The Project Gutenberg eBook of A Minniature ov Inglish Orthoggraphy This ebook is for the use of anyone anywhere in the United States and most other parts of the world at no cost and with almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included with this ebook or online at www.gutenberg.org. If you are not located in the United States, you will have to check the laws of the country where you are located before using this eBook. Title: A Minniature ov Inglish Orthoggraphy Author: James Elphinston Release date: May 25, 2005 [eBook #15901] Most recently updated: December 14, 2020 Language: English Credits: Produced by David Starner, Keith Edkins and the Online Distributed Proofreading Team. *** START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK A MINNIATURE OV INGLISH ORTHOGGRAPHY *** Produced by David Starner, Keith Edkins and the Online Distributed Proofreading Team. A MINNIATURE OV _INGLISH ORTHOGGRAPHY_. * * * * * TO' DHEIR ROYAL HIGHNESSES, DHE PRINCE AND PRINCES _OV WALES_; DHE DUKE AND DUTCHES _OV YORK_: ONNORED AZ UNDOUTED PATRONS AND PATTERNS OV EVVERY PROPRIETY: DHIS MINNIATURE Ov Inglish Orthoggraphy, _UMBLY HOPES UNIVERSAL ACCEPTANCE;_ FROM DHE BENIGN PERMISSION OV BEING SO INSCRIBED, BY DHEIR ROYAL HIGHNESSES DEVOTED SERVANT, _James Elphinston_. * * * * * A MINNIATURE OV Inglish Orthoggraphy: DEDDICATED TO' _DHE PRINCE AND PRINCES OF WALES_, DHE DUKE AND DUTCHES OV YORK: * * * * * BY JAMES ELPHINSTON. * * * * * _LONDON_: SOLD (Price 1 Shilling and 6 Pence) BY W. RITCHARDSON, ROYAL EXCHAINGE; T. BOOSEY, N. 4, BRAUD-STREET, DHARE; F. AND C. RIVVINGTON, N. 62; ST. PAULS CHURCHYARD; J. DEIGHTON, N. 325, HOLBORN; W. CLARK, N. 38, BOND-STREET. * * * * * 1795. * * * * * CONTENTS. 1. _Introduccion_ 2. _Orthoggraphy ascertained in dhe vowels, and dheir serviles_ 3. _Vocal substitucion, licenced and licencious_ 4. _Ov open and shut vowels_ 5. _Ov dhe aspirates and dheir insertives_ 6. _Ov redundant serviles_ 7. _Ov impracticabel articulacion_ 8. _Ov false aspiracion_ 9. _Dhe guttural aspirate lost, or transmuted by moddern organs_ 10. _Old _R_ aspirate_ 11. _Oddher antiquated idellers_ 12. _Final fantoms, or dubblers ov final forms_ 13. _Oddher falsifiers, medial or final; licquids or sibbilants; particcularly _TI_ for a sibbilacion_ 14. _Dhe orthoggraphy ov propper names_ 15. _Dhe fundamental principel ov orthoggraphy_ 16. _The orthographic riddle_ * * * * * A MINNIATURE OV _INGLISH ORTHOGGRAPHY._ 1. INTRODUCTION. Hwen evvery oddher language, and at last our own, haz been reduced to' science; rendered accountabel to' natives, and accessibel to' straingers; hwence iz it, dhat our practice, growing daily more a contrast dhan an exemplificacion ov our theory, tempts ignorance to' speak, az blind habbit spels; raddher dhan to' dream ov spelling, az propriety exhibbits her unremitted harmony, hweddher in word or writing? For propriety, hwarevver herd, can be seen onely in her picture: nor can dhis be duly drawn, but from dhe oridginal; or dhe likenes long prezerved, in dhe coppies ov vulgarrity. Scarce creddibel doz it seem, to' dhe anallogists ov oddher diccions, dhat hiddherto', in Inglish exhibiscion, evvery vowel and evvery consonant ar almoast az often falsifiers az immages ov dhe truith. Hetteroggraphy indeed, or false litterary picture, can arize onely from won, or a combinacion, ov foar cauzes: redundance, defiscience; mischoice, or misarraingement. * * * * * 2. ORTHOGGRAPHY ASCERTAINED IN DHE VOWELS, AND DHEIR SERVILES. It iz not now new, dhat evvery Inglish vowel haz, not onely a longuer and shorter, but even a different sound, az open or shut by a consonant; dho _A braud_, open and shut, differ but in quantity. Nor iz it yet a secret, dhat certain mutes, or silent letters, (espescially vocal quiescents,) ar named _serviles_; rendering essencial az vizzibel service, boath to' vowels and consonants. Hware such gards ar wanted, dhey doutles wil attend; and, hwen dhey proov superfluous, az reddily widhdraw. Dhus dhe open vowel ov dhe simpel shuts, and dhe serviles vannish, in dhe penultimate ov dhe compound: _shake_, _Shakspear_; _chear_, _cherfool_; _vine_, _vinyard_, and dhe like. So formatives: _stare_ and _stair_, _starling_; _steer_, _sterling_; _shere_, _sherrif_; _child_, _children_; _kind_, _kindred_; _know_, _knollege_; and dhe rest. Evvery open ear must allow dhe aspiracion (_h_) to' articculate iniscially dhe braud vocal licquid (_w_); nor longuer imadgine dhat _wh_, apparent, can becom _hw_ real; or dhat _what_, _whale_, _wheels_, can rascionally paint dhe power ov _hwat_, _hwale_, _hweels_. Dhe braud licquid (_w_) haz no place in _hoal_, total; or in _hore_, prostitute; distinct alike, to' dhe eye, from _hole_ and _hoar_. But _wh_, iniscial, may wel prommise _hw_; if _le_ and _re_, boath final, may picture _el_ and _er_: az we admire, not onely on dhe _little theatre_, but in dhe _centre_ ov dhe _battle_! Dho a tutch ov Rezons wand wil restore dhe buty ov truith; at wonce to' dhe _littel theater_, and to' dhe _center_ ov dhe _battel_; az such buty beamed in dhe former century. Dhe French _table_, _chambre_, _ancien_, _danger_, ar dhe unexcepcionabel parents ov dhe Inglilh _tabel_, _chaimber_, _aincient_, _dainger_; hoo ar too apt scollars, not to' lern from parental exampel, to' show dhemselvs hwat dhey ar; widhout wondering, dhat won tung iz not anoddher, or dhat each must hav her own essence and semblance; and dhat in ours, az in oddher picturage, _an open vowel must not appear a shut won_. Indispensabel dhen az dhe servile (_i_) in dhe three last exampels, iz it in _aingel_, dho inadmissibel in _angellic_; in evvery _ainge_ and _ainger_, like _rainge_ and _rainger_; az wel az in _caimbric_ and _Caimbridge_; dho nedher in _Cam_ nor _Cambray_. If _a_ slender, open, must hav in such case its gardian; _a_ slender, even shut, hwen protracted, requires its protracting aspiracion (_h_): az in _ah! Mahlah_; so in _Pahtric_, _fahdher_, _pappah_, _mammah_, and _ahnt_; so distinct (dho safe enuf ungarded) from _ant_ dhe emmet. But _gahp_, herd, iz dhus no longuer seen _gape_. _Hant_, _hanch_, and dheir fellows, admit not dhe braudener; hwich iz indispensabel to' _wrauth, wauter_, and _vauz_; nor need dhe protracting aspirer, more dhan doo _chant_ and _branch_. _O_ must hav its own medial servant, to' ascertain its opennes; in _poark_, _poart_, _spoart_, _foart_, _foard_, _goard_, _soard_, (wonce _sword_), _foarth_, _foarce_, _foarge_; _boast_, _coast_, _goast_, _moast_, _poast_, and _boath_; justly az in dhe annimal _boar_, in _board_, _boast_, and dheir fellows; dho _slow_ gender _slowth_, reggularly, az _grow, growth_. Widh _poart_ and _poast_, _poartal_, _poarter_; _poastage_, and dhe like. Better no attendant, dhan a false won. _O_ direct (dhe common _o_) can nedher assume _o_, dhe servile ov _o_ depressive (_oo_); nor _u_, hwich wood seem its partner in a dipthong. _Doar_, _floar_, and _moar_, ar dhus reggular and safe; _dore_, _flore_, and _more_, widh equivvalent servile, leve _more_ coincident; yet compounds prefer dhe final servile: az _batteldore_,[1] _Blacmore_, _Hwitmore_; and _Strathmore_, scottishly strong on dhe latter syllabel. _Soll_, spirrit, avoids occular union widh _sole_, alike, and _soal_: by adopting dhe servile ov _poll_, _boll_, _toll_, _roll_ (widh _controll_,) _scroll_, and _droll_. Like dipthongal dainger precludes _u_ from dhe servile funccion, duly undertaken by _a_ in _soar_, _moarn_, _boarn_, distinct from _boren_ or _bor'n_, dhe compannion ov _woren_ or _wor'n_, _sworen_ or _swor'n_, _toren_ or _tor'n_, _shoren_ or _shor'n_, and