The Project Gutenberg EBook of Pipistrellus cinnamomeus Miller 1902, by 
Walter W. Dalquist and E. Raymond Hall

This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with
almost no restrictions whatsoever.  You may copy it, give it away or
re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included
with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org


Title: Pipistrellus cinnamomeus Miller 1902
       Referred to the Genus Myotis

Author: Walter W. Dalquist
        E. Raymond Hall

Release Date: November 23, 2010 [EBook #34411]

Language: English

Character set encoding: ISO-8859-1

*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK PIPISTRELLUS CINNAMOMEUS ***




Produced by Chris Curnow, Joseph Cooper, Josephine Paolucci
and the Online Distributed Proofreading Team at
https://www.pgdp.net.






Pipistrellus cinnamomeus Miller 1902
Referred to the Genus Myotis

BY

E. RAYMOND HALL and WALTER W. DALQUEST

University of Kansas Publications
Museum of Natural History

Volume 1, No. 25, pp. 581-590, 5 figures in text
January 20, 1950

University of Kansas
LAWRENCE
1950


University of Kansas Publications, Museum of Natural History

Editors: E. Raymond Hall, Chairman, Edward H. Taylor,
A. Byron Leonard, Robert W. Wilson

Volume 1, No. 25, pp. 581-590, 5 figures in text
January 20, 1950

University of Kansas
Lawrence, Kansas

PRINTED BY
FERD VOILAND. JR., STATE PRINTER
TOPEKA, KANSAS
1950

23-1545


[Pg 583]

Pipistrellus cinnamomeus Miller 1902
Referred to the Genus Myotis

By

E. RAYMOND HALL AND WALTER W. DALQUEST

Miller (Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, 1902, p. 390, September 3,1902) based the name Pipistrellus cinnamomeus on a skin and skull of a vespertilionid bat obtained on May 4, 1900, at Montecristo, Tabasco, Mexico, by E. W. Nelson and E. A. Goldman. A single specimen was available to Miller when he proposed the name P. cinnamomeus. Dalquest and Hall (Jour. Mamm., 29:180, May 14, 1948) reported three additional specimens collected in 1946 by W. W. Dalquest on the Río Blanco, twenty kilometers west-northwest of Piedras Negras, Veracruz, Mexico. No other published information concerning this species is known to us, although the name has, of course, appeared in regional lists, for example in the "List of North American Recent Mammals, 1923" (Bull. U. S. National Museum, 128:75, April 29, 1924) by Gerrit S. Miller, Jr.

Additional specimens, nevertheless, are known. Two collected on April 18 and 20, 1903, at Papayo, Guerrero, by Nelson and Goldman, are in the Biological Surveys Collection in the United States National Museum. A skin, probably of this species, for which the skull cannot now be found, was taken on October 27, 1904, at Esquinapa, Sinaloa, by J. H. Batty and is in the American Museum of Natural History. This is the skin referred by Miller and Allen (Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 144:100, May 25, 1928) to Myotis occultus. Three additional specimens, each a skin with skull, were collected twenty kilometers east-northeast of Jesús Carranza, at 200 feet elevation, Veracruz, by Walter W. Dalquest, two on April 13, 1949, and one on May 16 of the same year. These are in the Museum of Natural History of the University of Kansas, as also are the three previously reported by Dalquest and Hall (loc. cit.). A total of ten specimens, from five localities, all in Mexico, thus is accounted for.

On page 392 of the original description—which our study of the holotype shows to be accurate—Miller wrote: "This bat differs so widely from the other known American species of Pipistrellus as to need no special comparisons. Superficially it has much the appearance of an unusually red Myotis lucifugus, and only on examination of the teeth do the animal's true relationships become apparent."[Pg 584] In referring to the teeth Miller almost certainly was thinking of the premolars of which there are only two on each side of the upper jaw and on each side of the lower jaw in Pipistrellus, including his Pipistrellus cinnamomeus, whereas Myotis at that time was thought always to have three premolars on each side of both the upper and lower jaw, except in rare instances where one premolar might be lacking on one side of one jaw or even more rarely on both sides of the upper jaw. In his original description of P. cinnamomeus, Miller mentioned also that it had the "Inner upper incisor distinctly smaller than the outer, not approximately equal to it as is the case in P. subflavus."

