible = that may be believed: hence, worthy of belief. 3. CRED'IT: from credit(um) = belief, trust: hence, (1) faith; (2) reputation; (3) trust given or received. 4. CRED'ULOUS: through the Lat. adj. _credulus_, easy of belief: credul + ous = abounding in belief: hence, believing easily. 5. DISCRED'IT: dis + credit = to _dis_believe. EXERCISE. (2.) Write a sentence containing the word "credible." MODEL: "When the King of Siam was told that in Europe the water at certain seasons could be walked on, he declared that the statement was not _credible_."--What single word will express _not credible_?--Combine and define credible + ity.--Give a synonym of "credible." _Ans. Trustworthy._--State the distinction. _Ans_. "Credible" is generally applied to things, as "_credible_ testimony"; "trustworthy" to persons, as "a _trustworthy_ witness." (3.) What is the meaning of _credit_ in the passage, "John Gilpin was a citizen Of _credit_ and renown"? Give a synonym of this word. _Ans. Trust._--What is the distinction? _Ans_. "Trust" looks forward; "credit" looks back--we _credit_ what has happened; we _trust_ what is to happen.--What other part of speech than a noun is "credit"?--Combine and define credit + ed.--Why is the _t_ not doubled? (4.) What is the meaning of "credulous" in the passage, "So glistened the dire snake, and into fraud Led Eve, our _credulous_ mother"?--MILTON. What noun corresponding to the adjective "credulous" will express the quality of believing too easily?--What is the negative of "credulous"?--What is the distinction between "incredible" and "incredulous"?--Which applies to persons? which to things? (5.) To what two parts of speech does "discredit" belong?--Write a sentence containing this word as a _noun_; another as a _verb_. 13. CUR'RERE: cur'ro, cur'sum, _to run_. Radicals used: CURR- and CURS-. 1. CUR'RENT, a.: curr + ent = running: hence, (1) passing from person to person, as a "_current_ report"; (2) now in progress, as the "_current_ month." 2. CUR'RENCY: curr + ency = the state of passing from person to person, as "the report obtained _currency_": hence circulation. OBS.--As applied to money, it means that it is in circulation or passing from hand to hand, as a representative of value. 3. CUR'SORY: curs + ory = runn_ing_ or pass_ing_: hence, hasty. 4. EXCUR'SION: ex + curs + ion = the act of running out: hence, an expedition or jaunt. 5. INCUR'SION: in + curs + ion = the act of running in: hence, an invasion. 6. PRECUR'SOR: pre + curs + or = one who runs before: hence a forerunner. EXERCISE. (1.) What other part of speech than an adjective is "current"?--What is now the _current_ year? (2.) Why are there two r's in "currency"? _Ans_. Because there are two in the root _currere_.--Give a synonym of this word in the sense of "money." _Ans._ The "circulating medium."--What was the "currency" of the Indians in early times?--Compose a sentence using this word. (3.) When a speaker says that he will cast a "_cursory_ glance" at a subject, what does he mean?--Combine and define cursory + ly. (4.) Is "excursion" usually employed to denote an expedition in a friendly or a hostile sense? (5.) Is "incursion" usually employed to denote an expedition in a friendly or a hostile sense?--Give a synonym. _Ans. Invasion._--Which implies a hasty expedition?--Compose a sentence containing the word _incursion_. MODEL: "The Parthians were long famed for their rapid _incursions_ into the territory of their enemies." (6.) What is meant by saying that John the Baptist was the _precursor_ of Christ?--What is meant by saying that black clouds are the _precursor_ of a storm? 14. DIG'NUS, _worthy_. Radical: DIGN-. 1. DIG'NIFY: dign + (_i_)fy = to make of worth: hence, to advance to honor. 2. DIG'NITY: dign + ity = the state of being of worth: hence, behavior fitted to inspire respect. 3. INDIG'NITY: in + dign + ity = the act of treating a person in an unworthy (_indignus_) manner: hence, insult, contumely. 4. CONDIGN': con + dign = very worthy: hence, merited, deserved. OBS.--The prefix _con_ is here merely intensive. EXERCISE. (1.) What participial adjective is formed from the verb "dignify"? _Ans. Dignified._--Give a stronger word. _Ans. Majestic._--Give a word which denotes the same thing carried to excess and becoming ridiculous. _Ans. Pompous._ (2.) Can you mention a character in American history remarkable for the dignity of his behavior?--Compose a sentence containing this word. (3.) Give the plural of "indignity."--What is meant by saying that "indignities were heaped on" a person? (4.) How is the word "condign" now most frequently employed? _Ans._ In connection with punishment: thus we speak of "_condign_ punishment," meaning richly deserved punishment. 15. DOCE'RE: do'ceo, doc'tum, _to teach_. Radicals: DOC- and DOCT-. 1. DOC'ILE: doc + ile = that may be taught: hence, teachable. 2. DOC'TOR: doct + or = one who teaches: hence, one who has taken the highest degree in a university authorizing him to practice and teach. 4. DOC'TRINE: through Lat. n. _doctrina_, something taught; hence, a principle taught as part of a system of belief. EXERCISE. (1.) Combine and define docile + ity.--Give the opposite of "docile." _Ans. Indocile._--Mention an animal that is very docile.--Mention one remarkable for its want of docility. (2.) What is meant by "_Doctor_ of Medicine"?--Give the abbreviation.--What does LL.D. mean? _Ans._ It stands for the words _legum doctor_, doctor of laws: the double L marks the plural of the Latin noun. (3.) Give two synonyms of "doctrine." _Ans. Precept, tenet._--What does "tenet" literally mean? _Ans._ Something _held_--from Lat. v. _tenere_, to hold.--Combine and define doctrine + al. 16. DOM'INUS, _a master or lord_. Radical: DOMIN-. 1. DOMIN'ION: domin + ion = the act of exercising mastery: hence, (1) rule; (2) a territory ruled over. 2. DOM'INANT: domin + ant = relating to lordship or mastery: hence, prevailing. 3. DOMINEER': through Fr. v. _dominer_; literally, to "_lord_ it" over one: hence, to rule with insolence. 4. PREDOM'INATE: pre + domin + ate = to cause one to be master _before_ another: hence, to be superior, to rule. EXERCISE. (1.) What is meant by saying that "in 1776 the United Colonies threw off the _dominion_ of Great Britain"? (2.) What is meant by the "_dominant_ party"? a "_dominant_ race"? (3.) Compose a sentence containing the word "domineer." MODEL: "The blustering tyrant, Sir Edmund Andros, _domineered_ for several years over the New England colonies; but his misrule came to an end in 1688 with the accession of King William." (4.) "The Republicans at present _predominate_ in Mexico": what does this mean? 17. FI'NIS, _an end or limit_. Radical: FIN-. 1. FI'NITE: fin + ite = having the quality of coming to an end: hence, limited in quantity or degree. 2. FIN'ISH: through Fr. v. _finir_; literally, to bring to an end: hence, to complete. 3. INFIN'ITY: in + fin + ity = the state of having no limit: hence, unlimited extent of time, space, or quantity. 4. DEFINE': through Fr. v. _definer_; literally, to bring a thing down to its limits: hence, to determine with precision. 5. CONFINE': con + fine; literally, to bring within limits or bounds: hence, to restrain. 6. AFFIN'ITY: af (a form of prefix _ad_) + fin + ity = close agreement. EXERCISE. (1.) What is meant by saying that "the human faculties are _finite_"? (2.) What is the opposite of "finite"?--Give a synonym. _Ans. Limited._--What participial adjective is formed from the verb to "finish"?--What is meant by a "_finished_ gentleman"? (3.) Give a synonym of "infinity." _Ans. Boundlessness._--"The microscope reveals the fact that each drop of water contains an _infinity_ of animalculæ." What is the sense of _infinity_ as used in this sentence? (4.) Combine define + ite; in + define + ite.--Analyze the word "definition."--Compose a sentence containing the word "define." (5.) Combine and define confine + ment.--What other part of speech than a verb is "confine"? _Ans._ A noun.--Write a sentence containing the word "confines." (6.) Find in the dictionary the meaning of "chemical _affinity_." 18. FLU'ERE: flu'o, flux'um, _to flow_. Radicals: FLU- and FLUX-. 1. FLUX: from flux_um_ = a flowing. 2. FLU'ENT: flu + ent = having the quality of flowing. Used in reference to language it means _flowing_ speech: hence, voluble. 3. FLU'ID, _n._: flu + id = Flow_ing_: hence, anything that flows. 4. FLU'ENCY: flu + ency = state of flowing (in reference to language). 5. AF'FLUENCE: af (form of _ad_) + flu + ence = a flowing _to_: hence, an abundant supply, as of thought, words, money, etc. 6. CON'FLUENCE: con + flu + ence = a flowing together: hence, (1) the flowing together of two or more streams; (2) an assemblage, a union. 7. IN'FLUX: in + flux = a flowing in or into. 8. SUPER'FLUOUS: super + flu + ous = having the quality of _over_flowing: hence, needless, excessive. EXERCISE. (2.) What is meant by a "fluent" speaker?--What word would denote a speaker who is the reverse of "fluent"? (3.) Write a sentence containing the word "fluid." (4.) What is meant by "fluency" of style? (5.) What is the ordinary use of the word "affluence"? An "_affluence_ of ideas," means what? (6.) Compose a sentence containing the word "confluence." MODEL: "New York City stands at the ---- of two streams." (8.) Mention a noun corresponding to the adjective "superfluous."--Compose a sentence containing the word "superfluous."--What is its opposite? _Ans. Scanty, meager._ 19. GREX, gre'gis, _a flock or herd_. Radical: GREG-. 1. AG'GREGATE, _v._: ag (for _ad_) + greg + ate = to cause to be brought into a flock: hence, to gather, to assemble. 2. EGRE'GIOUS: e + greg + (i)ous, through Lat. adj. _egre'gius_, chosen from the herd: hence, remarkable. OBS.--Its present use is in association with inferiority. 3. CON'GREGATE: con + greg + ate = to perform the act of flocking together: hence, to assemble. EXERCISE. (1.) What other part of speech than a verb is "aggregate"?--Why is this word spelled with a double _g_? (2.) Combine and define egregious + ly.--What does an "_egregious_ blunder" mean?--Compose a sentence containing the word "egregious." (3.) Why is it incorrect to speak of congregating _together_?--Combine and define congregate + ion. 20. I'RE: e'o, i'tum, _to go_. Radical: IT-. 1. AMBI'TION: amb (around) + it + ion = the act of going around. DEFINITION: an eager desire for superiority or power. OBS.--This meaning arose from the habit of candidates for office in Rome _going around_ to solicit votes: hence, aspiration for office, and finally, aspiration in general. 2. INI'TIAL, _a._: in + it + (i)al = pertaining to the _in_going: hence, marking the commencement. 3. INI'TIATE: in + it + (i)ate = to cause one to go in: hence, to introduce, to commence. 4. SEDI'TION: sed (_aside_) + it + ion = the act of going _aside_; that is, going to a separate and insurrectionary party. 5. TRANS'IT: trans + it = a passing across: hence, (1) the act of passing; (2) the line of passage; (3) a term in astronomy. 6. TRAN'SITORY: trans + it + ory = pass_ing_ over: hence, brief, fleeting. EXERCISE. (1.) Compose a sentence containing the word "ambition." MODEL: "Napoleon's _ambition_ was his own greatness; Washington's, the greatness of his country."--What is meant by "military ambition"? "political ambition"? "literary ambition"?--What adjective means _possessing ambition_?--Combine and define un + ambitious. (2.) What is the opposite of "initial"? _Ans. Final, closing._--What part of speech is "initial" besides an adjective?--What is meant by "initials"? (3.) What is meant by saying that "the campaign of 1775 was _initiated_ by an attack on the British in Boston"?--Give the opposite of "initiate" in the sense of "commence." (4.) Give a synonym of "sedition." _Ans. Insurrection._--Give another.--Compose a sentence containing this word. (5.) Explain what is meant by goods "in _transit_."--Explain what is meant by the "Nicaragua _transit_."--When you speak of the _transit_ of Venus," you are using a term in what science? (6.) Give a synonym of "transitory."--Give its opposite. _Ans. Permanent, abiding._ 21. LA'PIS, lap'idis, _a stone_. Radical: LAPID-. 1. LAP'IDARY: lapid + ary = one who works in stone: hence, one who cuts, polishes, and engraves precious stones. 2. DILAP'IDATED: di + lapid + ate + ed = put into the condition of a building in which the stones are falling apart: hence, fallen into ruin, decayed. 3. DILAPIDA'TION: di + lapid + ate + ion = the state (of a building) in which the stones are falling apart: hence, demolition, decay. EXERCISE. Use the word "lapidary" in a sentence. MODEL: "When Queen Victoria wanted the Koh-i-noor to be recut, she sent it to a famous _lapidary_ in Holland." (2.) Write a sentence containing the word "dilapidated." MODEL: "At Newport, Rhode Island, there stands a _dilapidated_ mill, which some writers have foolishly believed to be a tower built by Norsemen in the twelfth century."--If we should speak of a "_dilapidated_ fortune," would the word be used in its literal meaning or in a figurative sense? (3.) Give two synonyms of "dilapidation." _Ans. Ruin, decay._ 22. LEX, le'gis, _a law or rule_. Radical: LEG-. 1. LE'GAL: leg + al = relating to the law; lawful. 2. ILLE'GAL: il (for _in_, not) + leg + al = not legal: hence, unlawful. 3. LEG'ISLATE: from _legis_ + _latum_ (from Lat. v. _fer're, latum_, to bring), to bring forward: hence, to make or pass laws. 4. LEGIT'IMATE: through Lat. adj. _legitimus_, lawful; legitim (us) + ate = made lawful: hence, in accordance with established law. 5. PRIV'ILEGE: Lat. adj. _privus_, private; literally, a law passed for the benefit of a private individual: hence, a franchise, prerogative, or right. EXERCISE. (1.) Point out the different senses of "legal" in the two expressions, "the _legal_ profession" and "a _legal_ right."--Combine and define legal + ize. (2.) Give an Anglo-Saxon synonym of "illegal." _Ans. Unlawful._--Show that they are synonyms. _Ans_. il (_in_) = un; _leg_ = law; and al = ful.--Compose a sentence containing the word "illegal."--Combine and define illegal + ity. (3.) What noun derived from "legislate" means the law-making power?--Combine and define legislate + ion; legislate + ive. (4.) Give the negative of "legitimate." (5.) What is the plural of "privilege"?--Define the meaning of this word in the passage,-- "He claims his _privilege_, and says 't is fit Nothing should be the judge of wit, but wit." 23. LIT'ERA, _a letter_. Radical: LITER-. 1. LIT'ERAL: liter + al = relating to the letter of a thing; that is, exact to the letter. 2. LIT'ERARY: liter + ary = pertaining to _letters_ or learning. 3. OBLITERATE: ob + liter + ate = to cause letters to be rubbed out: hence, to rub out, in general. 4. LIT'ERATURE: through Lat. n. _literatura_ = the collective body of literary works. 5. ILLIT'ERATE: il (for _in_, not) + liter + ate = of the nature of one who does not know his letters. EXERCISE. (1.) Define what is meant by a "_literal_ translation." (2.) Give a synonymous expression for a "literary man."--Compose a sentence containing the terms "literary society." (3.) Give a synonym of "obliterate" in its literal meaning. _Ans._ To _erase_.--If we should speak of _obliterating_ the memory of a wrong, would the word be used in its primary or its derivative sense? (4.) "When we speak of English "literature" what is meant?--Can you mention a great poem in Greek "literature"?--Compose a sentence containing the word "literature." (5.) Give a synonym of "illiterate." _Ans. Unlearned_.--What is the opposite of "illiterate"? _Ans. Learned_. 24. MORS, mortis, _death_. Radical: MORT-. 1. MOR'TAL: mort + a = relating to death. 2. MOR'TIFY: mort + ify = literally, to cause to die: hence, (1) to destroy vital functions; (2) to humble. 3. IMMOR'TALIZE: im (for _in_, not) + mort + al + ize = to make not subject to death: hence, to perpetuate. EXERCISE. (1.) What does Shakespeare mean by the expression to "shuffle off this _mortal_ coil"?--Combine and define mortal + ity.--What is the opposite of "mortal"?--Give a synonym. _Ans. Deathless_. (2.) State the two meanings of "mortify."--What noun is derived from this verb? _Ans. Mortification_.--When a surgeon speaks of "mortification" setting in, what does he mean?--What is meant by "mortification" when we say that the British felt great _mortification_ at the recapture of Stony Point by General Anthony Wayne? (3.) Compose a sentence containing the word "immortalize." MODEL: "Milton _immortalized_ his name by the production of Paradise Lost." 25. NOR'MA, _a rule_. Radical: NORM-. 1. NOR'MAL: norm + al = according to rule. 2. ENOR'MOUS: e + norm + ous = having the quality of being out of all rule: hence, excessive, huge. 3. ENOR'MITY: e + norm + ity = the state of being out of all rule: hence, an excessive degree--generally used in regard to bad qualities. 4. ABNOR'MAL: ab + norm + al = having the quality of being _away_ from the usual rule: hence, unnatural. EXERCISE. (1.) What is meant by the expression, "the _normal_ condition of things"?--"What is the meaning of the term a "_normal_ school"? _Ans._ It means a school whose methods of instruction are to serve as a model for imitation; a school for the education of teachers. (2.) Give a synonym of "enormous." _Ans. Immense_.--Give another.--"What is meant by "_enormous_ strength"? an "_enormous_ crime?"--Combine and define enormous + ly. (3.) Illustrate the meaning of the word "enormity" by a sentence. 26. OR'DO, or'dinis, _order_. Radical: ORDIN-. 1. OR'DINARY: ordin + ary = relating to the usual order of things. 2. EXTRAOR'DINARY: extra + ordin + ary = beyond ordinary. 3. INOR'DINATE: in + ordin + ate = having the quality of not being within the usual order of things: hence, excessive. 4. SUBOR'DINATE: sub + ordin + ate = having the quality of being under the usual order: hence, inferior, secondary. 5. OR'DINANCE: ordin + ance = that which is according to order: hence, a law. 6. INSUBORDINA'TION: in + sub + ordin + ate + ion = the state of not being under the usual order of things: hence, disobedience to lawful authority. EXERCISE. (1.) What is meant by "_ordinary_ language"? an "_ordinary_ man"? (2.) Combine and define extraordinary + ly.--Compose a sentence using the word "extraordinary."--Give a synonym of "extraordinary." _Ans. Unusual._ (3.) Explain what is meant by saying that General Charles Lee had "_inordinate_ vanity."--Is "inordinate" used with reference to praiseworthy things? (4.) What part of speech other than an adjective is "subordinate"?--What is meant by "a _subordinate_"?--What does "subordinate" mean in the sentence, "We must _subordinate_ our wishes to the rules of morality"?--Combine and define subordinate + ion. (5.) What does the expression "the _ordinances_ of the Common Council of the City of New York" mean? (6.) Compose a sentence containing the word "insubordination."--Give the opposite of "insubordination"? _Ans. Subordination, obedience._ 27. PARS, par'tis, _a part or share_. Radical: PART-. 1. PART: from part_is_ = a share. 2. PAR'TICLE: part + (_i_)cle = a small part. 3. PAR'TIAL: part + (_i_)al = relating to a part rather than the whole: hence, inclined to favor one party or person or thing. 4. PAR'TY: through Fr. n. _partie_: a set of persons (that is, a part of the people) engaged in some design. 5. PAR'TISAN: through Fr. n. _partisan_ = a party man. 6. DEPART': de + part = to take one's self away from one part to another. EXERCISE. (1.) What part of speech is "part" besides a noun?--Write a sentence containing this word as a noun; another as a verb. (2.) Point out the connection of meaning between "particle" and "particular." _Ans_. "Particular"' means taking note of the minute parts or _particles_ of a given subject. (3.) What is the negative of "partial"? _Ans. Impartial._--Define it. (4.) Explain what is meant by a "political _party_." (6.) Combine and define depart + ure. 28. PES, pe'dis, _a foot_. Radical: PED-. 1. PED'AL: ped + al = an instrument made to be moved by the foot. 2. BI'PED: bi + ped = a two-footed animal. 3. QUAD'RUPED: quadru + ped = a four-footed animal. (_Quadru_, from _quatuor_, four.) 4. PED'DLER: literally, a trader who travels on foot. 5. EXPEDITE': ex + ped + ite (_ite_, equivalent to _ate_) = literally, to free the feet from entanglement: hence, to hasten. 6. EXPEDI'TION: ex + ped + ite + ion = the act of expediting: hence, (1) the quality of being expeditious, promptness; (2) a sending forth for the execution of some object of importance. 7. IMPED'IMENT: through Lat. n. _impedimentum_; literally, something which _impedes_ or entangles the feet: hence, an obstacle, an obstruction. EXERCISE. (2.) Make up a sentence containing the word "biped." (3.) Make up a sentence containing the word "quadruped." (4.) What is the English verb from which "peddler" comes?--In what other way is "peddler" sometimes spelled? _Ans._ It is sometimes spelled with but one _d_--thus, _pedler_. (5.) "To expedite the growth of plants": what does that mean?--Give the opposite of "expedite." _Ans._ To _retard_. (6.) Point out the double sense of the word "expedition" in the following sentences: "With winged _expedition_, swift as lightning."--_Milton_. "The _expedition_ of Cortez miserably failed."--_Prescott._ (7.) Compose a sentence containing the word "impediment."--What is meant by "_impediment_ of speech"?--Is the word here used in its literal or its figurative sense? 29. RUM'PERE: rum'po, rup'tum, _to break_. Radical: RUPT-. 1. RUP'TURE: rupt + ure = the act of breaking with another; that is, a _breach_ of friendly relations. 2. ERUP'TION: e + rupt + ion = the act of breaking or bursting out. 3. ABRUPT': ab + rupt = broken off short: hence, having a sudden termination. 4. CORRUPT': cor (for _con_) + rupt = thoroughly broken up: hence, decomposed, depraved. 5. INTERRUPT': inter + rupt = to break in between: hence, to hinder. 6. BANK'RUPT: literally, one who is bank-broken, who cannot pay his debts, an insolvent debtor. EXERCISE. (1.) What other part of speech than a noun is "rupture"? _Ans._ A verb.--Compose one sentence using the word as a verb, the other as a noun.--What does the "_rupture_ of a blood vessel" mean? Is this the literal sense of the word?--The "_rupture_ of friendly relations" between Maine and Massachusetts: is this its literal or its figurative sense? (2.) Compose a sentence containing the word "eruption." (3.) Combine and define abrupt + ness; abrupt + ly.--When we speak of an "_abrupt_ manner," what is meant?--When we speak of an "_abrupt_ descent," what is meant? (4.) Explain what is meant by "corrupt principles"; a "_corrupt_ judge."--Combine and define corrupt + ion; corrupt + ible; in + corrupt + ible.--What other part of speech than an adjective is "corrupt"?--What part of speech is it in the sentence "evil communications _corrupt_ good manners"? 30. TEM'PUS, tem'poris, _time_. Radical: TEMPOR-. 1. TEM'PORAL: tempor + al = relating to time: hence, not everlasting. 2. TEM'PORARY: tempor + ary = lasting only for a brief time. 3. CONTEM'PORARY: con + tempor + ary = one who lives in the same time with another. 4. TEM'PERANCE: through Fr. n. _tempérance_; literal meaning, the state of being _well timed_ as to one's habits: hence, moderation. 5. EXTEMPORA'NEOUS: ex + temporane(us) + ous = produced at the time. 6. TEM'PORIZE: tempor + ize = to do as the times do: hence, to yield to the current of opinion. EXERCISE. (1.) Give the opposite of "temporal." _Ans. Eternal._ Illustrate these two words by a sentence from the Bible. _Ans._ "The things which are seen are _temporal_; but the things which are not seen are _eternal_." (2.) Give the opposite of "temporary." _Ans. Permanent._--What is meant by the "_temporary_ government of a city"?--Give a synonym of "temporary." _Ans. Transitory._--Would you say that man is a "_temporary_ being" or a "_transitory_ being"? (3.) Compose a sentence illustrating the use of the word "contemporary."--What adjective corresponds to this adjective? (4.) State the distinction between "temperance" and "abstinence."--Write a sentence showing the use of the two words. (5.) What is meant by an "_extemporaneous_ speech?" (6.) What is one who _temporizes_ sometimes called? _Ans_. A _time_-server. DIVISION II.--ABBREVIATED LATIN DERIVATIVES. NOTE--In Division II, the English derivatives from Latin roots are given in abbreviated form, and are arranged in paragraphs under the particular _radicals_, from which the several groups of derivatives are formed. The radicals are printed at the left in bold-face type--thus., ACR-, ACERB-, etc. Derivatives not obviously connected with the Latin roots are given in the last paragraph of each section. Pupils are required to unite the prefixes and suffixes with the radicals, thus forming the English derivatives, which may be given either orally or in writing. Only difficult definitions are appended: in the case of words not defined, pupils may be required to form the definition by reference to the signification of the radicals and the formative elements, thus, acr + id = acrid, being bitter, acr + id + ity = state of being bitter, bitterness. 1. A'CER, a'cris, _sharp_; Acer'bus, _bitter_; Ac'idus, _sour_; Ace'tum, _vinegar_. ACR: -id, -idity; ac'rimony (Lat. n. _acrimo'nia_, sharpness of temper); acrimo'nious. ACERB: -ity; exac'erbate, _to render bitter_; exacerba'tion. ACID: ac'id; -ify, -ity; acid'ulate (Lat. adj. _acid'ulus_, slightly sour); acid'ulous; subac'id, _slightly acid_. ACET: -ate, _a certain salt; _-ic, _pertaining to a certain acid; _-ify, -ification, -ose, -ous. 2. AE'DES, _a house_. ED: ed'ify; edifica'tion; ed'ifice (Lat. n. _edifi'cium_, a large building); e'dile (Lat. n. _aedi'lis_, a Roman magistrate who had charge of buildings). 3. Æ'QUUS, _equal_: Æqua'lis, _equal, just_. EQU: -able, -ation, -ator, -atorial, -ity, -itable; ad'equate (Lat. v. _adequa're_, _adequa'tum_, to make equal); inadequacy; inad'equate; iniq'uity (Lat. n. _iniq'uitas_, want of equal or just dealing); iniq'uitous. EQUAL: e'qual (n., v., adj.), -ity, -ize; co-e'qual; une'qual. 4. Æ'VUM, _an age_; Æter'nitas, _eternal_. EV: co-e'val; longevity (Lat. adj. _lon'gus_, long); prime'val (Lat. adj. _pri'mus_, first). ETERN: -al, -ity, -ize; co-eter'nal. 5. A'GER, a'gri, _a field, land_. AGRI: agra'rian (Lat. adj. _agrarius_, relating to land); agra'rianism; ag'riculture (Lat. n. _cultu'ra_, cultivation), agricult'ural, agricult'urist. Per'egrinate (Lat. v. _peregrina'ri_, to travel in foreign lands); peregrina'tion; pil'grim (Fr. n. _pélérin_, a wanderer); pil'grimage. AGERE, to do. (See p. 23.) 6. AL'ERE: a'lo, al'itum _or_ al'tum, _to nourish_; ALES'CERE: ales'co _to grow up_. AL: al'iment (Lat. n. _alimen'tum_, nourishment); alimen'tary; al'imony (Lat. n. _alimo'ma_, allowance made to a divorced wife for her support). ALIT: coali'tion (-ist). ALESC: coalesce' (-ence, -ent). ALIENUS. (See p. 25.) 7. AL'TER, _another_; Alter'nus, _one after another_. ALTER: al'ter, -ation, -ative (a medicine producing a change); unal'tered; alterca'tion (Lat. n. _alterca'tio_, a contention). ALTERN: -ate, -ation, -ative; subal'tern, _a subordinate officer_. AMARE; AMICUS. (See p. 25.) ANIMUS; ANIMA. (See p. 26.) ANNUS. (See p. 27.) 8. ANTI'QUUS, _old, ancient_. ANTIQU: -ary, -arian, -ated, -ity; antique' (Fr. adj. _antique_), _old, ancient_. 9. AP'TUS, _fit, suitable_. APT: apt, -itude, -ly, -ness; adapt' (-able, -ation, -or). 10. A'QUA, _water_. AQUE: -duct (_du'cere_, to lead); a'queous; suba'queous; terra'queous (Lat. n. _terra_, land); aquat'ic (Lat. adj. _aquat'icus_, relating to water); aqua'rium (Lat. n. _aqua'rium_, a reservoir of water), _a tank for water-plants and animals_. 11. AR'BITER, ar'bitri, _a judge or umpire_. ARBITER: ar'biter, _a judge or umpire_. ARBITR: -ary, -ate, -ation, -ator; arbit'rament (Lat. n. _arbitramen'tum_, decision). 12. AR'BOR, ar'boris, _a tree_. ARBOR: ar'bor, _a lattice-work covered with vines, etc., a bower_; -et, _a little tree_; -ist, -escent, -(e)ous; arbore'tum, _a place where specimens of trees are cultivated_; arboricult'ure (-ist). 13. AR'MA, _arms, weapons_. ARM: arm (n. and v.); arms, _weapons_; -or, _defensive weapons_; ar'morer; ar'mory; armo'rial, _belonging to the escutcheon or coat of arms of a family_; ar'mistice (_sis'tere_, to cause to stand still); disarm'; unarmed'. Arma'da (Span, n.), _a naval warlike force_; ar'my (Fr. n _armée_); ar'mament (Lat. n. _armamen'ta_, utensils); armadil'lo (Span, n.), _an animal armed with a bony shell_. ARS. (See page 28.) 