clear, az open and shut, ov _born_; in _coart_, _goard_, _coarse_, and _soarce_. _Coarce_, dhe ded _boddy_, dies no more in _corpse_; hwen dhus _boren_ decently to' interment. Dhis precaution suffers _o_ open, to' understand or omit, dhe servile before _l_ and anny oddher consonant: az in _old colt_, wonce seen and herd _ould coult_. If _old colt_ now suffice, _oald coalt_ iz understood. For dhis rezon, _goald_ must no longuer be robbed ov its depressive servile, wonce legally seen in _gould_. _Au_, widh les plea, suppresses its servile in like sittuacion; az _salt_ and _alder_; except in dhe singuel _assault_! _saut_ and _vaut_ being, now, duly out ov dhe question. If _ou_ cannot now paint _o_ direct, much les can it picture _o_ depressive (_oo_); in _you_, _youth_, _uncouth_; _should_, _would_, or _could_: for _yoo_, _yooth_, _uncooth_; _shood_, _wood_, or _cood_. Hwen _ou_ Inglish transferred its equivvalence from dhe French _ou_ to' dhe German _au_, hwich compounds _a_ braud, widh _o_ depressive (_au_ widh _oo_); az itself cood no more be frenchly interchaingeabel widh _oo_; nedher ov its parts waz more likely to' becom so. _Do_ or _who_ can no more dhan _doe_ or _hoe_, (boath better employed!) or dhan _shoe_, _canoe_, _lose_, _move_, _prove_, _behove_; _Rome_, _Coke_, _Pole_, or simmilar; prezent dhe prezzent _doo_, _hoo_, _shoo_, _canoo_, _looz_, _moov_, _proov_, _behoov_, _Room_, _Cook_, _Pool_, or dhe like: for truith fears notthing from coincidence ov sound, and falsehood always leads astray. _B_ may distinctively open dhe vowel, in _climb_ and _comb_; but cannot render it also depressive in _comb_, _tomb_, _bomb_, and _womb_; for _coomb_, _toomb_, _boomb_, and _woomb_. Hwatevver _u_ may hav been in Lattin vocallity, dhat figgure cannot guiv _oo_, even open, in Inglish; far les _oo_ shut, in _pull_, _bull_, _full_; _butcher_, _put_, _pudding_, _puss_, _push_, _bush_; _bushel_, _cushion_; for _pool_, _bool_, _fool_, _bootcher_, _poot_, _poodding_, _poose_, _poosh_, _boosh_, _booshel_, and _coossion_: in all ov hwich, dhe _oo_ iz doutles short az shut; and distinct az _foolling_ and _fooling_. If _u_ cannot prommise _oo_ shut, no more can _oo_ proxy _u_ shut, in dhe singuel _foot_ for _fut_. No servile can attend a shut vowel; and _truith_ must hav her own, like _suit_ and _fruit_: in dhe French _bruit_ it iz also distinctive. Alreddy hav we seen _o_ direct disguized, no les dhan _o_ depressive; and can we longuer bair dhe Gallic _beau_, for dhe Brittish _boe_; more dhan dhe dubble falsifier _beauty_, for dhe Inglish _buty_, dhe sweet compannion ov _duty_? _Sew_, _shew_, and _strew_, wer dhe preddecessors, so cannot be dhe identities, ov _soe_, _show_, and _strow_: dhe first dhus occularly clear ov _sow_, so different verb and noun! dhe latter, distinct to' dhe ear by dhe dipthong, hwich also distinguishes _slough_, no more swallowing _sluf_: _toe_ and _tow_ (no more jostling widh _tough_, now _tuf_), _doe_ and _dough_, _floe_ and _flow_, being respective coincidents; clear indeed to' dhe eye, boath ov boddy and mind. _Ow_ final iz dipthongal in _how_, _now_! _bow_ bend; _cow_, noun or verb; _sow_, the noun; in _vow_, verb or noun; and in _allow_, _endow_. Dhe dipthong distinguishes also _slough_, _plough_, and _bough_ branch. _O_ remains merely simpel in _dough_, az if _dow_. _Bo!_ or _boh!_ interjeccion, coincides widh _boe_ and _bow_, boath nouns: dhe latter leving dhe dipthong to' dhe verb, or its accion, hwence dhe ball derives it in _bowl_; dhe open vowel distinguishing dhe _bowl_ or bason, coincident widh _boll_ and _bole_. * * * * * 3. VOCAL SUBSTITUCION. Dho won semblance may exhibbit, not onely two' senses, but two' sounds; won symbol must not pretend to' paint anoddher, unles by distinctive substitution. _E_ proovs dhus dhe lawfool substitute ov _a_, in _heigh-ho!_ moddernized _hey-ho!_ in _heighday_, now _hey-day!_ _weigh_, _wey_, _hwey_, _prey_, _bey_, _dey_; _dhey_, _dheir_, _eir_, _eight_, and _freight_; widh _obey_, _inveigh_, _convey_, _survey_, and _purvey_; az wel az hwen febel, in _parley_, _barley_, _Harley_, _Chudleigh_, and dheir fellows. But _e_ cannot be _a_, widh dhe servile dhat distinguishes _e_: _tear_ cannot be clas-mate, at wonce to' _fear_ and _fair_. If dherfor _e_ cannot be _a_, widh _a_ servile; and _a_ need no substitute in dhe verbs _tair_, _wair_, _swair_, and _bair_; _peir_, dhe fruit, and _beir_, dhe beast, claim dhe substitute vowel, widh due servile; _pair_, _pare_, _bair_ and _bare_, being engaged. For like rezon, _braik_ and _grait_ admit no vocal substitute. _Where_ and _there_ no more puzzel dhan bely, in dheir own shape, ov _hware_ and _dhare_. _E_ fairly substituting dhe forrain _i_, in _pier_, _bier_, _mien_, _lief_, widh _belief_, _believ_; _relief_, _reliev_; and dhe rest; so distinct from _peer_, _beer_; _mean_, _leaf_; or so connected by alliance, forrain or domestic; dhe substitucion simmilarly prevails in _shriek_, _fiend_, _fief_, _brief_, _chief_, _atchiev_; _thief_, _thiev_; _repriev_, _retriev_; _pierce_, _fierce_, and _tierce_: ettymollogy howevver, scorning alike substitucion and superfluity, in _receiv_, _receit_, and dheir collaterals. Forrain semblance belied dhe adoptives, _oblige_, _marine_, _machine_, _magazine_, _fatigue_, _intrigue_, _antique_, and _shire_; til Londoners began to' treat dhem az natives ov Ingland; not dreaming dhat dheir essence cood not here be prezerved, but in dhe guize ov _oblege_, _marene_, _mashene_, _maggazene_, _fategue_, _intregue_, _anteke_ (or _anteek_, _mareen_, and dhe rest,) joined by _legue_, _twegue_, and _shere_: hwich last, dho dhus sevvered from _sheer_ and _shear_, boath coincident in sound, waz beguinning, in dhe false shape ov _shire_, (like _oblege_, in dhat ov _oblige_,) to' violate Inglish harmony in evvery British nacion. Dhe same propriety, dhat dhus gards dhe Inglish vowel (_e_), prezervs, no les _piously_, dhe parental equivvalent (_i_), in _obligacion_, _marriner_, _mackinate_, _mackinacion_, _indefattigabel_, _anticquity_, az wel az _antiquary_; and evvery forrain buty, consistent widh domestic truith. If dhe prezzent century hav made manny improovments, in orthoggraphy and elsehware; it haz certainly made manny alteracions, dhat wer dhe verry reverse ov improovment. Som eying truith, onely in her parents, wood _allege_ dhat _virtue_ alone cood _persuade_; havving lernedly perfwaded dhemselvs, dhat _vertue_ might hav _sweetnes_, widhout partaking _suavity_, by hwich dhey pictured _swavvity_. It seems howevver high time dhat a certain kingdom, at length panting after evvery propriety, shood know and confes, dhat her name iz no more _England_, dhan _Engelonde_ or _Angland_; or dhan her sovverain iz _king ov France_! Since won symbol must no more usurp dhe office ov anoddher, _o_ wil no longuer pretend to' paint _A braud_ open (_au_); in _ought_, _nought_, _brought_, _thought_, _sought_, _fought_, _bought_; for _aught_ (now indeed _aut_), and dhe rest: nor wil _groat_ and _broad_ expect anny more, to' be acknolleged _graut_ and _braud_. Nedher _tongue_ nor _tong_ (alreddy won ov a pair) can picture _tung_; dho _u_ stil employ dhe distinctive substitucion ov _o_ in _son_, male issue; nor les propperly dhe ettymolodgic in _yong_, _mong_, _mongrel_, _monk_, (widh _monkey_,) and _Monday_; in _monney_, _bonney_, _conney_, _condit_, _constabel_; az in _yolk_, so in _covver_, _hovver_, _plovver_; in _lovver_ and _glovver_, from _lov_ and _glov_. _Cullor_ (nevver _colour_) avoids coincidence equally widh _collar_ and _coller_; dhe latter greekly, not frenchly, affected _choler_. But surely a vocal groop cannot shrink into' an Inglish shut vowel: nor cood dhe following French, or almoast French, be suppozed Inglish words: _souple_, _couple_; _double_, _trouble_; _nourish_, _flourish_; _courage_, _courteous_, _country_, _cousin_; _journey_, _journal_; _sojourn_, _adjourn_, and _touch_; more dhan such oddities claim continnuance, az _young_, _rough_, or _tough_: for _suppel_ (alreddy almoast Inglish in _supple_,) _cuppel_; _dubbel_, _trubbel_; _nurrish_, _flurrish_; _currage_, _curteous_; _contry_ (ettymolodgical substitute ov _cuntry_; like _yong_, ov _yung_;) _cozzen_ az _dozzen_, no more _dozen_! _jurney_, _jurnal_; _sodjurn_, _adjurn_, widh _tutch_; _tuf_ and _ruf_: not to' reprezent dhe so duly exploded, az _authour_, _succour_, _superiour_ for _author_, _succor_, _superior_; hweddher agent, accion, or adjective. * * * * * 4. OV OPEN AND SHUT VOWELS. Az vocallity must often depend on articulacion; consonants, like vowels, must nedher be too manny, too few, nor oddher dhan dhemselvs. If sounds open must not seem shut, sounds shut must not appear open. No servile can attend a shut vowel; hwich, on dhe contrary, must show dhe consonant dhat shuts it. Hwen a consonant concludes dhe syllabel, after an open vowel; a servile must gard dhe vowel from dhe consonant, hwich else wood shut it. A shut vowel dhen must show dhe shutter, or be left apparently open. Dhe first vowel (_a_), slender or braud, may doutles be more or les so, by dhe prezzence or absence ov dhe _stres_, or vocal exercion. _A_ slender, self or substitute, iz open az garded, in _fain_, _fein_, and _fane_; _wail_, and _wale_; open az unshut, in _paper_, _favor_, _braver_, _bravest_, _braving_, _braved_: so in _fainer_, _feiner_; az wel az _faining_, _feined_; _wailing_, _wailed_; _waling_, _waled_; articculated _pa-per_, _fa-vor_, _bra-ver_, _bra-vest_; _fai-ner_, _fei-ner_, and so on: for _a singuel consonant_, natturally (dhence nescessarily) _articculates dhe following, _not dhe preceding_ vowel_. _A_, slender, iz shut in _fan_, _fanning_; and the like. _A braud (au)_ haz its own distinctive servile in _faun_ and _fawn_, in _all_ and _awl_, _ball_ and _bawl_. Dho _l_ remain dhe servile in _balling_, az wel az dhe _w_ in _bawling_; it iz no servile, but dhe effective shutter, in _ballot_, _bal-lot_, or dhe like. _A braud_, shut, plays its own part, hwen articculated by _w_ or _qu_ (vertually _cw_,) in dhe propper _Waller_, az in _wallet_ or _quallity_; in _war_, _quarrel_; _wart_, _quart_; _wan_, _want_, _quantity_, and such. _A braud_, shut, not so articculated, substitutes _o_ shut: dhus dhe _o_ ov _cord_ iz perfetly coincident, or unison, widh dhe _a_ in _ward_. Hware _a_ performs its own braud-shut part, _o_ becoms dhe substitute ov _u_ shut, az in _won word_; _quoth_ and _quod_. _E_ iz dhus open in _mean_ and _mien_, _tiend_ and _fiend_, _siev_ and _seiz_; widh _grief_, _griev_; _relief_, _reliev_; _receiv_, _receit_, and dheir fellows. Open iz _e_ likewize in _meat_, _meet_, and _mete_; (three coincident!) _meeting_, _meting_, and _meter_; shut in _men_, _pen_, _fen_; _met_, _set_; _penny_, _fennel_; _penning_, _setting_: and so foarth. _I_ iz open in _fine_, _finer_, _finish_; _dine_, _dining_, and _diner_; _rime_, _riming_, and _rimer_; _fi-ner_, _fi-nish_, and so on: shut in _fin_, _finnish_; _din_, _dinner_; _brim_, _brimmer_; _fin-nish,_ and simmilar. _O_ iz open in _Po_, _pole_, _polar_, and _polish_; _mode_, _modish_; _soal_, _sole_, and _soll_; shut in _sollace_, _pollish_, and _moddest_; _po-lish_, _pol-lish_, and dhe like. _U_ iz open in _unit_, _unite_; _tune_, _tunic_, _punic_, _studious_; shut in _studdy_, _unabated_: _u-nit_, _stu-dent_, _stud-dy_, _un-a-ba-ted_; such compounds being licenced to' take in dhe singuel consonant ov dhe prepoziscion. So hear we, and so see we, _a_, _e_, _i_, _o_, _u_, open; _ar_, _er_, _il_, _on_, _us_, shut; _may_, _me_, _my_, _mow_[2], _mew_; _mas_, _mes_, _mis_, _mos_, _must_. So _Mary_, _marry_; _even_, _sevven_; _ivy_, _Livvy_; _odor_, _odder_; _student_, _studdy._ If dhen open vowels must appear open, shut vowels must appear shut. Forrain, even parental, diccions cannot rule dhe picture ov dhe native: for picture can hav but won oridginal. Widh parrity ov rezon may (and must often) dhe parental vowel be open, and dhe descendant shut. To' edher iz _Popes_ laconnic line applicabel: _Dhis dhey, dhat know me, know; dhat lov me, tel._ To' keep Inglish, dhus like French and Lattin, or spelling dhe contrast ov speech; our litterature haz hiddherto' no likenes ov our language; and haz continnued inaccessibel to' evvery native, az much az to' evvery strainger. For, hwile we lernedly lov to' see Aloe, melon, lily, solemn, carol, very, spirit, coral, borough, manor, tenant, minute, honor, punish, clamor, blemish, limit, comet, pumice, chapel, leper, triple, copy, habit, rebel, tribute, probate, heifer, profit, cavil, revel, drivel, novel, hovel, city, pity, british, critic, madam, credit, idiom, body, study, tacit, licit, hazard, ezad, lizard, closet, bosom, vicar, liquor, liquid, rigor, rigid: We shrewdly hope to' hear, Alloe, mellon, lilly, sollemn, carrol, verry, spirrit, corral, burrow, mannor, tennant, minnute, onnor, punnish, clammor, blemmish, limmit, commet, pummice, chappel, lepper, trippel, coppy, habbit, rebbel, tribbute, probbate, heffer, proffit, cavvil, revvel, drivvel, novvel, hovvel, citty, pitty, brittish, crittic, maddam, creddit, iddiom, boddy, studdy, tascit, liscit, hazzard, ezzad, lizzard, clozzet, buzzom, viccar, liccor, licquid, riggor, ridgid. Hwile dhus notthing but _s_ can dubbel soft _c_, or sibbilantly shut dhe preceding vowel; and render _precious_, or _vicious_, hwat dhey ar; but _prescious_, or _viscious_; dhe sibbilants direct simpel figgure may not onely becom, in dhe ostensibel _physic_, _visit_, and _vision_, a dubbel depressive; in dhe real _phyzzic_, _vizzit_, and _vizzion_; but work equal wonders, in _polysyllables_ ov anny extension; pretending, in dhe verry name, to' paint _pollysyllabels_. And dhus dhe trokees grow innumerabel, dhat shut and sharpen, shortening dhe former vowel; hwich dhey hav hiddherto' pretended to' exhibbit slowly and smoodhly open: so leving singuel dhe intermediate articulacion, hwich must be audibly dubbel, (must shut az wel az articculate,) and continnue dhe equal impossibillity, ov reading and writing our language. For, _hwen_ our _diccion_ attains, like _oddhers_, _dhe_ happy _habbit_ _ov_ appearing hwat it iz; alternate strength and febelnes must prezent _mallice_ and _maliscious_, _sollemn_ and _solemnity_, _morral_ and _morallity_, _mannor_ and _manorial_, _limmit_ and _limmitacion_, _habbit_ and _habittual_, _spirrit_, _spirritual_, and _spirrituallity_. So evvery consequencial, hweddher ov trocaic or dactyllian stres: _orrigin_, _oridginal_, _oridginality_, or _originallity_, _reallity_, _quallity_, _equallity_, _verrity_, _verrily_, _ennemy_, _ammity_, _appathy_, _probbity_; so, widh _propphet_, _propphesy_, and _propphecy_; but, by penultimate or antepenultimate ennergy, (dhe stres on last but won, or last but two',) _prophettic_, or _prophettical_: widh _philossophy_, _philossopher_, and _philosopphic_; widh _avvarice_, _avvariscious_; _lodgic_, _logiscian_; _phyzzic_, _phyziscian_; _immage_, _imadgine_; _madjesty_, _majestic_. Az _alliment_, _saccrament_; az _orrifice_, _saccrifice_, and _orrator_, widhout violacion ov aught _sacred_, or chainge ov _oracion_. * * * * * 5. OV DHE ASPIRATES, AND DHEIR INSERTIVES. _Oracion_ indeed iz dhus kept _sacred_ az _orrator_: for _t_ cood