At this point it is well to make clear that each of the genera Pipistrellus and Myotis contains a large number of species and that the differences between the two genera are few. Our examination of American specimens reveals only one differential character: In Myotis the outer upper incisor is distinctly larger than the inner, whereas the two incisors are of approximately equal size in Pipistrellus. It may be noted that the outer upper incisor of several, but not all, species of Myotis has a well-developed concave surface directed toward the canine whereas this surface is flat or convex in Pipistrellus. In both features, the type of Pipistrellus cinnamomeus Miller agrees with Myotis and differs from Pipistrellus.

Five years after naming and describing Pipistrellus cinnamomeus, Miller published his monumental work entitled "The families and genera of bats" (Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 57, June 29, 1907) wherein he points out the differences in the upper incisors between Pipistrellus and Myotis (by a lapsus plumae ascribes subequal incisors to Myotis and unequal incisors to Pipistrellus) but seemingly failed to reëxamine P. cinnamomeus in the light of this better understanding of the two genera, or if he did examine P. cinnamomeus he possibly was misled still by the absence of the third premolar on each side of both the upper and lower jaw.

In 1928 when Miller and Allen published their account of "The American bats of the Genera Myotis and Pizonyx" (Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 144, May 25, 1928) they examined specimens of Myotis occultus which they implied (op. cit.: 99-100) had only two instead of three premolars on each side of both the upper and lower jaws. In preparing this taxonomic account of bats of the genus Myotis, the specimens (type and two from Papayo) of Pipistrellus cinnamomeus seem not to have been examined. Indeed, it is almost certain that they were not examined for the species was renamed; the new[Pg 585] name, Myotis lucifugus fortidens Miller and Allen (Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 144:54, May 25, 1928), was based on a skull with the corresponding body in alcohol. The characters of this specimen are almost exactly those of Pipistrellus cinnamomeus, named and described by Miller 26 years earlier. The type locality (Teapa) of M. l. fortidens is 80 miles westerly from the type locality of P. cinnamomeus; both are in the state of Tabasco, and in the same life-zone, at equivalent elevations (neither higher than 50 meters). Since there are no characters of taxonomic worth to distinguish the two named specimens, Myotis lucifugus fortidens Miller and Allen 1928 falls as a synonym of Pipistrellus cinnamomeus Miller 1902. But, according to Miller and Allen (Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 144:19, 197), Vespertilio cinnamomeus Wagner 1855 is a name based on Myotis ruber (E. Geoffroy, 1806) from Paraguay and hence Myotis cinnamomeus (Miller) 1902 is a homonym of Myotis cinnamomeus (Wagner) 1855 and is unavailable for the animal from Montecristo when it is transferred to the genus Myotis; the species of animal concerned will take the next available name, which seems to be Myotis lucifugus fortidens Miller and Allen 1928.

It may reasonably be asked if Myotis and Pipistrellus should be retained as separate genera if the only constant difference between the two is subequal versus unequal upper incisors. In our opinion it would be worth-while for someone who had access to adequate material from both the Old World and the New World to investigate this question. We lack adequate material from the Old World.

When Miller and Allen named M. l. fortidens they had only two specimens, the holotype from Teapa, Tabasco, and a referred specimen from Fort Hancock, El Paso County, Texas, approximately 1,200 miles north-northwest of Teapa. We have examined this specimen from Texas (U. S. Nat. Mus., 21083/36121, skin and skull) and regard it as Myotis lucifugus carissima Thomas. Furthermore, we regard the holotype of Myotis lucifugus fortidens Miller and Allen 1928 as specifically distinct from Myotis lucifugus of Miller and Allen 1928. The Cinnamon Myotis, described below, therefore may stand as:[Pg 586]

Myotis fortidens Miller and Allen

Cinnamon Myotis

Pipistrellus cinnamomeus Miller, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, p. 390, September 3, 1902, type from Montecristo, Tabasco (preoccupied by Vespertilio cinnamomeus Wagner, Schreber's Säugethiere, suppl., 5:755, 1855, a renaming of Vespertilio ruber E. Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire).

Myotis lucifugus fortidens Miller and Allen, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 144:54, May 25, 1928.