14. ARTIC'ULUS, _a little joint_. ARTICUL: -ate (v., to utter in distinctly _jointed_ syllables), -ate (adj. formed with joints), -ation; inartic'ulate; ar'ticle (Fr. n. _article_). 15. AS'PER, _rough_. ASPER: -ate, -ity; exas'perate; exas'peration. AUDIRE. (See page 29.) 16. AUGE'RE: au'geo, auc'tum, _to increase_. AUG: augment' (v.); augmentation. AUCT: -ion, _a sale in which the price is increased by bidders_; -ioneer. Author (Lat. n. _auc'tor_, one who increases knowledge); author'ity; au'thorize; auxil'iary (Lat. n. _auxil'ium_, help). 17. A'VIS, _a bird_; Au'gur, Aus'pex, aus'picis, _a soothsayer_. AUGUR: au'gur (n.), _one who foretells future events by observing the_ _flight of birds_, (v.) _to foretell_; au'gury, _an omen_; inau'gurate, _to invest with an office by solemn rites_; inaugura'tion; inau'gural. AUSPICI: -ous, _favorable_; inauspi'cious; aus'pices. 18. BAR'BARUS, _savage, uncivilized_. BARBAR: -ian (n. and adj.), -ic, -ism, -ity, -ize, -ous. 19. BIS, _twice or two_. BI: bi'ennial (Lat. n. _an'nus_, a year); big'amy (Greek n. _gamos_, marriage); bil'lion (Lat. n. _mil'lio_, a million; literally, twice a million); bipar'tite (Lat. n. _pars, par'tis_, a part); bi'ped (Lat. n. _pes, pe'dis_, foot); bis'cuit (Fr. v. _cuit_, cooked); bisect' (Lat. v. _sec'tum_, cut); bi'valve (Lat. n. _val'væ_, folding-doors); bi'nary (Lat. adj. _bi'ni_, two by two); binoc'ular (Lat. n. _oc'ulus_, the eye); combine'; combina'tion. 20. BO'NIS, _good_; Be'ne, _well_. BONUS: bonus (something to the _good_ of a person in addition to compensation), bounty (Fr. n. _bonté_, kindness); boun'teous; boun'tiful. BENE: ben'efice (Lat. v. _fac'ere, fac'tum_, to do), literally, _a benefit, an ecclesiastical living_; benef'icence; benef'icent; benefi'cial; ben'efit; benefac'tion; benefac'tor; benedic'tion (Lat. v. _dic'ere, dic'tum_, to say); benev'olence (Lat. v. _vel'le_, to will). EXERCISE. _In this and the following exercises, tell the roots of the words printed in italic_: The _equator_ divides the globe into two _equal_ parts. Good _agriculturists_ read _agricultural_ papers. In the _primeval_ ages the _longevity_ of man was very great. The _pilgrims_ have gone on a _pilgrimage_ to the Holy Land. The _subaltern_ had no _alternative_ but to obey. To remove the stain a powerful _acid_ must be used. The _alimony_ which had hitherto been allowed was no longer considered _adequate_. The discourse, though learned, was not _edifying_. God is an _eternal_ and unchangeable being. The handsome _edifice_ was burned to the ground. The plants and animals in the _aquarium_ were brought from abroad. Though the style is _antiquated_, it is not inelegant. The _arbitrary_ proceedings of the British Parliament _exasperated_ the Americans. God is the _bountiful_ Giver of all good. The President made a short _inaugural_ address. By _combined_ effort success is sure. One of Scott's novels is called The _Antiquary_. It is _barbarous_ needlessly to destroy life. George Peabody was noted for his _benevolence_. The Romans were famous for their great _aqueducts_. 21. CAD'ERE: ca'do, ca'sum, _to fall_. CAD: -ence, _a falling of the voice_; cascade' (Fr. n.); deca'dence. CIDE: ac'cident; coincide' (con + in); coin'cidence; decid'uous; in'cident; oc'cident, _the place of the falling or setting sun, the west_. CASE: case, _the state in which a thing happens or falls to be_; casual (Lat. n. _ca'sus_, a fall); cas'ualty; cas'uist, _one who studies cases of conscience_; cas'uistry; occa'sion. Chance (Fr. v. _choir_, to fall), _something that befalls without apparent cause_; decay (Fr. v. _déchoir_, to fall away). 22. CÆD'ERE: cæ'do, cæ'sum, _to cut, to kill_. CIDE: decide', _to cut off discussion, to determine_; frat'ricide, _the killing of a brother_ (Lat. n. _fra'ter_, a brother); hom'icide (_ho'mo_, a man); infan'ticide (_in'fans_, an infant); mat'ricide (_ma'ter_, a mother); par'ricide (_pa'ter_, a father); reg'icide (_rex, re'gis_, a king); su'icide (Lat. pro. _sui_, one's self). CISE: con-, ex-, pre-; concise'ness; decis'ion; deci'sive; excis'ion, incis'ion; inci'sor; precis'ion. 23. CAL'CULUS, _a pebble_. CALCUL: -able (literally, that may be counted by the help of pebbles anciently used in reckoning), -ate, -ation, -ator; incal'culable; miscal'culate. 24. CANDE'RE: can'deo, can'ditum, _to be white, to shine (literally, to burn, to glow)_; Can'didus, _white_. CAND: -id, _fair, sincere_; -or, _openness, sincerity_; incandes'cent. CAN'DID: -ate (in Rome aspirants for office wore _white_ robes). Cen'ser, _a vessel in which incense is burned_; in'cense (n.), _perfume given off by fire_; incense' (v.), _to inflame with anger_; incen'diary (Lat. n. _incen'dium_, a fire); can'dle (Lat. _cande'la_, a _white_ light made of wax); chand'ler (literally a maker or seller of candles); chandelier'; candel'abra. 25. CAN'ERE: ca'no, can'tum, _to sing_; Fr chanter, _to sing_. CANT: cant, _hypocritical sing-song speech_; canta'ta, _a poem set to music_; can'ticle; can'ticles, _the Song of Solomon_; can'to, _division of a poem_; discant'; incanta'tion, _enchantment_; recant', literally, _to sing back, to retract_. CHANT: chant; chant'er; chan'ticleer; chant'ry; enchant'. Ac'cent (Lat. _ad._ and _cantus_, a song), literally, _a modulation of the voice_; accentua'tion; precen'tor (Lat. v. _præcan'ere_, to sing before). 26. CAP'ERE: ca'pio, cap'tum, _to take_. CAP: -able, -ability; inca'pable. CIP: antic'ipate; eman'cipate (Lat. n. _ma'nus_, hand), literally, _to take away from the hand of an owner, to free_; incip'ient; munic'ipal (Lat. n. _municip'ium_, a free town; _mu'nia_, official duties, and _cap'ere_, to take); partic'ipate (Lat. n. _pars, par'tis_, a part); par'ticiple; prince (Lat. n. _prin'ceps_,--Lat. adj. _pri'mus_, first: hence, taking the _first_ place or lead); prin'cipal; prin'ciple; recip'ient; rec'ipe (imperative of _recip'ere_; literally, "take thou," being the first word of a medical prescription). CEIVE (Fr. root = cap- or cip-): conceive'; deceive'; perceive'; receive'. CAPT: -ive, -ivate, -ivity, -or, -ure. CEPT: accept' (-able, -ance, -ation); concep'tion; decep'tion; decep'tive; except' (-ion, -ionable); incep'tion; incep'tive; intercept'; pre'cept; precep'tor; recep'tacle; recep'tion; suscep'tible. CEIT (Fr. root = capt- or cept-): conceit'; deceit'; receipt'. Capa'cious (Lat. adj. _ca'pax_, _capa'cis_, able to hold: hence large); capac'itate; capac'ity; incapac'itate. CAPUT. (See page 30.) 27. CA'RO, carnis, _flesh_. CARN: -age, _slaughter_; -al, -ation, _the flesh-colored flower_; incar'nate; incarna'tion. Carne'lian (Lat. adj. _car'neus_, fleshy), _a flesh-colored stone_; car'nival (Lat. v. _vale_, farewell), _a festival preceding Lent_; carniv'orous (Lat. v. _vora're_, to eat); char'nel (Fr. adj. _charnel_, containing flesh). 28. CAU'SA, _a cause_. CAUS: -al, -ation, -ative; cause (Fr. n. _cause_), n. and v. Accuse' (Fr. v. _accuser_, to bring a charge against), -ative, -ation, -er; excuse' (Fr. v. _excuser_, to absolve); excus'able; rec'usant (Lat. v. _recusa're_, to refuse). 29. CAVE'RE: ca'veo, cautum, _to beware_. CAUT: -ion, -ious; incau'tious; precaution. Ca'veat (3d per. sing. present subjunctive = let him beware), _an intimation to stop proceedings_. 30. CA'VUS, _hollow_. CAV: -ity; concav'ity; ex'cavate. Cave (Fr. n. _cave_), literally, _a hollow, empty space_; con'cave (Lat. adj. _conca'vus_, arched); cav'il (Lat. n. _cavil'la_, a jest). 31. CED'ERE: ce'do, ces'sum, _to go, to yield_. CEDE: cede; accede'; antece'dent; concede'; precede'; recede'; secede'; unprecedented. CEED: ex-, pro-, sub- (suc-). CESS: -ation, -ion; ab'scess, _a collection of matter gone away, or collected in a cavity_; ac'cess; acces'sible; acces'sion; acces'sory; conces'sion; excess'; exces'sive; interces'sion; interces'sor; preces'sion; proc'ess; proces'sion; recess'; seces'sion; success' (-ful, -ion, -ive). 32. CENSE'RE: cen'seo, cen'sum, _to weigh, to estimate, to tax_. CENS: -or, -ure; censo'rious; cen'surable; recen'sion. Cen'sus (Lat. n. _census_, an estimate). 33. CEN'TRUM, _the middle point_. CENTR: -al, -ical; centrif'ugal (Lat. v. _fu'gere_, to flee); centrip'etal (Lat. v. _pet'ere_, to seek); concen'trate; concentra'tion; concen'tric; eccen'tric; eccentric'ity. Cen'ter or cen'tre (Fr. n. _centre_), n. and v.; cen'tered. 34. CEN'TUM, _a hundred_. CENT: cent; cent'age; cen'tenary (Lat. adj. _centena'rius_); centena'rian; centen'nial (Lat. n. _an'nus_, a year); cen'tigrade (Lat. n. _gra'dus_, a degree); cen'tipede (Lat. n. _pes_, _pe'dis_, the foot); cen'tuple (Lat. adj. _centu'plex_, hundredfold); centu'rion (Lat. n. _centu'rio_, a captain of a hundred); cent'ury (Lat. n. _centu'ria_, a hundred years); percent'age. 35. CER'NERE: cer'no, cre'tum, _to sift, to see, to judge_; Discrimen, discrim'inis, _distinction_. CERN: con-, de-, dis-; unconcern'; discern'er, discern'ible, discern'ment. CRET: decre'tal, _a book of decrees_; discre'tion; discre'tionary; excre'tion; se'cret; sec'retary. DISCRIMIN: -ate, -ation; indiscrim'inate. Decree' (Fr. n. _decret_); discreet' (Fr. adj. _discret_); discrete' (literally, sifted apart), _separate_. 36. CERTA'RE: cer'to, certa'tum, _to contend, to vie_. CERT: con'cert (n.); concert' (v.); disconcert'; preconcert'. 37. CIN'GERE: cin'go, cinc'tum, _to gird_. CINCT: cinct'ure; pre'cinct; succinct', literally, _girded or tucked up, compressed, concise_; succinct'ness. 38. CIR'CUS, _a circle_; cir'culus, _a little circle_. CIRC: cir'cus, _an open space for sports_; cir'clet. CIRCUL: -ar, -ate, -ation, -atory. Cir'cle (Fr. n. _cercle_); encir'cle; sem'icircle. 39. CITA'RE: ci'to, cita'tum, _to stir up, to rouse_. CITE: cite, _to summon or quote_; excite' (-able, -ability, -ment); incite' (-ment); recite' (-al); resus'citate (Lat. v. _suscita're_, to raise). CITAT: cita'tion; recita'tion; recitative', _a species of musical recitation_. CIVIS. (See p. 31.) 40. CLAMA'RE: cla'mo, clama'tum, _to cry out, to shout_; Clam'or, _a loud cry_. CLAIM: claim (v. and n., to demand; a demand), ac-, de-, dis-, ex-, pro-, re-; claim'ant; reclaim'a'ble. CLAMAT: acclama'tion; declama'tion; declam'atory; exclama'tion; exclam'atory; proclama'tion; reclama'tion. CLAMOR: clam'or (v. and n.), -er, -ous. EXERCISE. The _decay_ of the tree was caused by the _incisions_ which had _accidentally_ been made in the bark. The _captives_ will be set at liberty, but the _precise_ time of their _emancipation_ has not been fixed. The harbor is _capacious_, and can _receive_ vessels of the largest size. The merits of the _candidates_ were _discriminated_ with great _candor_. We were _enchanted_ with the _carnival_ at Rome. This _recitation_ is satisfactory. Have you ever seen a _centigrade_ thermometer? Nothing is so _successful_ as _success_. The number of _concentric circles_ in the trunk marked the age of the tree. No _censer_ round our altar beams. The heat being _excessive_, we took shelter in the _recesses_ of a _cave_. _Precision_ is the _principal_ quality of good writing. Franklin's father was a tallow _chandler_. Last _century_ there was great _carnage_ in America. _Infanticide_ is much practiced in China. The _proclamation_ was widely _circulated_. The president was _inaugurated_ on the 4th of March. The _census_ is taken every ten years. _Conceit_ is worse than _eccentricity_. Have you filed your _caveat_? 41. CLAU'DERE: clau'do, clau'sum, _to shut, to close_. CLUD: conclude'; exclude'; include'; preclude'; seclude'. CLUS: conclu'sion; conclu'sive; exclu'sion; exclu'sive; recluse'; seclu'sion. CLOSE: close (v., n., adj.); clos'et; close'ness; inclose' (-ure); enclose' (-ure). Clause (Fr. n. _clause_); clois'ter (old Fr. n. _cloistre_). 42. CLINA'RE: cli'no, clina'tum, _to bend_; Cli'vus, _a slope or hill_. CLINAT: inclina'tion. CLINE: de-, in-, re-. CLIV: accliv'ity; decliv'ity; procliv'ity. 43. COL'ERE: co'lo, cul'tum, _to till, to cultivate_ (_Low Lat._ Cultiva're, _to cultivate_). CULT: cult'ure (Lat. n. _cultu'ra_, a cultivation); ag'riculture (Lat. n. _a'ger_, a field); arboricult'ure (Lat. n. _ar'bor_, a tree); flor'iculture (Lat. n. _flos_, _flo'ris_, a flower); hor'ticulture (Lat. n. _hor'tus_, a garden); ausculta'tion (Lat. n. _ausculta'tio_, a listening; hence, a test of the lungs). CULTIV: -ate, -ation, -ator. Col'ony (Lat. n. _colo'nia_, a settlement); colo'nial; col'onist; col'onize. COR. (See page 32.) CORPUS. (See page 33.) CREDERE. (See page 35.) 44. CREA'RE: cre'o, crea'tum, _to create_. CREAT: -ion, -ive, -or, -ure; create' (pro-, re-). 45. CRES'CERE: cres'co, cre'tum, _to grow_. CRESC: cres'cent; excres'cence; decrease'; increase'. CRET: accre'tion; con'crete; concre'tion. Accrue' (Fr. n. _accrue_, increase); in'crement (Lat. n. _incremen'tum_, increase); recruit' (Fr. v. _recroitre_, _recru_, to grow again). 46. CRUX, cru'cis, _a cross_. CRUC: cru'cial (Fr. adj. _cruciale_, as if bringing to the cross: hence, severe); cru'cible (a chemist's melting-pot--Lat. n. _crucib'ulum_--marked in old times with a cross); cru'ciform (Lat. n. _for'ma_, a shape); cru'cify (Lat. v. _fig'ere_, _fix'um_, to fix); crucifix'ion; excru'ciating. Cross (Fr. n. _croix_); cro'sier (Fr. n. _crosier_); cruise (Dan. v. _kruisen_, to move crosswise or in a zigzag); crusade' (Fr. n. _croisade_, in the Middle Ages, an expedition to the Holy Land made under the banner of the cross); crusad'er. 47. CUBA'RE: cu'bo (_in compos, _cumbo__), cub'itum, _to lie down_. CUB: in'cubate; incuba'tion; in'cubator. CUMB: incum'bency; incum'bent; procum'bent; recum'bency; recum'bent; succumb' (sub-); superincum'bent. Cu'bit (Lat. n. _cub'itus_, the elbow, because it serves for leaning upon); in'cubus (Lat. n. _in'cubus_), the nightmare. 48. CU'RA, _care_. CUR: -able, -ate, -ative, -ator; ac'curate; ac'curacy; inac'curate; proc'urator. Cu'rious; prox'y (contracted from _proc'uracy_). _authority to act for another_; secure' (Lat. adj. _secu'rus_, from _se_ for _si'ne_, without, and _cu'ra_, care); secu'rity; insecure'; si'necure (Lat. prep. _si'ne_, without--an office without duties). CURRERE. (See page 36.) 49. DA'RE: do, da'tum, _to give_. DAT: date (originally the time at which a public document was given--_da'tum_); da'ta (Lat. plural of _da'tum_), _facts or truths given or admitted_; da'tive. DIT: addi'tion; condi'tion; ed'it (-ion, -or); perdi'tion; tradi'tion; extradi'tion. Add (Lat. v. _ad'dere_, to give or put to); adden'dum (pl. adden'da), _something to be added_. 50. DEBE'RE: de'beo, deb'itum, _to owe_. DEBT: debt; debt'or; indebt'ed; deb'it (n. and v.). 51. DE'CEM, _ten_; Dec'imus, _the tenth_. DECEM: Decem'ber (formerly the _tenth_ month); decem'virate (Lat. n. _vir_, a man), _a body of ten magistrates_; decen'nial (Lat. n. _an'nus_, a year). DECIM: dec'imal; dec'imate; duodec'imo (Lat. adj. _duodec'imus_, twelfth), _a book having twelve leaves to a sheet_. 52. DENS, den'tis, _a tooth_. DENT: dent, _to notch_; den'tal; den'tifrice (Lat. v. _frica're_, to rub); den'tist; denti'tion (Lat. n. _denti'tio_, a cutting of the teeth); eden'tate (Lat. adj. _edenta'tus_, toothless); indent'; indent'ure; tri'dent (Lat. adj. _tres_, three), _Neptune's three-pronged scepter_; dan'delion (Fr. _dent-de-lion_, the lion's tooth), _a plant_. 53. DE'US, _a God_; Divi'nus, _relating to God, divine_. DE: de'ify; de'ism; de'ist; deist'ical; de'ity. DIVIN: divine'; divina'tion (Lat. n. _divina'tio_, a foretelling the aid of the gods); divin'ity. 54. DIC'ERE: di'co, dio'tum, _to say_. DICT: dic'tate; dicta'tor; dictatorial; dic'tion; dic'tionary (Lat. n. _dictiona'rium_, a word-book); dic'tum (pl. dic'ta), _positive opinion_; addict' (Lat. v. _addic'ere_, to devote); benedic'tion (Lat. adv. _be'ne_, well); contradict'; e'dict; indict' (Lat. v. _indic'ere_, to proclaim), _to charge with a crime_; indict'ment; in'terdict; jurid'ic (Lat. n. _jus_, _ju'ris_, justice), _relating to the distribution of justice_; maledic'tion (Lat. adv. _ma'le_, ill); predict'; predic'tion; valedic'tory (Lat. v. _va'le_, farewell); ver'dict (Lat. adj. _ve'rus_, true). Dit'to, _n_. (Ital. n. _det'to_, a word), _the aforesaid thing_; indite' (Lat. v. _indic'ere_, to dictate), _to compose_. 55. DI'ES, _a day_; _French_ jour, _a day_. DIES: di'al; di'ary; di'et; diur'nal (Lat. adj. _diur'nus_, daily); merid'ian (Lat. n. _merid'ies_ = _me'dius di'es_, midday); merid'ional; quotid'ian (Lat. adj. _quotidia'nus_, daily). JOUR: jour'nal; jour'nalist; jour'ney; adjourn'; adjourn'ment; so'journ; so'journer. DIGNUS (See page 37.) 56. DIVID'ERE: div'ido, divi'sum, _to divide, to separate_. DIVID: divide'; div'idend; subdivide'; individ'ual, literally, _one not to be divided, a single person_. DIVIS: -ible, -ibility, -ion, -or. Device' (Fr. n. _devis_, something imagined or devised); devise' (Fr. v. _deviser_, to form a plan). DOCERE. (See page 38.) 57. DOLE'RE: do'leo, doli'tum, _to grieve_. Dole'ful; do'lor; dol'orous; condole'; condo'lence; in'dolent (literally, not grieving or caring), _lazy_. DOMINUS. (See page 38.) 58. DU'CERE: du'co, duc'tum, _to lead, to bring forward_. DUC: adduce'; conduce'; condu'cive; deduce'; educe'; ed'ucate; educa'tion; induce'; induce'ment; introduce'; produce'; reduce'; redu'cible; seduce'; superinduce'; traduce'; tradu'cer. DUCT: abduc'tion; duc'tile (-ity); conduct' (-or); deduct' (-ion, -ive); induct' (-ion, -ive); introduc'tion; introduc'tory; prod'uct (-ion, -ive); reduc'tion; seduc'tion; seduc'tive; aq'ueduct (Lat. n. _a'qua_, water); vi'aduct (Lat. n. _vi'a_, a road); con'duit (Fr. n. _conduit_), a channel for conveying water. 59. DU'O, _two_. DU: du'al; du'el (-ist); duet'; du'plicate (Lat. v. _plica're_, to fold) ; dupli'city (Lat. n. _duplic'itas_, double dealing). Dubi'ety (Lat. n. _dubi'etas_, uncertainty); du'bious (Lat. adj. _du'bius_, uncertain); indu'bitable (Lat. v. _dubita're_, to doubt); doub'le (Fr. adj. _double_, twofold); doubt (Fr. n. _doubt_), -ful, -less ; undoubt'ed. 60. DU'RUS, _hard, lasting_; DURA'RE: du'ro, dura'tum, _to last_. DUR: -able, -ableness, -ability, -ance, _state of being held hard and fast_; duresse, _hardship, constraint_; endure' (-ance); ob'duracy. DURAT: dura'tion ; in'durate, _to grow hard_; indura'tion; ob'duracy. EXERCISE. When the speech, was _concluded_ loud acclamation _arose_. In many parts of the _colony_ much of the waste land has been _reclaimed_, and _agricultural_ operations now _receive_ the due attention of the _colonists_. The patient declined to undergo _auscultation_. Fishing is a healthful _recreation_. Many of the _crusaders_ were inspired with great courage. _Security_ was offered, but it was not _accepted_. The _incumbent_ could not stand the _crucial_ test, and hence _succumbed_. A _curious excrescence_ was cut from the tree. To Neptune with his _trident_ the Greeks ascribed _divine_ power. A French _journalist_ has been _indicted_. The _valedictory_ was pronounced in _December_. What is the difference between _addition_ and _division_? We may easily _predict_ the ruin of an _indolent debtor_. How many _maledictions_ are heaped on _dentists_! The _reduction_ of the public _debt_ is desirable. The prisoner was _doleful_ because he was in _duresse_ vile. An educated man is known by his _accurate_ use of language. The _dandelion_ is a _productive_ plant. The _pilgrims received_ the priest's _benediction_ before setting out on their _journey_. The _decimal_ system _conduces_ to the saving of time. 61. EM'ERE: E'MO, EMP'TUM, to buy or take. EMPT: exempt' (-ion); per'emptory (Lat. adj. _perempto'rius_, wholly taken away), _decisive_, _final_; pre-empt'; pre-emp'tion, _the right of buying before others_; redemp'tion. Redeem' (Lat. v. _redim'ere_, to buy back); redeem'er; prompt (Lat. adj. _promp'tus_ = _pro-emp'tus_, taken out; hence, ready); prompt'er; prompt'itude; prompt'ness; impromp'tu (Lat. _in promp'tu_, in readiness). 62. ERRA'RE: er'ro, erra'tum, _to wander_. ERR: err, -ant, -antry; er'ror (Lat. n. _er'ror_); erro'neous (Lat. adj. _erro'neus_, erring). ERRAT: errat'ic; erra'tum (pl. er'rata), _a mistake in printing_; aberra'tion. 63. ES'SE, _to be_; en, en'tis, _being_. ENT: ab'sent (-ee); ab'sence; en'tity; nonen'tity; omnipres'ent (Lat. adj. _om'nis_, all); pres'ent (-ation, -ly); represent' (-ation, -ative); misrepresent'. Es'sence (Lat. n. _essen'tia_, being); essen'tial; quintes'sence (Lat. adj. _quin'tus_, fifth), _the highest essence; in'terest_ (3d pers. sing. pres. indic. of _interes'se_ = it interests or is of interest); disin'terested. 64. FA'CERE: fa'cio, fac'tum, _to do or make_; _French_ Faire. FAC: face'tious (Lat. adj. _face'tus_, merry); fac'ile (Lat. adj. _fa'cilis_, easily done); facil'ity; facil'itate; fac'ulty (Lat. n. _facul'tas_, power, ability); fac-sim'ile (Lat. adj. _sim'ilis_, like), literally, _make like_, _an exact copy_; facto'tum (Lat. adj. _to'tum_, the whole; literally, do the whole), _a servant of all work_. FIC: ben'efice (see _bene_); def'icit (literally, it is wanting), _a lack_; defi'ciency; defi'cient; dif'ficult (Lat. adj. _diffic'ilis_, arduous); ef'ficacy (Lat. adj. _ef'ficax_, _effica'cis_, powerful); effi'cient, _causing effects_; of'fice (Lat. n. _offic'ium_, a duty); of'ficer; offi'cial; offi'cious; profi'cient; suffice', literally, _to make up what is wanting_; suffi'cient. FACT: fact; fac'tor; fac'tion, _a party acting in opposition_; fac'tious; facti'tious (Lat. adj. _facti'tius_, artificial); benefac'tor; manufacture (Lat. n. _ma'nus_, the hand). FECT: affect' (-ation, -ion); disaffec'tion; confec'tion, literally, _made_ _with sugar_ (-er); defect' (-ion, -ive); effect' (-ive); effect'ual; infect' (-ion); infec'tious; per'fect, literally, _thoroughly made_ (-ion); imper'fect (-ion); refec'tion; refec'tory. FAIRE (past participle _fait_): fash'ion (Fr. n. _façon_, the make or form of a thing); fea'sible (Old Fr. _faisible_, that may be done); feat; affair'; coun'terfeit, literally, _to make again_, _to imitate_; for'feit, (Fr. v. _forfaire_, to misdo), _to lose by some fault_; sur'feit, v., _to overdo in the way of eating_. 65. FAL'LERE: fal'lo, fal'sum, _to deceive_; _French_ Faillir, _to fall short or do amiss_. FALL: fal'lacy; falla'cious; fal'lible; fallibil'ity; infal'lible. FALS: false (-hood, -ify); falset'to (Ital. n. = a false or artificial voice). FAIL: fail'ure; fault (Old Fr. n. _faulte_); fault'y; fal'ter; default' (-er). 66. FA'NUM, _a temple_. FAN: fane; fanat'ic (Lat. adj. _fanat'icus_, literally, one inspired by divinity--the god of the fane), _a wild enthusiast_; fanat'ical; fanat'icism; profane', v. (literally, to be before or outside of the temple), _to desecrate_; profane', adj., _unholy_; profana'tion; profan'ity. 67. FA'RI, fa'tus, _to speak_. FAT: fate, -al, -ality, -alism, -alist; pref'atory. Affable (Lat. adj. _affab'ilis_, easy to be spoken to); affabil'ity; inef'fable; in'fant (Lat. participle, _in'fans_, _infan'tis_, literally, not speaking) (-ile, -ine); in'fancy; nefa'rious (Lat. adj. _nefa'rius_, impious); pref'ace (Fr. n. _préface_), _something spoken or written by way of introduction_. 68. FATE'RI: fa'teor, fas'sus (_in comp._ fes'sus), _to acknowledge, to show_. FESS: confess' (-ion, -ional, -or); profess' (-ion, -ional, -or). 69. FELIX, feli'cis, _happy_. FELIC: -ity, -itous; infeli'city; feli'citate, _to make happy by congratulation_. 70. FEN'DERE: fen'do, fen'sum, _to keep off, to strike_.[6] FEND: fend (-er); defend' (-er, -ant); offend' (-er). FENS: defense' (-ible, -ive); offense' (-ive); fence (n. and v., abbreviated from defence);[7] fencer; fencing. 71. FER'RE: fe'ro, la'tum, _to bear, to carry_. FER: fer'tile (Lat. adj. _fer'tilis_, bearing, fruitful); fertil'ity; fer'tilize; circum'ference, literally, _a measure carried around anything_; confer', _to consult_; con'ference; defer'; def'erence; deferen'tial; dif'fer (-ence, -ent); infer' (-ence); of'fer; prefer' (-able, -ence, -ment); prof'fer; refer' (-ee, -ence); suf'fer (-ance, -able, -er); transfer' (-able, -ence); conif'erous (Lat. n. _co'nus_, a cone); florif'erous (Lat. n. _flos_, _flo'ris_, a flower); fructif'erous (Lat. n. _fruc'tus_, fruit); Lu'cifer (Lat. n. _lux_, _lucis_, light), _the morning or evening star, Satan_; pestif'erous (Lat. n. _pes'tis_, pest, plague). LAT: ab'lative (literally, carrying away; the sixth case of Latin nouns); collate' (-ion); dilate' (-ory); elate'; ob'late, _flattened at the poles_; obla'tion, _an offering_; prel'ate; prel'acy; pro'late, _elongated at the poles_; relate' (-ion, -ive); correla'tion; correl'ative; super'lative; translate' (-ion); delay' (= dis + lat, through old Fr. verb _delayer_, to put off). 72. FERVE'RE: fer'veo, _to boil_; Fermen'tum, _leaven_. FERV: -ent, -ency, -id, -or; effervesce', _to bubble or froth up_; efferves'cence. FERMENT: fer'ment, -ation. 73. FES'TUS, _joyful, merry_. FEST: -al, -ival, -ive, -ivity; feast (Old Fr. _feste_, a joyous meal); fête (modern Fr. equivalent of _feast_), _a festival_; festoon (Fr. n. _feston_, originally an ornament for a festival). 74. FID'ERE: fi'do, _to trust_; Fi'des, _faith_; Fide'lis, _trusty_. FID: confide' (-ant, -ence, -ent, -ential); dif'fidence; dif'fident; per'fidy (per = through and hence _away from_ good faith); perfid'ious. FIDEL: fidel'ity; in'fidel; infidel'ity. Fe'alty (Old Fr. n. _féalté_ = Lat. _fidel'itas_), _loy'alty_; fidu'cial (Lat. n. _fidu'cia_, trust); fidu'ciary; affi'ance, _to pledge faith_, _to betroth_; affida'vit (Low Lat., signifying, literally, he made oath), _a declaration on oath_; defy' (Fr. v. _défier_, originally, to dissolve the bond of allegiance; hence, to disown, to challenge, to brave). 75. FI'GERE: fi'go, fix'um, _to join, fix, pierce_. FIX: affix'; cru'cifix (Lat. n. _crux_, _cru'cis_, a cross); cru'cify; fix'ture; post'fix; pre'fix; suf'fix (n., literally, something fixed below or on; hence, appended); transfix', _to pierce through_. 76. FIN'GERE: fin'go, fic'tum, _to form, to feign_; Figu'ra, _a shape_. FICT: fic'tion; ficti'tious. FIGUR: fig'ure; figura'tion; configura'tion; disfig'ure; prefig'ure; transfig'ure. Feign (Fr. v. _feindre_, _feignant_, to pretend); feint (_feint_, past part. of _feindre_); ef'figy (Lat. n. _effig'ies_, an image or likeness); fig'ment (Lat. n. _figmen'tum_, an invention). FINIS. (See page 40). 77. FIR'MUS, _strong, stable_. FIRM: firm; firm'ness; infirm' (-ary, -ity); fir'mament, originally, _firm foundation_; affirm' (-ation, -ative); confirm' (-ation, -ative). 78. FLAM'MA, _a stream of fire_. FLAM: flame; inflame' (-able, -ation, -atory). Flambeau' (Fr. n. _flambeau_ from v. _flamber_, to blaze); flamin'go (Span. n. _flamenco_), _a bird of a flaming red color_. EXERCISE. Age does not always _exempt_ one from _faults_. _Peremptory _orders were given that all the princes should be _present_ at the _diet_. Many _beneficial_ results must come from the _introduction_ of drawing into the public schools. The lady is _affable_ and _perfectly_ free from _affectation_. The field is _fertile_ and _produces_ abundant crops. The _professor's_ lecture _related_ to _edentate_ animals. Men sometimes _feign_ a _fealty_ they do not feel. The lady _professed_ that her _felicity_ was ineffable. The King seized a _flambeau_ with zeal to destroy. It is a _nefarious_ act to make a _false affidavit_. _Fanaticism_ is often _infectious_. The _confirmed offender_ had issued many _counterfeits_. Dickens gives us the _quintessence_ of the _facetious_. In _figure_ the earth is an _oblate_ spheroid. 79. FLEC'TERE: flec'to, flex'um, _to bend_. FLECT: deflect' (-ion); inflect' (-ion) ; reflect' (-ion, -ive, -or). FLEX: -ible, -ile, -ion, -or (a muscle that bends a joint), -ure; flex'-uous; flex'uose; cir'cumflex; re'flex. 80. FLOS, flo'ris, _a flower_. FLOR: -al, -et, -id, -ist; Flo'ra, _the goddess of flowers_; flor'iculture (Lat. n. _cultu'ra_, cultivation); florif'erous (Lat. v. _fer're_, to bear); flor'in (originally, a Florentine coin with a lily on it); flour (literally, the _flower_ or choicest part of wheat); flow'er (-et, -y); flour'ish (Lat. v. _flores'cere_, to begin to blossom, to prosper); efflores'cence; efflores'cent. FLUERE. (See page 41.) 81. FOE'DUS, foed'eris, _a league or treaty_. FEDER: fed'eral; fed'eralist (in the United States a member of the party that favored a strong league of the States); fed'erate; confed'erate; confed'eracy; confedera'tion. 82. FO'LIUM, _a leaf_. FOLI: -aceous, -age, -ate; fo'lio (ablative case of _fo'lium_, a leaf), _a book made of sheets folded once_; exfo'liate, _to come off in scales_; foil, _a thin leaf of metal_; tre'foil, _a plant with three (tres) leaves_; cinque'foil (Fr. _cinque_, five). 