nevver sibbilate (or play _s_) in _orthoggraphy_, aincient or moddern; nor a dubbel articulacion pretend to' look singuel, more dhan a singuel a dubbel won. Dhe dactyl _orthodox_ admits littel chainge in dhe dubbel trokee _orthodoxy_; like _mellancolly_, vulgarly _melancholy_: but _orthoggraphy_ and _orthograpphical_ ar, widh equal harmony, subject to' antepenultimate power. Like Propriety dherfor inserts dhe shutter we hear, in dhe duplication, az ov evvery simpel, so ov evvery aspirate, duly dubbled by dhe simpel insertive. Dhus _p_ dubbels _ph_, and even _f_, _f_; in _propphet_, and _proffit_. But, az _ph_ became _f_; so _bh_, universally _v_, nescessarily dubbelled in _provverb_. Az _s_ or _z_ dubbels dhe soft sibbilant aspirate, (_sh_ or _zh_) in _prescious_, _decizzion_, _t_ or _d_, respectively, dubbled dhat dhey rendered equal to' _tsh_ or _dzh_: az _tutching_ dhe _madjesty_ ov _relidgion_. But dhe Inglish tung, (raddher teeth,) enjoying dhe _dental aspirate_, direct and depressive (_th_ and _dh_), beyond perhaps anny oddher language, aincient or moddern; can no longuer be denied dhe appearance, hware it so peculiarly pozesses dhe reallity, ov dubbling az wel az depressing its power. No more dhen can be confounded dhe aspirates ov _oath_, _oadhs_; ov _bath_, _badhs_, and _badhe_; ov _Otho_ and _oddher_, _Clotho_ and _clodhier_, _dhis thing_ and _dhat thing_; _dheze things_ and _dhoze things_: misaspiracion wil no more embarras, dhan misarraingement, _Dhe Theater_. * * * * * 6. OV REDUNDANT SERVILES. If _defiscience_ ov symbols hav been so ezily and so amply exampelled; a ballance may be proffered in _redundance_; ov consonants, no les dhan ov serviles. Hwen evvery mute minnister waz supplied to' vocallity; dhe hardening gard ov _g_, at least, shood not hav been forgotten. If _i_ waz indispensabel in _aingel_ and _dainger, u_ iz az recquizite in _anguel_ and _anguer_, az in _guerdon_. _Guet_ and _guiv_ demand dhe (_u_) hardener, az boldly az _gues_ and _guilt_. So redundance alreddy recalls, in order to' explode, _guess_ and _give!_ Widh dhis not onely _seeing_ (for _seing_) and dhe like; but dhe falsifying final ov _are_, _were_; _awe_, _owe_; _some_, _come_; _above_, _dove_, _love_, _glove_; _throve_, _drove_, _shrove_, _shove_, _hove_; for _ar_, _wer_; _aw_, _ow_; _som_, _com_; _abov_, _dov_, _lov_, _glov_; _throv_, _drov_, _shrov_, _shov_, _hov_: hwere _o_ for _u_ guivs to' the ear, _sum_ distinctive, widh _cum_, _abuv_, and dhe rest. Superfluous, dhence obstructive, (distractive indeed!) dhe _i_ ov _either_, _neither_; _heifer_ and _friend_; dhe _o_ ov _people_ and _yeoman_; _leopard_ and _jeopard_; dhe _u_ ov _eulogy_, az ov _eulogium_; ov _conduit_, vertually _cundit_: _a_, obviously useles, after an oddherwize open vowel, in _season_, _reason_, _treason_, _treacle_, _creature_; in _eave_, _heave_, _weave_, _leave_, _cleave_, _reave_, _greave_; _cease_, _lease_, _crease_, _grease_; _teaze_, _ease_, _please_; like dhe _e_ final to' _sieve_, _grieve_, _relieve_, _receive;_ dhe second _e_ in _sleeve_, _geese_, _fleece_, _freeze_, _breeze_, _squeeze_, _cheese_: for _edher_, _nedher_; _heffer_, _frend_; _pepel_ and _yeman_, _leppard_, and _jeppard_; _ellogy_, az _elogium_; widh _condit_: so _sezon_, _rezon_, _trezon_, _trekel_, _creture_; _eve_, _heve_, _weve_, _leve_, _cleve_, _reve_, _greve_; _cese_, _lese_, _crese_, _grese_; _teze_, _eze_, _pleze_: _siev_, _griev_, _reliev_, _receiv_; _sleve_, _guese_, _flece_, _freze_, _breze_, _squeze_, _cheze_. But, like dhe _i_ ov _heifer_ and _friend_, dhe _o_ ov _leopard_ and _jeopard_; dhe _u_ ov _eulogy_; iz dhe _a_ ov _leap_-year and ov _neap_-tide; for _lep_-year and _nep_-tide; nay, shamefoolly, like dhe superfluity in all dheze, haz dhe _a_ hiddherto' remained in _health_, _wealth_, and _stealth_; becauz it stil iz nescessary in _heal_, _weal_, and _steal_! and doutles, for som simmilarly cogent rezon, doz kind _a_ continnue to' gard dhe same _shut vowel_! in _realm_, _earl_, _pearl_; _earn_, _learn_; _early_, _earnest_; _earth_, _dearth_, _hearth_, _heard_, _hearse_, _rehearse_, _searce_, _search_, _threat_, _deaf_, _dead_, _head_, _bread_, _tread_, _dread_, _thread_, _stead_, _lead_, _read_; _ready_, _steady_, _heady_, _meadow_; _zealous_, _jealous_, _weapon_, _leaven_, _heaven_, _endeavour_; _pleasure_, _measure_, _treasure_, _leasure_ or _leisure_! for _helth_, _welth_, _stelth_; _relm_, _erl_, _perl_; _ern_, _lern_; _erly_, _ernest_; _erth_, _derth_, _herth_, _herd_, _herse_, _reherse_, _serce_, _serch_; _thret_, _def_, _ded_, _hed_, _bred_, _tred_, _dred_, _thred_, _sted_, _led_, _red_; _reddy_, _steddy_, _heddy_, _meddow_; _zellous_, _jellous_; _weppon_, _levven_, _hevven_, _endevvor_, _plezzure_, _mezzure_, _trezzure_, _lezzure_. How (alas!) wil BRITTISH LIBBERTY moarn her novvel chains, hwen she must not onely speak az she thinks, but write as she speaks; hwen _rove_, _lov_, and _moov_, can chime no more togueddher; hwen _lead_ and _led_, _read_ and _red_, _live_ and _liv_, _tear_ and _tair_, ar found oppozite, az _East_ and _West_; nay, az open and shut vowels! * * * * * 7. OV IMPRACTICABEL ARTICULACION. No les embarrassing iz dhe redundance ov impracticabel articulacion, iniscial, medial, or final, (in dhe beguinning, middel, or end, ov words:) dhe first indeed chiefly in forrain names, titels, or terms, hware a consonant, uncombinabel (mediately or immediately) widh a vowel, remains a ded rellic: az dhe _c_ ov _czar_ (dho contracted from _Cezar_), dhe _p_ ov _Ptollemy_ (mere _Tollemy_), or _ptisic_ (for _tizzic_), dhe _b_ ov _bdellium_, herd onely _dellium_; and even dhe _p_ ov psalm, herd but _sahm_, dho dhe _l_ be stil audibel in _psalmist_ and _psalmody_, all effective beside dhe labial (_p_). * * * * * 8. OV FALSE ASPIRACION. But no exampel can warrant dhe aspiring ideller, dhat pretends to' lead _heir_, _heritage_, _heritable_, _heritor_; _herb_, _herbage_, _herbalist_; _honour_, _honorary_, _honourable_; and even dhe _humble humour_ ov dhe _passing hour_; insted ov _eir_, _erritage_, _erritabel_, _erritor_; _erb_, _erbage_, _erbalist_; _onnor_, _onnorary_, _onnorabel_; widh dhe _umbel umor_ ov dhe prezzent _our_; hwich doutles can alone be called _our our_. Yet aspiracion cannot be denied to' _inherrit_, _inherritance_, _inherritor_, _heredditary_. * * * * * 9. DHE GUTTURAL ASPIRATE LOST, OR TRANSMUTED BY MODDERN ORGANS. Dhe consonants dhat subjoin aspiracion (_h_), ar dhe labial, dental, lingual, and guttural; or dhe articculants from dhe lips, teeth, tung, and throat: _p_, _t_, _s_, and _k_; by dhe Lattins turned into _c_: az in _Philadelphus_ and _Philadelphia_, _Thales_ and _Thalia_, _Sharon_ and _Sheba_, _Charon_ and _Chilo_, hoom dhe Inglish, havving smoodhed away dhe aspiracion, ar fain to' call _Caron_ and _Kilo_. Aincient organs, howevver, dubbelled occazionally dhe guttural, az wel az dhe labial aspirate; dooing equal justice to' _Bacchus_ and to' _Sappho_: moddern also, (peculiarly the Inglish,) dhe oddher two'; dhe simpel always sufficing to' dubbel dhe aspirate. New dialects softening, lost dhe guttural aspirate; til dhe Spannish probbably recovvered it from dhe Morish. The Itallian and Spannish, and from dhem dhe Inglish, endevvored to' make up dhe los, by prefixing dhe simpel dental to' dhe lingual or sibbilant aspirate, hwich dhe Gallic ear preferred widhout dhe dental; preferring dherfor dhe vertual _sh_ and _zh_ to' _tsh_ and _dzh_. Inglish organs loozing, like French, dhe guttural aspirate, edher dropt dhe aspiracion, az in _carracter_ and _kemmist_ or _kymmist_; from _character_ and _chemist_ or _chymist_; or turned dhe hoal ruf guttural into' dhe smoodh labial aspirate. So softening _cough_, _hough_, _trough_, _through_, _though_; _rough_, _tough_, _slough_, _chough_, widh dhe proppers _Hough_, _Brough_, and _Loughborough_; into' _cof_, _hof_, _trof_; _throo_ or _thro'_, and _dho_: _ruf_, _tuf_, _sluf_, _chuf_; _Huf_, _Bruf_, and _Lufburrough_ or _Lufburrow_. But _Gough_ perhaps Orrigin recalled into' _Goffe_ or _Gof_; hwile _Lough_ became Inglishly _Luf_, and dhe guttural graddually melted in _burrow_, ov hwatevver kind. Aincient ellocucion depressed no aspirate; sattisfied widh _ph_ or _f_, _th_, _sh_, and _kh_ or _ch_; widhout _bh_ or _v_, _dh_, _zh_ or _gh_. Dhe labial aspirate gennerated dhe Eollic digamma F (howevver turned), hwich by and by gave birth to' dhe Lattin V. If primmitive tungs gain dhus at length won depressive aspirate; succeding expression, particcularly dhe Inglish, came to' dubbel dhe depressive _v_ az wel az dhe direct _ph_ or _f_. French articculacion havving no more occazion for such dubbling dhan her parent Lattin, dhe Inglish acute or sharp accent askt it _evvery_ moment; but seing no _prescedent_ in oddher picturage, forbore to' _exhibbit_ it, even until dhe _prezzent our_, dhat Inglish anallogy, matured at last, rezolved to' be _seen_, az wel az _herd_; to' reggulate practice by theory, and realize theory in practice. * * * * * 10. DHE OLD ASPIRATE OV R. Som Greeks, followed by som Lattins, fancied to' ad rufnes to' dhe licquid _R_, or to' paint its innate rufnes more foarcibly, by subjoining aspiracion. Hence rushed dhe _Rhine_ and dhe _Rhone_, dhe _Rhemi_ and _Rheims_, _Rhoda_ and _Rhodes_; _rhomb_, _rhumb_, _rheum_, and _rhubarb_. Dhe _Rhine_ brought _Rhenish_; az _rhythmus_ _rhythm_, _rhyme_ and _rhime_; til at length harmonious _rezon_ introduced _rime_, boath into' French and Inglish; hwence dhe regennerated _Rine_, pouring purified _Rennish_, rouzed dhe rappid _Rone_ to' rezistles emmulacion; brought _Roda_ to' _Rodes_, and _rubarb_ to' _reumatism_. Dhe verry _rinosceros_ disdains now alike to' ruffen hiz horn widh adscitiscious snorting, and to' stifel even hiz moddern sibbilacion. Hwen dhe guttural aspirate lost dhe aspiracion, dhe simpel guttural alone cood remain: az in _Caron_, _Kiron_, _Akilles_, _Cloe_, _Cronus_; widh _carracter_, _corus_, and _coral_, stil quite clear ov _corral_: wonce seen, because wonce herd, _Charon_, _Chiron_, _Achilles_, _Chloe_, _Chronus_, _character_, _chorus_, and _choral_. * * * * * 11. ODDHER ANTIQUATED IDELLERS. Among medial idellers, hiddherto', not onely suffered, but sanccioned, even after parental ejeccion, ar[3] dhe _s_ ov _isle_; _l_ ov _fault_ and _vault_, _p_ ov _receipt_, _b_ ov _debt_ and _doubt; c_ ov _perfect_ and _verdict_[3]; here at last fairly seen _ile_, _faut_, _vaut_, _receit_, _det_, _dout_, _perfet_, _verdit_. Alike idel iz dhe raddical _g_ ov _feign_ and _deign_, for _fein_ and _dain_; and, werse (if possibel) dhan idel, dhe _g_ ov _foreign_ and _sovereign_, for _forrain_ and _sovverain_, from _forain_ and _souverain_; az dheze from _foraneus_ and _supraneus_. * * * * * 12. FINAL FANTOMS, OR DUBBLERS OV FINAL FORMS. How manny final fantoms, in articculating shape, must Truiths torch beam away! how manny dubblers ov a singuel clozer, espescially _l_, _f_, _s_, and _c_! az _ill_, _off_, _ass_, _back_; so _err_, _inn_, _ebb_, _add_, _odd_, _egg_: really no more, nor capabel ov being more, dhan _il_, _of_, _as_, _bac_; _er_, _in_, _eb_, _ad_, _od_, _eg_. _Shall_, for _shal_, doz addiscional mischief, by inviting ignorance to' brauden dhe vowel. * * * * * 13. ODDHER FALSIFIERS, MEDIAL OR FINAL, OV LICQUIDS OR SIBBILANTS; PARTICCULARLY, _TI_ FOR A SIBBILACION. Our misrepprezented consonants seem reducibel to' dheze. 1. Licquid for licquid: _l_ for _r_, in dhe French _colonel_ for dhe Inglish _curnel_; _n_ for _m_, in dhe unutterabel _Banff_, for dhe good town ov _Bamf_. Here too may enter for explozion, dhe _n_ ov dhe indeffinite artikel, hweddher before a licquefaccion or an aspiracion; nedher ov hwich iz a vowel: so can we no more say _an unicorn_ dhan _an horse_, for _a unicorn_ or _a horse_. 2. Direct for depressive; _f_ for _v_, in _of_ for _ov_; _s_ for _z_, in _as_, _has_, _was_, _is_, _his_; for _az_, _haz_, _waz_, _iz_, _hiz_: in dhe verbs, _house_, _use_, _peruse_, _abuse_, _excuse_, _amuse_, like _muse_, noun or verb; _chuse_ or _choose_, widh dhe _dubbly_ fallacious _lose_ and _vase_: for _houz_ (like _brouz_), _uze_, _peruze_, _abuze_, _excuze_, _amuze_, _muze_, _chuze_ or _chooz_, _looz_, and _vauz_. Dhe verbs dhus, duly sevvered from dhe nouns, lead to' distinguish dhe verb _refuze_ from dhe adjective _refuse_, az wel az from dhe substantive _reffuse_. _Profuze_ and _profuse_, _diffuze_ and _diffuse_, ar simmilarly distinguishabel. Az we saw _s_ play _dubbel z_ in _visit_ and _vision_, for _vizzit_ and _vizzion_; so see we dubbel _s_ for _z_ in dhe middel, and for won _s_ in dhe end ov _possess_, for _pozes_; hwich hwile oppozite stres secures to' dhe ear from dhe formative ov _poze_, az _cares_ from dhat ov _care_, dhe context may wel guide dhe eye ov attension to' dhe undouted meaning. No wonder if dhe direct figgure ov dhe sibbilant frenchly _rose_, and _occasionally rises_, for dhe depressive reallity; _s_ for _z_ in _rose_ and _rises_, _occasionally_ between vowels; for _occazionally roze_ and _rizes_; nay for dhe dubbel depressive in _risen_, for _rizzen_. Dhis rivals indeed _Stephen_ for _Steven_, and even _nephew_ for _nevvew_. If _Stephanus_ pretended to' pattronize dhe won, _neveu_ (not _nepos_) must command dhe oddher. But dhe French acaddemy, so exemplary in evvery exhibiscion ov its language, set nohwere so fatal or so followed an exampel, az in pretending to' conjure _ti_ into' _si_ before a vowel: a combinacion indeed! hwich Inglish picturage ventured onely to' constitute, raddher substitute, a sibbilant aspirate; dhe same groop _condition_ prezenting in won picturage _condicion_; and dhence in dhe oddher _condiscion_. Yet French led not Inglish into' dhe dissolucion ov _x_ into' _ct_, in _flexion_, _reflexion_; hwich dhe former nevver violated into' _flection_, _reflection_, or dhe like. * * * * * 14. DHE ORTHOGGRAPHY OV PROPPER NAMES. Innocent howevver wer oddher tungs ov mispainting, az ov mispronouncing dhe dental aspirate; hwich not attempting to' substanciate even direct, far les depressive, dhey aught not, at least need not, to' paint at all: az dhe French _Tomas_, if les like hiz parent dhan _Thomas_, wood be so much liker himself; hwile _Tommas_ alone can tel Inglish truith. But dhat _Tommas_, dho a gennerous confessor ov conviccion, iz not dhe alone Brittish truith-teller; dhat he iz rivalled indeed by evvery oddher propper aincient and moddern, can be no novvelty to' anny crittic ov litterary natturalizement; hoo must onnor at wonce dhe, hware possibel, prezerved ennergy ov orrigin; and dhe inviolate prezzervacion ov Inglish anallogy; in dhe unchainged compannions ov _Euphrates_, _Darius_, _Heraclitus_, _Berea_, _Thalia_, and dhe rest; az wel az in dhe irreffragabel buties ov _Horrace_, _Terrence_, _Cezar_, _Ciscero_, _Senneca_, _Soccrates_, _Democcritus_, _Empeddocles_, _Heroddotus_, no les dhan ov _Jon_, _Phillip_, _Robbert_, _Parris_, widh _Hellen_, _Elizzabeth_, and dheir oddher Anglicized frends. * * * * * 15. DHE FUNDAMENTAL PRINCIPEL OV ORTHOGGRAPHY. Such iz dhe system ov INGLISH ORTHOGGRAPHY, braught widhin dhe compas ov a few pages, on dhe unfailing principel, hwich aught to' govvern evvery plan ov litterary improovment: first, to' make no