Type.—"Adult female (in alcohol) No. 88.8.8.18, British Museum (Natural History). Collected at Teapa, Tabasco, Mexico, by H. H. Smith, January 5, 1888. Presented by Messrs. Salvin and Godman [after Miller and Allen, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 144:54, May 25, 1928]."

Range.—Known only from the lower part of the Tropical Life-zone of the region of the Isthmus of Tehuantepec and east and west coasts of Mexico.

Fig. 1. Map showing localities from which Myotis
fortidens has been recorded. Fig. 1. Map showing localities from which Myotis fortidens has been recorded.

Diagnosis.—Among American species of the genus, over-all size medium (total length 94 mm); body long (54); tail short (39); forearm of medium length (37); tibia short (14.5); foot long (58 per cent of length of tibia); wing membrane arising from side of foot at distal end of metatarsal; calcar simple (not keeled) and 7 mm long; ears 15 to 16 mm long measured in the flesh from the notch (posteroventral border of the meatus); tragus, measured from same place, 7 to 8 mm high with posterobasal lobe; third metacarpal longest and second metacarpal shortest; fifth shorter than fourth; ears brownish; membranes of wing and tail blackish; uropatagium almost hairless, the few hairs that are present being almost invisible; pelage of back 5 mm long with some overhairs 8 to 9 mm long; basal 3 mm of fur black, remainder Cinnamon-Brown[Pg 587] (capitalized color terms, after Ridgway, Color Standards and Color Nomenclature, Washington, D. C., 1912); outline of skull viewed dorsally similar to that of Myotis lucifugus; sagittal crest well developed; distance across upper canines equal to or slightly exceeding interorbital constriction; braincase low; two premolars on each side in upper jaw and also in lower jaw, the one remaining small premolar in contact with both the canine and the fourth premolar.

Figs. 2-5. Four views of the skull of Myotis fortidens.
No. 32112, University of Kansas Museum of Natural History, ♂, obtained
20 kilometers east-northeast Jesús Carranza, 200 feet elevation,
Veracruz, Mexico, on May 16, 1949, by Walter W. Dalquest; original no.
12869. ×2. Figs. 2-5. Four views of the skull of Myotis fortidens. No. 32112, University of Kansas Museum of Natural History, ♂, obtained 20 kilometers east-northeast Jesús Carranza, 200 feet elevation, Veracruz, Mexico, on May 16, 1949, by Walter W. Dalquest; original no. 12869. ×2.

Remarks.Myotis fortidens is known only from the Tropical Life-zone. The skin, without a skull, from Esquinapa, Sinaloa, agrees in color with the undoubted specimens of M. fortidens from Papayo, Guerrero, but can be matched also by selected skins of Myotis occultus from Blythe, Riverside County, California. Without the skull the reference of this specimen to M. fortidens is provisional. Reason for referring it to fortidens rather than to M. occultus is provided, however, by a series of eleven specimens of M. occultus from Álamos, Sonora. These are Saccardo's Umber rather than Cinnamon-Brown and they are geographically intermediate between the reddish M. occultus of California and the reddish M. fortidens of Mexico. Furthermore, these specimens from Álamos have large skulls of slightly different proportions than those of M. fortidens or than those of M. occultus from California; possibly the animals from Álamos are representative of the larger, duller-colored variation for which Hollister proposed the name Myotis baileyi (Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, 22:44, March 10, 1909). This duller-colored type of animal intervenes between the geographic ranges of undoubted M. occultus and undoubted M. fortidens. The specimen from Esquinapa, in the geographic sense, is on the fortidens side rather than on the occultus side of the baileyi population. This geographic position is the basis on which the specimen from Esquinapa is referred to M. fortidens. The third premolar is lacking from each side of both the upper and the lower jaws of each individual of this series from Álamos.[Pg 588]

The specimens of M. fortidens are all distinguishable by their color from other kinds of Myotis found in the same area. Occasional individuals of Myotis velifer, as for example three from Las Vigas, Veracruz, also are reddish but they are of brighter tone. In addition, the larger size and cranial features of these specimens of M. velifer permit ready differentiation of them from specimens of M. fortidens. One specimen (No. 32113) of M. fortidens from twenty kilometers east-northeast of Jesús Carranza is lighter than the others, being near (j) Cinnamon-Brown above and is lighter on the under-parts than on the upper parts. Another individual (No. 32112) is duller colored than the others, being Snuff Brown both above and below. Otherwise the specimens of M. fortidens agree in color.