83. FOR'MA, _shape, form_. FORM: form (-al, -ality); conform' (-able, -ation, -ity); deform' (-ity); inform' (-ant, -er, -ation); perform' (-ance, -er); reform' (-ation, -atory, -er); transform' (-ation); for'mula (Lat. n. _for'mula_, pl. _for'mulæ_, a little form, a model); for'mulate; mul'tiform (Lat. adj. _mul'tus_, many); u'niform (Lat. adj. _u'nus_, one). 84. FOR'TIS, _strong_. FORT: fort; for'tress, _a fortified place_; for'tify; fortifica'tion; for'titude; com'fort, n., _something that strengthens or cheers_ (-able, -er, -less); discom'fort; effort, _a putting forth of one's strength_; force (Fr. n. _force_, strength); for'cible; enforce' (-ment); reinforce' (-ment). 85. FRAN'GERE: fran'go, frac'tum, _to break_; Fra'gilis, _easily broken_. FRANG, FRING: fran'gible (-ibility); infran'gible; infringe' (-ment); refran'gible. FRACT: frac'tion; frac'tious; fract'ure; infract' (-ion); refract' (-ion, -ory). Fra'gile; frag'ment; frail (old Fr. ad; _fraile_ = Lat. _fra'gilis_); frail'ty. 86. FRA'TER, fra'tris, _a brother_; Frater'nus, _brotherly_. FRATR: frat'ricide (Lat. v. _cæd'ere_, to kill). FRATERN: -al, -ity, -ize; confrater'nity. Fri'ar (Fr. n. _frère_, a brother); fri'ary. 87. FRONS, fron'tis, _the forehead_. FRONT: front (-age, -al, -less, -let); affront'; confront'; effront'ery; fron'tier (Fr. n. _frontière_); front'ispiece (Lat. n. _frontispi'cium_, from _frons_ and _spic'ere_, to view; literally, that which is seen in front). 88 FRU'OR: fruc'tus, _to enjoy_; Fru'ges, _corn_; French Fruit, _fruit_. FRUCT: -ify, -ification; fructif'erous (Lat. v. _fer're_, to bear). FRUG: -al, -ality; frugif'erous (Lat. v. _fer're_, to bear). FRUIT: fruit; fruit'erer; fruit'ful; frui'tion. 89. FU'GERE: fu'gio, fu'gitum, _to flee_. FUG: fuga'cious; centrif'ugal (Lat. n. _cen'trum_, the center); feb'rifuge (Lat. n. _fe'bris_, fever); fugue (Lat. n. _fu'ga_, a flight), _a musical composition_; ref'uge (-ee); sub'terfuge; ver'mifuge (Lat. n. _ver'mis_, a worm). FUGIT: fu'gitive (adj. and n.). 90. FU'MUS, _smoke_. FUM: fume; fu'mid; fumif'erous (Lat. v. _fer're_, to bear), _producing smoke_; fu'matory, _a plant with bitter leaves_; per'fume (-er, -ery). Fu'migate (Lat. v. _fumiga're_, _fumiga'tum_, to smoke), _to disinfect_; fumiga'tion; fu'migatory. 91. FUN'DERE: fun'do, fu'sum, _to pour_. FUND: refund'; found (Fr. v. _fondre_ = Lat. _fun'dere_), _to form by pouring into a mould_ (-er, -ery); confound' (Fr. v. _confondre_, literally, to pour together; hence, to confuse). FUS: fuse (-ible, -ion); confuse' (-ion); diffuse' (-ion, -ive); effuse' (-ion, -ive); infuse' (-ion); profuse' (-ion); refuse' (-al); suffuse' (-ion); transfuse' (-ion). 92. GER'ERE: ge'ro, ges'tum, _to bear or carry_. GER: ger'und, _a Latin verbal noun_; bellig'erent (Lat. n. _bel'lum_, war); con'geries (Lat. n. _conge'ries_, a collection); vicege'rent (Lat. _vi'ce_, in place of), _one bearing rule in place of another_. GEST: gest'ure; gestic'ulate (Lat. n. _gestic'ulus_, a mimic gesture); gesticula'tion; congest' (-ion, -ive); digest', literally, _to carry apart_: hence, _to dissolve food in the stomach_ (-ible, -ion, -ive); suggest', literally, _to bear into the mind from below_, that is, _indirectly_ (-ion, -ive); reg'ister (Lat. v. _reger'ere_, to carry back, to record); reg'istrar; registra'tion; reg'istry. 93. GIG'NERE: gig'no, gen'itum, _to beget_; Gens, gen'tis, _a clan or nation_, Ge'nus, gen'eris, _a kind_. GENIT: gen'itive, _a case of Latin nouns_; congen'ital, _born with one_; primogen'itor (Lat. adj. _pri'mus_, first), _an ancestor_; primogen'iture, _ state of being first born_; progen'itor, _an ancestor_. GENT: genteel' (Lat. adj. _genti'lis_, pertaining to the same clan; hence, of good family or birth); gentil'ity; gen'tle (_genti'lis_, of good birth), _mild, refined_; gen'try (contracted from gentlery), _a class in English society_; gen'tile, _belonging to a nation other than the Jewish_. GENER: gen'eral (-ity, -ize); gen'erate (Lat. _genera're, genera'tum_, to produce); genera'tion; regenera'tion; gener'ic; gen'erous; generos'ity; con'gener, _of the same kind_; degen'erate, _to fall off from the original kind_; degen'eracy. Gen'der (Fr. n. _genre_ = Lat. _ge'nus, gen'eris_), _the kind of a noun as regards the sex of the object_; gen'ial (Lat. adj. _genia'lis_, cheerful); gen'ius (Lat. n. _ge'nius_, originally, the divine nature innate in everything); gen'uine (Lat. adj. _genui'nus_, literally, proceeding from the original stock; hence, natural, true); ge'nus, a kind including many species; engen'der (Fr. v. _engendrer_, to beget); ingen'ious (Lat. adj. _ingenio'sus_, acute, clever); ingen'uous (Lat. adj. _ingen'uus_, frank, sincere). 94. GRA'DI: gra'dior, gres'sus, _to walk_. GRAD: grada'tion; gra'dient (_gra'diens, gradien'tis_, pres. part. of v. _gradi_), _rate of ascent, grade_; grad'ual (Lat. n. _gradus_, a step); grad'uate; degrade' (-ation); ingre'dient (Lat. part. _ingre'diens_, entering); ret'rograde. GRESS: aggres'sion; aggres'sive; con'gress (-ional); digress' (-ion); e'gress; in'gress; prog'ress (-ion, -ive); retrogres'sion; transgress' (-ion, -or). Grade (Fr. n. _grade_ = Lat. _gra'dus_, degree or rank); degree' (Fr. n. _degré_ = _de_ + _gradus_). 95. GRA'TUS, thankful, _pleasing_. GRAT: grate'ful; gra'tis (Lat. _gra'tiis_, by favor, for nothing) grat'itude; gratu'ity; gratu'itous; grat'ify (-ication); congrat'ulate (-ion, -ory); ingra'tiate. Grace (Fr. _grâce_ = Lat. _gra'tia_, favor, grace); grace'ful; gra'cious; grace'less; disgrace'; agree' (Fr. v. _agréer_, to receive kindly), -able, -ment; disagree'. 96. GRA'VIS, _heavy_. GRAV: _grave_, literally, _heavy_: hence, _serious_; grav'ity; gravita'tion; ag'gravate (-ion). Grief (Fr. _grief_ = Lat. _gra'vis_), literally, _heaviness of spirit, sorrow_; grieve; griev'ance; griev'ous. GREX. (See page 41.) 97. HABE'RE: ha'beo, hab'itum, _to have or hold_; HABITA'RE, hab'ito, habita'tum, _to use frequently, to dwell_. HABIT: habit'ual; habit'uate; hab'itude; hab'itable; hab'itat, _the natural abode of an animal or a plant_; habita'tion; cohab'it; inhab'it (-able, -ant). HIBIT: exhib'it, literally, _to hold out, to show_ (-ion, -or); inhib'it (-ion); prohib'it (-ion, -ory). Hab'it (Lat. _hab'itus_, state or dress); habil'iment (Fr. n. _habillement_, from v. _habiller_, to dress); a'ble (Lat. adj. _hab'ilis_, literally, that may be easily held or managed; hence, apt, skillful.) 98. HÆRE'RE: hæ'reo, hæ'sum, _to stick_. HER: adhere' (-ency, -ent); cohere' (-ence, -ency, -ent); inhere' (-ent). HES: adhe'sion; adhe'sive; cohe'sion; cohe'sive. Hes'itate (Lat. v. _hæsita're, hæsita'ium, _to be at a stand, to doubt); hes'itancy ; hesita'tion. 99. HÆRES, hære'dis, _an heir or heiress_; French Hériter, _to be heir to_. HERED: hered'itary, _descending to heirs_. HERIT: her'itable ; her'itage ; inher'it (-ance); disinher'it. Heir (Old Fr. _heir_ = Lat. _hæ'res_); heir'ess; heir'loom (Anglo-Saxon _geloma_, goods). 100. HO'MO, hom'inis, _a man_; Huma'nus, _human_. HOM: hom'age (Fr. _hommage_, literally, acknowledgment by a _man_ or vassal to his feudal lord); homicide (Lat. v. _cæd'ere_, to kill) HUMAN: hu'man, _belonging to a man_; humane', _having the feelings proper to a man, kind_; human'ity; hu'manize; inhu'man. EXERCISE. _Floral devices_ were tastefully _introduced_. The _friar_ gives himself to _reflection_, and does not care a _florin_ for worldly pleasures. The tree is covered with _foliage_, but bears no _fruit_. The rights of the _fraternity_ have been _infringed_. The metal was _fused_ in iron pans. By the law of _primogeniture_ the eldest son will _succeed_ to the estate. _Congress_ met, and a _general_ of the army was chosen president. The _gradient_ is _gentle_, and the _access_ easy. The _reform_ of the _refractory_ was in the highest _degree genuine_. We _received_ our _frugal_ meal with _gratitude_. Many of the _inhabitants_ perished in the _flames_. Hamilton and Jay were leading _federalists_. To err is _human_; to forgive, _divine_. The boy _gesticulated_ violently, but it was a mere _subterfuge_. Your words _infuse comfort_ into my heart. May one not be _human_ without being _humane_? Do you know the _difference_ between the _genitive_ and the _ablative case_? 101. HU'MUS, _the earth_; Hu'milis, _on the ground, lowly_. HUM: exhume' (-ation); inhume. HUMIL: humil'ity; humil'iate (-ion); hum'ble (Fr. adj. _humble_ = Lat. _hu'milis_). IRE. (See page 41.) 102. JA'CERE: ja'cio, jac'tum, _to throw or cast_. JECT: ab'ject; ad'jective; conject'ure (-al); deject'ed; dejec'tion; eject' (-ion, -ment); inject' (-ion); interject' (-ion); object' (-ion, -ionable, -ive, -or); project' (-ile, -ion, -or); reject' (-ion); subject' (-ion, -ive); traject'ory. Ejac'ulate (Lat. v. _ejacula're, ejacula'tum_, to hurl or throw); ejacula'tion; ejac'ulatory; jet (Fr. v. _jéter = ja'cere_); jet'ty; jut. 103. JUN'GERE: jun'go, junc'tum, _to join_; Ju'gum, _a yoke_. JUNCT: junc'tion; junct'ure, _a point of time made critical by a joining of circumstances_; ad'junct; conjunc'tion; conjunc'tive; disjunc'tion; disjunc'tive; injunc'tion; subjunc'tive (literally, joined subordinately to something else). JUG: con'jugal, _relating to marriage; _conjugate (-ion); sub'jugate (-ion). Join (Fr. v. _joindre_ = Lat. _jun'gere_); adjoin'; conjoin'; disjoin'; enjoin'; rejoin'; subjoin'; joint (Fr. part, _joint_ = Lat. _junc'tum_); joint'ure, _property settled on a wife_, _to be enjoyed after her husband's death_; jun'ta (Spanish _junta_ = Lat. _junc'tus_, joined), _a grand council of state in Spain; _jun'to (Span, _junt_), _a body of men united for some secret intrigue_. 104. JURA'RE: ju'ro, jura'tum, _to swear_. JUR: ju'ry; ju'ror; abjure'; adjure'; conjure'; con'jure, _to effect something as if by an oath of magic_; con'jurer; per'jure, _to forswear_; per'jurer; per'jury. 105. JUS, ju'ris, _right law_; Jus'tus, _lawful_; Ju'dex, ju'dicis, _a judge_. JUR: jurid'ical (Lat. v. _dica're_, to pronounce), _relating to the administration of justice_; jurisdic'tion, _legal authority_; jurispru'dence, _science of law_; ju'rist; in'jure; in'jury. JUST: just; jus'tice; justi'ciary; jus'tify; justifica'tion. JUDIC: ju'dicature, _profession of a judge_; judi'cious, _according to sound judgment_; prej'udice, n., _judgment formed beforehand_; prejudi'cial; judge (Fr. n. _juge_ = Lat. _ju'dex_); judg'ment; prejudge'. 106. LE'GERE: le'go, lec'tum, _to gather, to read_. LEG: le'gend (originally, stories of saints to be read--_legen'da_--in church); leg'endary; leg'ible; le'gion (originally, a body of troops _gathered_ or levied--_le'gio_); el'egance; el'egant; sac'rilege (originally, the gathering or stealing of something sacred--_sa'crum_). LIG: dil'igent (originally, esteeming highly; hence, assiduous): el'igible; intel'ligible; intel'ligence; intel'ligent; neg'ligent (literally, not--_neg_ = _nec_ = not--picking up). LECT: lect'ure (-er); collect' (-ion, -ive, -or); recollect' (-ion); eclec'tic (Greek _ec_ = _ex_) ; elect' (-ion, -or, -oral); in'tellect; neglect'; predilec'tion, _a liking for_; select' (-ion) ; les'son (Fr. n. _leçon_ = Lat. _lec'tio_, a reading). 107. LEVA'RE: le'vo, leva'tum, _to raise_; Le'vis, _easily raised, light_; _French_ Lever, _to rise or raise_. LEV: lev'ity; levita'tion; alle'viate (-ion); el'evate (-ion); rel'evant, literally, _raising up_: hence, _pertinent, applicable_; rel'evancy; irrel'evant. LEVER: leav'en (Fr. _levain_, yeast); Levant', literally, _the place of the rising sun--the countries near the eastern part of the Mediterranean Sea_; lev'ee; le'ver (-age); lev'y. LEX. (See page 43.) 108. LI'BER, _free_. LIBER: -al, -ality, -alize, -ate, -ator, -ty. Deliv'er (Fr. v. _délivrer_ = Lat. _delibera're_, to set free); deliv'erance; deliv'ery. LITERA. (See page 43.) 109. LO'CUS: _a place_. LOC: -al, -ality, -alize, -ate; locomo'tive (Lat. v. _move're_, to move); al'locate; col'locate (-ion); dis'locate (-ion). 110. LO'QUI: lo'quor, locu'tus, _to speak_. LOQU: loqua'cious ; loqua'city ; col'loquy; collo'quial ; el'oquent; magnil'oquent (Lat. adj. _mag'nus_, big, pompous); ob'loquy; solil'oquy (Lat. adj. _so'lus_, alone); ventril'oquist (Lat. n. _ven'ter_, the stomach). LOCUT: circumlocu'tion; elocu'tion; interloc'utor. 111. LU'DERE: lu'do, lu'sum, _to play or deceive_. LUD: lu'dicrous (Lat. adj. _lu'dicrus_, sportive, laughable); allude', literally, _to play at, to refer to indirectly_; delude'; elude'; prelude'. LUS: allu'sion; collu'sion; delu'sion; delu'sive; illu'sion; prelu'sive; prelu'sory. 112. LUX, lu'cis, _light_; Lu'men, lu'minis, _light_. LUC: Lu'cifer (Lat. v. _fer're_, to bear); lu'cid; elu'cidate; translu'cent. LUMIN: lu'minary; lu'minous; illu'minate; illu'mine. 113. MAG'NUS, _great_; Ma'jor, _greater_; Magis'ter, _master_. MAGN: magnanim'ity (Lat. n. _an'imus_, soul); mag'nate, _a man of rank_; mag'nify (-er); magnif'icent (Lat. v. _fac'ere_, to make), _showing grandeur_; mag'nitude. MAJ: maj'esty (-ic); ma'jor (-ity); may'or; may'oralty. MAGISTER: mag'istrate; mag'istracy; magiste'rial; mas'ter (Old Fr. _maistre_ = Lat. _magis'ter); _mis'tress (Old Fr. _maistresse_ = Lat _magis'tra_, fem. of _magis'ter_). 114. MA'NUS, _the hand_; _French_ Main, _the hand_. MAN: man'acle (Lat. n. _man'ica_, a fetter); manip'ulate, _to work with the hand_ (-ion, -or); man'ual; manufact'ure (Lat. v. _fac'ere_, to make); manufac'tory; manumit' (Lat. v. _mit'tere_, to send); man'uscript (Lat. v. _scrib'ere, scrip'tum_, to write); amanuen'sis (= _ab_ + _ma'nus), one who does handwriting for another_; eman'cipate (Lat. v. _cap'ere_, to take); quadru'manous (Lat. _quatuor_, four). MAIN: man'ner (Fr. n. _manière_, originally, the mode in which a thing is _handled_); maneu'ver (Fr. n. _manoeuvre_, literally, hand work; Fr. n. _oeuvre = o'pus_, work); manure', _v_. (contracted from Fr. _manoeuvrer_, to cultivate by manual labor). 115. MA'RE, _the sea_. Marine' (Lat. adj. _mari'nus_, pertaining to the sea); mar'iner; mar'itime (Lat. adj. _mariti'mus_ = _mari'nus_); submarine'; transmarine'; ultramarine'; mermaid (Fr. n. _mer_ = Lat. _ma're_). 116. ME'DIUS, _the middle_. Mediæ'val (Lat. n. _æ'vum_, age), _relating to the Middle Ages_; me'diate (-ion, -or); me'diocre (Lat. adj. _medio'cris_, middling; hence inferior); medioc'rity; Mediterra'nean (Lat. n. _ter'ra_, land); me'dium (Lat. n. _me'dium_, the middle) ; imme'diate (prefix _in_ = not), _with nothing intervening_; interme'diate. 117. MENINIS'SE: mem'ini, _to remember_; Me'mor, _mindful_; MEMORA'RE mem'oro, memora'tum, _to remember, to mention_. MEMINISSE: memen'to (imper. mood; literally, _remember thou), a reminder, a memorial_. MEMOR: mem'orable; memoran'dum (Lat. _memoran'dus_, p. part. of _memora're_; literally, something to be remembered); commem'orate (-ion, -ive); mem'ory (Lat. n. _memo'ria_); memo'rial (-ize); immemo'rial. Mem'oir (Fr. n. _mémoire_ = Lat. _memoran'dum_); men'tion (Fr. n. _mention_ = Lat. _men'tio_, a speaking of); remem'ber (Old Fr. v. _remembrer = Lat. remem'orare_); remem'brance; remem'brancer; reminis'cence (Fr. n. _réminiscence_, from Lat. v. _reminis'ci_, to recall to mind). 118. MENS, men'tis, _the mind_. MENT: men'tal; dement'ed; demen'tia, _insanity_; ve'hement (Lat. adj. _ve'hemens = ve_, not, and _mens_; literally, not reasonable), _furious, ardent_. EXERCISE. We _reject_ insincere _homage_. When the body was _exhumed_ the _jury decided_ that poison had been administered. _Legendary_ stories were _related_ by the _friar_. The _lessons_ were _selected_ with _intelligence. Levity_ and _gravity_ are _different_ qualities. The _mayor's_ speech was more _ludicrous_ than _facetious_. The _magistrate_ claimed _jurisdiction_ in the _locality_. We heard Hamlet's _soliloquy_ finely _delivered_. Do you _recollect_ the _magnificent_ lines at the beginning of "Paradise Lost"? The _lecturer_ was _lucid_ in his _allusions_. In _mediæval_ times _homage_ was exacted of all vassals. The _mariners maneuvered_ beautifully. Your _magnificent donation_ will be _gratefully remembered_. The _mermaid_ is a mere _delusion. Illegible manuscript_ is a _decided nuisance_. The eastern part of the _Mediterranean_ is called the _Levant_. Franklin's _memoirs_ are very interesting. 119. MER'CES, _hire_; Merx, mer'cis, _merchandise_. MERC: mer'cantile (Lat. part. _mer'cans, mercan'tis_); mer'cenary (Lat. adj. _mercena'rius_); mer'cer (Fr. n. _mercier_), _one who deals in silks and woolens_; mer'chant (Lat. part, _mer'cans_); mer'chandise; com'merce (Fr. n. _commerce_); commer'cial; mar'ket (Lat. n. _merca'tus_, a place of public traffic). 120. MER'GERE: mer'go, mer'sum, _to dip, to sink_. MERG: merge; emerge'; emer'gency, _that which arises suddenly_; submerge'. MERS: emer'sion; immerse'. 121. MIGRA'RE: migro, migra'tum, _to remove_. MIGR: em'igrant (Lat. part. _mi'grans, migran'tis_). MIGRAT: mi'grate (-ion, -ory); em'igrate (-ion); im'migrate (-ion); transmigra'tion, _the passage of the soul into another body after death_. 122. MI'LES, mil'itis, _a soldier_. MILIT: -ary, -ant; mil'itate, _to act against_; mili'tia, _enrolled soldiers not in a standing army_. 123. MINE'RE: min'eo, min'itum, _to hang over_. MIN. em'inent (Lat. part, _em'inens, _standing out); em'inence ; im'minent, literally, _threatening to fall_; pre-em'inent; pre-em'inence; prom'inent; prom'inence; superem'inent. 124. MINU'ERE: min'uo, minu'tum, _to lessen_; Mi'nor, _less_; Mi'nus, _less_. MINUT: minute'; minu'tiæ (pl. of Lat. n. _minu'tia_, a very small object); min'uend (Lat. part, _minuen'dus_, to be lessened); min'uet (Fr. n. _minuet_ = Lat. adj. _minu'tus, _small), _a dance of small steps_; dimin'ish (Lat. v. _diminu'ere_, to lessen); diminu'tion; dimin'utive. MINOR: mi'nor, _n_. and a.; minor'ity. MINUS: mi'nus (Lat. adj. comp. deg., less); min'imum (Lat. adj. super, deg., least); min'im. 125. MINIS'TER, _a servant or attendant_. MINISTER: min'ister ; ministe'rial; min'istry ; admin'ister; administra'tion; admin'istrative; administra'tor. 126. MIRA'RI: mi'ror, mira'tus, _to wonder_. MIR: admire' (-able, -ation); mir'acle (Lat. n. _mirac'ulum_, a wonderful thing); mirac'ulous. Mirage' (Fr. n. _mirage_, a reflection); mir'ror (Fr. n. _miroir_, from v. _mirer_, to view). 127. MISCE'RE: mis'ceo, mix'tum, _to mingle_. MISC: mis'cellany; miscella'neous; promis'cuous. MIXT: mix; mixt'ure; admixt'ure; intermix'. 128. MI'SER, _wretched_. MISER: mi'ser (-able); mis'ery; commis'erate (-ion). 129. MIT'TERE: mit'to, mis'sum, _to send or cast_. MIT: admit' (-ance); commit' (-ee, -ment); demit'; emit'; intermit' (-ent); manumit' (Lat. n. _manus_, the hand), _to release from slavery_; omit'; permit'; pretermit'; remit' (-ance); submit'; transmit'; mit'timus (Lat. _we send_), _a warrant of commitment to prison_. MISS: mis'sile; mis'sion (-ary); admis'sible; admis'sion; com'missary, _an officer who furnishes provisions for an army_; commissa'riat; commis'sion (-er); com'promise; demise', _death_; em'issary; intermis'sion; omis'sion; permis'sion; premise'; prem'ises; prom'ise (-ory); remiss' (-ion); submis'sion; submis'sive; transmis'sion; transmis'sible. 130. MODERA'RI: mod'eror, modera'tus, _to keep within bounds_; Mo'dus, _a measure or manner_. MODERAT: mod'erate (-ion, -or); immod'erate. MOD: mode; mood; mod'ify (-able, -er); modifica'tion; accom'modate (-ion); commode' (Lat. adj. _com'modus_, convenient). _a small sideboard_; commo'dious, literally, _measured with_; commod'ity, literally, _a convenience_; incommode'; mod'ern (Lat. adv. _mo'do_, lately, just now); mod'ernize; mod'ulate (Lat. n. _mod'ulus_, a measuring of tones); modula'tion. 131. MONE'RE: mo'neo, mon'itum, _to remind, to warn_. MON: admon'ish; mon'ument (Lat. n. _monumen'tum_); premon'ish; sum'mon (Lat. v. _summone're_ = _sub_ + _mone're_, to remind privily), _to call by authority_. MONIT: mon'itor (-ial); admoni'tion; admon'itory; premoni'tion; premon'itory. 132. MONS, mon'tis, _a mountain_. MOUNT: mount, n. _a high hill_; v. _to rise or ascend_; moun'tain (-eer, -ous); mount'ebank (It. n. _banco_, a bench); amount'; dismount'; par'amount (Fr. _par_ = Lat. _per_, exceedingly), _of the highest importance_; prom'ontory (literally, the _fore_-part or projecting part of a mountain); remount'; surmount' (-able); tan'tamount (Lat. adj. _tan'tus_, so much); ultramon'tane (literally, beyond the Alps; i. e. on the Italian side). 133. MONSTRA'RE: mon'stro, monstra'tum, _to point out, to show_. MONSTR: mon'ster; mon'strous; monstros'ity; mus'ter, literally, _to show up_, _to display_. MONSTRAT: dem'onstrate (-able, -ion, -ive); remon'strate; remon'strance. 134. MORDE'RE: mor'deo, mor'sum, _to bite_. MORD: mor'dant, _biting_, _serving to fix colors_; morda'cious (Lat. adj. _mor'dax_, _morda'cis_, biting), _severe_, _sarcastic_. MORS: mor'sel, literally, _a little bite_; remorse', _the biting of conscience_ (-ful, -less). MORS. (See page 44.) 135. MOS, mo'ris, _manner, custom_; _pl._ Mo'res, _manners or morals_. MOR: mor'al (ist, -ity, -ize); immor'al (-ity); demor'alize (-ation). 136. MOVE'RE: mo'veo, mo'tum, _to move_. MOV: move (-able, -er, -ment); remove' (-able, -al). MOT: (-ive, -or); commo'tion; emo'tion (-al); locomo'tion (Lat. n. _lo'cus_; a place); promote' (-er, -ion); remote' (-ness). Mob (Lat. adj. _mob'ilis_, easily moved); mo'bile (-ity); momen'tum, _the force of a moving body_, _impetus_. 137. MUL'TUS, multi, _many, much_. MULTI: mul'titude; multitu'dinous; multifa'rious; mul'tiform; mul'tiple (Lat. adj. _mul'tiplus_ for _mul'tiplex_, manifold); mul'tiply (Lat. adj. _mul'tiplex_); mul'tiplicate (-ion); multiplic'ity. 138. MU'NUS, mu'neris, _a gift, a service_. MUN. munic'ipal (Lat. n. _municip'ium_, a free town), _pertaining to a corporation_; municipal'ity; munif'icent; munif'icence; com'mon (Lat. adj. _commu'nis_ = _con_ + _munus_; literally, ready to be of service); commune', _v._ literally, _to share (discourse) in common_; commun'ion, commu'nity; com'munism; com'munist; commun'icate (-ion, -ive); commu'nicant; excommu'nicate; immu'nity (_in_ + _munus_; literally, absence of service). MUNER: remunerate (-ion, -ive). 139. MUTA'RE: mu'to, muta'tum, _to change_. MUT: mu'table (-ity); immu'table; commute'; transmute' (-able). MUTAT: muta'tion; commutation; transmuta'tion. 140. NAS'CI: nas'cor, _na'tus, to be born, to grow_; Natu'ra, _nature_. NASC: nas'cent, _growing_; renaissance' (a style of decorative art _revived_ by Raphael). NAT: na'tal; na'tion, originally, _a distinct race or stock_ (-al, -ality, -ize); interna'tional; na'tive (-ity); cog'nate; in'nate. NATUR: nat'ural (-ist, -ize, -ization); preternat'ural; supernat'ural. 141. NA'VIS, _a ship_. NAV: nave, _the middle or body of a church_; na'val; na'vy; nau'tical (Lat. adj. _nau'ticus_, from _nauta_ or _nav'ita_, a sailor); nav'igate (Lat. v. _naviga're_ = _na'vis_ + _ag'ere_); nav'igable; naviga'tion; nav'igator; circumnavigate. 142. NEC'TERE: nec'to, nex'um, _to tie or bind_. NECT: connect' (-ion, -ive); disconnect' (-ion). NEX: annex'; annexation. EXERCISE. The _administration_ of affairs is in the hands of her _majesty's ministers_. A _miscellaneous collection_ of goods was sold on _commission_. The _merchant remitted_ the money called for in the _emergency_. The _suggestion_ to _modify_ the plan was _tantamount_ to its _rejection_. Do you _admire_ Bunker Hill _Monument_? A _miser_ is an object of _commiseration_ to all who know him. _Remuneration_ will be allowed according to the _amount_ of labor. The _major_ has been _promoted_ to the rank of colonel. All who were _connected_ with the _movement_ were _excommunicated_. As the _annexed_ territory is chiefly _maritime_ it will greatly _increase_ the _commerce_ of the _nation_. The _monitor admonished_ the pupils with great _gentleness_. The _committee_ said the _master_ had done his work in an _admirable_ manner. The _Pilgrim_ Fathers _emigrated_ to this country in 1620. A _minute missile moved_ towards us. What is the _subjunctive mood_ or _mode_? A _multitude_ of _communists_ appeared in Paris. 143. NEGA'RE: ne'go, nega'tum, _to deny_. NEGAT: nega'tion; neg'ative; ab'negate (-ion); ren'egade, _an apostate_. Deny' (Fr. v. _dénier_ = Lat. _de_ + _nega're_, to contradict); deni'al; undeni'able. 144. NEU'TER, neu'trum, _neither of the two_. NEUTR: neu'ter; neu'tral (-ity, -ize). 145. NOCE'RE: no'ceo, no'citum, _to hurt_. NOC: no'cent, _hurtful_; in'nocent; in'nocence; innoc'uous. Nox'ious (Lat. adj. _nox'ius_, hurtful); obnox'ious; nui'sance (Fr. v. _nuire_ = Lat. _noce're_). 146. NO'MEN, nom'inis, _a name_. NOMEN: nomenclat'ure, _a list of technical names_; cogno'men, _a surname_. NOMIN: nom'inal; nom'inate (-ion, -ive); nominee'; denom'inate (-ion, -or); ig'nominy (Lat. _i(n)_ + _gnomen_, old form of _nomen_, a deprivation of one's good name); ignomin'ious. Noun (Fr. n. _nom_ = Lat. _no'men_); pro'noun; misno'mer (Old Fr. _mes_ = wrong, and _nommer_, to name), _a wrong name_. NORMA. (See page 45.) 147. NOS'CERE: nos'co, no'tum, _to know_; No'ta, _a mark_. NOT: note (-able, -ary, -ice, -ify, -ion); no'ticeable; notifica'tion; noto'rious (Lat. adj. _noto'rius_, making known), _known in a bad sense_; notori'ety; an'notate (-ion); denote'. No'ble (Lat. adj. _no'bilis_, deserving to be known); noblesse' (Fr. n. _noblesse_ = Lat. _nobil'itas_); nobil'ity; enno'ble; igno'ble (Lat. prefix _i(n)_ + _gnobilis_, old form of _nobilis_); cog'nizance (Old Fr. _cognizance_ = Lat. _cognoscen'tia_, notice or knowledge), _judicial observation_; connoisseur' (Fr. n. _connoisseur_, a critical judge); incog'nito (Italian _incognito_, from Lat. part. _incog'nitus_, unknown), _unknown, in disguise_; rec'ognize (Lat. _re_, again, and _cognos'cere_, to know); recog'nizance, _a term in law_; recogni'tion; reconnoi'ter (Fr. v. reconnoitre), _to survey, to examine_. 148. NO'VUS, _new_. NOV: in'novate (-ion, -or); ren'ovate (-ion, -or). Nov'el (Lat. adj. _novel'lus_, diminutive of _no'vus_); adj. _something new, out of the usual course_; n., literally, _a story new and out of the usual course_; nov'elist; nov'elty; nov'ice, _a beginner_; novi'tiate, _time of being a novice_. 149. NU'MERUS, _a number_. NUMER: (-al, -ate, -ation, -ator, -ic, -ical, -ous); enu'merate (Lat. v. _enumera're_, _enumera'tum_, to count or tell of), _to reckon up singly_; enumera'tion; innu'merable (= _in_ + _nu'mer_ + _able_, that may not be counted); supernu'merary, _one above the necessary number_; num'ber (Old Fr. n. _numbre_ = Lat. _nu'merus_). 150. NUNCIA'RE: nuncio, nuncia'tum, _to announce_; Nun'cius, _a messenger_. NUNCIAT: enun'ciate, _to utter_ (-ion); denuncia'tion; pronuncia'tion; renuncia'tion, _disavowal, relinquishment_. Nun'cio (Sp. n. _nuncio_ = Lat. _nun'cius), a messenger from the Pope_; announce' (Fr. v. _annoncer_ = Lat. _ad_ + _nuncia're_), _to proclaim_; announce'ment; denounce' (Fr. v. _dénoncer_ = Lat. _de_ + _nuncia're_), _to accuse publicly_; pronounce' (Fr. v. _prononcer_ = Lat. _pro_ + _nuncia're_); pronounce'able; renounce' (Fr. v. _renoncer_ = Lat. _re_ + _nuncia're_), _to disclaim_; renounce'ment. 151. NUTRI'RE: nu'trio, nutri'tum, _to nourish_. NUTRI: nu'triment, _that which nourishes_; nutri'tion; nutri'tious; nu'tritive. Nour'ish (Fr. v. _nourrir_ = Lat. _nutri'ere_); nurse (Fr. v. _nourrice_; a nurse); nur'sery; nurs'ling, _a little one who is nursed_; nurt'ure. 152. O'PUS, op'eris, _a work or deed_; OPERA'RI, opera'tus, _to work_. OPER: operose, _requiring labor_, _tedious_. OPERAT: operate (-ion, -ive, -or); co-operate (-ion, -ive, -or). Op'era (It. _op'era_ = _opera_, pains, pl. of _o'pus_), _a musical drama_; operat'ic. ORDO. (See page 45.) 153. PAN'DERE: pan'do, pan'sum, _and_ pas'sum, _to spread_; Pas'sus, _a step_. PAND: expand', _to spread out_. PANS: expanse' (-ion, -ive). PASS: pass; pass'able, _that may be passed_, _tolerable_; pas'sage; com'pass, v. _to stretch round_; encom'pass; surpass'; tres'pass (_tres_ = _trans_), _to pass beyond due bounds_. Pace (Fr. n. _pas_ = Lat. _pas'sus_); pas'senger (Old Eng. _passager_); pass'over, _a Jewish festival_;[8] pass'port (= pass + port, literally, a permission to leave a port or to sail into it.) 154. PAR, _equal_. PAR: par'ity; dispar'ity; dispar'age, _to injure by comparison of unequals_; dispar'agement. Pair (Fr. adj. _paire_ = Lat. _par_), _two of a kind_; peer (Old Fr. _peer_ or _pair_ = Lat. _par_), _an equal_, _a nobleman_; peer'age; peer'less; compeer'; non'pareil (Fr. _non_, not, and _pareil_, equal), _a peerless thing or person_. 