chainge dhat can rascionally be avoided; and dhen to' make precisely evvery variacion, from vulgar practice, dhat can be demonstrated indispensabel. Nor iz dhis aught else dhan a completed minniature ov INGLISH PROPRIETY _ascertained in her picture_: two quarto-vollumes graciously received by hiz prezzent Brittish Madjesty, from dhe same umbel hands; at St. Jameses, in 1786. DHE END. * * * * * THE ORTHOGRAPHIC RIDDLE. PREFACE. These emanations of the British Muse, Where English thoughts could English dress refuse, Were once presented to another press, Though thence borne back, as hopeless of success. What honest critic e'er could credit eligible, Riddles to his researches unintelligible? When ready caution guards the lit'rate realm, Never shall foreign floods these isles o'erwhelm: Orthography the mother-tongue shall give, Ever, as every where, with Truth to live; Truth, Reason, Beauty shall o'erspread the nation; Shall solve the RIDDLE, with one contemplation. The public monitor of truth, Sworn enemy to what's uncouth, With blockheads similarly spells, (Orthography with pleasure tells) That thus the force of ridicule Should laugh the learned back to school. What then should cause that laughter strange? What should occasion gen'ral change? Orthography the answer gives, To satisfy whoever lives. The honest will confess the pity, Court, country, citadel with city; That ancients, with the giddy young, Should study still the Latin tongue; Should leave to levity, to dolour, The unproficient English scholar; Should give the very stranger dread, Of gibberish, that ne'er was read; That ne'er was heard, without derision, Eschewing ocular revision. This one example well will prove, Will lib'ral laughter doubtless move: When Pedantry shall cease to swell, Honour'd Humility will spell. The beauty then, of British truth, Resistless shall enamour youth; Shall evidence th' asseveration, Throughout th' etymologic nation; That one poetic exhibition Could, without lit'ral intuition, Fill ev'ry literary article, Though never spell one single particle: Could faithfully the whole present, Without[5] once shad'wing what were meant. * * * * * DHE SOLUCION OV DHE ORTHOGRAPPHIC RIDDEL. PREFFACE. Dheze emmanacions ov dhe Brittish Muze, Hware Inglish thaughts cood Inglish dres refuze, Wer wonce prezented to' anoddher pres, Dho dhence bor'n bac az hopeles ov succes. Hwat onnest crittic ehr cood creddit elligibel, Riddels to' hiz reserches unintelligibel? Hwen steddy caucion gards dhe litt'rate relm, Nevver shal forrain fluds dheze iles o'rhwelm: Orthoggraphy dhe moddher-tung shal guiv, Evver, az evv'rihware, widh Truith to' liv; Truith, Rezon, Buty shal o'rspred dhe nacion; Shal solv dhe RIDDEL, widh won contemplacion. Dhe pubblic monnitor ov truith, Swor'n ennemy to' hwat'z uncooth, Widh blockheds simmilarly spels, (Orthoggraphy widh plezzure tels) Dhat dhus dhe foarce ov riddicule Shood laf dhe lerned bac to' scool. Hwat dhen shood cauz dhat lafter strainge? Hwat shood occazion genn'ral chainge? Orthoggraphy dhe anser guivs, To' sattisfy hooevver livs. Dhe onnest wil confes dhe pitty, Coart, contry, cittadel widh citty; Dhat aincients, widh dhe guiddy yong, Shood studdy stil dhe Lattin tung; Shood leve to' levvity, to' dollor, Dhe unprofiscient Inglish scollar; Shood guiv dhe verry strainger dred, Ov guibberish, dhat nehr waz red; Dhat nehr waz herd widhout derizzion, Eskewing occular revizzion. Dhis won exampel wel wil proov, Wil libb'ral lafter doutles moov: Hwen Peddantry shal cese to' swel, Onnor'd Humillity wil spel. Dhe buty dhen, ov Brittish truith, Rezistles shal enammor yooth; Shal evvidence dh' assevveracion, Thro'out dh' etymmolodgic nacion; Dhat won poettic exhibiscion Cood, widhout litt'ral intuiscion, Fil evv'ry litterary artikel, Dho nevver spel won singuel partikel: Cood faithfoolly dhe hoal prezent, Widhout[6] wonce shadd'wing hwat wer ment. * * * * * NOTES [1] If not vulgarized from _batteller_. [2] Ov _mow_ dhe vowel and servile coalesce, (az in _sow_,) into' a dipthong, in dhe compound noun _barley-mow_. [3] From dhe old barbarous French _isle_[4], _faulte_, _voulte_, _recepte_, _debte_, _doubte_; _parfaict_, _vraidict_: now duly _île_, _faute_, _voute_, _recette_, _dette_, _doute_, _parfait_, and _vraidit_ from _verè dictum_. [4] Inglish propriety, and indeed common-sense, must also protest against two' late _misnomers: Th'isleworth_ for _Thistelworth_; and dhe forrain affectacion ov _St. Mary la bonne_ (or even _borne_) for _Marribone_. [5] Without one particle, representing what is read. [6] Widhout won partikel, repprezenting hwat iz red. *** END OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK A MINNIATURE OV INGLISH ORTHOGGRAPHY *** Updated editions will replace the previous one—the old editions will be renamed. Creating the works from print editions not protected by U.S. copyright law means that no one owns a United States copyright in these works, so the Foundation (and you!) can copy and distribute it in the United States without permission and without paying copyright royalties. Special rules, set forth in the General Terms of Use part of this license, apply to copying and distributing Project Gutenberg™ electronic works to protect the PROJECT GUTENBERG™ concept and trademark. Project Gutenberg is a registered trademark, and may not be used if you charge for an eBook, except by following the terms of the trademark license, including paying royalties for use of the Project Gutenberg trademark. If you do not charge anything for copies of this eBook, complying with the trademark license is very easy. You may use this eBook for nearly any purpose such as creation of derivative works, reports, performances and research. Project Gutenberg eBooks may be modified and printed and given away—you may do practically ANYTHING in the United States with eBooks not protected by U.S. copyright law. Redistribution is subject to the trademark license, especially commercial redistribution. START: FULL LICENSE THE FULL PROJECT GUTENBERG LICENSE PLEASE READ THIS BEFORE YOU DISTRIBUTE OR USE THIS WORK To protect the Project Gutenberg™ mission of promoting the free distribution of electronic works, by using or distributing this work (or any other work associated in any way with the phrase “Project Gutenberg”), you agree to comply with all the terms of the Full Project Gutenberg™ License available with this file or online at www.gutenberg.org/license. Section 1. General Terms of Use and Redistributing Project Gutenberg™ electronic works 1.A. By reading or using any part of this Project Gutenberg™ electronic work, you indicate that you have read, understand, agree to and accept all the terms of this license and intellectual property (trademark/copyright) agreement. If you do not agree to abide by all the terms of this agreement, you must cease using and return or destroy all copies of Project Gutenberg™ electronic works in your possession. If you paid a fee for obtaining a copy of or access to a Project Gutenberg™ electronic work and you do not agree to be bound by the terms of this agreement, you may obtain a refund from the person or entity to whom you paid the fee as set forth in paragraph 1.E.8. 1.B. “Project Gutenberg” is a registered trademark. It may only be used on or associated in any way with an electronic work by people who agree to be bound by the terms of this agreement. There are a few things that you can do with most Project Gutenberg™ electronic works even without complying with the full terms of this agreement. See paragraph 1.C below. There are a lot of things you can do with Project Gutenberg™ electronic works if you follow the terms of this agreement and help preserve free future access to Project Gutenberg™ electronic works. See paragraph 1.E below. 