Among named kinds of Myotis, M. fortidens resembles Myotis lucifugus and Myotis occultus. From the former, M. fortidens differs in possessing a strong sagittal crest and in lacking the third premolar in both the upper jaw and the lower jaw. M. fortidens lacks the glossy sheen found on the pelage of many individuals of M. lucifugus. From M. occultus, M. fortidens differs in having the rostrum (viewed from above) smaller in relation to the braincase. This is true of specimens with the teeth showing much wear as well as in specimens with the teeth unworn or only moderately worn. Also, M. fortidens is longer bodied as may be seen by comparing the measurements given here with those recorded for M. occultus by Miller and Allen (Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 144:100, May 25, 1928). We are agreed that M. fortidens is as closely related to M. occultus as to any other named kind of Myotis, and that it is more closely related to it than to most other species of the genus, but one of us (Dalquest) thinks that M. fortidens is specifically distinct from M. occultus, whereas the other author (Hall) inclines to the view that additional specimens from localities intermediate between the known geographic ranges of M. occultus and M. fortidens will reveal intergradation between the two kinds. However that may be, there is no proof at present of such intergradation and the binomial is therefore used for the Cinnamon Myotis.

Specimens examined.—Total number, 10, all from Mexico, each a skin with skull except the skin-only from Sinaloa. Sinaloa: Esquinapa, 1 (Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist.). Guerrero: Papayo, 2 (U. S. Biological Surveys Collection). Veracruz: 20 km. WNW Piedras Negras, 3 (Mus. Nat. Hist., Univ. Kansas); 20 km. ENE Jesús Carranza, 200 ft. elevation, 3 (Mus. Nat. Hist., Univ. Kansas). Tabasco: Montecristo, 1 (U. S. Biological Surveys Collection).

Additional record.—Tabasco: Teapa, the holotype of Myotis lucifugus fortidens Miller and Allen 1928.

University of Kansas Museum of Natural History, Lawrence, Kansas. Transmitted October 31, 1949.[Pg 589]

Cranial Measurements of Myotis fortidens

No.Sex AgeLocalityGreatest lengthCondylobasal lengthZygomatic breadthInterorbital constrictionBreadth of braincaseMandibleMaxillary tooth-rowMaxillary breadth at M3Mandibular tooth-rowWear of teeth
25030Esquinapa..............................?
126650Papayo15.014.29.73.97.111.55.55.66.00
126651Do.15.113.89.43.86.810.65.65.96.00
17834P. Negras[1].... 4.110.65.65.76.00
17835Do.15.514.99.64.27.211.05.76.06.12
17836Do.15.514.59.74.27.310.95.45.95.73
32112J. Carranza[2]15.314.49.74.17.311.55.75.96.31
32113Do.15.014.09.54.27.210.95.55.95.91
32114Do.15.013.99.74.17.210.85.46.05.91
88.8.8.18♀[3]Teapa15.013.89.63.87.4....5.45.85.81
100231♀[4]Montecristo15.014.19.04.07.211.45.8...6.00
Average  15.214.29.54.07.211.05.65.96.0 

[Note 1: 20 km. WNW Piedras Negras.]

[Note 2: 20 km. ENE Jesús Carranza, 200 ft.]

[Note 3: Type of Myotis lucifugus fortidens; measurements after Miller and Allen, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 144:100; 101, May 25, 1928.]

[Note 4: Type of Pipistrellus cinnamomeus Miller 1902.]