155. PARA'RE. pa'ro, para'tum, _to make ready, to prepare_; SEPARA'RE: sep'aro, separa'tum, _to separate_. PARAT: compar'ative; prepara'tion; prepar'atory; repara'tion. SEPAR: sep'arate, literally, _to prepare aside_: hence, _to disjoin_; separa'tion; sep'arable; insep'arable. Parade' (Fr. n. _parade_, literally, a parrying), _military display_; pare (Fr. v. _parer_, to pare or ward off); par'ry (Fr. v. _parer_, to ward off); appara'tus (Lat. _appara'tus_ = _ad_ + _paratus_, literally, something prepared for a purpose); appar'el (Fr. n. _appareil_, preparation); compare' (Fr. v. _comparer_ = Lat. _compara're_), _to set things together to see how far they resemble each other_; prepare' (Fr. v. _preparer_ = Lat. _prepara're_); repair' (Fr. v. _réparer_ = Lat. _repara're_), literally, _to prepare again_, hence, _to restore after injury_; irrep'arable; sev'er (Old Fr. v. _sevrer_ = Lat. _separa're_), _to render asunder_; sev'eral (Old Fr. adj. _several_ = Lat. _separa'lis_, separate); sev'erance; dissev'er. PARS. (See page 46.) 156. PAT'ER, pa'tris, _a father_; Pa'tria, _one's native country_. Pater'nal (Lat. adj. _pater'nus_, pertaining to a father); pater'nity (Lat. n. _pater'nitas_, Fr. _paternité_), _fathership_; patri'cian (Lat. adj. _patri'cius_, from _pa'tres_, fathers or senators), _a Roman nobleman_; pat'rimony (Lat. n. _patrimo'nium_), _an estate inherited from one's ancestors_; pa'tron (Lat. n. _patro'nus_, a protector), _one who countenances or supports_; pat'ronage; pat'ronize; pat'tern (Fr. n. _pattern_, something to be copied), _a model_; expatriate, _to banish_; expatria'tion. 157. PA'TI: pa'tior, pas'sus, _to bear, to suffer_. PATI: pa'tient; pa'tience; impa'tient; compat'ible, _consistent with_; compat'ibility; incompat'ible. PASS: pas'sion, _strong agitation of the mind_; pas'sive; impas'sive, _insensible_; compas'sion, _sympathy_; compas'sionate. 158. PEL'LERE; pel'lo, pul'sum, _to drive_. PEL (com-, dis-, ex-, im-, pro-, re-). PULS: pulse, _the beating of an artery as blood is driven through it_; pul'sate; pulsa'tion; compul'sion; compul'sory; expul'sion; propul'sion; repulse'; repul'sive. 159. PENDE'RE; pen'deo, pen'sum, _to hang_. PEND: pen'dant, _a long, narrow flag_; pend'ing, _not decided, during_; append'; append'age; depend' (-ant, -ent, -ence); independ'ent; independ'ence; suspend'. PENS: pen'sile, _hanging_; suspense'(-ion). Pen'dulous (Lat. adj. _pen'dulus_, hanging); pen'dulum (Lat. adj. _pen'dulus)_; appen'dix (Lat. n. _appen'dix_, an addition). 160. PEN'DERE: pen'do, pen'sum, _to weigh, to pay_. PEND: com'pend (contraction of compendium); compen'dium (Lat. n. _compen'dium_, that which is weighed, saved, shortened) ; compen'dious (Lat. adj. _compendio'sus_, brief, succinct); expend'; expen'diture ; sti'pend (Lat. n. _stipen'dium_, literally, the pay of soldiers); stipendiary. PENS: pen'sive, _thoughtful_; pen'sion, _an allowance for past services_ (-eer); com'pensate (-ion); dispense', _to deal out_ (-ary); dispensa'tion; indispen'sable; expense' (-ive); rec'ompense. PES. (See page 47.) 161. PET'ERE: pe'to, peti'tum, _to attack, to seek_. PET: centrip'etal (Lat. n. _cen'trum_, center); compete'; com'petent, _fit, suitable_; com'petence, _sufficiency_; incom'petent. PETIT: peti'tion, _a request_ (-er); compet'itor; compet'itive ; repeti'tion. Pet'ulant (Fr. adj. _petulant_, fretful); ap'petite (Fr. n. _appétit_), _a seeking for hunger_; impet'uous (Lat. adj. _impetuo'sus_, vehement); impetuos'ity; im'petus (Lat. n. _im'petus_, a shock); repeat' (Fr. v. _répéter_ = Lat. _repet'ere_). EXERCISE _Numerous objections_ were _submitted_ against the _innovations_ about to be _introduced_. The _obnoxious_ articles have been _removed_. The _nominee_ by his _ludicrous_ speech _neutralized_ all that his friends did for him. _Part_ of the _apparatus prepared_ for the _occasion_ was damaged in _transmission_. The _patronage_ of the _nobility_ and _gentry connected_ with the neighborhood was asked. Many _parts_ of the _edifice_ are highly _ornate_. Christ had _compassion_ on the _multitude_, for they had been a long time without food. The _petitioner's application_ for a _pension_ was not _repeated_. How can an _acid_ be _neutralized_? The _renegade_ was brought to _ignominy_. The _prince_ was travelling _incognito_. The young lady seems _pensive_ rather than _petulant_. Here is a new _edition_ of the _novel_, with _annotations_ by the _author_. The _opera_ seems to be well _patronized_ this winter. Webster had a _compendious mode_ of stating great truths. What is meant by _centripetal motion_? What is the _difference_ between the _numerator_ and the _denominator_? 162. PLEC'TERE: plec'to, plex'um, _to twist_; PLICA'RE: pli'co, plica'tum, _and_ plic'itum, _to fold_. PLEX: com'plex (literally, twisted together); complex'ion; complex'ity; perplex' (literally, to twist thoroughly--_per_: hence, to puzzle or embarrass); perplex'ity. PLIC: ap'plicable (-ity); ap'plicant; ex'plicable. PLICAT: applica'tion; com'plicate (-ion); du'plicate; im'plicate (-ion); replica'tion, _an answer in law_; sup'plicate, _to entreat earnestly_; supplica'tion. PLICIT: explic'it (literally, out-folded; hence, distinctly stated); implic'it, _implied_. Ply (Fr. v. _plier_ = Lat. _plica're_), _to work diligently_; pli'able, _easily bent_; pli'ant; pli'ancy; accom'plice, _an associate in crime_; apply' (Old Fr. _applier_ = Lat. _applica're_); appli'ance, _the thing applied_; comply' (Fr. v. _plier_), _to fold with_: hence, _to conform or assent_; compli'ance; display' (Old Fr. v. _desployer_, to unfold); doub'le (Fr. adj. _double_ = Lat. _du'plex_, twofold); du'plex; duplic'ity (Lat. n. _duplic'itas_, from _du'plex_, double); employ' (Fr. v. _employer_ = Lat. _implica're_), _to keep at work_; employé; employ'er; employ'ment; exploit' (Fr. n. _exploit_ = Lat. _explic'itum_, literally, something unfolded, set forth: hence, a deed, an achievement); imply', literally, _to infold_: hence _to involve_, _to signify_; mul'tiply (Fr. v. _multiplier_ = Lat. _mul'tus_ much, many); quad'ruple (Lat. _qua'tuor_, four); reply' (Old Fr. v. _replier_ = Lat. _replica're_, to answer); sim'ple (Lat. _simplex_, gen. _simplicis_), _not compounded_, _artless_; sim'pleton (compare It. _simplicione_, a silly person); simplic'ity (Lat. n. _simplic'itas_); sim'plify; sup'ple (Fr. adj. _souple_ = Lat. _sup'plex_, bending the knee, from _sub_ and _plica're_); sup'pliant (literally, bending the knees under, kneeling down); treb'le (Old Fr. adj. _treble_ = Lat. _tri'plex_, threefold); trip'le (Lat. _tri'plex_); trip'let, _three lines rhyming alternately_. 163. PON'ERE: po'no, pos'itum, _to place_. PON: compo'nent, _forming a compound_; depone', _to bear testimony_; depo'nent; oppo'nent; postpone' (-ment). POSIT: posi'tion; pos'itive; pos'itivism, _a system of philosophy_; pos'itivist, _a believer in the positive philosophy_; ap'posite, _adapted to_; compos'ite, _compound_; composi'tion; compos'itor; decomposi'tion; depos'it (-ary, -ion, -ory); deposi'tion, _the giving testimony under oath_; exposi'tion; expos'itor; imposi'tion; interposi'tion; juxtaposi'tion; op'posite (-ion); preposi'tion; proposi'tion; supposi'tion; suppositi'tious; transposi'tion. Pose (Fr. v. _poser_ = Lat. _pon'ere_), _to bring to a stand by questions_; post; post'age; post'ure (Fr. n. _posture_ = Lat. _positu'ra_, position); compose' (Fr. v. _composer_ = Lat. _compon'ere_); compos'ure; com'pound (Lat. v. _compon'ere_); com'post, _a mixture_, _a manure_; depot' (Fr. n. _dépôt_ = Lat. _depos'itum_); dispose' (Fr. v. _disposer_); dispo'sal; expose' (Fr. v. _exposer_); expos'ure; impose' (Fr. v. _imposer_); im'post, _a tax placed on imported goods_; impos'tor, _one guilty of fraud_; impost'ure; interpose'; oppose'; propose'; prov'ost (Old Fr. _provost_, from Lat _præpos'itus_, placed before, a chief), _the principal of a college_; pur'pose (Old Fr. n. _purpos_, _propos_ = Lat. _propos'itum_), _an end set before one_; repose' (Fr. v. _reposer_); suppose' (Fr. v. _supposer_); transpose' (Fr. v. _transposer_). 164. PORTA'RE: por'to, porta'tum, _to carry_. PORT: port'able; por'ter (-age); deport'ment; export' (-ation, -er); im'port (-ance, -ant, -er); pur'port, _design_; report' (-er); support'; insupport'able; transport' (-ation). Portfo'lio (Lat. n. _fo'lium_, a leaf); portman'teau (Fr. n. _manteau_, a cloak); importune' (Lat. adj. _importu'nus_, unseasonable); import'unate; importu'nity; op'portune (Lat. adj. _opportu'nus_, literally, at or before the port or harbor: hence, seasonable); opportu'nity; inop'portune. 165. POS'SE, _to be able_; Po'tens, poten'tis, _powerful, mighty_. POSSE: pos'sible (Lat. adj. _possib'ilis_); possibil'ity; impos'sible. POTENT: po'tent; po'tency; po'tentate; poten'tial; im'potent; omnip'otent (Lat. adj. _om'nis_, all); plenipoten'tiary (Lat. adj. _ple'nus_, full). 166. PREHEN'DERE: prohen'do, prehen'sum, _to lay hold of, to seize_. PREHEND: apprehend'; comprehend'; reprehend'. PREHENS: prehen'sile; apprehen'sion; apprehen'sive; comprehen'sible; comprehen'sion; comprehen'sive; reprehen'sible. Appren'tice (Old Fr. n. _apprentis_, from v. _apprendre_, to learn); apprise' (Fr. v. _apprendre_, part. _appris_, to inform); comprise' (Fr. v. _comprendre, compris_), _to include_; en'terprise (Fr. n. _entrepise_, something undertaken); impreg'nable (Fr. adj. _imprenable_, not to be taken); pris'on (Fr. n. _prison_); prize (Fr. n. _prise_, something taken, from _prendre, pris_, to take); reprieve' (Old Fr. v. _repreuver_, to condemn), _to grant a respite_; repri'sal; surprise'. 167. PREM'ERE: pre'mo, pres'sum, _to press_. PRESS: press (-ure); compress' (-ible); depress' (-ion); express' (-ion, -ive); impress' (-ion, -ive, -ment); irrepres'sible; oppress' ('-ion, -ive, -or); repress' (-ion, -ive); suppress' (-ion). Print (abbreviated from _imprint_, from Old Fr. v. _preindre_ = Lat. _prem'ere_); im'print, _the name of the publisher and the title page of a book_; imprima'tur (Lat. _let it be printed_), originally, _a license to print a book, the imprint of a publisher_. 168. PRI'MUS, _first_; Prin'ceps, prin'cipis, _chief, original_. PRIM: prime; pri'mate, _the highest dignitary of a church_; pri'macy; prim'ary; primer; prime'val (Lat. n. _æ'vum_, an age); prim'itive; primogen'itor (Lat. n. _gen'itor_, a begetter); primogeniture (Lat. n. _genitu'ra_, a begetting), _the exclusive right of inheritance which in English law belongs to the eldest son or daughter_; primor'dial (Lat. v. _ordi'ri_, to begin), _existing from the beginning_; prim'rose (Lat. n. _ro'sa_); prin'cess; prince (Fr. n. _prince_ = Lat. _prin'ceps_); prin'cipal ; prin'ciple. Pre'mier (Fr. adj. _premier_, first), _the prime minister_; pri'or (Lat. adj. _prior_, former); pri'oress, _the female superior of a convent_; pri'ory, _a convent_; prior'ity, _state of being first_; pris'tine (Lat. adj. _pristi'nus_, primitive), _original, ancient_. 169. PROBA'RE: pro'bo, proba'tum, _to try, to prove_. PROB: prob'able, _likely, credible_; probabil'ity; improb'able; pro'bate, _the proof of a will_; proba'tion, _the act of trying_; proba'tioner; proba'tionary; probe, _to try by an instrument_; prob'ity, _tried integrity_; approba'tion, _commendation_; rep'robate (adj. literally, proved against), _base, condemned_. Prove (Old Fr. _prover_, New Fr. _prouver_ = Lat. _proba're_); proof (Old Fr. n. _prove_ = Lat. _pro'ba_, proof); approve' (Fr. v. _approuver_ = Lat. _approba're_); approv'al; disapprove'; improve', (-ment); reprove'; reproof'. 170. PUN'GERE: pun'go, punc'tum, _to prick_; Punc'tum, _a point_. PUNG: pun'gent; pun'gency; expunge', _to mark out_. PUNCT: punctil'io (Sp. _punctillo_, from Lat. _punc'tum_, a point), _a nice point of exactness in conduct_, etc.; punctil'ious; punct'ual (-ity); punct'uate (-ion); punct'ure; compunc'tion, _remorse_. Punch (abbreviated from _puncheon_, from Lat. n. _punc'tio_, a pricking), _an instrument for cutting holes_; point (Fr. n. _pointe_ = Lat. _punc'tum)_; poign'ant (Fr. part. _poignant_, stinging); pon'iard (Fr. n. _poignard_), _a small dagger_. 171. PUTA'RE: pu'to, puta'tum, _to think, to prune, to count or reckon_. PUT: compute' (-able, -ation); depute' (Lat. v. _deputa're_, to allot), _to empower to act_; dep'uty; dispute' (-ant); indis'putable; impute' (literally, to reckon in), _to charge_; repute'; disrepute' (-able). PUTAT: pu'tative, _supposed_; am'putate, _to cut off the limb from an animal_; deputa'tion; imputa'tion; reputa'tion. Count (Fr. v. _compter_ = Lat. computa're); account'; discount'; recount'. 172. RAP'ERE: ra'pio, rap'tum, _to seize suddenly, to snatch or hurry away_. RAP: rapa'cious (Lat. adj. _ra'pax, rapa'cis_, greedy); rapac'ity; rap'id (Lat. adj. _rap'idus_, swift); rapid'ity; rap'ids; rap'ine (Lat. n. _rapi'na_, robbery). RAPT: rapt, _transported_; rapt'ure (-ous); enrapt'ure; surrepti'tious (Lat. v. _surrip'ere, surrep'tum_, to take away secretly), _done by stealth_. Rav'age (Fr. v. _ravager_ = to lay waste); rav'ish (Fr. v. _ravir_ = Lat. _rap'ere_). 173. REG'ERE: re'go, rec'tum, _to rule_; Rec'tus, _straight_. REG: re'gent; re'gency; reg'imen (Lat. n. _reg'imen_, that by which one guides or governs anything); reg'iment (Lat. n. _regimen'tum_); re'gion (Lat. _re'gio, regio'nis_, a region); cor'rigible (Lat. v. _corrig'ere_ = _con_ + _reg'ere_); incor'rigible. RECT: rec'tify; rec'titude; rec'tor (-ory); correct' (Lat. v. _corrig'ere_ = _con_ + _reg'ere), to remove faults_; direct' (-ion, -or, -ory); erect'; insurrec'tion; resurrec'tion. Re'gal (Lat. n. _rex, re'gis_, a king); rega'lia; reg'icide (Lat. v. _cæd'ere_, to kill); reg'ular (Lat. n. _reg'ula_, a rule); reg'ulate; realm (Old Fr. _realme_, from Lat. adj. _rega'lis_, royal); reign (Fr. n. _règne_ = Lat. _reg'num); _corrigen'da (sing. _corrigen'dum_), _things to be corrected_; dress (Fr. v. _dresser_ = Lat _dirig'ere_); address' (Fr. v. _adresser_, to direct); redress' (Fr. v. _redresser_ = Lat. _re_ + _dirig'ere), to rectify, to repair_; source (Fr. n. _source_, from Lat. _sur'gere_, to spring up); surge; insur'gent (Lat. v. _insur'gere_). 174. RI'VUS, _a river_. RIV: ri'val (Lat. n. _riva'lis_, one who used a brook in common with another); ri'valry ; outri'val; riv'ulet (Lat. n. _riv'ulus_, diminutive of _ri'vus_); derive' (literally, to receive as from a source); deriva'tion; deriv'ative. 175. ROGA'RE: ro'go, roga'tum, _to ask_. ROG: ar'rogant, _proud, overbearing_; ar'rogance; prorogue' (Fr. v. _proroger_ = Lat. _proroga're_). ROGAT: ab'rogate; _to repeal_; ar'rogate, _to assume_; arroga'tion; derog'atory, _detracting_; inter'rogate (-ion, -ive, -ory); prerog'ative (literally, that is asked before others for an opinion: hence, preference), _exclusive or peculiar right or privilege_; proroga'tion, _prolonga'tion_; superer'ogate (Lat. _super_ + _eroga're_, to spend or pay out over and above), _to do more than is necessary_; supereroga'tion. 176. RUM'PERE: rum'po, rup'tum, _to break_. RUPT: rupt'ure, _to part violently_; abrupt' (-ly, -ness); bank'rupt (It. n. _banco_, a merchant's place of business); bank'ruptcy; corrupt' (-ible, -ion); disrup'tion; erup'tion ; interrupt' (-ion); irrup'tion; irrup'tive. 177. SA'CER, sa'cri, _holy_. SACR: sac'rament (Lat. n. _sacramen'tum_, an oath, a sacred thing); sa'cred (orignally, past p. of Old Eng. v. _sacre_, to consecrate); sac'rifice (Lat. v. _fac'ere_, to make); sac'rilege (literally, that steals--properly gathers, picks up, _leg'ere_--sacred things); sac'ristan (Low Lat. _sacrista'nus)_, a church officer. SECR: (in comp.) con'secrate (-ion); des'ecrate (-ion); ex'ecrate (-ion); ex'ecrable; sacerdo'tal (Lat. n. _sacer'dos, sacerdo'tis_, priest), _pertaining to the priesthood_. 178. SA'LUS, salu'tis, _health_; Sal'vus, _safe_. SALUT: sal'utary, _promoting health_; salu'tatory, _giving salutation_; salute' (-ion). SALV: sal'vage, _reward for saving goods_; sal'vo, _a volley_; salva'tion. Safe (through Old Fr. _salf_ or _sauf_); safe'ty; save; sav'ior salu'brious (Lat. adj. _salu'bris_, health-giving); salu'brity. 179. SCAN'DERE: scan'do (_in comp._ scen'do), scan'dum (_in comp._ scen'sum), _to climb_. SCEND: ascend' (-ant, -ency); descend' (-ant); condescend' (-ing); transcend' (-ent) ; transcendental. SCENS: ascen'sion ; ascent'; condescen'sion. 180. SCRIB'ERE: scri'bo, scrip'tum, _to write_. SCRIB: ascribe', _to impute to_; circumscribe', _to draw a line around, to limit_; describe'; inscribe'; prescribe', _to order or appoint_; pro-scribe' (literally, to write forth), _to interdict_; subscribe'; superscribe'; transcribe'. SCRIPT: script, _type in imitation of handwriting_; script'ure; ascrip'tion; con'script, _one taken by lot and enrolled for military service_; conscrip'tion; descrip'tion; inscrip'tion; man'uscript (see _manus_); post'script; prescrip'tion; proscription; subscription; superscrip'tion; tran'script. Scribe (Fr. n. _scribe_); scrib'ble ; escritoire'. 181. SECA'RE: se'co, sec'tum, _to cut_. SEC: se'cant (Lat. pres. p. _se'cans_, _secan'tis_), _a line that cuts another_. SECT: sect (literally, a body of persons separated from others by peculiar doctrines); secta'rian (-ism); sec'tion (-al); bisect' (Lat. _bis_, two); dissect' (-ion); in'sect (literally, an animal whose body is apparently cut in the middle); insectiv'orous (Lat. v. _vora're_, to feed); intersect' (-ion); venesec'tion (Lat. n. _vena_, a vein). Seg'ment (Lat. n. _segmen'tum), a part cut off_. 182. SEDE'RE: se'deo (_in comp._ se'do), ses'sum, _to sit_. SED: sed'entary (Lat. adj. _sedenta'rius_, accustomed to sit); sed'iment (Lat. n. _sedimen'tum_, a settling or sinking down); sedimen'tary; sed'ulous (Lat. adj. _sed'ulus_, sitting close to an employment); supersede'. SID: assid'uous; assidu'ity; insid'ious (literally, sitting in wait against); preside' (literally, to sit before or over); pres'ident; presidence; reside' (-ence); res'idue; resid'uary; subside'; subsidiary. SESS: ses'sion (-al); assess' (literally, to sit by or near a person or thing); assess'ment; assess'or; possess' (Lat. v. _possid'ere, posses'sum_, to sit upon: hence, to occupy in person, to have or hold); posses'sion; possess'or; posses'sive; prepossess', _to take possession of beforehand, to prejudice_. 183. SENTI'RE: sen'tio, sen'sum, _to feel, to think_. SENT: scent (Old English _sent_), _odor_; sen'tence (Lat. n. _senten'tia_); senten'tious (Lat. adj. _sententio'sus_, full of thought); sentiment (Fr. n. _sentiment_); sentimen'tal; assent', _to agree to_; consent' (literally, to think or feel together), _to acquiesce, to permit_; dissent' (-er); dissen'tient; presen'timent; resent' (literally, to feel back), _to take ill_; resent'ment. SENS: sense (-less, -ation, -ible, -itive); insen'sate; non'sense; sen'sual (Lat. adj. _sensua'lis_); sen'sualist ; sen'suous. 184. SE'QUI: se'quor, secu'tus, _to follow_. SEQU: se'quence, _order of succession_; consequent; con'sequence; consequential; ob'sequies, _formal rites_; obse'quious (literally, following in the way of another), _meanly condescending_; sub'sequent (-ly). SECUT: consec'utive; persecute (-ion, -or); pros'ecute (-ion). Se'quel (Lat. n. _seque'la_, that which follows); sue (Old Fr. v. _suire_, New Fr. _suivre = se'qui), to follow at law_; suit; suit'able; suit'or; suite (Fr. n. _suite_), _a train or set_; ensue' (Fr. v. _ensuivre_, to follow, to result from); pursue' (Fr. v. _poursuivre_, to follow hard, to chase); pursu'ance; pursu'ant; pursuit'; pur'suivant, _a state messenger_; ex'ecute (Fr. v. _executer_ = Lat. _ex'sequi_); execu'tion; exec'utor; exec'utrix. 185. SERVA'RE: ser'vo, serva'tum, _to save, to keep, to bind_. SERV: conserve'; observe' (-able, -ance); preserve' (-er); reserve'; unreserved'. SERVAT: conserv'ative; conserv'atory; observ'ation; observ'atory; preserva'tion; preserv'ative; reserva'tion. Res'ervoir (Fr. n. _réservoir_ = Lat. _reservato'rium_, a place where anything is kept in store). EXERCISE. The puzzle is _complicated_ and _displays_ much _ingenuity_ on the _part_ of the inventor. A _reply_ may be _explicit_ without showing _duplicity_. It was urged that the _election_ of _delegates_ be _postponed_. The _portmanteau_ containing _important_ papers was left at the _merchant's office_. An _impostor_ is sure to show _opposition_ to the course of _justice_. Coleridge holds that it is _possible_ to _apprehend_ a truth without _comprehending_ it. The _bankrupt_ was so _arrogant_ that his _creditors_ were not _disposed_ to be lenient with him. Most of the questions _proposed_ by the _rector_ were answered in the _negative_. What is the origin of the word _derivation_? The _region_ is _described_ as healthful. The _manuscript_ was _transcribed_ and _subscribed_ by the _author_. It is _salutary_ to be _rivals_ in all worthy _ambitions_. 186. SIG'NUM, _a sign_. SIGN: sign; sig'nal (-ize); sig'net; sig'nify; signif'icant; signif'icance; significa'tion; assign' (Lat. v. _assigna're_, to designate); assignee'; consign' (Lat. v. _consigna're_, to seal) _to intrust to another_; consign'ment; coun'tersign, _to sign what has already been signed by another_; design', _to plan_; design'er; des'ignate, _to name_, _to point out_; designa'tion; en'sign, _the officer who carries the flag of a regiment_; insig'nia, _badges of office_; resign' (-ation); sig'nature (Lat. n. _signatu'ra_, a sign or stamp). 187. SIM'ILIS, _like_. SIMIL: sim'ilar (-ity); sim'i-le, _a formal likening or comparison_; simil'itude; verisimil'itude (Lat. adj. _ve'rus_, true); dissim'ilar; assim'ilate; fac-sim'ile (Lat. _v. fac'ere_, to make), an exact copy; sim'ulate (Lat. v. _simula're_, _simula'tum_, to make like). Dissimula'tion (Lat. v. _dissimula're_, _dissimula'tum_, to feign); dissem'ble (Fr. v. _dissembler_ = Lat. _dissimula're_); resem'ble (Fr. v. _ressembler_). 188. SIS'TERE: sisto, sta'tum, _to cause to stand, to stand_. SIST: assist' (-ance, -ant); consist' (-ent, -ency); desist'; exist' (for ex-sist), _to stand out_: hence, _to be, to live_; exist'ence; co-exist'; pre-exist'; insist', _to stand upon, to urge firmly_; persist' (-ent, -ence); resist' (-ance, -ible); subsist (-ence). 189. SOL'VERE: sol'vo, solu'tum, _to loosen_. SOLV: solve (-able, -ent, -ency); absolve'; dissolve'; resolve'. SOLUT: solu'tion; ab'solute (-ion); dis'solute (-ion); res'olute (-ion). Sol'uble (Lat. adj. _solu'bilis_); solubil'ity. 190. SPEC'ERE _or_ SPIC'ERE: Spe'cio _or_ spi'cio, spec'tum, _to behold_; Spe'cies, _a kind_. SPIC: aus'pices (literally, omens drawn from the inspection of birds); auspi'cious; conspic'uous (Lat. adj. _conspic'uus_, wholly visible); conspicu'ity; des'picable (Lat. _despicab'ilis_, deserving to be despised); perspic'uous (Lat. adj. _perspic'uus_, that may be seen through); perspicu'ity; suspi'cion; suspi'cious. SPECT: as'pect; cir'cumspect (-ion); expect' (-ant, -ation); inspect' (-ion, -or); perspec'tive; pros'pect (-ive); prospec'tus (Lat. n. _prospec'tus_, a view forward); respect' (literally, to look again: hence, to esteem or regard); respect'able; respect'ful; re'tro-spect (-ive); suspect'. SPECIES: spe'cies; spe'cial (-ist, -ity, -ize); spe'cie; spec'ify (-ic, -ication); spe'cious, _showy_. Spec'imen (Lat. n. _spec'imen_, a sample); spec'tacle (Lat. n. _spectac'ulum_, anything presented to view); specta'tor (Lat. n. _specta'tor_, a beholder); spec'ter (Lat. n. _spec'trum_, an image); spec'tral; spec'trum (pl. spec'tra), _an image_; spec'troscope (Gr. v. _skopein_, to view), _an instrument for analysing light_; spec'ulate (Lat. n. _spec'ula_, a lookout), _to contemplate_, _to traffic for great profit_; specula'tion; spec'ulative. 191. SPIRA'RE: spi'ro, spira'tum, _to breathe_; Spir'itus, _breath, spirit_. SPIR: spir'acle, _a breathing pore_; aspire' (-ant); conspire' (-acy); expire'; expir'ing; inspire'; perspire'; respire'; transpire'. SPIRAT: aspira'tion; as'pirate; conspir'ator; inspira'tion; perspira'tion; respira'tion; respir'atory. SPIRITUS: spir'it; spir'itual (-ity); spir'ituous. Sprightly (spright, a contraction of spirit); sprite (a contraction of spirit). 192. SPONDE'RE: spon'deo, spon'sum, _to promise_. SPOND: correspond', _to answer one to another_; correspond'ence; correspond'ent; despond' (literally, to promise away: hence, to give up, to despond); despond'ency; respond'. SPONS: spon'sor, _a surety_; response' (-ible, -ibility, -ive); irrespon'sible. Spouse (Old Fr. n. _espous_, _espouse_ = Lat. _spon'sus_, _spon'sa_); espouse' (Old Fr. v. _espouser_ = Lat. _sponsa're_, to betroth, from _spondere_). 193. STA'RE: sto, sta'tum (_in comp._ sti'tum, _to stand; pres. part._ stans, stan'tis, _standing_); SIS'TERE: sis'to, sta'tum, _to cause to stand_; STATU'ERE: stat'uo, statu'tum, _to station, to fix, to place_. STANT: cir'cumstance (from part. _circumstans'_, _circumstan'tis_, through Lat. n. _circumstan'tia_, Fr. _circonstance_), _the condition of things surrounding or attending an event_; circumstan'tial; circumstan'tiate; con'stant; con'stancy ; dis'tant (literally, standing asunder: hence, remote, reserved); dis'tance; ex'tant; in'stant; instanta'neous; transubstan'tiate, _to change to another substance_. STAT: state; sta'tion (-ary, -er, -ery); state'ly; state'ment; states'man; stat'ue (-ary); stat'ure. STIT: supersti'tion (literally, a standing over, as if awe-struck); supersti'tious. STATUT: stat'ute (-ory). STITU: con'stitute (literally, to set or station together: hence, to establish, to make); constitu'tion (-al); constituent; constit'uency; des'titute (literally, put from or away: hence, forsaken, in want of); in'stitute (literally, to place into: hence, to found, to commence); restitu'tion; sub'stitute (-ion). Sta'ble; (Lat. adj. _stab'ilis_, standing firmly); stab'lish; estab'lish (-ment); stay, literally, _to keep standing_; ar'mistice (Lat. n. _ar'ma_, arms), _a temporary stand-still of war_; arrest' (Old Fr. _arrester_ = Lat. _ad_ + _restare_, to stay back, to remain); contrast' (Lat. _contra_ + _sta're_, to stand against); inter'stice; ob'stacle; ob'stinate; sol'stice (Lat. n. _sol_, the sun). 194. STRIN'GERE: strin'go, stric'tum, _to bind; to draw tight_. STRING: strin'gent; astrin'gent; astrin'gency. STRICT: strict (-ness, -ure); dis'trict, _a defined portion of a country_; restrict' (-ion). Strain (Old Fr. _straindre_ = Lat. _strin'gere_); constrain'; dis-train'; restrain'; restraint'. 195. STRU'ERE: stru'o, struc'tum, _to build, to place in order_. STRUCT: struct'ure; construct' (-ion, -ive); destruct'ible; destruc'tion; instruct' (-ion,-ive,-or); obstruct'(-ion); superstruct'ure. Con'strue; destroy'; in'strument (Lat. n. _instrumen'tum_); instrumental'ity. 196. SU'MERE: su'mo, sump'tum, _to take_; Sump'tus, _cost, expense_. SUM: assume'; consume' (-er); presume'; resume'. SUMPT: sumpt'uous (Lat. adj. _sumptuo'sus_, expensive); sumpt'uary, _relating to expense_; assumption; consumption; consump'tive; presump'tion; presump'tive; presump'tuous. 197. TAN'GERE: tan'go, tac'tum, _to touch_. TANG: tan'gent, _a straight line which touches a circle or curve_; tan'gible. TACT: tact, _peculiar faculty or skill_; con'tact; intact'. Attain' (Fr. v. _attaindre_, to reach); attain'able; conta'gion, _communication of disease by contact or touch_; contam'inate, _to defile, to infect_; contig'uous; contin'gent. TEMPUS. (See page 48.) 198. TEN'DERE: ten'do, ten'sum _or_ ten'tum, _to stretch_. TEND: tend, _to aim at, take care of_; tend'ency; attend' (-ance, -ant); contend'; distend'; extend'; intend' (literally, to stretch to), _to purpose, to design_; portend' (literally, to stretch forward), _to presage, to betoken_; pretend' (literally, to stretch forth), _to affect, feel_; subtend', _to extend under_; superintend' (-ence, -ent). TENS: tense (adj.), _stretched_; ten'sion; intense' (-ify); osten'sible (Lat. v. _osten'dere_, to stretch out or spread before one), _apparent_; pretense'. TENT: tent, literally, _a shelter of stretched canvas_; tentac'ula, _the feelers of certain animals_; atten'tion; atten'tive; conten'tion; conten'tious; extent'; intent' (-ion); ostenta'tion; ostenta'tious; por'tent, _an ill omen_. 