1.C. The Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation (“the Foundation” or PGLAF), owns a compilation copyright in the collection of Project Gutenberg™ electronic works. Nearly all the individual works in the collection are in the public domain in the United States. If an individual work is unprotected by copyright law in the United States and you are located in the United States, we do not claim a right to prevent you from copying, distributing, performing, displaying or creating derivative works based on the work as long as all references to Project Gutenberg are removed. Of course, we hope that you will support the Project Gutenberg™ mission of promoting free access to electronic works by freely sharing Project Gutenberg™ works in compliance with the terms of this agreement for keeping the Project Gutenberg™ name associated with the work. You can easily comply with the terms of this agreement by keeping this work in the same format with its attached full Project Gutenberg™ License when you share it without charge with others. 1.D. The copyright laws of the place where you are located also govern what you can do with this work. Copyright laws in most countries are in a constant state of change. If you are outside the United States, check the laws of your country in addition to the terms of this agreement before downloading, copying, displaying, performing, distributing or creating derivative works based on this work or any other Project Gutenberg™ work. The Foundation makes no representations concerning the copyright status of any work in any country other than the United States. 1.E. Unless you have removed all references to Project Gutenberg: 1.E.1. The following sentence, with active links to, or other immediate access to, the full Project Gutenberg™ License must appear prominently whenever any copy of a Project Gutenberg™ work (any work on which the phrase “Project Gutenberg” appears, or with which the phrase “Project Gutenberg” is associated) is accessed, displayed, performed, viewed, copied or distributed: This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere in the United States and most other parts of the world at no cost and with almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org. If you are not located in the United States, you will have to check the laws of the country where you are located before using this eBook. 1.E.2. If an individual Project Gutenberg™ electronic work is derived from texts not protected by U.S. copyright law (does not contain a notice indicating that it is posted with permission of the copyright holder), the work can be copied and distributed to anyone in the United States without paying any fees or charges. If you are redistributing or providing access to a work with the phrase “Project Gutenberg” associated with or appearing on the work, you must comply either with the requirements of paragraphs 1.E.1 through 1.E.7 or obtain permission for the use of the work and the Project Gutenberg™ trademark as set forth in paragraphs 1.E.8 or 1.E.9. 1.E.3. If an individual Project Gutenberg™ electronic work is posted with the permission of the copyright holder, your use and distribution must comply with both paragraphs 1.E.1 through 1.E.7 and any additional terms imposed by the copyright holder. Additional terms will be linked to the Project Gutenberg™ License for all works posted with the permission of the copyright holder found at the beginning of this work. 1.E.4. Do not unlink or detach or remove the full Project Gutenberg™ License terms from this work, or any files containing a part of this work or any other work associated with Project Gutenberg™. 1.E.5. Do not copy, display, perform, distribute or redistribute this electronic work, or any part of this electronic work, without prominently displaying the sentence set forth in paragraph 1.E.1 with active links or immediate access to the full terms of the Project Gutenberg™ License. 1.E.6. You may convert to and distribute this work in any binary, compressed, marked up, nonproprietary or proprietary form, including any word processing or hypertext form. However, if you provide access to or distribute copies of a Project Gutenberg™ work in a format other than “Plain Vanilla ASCII” or other format used in the official version posted on the official Project Gutenberg™ website (www.gutenberg.org), you must, at no additional cost, fee or expense to the user, provide a copy, a means of exporting a copy, or a means of obtaining a copy upon request, of the work in its original “Plain Vanilla ASCII” or other form. Any alternate format must include the full Project Gutenberg™ License as specified in paragraph 1.E.1. 1.E.7. Do not charge a fee for access to, viewing, displaying, performing, copying or distributing any Project Gutenberg™ works unless you comply with paragraph 1.E.8 or 1.E.9. 1.E.8. You may charge a reasonable fee for copies of or providing access to or distributing Project Gutenberg™ electronic works provided that: • You pay a royalty fee of 20% of the gross profits you derive from the use of Project Gutenberg™ works calculated using the method you already use to calculate your applicable taxes. The fee is owed to the owner of the Project Gutenberg™ trademark, but he has agreed to donate royalties under this paragraph to the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation. Royalty payments must be paid within 60 days following each date on which you prepare (or are legally required to prepare) your periodic tax returns. Royalty payments should be clearly marked as such and sent to the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation at the address specified in Section 4, “Information about donations to the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation.” • You provide a full refund of any money paid by a user who notifies you in writing (or by e-mail) within 30 days of receipt that s/he does not agree to the terms of the full Project Gutenberg™ License. You must require such a user to return or destroy all copies of the works possessed in a physical medium and discontinue all use of and all access to other copies of Project Gutenberg™ works. • You provide, in accordance with paragraph 1.F.3, a full refund of any money paid for a work or a replacement copy, if a defect in the electronic work is discovered and reported to you within 90 days of receipt of the work. • You comply with all other terms of this agreement for free distribution of Project Gutenberg™ works. 1.E.9. If you wish to charge a fee or distribute a Project Gutenberg™ electronic work or group of works on different terms than are set forth in this agreement, you must obtain permission in writing from the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation, the manager of the Project Gutenberg™ trademark. Contact the Foundation as set forth in Section 3 below. 1.F. 1.F.1. Project Gutenberg volunteers and employees expend considerable effort to identify, do copyright research on, transcribe and proofread works not protected by U.S. copyright law in creating the Project Gutenberg™ collection. Despite these efforts, Project Gutenberg™ electronic works, and the medium on which they may be stored, may contain “Defects,” such as, but not limited to, incomplete, inaccurate or corrupt data, transcription errors, a copyright or other intellectual property infringement, a defective or damaged disk or other medium, a computer virus, or computer codes that damage or cannot be read by your equipment. 