External Measurements of Myotis fortidens

No.Sex
Age
LocalityTotal lengthHead and bodyTailTibiaFootForearmThumbThird metacarpalFifth metacarpalEar from notch
25030Esquinapa......14.28.1[5]35.65.533.330.8..
126650Papayo......14.78.2[5]38.35.435.132.4 
126651Do.......14.87.9[5]35.65.732.731.1 
17834P. Negras[6]95554014.79.0[5]37.05.733.832.015
17835Do.93553815.69.4[5]37.56.035.432.215
17836Do.94553914.38.4[5]37.66.034.532.715
32112J. Carranza[7]94534114.58.9[5]38.25.035.133.816
32113Do.94573714.28.0[5]36.55.334.932.716
32114Do.905337.......37.05.134.233.016
88.8.8.18♀[8]Teapa.. 463915.6 8.038.66.234.833.0 
100231♀[9]Montecristo99 564415.4 9.637.06.0........ 
Average94 53.8 39.4 14.8 8.637.2 5.6 34.4 32.415.5

[Note 5: Measured on the dried skin.]

[Note 6: 20 km. WNW Piedras Negras.]

[Note 7: 20 km. ENE Jesús Carranza.]

[Note 8: Type of Myotis lucifugus fortidens; measurements after Miller and Allen, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 144:100, 101, May 25, 1928.]

[Note 9: Type of Pipistrellus cinnamomeus Miller 1902.][Pg 590]

28-1545






End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of Pipistrellus cinnamomeus Miller 1902, by 
Walter W. Dalquist and E. Raymond Hall

*** END OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK PIPISTRELLUS CINNAMOMEUS ***

***** This file should be named 34411-h.htm or 34411-h.zip *****
This and all associated files of various formats will be found in:
        https://www.gutenberg.org/3/4/4/1/34411/

Produced by Chris Curnow, Joseph Cooper, Josephine Paolucci
and the Online Distributed Proofreading Team at
https://www.pgdp.net.


Updated editions will replace the previous one--the old editions
will be renamed.

Creating the works from public domain print editions means that no
one owns a United States copyright in these works, so the Foundation
(and you!) can copy and distribute it in the United States without
permission and without paying copyright royalties.  Special rules,
set forth in the General Terms of Use part of this license, apply to
copying and distributing Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works to
protect the PROJECT GUTENBERG-tm concept and trademark.  Project
Gutenberg is a registered trademark, and may not be used if you
charge for the eBooks, unless you receive specific permission.  If you
do not charge anything for copies of this eBook, complying with the
rules is very easy.  You may use this eBook for nearly any purpose
such as creation of derivative works, reports, performances and
research.  They may be modified and printed and given away--you may do
practically ANYTHING with public domain eBooks.  Redistribution is
subject to the trademark license, especially commercial
redistribution.



*** START: FULL LICENSE ***

THE FULL PROJECT GUTENBERG LICENSE
PLEASE READ THIS BEFORE YOU DISTRIBUTE OR USE THIS WORK

To protect the Project Gutenberg-tm mission of promoting the free
distribution of electronic works, by using or distributing this work
(or any other work associated in any way with the phrase "Project
Gutenberg"), you agree to comply with all the terms of the Full Project
Gutenberg-tm License (available with this file or online at
https://gutenberg.org/license).


Section 1.  General Terms of Use and Redistributing Project Gutenberg-tm
electronic works

1.A.  By reading or using any part of this Project Gutenberg-tm
electronic work, you indicate that you have read, understand, agree to
and accept all the terms of this license and intellectual property
(trademark/copyright) agreement.  If you do not agree to abide by all
the terms of this agreement, you must cease using and return or destroy
all copies of Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works in your possession.
If you paid a fee for obtaining a copy of or access to a Project
Gutenberg-tm electronic work and you do not agree to be bound by the
terms of this agreement, you may obtain a refund from the person or
entity to whom you paid the fee as set forth in paragraph 1.E.8.

1.B.  "Project Gutenberg" is a registered trademark.  It may only be
used on or associated in any way with an electronic work by people who
agree to be bound by the terms of this agreement.  There are a few
things that you can do with most Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works
even without complying with the full terms of this agreement.  See
paragraph 1.C below.  There are a lot of things you can do with Project
Gutenberg-tm electronic works if you follow the terms of this agreement
and help preserve free future access to Project Gutenberg-tm electronic
works.  See paragraph 1.E below.