199. TENE'RE: ten'eo, ten'tum, _to hold_; _French_ Tenir (_radical_ tain), _to hold_. TEN: ten'able; ten'ant, _one who holds property under another_; ten'antry; ten'ement; ten'et (Lat. _tenet_, literally, "he holds"), _a doctrine held as true_; ten'ure. TIN (in compos.): ab'stinent; ab'stinence; continent; incon'tinent; per'tinent; imper'tinent. TENT: content' (-ment); contents'; discontent'; deten'tion; reten'tion; reten'tive; sus'tenance. TAIN: abstain'; appertain'; contain'; detain'; entertain' (-ment); pertain'; retain' (-er); sustain'. Tena'cious (Lat. adj. _te'nax, tena'cis_, holding firmly); tenac'ity; appur'tenance, _that which belongs to something else_; contin'ue (Fr. v. _continuer_ = Lat. _contine're_); contin'ual; contin'uance; continua'tion; continu'ity; discontin'ue; coun'tenance (literally, the contents of a body: hence, of a face); lieuten'ant (Fr. n. _lieu_, a place); maintain' (Fr. n. _main_, the hand), literally, _to hold by the hand_: hence, _to support, to uphold_; main'tenance; pertina'cious; pertinac'ity; ret'inue, _a train of attendants_. 200. TER'RA, _the earth_. TERR: ter'race (Fr. n. _terrasse_); terra'queous (Lat. n. _a'qua_, water); terres'trial; ter'ritory (-al); ter'rier, _a small dog that goes into the ground after burrowing animals_; Mediterra'nean (Lat. n. _me'dius_, middle); subterra'nean. Inter, _to put in the earth, to bury_; inter'ment; disinter'. 201. TES'TIS, _a witness_. TEST: tes'tify; attest' (-ation); contest'; detest' (-able); protest' (-ation, -ant); prot'estantism. Tes'tament (Lat. n. _testamen'tum_, a will); testamen'tary; testa'tor; tes'timony (-al); intes'tate, _not having left a will_. 202. TOR'QUERE: tor'queo, tor'tum, _to twist_. TORT: tort'ure; contort' (-ion); distort' (-ion); extort' (-ion, -ionate); retort'. Tor'tuous (Lat. adj. _tortuo'sus_, very twisted); tortuos'ity; torment' (Lat. n. _tormen'tum_, extreme pain). 203. TRA'HERE: tra'ho, trac'tum, _to draw_; _Fr._ Trair, _past part._ Trait. TRACT: tract (-able, -ile, -ion); ab'stract (-ion); attract' (-ion, -ive); contract' (-ile, -or); detract'; distract'; extract' (-ion, -or); protract'; retract' (-ion); subtract' (-ion). Trace (Fr. n. _trace_); track (Old Fr. n. _trac_); train; trait; treat (-ise, -ment, -y). 204. TRIBU'ERE: trib'uo, tribu'tum, _to allot, to give_. TRIBUT: trib'ute (-ary); attrib'ute; contribute (-ion); distrib'ute (-ion, -ive); retribu'tion; retrib'utive. 205. TRU'DERE: tru'do, tru'sum, _to thrust_. TRUD: detrude', _to thrust down_; extrude'; intrude' (-er); obtrude'; protrude'. TRUS: abstruse' (literally, thrust away: hence, difficult to be understood); intru'sion; intru'sive; obtru'sive; protru'sion. 206. TU'ERE: tu'eor, tu'itus _or_ tu'tus, _to watch_. TUIT: tui'tion, _instruction_; intui'tion, _the act or power of the mind by which it at once perceives the truth of a thing without argument_; intu'itive. TUT: tu'tor; tuto'rial; tu'torage. 207. UN'DA, _a wave_. UND: abun'dance, literally, condition of overflowing--(_abunda're_, to overflow); abun'dant; superabundant; inun'date (-ion); redun'dant (literally, running back or over: hence, exceeding what is necessary); redundance; redun'dancy. Un'dulate (Lat. n. _un'dula_, a little wave); undula'tion; un'dulatory; abound'; superabound'; redound' (Old Fr. v. _redonder_ = Lat. _redunda're_, to roll back as a wave or flood). 208. U'TI: u'tor, u'sus, _to use_. UT: uten'sil (Lat. n. _uten'sile_, something that may be used); util'ity (Lat. n. _util'itas_, usefulness); u'tilize. US: use (-able, -age, -ful, -less); us'ual (Lat. adj. _usua'lis_, of frequent use); u'sury, _illegal interest paid for the use of money_; u'surer; abuse' (-ive); disabuse'. 209. VAD'ERE: va'do, va'sum, _to go_. VAD: evade'; invade'; pervade'. VAS: eva'sion; inva'sion; perva'sive. 210. VALE'RE: valeo, vali'tum, _to be strong, to be of value_; Val'idus, _strong_; Va'le, _farewell_. VAL: valedic'tory, _bidding farewell_; valetudina'rian (Lat. n. _valetu'do_, state of health), _a person in ill-health_; val'iant, _brave_, _heroic_; val'or (-ous); val'ue (-able, -ation, -ator); convales'cent, _regaining health_; equiv'alent (Lat. adj. _e'quus_, equal); prev'alent, _very common or general_; prevalence. VAIL: (Fr. radical): avail' (-able); prevail'. VALID: val'id; valid'ity; in'valid. 211. VENI'RE: ve'nio, ven'tum, _to come, to go_. VENT: vent'ure, literally, _something gone upon_; vent'uresome; ad'vent; adventi'tious, _accidental, casual_; advent'ure (-ous); circumvent'; contraven'tion; con'vent, _a monastery, a nunnery_; conven'ticle, _a place of assembly_; conven'tion (-al); event'(-ful); event'ual; invent' (literally, to come upon), _to find out, to contrive_; inven'tion; invent'ive; invent'or; interven'tion; peradvent'ure; prevent' (-ion, -ive). Av'enue (Fr. n. _avenue_, an approach to); contravene'; convene'; conven'ient (Lat. pres. part, _conve'niens, convenien'tis_, literally, coming together), _suitable_; conven'ience; cov'enant _an agreement between two parties_; intervene'; rev'enue; supervene', _to come upon, to happen_. 212. VER'BUM, _a word_. VERB: verb (-al, -ally, -ose, -osity); ad'verb; prov'erb. Verba'tim (Lat. adv. _verba'tim_, word for word); ver'biage (Fr. n. _verbiage_, wordiness). 213. VER'TERE: ver'to, ver'sum, _to turn_. VERT: advert'; inadver'tent (literally, not turning the mind to), _heedless_; ad'vertise, _to turn public attention to_; adver'tisement; animadvert' (Lat. n. _an'imus_, the mind), _to turn the mind to, to censure_; avert'; controvert', _to oppose_; convert', _to change into another form or state_; divert'; invert', literally, _to turn the outside in_; pervert', _to turn from the true purpose_; retrovert'; revert'; subvert'. VERS: adverse' (-ary, -ity); animadver'sion; anniver'sary, _the yearly_ (Lat. n. _an'nus_, a year) _celebration of an event_; averse', _having a dislike to_; aver'sion; con'troversy; converse' (-ant, -ation); conver'sion; diverse' (-ify, -ion, -ity); ob'verse; perverse' (-ity); retrover'sion; reverse' (-al, -ion); subver'sion; subversive; tergiversa'tion (Lat. n. _ter'gum_, the back), _a subterfuge_; transverse', _lying or being across_; u'niverse (Lat. adj. _u'nus_, one), _the system of created things_; univer'sal (-ist); univer'sity, _a universal school in which are taught all branches of learning_. Verse (Lat. n. _ver'sus_, a furrow), _a line in poetry_; ver'sify; versifica'tion; ver'sion, _that which is turned from one language into another, a statement_; ver'satile (Lat. adj. _versat'ilis_, turning with ease); vertex (pl. ver'tices), _the summit_; vertical; vertebra (pl. ver'tebræ); ver'tebrate; ver'tigo; vor'tex (Lat. n. _vor'tex_, a whirlpool); divorce' (Fr. n. _divorce), a separation_. 214. VE'RUS, _true_; Ve'rax, vera'cis, _veracious_. VER: ver'dict (Lat. n. _dic'tum_, a saying), _the decision of a jury_; ver'ify, _to prove to be true; _verifica'tion; ver'ity (Lat. n. _ver'itas_, truth); ver'itable; verisim'ilar, _truth-like_; verisimil'itude; aver', _to declare truer_; aver'ment; ver'ily; ver'y. VERAC: v'era'cious; verac'ity. 215. VI'A, _a way_. VIA: vi'aduct (Lat. v. _du'cere, duc'tum_, to lead); viat'icum (Lat. n. _viat'icum_, literally, traveling money), _the sacrament administered to a dying person_; de'viate (-ion); de'vious; ob'viate, _to meet in the way, to remove_; ob'vious; per'vious, _affording a passage through_; imper'vious. Voy'age (Fr. n. _voyage_); convoy', _to escort_; en'voy (Fr. v. _envoyer_, to send), _one sent on a special mission_; triv'ial (Lat. n. _triv'ium_, a cross road), _trifling_; trivial'ity. 216. VIDE'RE: vi'deo, vi'sum, _to see_. VID: ev'ident, _clearly seen; _ev'idence; invid'ious, literally, _looking against_: hence, _likely to provoke envy_; provide', _to look out for, to supply_; prov'idence; prov'ident. VIS: vis'ible; vis'ion (-ary); advise'; advis'able, _expedient_; im'provise, _to compose and recite without premeditation_; provis'ion; revise' (-al, -ion); supervis'ion; supervis'or. View (Fr. v. _voir_, to see, _vu_, seen); review'; in'terview; vis'age (Fr. n. _visage_, the countenance); vis'it (-ant, -or, -ation); vis'or, _part of a helmet perforated to see through; _vis'ta (It. n. _vista_, sight), _a prospect as seen through an avenue of trees _; advice'; en'vy (Fr. n. _envie_ = Lat. _invid'ia_, from _invide're_, to see against); in'voice (It. n. _avviso_, notice), _a priced list of goods_; peruse' (Lat. v. _pervide're, pervi'sum_, to look through); provi'so, _a stipulation_; pru'dent (Lat. adj. _pru'dens _from _prov'idens_); pru'dence; purvey', _to look out for in the way of buying provisions_; purvey'or; survey' (-or). 217. VIN'CERE: vin'co, vic'tum, _to conquer_. VINC: vin'cible; invin'cible; convince'; evince', _to show clearly_ VICT: vic'tor; vic'tory (-ous); convict', _to prove guilty of crime_; evict', _to dispossess_; evic'tion. Vanquish (Fr. v. _vaincre, vaincu_ = Lat. _vin'cere_); prov'ince (Fr. n. _province_ = Lat. _provin'cia_, literally, a conquered country). 218. VOCA'RE: vo'co, voca'tum, _to call_; Vox, vo'cis, _the voice_. VOCAT: voca'tion, literally, _calling, occupation_; voc'ative, _the case of a noun in which the subject is called, or addressed_; ad'vocate _to plead for_; convoca'tion, _an assembly, a meeting_; equivocate (Lat. adj. _e'quus_, equal), _to use words of doubtful meaning_; equivoca'tion; evoca'tion, _act of calling forth_; invoca'tion; provoca'tion; provo'cative; revoca'tion. VOC: vo'cable (Lat. n. _vocab'ulum_, that which is sounded with the voice), _a word_; vocab'ulary; vo'cal (-ist, -ize); vociferate, _to cry with a loud voice_; ad'vocacy, _a pleading for, a defense_; irrev'ocable. Voice (Fr. n. _voix_ = Lat. _vox), sound uttered by the mouth_; vouch, _to call out, or affirm strongly_; vow'el (Fr. n. _vouelle_, a voice-sound); advow'son, _right of perpetual calling to a benefice_; convoke', _to call together_; evoke'; invoke'; revoke'. 219. VOL'VERE: vol'vo, volu'tum, _to roll_. VOLV: circumvolve'; convolve', _to roll together_; devolve'; evolve'; involve'; revolve' (-ion, -ionist). VOLUT: circumvolu'tion; evolu'tion; revolution (-ary, -ist, -ize). Vol'ume (Lat. n. _volu'men_, a roll, or inscribed parchment sheet rolled up), _a single book_; volute', _a kind of rolled or spiral scroll_; vol'uble, literally, _rolling easily_: hence, _having great fluency of speech_; convol'vulus, _a genus of twining plants_; revolt'. 220. VUL'GUS, _the common people_. VULG: vul'gar; vul'garism; vulgar'ity; vul'gate, _a Latin version of the Scriptures_. Divulge', _to make known something before kept secret_; divulge'ment; promulgate (-ion). PART III.--THE GREEK ELEMENT. I.--GREEK PREFIXES. PREFIX SIGNIFICATION. EXAMPLE. DEFINITION a- = _without_; a-pathy state of being _without_ an- _not_ an-omalous feeling. _not_ similar. amphi- = _around_; amphi-theater place for seeing all _both_ amphi-bious _around_. living in _both_ land and water. ana- = _back_, ana-logy reasoning _back_. _throughout_ ana-lysis loosening _throughout_. anti- = _against_; anti-pathy a feeling _against_. ant- _opposite_ ant-arctic _opposite_ the Arctic. apo- = _away_; apo-stle one sent _out_. ap- _out_ ap-helion _away_ from the sun. cata- = _down_ or cata-ract a rushing _down_. cat- _against_ cat-arrh a flowing _down_. dia- = _through_ or dia-meter measure _through_ the _across_ dia-logue center. speaking _across_ (from one another). dis- = _two_, dis-syllable word of _two_ syllables. di- _double_ di-lemma a _double_ assumption. dys- = _ill_ dys-pepsia _ill_ digestion. ec- = _out of_ ec-centric _out of_ the center. ex- ex-odies an _outgoing_. Note--EX- is used before a root beginning with a vowel. en- = _in_ or en-ergy power _in_ one. em- _on_ em-phasis stress _on_. epi- = _upon_; epi-dermis skin _upon_ skin. ep- _for_ ep-hemeral lasting _for_ a day. Note--EP- is used before a root beginning with a vowel or a _h_ aspirate eu- = _well_ or eu-phonic sounding _well_. ev- _good_ ev-angel _good_ news. hemi- = _half_ hemi-sphere _half_ a sphere hyper- = _over_ or hyper-critical _over_-critical. _beyond_ hyper-borean _beyond_ the North. hypo- = _under_ hypo-thesis a placing _under_ (= Lat. supposition.) meta- = _beyond_; meta-physics science _beyond_ physics. met- _transference_ met-onymy _transference_ of name. para- = _by the_ par-helion mock sun _by the side of_ par- _side of_ the real. peri- = around peri-meter the measure _around_ anything. pro- = before pro-gramme something written _before_. pros- = to pros-elyte one coming _to_ a new religion. syn- _with_ syn-thesis placing _together_. sy- = or sy-stem part _with_ part. syl- _together_ syl-lable letters taken _together_. sym- sym-pathy feeling _together_. NOTE.--The form SY- is used before _s_; SYL- before _l_, SYM- before _b, p_ or _m_. II.--GREEK ALPHABET. [Greek: A a] a _Alpha._ [Greek: B b *] b _Beta._ [Greek: G g] g _Gamma._ [Greek: D d] d _Delta._ [Greek: E e] e as in _met_ _Epsilon._ [Greek: Z z] z _Zeta._ [Greek: Ê ê] e as in _me_ _Eta._ [Greek: Th th *] th _Theta._ [Greek: I i] i _Iota_ [Greek: K k] k _Kappa._ [Greek: L l] l _Lambda._ [Greek: M m] m _Mu._ [Greek: N n] n _Nu._ [Greek: X x] x _Xi._ [Greek: O o] o as in _not_ _Omicron._ [Greek: P p *] p _Pi_ [Greek: R r] r _Rho._ [Greek: S s, s] final s _Sigma._ [Greek: T t] t _Tau._ [Greek: U u] u, or y _Upsilon._ [Greek: Ph ph] ph _Phi._ [Greek: Ch ch] ch _Chi._ [Greek: Ps ps] ps _Psi._ [Greek: Ô ô] o as in _no_ _Omega._ Pronunciation of Greek Words. _Gamma_ has always the hard sound of _g_, as in _give_. _Kappa_ is represented by _c_ in English words, although in Greek it has but one sound, that of our _k_. _Upsilon_ is represented by _y_ in English words; in Greek it has always the sound of _u_ in mute. _Chi_ is represented in English by _ch_ having the sound of _k_; as in _chronic_. In Greek words, as in Latin, there are always as many syllables as there are vowels and diphthongs. An inverted comma placed over a letter denotes that the sound of our _h_ precedes that letter. GREEK ROOTS AND ENGLISH DERIVATIVES. DIVISION I.--PRINCIPAL GREEK ROOTS. 1. A'ER, _the air_. A'ERATE, _to combine with air; to mix with carbonic acid_. A-E'RIAL, _belonging to the air_. A'ERIFORM, _having the form of air_. A'EROLITE (Gr. n. _lith'os_, a stone), _a meteoric stone_. A'ERONAUT (Gr. n. _nau'tes_, a sailor), _a balloonist_. AEROSTA'TION, _aerial navigation_. AIR, _the atmosphere; a melody; the bearing of a person_. AIR'Y, _open to the air; gay, sprightly_. 2. AG'EIN, _to lead_. APAGO'GE, _a leading away; an indirect argument_ DEM'AGOGUE (Gr. n. _de'mos_, the people), _a misleader of the people_. PARAGO'GE (literally, a leading or extension beyond), _the addition of a letter or syllable to the end of a word_. PED'AGOGUE (Gr. n. _pais_, a child), _a schoolmaster; a pedantic person_.. SYN'AGOGUE, _a Jewish place of worship_. 3. A'GON, a contest. AG'ONY, _extreme pain_. AG'ONIZE, _to be in agony_. ANTAG'ONISM, _direct opposition_. ANTAG'ONIST, _or_ ANTAGONIS'TIC, _contending against_. 4. ANG'ELLEIN, _to bring tidings_; ANG'ELLOS, _a messenger_. AN'GEL, _a spiritual messenger_. ANGEL'IC, _relating to an angel_. ARCHAN'GEL (Gr. prefix _archi-_, chief), _an angel of the highest order_. EVAN'GEL (Gr. prefix _eu_, well), _good tidings; the gospel_. EVAN'GELIST, _one of the writers of the four gospels_. 5. AR'CHE, _beginning, government, chief_. AN'ARCHY, _want of government_. AR'CHITECT (Gr. n. _tek'ton_, workman), literally, _a chief builder, one who devises plans for buildings_. AR'CHIVES, _records_. HEP'TARCHY (Gr. _hepta_, seven), _a sevenfold government_. HI'ERARCHY (Gr. adj. _hi'eros_, sacred), _dominion in sacred things; a sacred body of rulers_. MON'ARCH (Gr. adj. _mon'os_, alone), _one who rules alone, a sovereign_. MON'ARCHY, _government by one person, a kingdom_. OLIGARCHY (Gr. adj. _ol'igos_, few), _government by a few, an aristocracy_. PA'TRIARCH (Gr. n. _pat'er_, a father), _the father and ruler of a family_. PATRIAR'CHAL, _relating to patriarchs_. 6. AS'TRON, _a star_. AS'TERISK, _a mark like a star (*) used to refer to a note, and sometimes to mark an omission of words_. AS'TEROID (Gr. adj. _ei'dos_, like), _one of the numerous small planets between Mars and Jupiter_. AS'TRAL, _belonging to the stars_. ASTROL'OGY, _the pretended science of foretelling events by the stars_. ASTRON'OMY (Gr. n. _nom'os_, a law), _the science that treats of the stars_. ASTRON'OMER, _one skilled in astronomy_. DISAS'TER, _calamity, misfortune_. DISAS'TROUS, _unlucky; calamitous_. 7. AU'TOS, _one's self_. AUTOBIOG'RAPHY (Gr. n. _bi'os_, life, _graph'ein_, to write), _the life of a person written by himself_. AU'TOCRAT (Gr. n. _krat'os_, power), _an absolute ruler_. AUTOCRAT'IC, _like an autocrat_. AU'TOGRAPH, _one's own handwriting_. AUTOM'ATON (Gr. _mema'otes_, striving after), _a self-acting machine_. AUTHEN'TIC, _genuine, true_. AUTHENTIC'ITY, _genuineness_. 8. BAL'LEIN, _to throw or cast_. EM'BLEM, _a representation; a type_. EMBLEMAT'ICAL, _containing an emblem_. HYPER'BOLE, _a figure of speech which represents things greater or less than they are_. PAR'ABLE, _a story which illustrates some fact or doctrine_. PARAB'OLA, _one of the conic sections_. PROB'LEM, _a question proposed for solution_. SYM'BOL, _a sign; a representation_. SYMBOLICAL, _representing by signs_. 9. BAP'TEIN, _to wash, to dip_. BAP'TISM, _a Christian sacrament, in the observance of which the individual is sprinkled with or immersed in water_. BAPTIZE', _to sprinkle with or immerse in water_. BAPTISMAL, _pertaining to baptism: as baptismal vows_. BAP'TIST, _one who approves only of baptism by immersion_. ANABAP'TIST, _one who believes that only adults should be baptized_. CATABAP'TIST, _one opposed to baptism_. PEDOBAP'TISM (Gr. _pais_, _paidos_, a child), _infant baptism_. 10. CHRON'OS, time. CHRON'IC, _lasting a long time_; _periodical_. CHRON'ICLE, _a record of events in the order of time_; _a history recording facts in order of time_. CHRONOL'OGY, _the science of computing the dates of past events_. CHRONOM'ETER (Gr. n. _me'tron_, a measure), _an instrument for measuring time_. ANACH'RONISM, _an error in computing time_. SYN'CHRONAL, SYN'CHRONOUS, _existing at the same time_. 11. GRAM'MA, _a letter_ GRAM'MAR, _the science of language_. GRAMMA'RIAN, _one skilled in or who teaches grammar_. GRAMMAT'ICAL, _according to the rules of grammar_. AN'AGRAM, _the change of one word into another by transposing the letters_. DI'AGRAM, _a writing or drawing made for illustration_. EP'IGRAM, _a short poem ending with a witty thought_. MON'OGRAM (Gr. adj. _mon'os_, alone), _a character composed of several letters interwoven_. PRO'GRAMME, _order of any entertainment_. TEL'EGRAM (Gr. _te'le_, at a distance), _a message sent by telegraph_. 12. GRAPH'EIN, _to write_. GRAPH'IC, _well delineated; giving vivid description_. AU'TOGRAPH. See _au'tos_. BIOG'RAPHY (Gr. n. _bi'os_, life), _the history of a life_. CALIG'RAPHY (Gr. adj. _kal'os_, beautiful), _beautiful writing_. GEOG'RAPHY (Gr. n. _ge_, the earth), _a description of the earth_. HISTORIOG'RAPHER (Gr. n. _histo'ria_, history), _one appointed to write history_. HOL'OGRAPH (Gr. adj. _hol'os_, whole), _a deed or will wholly written by the grantor or testator_. LEXICOG'RAPHER (Gr. n. _lex'icon_, a dictionary), _the compiler of a dictionary_. LITH'OGRAPH (Gr. n. _lith'os_, a stone), _an impression of a drawing made on stone_. LITHOG'RAPHY, _the art of writing on and taking impressions from stone_. ORTHOG'RAPHY (Gr. adj. _or'thos_, correct), _the correct spelling of words_. PHO'NOGRAPH (Gr. n. _pho'ne_, sound), _an instrument for the mechanical registration and reproduction of audible sounds_. PHONOG'RAPHY, _a system of short hand; the art of constructing or of using the phonograph_. PHOTOG'RAPHY (Gr. n. _phos, phot'os_, light), _the art of producing pictures by light_. STENOG'RAPHY (Gr. adj. _sten'os_, narrow), _the art of writing in short-hand_. TEL'EGRAPH (Gr. _te'le_, at a distance), _an apparatus for conveying intelligence to a distance by means of electricity_. TOPOG'RAPHY (Gr. n. _top'os_, a place), _the description of a particular place_. TYPOGRAPHY (Gr. n. _tu'pos_, a type), _the art or operation of printing_. 13. HOD'OS, _a way_. EP'ISODE, _an incidental story introduced into a poem or narrative_. EX'ODUS, _departure from a place; the second book of the Old Testament_. METH'OD, _order, system, way, manner_. METH'ODIST, _the followers of John Wesley_. (The name has reference to the strictness of the rules of this sect of Christians). PE'RIOD (Gr. n. _period'os_, a passage round), _the time in which anything is performed; a kind of sentence; a punctuation mark_. SYN'OD, _a meeting of ecclesiastics_. 14. HU'DOR, _water_. HY'DRA, _a water-snake; a fabulous monster serpent slain by Hercules_. HYDRAN'GEA, _a genus of plants remarkable for their absorption of water_. HY'DRANT, _a water-plug_. HYDRAU'LIC (Gr. n. _au'los_, a pipe), _relating to the motion of water through pipes; worked by water_. HYDRAU'LICS, _the science which treats of fluids in motion_. HYDROCEPH'ALUS (Gr. n. _keph'ale_, the head), _dropsy of the head_. HY'DROGEN (Gr. v. _gen'ein_, to beget), _a gas which with oxygen produces water_. HYDROG'RAPHY, _the art of maritime surveying and mapping_. HYDROP'ATHY (Gr. n. _path'os_, feeling), _the water-cure_. HYDROPHO'BIA (Gr. n. _phob'os_, fear), literally, _dread of water; canine madness_. HY'DROPSY, _a collection of water in the body_. ("Dropsy" is a contraction of _hydropsy_). HYDROSTAT'ICS, _the science which treats of fluids at rest_. 15. KRAT'OS, _rule, government, strength_. ARISTOC'RACY (Gr. adj. _aris'tos_, best), _government by nobles_. ARIS'TOCRAT, _one who favors aristocracy_. AU'TOCRAT. See _au'tos_. DEMOC'RACY (Gr. n. _de'mos_, the people), _government by the people_. DEM'OCRAT, _one who upholds democracy; in the United States, a member of the democratic party_. THEOC'RACY, _government of a state by divine direction, as the ancient Jewish state_. 16. LOG'OS, _speech, ratio, description, science_. LOG'IC, _the science and art of reasoning_. LOGI'CIAN, _one skilled in logic_. LOG'ARITHMS (Gr. n. _arith'mos_, number), _a class of numbers that abridge arithmetical calculations_. ANAL'OGY, _a resemblance of ratios_. AP'OLOGUE, _a moral fable_. APOL'OGY, _a defense, an excuse_. CAT'ALOGUE, _a list of names in order_. CHRONOL'OGY. (See _chronos_.) CONCHOL'OGY (Gr. n. _kon'chos_, a shell), _the science of shells_. DEC'ALOGUE (Gr. _dek'a_, ten), _the ten commandments_. DOXOL'OGY (Gr. n. _doxa_, glory), _a hymn expressing glory to God_. EC'LOGUE, _a pastoral poem_. ENTOMOL'OGY (Gr. n. _ento'ma_, insects, and v. _tem'nein_, to cut), _the natural history of insects_. EP'ILOGUE, _a short poem or speech at the end of a play_. ETYMOL'OGY (Gr. _et'umon_, true source), _a part of grammar; the science of the derivation of words_. EU'LOGY, _praise, commendation_. GENEAL'OGY (Gr. n. _gen'os_, birth), _history of the descent of families_. GEOL'OGY (Gr. n. _ge_, the earth), _the science which treats of the internal structure of the earth_. MINERAL'OGY, _the science of minerals_. MYTHOL'OGY (Gr. n. _mu'thos_, a fable), _a system or science of fables_. ORNITHOL'OGY (Gr. n. _or'nis, or'nithos_, a bird), _the natural history of birds_. PATHOL'OGY (Gr. n. _path'os_, suffering), _that part of medicine which treats of the causes and nature of diseases_. PHILOL'OGY (Gr. _phil'os_, loving, fond of), _the science which treats of languages_. PHRENOL'OGY (Gr. n. _phrén_, the mind), _the art of reading the mind from the form of the skull_. PHYSIOL'OGY (Gr. n. _phu'sis_, nature), _the science which treats of the organism of plants and animals_. PRO'LOGUE, _verses recited as introductory to a play_. PSYCHOL'OGY (Gr. n. _psu'che_, the soul), _mental philosophy; doctrine of man's spiritual nature_. SYL'LOGISM, _a form of reasoning consisting of three propositions_. TAUTOL'OGY (Gr. _tau'to_, the same), _a repetition of the same idea in different words_. TECHNOL'OGY (Gr. n. _tech'ne_, art), _a description of the arts_. THEOL'OGY. See _theos_. TOXICOL'OGY (Gr. n. _tox'icon_, poison) _the science which treats of poisons and their effects_. ZOOL'OGY (Gr. n. _zo'on_, an animal), _that part of natural history which treats of animals_. 17. MET'RON _a measure_. ME'TER, _arrangement of poetical feet; a measure of length_. MET'RIC, _denoting measurement_. MET'RICAL, _pertaining to meter_. ANEMOM'ETER (Gr. n. _an'emos_, the wind), _an instrument measuring the force and velocity of the wind_. BAROM'ETER (Gr. n. _ba'ros_, weight), _an instrument that indicates changes in the weather_. DIAM'ETER, _measure through anything_. GEOM'ETRY (Gr. n. _ge_, the earth), _a branch of mathematics_. HEXAM'ETER (Gr. _hex_, six), _a line of six poetic feet_. HYDROM'ETER (Gr. n. _hu'dor_, water), _an instrument for determining the specific gravities of liquids_. HYGROM'ETER (Gr. adj. _hu'gros_, wet), _an instrument for measuring the degree of moisture of the atmosphere_. PENTAM'ETER (Gr. _pen'te_, five), _a line of five poetic feet_. PERIM'ETER, _the external boundary of a body or figure_. SYM'METRY, _the proportion or harmony of parts_. THERMOM'ETER (Gr. adj. _ther'mos_, warm), _an instrument for measuring the heat of bodies_. TRIGONOM'ETRY (Gr. n. _trigo'non_, a triangle), _a branch of mathematics_. 18. MON'OS, _sole, alone_. MON'ACHISM, _the condition of monks; a monastic life_. MON'AD, _something ultimate and indivisible_. MON'ASTERY, _a house of religious retirement_. MONK (Gr. n. _mon'achos_), _a religious recluse_. MONOG'AMY (Gr. n. _gam'os_, MARRIAGE), _the marriage of one wife only_. MON'OLOGUE (Gr. n. _log'os_), _a speech uttered by a person alone_. MONOMA'NIA (Gr. n. _ma'nia_, madness), _madness confined to one subject_. MONOP'OLY (Gr. v. pol'ein, to sell), _the sole power of selling anything_. MONOSYL'LABLE, _a word of one syllable_. MON'OTHEISM (Gr. n. _the'os_, God), _the belief in the existence of only one God_. MON'OTONE, _uniformity of tone_. MONOT'ONY, _sameness of sound; want of variety_. 19. O'DE, _a song_. ODE, _a lyric poem_. MEL'ODY (Gr. n. _mel'os_, a song), _an agreeable succession of musical sounds_. PAR'ODY, _the alteration of the works of an author to another subject_. PROS'ODY, _the study of versification_. PSAL'MODY, _the practice of singing psalms_. TRAG'EDY (Gr. n. _trag'os_, a goat[9]), _a dramatic representation of a sad or calamitous event_. EXERCISE. The _periods_ of _astronomy_ go far beyond any _chronology_. The _phonograph_ and the _telegraph_ are both American inventions. By the aid of a _diagram_ the _problem_ was readily solved. Dr. Holmes, the _Autocrat_ of the Breakfast Table, has written many _parodies_. In the struggle between _monarchy_ and _democracy_ Mexico has often been in a state of _anarchy_. His _antagonist_ suffered great _agony_ from the _disaster_ that occurred. The _eulogy_ pronounced on the great _zoölogist_ Agassiz was well deserved. What is the _etymological_ distinction between _geography_ and _geology_? The _aeronaut_ took with him a _barometer_, a _thermometer_, and a _chronometer_. I owe you an _apology_ for not better knowing your _genealogy. Typography_ has been well called "the art preservative of all the arts." Who is called the great American _lexicographer? Tautology_ is to be avoided by all who make any pretence to _grammar_. One may be a _democrat_ without being a _demagogue_. You cannot be an _architect_ without knowing _geometry. Zoology_ shows that there is great _symmetry_ in the structure of animals. The pretensions of _astrology_ are now dissipated into thin _air_. Many persons skilled in _physiology_ do not believe in hydropathy. Longfellow's "Evangeline" is written in _hexameter_, and Milton's "Paradise Lost" in _pentameter_. 20. ON'OMA, _a name_. ANON'YMOUS, _without a name_. METON'YMY, _a rhetorical figure in which one word is put for another_. ON'OMATOPOE'IA, _the forming of words whose sound suggests the sense_. PARON'YMOUS, _of like derivation_. PATRONYM'IC (Gr. n. _pat'er_, a father), _a name derived from a parent or ancestor_. PSEU'DONYM (Gr. adj. _pseu'des_, false), _a fictitious name_. SYN'ONYM, _a word having the same meaning as another in the same language_. 21. PAN, PANTOS, _all; whole_. PANACE'A (Gr. v. _ak'eomai_, I cure), _a universal cure_. PAN'CREAS (Gr. n. _kre'as_, flesh), _a fleshy gland situated at the bottom of the stomach_. PAN'DECT, _a treatise which combines the whole of any science_. PANEGYR'IC (Gr. n. _ag'ora_, an assembly), _an oration in praise of some person or event_. PAN'OPLY (Gr. n. _hop'la_, armor), _a complete suit of armor_. PANORA'MA (Gr. n. _hor'ama_, a sight or view), _a large picture gradually unrolled before an assembly_. PAN'THEISM (Gr. n. _the'os_, God), _the doctrine that nature is God_. PAN'THEON, _a temple dedicated to all the gods_. PAN'TOMIME, _a scene or representation in dumb show_. 