1.F.2. LIMITED WARRANTY, DISCLAIMER OF DAMAGES - Except for the “Right of Replacement or Refund” described in paragraph 1.F.3, the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation, the owner of the Project Gutenberg™ trademark, and any other party distributing a Project Gutenberg™ electronic work under this agreement, disclaim all liability to you for damages, costs and expenses, including legal fees. YOU AGREE THAT YOU HAVE NO REMEDIES FOR NEGLIGENCE, STRICT LIABILITY, BREACH OF WARRANTY OR BREACH OF CONTRACT EXCEPT THOSE PROVIDED IN PARAGRAPH 1.F.3. YOU AGREE THAT THE FOUNDATION, THE TRADEMARK OWNER, AND ANY DISTRIBUTOR UNDER THIS AGREEMENT WILL NOT BE LIABLE TO YOU FOR ACTUAL, DIRECT, INDIRECT, CONSEQUENTIAL, PUNITIVE OR INCIDENTAL DAMAGES EVEN IF YOU GIVE NOTICE OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGE. 1.F.3. LIMITED RIGHT OF REPLACEMENT OR REFUND - If you discover a defect in this electronic work within 90 days of receiving it, you can receive a refund of the money (if any) you paid for it by sending a written explanation to the person you received the work from. If you received the work on a physical medium, you must return the medium with your written explanation. The person or entity that provided you with the defective work may elect to provide a replacement copy in lieu of a refund. If you received the work electronically, the person or entity providing it to you may choose to give you a second opportunity to receive the work electronically in lieu of a refund. If the second copy is also defective, you may demand a refund in writing without further opportunities to fix the problem. 1.F.4. Except for the limited right of replacement or refund set forth in paragraph 1.F.3, this work is provided to you ‘AS-IS’, WITH NO OTHER WARRANTIES OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY OR FITNESS FOR ANY PURPOSE. 1.F.5. Some states do not allow disclaimers of certain implied warranties or the exclusion or limitation of certain types of damages. If any disclaimer or limitation set forth in this agreement violates the law of the state applicable to this agreement, the agreement shall be interpreted to make the maximum disclaimer or limitation permitted by the applicable state law. The invalidity or unenforceability of any provision of this agreement shall not void the remaining provisions. 1.F.6. INDEMNITY - You agree to indemnify and hold the Foundation, the trademark owner, any agent or employee of the Foundation, anyone providing copies of Project Gutenberg™ electronic works in accordance with this agreement, and any volunteers associated with the production, promotion and distribution of Project Gutenberg™ electronic works, harmless from all liability, costs and expenses, including legal fees, that arise directly or indirectly from any of the following which you do or cause to occur: (a) distribution of this or any Project Gutenberg™ work, (b) alteration, modification, or additions or deletions to any Project Gutenberg™ work, and (c) any Defect you cause. Section 2. Information about the Mission of Project Gutenberg™ Project Gutenberg™ is synonymous with the free distribution of electronic works in formats readable by the widest variety of computers including obsolete, old, middle-aged and new computers. It exists because of the efforts of hundreds of volunteers and donations from people in all walks of life. Volunteers and financial support to provide volunteers with the assistance they need are critical to reaching Project Gutenberg™’s goals and ensuring that the Project Gutenberg™ collection will remain freely available for generations to come. In 2001, the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation was created to provide a secure and permanent future for Project Gutenberg™ and future generations. To learn more about the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation and how your efforts and donations can help, see Sections 3 and 4 and the Foundation information page at www.gutenberg.org. Section 3. Information about the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation The Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation is a non-profit 501(c)(3) educational corporation organized under the laws of the state of Mississippi and granted tax exempt status by the Internal Revenue Service. The Foundation’s EIN or federal tax identification number is 64-6221541. Contributions to the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation are tax deductible to the full extent permitted by U.S. federal laws and your state’s laws. The Foundation’s business office is located at 809 North 1500 West, Salt Lake City, UT 84116, (801) 596-1887. Email contact links and up to date contact information can be found at the Foundation’s website and official page at www.gutenberg.org/contact Section 4. Information about Donations to the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation Project Gutenberg™ depends upon and cannot survive without widespread public support and donations to carry out its mission of increasing the number of public domain and licensed works that can be freely distributed in machine-readable form accessible by the widest array of equipment including outdated equipment. Many small donations ($1 to $5,000) are particularly important to maintaining tax exempt status with the IRS. The Foundation is committed to complying with the laws regulating charities and charitable donations in all 50 states of the United States. Compliance requirements are not uniform and it takes a considerable effort, much paperwork and many fees to meet and keep up with these requirements. We do not solicit donations in locations where we have not received written confirmation of compliance. To SEND DONATIONS or determine the status of compliance for any particular state visit www.gutenberg.org/donate. While we cannot and do not solicit contributions from states where we have not met the solicitation requirements, we know of no prohibition against accepting unsolicited donations from donors in such states who approach us with offers to donate. International donations are gratefully accepted, but we cannot make any statements concerning tax treatment of donations received from outside the United States. U.S. laws alone swamp our small staff. Please check the Project Gutenberg web pages for current donation methods and addresses. Donations are accepted in a number of other ways including checks, online payments and credit card donations. To donate, please visit: www.gutenberg.org/donate. Section 5. General Information About Project Gutenberg™ electronic works Professor Michael S. Hart was the originator of the Project Gutenberg™ concept of a library of electronic works that could be freely shared with anyone. For forty years, he produced and distributed Project Gutenberg™ eBooks with only a loose network of volunteer support. Project Gutenberg™ eBooks are often created from several printed editions, all of which are confirmed as not protected by copyright in the U.S. unless a copyright notice is included. Thus, we do not necessarily keep eBooks in compliance with any particular paper edition. Most people start at our website which has the main PG search facility: www.gutenberg.org. This website includes information about Project Gutenberg™, including how to make donations to the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation, how to help produce our new eBooks, and how to subscribe to our email newsletter to hear about new eBooks.