1.C.  The Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation ("the Foundation"
or PGLAF), owns a compilation copyright in the collection of Project
Gutenberg-tm electronic works.  Nearly all the individual works in the
collection are in the public domain in the United States.  If an
individual work is in the public domain in the United States and you are
located in the United States, we do not claim a right to prevent you from
copying, distributing, performing, displaying or creating derivative
works based on the work as long as all references to Project Gutenberg
are removed.  Of course, we hope that you will support the Project
Gutenberg-tm mission of promoting free access to electronic works by
freely sharing Project Gutenberg-tm works in compliance with the terms of
this agreement for keeping the Project Gutenberg-tm name associated with
the work.  You can easily comply with the terms of this agreement by
keeping this work in the same format with its attached full Project
Gutenberg-tm License when you share it without charge with others.

1.D.  The copyright laws of the place where you are located also govern
what you can do with this work.  Copyright laws in most countries are in
a constant state of change.  If you are outside the United States, check
the laws of your country in addition to the terms of this agreement
before downloading, copying, displaying, performing, distributing or
creating derivative works based on this work or any other Project
Gutenberg-tm work.  The Foundation makes no representations concerning
the copyright status of any work in any country outside the United
States.

1.E.  Unless you have removed all references to Project Gutenberg:

1.E.1.  The following sentence, with active links to, or other immediate
access to, the full Project Gutenberg-tm License must appear prominently
whenever any copy of a Project Gutenberg-tm work (any work on which the
phrase "Project Gutenberg" appears, or with which the phrase "Project
Gutenberg" is associated) is accessed, displayed, performed, viewed,
copied or distributed:

This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with
almost no restrictions whatsoever.  You may copy it, give it away or
re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included
with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org

1.E.2.  If an individual Project Gutenberg-tm electronic work is derived
from the public domain (does not contain a notice indicating that it is
posted with permission of the copyright holder), the work can be copied
and distributed to anyone in the United States without paying any fees
or charges.  If you are redistributing or providing access to a work
with the phrase "Project Gutenberg" associated with or appearing on the
work, you must comply either with the requirements of paragraphs 1.E.1
through 1.E.7 or obtain permission for the use of the work and the
Project Gutenberg-tm trademark as set forth in paragraphs 1.E.8 or
1.E.9.

1.E.3.  If an individual Project Gutenberg-tm electronic work is posted
with the permission of the copyright holder, your use and distribution
must comply with both paragraphs 1.E.1 through 1.E.7 and any additional
terms imposed by the copyright holder.  Additional terms will be linked
to the Project Gutenberg-tm License for all works posted with the
permission of the copyright holder found at the beginning of this work.

1.E.4.  Do not unlink or detach or remove the full Project Gutenberg-tm
License terms from this work, or any files containing a part of this
work or any other work associated with Project Gutenberg-tm.

1.E.5.  Do not copy, display, perform, distribute or redistribute this
electronic work, or any part of this electronic work, without
prominently displaying the sentence set forth in paragraph 1.E.1 with
active links or immediate access to the full terms of the Project
Gutenberg-tm License.

1.E.6.  You may convert to and distribute this work in any binary,
compressed, marked up, nonproprietary or proprietary form, including any
word processing or hypertext form.  However, if you provide access to or
distribute copies of a Project Gutenberg-tm work in a format other than
"Plain Vanilla ASCII" or other format used in the official version
posted on the official Project Gutenberg-tm web site (www.gutenberg.org),
you must, at no additional cost, fee or expense to the user, provide a
copy, a means of exporting a copy, or a means of obtaining a copy upon
request, of the work in its original "Plain Vanilla ASCII" or other
form.  Any alternate format must include the full Project Gutenberg-tm
License as specified in paragraph 1.E.1.

1.E.7.  Do not charge a fee for access to, viewing, displaying,
performing, copying or distributing any Project Gutenberg-tm works
unless you comply with paragraph 1.E.8 or 1.E.9.

1.E.8.  You may charge a reasonable fee for copies of or providing
access to or distributing Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works provided
that

- You pay a royalty fee of 20% of the gross profits you derive from
     the use of Project Gutenberg-tm works calculated using the method
     you already use to calculate your applicable taxes.  The fee is
     owed to the owner of the Project Gutenberg-tm trademark, but he
     has agreed to donate royalties under this paragraph to the
     Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation.  Royalty payments
     must be paid within 60 days following each date on which you
     prepare (or are legally required to prepare) your periodic tax
     returns.  Royalty payments should be clearly marked as such and
     sent to the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation at the
     address specified in Section 4, "Information about donations to
     the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation."