22. PA'THOS, _suffering, feeling_. PATHET'IC, _affecting the emotions_. PATHOL'OGY, _the science of diseases_. ALLOP'ATHY, _a mode of medical practice_. ANTIP'ATHY, _dislike, aversion_. AP'ATHY, _want of feeling_. HOMEOP'ATHY, _a mode of medical practice_. HYDROP'ATHY. See _hudor_. SYM'PATHY, _fellow-feeling_. 23. PHIL'OS, _a friend, a lover_. PHILADEL'PHIA (Gr. n. _adel'phos_, a brother), literally, _the city of brotherly love_. PHILANTHROPY (Gr. n. _anthro'pos_, a man), _love of mankind_. PHILHARMON'IC (Gr. n. _harmo'nia_, harmony), _loving harmony or music_. PHILOS'OPHY (Gr. n. _sophi'a_, wisdom), _the general laws or principles belonging to any department of knowledge_. PHILOS'OPHER, _one versed in philosophy or science_. PHILOSOPH'IC, PHILOSOPH'ICAL, _relating to philosophy_. 24. PHA'NEIN, _to cause to appear_; PHANTA'SIA, _an image, an idea_. DIAPH'ANOUS, _translucent_. EPIPH'ANY, _the festival commemorative of the manifestation of Christ by the star of Bethlehem_. FAN'CY, _a pleasing image; a conceit or whim_. FAN'CIFUL, _full of fancy; abounding in wild images_. FANTA'SIA, _a musical composition avowedly not governed by the ordinary musical rules_. PHAN'TOM, _a specter, an apparation_. PHASE, _an appearance_. PHENOM'ENON, _anything presented to the senses by experiment or observation; an unusual appearance_. SYC'OPHANT (Gr. n. _sukon_, a fig, and, literally, an informer against stealers of figs), _a mean flatterer_. 25. PHO'NE, _a sound_. PHONET'IC, PHON'IC _according to sound_. EU'PHONY, _an agreeable sound of words_. SYM'PHONY, _harmony of mingled sounds; a musical composition for a full band of instruments_. 26. PHOS, PHOTOS, _light_. PHOS'PHORUS (Gr. v. _pherein_, to bear), _a substance resembling wax, highly inflammable, and luminous in the dark_. PHOS'PHATE, _a salt of phosphoric acid_. PHOSPHORES'CENT, _luminous in the dark_. PHOSPHOR'IC, _relating to or obtained from phosphorus_. PHOTOG'RAPHY. See _graphein_. 27. PHU'SIS, _nature_. PHYS'IC, _medicines_. PHYS'ICAL, _natural; material; relating to the body_. PHYSI'CIAN, _one skilled in the art of healing_. PHYS'ICIST, _a student of nature_. PHYS'ICS, _natural philosophy_. PHYSIOG'NOMY (Gr. n. _gno'mon_, a judge), _the art of discerning the character of the mind from the features of the face; the particular cast of features or countenance_. PHYSIOL'OGY. See _logos_. METAPHYS'ICS, literally, _after or beyond physics_; hence, _the science of mind_. METAPHYSI'CIAN, _one versed in metaphysics_. 28. POL'IS, _a city_. POLICE', _the body of officers employed to secure the good order of a city_. POL'ICY, _the art or manner of governing a nation or conducting public affairs; prudence_. POL'ITIC, _wise, expedient_. POLIT'ICAL, _relating to politics_. POLITI'CIAN, _one devoted to politics_. POL'ITICS, _the art or science of government; struggle of parties_. POL'ITY, _the constitution of civil government_. ACROP'OLIS (Gr. adj. _ak'ros_, high), _a citadel_. COSMOP'OLITE (Gr. n. _kos'mos_, the world), _a citizen of the world_. METROP'OLIS (Gr. n. _me'ter_, a mother), _the chief city of a country_. NECROP'OLIS (Gr. adj. _nek'ros_, dead), _a burial-place; a city of the dead_. 29. RHE'O, _I flow, I speak_. RHET'ORIC, _the art of composition; the science of oratory_. RHETORI'CIAN, _one skilled in rhetoric_. RHEU'MATISM, _a disease of the limbs_ (so called because the ancients supposed it to arise from a deflection of the humors). RES'IN, _a gum which flows from certain trees_. CATARRH', _a discharge of fluid from the nose caused by cold in the head_. DIARRHOE'A, _purging_. HEM'ORRHAGE (Gr. n. _haima_, blood), _a flowing of blood_. 30. SKOP'EIN, _to see, to watch_. SCOPE, _space, aim, intention_. BISH'OP (Gr. n. _epis'kopos_, overseer), _a clergyman who has charge of a diocese_. EPIS'COPACY, _church government by bishops_. EPIS'COPAL, _relating to episcopacy_. KALEI'DOSCOPE (Gr. adj. _kal'os_, beautiful), _an optical instrument in which we see an endless variety of beautiful patterns by simple change of position_. MI'CROSCOPE (Gr. adj. _mik'ros_, small), _an instrument for examining small objects_. MICROS'COPIST, _one skilled in the use of the microscope_. STETH'OSCOPE (Gr. n. _steth'os_, the breast), _an instrument for examining the state of the chest by sound_. TEL'ESCOPE (Gr. _te'le_, afar off), _an instrument for viewing objects far off_. 31. TAK'TOS, _arranged_; TAX'IS, _arrangement_. TAC'TICS, _the evolution, maneuvers, etc., of military and naval forces_; _the science or art which relates to these_. TACTI'CIAN, _one skilled in tactics_. SYN'TAX, _the arrangement of words into sentences_. SYNTAC'TICAL, _relating to syntax_. TAX'IDERMY (Gr. n. _der'ma_, skin), _the art of preparing and arranging the skins of animals in their natural appearance_. TAX'IDERMIST, _one skilled in taxidermy_. 32. TECH'NE, _art_. TECH'NICAL, _relating to an art or profession_. TECHNICAL'ITY, _a technical expression_; _that which is technical_. TECHNOL'OGY, _a treatise on or description of the arts_. TECHNOL'OGIST, _one skilled in technology_. POLYTECH'NIC (Gr. adj. _pol'us_, many), _comprising many arts_. PYR'OTECHNY (Gr. n. _pur_, fire), _the art of making fireworks_. 33. THE'OS, _God_. THE'ISM, _belief in the existence of a God_. THEO'CRACY. (See _kratos_.) THEO'LOGY. (See _logos_.) APOTHEO'SIS, _glorification, deification_. A'THEISM, _disbelief in the existence of God_. A'THEIST, _one who does not believe in the existence of God_. ENTHU'SIASM, _heat of imagination_; _ardent zeal_. PAN'THEISM. (See _pan_.) POL'YTHEISM (Gr. adj. _polus_, many), _the doctrine of a plurality of Gods_. 34. TITH'ENI, _to place, to set_. THEME, _a subject set forth for discussion_. THE'SIS, _a proposition set forth for discussion_. ANATH'EMA, _an ecclesiastical curse_. ANTITHESIS, _opposition or contrast in words or deeds_. HYPOTH'ESIS, _a supposition_. PAREN'THESIS, _something inserted in a sentence which is complete without it_. SYN'THESIS, _a putting together, as opposed to analysis_. 35. TON'OS, _tension, tone_. TONE, _tension, vigor, sound_. TON'IC, adj. _increasing tension or vigor_; n. _a medicine which increases strength_. TUNE, _a series of musical notes on a particular key_. ATTUNE', _to make musical_; _to make one sound agree with another_. BAR'YTONE (Gr. adj. _ba'rus_, heavy), _a male voice_. DIATON'IC, _proceeding by tones and semitones_. IN'TONATE, _to sound; to modulate the voice_. INTONE', _to give forth a slow, protracted sound_. SEM'ITONE, _half a tone_. REVIEW EXERCISE ON GREEK DERIVATIVES. 1. Derivation of "antithesis"?--Compose an example of an antithesis.--Point out the antithesis in the following:-- "The prodigal robs his heir; the miser robs himself." "A wit with dunces and a dunce with wits." "Though deep, yet clear, though gentle, yet not dull, Strong without rage, without o'erflowing, full." 2. Derivation of "hypothesis."--Give an adjective formed from this noun.--What Latin derivative corresponds literally to "hypothesis"? _Ans. Supposition_.--Show this. _Ans._ Supposition is composed of sub = hypo (under), and position (from _ponere_, to place) = thesis, a placing--What adjective from "supposition" would correspond to "hypothetical"? _Ans. Supposititious._ 3. Derivation of "parenthesis"?--Compose a parenthetical sentence. 4. What is the opposite of "synthesis"?--Give the distinction _Ans. Analysis_ is taking apart, _synthesis_ is putting together--What adjective is derived from the noun "synthesis"? 5. What adjective is formed from "demagogue"? _Ans. Demagogic_ or _demagogical_--Define it--Compose a sentence containing the word "demagogue". MODEL: "Aaron Burr, to gain popularity, practiced the arts of a _demagogue_." 6. What adjective is formed from "pedagogue"? _Ans. Pedagogic_--What would the "_pedagogic_ art" mean?--Is "pedagogue" usually employed in a complimentary sense?--Give a synonym of "pedagogue" in its literal sense. 7. Derivation of "anarchy"?--Compose a sentence containing this word. MODEL: "Many of the South American States have long been cursed by _anarchy_." 8. What adjective is formed from "monarchy"? _Ans. Monarchical_--Define it.--Can you mention a country at present ruled by a monarchical government?--What is the ruler of a monarchy called? 9. Compose a sentence containing the word "oligarchy". MODEL: "During the Middle Ages some of the Italian republics, as Genoa and Venice, were under the rule of an _oligarchy_." 10. From what root is "democracy" derived?--What adjective is formed from "democracy"?--Is Russia at present a _democracy_?--Can you mention any ancient governments that for a time were democracies? 11. What adjective is formed fiom "aristocracy"?--What noun will denote one who believes in aristocracy? _Ans. Aristocrat_--What does "aristocrat" ordinarily mean? _Ans._ A proud or haughty person who holds himself above the common people. 12. What is the etymology of "thermometer"? 13. Illustrate the meaning of "chronometer" by using it in a sentence. 14. What adjective is formed from "diameter"? _Ans. Diametrical_--What adverb is formed from "diametrical"?--What is meant by the expression "_diametrically_ opposed"? 15. What science was the forerunner of astronomy? _Ans. Astrology_--Give the derivative of this word.--What word denotes one who is skilled in astronomy?--Form an adjective from "astronomy."--Compose a sentence containing the word "astronomy." MODEL: "The three great founders of _astronomy_ are Copernicus, Kepler, and Newton." 16. From what root is "telescope" derived?--Combine and define telescop + ic.--Compose a sentence using the word "telescope." 17. From what root is "microscope" derived?--Combine and define microscop + ic.--What single word denotes microscopic animals? _Ans. Animalculæ_.--Compose a sentence containing the word "microscope." MODEL: "As the telescope reveals the infinitely distant, so the _microscope_ reveals the infinitely little." 18. Compose a sentence containing the word "antipathy." MODEL: "That we sometimes have antipathies which we cannot explain is well illustrated in the lines: 'The reason why I cannot tell, I do not like you, Dr. Fell.'" 19. What adjective is formed from "apathy"? 20. Derivation of "sympathy"?--Give a synonym of this Greek derivative. _Ans. Compassion_.--Show why they are literal synonyms. _Ans._ Sym = con or com, and pathy = passion; hence, compassion = sympathy.--Give an English derivative expressing the same thing. _Ans. Fellow-feeling._ 21. From what two roots is "autocrat" derived?--Form an adjective from "autocrat."--Who is the present "autocrat of all the Russias"?--Could the Queen of England be called an _autocrat_?--Why not? 22. Compose a sentence containing the word "autograph." MODEL: "There are only two or three _autographs_ of Shakespeare in existence." 23. Derivation of "automaton"?--Illustrate the signification of the word by a sentence. 24. What word would denote a remedy for "all the ills that flesh is heir to"?--Compose a sentence containing the word "panacea." 25. Derivation of "panoply"?--In the following sentence is "panoply" used in a literal or a figurative sense? "We had need to take the Christian _panoply_, to put on the whole armor of God." 26. From what two roots is "pantheism" derived?--What word is used to denote one who believes in pantheism? 27. Can you mention an ancient religion in which there were many gods?--Each divinity might have its own temple; but what name would designate a temple dedicated to _all_ the gods? 28. Give an adjective formed from the word "panorama."--Compose a sentence using the word "panorama." 29. What is the derivative of "eulogy"?--Illustrate its meaning by a sentence.--Form an adjective from "eulogy." 30. What is the etymology of "pseudonym"?--Give an example of a pseudonym. DIVISION II.--ADDITIONAL GREEK ROOTS AND THEIR DERIVATIVES. ACH'OS, _pain_--ache, headache. AINIG'MA, _a riddle_--enigma. AK'ME, _a point_--acme. AKOU'EIN, _to hear_--acoustics. AK'ROS, _high_--_acropolis (polis)._ ALLEL'ON, _each other_--parallel, parallelogram. AN'ER, _a man_--Andrew, Alexander. AN'THOS, _a flower_--anther, anthology, polyanthus. ANTHRO'POS, _a man_--anthropology, anthropophagi, misanthrope, philanthropist, philanthropy. ARK'TOS, _a bear_--arctic, antarctic. AR'GOS, _idle_--lethargy, lethargic. ARIS'TOS, _best_--aristocrat _(kratos)_, aristocracy, aristocratic. ARITH'MOS, _number_--arithmetic, arithmetician, logarithm, logarithmic. ARO'MA, _spice, odor_--aromatic. ARTE'RIA, _a bloodvessel_--artery, arterial. ASK'EIN, _to discipline_--ascetic, asceticism. ASPHAL'TOS, _pitch_--asphalt. ATH'LOS, _a contest_--athlete, athletic. AT'MOS, _vapor, smoke_--atmosphere, atmospheric. AU'LOS, _a pipe_--hydraulic. BAL'SAMON, _balsam_--balm, embalm. BA'ROS, _weight_--barometer, barytes. BA'SIS, _the bottom_--base, baseless, basement, basis. BIB'LION, _a book_--bible, biblical. BI'OS, _life_--biography, biology. BO'TANE, _a plant_--botanic, botanical, botanist, botany. BRON'CHOS, _the throat_--bronchial, bronchitis. BUS'SOS, _bottom_--abyss. CHA'LUPS, _steel_--chalybeate. CHARAS'SEIN, _to stamp_--character, characterize, characteristic. CHA'RIS, _grace_--eucharist. CHEIR, _the hand_--surgeon (short for _chirurgeon_), surgical. CHLO'ROS, _green_--chloride, chlorine CHOL'E, _bile_--choler, cholera, choleraic, melancholy. CHOR'DE, _a string_--chord, cord, cordage. CHRIS'TOS, _anointed_--chrism, Christ, Christian, Christmas, Christendom, antichrist. CHRO'MA, _color_--chromatic, chrome, chromic, chromotype, achromatic. CHRU'SOS, _gold_--chrysalis, chrysolite. CHU'LOS, _the milky juice formed by digestion_--chyle, chylifaction. CHU'MOS, _juice_--chyme, chemist, chemistry, alchemy, alchemist. DAI'MON, _a spirit_--demon, demoniac, demonology. DE'MOS, _the people_--demagogue, democracy, democrat, endemic, epidemic. DEN'DRON, _a tree_--dendrology, rhododendron. DER'MA, _the skin_--epidermis. DES'POTES, _a ruler_--despot, despotic, despotism. DIAI'TA, _manner of life_--diet, dietary, dietetic. DIDO'NI, _to give_--dose, antidote, anecdote. DOG'MA, _an opinion_--dogma, dogmatic, dogmatize, dogmatism. DOX'A, _an opinion, glory_--doxology, heterodox, orthodox, paradox. DRAM'A, _a stage-play_--drama, dramatic, dramatist. DROM'OS, _a course_--dromedary, hippodrome. DRUS, _an oak_--dryad. DUNA'THAI, _to be able_--dynamics, dynamical, dynasty. DUS, _ill, wrong_--dysentery (_entera_, the bowels), dyspepsia (_peptein_, to digest). EKKLE'SIA, _the church_--ecclesiastes, ecclesiastic, ecclesiastical. E'CHEIN, _to sound_--echo, catechise, catechism, catechumen. EKLEI'PEIN, _to fail_--eclipse, ecliptic. ELEK'TRON, _amber_--electric, electricity, electrify, electrotype. EM'EIN, _to vomit_--emetic. EP'OS, _a word_--epic, orthoepy. ER'EMOS, _desert, solitary_--hermit, hermitage. ER'GON, _a work_--energy, energetic, surgeon (_cheir_, the hand). ETH'NOS, _a nation_--ethnic, ethnical, ethnography, ethnology. ETH'OS, _custom, manner_--ethics, ethical. EU, _good, well_--eulogy, eulogize, euphony, evangelical. GAM'OS, _marriage_--bigamy, polygamy, misogamist. GAS'TER, _the stomach_--gastric, gastronomy. GE, _the earth_--geography, geology, geological, geometry, George, apogee, perigee. GEN'NAEIN, _to produce_--genealogy, genesis, heterogeneous, homogeneous, hydrogen, nitrogen, oxygen. GIGNOS'KEIN, _to know_--diagnosis, diagnostic, prognosticate. GLOS'SA, GLOT'TA, _the tongue_--glossary, glottis, polyglot. GLU'PHEIN, _to carve_--hieroglyphics. GNO'MON, _an indicator_--gnomon, physiognomy (_phusis_). GO'NIA, _a corner_--diagonal, heptagon, hexagon, octagon, trigonometry. GUM'NOS, _naked_--gymnasium, gymnast, gymnastics. HAI'REIN, _to take or choose_--heresy, heretic, heretical. HARMO'NIA, _a fitting together_--harmony, harmonious, harmonize, harmonium. HEK'ATON, _a hundred_--hecatomb. HE'LIOS, _the sun_--heliotrope, aphelion, perihelion. HE'MERA, _a day_--ephemeral. HEP'TA, _seven_--heptagon, heptarchy. HE'ROS, _a hero_--hero, heroic, heroine, heroism. HET'EROS, _another, unlike_--heterodox, heterodoxy, heterogeneous. HEX, _six_--hexagon, hexangular. HI'EROS, _sacred_--hierarchy, hieroglyphics (_glyphein_, to carve). HIP'POS, _a horse_--hippodrome, hippopotamus, Philip, philippic. HOL'OS, _all_--holocaust, holograph, catholic, catholicity. HOM'OS, _like, the same_--homogeneous (_gennaein_, to produce). HOR'OS, _a boundary_--horizon, aphorism. HU'MEN, _the god of marriage_--hymeneal. HUM'NOS, _a song of praise_--hymn, hymnal, hynmology. ICH'THUS, _a fish_--ichthyology. ID'EA, _a form or pattern_--idea, ideal. ID'IOS, _peculiar_--idiom, idiosyncrasy, idiot, idiotic. IS'OS, _equal_--isothermal. KAI'EIN, _to burn_--caustic, cauterize, holocaust (_holos_, whole). KA'KOS, _bad_--cacophony. KA'LOS, _beautiful_--caligraphy, calotype, kaleidoscope (_skopein_). KAL'UPTEIN, _to conceal_--apocalypse. KAN'ON, _a rule_--canon, canonical, canonize. KAR'DIA, _the heart_--cardiac, pericardium. KEN'OS, _empty_--cenotaph. KEPH'ALE, _the head_--acephalous, hydrocephalus (_hydor_). KER'AS, _a horn_--rhinoceros. KLE'ROS, _a portion_--clergy, clerical, clerk, clerkship. KLI'MAX, _a ladder_--climax. KLI'NEIN, _to bend_--clinical, recline. KO'MOS, _a merry feast_--comedy, (_odè_), comedian, comic, encomium. KO'NEIN, _to serve_--deacon, deaconship, diaconal, diaconate. KO'NOS, Lat. CONUS, _a cone_--cone, conic, conical, coniferous, coniform. KOP'TEIN, _to cut_--coppice, copse, syncope. KOS'MOS, _the world_--cosmography, cosmopolitan. KRI'TES, _a judge_--crisis, criterion, critic, critical, criticism, hypocrite. KRUP'TEIN, _to conceal_--crypt, apocrypha. KRUSTAL'LOS, _ice_--crystal, crystallize. KUK'LOS, _a circle_--cycle, encyclical, cyclops, cyclades, encyclopedia. KULIN'DROS, _a roller_--cylinder. LAM'BANEIN, _to take_--syllable, dissyllable, polysyllable. LAM'PEIN, _to shine_--lamp. LA'OS, _the people_--layman, laity. LATREI'A, _worship_--idolatry, heliolatry. LITH'OS, _a stone_--litharge, lithograph, aërolite. LU'EIN, _to loosen_--analysis, paralysis, paralytic, palsy. MAN'IA, _madness_--mania, maniac. MAR'TUR, _a witness_--martyr, martyrdom, martyrology. MEL'AS, _black_--melancholy, Melanesia. ME'TER, _a mother_--metropolis. MIK'ROS, _small_--microcosm, microscope, microscopic. MI'MOS, _an imitator_--mimic, mimicry, pantomime. MOR'PHE, _shape_--amorphous, metamorphosis. MU'RIAS, _ten thousand_--myriad. MU'THOS, _a fable_--myth, mythology. NAR'KE, _torpor_--narcissus, narcotic. NAUS, _a ship_--nausea, nauseate, nautical, nautilus, aëronaut. NEK'ROS, _dead_--necropolis. NE'SOS, _an island_--Polynesia. NOM'OS, _a law_--astronomy, Deuteronomy, economy (_oikos_, a house), economic. OL'IGOS, _few_--oligarchy (_arche_). OR'PHANOS, _deserted_--orphan, orphanage. OR'THOS, _right, straight_--orthodox, orthoepy, orthography. PAIDEI'A, _instruction_--cyclopædia. PAIS, _a child_--pedagogue, pedant, pedantic, pedobaptist. PAP'AS, Lat. PAPA, _a father_--papacy, pope, popedom, popery. PARADEI'SOS, _a pleasant garden_--paradise. PAT'EIN, _to walk_--peripatetic. PEN'TE, _five_--pentagon, pentecost. PET'RA, _a rock_--Peter, petrescent, petrify, petroleum, saltpeter. PHOB'OS, _fear_--hydrophobia (_hudor_, water). PHRA'SIS, _speech_--phrase, phraseology, paraphrase. PHREN, _the mind_--phrenology, frantic, frenzy. PHU'TON, _a plant_--zoophyte. PLA'NAEIN, _to wander_--planet, planetary. PLAS'SEIN, _to mould_--plaster, plastic. PLEU'RA, _the side_--pleurisy. PNEU'MA, _breath_, _spirit_--pneumatic. PO'LEIN, _to sell_--bibliopolist, monopoly, monopolize. POL'US, _many_--polygamy, polyglot, polysyllable, polytechnic. POR'OS, _a passage_--pore, porosity, porous, emporium. POT'AMOS, _a river_--hippopotamus. POUS, _the foot_--antipodes, polypus, tripod. PRAS'SEIN, _to do_--practice, practical, practitioner, impracticable. PRESBU'TEROS, _elder_--presbytery, presbyterian, presbyterianism. PRO'TOS, _first_--protomartyr. PSAL'LEIN, _to touch_, _to sing_--psalm, psalmist, psalmody, psalter. PUR, _fire_--pyramid, pyrotechny. RHIN, _the nose_--rhinoceros. RHOD'ON, _a rose _--rhododendron. SARX, _flesh_--sarcasm, sarcastic, sarcophagus. SCHED'E, _a sheet_--schedule. SCHE'MA, _a plan_--scheme. SCHIS'MA, _a division_--schism, schismatic. SIT'OS, _corn_--parasite, parasitical. SKAN'DALON, _disgrace_--scandal, scandalous, scandalize, slander, slanderous. SKEPTES'THAI, _to consider_--sceptic, sceptical, scepticism. SKEP'TRON, _an emblem of office_--scepter. SOPH'IA, _wisdom_--sophist, sophistry, philosopher (_philos_), philosophy. SPHAI'RA, _a globe_--sphere, spherical, spheroid, hemisphere. STAL'AEIN, _to drop_--stalactite, stalagmite. STEL'LEIN, _to send_--apostle, apostolic, epistle, epistolary. STEN'OS, _narrow_--stenography. STHEN'OS, _strength_--calisthenics. STIG'MA, _a mark_--stigma, stigmatize. STRAT'OS, _an army_--stratagem, strategy, strategist. STROPH'E, _a turning_--apostrophe, catastrophe. TA'PHOS, _a tomb_--epitaph, cenotaph. TAU'TO, _the same_--tautology. TEK'TON, _a builder_--architect. TE'LE, _far off_--telegraph, telescope. TEM'NEIN, _to cut_--atom, anatomy, anatomist. TET'RA, _four_--tetragon, tetrarch. THER'ME, _heat_--thermal. THRON'OS, _a throne_--throne, enthrone. TOP'OS, _a place_--topography. TREP'EIN, _to turn_--trope, tropic, tropical, heliotrope. TU'POS, _a stamp_--type, typography, prototype. TURAN'NOS, _a ruler_--tyrant, tyrannical, tyrannize, tyranny. ZEIN, _to boil_--zeal, zealous. ZEPHU'ROS, _the west wind_--zephyr. ZO'ON, _an animal_--zodiac, zoology, zoological, zoöphyte. PART IV.--THE ANGLO-SAXON ELEMENT. I.--ANGLO-SAXON PREFIXES. A--(corrupted from A.-S. _on_) signifies _in_, _on_, _at_: as abed, aboard, aside, aback; and gives the adverbial form to adjectives, as in aloud, aboard. BE--gives a transitive signification, as in bespeak. It is sometimes intensive, as in bestir, and converts an adjective into a verb, as in bedim. _Be_, as a form of _by_, also denotes proximity, as in beside: as bystander. FOR[10]--means privation, or opposition: as forbear, forbid, forget. FORE--_before_: as foretell, forebode. MIS--_error_, _wrongness_: as mistake, misstate, misinform. N--has a negative signification, as in many languages: thus, never, neither, none. OFF--from offspring. OUT--_beyond_: as outdo, outlaw. OVER--_above_: as overhang, overflow, overturn. TO--in to-day, to-morrow. UN--_not_, _the reverse_: as, unskilled, unlearned. UNDER--_beneath_: as undermine. WITH--_against_ (German _wider_): as withstand. II.--ANGLO-SAXON SUFFIXES. AR, ARD, ER, YER, STER[11]--signifying _agent_ or _doer_; as in beggar, drunkard, beginner, lawyer, spinster. _Er_ forms verbs of adjectives, as lower, from low, and also forms the comparatives of adjectives. ESS, as in songstress, is borrowed from the French. DOM, SHIP, RIC, WIC--from _dom_, judgment; _ship_, shape or condition; _ric_, _rice_, power; _wic_, a dwelling--signify state, condition, quality, etc., as in kingdom, friendship, bishopric, Berwick. EL, KIN (= _chen_, German), LET (from French), LING, OCK--have a _diminutive_ effect, as in manikin, streamlet, youngling, hillock, cockerel. EN--adjective termination, as wooden, from wood; it also converts adjectives into verbs, as deepen from deep. FOLD--from _fealdan_, to fold; a numeral termination, like _ple_, from the Latin _plico_, I fold. FUL--full; truthful. HOOD, NESS--of uncertain derivation, signify state, etc., as in priesthood, righteousness. ISH--_isc_ (Saxon), _isch_ (German), denotes a quality; like rakish, knavish, churlish, Danish. _Ish_ is also employed as a diminutive--blackish. LESS--_loss_: as penniless, hopeless. LIKE and LY--_like_; _lic_ (A.-S.): as warlike, manly. SOME--_sum_ (A.-S.), _sam_ (German), lonesome, handsome. TEEN--ten, as in fourteen. TY--from _tig_ (A.-S ), ten; _zig_ (German), as in six-_ty_. _Teen_ adds ten--_ty_ multiplies by ten. WARD--_weard_, _wärts_ (German), _versus_ (Latin), against, direction, towards; downward, eastward. WISE--_wisa_, manner; likewise. Y--_ig_, an adjective termination; _dreorig_ (A.-S.), dreary. ANGLO-SAXON ROOTS AND ENGLISH DERIVATIVES. The pronunciation of Anglo-Saxon is much nearer to that of modern German or the Continental pronunciation of Latin than of modern English. The letters of the alphabet wanting in Anglo-Saxon are: _j_, _k_, _q_, _v_, and _z_. _K_ is commonly represented by _c_; thus, _cyning_ (king) is pronounced _kining_; _cyrtel_, _kirtle_; _qu_ is represented by _cw_, as _cwic_, _quick_; _cwen_, _queen_; _cwellan_, to _quell_; _th_ is represented by two peculiar characters, one of which in its reduced form resembles _y_, as in _ye olden times_, where _ye_ should be pronounced _the_, and not _ye_, as is often ignorantly done. Long vowels should be carefully distinguished from short vowels. Long vowels are _a_ as _far_, _ae_ as in _fare_, _e_ as in _they_, _i_ as in _pique_, _o_ as in _bone_, _u_ as in _rule_, _y_ as in _i_ (nearly). Short vowels are _a_ as in _fast_, _ae_ as in _man_, _e_ as in _men_, _i_ as in _pin_, _o_ as in _God_, _u_ as in _full_, _y_ as in _i_ (nearly). In the diphthongs _ea_, _eo_, and _ie_, the first element receives the stress; the second is pronounced very lightly. There are no silent letters in Anglo-Saxon as in modern English. The vowel of every syllable is pronounced, and in difficult combinations of consonants, as in _hlud_, loud, _cniht_, knight, _cnif_, knife, each consonant has its distinct sound. _E_ before _a_ and _o_ has the sound of _y_ as a consonant; _i_ before _e_ and _u_ has the same sound: thus, _Earl_ = _yarl_; _eow_ = _you_; _iett_ = _yett_; and _iúgoth_ = _yúgoth_, youth. AC, _an oak_--oak, oaken. ACSIAN, _to inquire_--ask. ÆCER, _a field_--acre, acreage. ÆR, _before_--early, ere, erelong, erst. AFT, _hind-part_--after, abaft. ÁGAN, _to have_--owe, own, owner, ought, disown. ARISAN, _to arise_--raise, rise, rouse. BÁCAN, _to bake_--baker, bakery, bakehouse, batch. BÆC, _back_--backbite, backslide, backward, aback. BÆLG, _a bag_. BALD, _bold, brave_--bold, boldness. BÁNA, _death_--bane, baneful, henbane. BANC, _a bank or raised place_--bank, banker, bankrupt, bankruptcy, bench, embankment. BEACNIAN, _to beckon_--beck, beckon, beacon. BELLAN, _to roar_--bawl, bellow. BEORGAN, _to protect_--borough, borrow, burgh, burglar, burrow, harbinger, harbor, berth. BEORHT, _bright_--bright. BERAN, _to bear, to bring forth_--barrow, bear, bier, birth. BIDAN, _to wait_--abide. BIDDAN, _to pray_, _to bid_--bid, bidding, bead, beadsman, beadle, forbid, unbidden. BINDAN, _to bind_--band, bond, bondage, bundle. BLÆC, _pale_--bleach, bleacher, bleak, bleakness. BLAWAN, _to blow_--blade, bladder, blast, blaze, blazon, blister, blossom, blow, blush, bluster. BLETSIAN, _to bless_--bless, blessing. BRÁD, _broad_--broad, breadth, board, aboard. BRÉCAN, _to break_--bray (_to pound_), breach, breaker, breakfast, brink, broken. BREOST, _the breast_--breast, breastplate, breastwork, abreast. BREÓWAN, _to brew_--brew, brewer, brewery. BRUCAN, _to use_--broker, brokerage, brook (_to endure_). BUAN, _to cultivate_--boor, boorish, neighbor, neighborhood. BUGAN, _to bow or bend_--bay, bight, bough, bow, buxom, elbow. BYLDAN, _to design_, _to make_--build, builder, building. BYRNAN, _to burn_--brand, brandish, brandy, brimstone, brown, brunt, auburn, firebrand. CÆLAN, _to cool_--chill, chilblain. CEAPIAN, _to buy_--cheap, cheapen, cheapness, chaffer, chapman. CÉNNAN, _to produce_--kin, kind, kindness, kindred, akin, mankind. CEORL, _a churl_--carle, churlish. CLÆNE, _clean_--clean, cleanly, cleanliness, cleanse, unclean. CLÁTH, _cloth_--clothe, clothier, clothing, clad, unclad. CLEÓFAN, _to cleave_; CLIFIAN, _to adhere_--cleaver, cliff, clover, club. CNAFA, _a boy_--knave, knavery. CNÁWAN, _to know_--knowledge, acknowledge, foreknow, unknown. CNYLL, _a loud noise_--knell. CNYTTAN, _to knit_--knitting, knot, knotty, net, network. CRACIAN, _to crack_; CEARCIAN, _to creak_--crack, crackle, creak, cricket, croak, screech, shriek. CUMAN, _to come_--comely, comeliness, become, overcome, welcome. CUNNAN, _to know_, _to be powerful_--can, con, cunning, keen. CWELLAN, _to slay_--kill, quell. DÆG, _a day_--dawn, daylight, day-star, daisy = day's eye. DÆL, _a part_--deal, dole, ordeal. DÉMAN, _to think_--deem. DEOR, _a wild animal_--deer. DEORE, _dusky or black_--dark, darken, darkly, darkness. DIC, _a dyke_--dig, ditch, ditcher. DISC, _a plate_--desk, disc, dish. DÓM, _judgment_--doom, doomsday. DÓN, _to do_--doer, deed, undo. DRAGAN, _to draw_--drag, draggle, drain, draught, draughtsman, draw, dray. DRIFAN, _to drive_--drift, driver, drove. DRIGAN, _to dry_--drysalter, drought, drug (originally _dried plants_), druggist. DRINCAN, _to suck in_--drench, drink, drunk, drunkard, drunken. DRYPAN, _to drip or drop_--drip, drop, droop, dribble, drivel. DWINAN, _to