- You provide a full refund of any money paid by a user who notifies
     you in writing (or by e-mail) within 30 days of receipt that s/he
     does not agree to the terms of the full Project Gutenberg-tm
     License.  You must require such a user to return or
     destroy all copies of the works possessed in a physical medium
     and discontinue all use of and all access to other copies of
     Project Gutenberg-tm works.

- You provide, in accordance with paragraph 1.F.3, a full refund of any
     money paid for a work or a replacement copy, if a defect in the
     electronic work is discovered and reported to you within 90 days
     of receipt of the work.

- You comply with all other terms of this agreement for free
     distribution of Project Gutenberg-tm works.

1.E.9.  If you wish to charge a fee or distribute a Project Gutenberg-tm
electronic work or group of works on different terms than are set
forth in this agreement, you must obtain permission in writing from
both the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation and Michael
Hart, the owner of the Project Gutenberg-tm trademark.  Contact the
Foundation as set forth in Section 3 below.

1.F.

1.F.1.  Project Gutenberg volunteers and employees expend considerable
effort to identify, do copyright research on, transcribe and proofread
public domain works in creating the Project Gutenberg-tm
collection.  Despite these efforts, Project Gutenberg-tm electronic
works, and the medium on which they may be stored, may contain
"Defects," such as, but not limited to, incomplete, inaccurate or
corrupt data, transcription errors, a copyright or other intellectual
property infringement, a defective or damaged disk or other medium, a
computer virus, or computer codes that damage or cannot be read by
your equipment.

1.F.2.  LIMITED WARRANTY, DISCLAIMER OF DAMAGES - Except for the "Right
of Replacement or Refund" described in paragraph 1.F.3, the Project
Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation, the owner of the Project
Gutenberg-tm trademark, and any other party distributing a Project
Gutenberg-tm electronic work under this agreement, disclaim all
liability to you for damages, costs and expenses, including legal
fees.  YOU AGREE THAT YOU HAVE NO REMEDIES FOR NEGLIGENCE, STRICT
LIABILITY, BREACH OF WARRANTY OR BREACH OF CONTRACT EXCEPT THOSE
PROVIDED IN PARAGRAPH 1.F.3.  YOU AGREE THAT THE FOUNDATION, THE
TRADEMARK OWNER, AND ANY DISTRIBUTOR UNDER THIS AGREEMENT WILL NOT BE
LIABLE TO YOU FOR ACTUAL, DIRECT, INDIRECT, CONSEQUENTIAL, PUNITIVE OR
INCIDENTAL DAMAGES EVEN IF YOU GIVE NOTICE OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH
DAMAGE.

1.F.3.  LIMITED RIGHT OF REPLACEMENT OR REFUND - If you discover a
defect in this electronic work within 90 days of receiving it, you can
receive a refund of the money (if any) you paid for it by sending a
written explanation to the person you received the work from.  If you
received the work on a physical medium, you must return the medium with
your written explanation.  The person or entity that provided you with
the defective work may elect to provide a replacement copy in lieu of a
refund.  If you received the work electronically, the person or entity
providing it to you may choose to give you a second opportunity to
receive the work electronically in lieu of a refund.  If the second copy
is also defective, you may demand a refund in writing without further
opportunities to fix the problem.

1.F.4.  Except for the limited right of replacement or refund set forth
in paragraph 1.F.3, this work is provided to you 'AS-IS' WITH NO OTHER
WARRANTIES OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO
WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTIBILITY OR FITNESS FOR ANY PURPOSE.

1.F.5.  Some states do not allow disclaimers of certain implied
warranties or the exclusion or limitation of certain types of damages.
If any disclaimer or limitation set forth in this agreement violates the
law of the state applicable to this agreement, the agreement shall be
interpreted to make the maximum disclaimer or limitation permitted by
the applicable state law.  The invalidity or unenforceability of any
provision of this agreement shall not void the remaining provisions.