pine_--dwindle, dwine. DYN, _a noise_--din, dun. EAGE, _the eye_--eye, eyeball, eye-bright, eyelid. EALD, _old_--alderman, earl. EFEN, _just_--even, evenness. ERIAN, _to plough_, _to ear_--earth, earthy, earthquake. FAEGER, _bright_--fair, fairness. FÁER, _fear_--fearful, fearless. FARAN, _to go_--fare, farewell, ferry, ford, seafaring, wayfarer. FEDAN, _to feed_--feed, feeder, fodder, food, father, fatherly. FEOND, _an enemy_--fiend, fiendish. FLEÓGAN, _to fly_--flag, flake, fledge, flee, flicker, flight. FLEÓTAN, _to float_--float, fleet. FLÓWAN, _to flow_--flood, flow. FOLGIAN, _to go after_--follow. FÓN, _to seize _--fang, finger. FÓT, _the foot_--foot, fetter, fetlock. FREÓN, _to love_--free, freedom, friend, friendship. FRETAN, _to gnaw_--fret, fretful. FUGEL, _a bird_--fowl, fowler, fowling-piece. FÚL, _unclean_--filth, filthy, foul, fulsome. FULLIAN, _to whiten_--full (_to scour and thicken cloth in a mill_), fuller, fuller's-earth. FÝR, _fire_--fiery, fireworks, bonfire. GABBAN, _to mock_--gabble, gibe, gibberish, jabber. GALAN, _to sing_--nightingale. GANGAN, _to go_--gang, gangway. GÁST, _a ghost_--gas, ghastly, ghost, ghostly, aghast. GEARD, _an enclosure _--garden, orchard, yard. GEOTAN, _to pour_--gush, gut. GEREFA, _a governor_--grieve (_an overseer_), sheriff, sheriffdom. GETAN, _to get_--get, beget, begotten, forget, forgetful. GIFAN, _to give_--give, gift, forgive, forgiveness, misgive, unforgiven. GLOWAN, _to glow_--glow, glowing. GÓD, _good_--gospel, gossip. GRÆS, _grass_--grass, graze, grazier. GRAFAN, _to dig_--grave, graver, graft, groove, grove, grub, engrave. GRAPIAN, _to grapple_; GRÍPAN, _to gripe_; GROPIAN, _to grope_--grapple, grapnel, gripe, grope, group, grovel. GREOT, _dust_--gritty, groats. GRÓWAN, _to grow_--grow, growth. GRÚND, _the ground_--ground, groundless, groundsel, groundwork. HABBAN, _to have_--have, haft, behave, behavior, misbehave. HÆGE, _a hedge_--haw, hawthorn. HÆL, _sound_, _whole_--hail, hale, heal, health, healthful, healthy, holy, holiness, whole, wholesome. HÁM, _a dwelling_--hamlet, home, homely, homeliness. HANGIAN, _to hang_--hang, hanger, hinge, unhinge, overhang. HÁT, _heat_--heat, heater, hot. HEALDAN, _to hold_--halt, halter, hilt, hold, behold, uphold, upholsterer, withhold. HEARD, _hard_--harden, hardihood, hardship, hardware, hardy. HEBBAN, _to lift_--heap, heave, heaven, heavy, upheaval. HÉDAN, _to heed_--heed, heedful, heedfulness, heedless, heedlessness. HEORTE, _the heart_--hearten, heartless, hearty, heartburn, heart's-ease, dishearten. HLÁF, _bread_--loaf. HLEAPAN, _to leap_--leap, overleap, elope, elopement. HOL, _a hole_--hole, hold (_of a ship_), hollow, hollowness. HRISTLAN, _to make quick sounds_--rustle, rustling. HUNTIAN, _to rush_--hunt, hunter, huntsman. HÚS, _house_--housewife, husband, hustings. HWEORFAN, _to turn_--swerve, wharf. HÝRAN, _to hear_--hear, hearer, hearsay. LÆDAN, _to lead_--lead, leader, loadstar, loadstone, mislead. LÆFAN, _to leave_--left, eleven, twelve. LÆRAN, _to teach_--learn, learner, learning, lore, unlearned. LANG, _long_--long, length, lengthen, lengthy, linger. LECGAN, _to lay_--lay, layer, lair, law, lawful, lawless, lea, ledge, ledger, lie, low, lowly, outlaw. LEOFIAN, LYBBAN, _to live_--live, lively, livelihood, livelong, alive, outlive. LEOHT, _light_--lighten, lightsome, lighthouse, enlighten. LÍC, _like_--like, likely, likelihood, likeness, likewise, unlike. LOCIAN, _to stretch forward_--look. LOMA, _utensils_, _furniture_--loom, hand-loom, power-loom. LOSIAN, _to lose_--lose, loser, loss. LÚF, _love_; LUFIAN, _to love_--lover, lovely, loveliness, lief, beloved, unlovely. LYFAN, _to permit_--leave (_permission_), belief, believe, believer, misbelieve. LYFT, _the air_--loft, lofty, aloft. MACIAN, _to make_--make, maker, match, matchless, mate, inmate. MÆNGAN, _to mix_--among, mingle, commingle, intermingle, mongrel. MAGAN, _to be able_--may, might, mighty, main, mainland, dismay. MEARC, _a boundary_--mark, marksman, marches, remark. METAN, _to measure_--meet, meeting, meet (_fit_), meetness. MUND, _a defence_--mound. MURNAN, _to murmur_--mourn, mourner, mournful. MYND, _the mind_--mind, mindful, mindfulness, remind. NÆS, _a nose_--naze, ness. NAMA, _a name_--name, nameless, namesake, misname. NEAD, _need_--need, needful, needless, needs, needy. NEAH, _nigh_--near, next, neighbor. NIHT, _night_--night, nightfall, nightless, nightmare, nightshade. OGA, _dread_--ugly, ugliness. PÆTH, _a path_--pathless, pathway, footpath. PLEGAN, _to exercise_, _to sport_--play, player, playful, playmate. RÆCAN, _to reach_--reach, overreach, rack, rack-rent. RÆDAN, _to read_--read, readable, reader, reading, riddle. READ, _red_--red, redden, ruddy. REAFIAN, _to seize_--bereave, bereavement, raven, ravenous, rive, rob, robber, robbery, rove, rover. RECAN, _to heed_--reck, reckless, recklessness, reckon, reckoning. RÍDAN, _to ride_--ride, rider, road, roadster, roadstead. RINNAN, _to run_--run, runner, runaway, outrun. RIPAN, _to reap_--reap, reaper, ripe, ripen, ripeness, unripe. RUH, _rough_--rough, roughness. SÆGAN, _to say_--say, saying, hearsay, unsay. SAR, _painful_--sore, soreness, sorrow, sorrowful, sorry. SCACAN, _to shake_--shake, shaky, shock, shocking. SCEADAN, _to shade_--shade, shady, shadow, shed (_a covered enclosure_). SCEDAN, _to scatter_, _to shed_--shed (_to spill_), watershed. SCEOFAN, _to push_--shove, shovel, scuffle, shuffle, sheaf. SCEÓTAN, _to shoot_--shoot, shot, sheet, shut, shutter, shuttle, overshoot, undershot, upshot. SCÉRAN, _to cut_--scar, scarf, score, share, sharp, shear, sheriff, shire. SCÍNAN, _to shine_--sheen, outshine, moonshine, sunshine. SCREOPAN, _to creak_--scrape, scraper, swap, scrap-book. SCROB, _a bush_--shrub, shrubbery. SCYPPAN, _to form_--shape, shapeless, landscape. SELLAN, _to give_--sale, sell, sold. SEON, _to see_--see, seer, sight, foresee, oversee, unsightly, gaze. SETTAN, _to set_; SITTAN, _to sit_--set, setter, settle, settler, settlement, set, beset, onset, outset, upset. SÍDE, _side_--side, sideboard, aside, beside, inside, outside, upside. SINGAN, _to sing_--sing, singer, song. SLÆC, _slack_--slack, slackness, slow, sloth, slothful, sluggard, sluggish. SLEÁN, _to slay_--slay, slaughter, sledge (_a heavy hammer_). SLIDAN, _to slide_--slide, sled, sledge. SLIPAN, _to glide_--slip, slipper, slippery, slipshod. SMITAN, _to smite_--smite, smiter, smith, smithy. SNICAN, _to creep_--snake, sneak. SOCC, _a shoe_--sock, socket. SOFT, _soft_--soften, softly, softness. SOTH, _true_--sooth, soothsayer. SPECAN, _to speak_--speak, speaker, speech, bespeak. SPELL, _a message_--spell (_discourse_), gospel. SPINNAN, _to spin_--spinner, spider. STÁN, _a stone_--stony, stoneware. STANDAN, _to stand_--standard, understand, understanding, withstand. STEALL, _a place_--stall, forestall, install, pedestal. STEORFAN, _to die_--starve, starvation, starveling. STICIAN, _to stick_--stake, stick, stickle, stickleback, sting, stitch, stock, stockade, stocking. STIGAN, _to ascend_--stair, staircase, stile, stirrup, sty. STRECCAN, _to stretch_--stretch, stretcher, straight, straighten, straightness, outstretch, overstretch. STÝRAN, _to steer_--steer, steerage, steersman, stern (_the hind part of a ship_), astern. STÝRIAN, _to stir_--stir, bestir. SÚR, _sour_--sour, sourish, sourness, sorrel, surly, surliness. SWERIAN, _to swear_--swear, swearer, forswear, answer, unanswered. SWÉT, _sweet_--sweet, sweetbread, sweeten, sweetmeat, sweetness. TÁECAN, _to show, to teach_--teach, teachable, teacher. TELLAN, _to count_--tell, teller, tale, talk, talkative, foretell. THINCAN, _to seem_; pret. thuh-te, _methinks_, _methought_. THRINGAN, _to press_--throng. THYR, _dry_--thirst, thirsty. TREOWE, _true_--true, truth, truthful, truism, trust, trustee, trustworthy, trusty. TWA, _two_--twice, twine, twist, between, entwine. TYRNAN, _to turn_--turn, turner, turncoat, turnkey, turnpike, overturn, return, upturn. WACAN, _to awake_--wake, wakeful, waken, wait, watch, watchful, watchfulness, watchman. WARNIAN, _to defend_, _to beware_--warn, warning, warrant, wary, weir, aware, beware. WEARM, _glowing_--warm, warmth. WEGAN, _to move_--wag, waggle, wain, wave, way, wayfarer, weigh, weight, weighty. WEORDH, _worth_--worth, worthy, worship, worshipper, unworthy. WERIAN, _to cover_--wear, wearable, weary, wearisome. WINNAN, _to labor_--win, won. WITAN, _to know_--wise, wisdom, wizard, wit, witness, witty. WRINGAN, _to twist_--wrangle, wrench, wriggle, wring, wrinkle. WRITHAN, _to twist_--wrath, wrathful, wroth, wreath, wreathe, wry, wryneck, wrong. WUNIAN, _to dwell_--wont, wonted. WYRM, _a worm, a serpent_--worm. Specimens of Anglo-Saxon, and the same literally translated into Modern English. _EXTRACT FROM CÆDMON'S PARAPHRASE._ _Cædmon: died about 680._ Nu we sceolan herian | Now we shall praise heofon-rices weard, | the guardian of heaven, metodes mihte, | the might of the creator, and his mod-ge-thonc, | and his mind's thought, wera wuldor-fæder! | the glory-father of men! swa he wundra ge-hwæs, | how he of all wonders, ece dryhten, | the eternal lord, oord onstealde. | formed the beginning. He ærest ge-scéop | He first created ylda bearnum | for the children of men heofon to hrófe, | heaven as a roof, halig scyppend! | the holy creator! tha middan-geard | them the world mon-cynnes weard, | the guardian of mankind ece dryhten, | the eternal lord, æfter teode, | produced afterwards, firum foldan, | the earth for men, frea ælmihtig! | the almighty master! _PASSAGE REPEATED BY BEDE ON HIS DEATH-BED._ _Bede: died 735._ For tham ned-fere | Before the necessary journey neni wirtheth | no one becomes thances suotera | more prudent in thought thonne him thearf sy, | than is needful to him, to ge-hicgeune | to search out er his heonon-gange | before his going hence hwet his gaste | what to his spirit godes othe yveles | of good or of evil efter deathe heonon | after his death hence demed weorthe. | will be judged. _EXTRACT FROM THE SAXON CHRONICLE--Tenth Century._ Tha feng Ælfred Æthelwulfing to | Then took Alfred, son of Ethelwulf West-Seaxna rice; and thæs ymb ænne | to the West Saxon's kingdom; and monath gefeaht Ælfred cyning with | that after one month fought Alfred ealne thone here lytle werode æt | king against all the army with a Wiltoune, and hine lange on dæg | little band at Wilton, and them long geflymde, and tha Deniscan ahton | during the day routed and then the wæl-stowe geweald. And thæs geares | Danes obtained of the battle-field wurdon nigon folcgefeoht gefohten | possession. And this year were nine with thone here on tham cyne-rice be | great battles fought with the army suthan Temese, butan tham the him | in the kingdom to the south of the Ælfred, and ealdormen, and cyninges | Thames, besides those in which thegnas oft rada onridon the man na | Alfred, and the alder-men, and the ne rimde. And thæs geares wæron | king's thanes oft inrode--against of-slegene nigon eorlas, and an | which one nothing accounted. And cyning; and thy geare namon | this year were slain nine earls and West-Seaxan frith with thone here. | one king; and this year made the | West-Saxons peace with the army. _EXTRACT FROM THE SAXON GOSPELS--Eleventh Century._ LUCÆ, Cap. I. v. 5-10. | LUKE, Chap. I. v. 5-10. | 5. On Herodes dagum Iudea cyninges, | 5. In the days of Herod the king of wæs sum sacerd on naman Zacharias, of| Judea, there was a certain priest by Abian tune: and his wif wæs of | name Zacharias, of the course of Aarones dohtrum, and hyre nama wæs | Abia: and his wife was of the Elizabeth. | daughters of Aaron, and her name was | Elizabeth. 6. Sothlice hig wæron butu rihtwise | 6. And they were both righteous beforan Gode, gangende on eallum his | before God, walking in all the bebodum and rihtwisnessum, butan | commandments and ordinances of the wrohte. | Lord without blame. 7. And hig næfdon nan bearn, fortham | 7. And they had no child, because the Elizabeth wæs unberende; and hig | that Elizabeth was barren; and they on heora dagum butu forth-eodon. | in her days were both of great age. 8. Sothlice wæs geworden tha | 8. And it befell that when Zacharias Zacharias hys sacerdhades breac on | should do the office of the his gewrixles endebyrdnesse beforan | priesthood in the order of his Gode, | course before God, 9. Æfter gewunan thæs sacerdhades | 9. After the custom of the hlotes, he eode that he his offrunge | priesthood he went forth by lot, to sette, tha he on Godes tempel eode. | burn incense when he into God's | temple went. 10. Eall werod thæs folces wæs ute | 10. And all the multitude of the gebiddende on thære offrunge timan. | people were without praying at the | time of incense. _THE LORD'S PRAYER._ Fæder ure, thu the eart on heofenum; | Father our, thou who art in heaven; si thin nama gehalgod; to-becume thin| be thine name hallowed; let come rice; geweordhe thin willa on | thine kingdom; let be done thine eorthan, swa swa on heofenum. Urne ge| will on earth, so as in the heavens. dæghwamlican hlaf syle us to-dæg; and| Our also daily bread give thou us forgyf us ure gyltas, swa swa we | to-day; and forgive thou to us our forgidfadh urum gyltendum; and ne | debts, so as we forgive our debtors; gelæde thu us on costnunge, ac alys | and not lead thou us into us of yfle, etc. | temptations, but deliver thou us | from evil, etc. SPECIMENS OF SEMI-SAXON AND EARLY ENGLISH. _EXTRACT FROM THE BRUT OF LAYAMON--About 1180._ He nom tha Englisca boc | He took the English book Tha makede Seint Beda; | That Saint Bede made; An other he nom on Latin, | Another he took in Latin, Tha makede Seinte Albin, | That Saint Albin made, And the feire Austin, | And the fair Austin, The fulluht broute hider in. | That baptism brought hither in. Boc he nom the thridde, | The third book he took, Leide ther amidden, | _And_ laid there in midst, Tha makede a Frenchis clerc, | That made a French clerk, Wace was ihoten, | Wace was _he_ called, The wel couthe writen, | That well could write, And he hoc yef thare aethelen | And he it gave to the noble Allienor, the wes Henries quene, | Eleanor, that was Henry's Queen, Thes heyes kinges. | The high king's. _EXTRACT FROM A CHARTER OF HENRY III.--1258._ Henry, thurg Gode's fultome, King on | Henry, through God's support, King Engleneloande, Lhoaverd on Yrloand, | of England, Lord of Ireland, Duke of Duk on Norman, on Acquitain, Earl on | Normandy, of Acquitain, Earl of Anjou, send I greting, to alle hise | Anjou, sends greeting to all his holde, ilærde and ilewede on | subjects, learned and unlearned, of Huntindonnschiere. Thæt witen ge wel | Huntingdonshire. This know ye well alle, hæt we willen and unnen thæt | all, that we will and grant what our ure rædesmen alle, other the moare | counsellors all, or the more part of del of heom, thæt beoth ichosen thurg| them, that be chosen through us and us and thurg thæt loandes-folk on ure| through the landfolk of our kingdom, kineriche, habbith idon, and schullen| have done, and shall do, to the don in the worthnes of God, and ure | honor of God, and our allegiance, treowthe, for the freme of the | for the good of the land, etc. loande, etc. | Anglo-Saxon Element in Modern English. That the young student may be made aware of the extent of the employment of Anglo-Saxon in our present language, and that he may have some clue to direct him to a knowledge of the Saxon words, the following extracts, embracing a great proportion of these words, are submitted to his attention. The words not Teutonic are marked in _Italics_. MILTON. Of man's first _disobedience_, and the _fruit_ Of that forbidden tree, whose _mortal taste_ Brought death into the world, and all our woe, With loss of _Eden_, till one greater man _Restore_ us and _regain_ the blissful seat-- Sing, heavenly _Muse_. With thee _conversing_, I forget all time, All _seasons_, and their _change_; all _please_ alike. Sweet is the breath of morn, her rising sweet, With _charm_ of earliest birds; _pleasant_ the sun When first on this _delightful_ land he spreads His _orient_ beams on _herb_, tree, _fruit_, and _flower_, Glistering with dew; _fragrant_ the _fertile_ earth, After soft showers; and sweet the coming on Of _grateful_ evening mild; then _silent_ night With this her _solemn_ bird, and this fair moon, And these the _gems_ of heaven, her starry _train_. SHAKESPEARE. To be, or not to be, that is the _question_; Whether 't is _nobler_ in the mind to _suffer_ The stings and arrows of _outrageous fortune_, Or to take _arms_ against a sea of _troubles_, And, by _opposing_, end them? To die, to sleep; No more;--and by a sleep to say we end The heart_ache_ and the thousand _natural_ shocks That flesh is _heir_ to! 't were a _consummation_ _Devoutly_ to be wished. To die; to sleep; To sleep?--_perchance_ to dream! All the world's a _stage_, And all the men and women _merely_ players. They have their _exits_ and their _entrances_, And one man in his time plays many _parts_; His _acts_ being seven _ages_. At first the _infant_, Mewling and puking in his _nurse's arms_. And then the whining _school_-boy, with his _satchel_ And shining morning _face_, creeping like snail Unwillingly to _school_. And then the lover, Sighing like _furnace_, with a woeful _ballad_ Made to his _mistress'_ eyebrow. Then a _soldier_, Full of _strange_ oaths, and bearded like the _pard_, _Jealous_ in _honour_, _sudden_ and quick in _quarrel_; Seeking the bubble _reputation_ Even in the _cannon's_ mouth. TRANSLATION OF THE BIBLE. In the beginning God _created_ the heaven and the earth. And the earth was without _form_, and _void_; and darkness was upon the _face_ of the deep: and the _Spirit_ of God _moved_ upon the _face_ of the waters. And God said, Let there be light; and there was light. And God saw the light, that it was good; and God _divided_ the light from the darkness. And God called the light Day, and the darkness he called Night. And the evening and the morning were the first day.--_Genesis_ i. 1-6. And it came to _pass_, that when _Isaac_ was old, and his eyes were dim, so that he could not see, he called _Esau_, his eldest son, and said unto him, My son. And he said unto him, Behold, here am I. And he said, Behold now, I am old, I know not the day of my death. Now therefore take, I _pray_ thee, thy weapons, thy _quiver_ and thy bow, and go out to the field, and take me some _venison_; and make me _savoury_ meat, such as I love, and bring it to me, that I may eat; that my soul may bless thee before I die. And _Rebekah_ heard when _Isaac_ spake to _Esau_ his son. And _Esau_ went to the field to hunt for _venison_, and to bring it. And _Rebekah_ spake unto _Jacob_ her son, saying, Behold, I heard thy father speak unto _Esau_ thy brother, saying, Bring me _venison_, and make me _savoury_ meat, that I may eat, and bless thee before the Lord before my death.--_Genesis_ xxvii. 1-7. THOMSON. These as they _change_, Almighty Father! these Are but the _varied_ God. The _rolling_ year Is full of thee. Forth in the _pleasing_ spring Thy _beauty_ walks, thy _tenderness_ and love. Wide flush the fields; the softening _air_ is _balm_; _Echo_ the _mountains round_; the _forest_ smiles; And every _sense_ and every heart is _joy_. Then comes thy _glory_ in the summer months, With light and heat _refulgent_. Then thy sun Shoots full _perfection_ through the swelling year. ADDISON. I was yesterday, about sunset, walking in the open fields, till the night _insensibly_ fell upon me. I at first _amused_ myself with all the richness and _variety_ of _colours_ which _appeared_ in the western _parts_ of heaven. In _proportion_ as they _faded_ away and went out, _several_ stars and _planets appeared_, one after another, till the whole _firmament_ was in a glow. The blueness of the _ether_ was _exceedingly_ heightened and enlivened by the _season_ of the year. YOUNG. Let _Indians_, and the _gay_, like _Indians_, fond Of feathered _fopperies_, the sun _adore_: Darkness has more _divinity_ for me; It strikes thought inward; it drives back the soul To settle on herself, our _point supreme_. There lies our _theater_: there sits our _judge_. Darkness the _curtain_ drops o'er life's dull _scene_: 'T is the kind hand of _Providence_ stretched out 'Twixt man and _vanity_; 't is _reason's reign_, And _virtue's_ too; these _tutelary_ shades Are man's _asylum_ from the _tainted_ throng. Night is the good man's friend, and guardian too. It no less _rescues virtue_, than _inspires_. SWIFT. Wisdom is a fox, who, after long hunting, will at last _cost_ you the _pains_ to dig out. 'T is a cheese, which by how much the richer has the thicker, homelier, and the _coarser coat_; and whereof, to a _judicious palate_, the _maggots_ are the best. 'Tis a _sack posset_, wherein the deeper you go on you will find it sweeter. But then, lastly, 'tis a nut, which, unless you choose with _judgment_, may _cost_ you a tooth, and _pay_ you with nothing but a worm. HUME. The _beauties_ of her _person_ and _graces_ of her _air combined_ to make her the most _amiable_ of women; and the _charms_ of her _address_ and _conversation aided_ the _impression_ which her lovely _figure_ made on the heart of all beholders. _Ambitious_ and _active_ in her _temper_, yet _inclined_ to _cheerfulness_ and _society_; of a lofty _spirit_, _constant_ and even _vehement_ in her _purpose_, yet _politic, gentle_, and _affable_, in her _demeanor_, she _seemed_ to _par_take only so much of the _male virtues_ as to _render_ her _estimable_, without _relinquishing_ those soft _graces_ which _compose_ the _proper ornament_ of her _sex_. GIBBON. In the _second century_ of the _Christian era_, the _empire_ of _Rome comprehended_ the fairest _part_ of the earth, and the most _civilized portion_ of mankind. The _frontiers_ of that _extensive monarchy_ were guarded by _ancient renown_, and _disciplined valour_. The _gentle_ but _powerful influence_ of laws and _manners_ had _gradually cemented_ the _union_ of the _provinces_. Their _peaceful inhabitants enjoyed_ and _abused_ the _advantages_ of wealth and _luxury_. The _image_ of a free _constitution_ was _preserved_ with _decent reverence_. JOHNSON. Of _genius_, that _power_ which _constitutes_ a _poet_; that _quality_ without which _judgment_ is cold, and knowledge is _inert_; that _energy_ which _collects_, _combines_, _amplifies_, and _animates_; the _superiority_ must, with some _hesitation_, be _allowed_ to Dryden. It is not to be _inferred_ that of this _poetical vigor Pope_ had only a little, _because_ Dryden had more; for every other writer since Milton must give _place_ to _Pope_; and even of Dryden it must be said, that if he has brighter _paragraphs_, he has not better _poems_. BYRON. _Ancient_ of days! _august Athena!_ where, Where are thy men of might--thy _grand_ in soul? Gone--glimmering through the dream of things that were. First in the race that led to _Glory's goal_, They won, and _passed_ away. Is this the whole? A _school_-boy's tale--the wonder of an _hour_! The warrior's-weapon and the _sophist's stole_ Are sought in _vain_, and o'er each _mouldering_ tower, Dim with the mist of years, gray flits the shade of _power_. SIR WALTER SCOTT. The way was long, the wind was cold, The _Minstrel_ was _infirm_ and old; His withered cheek and _tresses_ gray _Seemed_ to have known a better day; The harp, his _sole remaining joy_, Was carried by an _orphan_ boy. The last of all the bards was he Who sung of border _chivalry_; For, well-a-day! their _dale_ was fled; His _tune_ful brethren all were dead; And he, _neglected_ and _oppressed_, Wished to be with them and at rest. WORDSWORTH. Ah! little doth the young one dream, When full of play and childish cares, What _power_ is in his wildest scream, Heard by his mother unawares! He knows it not, he cannot guess; Years to a mother bring _distress_; But do not make her love the less. My son, if thou be _humbled_, _poor_, Hopeless of _honor_ and of _gain_, Oh! do not dread thy mother's door; Think not of me with _grief_ and _pain_. I now can see with better eyes; And worldly _grandeur_ I _despise_, And _Fortune_ with her gifts and lies. TENNYSON. Not wholly in the busy world, nor _quite_ Beyond it, blooms the garden that I love. News from the humming _city_ comes to it In _sound_ of _funeral_ or of _marriage_ bells; And sitting muffled in dark leaves you hear The windy clanging of the winter clock; Although between it and the garden lies A _league_ of grass, washed by a slow broad stream, That, stirred with _languid pulses_ of the oar, Waves all its lazy _lilies_, and creeps on, Barge laden, to three _arches_ of a bridge, _Crowned_ with the _minster-towers_. PART V.--MISCELLANEOUS DERIVATIVES. I.--WORDS DERIVED FROM THE NAMES OF PERSONS. 1.--NOUNS. AT'LAS, _a collection of maps bound together_: "Atlas," a fabled giant who, according to the Greek notion bore the earth upon his shoulders. ACAD'EMY, _a superior grade school, a society of learned men_: "Academus," a Greek in whose garden near Athens Plato taught. AMMO'NIA, _the pungent matter of smelling salts_: "Jupiter Ammon," near whose temple in Libya it was originally obtained. BAC'CHANAL, _one who indulges in drunken revels_: "Bacchus," the god of wine. BOW'IE KNIFE, _an American weapon_: Colonel "Bowie," the inventor. BRAGGADO'CIO, _a vain boaster_: "Braggadochio," a boastful character in Spenser's Faery Queen. BUD'DHISM, _a wide-spread Asiatic religion_: "Buddha," a Hindoo sage who lived about 1000 B.C. CAL'VINISM, _the doctrines of Calvin_: "Calvin," a Swiss theologian of the 16th century. CAMEL'LIA, _a genus of evergreen shrubs_: "Camelli," a Spaniard who brought them from Asia. CICERO'NE (sis e-ro'ne or chi che-ro'-ne), _a guide_: "Cicero," the Roman orator. CINCHO'NA, _Peruvian bark_: Countess "Cinchona," wife of a Spanish governor of Peru (17th century). By means of this medicine she was cured of an intermittent fever, and after her return to Spain she aided in the diffusion of the remedy. DAGUERRE'OTYPE, _a picture produced on a metal plate_: "Daguerre," the inventor (1789-1851). DAHL'IA, _a garden plant_: "Dahl," a Swedish botanist. DUNCE, _a dull, slow-witted person_: "Duns Scotus," a subtle philosopher of the 13th century. His method of reasoning was very popular in the schools during the Middle Ages, and a very skillful hair-splitter was called a Dunse; but at last, through the influence of the antagonists of the philosopher, the word passed into a term of reproach. EP'ICURE, _one fond of good living_: "Epicurus," a Greek philosopher who was said to teach that pleasure is the chief good. FAH'RENHEIT, _a thermometer that marks the freezing-point of water at_ 32° (which is different from both the centigrade and the Reaumur thermometer): "Fahrenheit," the inventor. FUCHSIA (fu'si-a), _a genus of flowering plants_: "Leonard Fuchs," a German botanist of the 16th century. GAL'VANISM, _a branch of the science of electricity_: "Galvani," an Italian physician, its discoverer. GEN'TIAN, _a medicinal root_: "Gentian," king of Illyria, who is said to have first experienced the virtues of the plant. GOB'ELIN, _a rich tapestry_: "Jehan Gobeelen," a Flemish dyer. GUILLOTINE', _an instrument for beheading_: "Guillotin," who invented and brought it into use at the time of the French Revolution, last century. HY'GIENE, _the principles and rules of health_: "Hygeia," the goddess of health in classical mythology. JES'UIT, _a member of the Society of Jesus, formed by Ignatius Loyola in_ 1534: "Jesus." LYNCH, _to punish without the usual forms of law_: said to be from "Lynch," a Virginia farmer, who took the law into his own hands. MACAD'AMIZE, _to cover a road with small broken stones_: "Macadam," the inventor. MAGNO'LIA, _a species of trees found in the southern parts of the United States_: "Magnol," a French botanist. MEN'TOR, _a faithful monitor_: "Mentor," the counselor of Telemachus. MOR'PHIA, _the narcotic principle of opium_: "Morpheus," the god of sleep. NE'GUS, _a mixture of wine, water, and sugar_: Colonel "Negus," who introduced its use in the time of Queen Anne. OR'RERY, _an apparatus for showing the motions, etc., of the heavenly bodies_: the Earl of "Orrery," for whom one of the first was made. PALLA'DIUM, _something that affords effectual defense, protection, and safety_: Greek "palla'dion," an image of "Pallas Athene," which was kept hidden and secret, and was revered as a pledge of the safety of the town where it was lodged. PAN'IC, _a sudden fright_: "Pan," the god of shepherds, who is said to have caused alarm by his wild screams and appearance. PE'ONY, _a plant of the genus_ PÆONIA, _having beautiful showy flowers_: "Pæon," its discoverer. PET'REL, _an ocean bird_: diminutive of Peter, probably so called in allusion to "St. Peter's" walking on the sea. PHA'ETON, _an open carriage_: "Phaethon," the fabled son of Phoebus or the Sun, whose chariot he attempted to drive. PINCH'BECK, _an alloy of copper and zinc resembling gold_: said to be from one "Pinchbeck," the inventor. QUAS'SIA, _a bitter wood used as a tonic_: "Quassy," a negro who discovered its qualities. RODOMONTADE', _vainbluster_: "Rodomonte," a boasting hero who figures in Ariosto's poem of the _Orlando Furioso_. SILHOUETTE (sil oo et'), _the outline of an object filled in with black color_: "Silhouette" (see Webster). TAN'TALIZE, _to torment or tease_: "Tantalus," according to the poets, an ancient king of Phrygia, who was made to stand up to the chin in water with fruit hanging over his head, but from whom both receded when he wished to partake. TYPHOON', _a violent hurricane which occurs in the Chinese seas_: "Typhon," a fabled giant who was taught to produce them. VOLCA'NO, _a burning mountain_: "Vulcan," the god of fire. 2.--ADJECTIVES. AMER'ICAN, _relating to America_: from "Amerigo (Latin, _Americus_) Vespucci"--contemporary of Columbus. A'RIAN, _relating to Arius_: a theologian of the 4th century who denied the divinity of Christ. ARISTOTE'LIAN, _relating to the deductive method of reasoning set forth by Aristotle_: a Greek philosopher of the 4th century B.C. ARMIN'IAN, _relating to Arminius_: a Dutch theologian of the 16th century, who opposed the doctrines of Calvin. BACO'NIAN, _relating to the inductive method of reasoning set forth by Bacon_: an English philosopher of the 17th century. CARTE'SIAN, _relating to the philosophy of Descartes_: a French philosopher of the 17th century. CE'REAL, _relating to grain_: from "Ceres"--the Roman goddess of corn and tillage. COPER'NICAN, _relating to Copernicus_: a German philosopher of the 16th century, who taught the theory of the solar system now received, and called the _Copernican system_. ELIZ'ABETHAN, _relating to the times of Queen Elizabeth of England_: (1558-1603). EO'LIAN, _relating to the wind_: from "Æolus"--the god of the winds in classic mythology. ERAS'TIAN, _relating to Erastus_:--a German theologian of the 16th century, who maintained that the Church is wholly dependent on the State for support or authority. ESCULA'PIAN, _relating to the healing art_: from "Esculapius"--the god of the healing art among the Greeks. GOR'DIAN, _intricate, complicated, difficult_: from "Gordius"--king of Phrygia who tied a knot which could not be untied. HERCULE'AN, _very large and strong_: from "Hercules"--a hero of antiquity celebrated for his strength. HERMET'IC, _relating to Hermes_--the fabled inventor of alchemy; adv., HERMETICALLY, _in a perfectly close manner_. HUDIBRAS'TIC, _in the manner of the satirical poem called Hudibras_, by Samuel Butler (1612-1680). JO'VIAL, _gay, merry_: from "Jupiter" (Jovis),--the planet of that name having in the Middle Ages been supposed to make those who were born under it of a joyous temper. LINNÆ'AN, _relating to Linnæus_--the celebrated Swedish botanist. LU'THERAN, _relating to the doctrines of Luther_--a German religious teacher of the 16th century. MACHIAVEL'IAN, _cunning and sinister in politics_: from "Machiaveli"--an Italian writer of the 15th century. MERCU'RIAL, _active, sprightly_--having the qualities fabled to belong to the god "Mercury." MOSA'IC, _relating to Moses, his writings or his time_. NEWTO'NIAN, _relating to Sir Isaac Newton and his philosophy_. PINDAR'IC, _after the style and manner of Pindar_--a lyric poet of Greece. PLATON'IC, _relating to the opinions or the school of Plato_,--a philosopher of Greece, in the 4th century B.C. PLUTON'IC, _relating to the interior of the earth, or to the Plutonic theory in geology of the formation of certain rocks by fire_: from "Pluto"--in classic mythology, the god of the infernal regions. PROCRUS'TEAN, _relating to or resembling the mode of torture employed by Procrustes_--a celebrated highwayman of ancient Attica, who tied his victims upon an iron bed, and, as the case required, either stretched out or cut off their legs to adapt them to its length. PROME'THEAN, _relating to Prometheus_--a god fabled by the ancient poets to have formed men from clay and to have given them life by means of fire stolen from heaven, at which Jupiter, being angry, sent Mercury to bind him to Mount Caucasus, and place a vulture to prey upon his liver. QUIXOT'IC, _absolutely romantic, like Don Quixote_--described by Cervantes, a Spanish writer of the 16th century. SATUR'NIAN, _distinguished for purity, integrity, and simplicity_; _golden, happy_: from "Saturn"--one of the gods of antiquity whose age or reign, from the mildness and wisdom of his government, was called the _golden age_. SOCRAT'IC, _relating to the philosophy or the method of teaching of Socrates_--the celebrated philosopher of Greece (468-399 B.C.). STENTO'RIAN, _very loud or powerful, resembling the voice of Stentor_--a Greek herald, spoken of by Homer, having a very loud voice. THES'PIAN, _relating to tragic action_: from "Thespis"--the founder of the Greek drama. TITAN'IC, _enormous in size and strength_: from the "Titans"--fabled giants in classic mythology. UTO'PIAN, _ideal, fanciful, chimerical_: from "Utopia"--an imaginary island, represented by Sir Thomas More, in a work called "Utopia," as enjoying the greatest perfection in politics laws, and society. VOLTA'IC, _relating to voltaism or voltaic electricity_: from "Volta"--who first devised apparatus for developing electric currents by chemical action. II.--WORDS DERIVED FROM THE NAMES OF PLACES. AG'ATE, _a precious stone_: "Achates," a river in Sicily where it is found. AL'ABASTER, _a variety of soft marble_: "Alabastrum," in Egypt, where it is found. AR'RAS, _tapestry_: "Arras," in France, where it is manufactured. ARTE'SIAN, _applied to wells made by boring into the earth till the instrument reaches water which flows from internal pressure_: "Artois" (anciently called Artesium), in France, where many of such wells have been made. AT'TIC, _marked by such qualities as characterized the Athenians, as delicate wit, purity of style, elegance, etc._: "Attica," the country of the Athenians. BAN'TAM, _a small domestic fowl_: "Bantam," in Java, whence it was brought. BARB, _a Barbary horse_: "Barbary," in Africa. BAY'ONET, _a dagger fixed on the end of a musket_: "Bayonne," in France, where it was invented, in 1679. BEDLAM, _a lunatic asylum_: "Bethlehem," a monastery in London, afterwards used as an asylum for lunatics. BUR'GUNDY, _a French wine_: "Burgundy," where it is made. CAL'ICO, _a kind of cotton cloth_: "Calicut," in India, where it was first manufactured. CANA'RY, _a wine and a bird_: the "Canary" Islands. CAN'TER, _an easy gallop_: "Canterbury," in allusion to the easy pace at which the pilgrims used to ride thither. CAR'RONADE, _a short cannon_: "Carron," in Scotland, where it was first made. CASH'MERE, _a rich shawl, from the wool of the Thibet goat_: "Cashmere," the country where first made. CHALCED'ONY, _a variety of uncrystalized quartz_: "Chalcedon," in Asia Minor, where obtained. CHAMPAGNE', _a wine_: "Champagne," in France, where produced. CHER'RY, _a red stoned fruit_: "Cerasus" (now Kheresoun), in Pontus, Asia Minor, whence the tree was imported into Italy. CHEST'NUT, _a fruit_: "Castanea," in Macedonia, whence it was introduced into Europe. COG'NAC, _a kind of French brandy_: "Cognac," in France, where extensively made. COP'PER, _a metal_: "Cyprus," once celebrated for its rich mines of the metal. CORD'WAINER, _a worker in cordwain, or cordovan, a Spanish leather_: "Cordova," in Spain. CURAÇOA', _a liquor or cordial flavored with orange peel_: the island of "Curaçoa," where it was first made. CUR'RANT, _a small dried grape_: "Corinth," in Greece, of which "currant" is a corruption. DAM'ASK, _figured linen or silk_: "Damascus," in Syria, where first made. DAM'SON, _a small black plum_: (shortened from "Damascene") Damascus. DELF, _a kind of earthenware_: "Delft," in Holland, where it was orignally made. DI'APER, _a figured linen cloth, used for towels, napkins, etc._: "Ypres," in Flanders, where originally manufactured. DIM'ITY, _a figured cotton cloth_: "Damietta," in Egypt. GAMBOGE', _a yellow resin used as a paint_: "Cambodia, where it is obtained. GING'HAM, _cotton cloth, made of yarn dyed before woven_: "Guincamp," in France, where it was first made. GUIN'EA, _an English gold coin of the value of twenty-one shillings_: "Guinea," whence the gold was obtained out of which it was first struck. GYP'SY, _one of a wandering race_: old English "Gyptian," from "Egypt," whence the race was supposed to have originated. HOL'LAND, _a kind of linen cloth_: "Holland," where first made. HOL'LANDS, _a spirit flavored with juniper berries_: "Holland," where it is extensively produced.. IN'DIGO, _a blue dye_: "India". JAL'AP, _a cathartic medicine_: "Jalapa," in Mexico, whence it was first imported in 1610. JET, _a mineral used for ornament_: "Gagates," a river in Asia Minor, whence it was obtained. LAN'DAU, LAN'DAULET, _a kind of carriage opening at the top_: "Landau," a town in Germany. MADEI'RA, _a wine_: "Madeira," where produced. MAGNE'SIA, _a primitive earth_: "Magnesia," in Thessaly. MAG'NET, _the loadstone, or Magnesian stone_. MALM'SEY, _a wine_: "Malvasia," in the Morea. MAR'SALA, _a wine_: "Marsala," in Sicily. MEAN'DER, _to flow in a winding course_: "Meander," a winding river in Asia Minor. MIL'LINER, _one who makes ladies' bonnets, etc._: "Milan," in Italy. MOROC'CO, _a fine kind of leather_: "Morocco," in Africa, where it was originally made. NANKEEN', _a buff-colored cloth_: "Nankin," in China, where first made. PHEAS'ANT, _a bird whose flesh is highly valued as food_: "Phasis," a river in Asia Minor, whence it was brought to Europe. PIS'TOL, _a small hand gun_: "Pistoja," in Italy, where first made. PORT, _a wine_: "Oporto," in Portugal, whence extensively shipped. SARDINE', _a small Mediterranean fish, of the herring family_: "Sardinia" around whose coasts the fish abounds. SAUTERNE', _a wine_: "Sauterne," in France, where produced. SHER'RY, _a wine_: "Xeres," in Spain, where it is largely manufactured. SPAN'IEL, _a dog of remarkable sagacity_: "Hispaniola," now Hayti, where originally found. TAR'IFF, _a list of duties or customs to be paid on goods imported or exported_: from an Arabic word, _tarif_, information. TO'PAZ, _a precious stone_: "Topazos," an island in the Red Sea, where it is found. TRIP'OLI, _a fine grained earth used in polishing stones_: "Tripoli," in Africa, where originally obtained. TURQUOIS', _a bluish-green stone_: "Turkey," whence it was originally brought. WORST'ED, _well-twisted yarn, spun of long-staple wool_: "Worsted," a village in Norfolk, England, where first made. III.--ETYMOLOGY OF WORDS USED IN THE PRINCIPAL SCHOOL STUDIES. 1.--TERMS IN GEOGRAPHY. ANTARC'TIC: Gr. _anti_, opposite, and _arktos_, a bear. See _arctic_. ARCHIPEL'AGO: Gr. _archi_, chief, and _pelagos_, sea, originally applied to the Ægean Sea, which is studded with numerous islands. ARC'TIC: Gr. _arktikos_, from _arktos_, a bear and a northern constellation so called. ATLAN'TIC: Lat. _Atlanticus_, from "Atlas," a fabled Titan who was condemned to bear heaven on his head and hands. AX'IS: Lat. _axis_, an axletree. BAR'BAROUS: Gr. _barbaros_, foreign. BAY: Fr. _baie_, from Lat. _baia_, an inlet. CAN'CER: Lat. _cancer_, a crab (the name of one of the signs of the zodiac). CAPE: Fr. _cap_, from Lat. _caput_, head. CAP'ITAL: Lat. _capitalis_, from _caput_, head. CAP'RICORN: Lat. _caper_, goat, and _cornu_, horn (the name of one of the signs of the zodiac). CAR'DINAL: adj Lat. _cardinalis_, from _cardo, cardinis_, a hinge. CHAN'NEL: Lat. _canalis_, from _canna_, a reed or pipe. CIR'CLE: Lat. _circus_, from Gr. _kirkos_, a ring. CIRCUM'FERENCE: Lat. _circum_, around, and _ferre_, to bear. CIT'Y: Fr. _cite_, from Lat. _civitas_, a state or community. CIV'ILIZED: Lat. _civilis_, pertaining to an organized community. CLI'MATE: Gr. _klima, klimatos_, slope, the supposed slope of the earth from the Equator to the poles. COAST: Old Fr. _coste_ (New Fr. _côte_), from Lat. _costa_, rib, side. CON'FLUENCE: Lat. _con_, together, and _fluere_, to flow. CON'TINENT: Lat. _con_, together, and _tenere_, to hold. CON'TOUR: Lat. _con_, together, and _tornus_, a lathe. COUN'TY: Fr. _comte_, from Lat. _comitatus_, governed by a count. DEGREE': Lat. _de_, and _gradus_, a step DIAM'ETER: Gr. _dia_, through, and _metron_, measure. EQUA'TOR: Lat. _equus_, equal. ES'TUARY: Lat. _æstuare_, to boil up, or be furious, the reference being to the commotion made by the meeting of a river-current and the tide. FRIG'ID: Lat. _frigidus_, from _frigere_, to be cold. GEOG'RAPHY: Gr. _ge_, the earth, and _graphe_, a description. GLOBE: Lat. _globus_, a round body. GULF: Fr. _golfe_, from Gr. _kolpos_, bosom, bay. HAR'BOR: Anglo-Saxon, _hereberga_, from _beorgan_, to shelter. HEM'ISPHERE: Gr. _hemi_, half, and _sphaira_, sphere. HORI'ZON: Gr. _horizein_, to bound. IN'DIAN (ocean): India. ISTH'MUS: Gr. _isthmos_, a neck. LAKE: Lat. _lacus_, a lake. LAT'ITUDE: Lat. _latitudo_, from _latus_, broad. LON'GITUDE: Lat. _longitudo_, from _longus_, long. MERID'IAN: Lat. _meridies_ (= _medius_, middle, and _dies_, day), noon. METROP'OLIS: Gr. _meter_, mother, and _polis_, city. MON'ARCHY: Gr. _monarchés_, from _monos_, alone, and _archein_, to rule. MOUN'TAIN: Fr. _montagne_, from Lat. _mons_, _montis_, a mountain. OB'LATE: Lat. _oblatus_ (_ob_ and past part. of _ferre_, to bring), brought forward. O'CEAN: Gr. _okeanus_, from _okus_, rapid, and _nacin_, to flow. PACIF'IC: Lat. _pacificus_, from _pax_, _pacis_, peace, and _facere_, to make. PAR'ALLEL: Gr. _para_, beside, and _allelon_, of one another. PENIN'SULA: Lat. _penes_, almost, and _insula_, island. PHYS'ICAL: Gr. _physis_ (_phusis_), nature. PLAIN: Lat. _planus_, flat. PLANE: Lat. _planus_, flat. POLE: Gr. _polos_, a pivot. POLIT'ICAL: Gr. _polis_, a city or state. PROM'ONTORY: Lat. _pro_, before, and _mons_, _montis_, a mountain. RELIEF': Fr. _relever_, from Lat. _relevare_, to raise. REPUB'LIC: Lat. _res_, an affair, and _publica_, public: that is, a _commonwealth_. RIV'ER: Fr. _rivière_, from Lat. _ripa_, a shore or bank. SAV'AGE: Fr. _sauvage_, from Lat. _silva_, a wood. SEA: Anglo-Saxon, _sæ_, the sea. SOCI'ETY: Lat. _societas_, from _socius_, a companion. 2.--TERMS IN GRAMMAR. AD'JECTIVE, Lat. _adjectivus_, from _ad_ and _jacere_, to add to: _a word joined to a noun or pronoun to limit or describe its meaning_. AD'JUNCT, Lat. _adjunctus_, from _ad_ and _jungere_, to join to: _a modifier or subordinate element of a sentence_. AD'VERB, Lat. _adverbium_, from _ad_, to, and _verbum_, word, verb: _a word used to modify the meaning of a verb, an adjective, or another adverb_. ANAL'YSIS, Gr. _analusis_, from _ana_ and _luein_, to unloose, to resolve into its elements: _the separation of a sentence into its constituent elements_. ANTECE'DENT, Lat. _antecedens_, pres. part. of _antecedere_, to go before: _the noun or pronoun represented by a relative pronoun_. APPOSI'TION, Lat. _appositio_, from _ad_, to, and _ponere_, to place beside: _the state of two nouns put in the same case without a connecting word between them_. AR'TICLE, Lat. _articulus_, a little joint: _one of the three words_, a, an, _or_ the. AUXIL'IARY, Lat. _auxiliaris_, from _auxilium_, help, aid: _a verb used to assist in conjugating other verbs_. CASE, Lat. _casus_, from _cadere_, to fall, to happen: _a grammatical form denoting the relation of a noun or pronoun to some other word in the sentence_. CLAUSE, Lat. _claudere_, _clausum_, to shut: _a dependent proposition introduced by a connective_. COMPAR'ISON, Lat. _comparatio_, from _comparare_, to liken to: _a variation in the form of an adjective or adverb to express degrees of quantity or quality_. COM'PLEMENT, Lat. _complementum_, from _con_ and _plere_, to fill fully: _the word or words required to complete the predication of a transitive verb_. COM'PLEX (sentence), Lat. _complexus_, from _con_ and _plectere_, to twist around: _a sentence consisting of one independent proposition and one or more clauses_. COM'POUND (sentence), Lat. _componere_ (= _con_ and _ponere_), to put together: _a sentence consisting of two or more independent propositions_. CONJUGA'TION, Lat. _conjugatio_, from _con_ and _jugare_, to join together: _the systematic arrangement of a verb according to its various grammatical forms_. CONJUNCTION, Lat. _conjunctio_, from _con_ and _jungere_, to join together: _a word used to connect sentences or the elements of sentences_. DECLEN'SION, Lat. _declinatio_, from _declinare_, to lean or incline: _the process of giving in regular order the cases and numbers of a noun or pronoun_. ELLIP'SIS, Gr. _elleipsis_, a leaving or defect: _the omission of a word or words necessary to complete the grammatical structure of the sentence_. ETYMOL'OGY, Gr. _etumologia_, from _etumon_, the true literal sense of a word, and _logos_, a discourse: _that division of grammar which treats of the classification and grammatical forms of words_. FEM'ININE (gender), Lat. _femininus_, from _femina_, woman: _the gender of a noun denoting a person of the female sex_. GEN'DER, Lat. _genus_, _generis_, kind: _a grammatical form expressing the sex or non-sex of an object named by a noun_. GRAM'MAR, Gr. _gramma_, a letter, through Fr. _grammaire_: the science of language. IMPER'ATIVE (mood), Lat. _imperativus_, from _imperare_, to command: _the mood of a verb used in the statement of a command or request_. INDIC'ATIVE (mood), Lat. _indicativus_, from _indicare_, to proclaim: _the mood of a verb used in the statement of a fact, or of a matter taken as a fact_. INFLEC'TION, Lat. _inflexio_, from _inflectere_, to bend in: _a change in the ending of a word_. INTERJEC'TION, Lat. _interjectio_, from _inter_ and _jacere_, to throw between: _a word which expresses an emotion, but which does not enter into the construction of the sentence_. INTRAN'SITIVE (verb), Lat. _intransitivus_ = _in_, not, and _transitivus_, from _trans_ and _ire_, _itum_, to go beyond: _a verb that denotes a state or condition, or an action not terminating on an object_. MAS'CULINE (gender), Lat. _masculus_, male: _the gender of a noun describing a person of the male sex_. MODE. See _mood_. MOOD, Lat. _modus_, through Fr. _mode_, manner: _a grammatical form denoting the style of predication_. NEU'TER (gender), Lat. _neuter_, neither: _the gender of a noun denoting an object without life_. NOM'INATIVE (case), Lat. _nominativus_, from _nomen_, a name: _that form which a noun has when it is the subject of a verb_. NOUN, Lat. _nomen_, a name, through Fr. _nom_: _a name-word, the name of anything_. NUM'BER, Lat. _numerus_, through Fr. _nombre_, number: _a grammatical form expressing one or more than one of the objects named by a noun or pronoun_. OB'JECT, Lat. _ob_ and _jacere_, to set before: _that toward which an activity is directed or is considered to be directed_. OBJEC'TIVE (case), Lat. _objectivus_, from _ob_ and _jacere_: _the case which follows a transitive verb or a preposition_. PARSE, Lat. _pars_, a part: _to point out the several parts of speech in a sentence and their relation to one another_. PAR'TICIPLE, Lat. _participium_, from _pars_, part, and _capere_, to take, to share: _a verbal adjective, a word which shares or participates in the nature both of the verb and of the adjective_. PER'SON, Lat. _persona_, the part taken by a performer: _a grammatical form which shows whether the speaker is meant, the person spoken to, or the person spoken of_. PHRASE, Gr. _phrasis_, a brief expression, from _phrazein_, to speak: _a combination of related words forming an element of a sentence_. PLE'ONASM, Gr. _pleonasmos_, from _pleion_, more: _the use of more words to express an idea than are necessary_. PLU'RAL (number), Lat. _pluralis_, from _plus_, _pluris_, more: _the number which designates more than one_. POSSESS'IVE (case), Lat. _possessivus_, from _possidere_, to own: _that form which a noun or pronoun has in order to denote ownership or possession_. POTEN'TIAL (mood), Lat. _potens_, _potentis_, being able: _the mood of a verb used in the statement of something possible or contingent_. PREDICATE, Lat. _prædicatum_, from _præ_ and _dicare_, to proclaim: _the word or words in a proposition which express what is affirmed of the subject_. PREPOSI'TION, Lat. _præpositio_, from _præ_ and _ponere_, to put before: _a connective word expressing a relation of meaning between a noun or pronoun and some other word_. PRO'NOUN, Lat. _pronomen_, from _pro_, for, and _nomen_, a noun: _a word used instead of a noun._ PROP'OSITION, Lat. _propositio_, from _proponere_ (_pro_ and _ponere_), to put forth: _the combination of a subject with a predicate_. REL'ATIVE (pronoun), Lat. _relativus_, from _re_ and _ferre_, _latus_, to bear back: _a pronoun that refers to an antecedent noun or pronoun_. SEN'TENCE, Lat. _sententia_, from _sentire_, to think: _a combination of words expressing a complete thought_. SIM'PLE (sentence), Lat. _simplex_, from _sine_, without, and _plica_, fold: _a sentence having but one subject and one predicate_. SUB'JECT, Lat. _subjectus_, from _sub_ and _jacere_, to place under: _that of which something is predicated_. SUBJUNC'TIVE (mood), Lat. _subjunctivus_, from _sub_ and _jungere_, to subjoin: _the mood used in the statement of something merely thought of_. SYN'TAX, Gr. _suntaxis_, from _sun_, together, and _taxis_, arrangement: _that division of grammar which treats of the relations of words in sentences_. TENSE, Lat. _tempus_, time, through Fr. _temps_: _a grammatical form of the verb denoting the time of the action or event_. TRAN'SITIVE, Lat. _transitivus_, from _trans_ and _ire_, _itum_, to pass over: _a verb that denotes an action terminating on some object_. VERB, Lat. _verbum_, a word: _a word that predicates action or being_. VOICE, Lat. _vox_, _vocis_, voice, through Fr. _voix_: _a grammatical form of the transitive verb, expressing whether the subject names the actor or the recipient of the action_. 3.--TERMS IN ARITHMETIC. ADDI'TION, Lat. _additio_, from _addere_, to add. AL'IQUOT, Lat. _aliquot_, some. ARITH'METIC, Gr. adj. _arithmetike_, numerical, from n. _arithmos_, number. AVOIRDUPOIS', Fr. _avoir du pois_, to have [a fixed or standard] weight. CANCELLA'TION, Lat. _cancellatio_, from _cancellare_, to make like a lattice (_cancelli_), to strike or cross out. CENT, Lat. _centum_, a hundred. CI'PHER, Arabic _sifrun_, empty, zero. CUBE, Gr. _kubos_, a cubical die. DEC'IMAL, Lat. _decimus_, tenth, from _decem_, ten. DENOM'INATOR, Lat. _denominare_, from _de_ and _nominare_ (_nomen_, a name), to call by name. DIG'IT, Lat. _digitus_, a finger. DIV'IDEND, Lat. _dividendus_, to be divided, from _dividere_, to divide. DIVIS'ION, Lat. _divisio_, from _dividere_, to divide. DIVI'SOR, Sp. _divisor_, that which divides, from Lat. _dividere_, to divide. DOL'LAR, Ger. _thaler_, an abbreviation of _Joachimsthaler_, i.e. a piece of money first coined, about 1518, in the valley (_thal_) of _St. Joachim_, in Bohemia. EQUA'TION, Lat. _æquatio_, from _æquus_, equal. EXPO'NENT, Lat. _exponens_, pres. part. of _exponere_, to set forth (= _ex_ and _ponere_). FAC'TOR, Lat. _factor_, that which does something, from _facere_, _factum_, to do or make. FIG'URE, Lat. _figura_, shape, from _fingere_, to form or shape. FRAC'TION, Lat. _fractio_, from _frangere_, to break. IN'TEGER, Lat. _integer_, untouched, whole. IN'TEREST, Lat. _interest_ = it interests, is of interest (3d per. sing. pres. indic. of _interesse_, to be between, to be of importance). MIN'UEND, Lat. _minuendus_, to be diminished, from _minuere_, to lessen. MUL'TIPLE, Lat. _multiplex_, from _multus_, much, and _plicare_, to fold. MUL'TIPLY, MULTIPLICATION, etc. See _multiple_. NAUGHT, Anglo-Sax. _nawhit_, from _ne_, not, and _awiht_ or _auht_, aught, anything. NOTA'TION, Lat. _notatio_, from _notare_, to mark (_nota_, a mark). NUMERA'TION, Lat. _numeratio_, from _numerus_, a number. QUO'TIENT, Lat. _quoties_, how often, how many times, from _quot_, how many. SUBTRACTION, Lat. _subtractio_, from _sub_ and _trahere_, to draw from under. U'NIT, Lat. _unus_, one. ZE'RO, Arabic _çifrun_, empty, cipher. * * * * * NOTES. [1] To teachers who are unacquainted with the original _Word-Analysis_, the following extract from the Preface to that work may not be out of place:-- "The treatment of the Latin derivatives in Part II. presents a new and important feature, to wit: the systematic analysis of the structure and organism of derivative words, together with the statement of their primary meaning in such form that the pupil inevitably perceives its relation with the root, and in fact _makes_ its primary meaning by the very process of analyzing the word into its primitive and its modifying prefix or suffix. It presents, also, a marked improvement in the method of approaching the definition,--a method by which the definition is seen to _grow out of_ the primary meaning, and by which the analytic faculty of the pupil is exercised in tracing the transition from the primary meaning to the secondary and figurative meanings,--thus converting what is ordinarily a matter of rote into an agreeable exercise of the thinking faculty. Another point of novelty in the method of treatment is presented in the copious practical exercises on the _use of words_. The experienced instructor very well knows that pupils may memorize endless lists of terms and definitions without having any realization of the actual living power of words. Such a realization can only be gained by _using_ the word,--by turning it over in a variety of ways, and by throwing upon it the side-lights of its synonym and contrasted word. The method of thus utilizing English derivatives gives a study which possesses at once _simplicity_ and _fruitfulness_,--the two desiderata of an instrument of elementary discipline." [2] "Etymology," Greek _et'umon_, the true literal sense of a word according to its derivation, and _log'os_, a discourse. [3] "Vocabulary," Latin _vocabula'rium_, a stock of words; from _vox, vocis_, a voice, a word. [4] By the _Low_ German languages are meant those spoken in the low, flat countries of North Germany, along the coast of the North Sea (as Dutch, the language of Holland); and they are so called in contradistinction to _High_ German, or German proper. [5] For the full definition, reference should be had to a dictionary; but in the present exercise the literal or etymological signification may suffice. [6] _Fen'do_, _fen'dere_, is used in Latin only in composition. [7] Another mode of spelling _defense_. [8] From _pass_ and _over_, a feast of the Jews instituted to commemorate the providential escape of the Jews to Egypt, when God, smiting the first-born of the Egyptians _passed over_ the houses of the Israelites, which were marked with the blood of the paschal lamb. [9] For the explanation of the etymology see Webster's _Unabridged_. [10] _For_ is different from _fore_, and corresponds to the German _ver_, different from _vor_. _A_, _be_, _for_, _ge_, are often indifferently prefixed to verbs, especially to perfect tenses and perfect participles, as well as to verbal nouns.--BOSWORTH. [11] _Ster_ was the Anglo-Saxon feminine termination. Females once conducted the work of brewing, baking, etc., hence brewster, baxter; these words were afterwards applied to men when they undertook the same work. _Ster_ is now used in depreciating, as in trickster, youngster. *** END OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK NEW WORD-ANALYSIS *** Updated editions will replace the previous one—the old editions will be renamed. Creating the works from print editions not protected by U.S. copyright law means that no one owns a United States copyright in these works, so the Foundation (and you!) can copy and distribute it in the United States without permission and without paying copyright royalties. Special rules, set forth in the General Terms of Use part of this license, apply to copying and distributing Project Gutenberg™ electronic works to protect the PROJECT GUTENBERG™ concept and trademark. 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