1.F.6.  INDEMNITY - You agree to indemnify and hold the Foundation, the
trademark owner, any agent or employee of the Foundation, anyone
providing copies of Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works in accordance
with this agreement, and any volunteers associated with the production,
promotion and distribution of Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works,
harmless from all liability, costs and expenses, including legal fees,
that arise directly or indirectly from any of the following which you do
or cause to occur: (a) distribution of this or any Project Gutenberg-tm
work, (b) alteration, modification, or additions or deletions to any
Project Gutenberg-tm work, and (c) any Defect you cause.


Section  2.  Information about the Mission of Project Gutenberg-tm

Project Gutenberg-tm is synonymous with the free distribution of
electronic works in formats readable by the widest variety of computers
including obsolete, old, middle-aged and new computers.  It exists
because of the efforts of hundreds of volunteers and donations from
people in all walks of life.

Volunteers and financial support to provide volunteers with the
assistance they need are critical to reaching Project Gutenberg-tm's
goals and ensuring that the Project Gutenberg-tm collection will
remain freely available for generations to come.  In 2001, the Project
Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation was created to provide a secure
and permanent future for Project Gutenberg-tm and future generations.
To learn more about the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation
and how your efforts and donations can help, see Sections 3 and 4
and the Foundation web page at https://www.pglaf.org.


Section 3.  Information about the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive
Foundation

The Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation is a non profit
501(c)(3) educational corporation organized under the laws of the
state of Mississippi and granted tax exempt status by the Internal
Revenue Service.  The Foundation's EIN or federal tax identification
number is 64-6221541.  Its 501(c)(3) letter is posted at
https://pglaf.org/fundraising.  Contributions to the Project Gutenberg
Literary Archive Foundation are tax deductible to the full extent
permitted by U.S. federal laws and your state's laws.

The Foundation's principal office is located at 4557 Melan Dr. S.
Fairbanks, AK, 99712., but its volunteers and employees are scattered
throughout numerous locations.  Its business office is located at
809 North 1500 West, Salt Lake City, UT 84116, (801) 596-1887, email
business@pglaf.org.  Email contact links and up to date contact
information can be found at the Foundation's web site and official
page at https://pglaf.org

For additional contact information:
     Dr. Gregory B. Newby
     Chief Executive and Director
     gbnewby@pglaf.org


Section 4.  Information about Donations to the Project Gutenberg
Literary Archive Foundation

Project Gutenberg-tm depends upon and cannot survive without wide
spread public support and donations to carry out its mission of
increasing the number of public domain and licensed works that can be
freely distributed in machine readable form accessible by the widest
array of equipment including outdated equipment.  Many small donations
($1 to $5,000) are particularly important to maintaining tax exempt
status with the IRS.

The Foundation is committed to complying with the laws regulating
charities and charitable donations in all 50 states of the United
States.  Compliance requirements are not uniform and it takes a
considerable effort, much paperwork and many fees to meet and keep up
with these requirements.  We do not solicit donations in locations
where we have not received written confirmation of compliance.  To
SEND DONATIONS or determine the status of compliance for any
particular state visit https://pglaf.org

While we cannot and do not solicit contributions from states where we
have not met the solicitation requirements, we know of no prohibition
against accepting unsolicited donations from donors in such states who
approach us with offers to donate.

International donations are gratefully accepted, but we cannot make
any statements concerning tax treatment of donations received from
outside the United States.  U.S. laws alone swamp our small staff.

Please check the Project Gutenberg Web pages for current donation
methods and addresses.  Donations are accepted in a number of other
ways including including checks, online payments and credit card
donations.  To donate, please visit: https://pglaf.org/donate


Section 5.  General Information About Project Gutenberg-tm electronic
works.

Professor Michael S. Hart was the originator of the Project Gutenberg-tm
concept of a library of electronic works that could be freely shared
with anyone.  For thirty years, he produced and distributed Project
Gutenberg-tm eBooks with only a loose network of volunteer support.


Project Gutenberg-tm eBooks are often created from several printed
editions, all of which are confirmed as Public Domain in the U.S.
unless a copyright notice is included.  Thus, we do not necessarily
keep eBooks in compliance with any particular paper edition.


Most people start at our Web site which has the main PG search facility:

     https://www.gutenberg.org

This Web site includes information about Project Gutenberg-tm,
including how to make donations to the Project Gutenberg Literary
Archive Foundation, how to help produce our new eBooks, and how to
subscribe to our email newsletter to hear about new eBooks.